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Title: The French Revolution
Author: Carlyle, Thomas, 1795-1881
Language: English
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*** Start of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "The French Revolution" ***
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
A HISTORY
by
THOMAS CARLYLE
CONTENTS.
VOLUME I.
THE BASTILLE
BOOK 1.I.
DEATH OF LOUIS XV.
Chapter 1.1.I. Louis the Well-Beloved
Chapter 1.1.II. Realised Ideals
Chapter 1.1.III. Viaticum
Chapter 1.1.IV. Louis the Unforgotten
BOOK 1.II.
THE PAPER AGE
Chapter 1.2.I. Astraea Redux
Chapter 1.2.II. Petition in Hieroglyphs
Chapter 1.2.III. Questionable
Chapter 1.2.IV. Maurepas
Chapter 1.2.V. Astraea Redux without Cash
Chapter 1.2.VI. Windbags
Chapter 1.2.VII. Contrat Social
Chapter 1.2.VIII. Printed Paper
BOOK 1.III.
THE PARLEMENT OF PARIS
Chapter 1.3.I. Dishonoured Bills
Chapter 1.3.II. Controller Calonne
Chapter 1.3.III. The Notables
Chapter 1.3.IV. Lomenie's Edicts
Chapter 1.3.V. Lomenie's Thunderbolts
Chapter 1.3.VI. Lomenie's Plots
Chapter 1.3.VII. Internecine
Chapter 1.3.VIII. Lomenie's Death-throes
Chapter 1.3.IX. Burial with Bonfire
BOOK 1.IV.
STATES-GENERAL
Chapter 1.4.I. The Notables Again
Chapter 1.4.II. The Election
Chapter 1.4.III. Grown Electric
Chapter 1.4.IV. The Procession
BOOK 1.V.
THE THIRD ESTATE
Chapter 1.5.I. Inertia
Chapter 1.5.II. Mercury de Breze
Chapter 1.5.III. Broglie the War-God
Chapter 1.5.IV. To Arms!
Chapter 1.5.V. Give us Arms
Chapter 1.5.VI. Storm and Victory
Chapter 1.5.VII. Not a Revolt
Chapter 1.5.VIII. Conquering your King
Chapter 1.5.IX. The Lanterne
Book 1.VI.
CONSOLIDATION
Chapter 1.6.I. Make the Constitution
Chapter 1.6.II. The Constituent Assembly
Chapter 1.6.III. The General Overturn
Chapter 1.6.IV. In Queue
Chapter 1.6.V. The Fourth Estate
BOOK 1.VII.
THE INSURRECTION OF WOMEN
Chapter 1.7.I. Patrollotism
Chapter 1.7.II. O Richard, O my King
Chapter 1.7.III. Black Cockades
Chapter 1.7.IV. The Menads
Chapter 1.7.V. Usher Maillard
Chapter 1.7.VI. To Versailles
Chapter 1.7.VII. At Versailles
Chapter 1.7.VIII. The Equal Diet
Chapter 1.7.IX. Lafayette
Chapter 1.7.X. The Grand Entries
Chapter 1.7.XI. From Versailles
VOLUME II.
THE CONSTITUTION
BOOK 2.I.
THE FEAST OF PIKES
Chapter 2.1.I. In the Tuileries
Chapter 2.1.II. In the Salle de Manege
Chapter 2.1.III. The Muster
Chapter 2.1.IV. Journalism
Chapter 2.1.V. Clubbism
Chapter 2.1.VI. Je le jure
Chapter 2.1.VII. Prodigies
Chapter 2.1.VIII. Solemn League and Covenant
Chapter 2.1.IX. Symbolic
Chapter 2.1.X. Mankind
Chapter 2.1.XI. As in the Age of Gold
Chapter 2.1.XII. Sound and Smoke
BOOK 2.II.
NANCI
Chapter 2.2.I. Bouille
Chapter 2.2.II. Arrears and Aristocrats
Chapter 2.2.III. Bouille at Metz
Chapter 2.2.IV. Arrears at Nanci
Chapter 2.2.V. Inspector Malseigne
Chapter 2.2.VI. Bouille at Nanci
BOOK 2.III.
THE TUILERIES
Chapter 2.3.I. Epimenides
Chapter 2.3.II. The Wakeful
Chapter 2.3.III. Sword in Hand
Chapter 2.3.IV. To fly or not to fly
Chapter 2.3.V. The Day of Poniards
Chapter 2.3.VI. Mirabeau
Chapter 2.3.VII. Death of Mirabeau
BOOK 2.IV.
VARENNES
Chapter 2.4.I. Easter at Saint-Cloud
Chapter 2.4.II. Easter at Paris
Chapter 2.4.III. Count Fersen
Chapter 2.4.IV. Attitude
Chapter 2.4.V. The New Berline
Chapter 2.4.VI. Old-Dragoon Drouet
Chapter 2.4.VII. The Night of Spurs
Chapter 2.4.VIII. The Return
Chapter 2.4.IX. Sharp Shot
BOOK 2.V.
PARLIAMENT FIRST
Chapter 2.5.I. Grande Acceptation
Chapter 2.5.II. The Book of the Law
Chapter 2.5.III. Avignon
Chapter 2.5.IV. No Sugar
Chapter 2.5.V. Kings and Emigrants
Chapter 2.5.VI. Brigands and Jales
Chapter 2.5.VII. Constitution will not march
Chapter 2.5.VIII. The Jacobins
Chapter 2.5.IX. Minister Roland
Chapter 2.5.X. Petion-National-Pique
Chapter 2.5.XI. The Hereditary Representative
Chapter 2.5.XII. Procession of the Black Breeches
BOOK 2.VI.
THE MARSEILLESE
Chapter 2.6.I. Executive that does not act
Chapter 2.6.II. Let us march
Chapter 2.6.III. Some Consolation to Mankind
Chapter 2.6.IV. Subterranean
Chapter 2.6.V. At Dinner
Chapter 2.6.VI. The Steeples at Midnight
Chapter 2.6.VII. The Swiss
Chapter 2.6.VIII. Constitution burst in Pieces
VOLUME III.
THE GUILLOTINE
BOOK 3.I.
SEPTEMBER
Chapter 3.1.I. The Improvised Commune
Chapter 3.1.II. Danton
Chapter 3.1.III. Dumouriez
Chapter 3.1.IV. September in Paris
Chapter 3.1.V. A Trilogy
Chapter 3.1.VI. The Circular
Chapter 3.1.VII. September in Argonne
Chapter 3.1.VIII. Exeunt
BOOK 3.II.
REGICIDE
Chapter 3.2.I. The Deliberative
Chapter 3.2.II. The Executive
Chapter 3.2.III. Discrowned
Chapter 3.2.IV. The Loser pays
Chapter 3.2.V. Stretching of Formulas
Chapter 3.2.VI. At the Bar
Chapter 3.2.VII. The Three Votings
Chapter 3.2.VIII. Place de la Revolution
BOOK 3.III.
THE GIRONDINS
Chapter 3.3.I. Cause and Effect
Chapter 3.3.II. Culottic and Sansculottic
Chapter 3.3.III. Growing shrill
Chapter 3.3.IV. Fatherland in Danger
Chapter 3.3.V. Sansculottism Accoutred
Chapter 3.3.VI. The Traitor
Chapter 3.3.VII. In Fight
Chapter 3.3.VIII. In Death-Grips
Chapter 3.3.IX. Extinct
BOOK 3.IV.
TERROR
Chapter 3.4.I. Charlotte Corday
Chapter 3.4.II. In Civil War
Chapter 3.4.III. Retreat of the Eleven
Chapter 3.4.IV. O Nature
Chapter 3.4.V. Sword of Sharpness
Chapter 3.4.VI. Risen against Tyrants
Chapter 3.4.VII. Marie-Antoinette
Chapter 3.4.VIII. The Twenty-two
BOOK 3.V.
TERROR THE ORDER OF THE DAY
Chapter 3.5.I. Rushing down
Chapter 3.5.II. Death
Chapter 3.5.III. Destruction
Chapter 3.5.IV. Carmagnole complete
Chapter 3.5.V. Like a Thunder-Cloud
Chapter 3.5.VI. Do thy Duty
Chapter 3.5.VII. Flame-Picture
BOOK 3.VI.
THERMIDOR
Chapter 3.6.I. The Gods are athirst
Chapter 3.6.II. Danton, No weakness
Chapter 3.6.III. The Tumbrils
Chapter 3.6.IV. Mumbo-Jumbo
Chapter 3.6.V. The Prisons
Chapter 3.6.VI. To finish the Terror
Chapter 3.6.VII. Go down to
BOOK 3.VII.
VENDEMIAIRE
Chapter 3.7.I. Decadent
Chapter 3.7.II. La Cabarus
Chapter 3.7.III. Quiberon
Chapter 3.7.IV. Lion not dead
Chapter 3.7.V. Lion sprawling its last
Chapter 3.7.VI. Grilled Herrings
Chapter 3.7.VII. The Whiff of Grapeshot
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION A HISTORY
By
THOMAS CARLYLE
VOLUME I.--THE BASTILLE
BOOK 1.I.
DEATH OF LOUIS XV.
Chapter 1.1.I.
Louis the Well-Beloved.
President Henault, remarking on royal Surnames of Honour how difficult
it often is to ascertain not only why, but even when, they were
conferred, takes occasion in his sleek official way, to make a
philosophical reflection. 'The Surname of Bien-aime (Well-beloved),'
says he, 'which Louis XV. bears, will not leave posterity in the same
doubt. This Prince, in the year 1744, while hastening from one end of
his kingdom to the other, and suspending his conquests in Flanders that
he might fly to the assistance of Alsace, was arrested at Metz by a
malady which threatened to cut short his days. At the news of this,
Paris, all in terror, seemed a city taken by storm: the churches
resounded with supplications and groans; the prayers of priests and
people were every moment interrupted by their sobs: and it was from an
interest so dear and tender that this Surname of Bien-aime fashioned
itself, a title higher still than all the rest which this great Prince
has earned.' (Abrege Chronologique de l'Histoire de France (Paris,
1775), p. 701.)
So stands it written; in lasting memorial of that year 1744. Thirty
other years have come and gone; and 'this great Prince' again lies
sick; but in how altered circumstances now! Churches resound not with
excessive groanings; Paris is stoically calm: sobs interrupt no prayers,
for indeed none are offered; except Priests' Litanies, read or chanted
at fixed money-rate per hour, which are not liable to interruption. The
shepherd of the people has been carried home from Little Trianon, heavy
of heart, and been put to bed in his own Chateau of Versailles: the
flock knows it, and heeds it not. At most, in the immeasurable tide of
French Speech (which ceases not day after day, and only ebbs towards the
short hours of night), may this of the royal sickness emerge from time
to time as an article of news. Bets are doubtless depending; nay, some
people 'express themselves loudly in the streets.' (Memoires de M. le
Baron Besenval (Paris, 1805), ii. 59-90.) But for the rest, on green
field and steepled city, the May sun shines out, the May evening fades;
and men ply their useful or useless business as if no Louis lay in
danger.
Dame Dubarry, indeed, might pray, if she had a talent for it; Duke
d'Aiguillon too, Maupeou and the Parlement Maupeou: these, as they sit
in their high places, with France harnessed under their feet, know well
on what basis they continue there. Look to it, D'Aiguillon; sharply
as thou didst, from the Mill of St. Cast, on Quiberon and the invading
English; thou, 'covered if not with glory yet with meal!' Fortune was
ever accounted inconstant: and each dog has but his day.
Forlorn enough languished Duke d'Aiguillon, some years ago; covered,
as we said, with meal; nay with worse. For La Chalotais, the Breton
Parlementeer, accused him not only of poltroonery and tyranny, but even
of concussion (official plunder of money); which accusations it was
easier to get 'quashed' by backstairs Influences than to get answered:
neither could the thoughts, or even the tongues, of men be tied. Thus,
under disastrous eclipse, had this grand-nephew of the great Richelieu
to glide about; unworshipped by the world; resolute Choiseul, the abrupt
proud man, disdaining him, or even forgetting him. Little prospect but
to glide into Gascony, to rebuild Chateaus there, (Arthur Young, Travels
during the years 1787-88-89 (Bury St. Edmunds, 1792), i. 44.) and die
inglorious killing game! However, in the year 1770, a certain young
soldier, Dumouriez by name, returning from Corsica, could see 'with
sorrow, at Compiegne, the old King of France, on foot, with doffed hat,
in sight of his army, at the side of a magnificent phaeton, doing homage
the--Dubarry.' (La Vie et les Memoires du General Dumouriez (Paris,
1822), i. 141.)
Much lay therein! Thereby, for one thing, could D'Aiguillon postpone
the rebuilding of his Chateau, and rebuild his fortunes first. For stout
Choiseul would discern in the Dubarry nothing but a wonderfully dizened
Scarlet-woman; and go on his way as if she were not. Intolerable: the
source of sighs, tears, of pettings and pouting; which would not end
till 'France' (La France, as she named her royal valet) finally mustered
heart to see Choiseul; and with that 'quivering in the chin (tremblement
du menton natural in such cases) (Besenval, Memoires, ii. 21.) faltered
out a dismissal: dismissal of his last substantial man, but pacification
of his scarlet-woman. Thus D'Aiguillon rose again, and culminated. And
with him there rose Maupeou, the banisher of Parlements; who plants
you a refractory President 'at Croe in Combrailles on the top of steep
rocks, inaccessible except by litters,' there to consider himself.
Likewise there rose Abbe Terray, dissolute Financier, paying eightpence
in the shilling,--so that wits exclaim in some press at the playhouse,
"Where is Abbe Terray, that he might reduce us to two-thirds!" And so
have these individuals (verily by black-art) built them a Domdaniel,
or enchanted Dubarrydom; call it an Armida-Palace, where they dwell
pleasantly; Chancellor Maupeou 'playing blind-man's-buff' with
the scarlet Enchantress; or gallantly presenting her with dwarf
Negroes;--and a Most Christian King has unspeakable peace within doors,
whatever he may have without. "My Chancellor is a scoundrel; but I
cannot do without him." (Dulaure, Histoire de Paris (Paris, 1824), vii.
328.)
Beautiful Armida-Palace, where the inmates live enchanted lives;
lapped in soft music of adulation; waited on by the splendours of the
world;--which nevertheless hangs wondrously as by a single hair. Should
the Most Christian King die; or even get seriously afraid of dying! For,
alas, had not the fair haughty Chateauroux to fly, with wet cheeks
and flaming heart, from that Fever-scene at Metz; driven forth by sour
shavelings? She hardly returned, when fever and shavelings were both
swept into the background. Pompadour too, when Damiens wounded Royalty
'slightly, under the fifth rib,' and our drive to Trianon went off
futile, in shrieks and madly shaken torches,--had to pack, and be in
readiness: yet did not go, the wound not proving poisoned. For his
Majesty has religious faith; believes, at least in a Devil. And now
a third peril; and who knows what may be in it! For the Doctors look
grave; ask privily, If his Majesty had not the small-pox long ago?--and
doubt it may have been a false kind. Yes, Maupeou, pucker those sinister
brows of thine, and peer out on it with thy malign rat-eyes: it is a
questionable case. Sure only that man is mortal; that with the life
of one mortal snaps irrevocably the wonderfulest talisman, and all
Dubarrydom rushes off, with tumult, into infinite Space; and ye, as
subterranean Apparitions are wont, vanish utterly,--leaving only a smell
of sulphur!
These, and what holds of these may pray,--to Beelzebub, or whoever will
hear them. But from the rest of France there comes, as was said, no
prayer; or one of an opposite character, 'expressed openly in the
streets.' Chateau or Hotel, were an enlightened Philosophism scrutinises
many things, is not given to prayer: neither are Rossbach victories,
Terray Finances, nor, say only 'sixty thousand Lettres de Cachet' (which
is Maupeou's share), persuasives towards that. O Henault! Prayers? From
a France smitten (by black-art) with plague after plague, and lying now
in shame and pain, with a Harlot's foot on its neck, what prayer can
come? Those lank scarecrows, that prowl hunger-stricken through all
highways and byways of French Existence, will they pray? The dull
millions that, in the workshop or furrowfield, grind fore-done at the
wheel of Labour, like haltered gin-horses, if blind so much the quieter?
Or they that in the Bicetre Hospital, 'eight to a bed,' lie waiting
their manumission? Dim are those heads of theirs, dull stagnant those
hearts: to them the great Sovereign is known mainly as the great
Regrater of Bread. If they hear of his sickness, they will answer with a
dull Tant pis pour lui; or with the question, Will he die?
Yes, will he die? that is now, for all France, the grand question, and
hope; whereby alone the King's sickness has still some interest.
Chapter 1.1.II.
Realised Ideals.
Such a changed France have we; and a changed Louis. Changed, truly; and
further than thou yet seest!--To the eye of History many things, in
that sick-room of Louis, are now visible, which to the Courtiers there
present were invisible. For indeed it is well said, 'in every object
there is inexhaustible meaning; the eye sees in it what the eye
brings means of seeing.' To Newton and to Newton's Dog Diamond, what a
different pair of Universes; while the painting on the optical retina of
both was, most likely, the same! Let the Reader here, in this sick-room
of Louis, endeavour to look with the mind too.
Time was when men could (so to speak) of a given man, by nourishing and
decorating him with fit appliances, to the due pitch, make themselves
a King, almost as the Bees do; and what was still more to the purpose,
loyally obey him when made. The man so nourished and decorated,
thenceforth named royal, does verily bear rule; and is said, and even
thought, to be, for example, 'prosecuting conquests in Flanders,' when
he lets himself like luggage be carried thither: and no light luggage;
covering miles of road. For he has his unblushing Chateauroux, with her
band-boxes and rouge-pots, at his side; so that, at every new station,
a wooden gallery must be run up between their lodgings. He has not only
his Maison-Bouche, and Valetaille without end, but his very Troop
of Players, with their pasteboard coulisses, thunder-barrels, their
kettles, fiddles, stage-wardrobes, portable larders (and chaffering
and quarrelling enough); all mounted in wagons, tumbrils, second-hand
chaises,--sufficient not to conquer Flanders, but the patience of the
world. With such a flood of loud jingling appurtenances does he lumber
along, prosecuting his conquests in Flanders; wonderful to behold. So
nevertheless it was and had been: to some solitary thinker it might seem
strange; but even to him inevitable, not unnatural.
For ours is a most fictile world; and man is the most fingent plastic
of creatures. A world not fixable; not fathomable! An unfathomable
Somewhat, which is Not we; which we can work with, and live amidst,--and
model, miraculously in our miraculous Being, and name World.--But if the
very Rocks and Rivers (as Metaphysic teaches) are, in strict language,
made by those outward Senses of ours, how much more, by the Inward
Sense, are all Phenomena of the spiritual kind: Dignities, Authorities,
Holies, Unholies! Which inward sense, moreover is not permanent like
the outward ones, but forever growing and changing. Does not the Black
African take of Sticks and Old Clothes (say, exported Monmouth-Street
cast-clothes) what will suffice, and of these, cunningly combining them,
fabricate for himself an Eidolon (Idol, or Thing Seen), and name it
Mumbo-Jumbo; which he can thenceforth pray to, with upturned awestruck
eye, not without hope? The white European mocks; but ought rather to
consider; and see whether he, at home, could not do the like a little
more wisely.
So it was, we say, in those conquests of Flanders, thirty years ago: but
so it no longer is. Alas, much more lies sick than poor Louis: not the
French King only, but the French Kingship; this too, after long rough
tear and wear, is breaking down. The world is all so changed; so
much that seemed vigorous has sunk decrepit, so much that was not is
beginning to be!--Borne over the Atlantic, to the closing ear of Louis,
King by the Grace of God, what sounds are these; muffled ominous, new
in our centuries? Boston Harbour is black with unexpected Tea: behold a
Pennsylvanian Congress gather; and ere long, on Bunker Hill, DEMOCRACY
announcing, in rifle-volleys death-winged, under her Star Banner, to the
tune of Yankee-doodle-doo, that she is born, and, whirlwind-like, will
envelope the whole world!
Sovereigns die and Sovereignties: how all dies, and is for a Time only;
is a 'Time-phantasm, yet reckons itself real!' The Merovingian Kings,
slowly wending on their bullock-carts through the streets of Paris,
with their long hair flowing, have all wended slowly on,--into Eternity.
Charlemagne sleeps at Salzburg, with truncheon grounded; only Fable
expecting that he will awaken. Charles the Hammer, Pepin Bow-legged,
where now is their eye of menace, their voice of command? Rollo and his
shaggy Northmen cover not the Seine with ships; but have sailed off on
a longer voyage. The hair of Towhead (Tete d'etoupes) now needs no
combing; Iron-cutter (Taillefer) cannot cut a cobweb; shrill Fredegonda,
shrill Brunhilda have had out their hot life-scold, and lie silent,
their hot life-frenzy cooled. Neither from that black Tower de Nesle
descends now darkling the doomed gallant, in his sack, to the Seine
waters; plunging into Night: for Dame de Nesle how cares not for this
world's gallantry, heeds not this world's scandal; Dame de Nesle is
herself gone into Night. They are all gone; sunk,--down, down, with
the tumult they made; and the rolling and the trampling of ever new
generations passes over them, and they hear it not any more forever.
And yet withal has there not been realised somewhat? Consider (to go no
further) these strong Stone-edifices, and what they hold! Mud-Town of
the Borderers (Lutetia Parisiorum or Barisiorum) has paved itself, has
spread over all the Seine Islands, and far and wide on each bank, and
become City of Paris, sometimes boasting to be 'Athens of Europe,' and
even 'Capital of the Universe.' Stone towers frown aloft; long-lasting,
grim with a thousand years. Cathedrals are there, and a Creed (or
memory of a Creed) in them; Palaces, and a State and Law. Thou seest
the Smoke-vapour; unextinguished Breath as of a thing living. Labour's
thousand hammers ring on her anvils: also a more miraculous Labour works
noiselessly, not with the Hand but with the Thought. How have cunning
workmen in all crafts, with their cunning head and right-hand, tamed
the Four Elements to be their ministers; yoking the winds to their
Sea-chariot, making the very Stars their Nautical Timepiece;--and
written and collected a Bibliotheque du Roi; among whose Books is the
Hebrew Book! A wondrous race of creatures: these have been realised, and
what of Skill is in these: call not the Past Time, with all its confused
wretchednesses, a lost one.
Observe, however, that of man's whole terrestrial possessions and
attainments, unspeakably the noblest are his Symbols, divine or
divine-seeming; under which he marches and fights, with victorious
assurance, in this life-battle: what we can call his Realised Ideals. Of
which realised ideals, omitting the rest, consider only these two:
his Church, or spiritual Guidance; his Kingship, or temporal one. The
Church: what a word was there; richer than Golconda and the treasures of
the world! In the heart of the remotest mountains rises the little Kirk;
the Dead all slumbering round it, under their white memorial-stones, 'in
hope of a happy resurrection:'--dull wert thou, O Reader, if never in
any hour (say of moaning midnight, when such Kirk hung spectral in
the sky, and Being was as if swallowed up of Darkness) it spoke to
thee--things unspeakable, that went into thy soul's soul. Strong was he
that had a Church, what we can call a Church: he stood thereby, though
'in the centre of Immensities, in the conflux of Eternities,' yet
manlike towards God and man; the vague shoreless Universe had become for
him a firm city, and dwelling which he knew. Such virtue was in Belief;
in these words, well spoken: I believe. Well might men prize their
Credo, and raise stateliest Temples for it, and reverend Hierarchies,
and give it the tithe of their substance; it was worth living for and
dying for.
Neither was that an inconsiderable moment when wild armed men first
raised their Strongest aloft on the buckler-throne, and with clanging
armour and hearts, said solemnly: Be thou our Acknowledged Strongest! In
such Acknowledged Strongest (well named King, Kon-ning, Can-ning, or Man
that was Able) what a Symbol shone now for them,--significant with the
destinies of the world! A Symbol of true Guidance in return for loving
Obedience; properly, if he knew it, the prime want of man. A Symbol
which might be called sacred; for is there not, in reverence for what is
better than we, an indestructible sacredness? On which ground, too, it
was well said there lay in the Acknowledged Strongest a divine right;
as surely there might in the Strongest, whether Acknowledged or
not,--considering who made him strong. And so, in the midst of
confusions and unutterable incongruities (as all growth is confused),
did this of Royalty, with Loyalty environing it, spring up; and grow
mysteriously, subduing and assimilating (for a principle of Life was in
it); till it also had grown world-great, and was among the main Facts of
our modern existence. Such a Fact, that Louis XIV., for example, could
answer the expostulatory Magistrate with his "L'Etat c'est moi (The
State? I am the State);" and be replied to by silence and abashed looks.
So far had accident and forethought; had your Louis Elevenths, with
the leaden Virgin in their hatband, and torture-wheels and conical
oubliettes (man-eating!) under their feet; your Henri Fourths, with
their prophesied social millennium, 'when every peasant should have his
fowl in the pot;' and on the whole, the fertility of this most fertile
Existence (named of Good and Evil),--brought it, in the matter of the
Kingship. Wondrous! Concerning which may we not again say, that in
the huge mass of Evil, as it rolls and swells, there is ever some Good
working imprisoned; working towards deliverance and triumph?
How such Ideals do realise themselves; and grow, wondrously, from amid
the incongruous ever-fluctuating chaos of the Actual: this is what
World-History, if it teach any thing, has to teach us, How they grow;
and, after long stormy growth, bloom out mature, supreme; then quickly
(for the blossom is brief) fall into decay; sorrowfully dwindle; and
crumble down, or rush down, noisily or noiselessly disappearing. The
blossom is so brief; as of some centennial Cactus-flower, which after
a century of waiting shines out for hours! Thus from the day when rough
Clovis, in the Champ de Mars, in sight of his whole army, had to cleave
retributively the head of that rough Frank, with sudden battleaxe, and
the fierce words, "It was thus thou clavest the vase" (St. Remi's and
mine) "at Soissons," forward to Louis the Grand and his L'Etat c'est
moi, we count some twelve hundred years: and now this the very
next Louis is dying, and so much dying with him!--Nay, thus too, if
Catholicism, with and against Feudalism (but not against Nature and
her bounty), gave us English a Shakspeare and Era of Shakspeare, and so
produced a blossom of Catholicism--it was not till Catholicism itself,
so far as Law could abolish it, had been abolished here.
But of those decadent ages in which no Ideal either grows or blossoms?
When Belief and Loyalty have passed away, and only the cant and false
echo of them remains; and all Solemnity has become Pageantry; and
the Creed of persons in authority has become one of two things: an
Imbecility or a Macchiavelism? Alas, of these ages World-History can
take no notice; they have to become compressed more and more,
and finally suppressed in the Annals of Mankind; blotted out as
spurious,--which indeed they are. Hapless ages: wherein, if ever in any,
it is an unhappiness to be born. To be born, and to learn only, by every
tradition and example, that God's Universe is Belial's and a Lie; and
'the Supreme Quack' the hierarch of men! In which mournfulest faith,
nevertheless, do we not see whole generations (two, and sometimes even
three successively) live, what they call living; and vanish,--without
chance of reappearance?
In such a decadent age, or one fast verging that way, had our poor Louis
been born. Grant also that if the French Kingship had not, by course of
Nature, long to live, he of all men was the man to accelerate Nature.
The Blossom of French Royalty, cactus-like, has accordingly made an
astonishing progress. In those Metz days, it was still standing with all
its petals, though bedimmed by Orleans Regents and Roue Ministers and
Cardinals; but now, in 1774, we behold it bald, and the virtue nigh gone
out of it.
Disastrous indeed does it look with those same 'realised ideals,' one
and all! The Church, which in its palmy season, seven hundred years ago,
could make an Emperor wait barefoot, in penance-shift; three days, in
the snow, has for centuries seen itself decaying; reduced even to forget
old purposes and enmities, and join interest with the Kingship: on this
younger strength it would fain stay its decrepitude; and these two will
henceforth stand and fall together. Alas, the Sorbonne still sits there,
in its old mansion; but mumbles only jargon of dotage, and no longer
leads the consciences of men: not the Sorbonne; it is Encyclopedies,
Philosophie, and who knows what nameless innumerable multitude of
ready Writers, profane Singers, Romancers, Players, Disputators, and
Pamphleteers, that now form the Spiritual Guidance of the world. The
world's Practical Guidance too is lost, or has glided into the same
miscellaneous hands. Who is it that the King (Able-man, named also Roi,
Rex, or Director) now guides? His own huntsmen and prickers: when there
is to be no hunt, it is well said, 'Le Roi ne fera rien (To-day
his Majesty will do nothing). (Memoires sur la Vie privee de Marie
Antoinette, par Madame Campan (Paris, 1826), i. 12). He lives and
lingers there, because he is living there, and none has yet laid hands
on him.
The nobles, in like manner, have nearly ceased either to guide or
misguide; and are now, as their master is, little more than ornamental
figures. It is long since they have done with butchering one another or
their king: the Workers, protected, encouraged by Majesty, have ages ago
built walled towns, and there ply their crafts; will permit no Robber
Baron to 'live by the saddle,' but maintain a gallows to prevent it.
Ever since that period of the Fronde, the Noble has changed his
fighting sword into a court rapier, and now loyally attends his king
as ministering satellite; divides the spoil, not now by violence
and murder, but by soliciting and finesse. These men call themselves
supports of the throne, singular gilt-pasteboard caryatides in that
singular edifice! For the rest, their privileges every way are now much
curtailed. That law authorizing a Seigneur, as he returned from hunting,
to kill not more than two Serfs, and refresh his feet in their warm
blood and bowels, has fallen into perfect desuetude,--and even into
incredibility; for if Deputy Lapoule can believe in it, and call for the
abrogation of it, so cannot we. (Histoire de la Revolution Francaise,
par Deux Amis de la Liberte (Paris, 1793), ii. 212.) No Charolois, for
these last fifty years, though never so fond of shooting, has been in
use to bring down slaters and plumbers, and see them roll from their
roofs; (Lacretelle, Histoire de France pendant le 18me Siecle (Paris,
1819) i. 271.) but contents himself with partridges and grouse.
Close-viewed, their industry and function is that of dressing gracefully
and eating sumptuously. As for their debauchery and depravity, it is
perhaps unexampled since the era of Tiberius and Commodus. Nevertheless,
one has still partly a feeling with the lady Marechale: "Depend upon it,
Sir, God thinks twice before damning a man of that quality." (Dulaure,
vii. 261.) These people, of old, surely had virtues, uses; or they could
not have been there. Nay, one virtue they are still required to have
(for mortal man cannot live without a conscience): the virtue of perfect
readiness to fight duels.
Such are the shepherds of the people: and now how fares it with the
flock? With the flock, as is inevitable, it fares ill, and ever worse.
They are not tended, they are only regularly shorn. They are sent for,
to do statute-labour, to pay statute-taxes; to fatten battle-fields
(named 'Bed of honour') with their bodies, in quarrels which are not
theirs; their hand and toil is in every possession of man; but for
themselves they have little or no possession. Untaught, uncomforted,
unfed; to pine dully in thick obscuration, in squalid destitution
and obstruction: this is the lot of the millions; peuple taillable et
corveable a merci et misericorde. In Brittany they once rose in revolt
at the first introduction of Pendulum Clocks; thinking it had something
to do with the Gabelle. Paris requires to be cleared out periodically
by the Police; and the horde of hunger-stricken vagabonds to be sent
wandering again over space--for a time. 'During one such periodical
clearance,' says Lacretelle, 'in May, 1750, the Police had presumed
withal to carry off some reputable people's children, in the hope of
extorting ransoms for them. The mothers fill the public places
with cries of despair; crowds gather, get excited: so many women in
destraction run about exaggerating the alarm: an absurd and horrid fable
arises among the people; it is said that the doctors have ordered a
Great Person to take baths of young human blood for the restoration
of his own, all spoiled by debaucheries. Some of the rioters,' adds
Lacretelle, quite coolly, 'were hanged on the following days:' the
Police went on. (Lacretelle, iii. 175.) O ye poor naked wretches! and
this, then, is your inarticulate cry to Heaven, as of a dumb tortured
animal, crying from uttermost depths of pain and debasement? Do these
azure skies, like a dead crystalline vault, only reverberate the echo of
it on you? Respond to it only by 'hanging on the following days?'--Not
so: not forever! Ye are heard in Heaven. And the answer too will
come,--in a horror of great darkness, and shakings of the world, and a
cup of trembling which all the nations shall drink.
Remark, meanwhile, how from amid the wrecks and dust of this universal
Decay new Powers are fashioning themselves, adapted to the new time and
its destinies. Besides the old Noblesse, originally of Fighters, there
is a new recognised Noblesse of Lawyers; whose gala-day and proud
battle-day even now is. An unrecognised Noblesse of Commerce; powerful
enough, with money in its pocket. Lastly, powerfulest of all, least
recognised of all, a Noblesse of Literature; without steel on their
thigh, without gold in their purse, but with the 'grand thaumaturgic
faculty of Thought' in their head. French Philosophism has arisen; in
which little word how much do we include! Here, indeed, lies properly
the cardinal symptom of the whole wide-spread malady. Faith is gone out;
Scepticism is come in. Evil abounds and accumulates: no man has Faith to
withstand it, to amend it, to begin by amending himself; it must even
go on accumulating. While hollow langour and vacuity is the lot of the
Upper, and want and stagnation of the Lower, and universal misery
is very certain, what other thing is certain? That a Lie cannot be
believed! Philosophism knows only this: her other belief is mainly that,
in spiritual supersensual matters no Belief is possible. Unhappy! Nay,
as yet the Contradiction of a Lie is some kind of Belief; but the Lie
with its Contradiction once swept away, what will remain? The five
unsatiated Senses will remain, the sixth insatiable Sense (of vanity);
the whole daemonic nature of man will remain,--hurled forth to rage
blindly without rule or rein; savage itself, yet with all the tools and
weapons of civilisation; a spectacle new in History.
In such a France, as in a Powder-tower, where fire unquenched and now
unquenchable is smoking and smouldering all round, has Louis XV. lain
down to die. With Pompadourism and Dubarryism, his Fleur-de-lis has been
shamefully struck down in all lands and on all seas; Poverty invades
even the Royal Exchequer, and Tax-farming can squeeze out no more;
there is a quarrel of twenty-five years' standing with the Parlement;
everywhere Want, Dishonesty, Unbelief, and hotbrained Sciolists for
state-physicians: it is a portentous hour.
Such things can the eye of History see in this sick-room of King Louis,
which were invisible to the Courtiers there. It is twenty years, gone
Christmas-day, since Lord Chesterfield, summing up what he had noted of
this same France, wrote, and sent off by post, the following words, that
have become memorable: 'In short, all the symptoms which I have ever
met with in History, previous to great Changes and Revolutions in
government, now exist and daily increase in France.' (Chesterfield's
Letters: December 25th, 1753.)
Chapter 1.1.III.
Viaticum.
For the present, however, the grand question with the Governors of
France is: Shall extreme unction, or other ghostly viaticum (to Louis,
not to France), be administered?
It is a deep question. For, if administered, if so much as spoken of,
must not, on the very threshold of the business, Witch Dubarry vanish;
hardly to return should Louis even recover? With her vanishes Duke
d'Aiguillon and Company, and all their Armida-Palace, as was said;
Chaos swallows the whole again, and there is left nothing but a smell
of brimstone. But then, on the other hand, what will the Dauphinists and
Choiseulists say? Nay what may the royal martyr himself say, should he
happen to get deadly worse, without getting delirious? For the present,
he still kisses the Dubarry hand; so we, from the ante-room, can note:
but afterwards? Doctors' bulletins may run as they are ordered, but
it is 'confluent small-pox,'--of which, as is whispered too, the
Gatekeepers's once so buxom Daughter lies ill: and Louis XV. is not a
man to be trifled with in his viaticum. Was he not wont to catechise his
very girls in the Parc-aux-cerfs, and pray with and for them, that they
might preserve their--orthodoxy? (Dulaure, viii. (217), Besenval, &c.)
A strange fact, not an unexampled one; for there is no animal so strange
as man.
For the moment, indeed, it were all well, could Archbishop Beaumont but
be prevailed upon--to wink with one eye! Alas, Beaumont would himself so
fain do it: for, singular to tell, the Church too, and whole posthumous
hope of Jesuitism, now hangs by the apron of this same unmentionable
woman. But then 'the force of public opinion'? Rigorous Christophe de
Beaumont, who has spent his life in persecuting hysterical Jansenists
and incredulous Non-confessors; or even their dead bodies, if no better
might be,--how shall he now open Heaven's gate, and give Absolution with
the corpus delicti still under his nose? Our Grand-Almoner Roche-Aymon,
for his part, will not higgle with a royal sinner about turning of the
key: but there are other Churchmen; there is a King's Confessor, foolish
Abbe Moudon; and Fanaticism and Decency are not yet extinct. On the
whole, what is to be done? The doors can be well watched; the Medical
Bulletin adjusted; and much, as usual, be hoped for from time and
chance.
The doors are well watched, no improper figure can enter. Indeed,
few wish to enter; for the putrid infection reaches even to the
Oeil-de-Boeuf; so that 'more than fifty fall sick, and ten die.'
Mesdames the Princesses alone wait at the loathsome sick-bed; impelled
by filial piety. The three Princesses, Graille, Chiffe, Coche (Rag,
Snip, Pig, as he was wont to name them), are assiduous there; when all
have fled. The fourth Princess Loque (Dud), as we guess, is already in
the Nunnery, and can only give her orisons. Poor Graille and Sisterhood,
they have never known a Father: such is the hard bargain Grandeur must
make. Scarcely at the Debotter (when Royalty took off its boots) could
they snatch up their 'enormous hoops, gird the long train round their
waists, huddle on their black cloaks of taffeta up to the very chin;'
and so, in fit appearance of full dress, 'every evening at six,' walk
majestically in; receive their royal kiss on the brow; and then walk
majestically out again, to embroidery, small-scandal, prayers, and
vacancy. If Majesty came some morning, with coffee of its own making,
and swallowed it with them hastily while the dogs were uncoupling for
the hunt, it was received as a grace of Heaven. (Campan, i. 11-36.) Poor
withered ancient women! in the wild tossings that yet await your fragile
existence, before it be crushed and broken; as ye fly through hostile
countries, over tempestuous seas, are almost taken by the Turks; and
wholly, in the Sansculottic Earthquake, know not your right hand from
your left, be this always an assured place in your remembrance: for the
act was good and loving! To us also it is a little sunny spot, in that
dismal howling waste, where we hardly find another.
Meanwhile, what shall an impartial prudent Courtier do? In these
delicate circumstances, while not only death or life, but even sacrament
or no sacrament, is a question, the skilfulest may falter. Few are so
happy as the Duke d'Orleans and the Prince de Conde; who can themselves,
with volatile salts, attend the King's ante-chamber; and, at the same
time, send their brave sons (Duke de Chartres, Egalite that is to be;
Duke de Bourbon, one day Conde too, and famous among Dotards) to wait
upon the Dauphin. With another few, it is a resolution taken; jacta est
alea. Old Richelieu,--when Beaumont, driven by public opinion, is at
last for entering the sick-room,--will twitch him by the rochet, into a
recess; and there, with his old dissipated mastiff-face, and the oiliest
vehemence, be seen pleading (and even, as we judge by Beaumont's change
of colour, prevailing) 'that the King be not killed by a proposition
in Divinity.' Duke de Fronsac, son of Richelieu, can follow his father:
when the Cure of Versailles whimpers something about sacraments, he will
threaten to 'throw him out of the window if he mention such a thing.'
Happy these, we may say; but to the rest that hover between two
opinions, is it not trying? He who would understand to what a pass
Catholicism, and much else, had now got; and how the symbols of
the Holiest have become gambling-dice of the Basest,--must read the
narrative of those things by Besenval, and Soulavie, and the other Court
Newsmen of the time. He will see the Versailles Galaxy all scattered
asunder, grouped into new ever-shifting Constellations. There are nods
and sagacious glances; go-betweens, silk dowagers mysteriously gliding,
with smiles for this constellation, sighs for that: there is tremor,
of hope or desperation, in several hearts. There is the pale grinning
Shadow of Death, ceremoniously ushered along by another grinning Shadow,
of Etiquette: at intervals the growl of Chapel Organs, like prayer by
machinery; proclaiming, as in a kind of horrid diabolic horse-laughter,
Vanity of vanities, all is Vanity!
Chapter 1.1.IV.
Louis the Unforgotten.
Poor Louis! With these it is a hollow phantasmagory, where like mimes
they mope and mowl, and utter false sounds for hire; but with thee it is
frightful earnest.
Frightful to all men is Death; from of old named King of Terrors. Our
little compact home of an Existence, where we dwelt complaining, yet as
in a home, is passing, in dark agonies, into an Unknown of Separation,
Foreignness, unconditioned Possibility. The Heathen Emperor asks of his
soul: Into what places art thou now departing? The Catholic King
must answer: To the Judgment-bar of the Most High God! Yes, it is a
summing-up of Life; a final settling, and giving-in the 'account of the
deeds done in the body:' they are done now; and lie there unalterable,
and do bear their fruits, long as Eternity shall last.
Louis XV. had always the kingliest abhorrence of Death. Unlike that
praying Duke of Orleans, Egalite's grandfather,--for indeed several of
them had a touch of madness,--who honesty believed that there was no
Death! He, if the Court Newsmen can be believed, started up once on
a time, glowing with sulphurous contempt and indignation on his poor
Secretary, who had stumbled on the words, feu roi d'Espagne (the late
King of Spain): "Feu roi, Monsieur?"--"Monseigneur," hastily answered
the trembling but adroit man of business, "c'est une titre qu'ils
prennent ('tis a title they take)." (Besenval, i. 199.) Louis, we say,
was not so happy; but he did what he could. He would not suffer Death to
be spoken of; avoided the sight of churchyards, funereal monuments, and
whatsoever could bring it to mind. It is the resource of the Ostrich;
who, hard hunted, sticks his foolish head in the ground, and would fain
forget that his foolish unseeing body is not unseen too. Or sometimes,
with a spasmodic antagonism, significant of the same thing, and of
more, he would go; or stopping his court carriages, would send into
churchyards, and ask 'how many new graves there were today,' though it
gave his poor Pompadour the disagreeablest qualms. We can figure the
thought of Louis that day, when, all royally caparisoned for hunting, he
met, at some sudden turning in the Wood of Senart, a ragged Peasant with
a coffin: "For whom?"--It was for a poor brother slave, whom Majesty had
sometimes noticed slaving in those quarters. "What did he die of?"--"Of
hunger:"--the King gave his steed the spur. (Campan, iii. 39.)
But figure his thought, when Death is now clutching at his own
heart-strings, unlooked for, inexorable! Yes, poor Louis, Death has
found thee. No palace walls or life-guards, gorgeous tapestries or gilt
buckram of stiffest ceremonial could keep him out; but he is here,
here at thy very life-breath, and will extinguish it. Thou, whose whole
existence hitherto was a chimera and scenic show, at length becomest a
reality: sumptuous Versailles bursts asunder, like a dream, into void
Immensity; Time is done, and all the scaffolding of Time falls wrecked
with hideous clangour round thy soul: the pale Kingdoms yawn open; there
must thou enter, naked, all unking'd, and await what is appointed
thee! Unhappy man, there as thou turnest, in dull agony, on thy bed of
weariness, what a thought is thine! Purgatory and Hell-fire, now all-too
possible, in the prospect; in the retrospect,--alas, what thing didst
thou do that were not better undone; what mortal didst thou generously
help; what sorrow hadst thou mercy on? Do the 'five hundred thousand'
ghosts, who sank shamefully on so many battle-fields from Rossbach to
Quebec, that thy Harlot might take revenge for an epigram,--crowd round
thee in this hour? Thy foul Harem; the curses of mothers, the tears
and infamy of daughters? Miserable man! thou 'hast done evil as thou
couldst:' thy whole existence seems one hideous abortion and mistake of
Nature; the use and meaning of thee not yet known. Wert thou a fabulous
Griffin, devouring the works of men; daily dragging virgins to thy
cave;--clad also in scales that no spear would pierce: no spear but
Death's? A Griffin not fabulous but real! Frightful, O Louis, seem these
moments for thee.--We will pry no further into the horrors of a sinner's
death-bed.
And yet let no meanest man lay flattering unction to his soul. Louis was
a Ruler; but art not thou also one? His wide France, look at it from the
Fixed Stars (themselves not yet Infinitude), is no wider than thy narrow
brickfield, where thou too didst faithfully, or didst unfaithfully. Man,
'Symbol of Eternity imprisoned into 'Time!' it is not thy works, which
are all mortal, infinitely little, and the greatest no greater than
the least, but only the Spirit thou workest in, that can have worth or
continuance.
But reflect, in any case, what a life-problem this of poor Louis, when
he rose as Bien-Aime from that Metz sick-bed, really was! What son
of Adam could have swayed such incoherences into coherence? Could he?
Blindest Fortune alone has cast him on the top of it: he swims
there; can as little sway it as the drift-log sways the wind-tossed
moon-stirred Atlantic. "What have I done to be so loved?" he said then.
He may say now: What have I done to be so hated? Thou hast done nothing,
poor Louis! Thy fault is properly even this, that thou didst nothing.
What could poor Louis do? Abdicate, and wash his hands of it,--in favour
of the first that would accept! Other clear wisdom there was none for
him. As it was, he stood gazing dubiously, the absurdest mortal extant
(a very Solecism Incarnate), into the absurdest confused world;--wherein
at lost nothing seemed so certain as that he, the incarnate Solecism,
had five senses; that were Flying Tables (Tables Volantes, which vanish
through the floor, to come back reloaded). and a Parc-aux-cerfs.
Whereby at least we have again this historical curiosity: a human
being in an original position; swimming passively, as on some boundless
'Mother of Dead Dogs,' towards issues which he partly saw. For Louis had
withal a kind of insight in him. So, when a new Minister of Marine, or
what else it might be, came announcing his new era, the Scarlet-woman
would hear from the lips of Majesty at supper: "He laid out his ware
like another; promised the beautifulest things in the world; not a
thing of which will come: he does not know this region; he will see." Or
again: "'Tis the twentieth time I hear all that; France will never get
a Navy, I believe." How touching also was this: "If I were Lieutenant of
Police, I would prohibit those Paris cabriolets." (Journal de Madame de
Hausset, p. 293, &c.)
Doomed mortal;--for is it not a doom to be Solecism incarnate! A new
Roi Faineant, King Donothing; but with the strangest new Mayor of
the Palace: no bow-legged Pepin now, but that same cloud-capt,
fire-breathing Spectre of DEMOCRACY; incalculable, which is enveloping
the world!--Was Louis no wickeder than this or the other private
Donothing and Eatall; such as we often enough see, under the name of
Man, and even Man of Pleasure, cumbering God's diligent Creation, for
a time? Say, wretcheder! His Life-solecism was seen and felt of a whole
scandalised world; him endless Oblivion cannot engulf, and swallow to
endless depths,--not yet for a generation or two.
However, be this as it will, we remark, not without interest, that 'on
the evening of the 4th,' Dame Dubarry issues from the sick-room, with
perceptible 'trouble in her visage.' It is the fourth evening of May,
year of Grace 1774. Such a whispering in the Oeil-de-Boeuf! Is he dying
then? What can be said is, that Dubarry seems making up her packages;
she sails weeping through her gilt boudoirs, as if taking leave.
D'Aiguilon and Company are near their last card; nevertheless they will
not yet throw up the game. But as for the sacramental controversy, it is
as good as settled without being mentioned; Louis can send for his Abbe
Moudon in the course of next night, be confessed by him, some say for
the space of 'seventeen minutes,' and demand the sacraments of his own
accord.
Nay, already, in the afternoon, behold is not this your Sorceress
Dubarry with the handkerchief at her eyes, mounting D'Aiguillon's
chariot; rolling off in his Duchess's consolatory arms? She is gone;
and her place knows her no more. Vanish, false Sorceress; into Space!
Needless to hover at neighbouring Ruel; for thy day is done. Shut are
the royal palace-gates for evermore; hardly in coming years shalt
thou, under cloud of night, descend once, in black domino, like a black
night-bird, and disturb the fair Antoinette's music-party in the Park:
all Birds of Paradise flying from thee, and musical windpipes growing
mute. (Campan, i. 197.) Thou unclean, yet unmalignant, not unpitiable
thing! What a course was thine: from that first trucklebed (in Joan of
Arc's country) where thy mother bore thee, with tears, to an unnamed
father: forward, through lowest subterranean depths, and over highest
sunlit heights, of Harlotdom and Rascaldom--to the guillotine-axe, which
shears away thy vainly whimpering head! Rest there uncursed; only buried
and abolished: what else befitted thee?
Louis, meanwhile, is in considerable impatience for his sacraments;
sends more than once to the window, to see whether they are not coming.
Be of comfort, Louis, what comfort thou canst: they are under way,
those sacraments. Towards six in the morning, they arrive. Cardinal
Grand-Almoner Roche-Aymon is here, in pontificals, with his pyxes and
his tools; he approaches the royal pillow; elevates his wafer; mutters
or seems to mutter somewhat;--and so (as the Abbe Georgel, in words
that stick to one, expresses it) has Louis 'made the amende honorable to
God;' so does your Jesuit construe it.--"Wa, Wa," as the wild Clotaire
groaned out, when life was departing, "what great God is this that
pulls down the strength of the strongest kings!" (Gregorius Turonensis,
Histor. lib. iv. cap. 21.)
The amende honorable, what 'legal apology' you will, to God:--but not,
if D'Aiguillon can help it, to man. Dubarry still hovers in his
mansion at Ruel; and while there is life, there is hope. Grand-Almoner
Roche-Aymon, accordingly (for he seems to be in the secret), has
no sooner seen his pyxes and gear repacked, then he is stepping
majestically forth again, as if the work were done! But King's Confessor
Abbe Moudon starts forward; with anxious acidulent face, twitches him by
the sleeve; whispers in his ear. Whereupon the poor Cardinal must turn
round; and declare audibly; "That his Majesty repents of any subjects of
scandal he may have given (a pu donner); and purposes, by the strength
of Heaven assisting him, to avoid the like--for the future!" Words
listened to by Richelieu with mastiff-face, growing blacker; answered
to, aloud, 'with an epithet,'--which Besenval will not repeat. Old
Richelieu, conqueror of Minorca, companion of Flying-Table orgies,
perforator of bedroom walls, (Besenval, i. 159-172. Genlis; Duc de
Levis, &c.) is thy day also done?
Alas, the Chapel organs may keep going; the Shrine of Sainte Genevieve
be let down, and pulled up again,--without effect. In the evening the
whole Court, with Dauphin and Dauphiness, assist at the Chapel: priests
are hoarse with chanting their 'Prayers of Forty Hours;' and the heaving
bellows blow. Almost frightful! For the very heaven blackens; battering
rain-torrents dash, with thunder; almost drowning the organ's voice: and
electric fire-flashes make the very flambeaux on the altar pale. So that
the most, as we are told, retired, when it was over, with hurried steps,
'in a state of meditation (recueillement),' and said little or nothing.
(Weber, Memoires concernant Marie-Antoinette (London, 1809), i. 22.)
So it has lasted for the better half of a fortnight; the Dubarry gone
almost a week. Besenval says, all the world was getting impatient que
cela finit; that poor Louis would have done with it. It is now the 10th
of May 1774. He will soon have done now.
This tenth May day falls into the loathsome sick-bed; but dull,
unnoticed there: for they that look out of the windows are quite
darkened; the cistern-wheel moves discordant on its axis; Life, like a
spent steed, is panting towards the goal. In their remote apartments,
Dauphin and Dauphiness stand road-ready; all grooms and equerries booted
and spurred: waiting for some signal to escape the house of pestilence.
(One grudges to interfere with the beautiful theatrical 'candle,' which
Madame Campan (i. 79) has lit on this occasion, and blown out at the
moment of death. What candles might be lit or blown out, in so large an
Establishment as that of Versailles, no man at such distance would like
to affirm: at the same time, as it was two o'clock in a May Afternoon,
and these royal Stables must have been some five or six hundred yards
from the royal sick-room, the 'candle' does threaten to go out in spite
of us. It remains burning indeed--in her fantasy; throwing light on much
in those Memoires of hers.) And, hark! across the Oeil-de-Boeuf, what
sound is that; sound 'terrible and absolutely like thunder'? It is
the rush of the whole Court, rushing as in wager, to salute the new
Sovereigns: Hail to your Majesties! The Dauphin and Dauphiness are King
and Queen! Over-powered with many emotions, they two fall on their knees
together, and, with streaming tears, exclaim, "O God, guide us, protect
us; we are too young to reign!"--Too young indeed.
Thus, in any case, 'with a sound absolutely like thunder,' has the
Horologe of Time struck, and an old Era passed away. The Louis that was,
lies forsaken, a mass of abhorred clay; abandoned 'to some poor persons,
and priests of the Chapelle Ardente,'--who make haste to put him 'in two
lead coffins, pouring in abundant spirits of wine.' The new Louis with
his Court is rolling towards Choisy, through the summer afternoon: the
royal tears still flow; but a word mispronounced by Monseigneur d'Artois
sets them all laughing, and they weep no more. Light mortals, how ye
walk your light life-minuet, over bottomless abysses, divided from you
by a film!
For the rest, the proper authorities felt that no Funeral could be too
unceremonious. Besenval himself thinks it was unceremonious enough. Two
carriages containing two noblemen of the usher species, and a Versailles
clerical person; some score of mounted pages, some fifty palfreniers;
these, with torches, but not so much as in black, start from Versailles
on the second evening with their leaden bier. At a high trot they start;
and keep up that pace. For the jibes (brocards) of those Parisians, who
stand planted in two rows, all the way to St. Denis, and 'give vent to
their pleasantry, the characteristic of the nation,' do not tempt one
to slacken. Towards midnight the vaults of St. Denis receive their
own; unwept by any eye of all these; if not by poor Loque his neglected
Daughter's, whose Nunnery is hard by.
Him they crush down, and huddle under-ground, in this impatient way; him
and his era of sin and tyranny and shame; for behold a New Era is come;
the future all the brighter that the past was base.
BOOK 1.II.
THE PAPER AGE
Chapter 1.2.I.
Astraea Redux.
A paradoxical philosopher, carrying to the uttermost length that
aphorism of Montesquieu's, 'Happy the people whose annals are tiresome,'
has said, 'Happy the people whose annals are vacant.' In which saying,
mad as it looks, may there not still be found some grain of reason? For
truly, as it has been written, 'Silence is divine,' and of Heaven; so
in all earthly things too there is a silence which is better than any
speech. Consider it well, the Event, the thing which can be spoken of
and recorded, is it not, in all cases, some disruption, some solution of
continuity? Were it even a glad Event, it involves change, involves loss
(of active Force); and so far, either in the past or in the present, is
an irregularity, a disease. Stillest perseverance were our blessedness;
not dislocation and alteration,--could they be avoided.
The oak grows silently, in the forest, a thousand years; only in the
thousandth year, when the woodman arrives with his axe, is there heard
an echoing through the solitudes; and the oak announces itself when,
with a far-sounding crash, it falls. How silent too was the planting of
the acorn; scattered from the lap of some wandering wind! Nay, when
our oak flowered, or put on its leaves (its glad Events), what shout of
proclamation could there be? Hardly from the most observant a word of
recognition. These things befell not, they were slowly done; not in an
hour, but through the flight of days: what was to be said of it? This
hour seemed altogether as the last was, as the next would be.
It is thus everywhere that foolish Rumour babbles not of what was done,
but of what was misdone or undone; and foolish History (ever, more or
less, the written epitomised synopsis of Rumour) knows so little
that were not as well unknown. Attila Invasions, Walter-the-Penniless
Crusades, Sicilian Vespers, Thirty-Years Wars: mere sin and misery; not
work, but hindrance of work! For the Earth, all this while, was yearly
green and yellow with her kind harvests; the hand of the craftsman, the
mind of the thinker rested not: and so, after all, and in spite of all,
we have this so glorious high-domed blossoming World; concerning which,
poor History may well ask, with wonder, Whence it came? She knows so
little of it, knows so much of what obstructed it, what would have
rendered it impossible. Such, nevertheless, by necessity or foolish
choice, is her rule and practice; whereby that paradox, 'Happy the
people whose annals are vacant,' is not without its true side.
And yet, what seems more pertinent to note here, there is a stillness,
not of unobstructed growth, but of passive inertness, and symptom of
imminent downfall. As victory is silent, so is defeat. Of the opposing
forces the weaker has resigned itself; the stronger marches on,
noiseless now, but rapid, inevitable: the fall and overturn will not be
noiseless. How all grows, and has its period, even as the herbs of the
fields, be it annual, centennial, millennial! All grows and dies, each
by its own wondrous laws, in wondrous fashion of its own; spiritual
things most wondrously of all. Inscrutable, to the wisest, are these
latter; not to be prophesied of, or understood. If when the oak stands
proudliest flourishing to the eye, you know that its heart is sound, it
is not so with the man; how much less with the Society, with the Nation
of men! Of such it may be affirmed even that the superficial aspect,
that the inward feeling of full health, is generally ominous. For indeed
it is of apoplexy, so to speak, and a plethoric lazy habit of body, that
Churches, Kingships, Social Institutions, oftenest die. Sad, when such
Institution plethorically says to itself, Take thy ease, thou hast goods
laid up;--like the fool of the Gospel, to whom it was answered, Fool,
this night thy life shall be required of thee!
Is it the healthy peace, or the ominous unhealthy, that rests on France,
for these next Ten Years? Over which the Historian can pass lightly,
without call to linger: for as yet events are not, much less
performances. Time of sunniest stillness;--shall we call it, what all
men thought it, the new Age of God? Call it at least, of Paper; which
in many ways is the succedaneum of Gold. Bank-paper, wherewith you
can still buy when there is no gold left; Book-paper, splendent with
Theories, Philosophies, Sensibilities,--beautiful art, not only of
revealing Thought, but also of so beautifully hiding from us the want
of Thought! Paper is made from the rags of things that did once exist;
there are endless excellences in Paper.--What wisest Philosophe, in this
halcyon uneventful period, could prophesy that there was approaching,
big with darkness and confusion, the event of events? Hope ushers in a
Revolution,--as earthquakes are preceded by bright weather. On the
Fifth of May, fifteen years hence, old Louis will not be sending for
the Sacraments; but a new Louis, his grandson, with the whole pomp of
astonished intoxicated France, will be opening the States-General.
Dubarrydom and its D'Aiguillons are gone forever. There is a young,
still docile, well-intentioned King; a young, beautiful and bountiful,
well-intentioned Queen; and with them all France, as it were, become
young. Maupeou and his Parlement have to vanish into thick night;
respectable Magistrates, not indifferent to the Nation, were it only
for having been opponents of the Court, can descend unchained from their
'steep rocks at Croe in Combrailles' and elsewhere, and return singing
praises: the old Parlement of Paris resumes its functions. Instead of a
profligate bankrupt Abbe Terray, we have now, for Controller-General, a
virtuous philosophic Turgot, with a whole Reformed France in his
head. By whom whatsoever is wrong, in Finance or otherwise, will be
righted,--as far as possible. Is it not as if Wisdom herself were
henceforth to have seat and voice in the Council of Kings? Turgot has
taken office with the noblest plainness of speech to that effect; been
listened to with the noblest royal trustfulness. (Turgot's Letter:
Condorcet, Vie de Turgot (Oeuvres de Condorcet, t. v.), p. 67. The date
is 24th August, 1774.) It is true, as King Louis objects, "They say he
never goes to mass;" but liberal France likes him little worse for that;
liberal France answers, "The Abbe Terray always went." Philosophism
sees, for the first time, a Philosophe (or even a Philosopher) in
office: she in all things will applausively second him; neither will
light old Maurepas obstruct, if he can easily help it.
Then how 'sweet' are the manners; vice 'losing all its deformity;'
becoming decent (as established things, making regulations for
themselves, do); becoming almost a kind of 'sweet' virtue! Intelligence
so abounds; irradiated by wit and the art of conversation. Philosophism
sits joyful in her glittering saloons, the dinner-guest of Opulence
grown ingenuous, the very nobles proud to sit by her; and preaches,
lifted up over all Bastilles, a coming millennium. From far Ferney,
Patriarch Voltaire gives sign: veterans Diderot, D'Alembert have
lived to see this day; these with their younger Marmontels, Morellets,
Chamforts, Raynals, make glad the spicy board of rich ministering
Dowager, of philosophic Farmer-General. O nights and suppers of the
gods! Of a truth, the long-demonstrated will now be done: 'the Age
of Revolutions approaches' (as Jean Jacques wrote), but then of happy
blessed ones. Man awakens from his long somnambulism; chases the
Phantasms that beleagured and bewitched him. Behold the new morning
glittering down the eastern steeps; fly, false Phantasms, from its
shafts of light; let the Absurd fly utterly forsaking this lower
Earth for ever. It is Truth and Astraea Redux that (in the shape of
Philosophism) henceforth reign. For what imaginable purpose was man
made, if not to be 'happy'? By victorious Analysis, and Progress of the
Species, happiness enough now awaits him. Kings can become philosophers;
or else philosophers Kings. Let but Society be once rightly
constituted,--by victorious Analysis. The stomach that is empty shall be
filled; the throat that is dry shall be wetted with wine. Labour itself
shall be all one as rest; not grievous, but joyous. Wheatfields, one
would think, cannot come to grow untilled; no man made clayey, or made
weary thereby;--unless indeed machinery will do it? Gratuitous Tailors
and Restaurateurs may start up, at fit intervals, one as yet sees not
how. But if each will, according to rule of Benevolence, have a care
for all, then surely--no one will be uncared for. Nay, who knows but,
by sufficiently victorious Analysis, 'human life may be indefinitely
lengthened,' and men get rid of Death, as they have already done of
the Devil? We shall then be happy in spite of Death and the Devil.--So
preaches magniloquent Philosophism her Redeunt Saturnia regna.
The prophetic song of Paris and its Philosophes is audible enough in
the Versailles Oeil-de-Boeuf; and the Oeil-de-Boeuf, intent chiefly on
nearer blessedness, can answer, at worst, with a polite "Why not?" Good
old cheery Maurepas is too joyful a Prime Minister to dash the world's
joy. Sufficient for the day be its own evil. Cheery old man, he cuts his
jokes, and hovers careless along; his cloak well adjusted to the wind,
if so be he may please all persons. The simple young King, whom a
Maurepas cannot think of troubling with business, has retired into the
interior apartments; taciturn, irresolute; though with a sharpness of
temper at times: he, at length, determines on a little smithwork; and
so, in apprenticeship with a Sieur Gamain (whom one day he shall have
little cause to bless), is learning to make locks. (Campan, i. 125.)
It appears further, he understood Geography; and could read English.
Unhappy young King, his childlike trust in that foolish old Maurepas
deserved another return. But friend and foe, destiny and himself have
combined to do him hurt.
Meanwhile the fair young Queen, in her halls of state, walks like a
goddess of Beauty, the cynosure of all eyes; as yet mingles not with
affairs; heeds not the future; least of all, dreads it. Weber and Campan
(Ib. i. 100-151. Weber, i. 11-50.) have pictured her, there within the
royal tapestries, in bright boudoirs, baths, peignoirs, and the Grand
and Little Toilette; with a whole brilliant world waiting obsequious on
her glance: fair young daughter of Time, what things has Time in store
for thee! Like Earth's brightest Appearance, she moves gracefully,
environed with the grandeur of Earth: a reality, and yet a magic vision;
for, behold, shall not utter Darkness swallow it! The soft young heart
adopts orphans, portions meritorious maids, delights to succour the
poor,--such poor as come picturesquely in her way; and sets the fashion
of doing it; for as was said, Benevolence has now begun reigning. In
her Duchess de Polignac, in Princess de Lamballe, she enjoys something
almost like friendship; now too, after seven long years, she has a
child, and soon even a Dauphin, of her own; can reckon herself, as
Queens go, happy in a husband.
Events? The Grand events are but charitable Feasts of Morals (Fetes des
moeurs), with their Prizes and Speeches; Poissarde Processions to the
Dauphin's cradle; above all, Flirtations, their rise, progress, decline
and fall. There are Snow-statues raised by the poor in hard winter to
a Queen who has given them fuel. There are masquerades, theatricals;
beautifyings of little Trianon, purchase and repair of St. Cloud;
journeyings from the summer Court-Elysium to the winter one. There
are poutings and grudgings from the Sardinian Sisters-in-law (for the
Princes too are wedded); little jealousies, which Court-Etiquette can
moderate. Wholly the lightest-hearted frivolous foam of Existence; yet
an artfully refined foam; pleasant were it not so costly, like that
which mantles on the wine of Champagne!
Monsieur, the King's elder Brother, has set up for a kind of wit; and
leans towards the Philosophe side. Monseigneur d'Artois pulls the mask
from a fair impertinent; fights a duel in consequence,--almost drawing
blood. (Besenval, ii. 282-330.) He has breeches of a kind new in this
world;--a fabulous kind; 'four tall lackeys,' says Mercier, as if he
had seen it, 'hold him up in the air, that he may fall into the garment
without vestige of wrinkle; from which rigorous encasement the same
four, in the same way, and with more effort, must deliver him at night.'
(Mercier, Nouveau Paris, iii. 147.) This last is he who now, as a gray
time-worn man, sits desolate at Gratz; (A.D. 1834.) having winded up
his destiny with the Three Days. In such sort are poor mortals swept and
shovelled to and fro.
Chapter 1.2.II.
Petition in Hieroglyphs.
With the working people, again it is not so well. Unlucky! For there are
twenty to twenty-five millions of them. Whom, however, we lump together
into a kind of dim compendious unity, monstrous but dim, far off, as the
canaille; or, more humanely, as 'the masses.' Masses, indeed: and yet,
singular to say, if, with an effort of imagination, thou follow them,
over broad France, into their clay hovels, into their garrets and
hutches, the masses consist all of units. Every unit of whom has his own
heart and sorrows; stands covered there with his own skin, and if you
prick him he will bleed. O purple Sovereignty, Holiness, Reverence;
thou, for example, Cardinal Grand-Almoner, with thy plush covering of
honour, who hast thy hands strengthened with dignities and moneys, and
art set on thy world watch-tower solemnly, in sight of God, for such
ends,--what a thought: that every unit of these masses is a miraculous
Man, even as thyself art; struggling, with vision, or with blindness,
for his infinite Kingdom (this life which he has got, once only, in the
middle of Eternities); with a spark of the Divinity, what thou callest
an immortal soul, in him!
Dreary, languid do these struggle in their obscure remoteness; their
hearth cheerless, their diet thin. For them, in this world, rises no Era
of Hope; hardly now in the other,--if it be not hope in the gloomy rest
of Death, for their faith too is failing. Untaught, uncomforted, unfed!
A dumb generation; their voice only an inarticulate cry: spokesman,
in the King's Council, in the world's forum, they have none that finds
credence. At rare intervals (as now, in 1775), they will fling down
their hoes and hammers; and, to the astonishment of thinking mankind,
(Lacretelle, France pendant le 18me Siecle, ii. 455. Biographie
Universelle, para Turgot (by Durozoir).) flock hither and thither,
dangerous, aimless; get the length even of Versailles. Turgot is
altering the Corn-trade, abrogating the absurdest Corn-laws; there is
dearth, real, or were it even 'factitious;' an indubitable scarcity of
bread. And so, on the second day of May 1775, these waste multitudes
do here, at Versailles Chateau, in wide-spread wretchedness, in sallow
faces, squalor, winged raggedness, present, as in legible hieroglyphic
writing, their Petition of Grievances. The Chateau gates have to be
shut; but the King will appear on the balcony, and speak to them. They
have seen the King's face; their Petition of Grievances has been, if not
read, looked at. For answer, two of them are hanged, 'on a new gallows
forty feet high;' and the rest driven back to their dens,--for a time.
Clearly a difficult 'point' for Government, that of dealing with these
masses;--if indeed it be not rather the sole point and problem
of Government, and all other points mere accidental crotchets,
superficialities, and beatings of the wind! For let Charter-Chests, Use
and Wont, Law common and special say what they will, the masses count to
so many millions of units; made, to all appearance, by God,--whose Earth
this is declared to be. Besides, the people are not without ferocity;
they have sinews and indignation. Do but look what holiday old Marquis
Mirabeau, the crabbed old friend of Men, looked on, in these same years,
from his lodging, at the Baths of Mont d'Or: 'The savages descending
in torrents from the mountains; our people ordered not to go out. The
Curate in surplice and stole; Justice in its peruke; Marechausee sabre
in hand, guarding the place, till the bagpipes can begin. The dance
interrupted, in a quarter of an hour, by battle; the cries, the
squealings of children, of infirm persons, and other assistants, tarring
them on, as the rabble does when dogs fight: frightful men, or rather
frightful wild animals, clad in jupes of coarse woollen, with large
girdles of leather studded with copper nails; of gigantic stature,
heightened by high wooden-clogs (sabots); rising on tiptoe to see the
fight; tramping time to it; rubbing their sides with their elbows: their
faces haggard (figures haves), and covered with their long greasy hair;
the upper part of the visage waxing pale, the lower distorting itself
into the attempt at a cruel laugh and a sort of ferocious impatience.
And these people pay the taille! And you want further to take their salt
from them! And you know not what it is you are stripping barer, or
as you call it, governing; what by the spurt of your pen, in its
cold dastard indifference, you will fancy you can starve always with
impunity; always till the catastrophe come!--Ah Madame, such Government
by Blindman's-buff, stumbling along too far, will end in the General
Overturn (culbute generale). (Memoires de Mirabeau, ecrits par Lui-meme,
par son Pere, son Oncle et son Fils Adoptif (Paris, 34-5), ii.186.)
Undoubtedly a dark feature this in an Age of Gold,--Age, at least,
of Paper and Hope! Meanwhile, trouble us not with thy prophecies, O
croaking Friend of Men: 'tis long that we have heard such; and still the
old world keeps wagging, in its old way.
Chapter 1.2.III.
Questionable.
Or is this same Age of Hope itself but a simulacrum; as Hope too often
is? Cloud-vapour with rainbows painted on it, beautiful to see, to sail
towards,--which hovers over Niagara Falls? In that case, victorious
Analysis will have enough to do.
Alas, yes! a whole world to remake, if she could see it; work for
another than she! For all is wrong, and gone out of joint; the inward
spiritual, and the outward economical; head or heart, there is no
soundness in it. As indeed, evils of all sorts are more or less of kin,
and do usually go together: especially it is an old truth, that wherever
huge physical evil is, there, as the parent and origin of it, has
moral evil to a proportionate extent been. Before those five-and-twenty
labouring Millions, for instance, could get that haggardness of face,
which old Mirabeau now looks on, in a Nation calling itself Christian,
and calling man the brother of man,--what unspeakable, nigh infinite
Dishonesty (of seeming and not being) in all manner of Rulers, and
appointed Watchers, spiritual and temporal, must there not, through long
ages, have gone on accumulating! It will accumulate: moreover, it will
reach a head; for the first of all Gospels is this, that a Lie cannot
endure for ever.
In fact, if we pierce through that rosepink vapour of Sentimentalism,
Philanthropy, and Feasts of Morals, there lies behind it one of the
sorriest spectacles. You might ask, What bonds that ever held a human
society happily together, or held it together at all, are in force here?
It is an unbelieving people; which has suppositions, hypotheses, and
froth-systems of victorious Analysis; and for belief this mainly, that
Pleasure is pleasant. Hunger they have for all sweet things; and the law
of Hunger; but what other law? Within them, or over them, properly none!
Their King has become a King Popinjay; with his Maurepas Government,
gyrating as the weather-cock does, blown about by every wind. Above
them they see no God; or they even do not look above, except with
astronomical glasses. The Church indeed still is; but in the most
submissive state; quite tamed by Philosophism; in a singularly short
time; for the hour was come. Some twenty years ago, your Archbishop
Beaumont would not even let the poor Jansenists get buried: your Lomenie
Brienne (a rising man, whom we shall meet with yet) could, in the name
of the Clergy, insist on having the Anti-protestant laws, which condemn
to death for preaching, 'put in execution.' (Boissy d'Anglas, Vie de
Malesherbes, i. 15-22.) And, alas, now not so much as Baron Holbach's
Atheism can be burnt,--except as pipe-matches by the private speculative
individual. Our Church stands haltered, dumb, like a dumb ox; lowing
only for provender (of tithes); content if it can have that; or, dumbly,
dully expecting its further doom. And the Twenty Millions of 'haggard
faces;' and, as finger-post and guidance to them in their dark struggle,
'a gallows forty feet high'! Certainly a singular Golden Age; with
its Feasts of Morals, its 'sweet manners,' its sweet institutions
(institutions douces); betokening nothing but peace among men!--Peace?
O Philosophe-Sentimentalism, what hast thou to do with peace, when thy
mother's name is Jezebel? Foul Product of still fouler Corruption, thou
with the corruption art doomed!
Meanwhile it is singular how long the rotten will hold together,
provided you do not handle it roughly. For whole generations it
continues standing, 'with a ghastly affectation of life,' after all life
and truth has fled out of it; so loth are men to quit their old ways;
and, conquering indolence and inertia, venture on new. Great truly is
the Actual; is the Thing that has rescued itself from bottomless deeps
of theory and possibility, and stands there as a definite indisputable
Fact, whereby men do work and live, or once did so. Widely shall men
cleave to that, while it will endure; and quit it with regret, when it
gives way under them. Rash enthusiast of Change, beware! Hast thou well
considered all that Habit does in this life of ours; how all Knowledge
and all Practice hang wondrous over infinite abysses of the Unknown,
Impracticable; and our whole being is an infinite abyss, over-arched by
Habit, as by a thin Earth-rind, laboriously built together?
But if 'every man,' as it has been written, 'holds confined within him
a mad-man,' what must every Society do;--Society, which in its commonest
state is called 'the standing miracle of this world'! 'Without such
Earth-rind of Habit,' continues our author, 'call it System of Habits,
in a word, fixed ways of acting and of believing,--Society would not
exist at all. With such it exists, better or worse. Herein too, in this
its System of Habits, acquired, retained how you will, lies the true
Law-Code and Constitution of a Society; the only Code, though an
unwritten one which it can in nowise disobey. The thing we call written
Code, Constitution, Form of Government, and the like, what is it but
some miniature image, and solemnly expressed summary of this unwritten
Code? Is,--or rather alas, is not; but only should be, and always tends
to be! In which latter discrepancy lies struggle without end.' And
now, we add in the same dialect, let but, by ill chance, in such
ever-enduring struggle,--your 'thin Earth-rind' be once broken! The
fountains of the great deep boil forth; fire-fountains, enveloping,
engulfing. Your 'Earth-rind' is shattered, swallowed up; instead of a
green flowery world, there is a waste wild-weltering chaos:--which has
again, with tumult and struggle, to make itself into a world.
On the other hand, be this conceded: Where thou findest a Lie that
is oppressing thee, extinguish it. Lies exist there only to be
extinguished; they wait and cry earnestly for extinction. Think well,
meanwhile, in what spirit thou wilt do it: not with hatred, with
headlong selfish violence; but in clearness of heart, with holy zeal,
gently, almost with pity. Thou wouldst not replace such extinct Lie by
a new Lie, which a new Injustice of thy own were; the parent of still
other Lies? Whereby the latter end of that business were worse than the
beginning.
So, however, in this world of ours, which has both an indestructible
hope in the Future, and an indestructible tendency to persevere as
in the Past, must Innovation and Conservation wage their perpetual
conflict, as they may and can. Wherein the 'daemonic element,' that
lurks in all human things, may doubtless, some once in the
thousand years--get vent! But indeed may we not regret that such
conflict,--which, after all, is but like that classical one
of 'hate-filled Amazons with heroic Youths,' and will end in
embraces,--should usually be so spasmodic? For Conservation,
strengthened by that mightiest quality in us, our indolence, sits for
long ages, not victorious only, which she should be; but tyrannical,
incommunicative. She holds her adversary as if annihilated; such
adversary lying, all the while, like some buried Enceladus; who, to gain
the smallest freedom, must stir a whole Trinacria with it Aetnas.
Wherefore, on the whole, we will honour a Paper Age too; an Era of hope!
For in this same frightful process of Enceladus Revolt; when the
task, on which no mortal would willingly enter, has become imperative,
inevitable,--is it not even a kindness of Nature that she lures us
forward by cheerful promises, fallacious or not; and a whole generation
plunges into the Erebus Blackness, lighted on by an Era of Hope? It
has been well said: 'Man is based on Hope; he has properly no other
possession but Hope; this habitation of his is named the Place of Hope.'
Chapter 1.2.IV.
Maurepas.
But now, among French hopes, is not that of old M. de Maurepas one of
the best-grounded; who hopes that he, by dexterity, shall contrive to
continue Minister? Nimble old man, who for all emergencies has his light
jest; and ever in the worst confusion will emerge, cork-like, unsunk!
Small care to him is Perfectibility, Progress of the Species, and
Astraea Redux: good only, that a man of light wit, verging towards
fourscore, can in the seat of authority feel himself important among
men. Shall we call him, as haughty Chateauroux was wont of old, 'M.
Faquinet (Diminutive of Scoundrel)'? In courtier dialect, he is now
named 'the Nestor of France;' such governing Nestor as France has.
At bottom, nevertheless, it might puzzle one to say where the Government
of France, in these days, specially is. In that Chateau of Versailles,
we have Nestor, King, Queen, ministers and clerks, with paper-bundles
tied in tape: but the Government? For Government is a thing that
governs, that guides; and if need be, compels. Visible in France there
is not such a thing. Invisible, inorganic, on the other hand, there is:
in Philosophe saloons, in Oeil-de-Boeuf galleries; in the tongue of the
babbler, in the pen of the pamphleteer. Her Majesty appearing at the
Opera is applauded; she returns all radiant with joy. Anon the applauses
wax fainter, or threaten to cease; she is heavy of heart, the light of
her face has fled. Is Sovereignty some poor Montgolfier; which, blown
into by the popular wind, grows great and mounts; or sinks flaccid,
if the wind be withdrawn? France was long a 'Despotism tempered by
Epigrams;' and now, it would seem, the Epigrams have get the upper hand.
Happy were a young 'Louis the Desired' to make France happy; if it
did not prove too troublesome, and he only knew the way. But there
is endless discrepancy round him; so many claims and clamours; a
mere confusion of tongues. Not reconcilable by man; not manageable,
suppressible, save by some strongest and wisest men;--which only a
lightly-jesting lightly-gyrating M. de Maurepas can so much as subsist
amidst. Philosophism claims her new Era, meaning thereby innumerable
things. And claims it in no faint voice; for France at large, hitherto
mute, is now beginning to speak also; and speaks in that same sense.
A huge, many-toned sound; distant, yet not unimpressive. On the other
hand, the Oeil-de-Boeuf, which, as nearest, one can hear best, claims
with shrill vehemence that the Monarchy be as heretofore a Horn of
Plenty; wherefrom loyal courtiers may draw,--to the just support of
the throne. Let Liberalism and a New Era, if such is the wish, be
introduced; only no curtailment of the royal moneys? Which latter
condition, alas, is precisely the impossible one.
Philosophism, as we saw, has got her Turgot made Controller-General; and
there shall be endless reformation. Unhappily this Turgot could continue
only twenty months. With a miraculous Fortunatus' Purse in his Treasury,
it might have lasted longer; with such Purse indeed, every French
Controller-General, that would prosper in these days, ought first to
provide himself. But here again may we not remark the bounty of Nature
in regard to Hope? Man after man advances confident to the Augean
Stable, as if he could clean it; expends his little fraction of an
ability on it, with such cheerfulness; does, in so far as he was honest,
accomplish something. Turgot has faculties; honesty, insight,
heroic volition; but the Fortunatus' Purse he has not. Sanguine
Controller-General! a whole pacific French Revolution may stand
schemed in the head of the thinker; but who shall pay the unspeakable
'indemnities' that will be needed? Alas, far from that: on the very
threshold of the business, he proposes that the Clergy, the Noblesse,
the very Parlements be subjected to taxes! One shriek of indignation
and astonishment reverberates through all the Chateau galleries; M. de
Maurepas has to gyrate: the poor King, who had written few weeks ago,
'Il n'y a que vous et moi qui aimions le peuple (There is none but
you and I that has the people's interest at heart),' must write now
a dismissal; (In May, 1776.) and let the French Revolution accomplish
itself, pacifically or not, as it can.
Hope, then, is deferred? Deferred; not destroyed, or abated. Is not
this, for example, our Patriarch Voltaire, after long years of absence,
revisiting Paris? With face shrivelled to nothing; with 'huge peruke a
la Louis Quatorze, which leaves only two eyes "visible" glittering like
carbuncles,' the old man is here. (February, 1778.) What an
outburst! Sneering Paris has suddenly grown reverent; devotional with
Hero-worship. Nobles have disguised themselves as tavern-waiters to
obtain sight of him: the loveliest of France would lay their hair
beneath his feet. 'His chariot is the nucleus of a comet; whose train
fills whole streets:' they crown him in the theatre, with immortal
vivats; 'finally stifle him under roses,'--for old Richelieu recommended
opium in such state of the nerves, and the excessive Patriarch took too
much. Her Majesty herself had some thought of sending for him; but was
dissuaded. Let Majesty consider it, nevertheless. The purport of this
man's existence has been to wither up and annihilate all whereon
Majesty and Worship for the present rests: and is it so that the world
recognises him? With Apotheosis; as its Prophet and Speaker, who has
spoken wisely the thing it longed to say? Add only, that the body of
this same rose-stifled, beatified-Patriarch cannot get buried except by
stealth. It is wholly a notable business; and France, without doubt, is
big (what the Germans call 'Of good Hope'): we shall wish her a happy
birth-hour, and blessed fruit.
Beaumarchais too has now winded-up his Law-Pleadings (Memoires);
(1773-6. See Oeuvres de Beaumarchais; where they, and the history of
them, are given.) not without result, to himself and to the world. Caron
Beaumarchais (or de Beaumarchais, for he got ennobled) had been born
poor, but aspiring, esurient; with talents, audacity, adroitness; above
all, with the talent for intrigue: a lean, but also a tough, indomitable
man. Fortune and dexterity brought him to the harpsichord of Mesdames,
our good Princesses Loque, Graille and Sisterhood. Still better, Paris
Duvernier, the Court-Banker, honoured him with some confidence; to
the length even of transactions in cash. Which confidence, however,
Duvernier's Heir, a person of quality, would not continue. Quite
otherwise; there springs a Lawsuit from it: wherein tough Beaumarchais,
losing both money and repute, is, in the opinion of Judge-Reporter
Goezman, of the Parlement Maupeou, of a whole indifferent acquiescing
world, miserably beaten. In all men's opinions, only not in his own!
Inspired by the indignation, which makes, if not verses, satirical
law-papers, the withered Music-master, with a desperate heroism,
takes up his lost cause in spite of the world; fights for it, against
Reporters, Parlements and Principalities, with light banter, with clear
logic; adroitly, with an inexhaustible toughness and resource, like
the skilfullest fencer; on whom, so skilful is he, the whole world now
looks. Three long years it lasts; with wavering fortune. In fine, after
labours comparable to the Twelve of Hercules, our unconquerable Caron
triumphs; regains his Lawsuit and Lawsuits; strips Reporter Goezman of
the judicial ermine; covering him with a perpetual garment of obloquy
instead:--and in regard to the Parlement Maupeou (which he has helped
to extinguish), to Parlements of all kinds, and to French Justice
generally, gives rise to endless reflections in the minds of men. Thus
has Beaumarchais, like a lean French Hercules, ventured down, driven
by destiny, into the Nether Kingdoms; and victoriously tamed hell-dogs
there. He also is henceforth among the notabilities of his generation.
Chapter 1.2.V.
Astraea Redux without Cash.
Observe, however, beyond the Atlantic, has not the new day verily
dawned! Democracy, as we said, is born; storm-girt, is struggling for
life and victory. A sympathetic France rejoices over the Rights of Man;
in all saloons, it is said, What a spectacle! Now too behold our Deane,
our Franklin, American Plenipotentiaries, here in position soliciting;
(1777; Deane somewhat earlier: Franklin remained till 1785.) the sons
of the Saxon Puritans, with their Old-Saxon temper, Old-Hebrew culture,
sleek Silas, sleek Benjamin, here on such errand, among the light
children of Heathenism, Monarchy, Sentimentalism, and the Scarlet-woman.
A spectacle indeed; over which saloons may cackle joyous; though Kaiser
Joseph, questioned on it, gave this answer, most unexpected from a
Philosophe: "Madame, the trade I live by is that of royalist (Mon metier
a moi c'est d'etre royaliste)."
So thinks light Maurepas too; but the wind of Philosophism and force of
public opinion will blow him round. Best wishes, meanwhile, are sent;
clandestine privateers armed. Paul Jones shall equip his Bon Homme
Richard: weapons, military stores can be smuggled over (if the English
do not seize them); wherein, once more Beaumarchais, dimly as the Giant
Smuggler becomes visible,--filling his own lank pocket withal. But
surely, in any case, France should have a Navy. For which great object
were not now the time: now when that proud Termagant of the Seas has her
hands full? It is true, an impoverished Treasury cannot build ships;
but the hint once given (which Beaumarchais says he gave), this and the
other loyal Seaport, Chamber of Commerce, will build and offer them.
Goodly vessels bound into the waters; a Ville de Paris, Leviathan of
ships.
And now when gratuitous three-deckers dance there at anchor, with
streamers flying; and eleutheromaniac Philosophedom grows ever more
clamorous, what can a Maurepas do--but gyrate? Squadrons cross the
ocean: Gages, Lees, rough Yankee Generals, 'with woollen night-caps
under their hats,' present arms to the far-glancing Chivalry of France;
and new-born Democracy sees, not without amazement, 'Despotism tempered
by Epigrams fight at her side. So, however, it is. King's forces and
heroic volunteers; Rochambeaus, Bouilles, Lameths, Lafayettes, have
drawn their swords in this sacred quarrel of mankind;--shall draw them
again elsewhere, in the strangest way.
Off Ushant some naval thunder is heard. In the course of which did
our young Prince, Duke de Chartres, 'hide in the hold;' or did he
materially, by active heroism, contribute to the victory? Alas, by a
second edition, we learn that there was no victory; or that English
Keppel had it. (27th July, 1778.) Our poor young Prince gets his
Opera plaudits changed into mocking tehees; and cannot become
Grand-Admiral,--the source to him of woes which one may call endless.
Woe also for Ville de Paris, the Leviathan of ships! English Rodney has
clutched it, and led it home, with the rest; so successful was his new
'manoeuvre of breaking the enemy's line.' (9th and 12th April, 1782.) It
seems as if, according to Louis XV., 'France were never to have a Navy.'
Brave Suffren must return from Hyder Ally and the Indian Waters; with
small result; yet with great glory for 'six non-defeats;--which indeed,
with such seconding as he had, one may reckon heroic. Let the old
sea-hero rest now, honoured of France, in his native Cevennes mountains;
send smoke, not of gunpowder, but mere culinary smoke, through the old
chimneys of the Castle of Jales,--which one day, in other hands,
shall have other fame. Brave Laperouse shall by and by lift anchor, on
philanthropic Voyage of Discovery; for the King knows Geography. (August
1st, 1785.) But, alas, this also will not prosper: the brave Navigator
goes, and returns not; the Seekers search far seas for him in vain.
He has vanished trackless into blue Immensity; and only some mournful
mysterious shadow of him hovers long in all heads and hearts.
Neither, while the War yet lasts, will Gibraltar surrender. Not though
Crillon, Nassau-Siegen, with the ablest projectors extant, are there;
and Prince Conde and Prince d'Artois have hastened to help. Wondrous
leather-roofed Floating-batteries, set afloat by French-Spanish Pacte de
Famille, give gallant summons: to which, nevertheless, Gibraltar answers
Plutonically, with mere torrents of redhot iron,--as if stone Calpe had
become a throat of the Pit; and utters such a Doom's-blast of a No,
as all men must credit. (Annual Register (Dodsley's), xxv. 258-267.
September, October, 1782.)
And so, with this loud explosion, the noise of War has ceased; an Age
of Benevolence may hope, for ever. Our noble volunteers of Freedom have
returned, to be her missionaries. Lafayette, as the matchless of his
time, glitters in the Versailles Oeil-de-Beouf; has his Bust set up in
the Paris Hotel-de-Ville. Democracy stands inexpugnable, immeasurable,
in her New World; has even a foot lifted towards the Old;--and our
French Finances, little strengthened by such work, are in no healthy
way.
What to do with the Finance? This indeed is the great question: a small
but most black weather-symptom, which no radiance of universal hope
can cover. We saw Turgot cast forth from the Controllership, with
shrieks,--for want of a Fortunatus' Purse. As little could M. de Clugny
manage the duty; or indeed do anything, but consume his wages; attain
'a place in History,' where as an ineffectual shadow thou beholdest him
still lingering;--and let the duty manage itself. Did Genevese Necker
possess such a Purse, then? He possessed banker's skill, banker's
honesty; credit of all kinds, for he had written Academic Prize Essays,
struggled for India Companies, given dinners to Philosophes, and
'realised a fortune in twenty years.' He possessed, further, a
taciturnity and solemnity; of depth, or else of dulness. How singular
for Celadon Gibbon, false swain as he had proved; whose father, keeping
most probably his own gig, 'would not hear of such a union,'--to find
now his forsaken Demoiselle Curchod sitting in the high places of
the world, as Minister's Madame, and 'Necker not jealous!' (Gibbon's
Letters: date, 16th June, 1777, &c.)
A new young Demoiselle, one day to be famed as a Madame and De Stael,
was romping about the knees of the Decline and Fall: the lady Necker
founds Hospitals; gives solemn Philosophe dinner-parties, to cheer her
exhausted Controller-General. Strange things have happened: by
clamour of Philosophism, management of Marquis de Pezay, and Poverty
constraining even Kings. And so Necker, Atlas-like, sustains the burden
of the Finances, for five years long? (Till May, 1781.) Without wages,
for he refused such; cheered only by Public Opinion, and the ministering
of his noble Wife. With many thoughts in him, it is hoped;--which,
however, he is shy of uttering. His Compte Rendu, published by the royal
permission, fresh sign of a New Era, shows wonders;--which what but
the genius of some Atlas-Necker can prevent from becoming portents? In
Necker's head too there is a whole pacific French Revolution, of its
kind; and in that taciturn dull depth, or deep dulness, ambition enough.
Meanwhile, alas, his Fotunatus' Purse turns out to be little other than
the old 'vectigal of Parsimony.' Nay, he too has to produce his scheme
of taxing: Clergy, Noblesse to be taxed; Provincial Assemblies, and the
rest,--like a mere Turgot! The expiring M. de Maurepas must gyrate one
other time. Let Necker also depart; not unlamented.
Great in a private station, Necker looks on from the distance; abiding
his time. 'Eighty thousand copies' of his new Book, which he calls
Administration des Finances, will be sold in few days. He is gone; but
shall return, and that more than once, borne by a whole shouting Nation.
Singular Controller-General of the Finances; once Clerk in Thelusson's
Bank!
Chapter 1.2.VI.
Windbags.
So marches the world, in this its Paper Age, or Era of Hope. Not without
obstructions, war-explosions; which, however, heard from such distance,
are little other than a cheerful marching-music. If indeed that dark
living chaos of Ignorance and Hunger, five-and-twenty million strong,
under your feet,--were to begin playing!
For the present, however, consider Longchamp; now when Lent is ending,
and the glory of Paris and France has gone forth, as in annual wont.
Not to assist at Tenebris Masses, but to sun itself and show itself,
and salute the Young Spring. (Mercier, Tableau de Paris, ii. 51. Louvet,
Roman de Faublas, &c.) Manifold, bright-tinted, glittering with gold;
all through the Bois de Boulogne, in longdrawn variegated rows;--like
longdrawn living flower-borders, tulips, dahlias, lilies of the valley;
all in their moving flower-pots (of new-gilt carriages): pleasure of the
eye, and pride of life! So rolls and dances the Procession: steady, of
firm assurance, as if it rolled on adamant and the foundations of the
world; not on mere heraldic parchment,--under which smoulders a lake of
fire. Dance on, ye foolish ones; ye sought not wisdom, neither have
ye found it. Ye and your fathers have sown the wind, ye shall reap the
whirlwind. Was it not, from of old, written: The wages of sin is death?
But at Longchamp, as elsewhere, we remark for one thing, that dame and
cavalier are waited on each by a kind of human familiar, named jokei.
Little elf, or imp; though young, already withered; with its withered
air of premature vice, of knowingness, of completed elf-hood: useful in
various emergencies. The name jokei (jockey) comes from the English; as
the thing also fancies that it does. Our Anglomania, in fact , is grown
considerable; prophetic of much. If France is to be free, why shall she
not, now when mad war is hushed, love neighbouring Freedom? Cultivated
men, your Dukes de Liancourt, de la Rochefoucault admire the English
Constitution, the English National Character; would import what of it
they can.
Of what is lighter, especially if it be light as wind, how much easier
the freightage! Non-Admiral Duke de Chartres (not yet d'Orleans or
Egalite) flies to and fro across the Strait; importing English Fashions;
this he, as hand-and-glove with an English Prince of Wales, is surely
qualified to do. Carriages and saddles; top-boots and redingotes, as
we call riding-coats. Nay the very mode of riding: for now no man on a
level with his age but will trot a l'Anglaise, rising in the stirrups;
scornful of the old sitfast method, in which, according to Shakspeare,
'butter and eggs' go to market. Also, he can urge the fervid wheels,
this brave Chartres of ours; no whip in Paris is rasher and surer than
the unprofessional one of Monseigneur.
Elf jokeis, we have seen; but see now real Yorkshire jockeys, and what
they ride on, and train: English racers for French Races. These likewise
we owe first (under the Providence of the Devil) to Monseigneur. Prince
d'Artois also has his stud of racers. Prince d'Artois has withal
the strangest horseleech: a moonstruck, much-enduring individual,
of Neuchatel in Switzerland,--named Jean Paul Marat. A problematic
Chevalier d'Eon, now in petticoats, now in breeches, is no less
problematic in London than in Paris; and causes bets and lawsuits.
Beautiful days of international communion! Swindlery and Blackguardism
have stretched hands across the Channel, and saluted mutually: on the
racecourse of Vincennes or Sablons, behold in English curricle-and-four,
wafted glorious among the principalities and rascalities, an English Dr.
Dodd, (Adelung, Geschichte der Menschlichen Narrheit, para Dodd.)--for
whom also the too early gallows gapes.
Duke de Chartres was a young Prince of great promise, as young Princes
often are; which promise unfortunately has belied itself. With the huge
Orleans Property, with Duke de Penthievre for Father-in-law (and now the
young Brother-in-law Lamballe killed by excesses),--he will one day be
the richest man in France. Meanwhile, 'his hair is all falling out,
his blood is quite spoiled,'--by early transcendentalism of debauchery.
Carbuncles stud his face; dark studs on a ground of burnished copper. A
most signal failure, this young Prince! The stuff prematurely burnt out
of him: little left but foul smoke and ashes of expiring sensualities:
what might have been Thought, Insight, and even Conduct, gone now, or
fast going,--to confused darkness, broken by bewildering dazzlements; to
obstreperous crotchets; to activities which you may call semi-delirious,
or even semi-galvanic! Paris affects to laugh at his charioteering; but
he heeds not such laughter.
On the other hand, what a day, not of laughter, was that, when
he threatened, for lucre's sake, to lay sacrilegious hand on
the Palais-Royal Garden! (1781-82. (Dulaure, viii. 423.)) The
flower-parterres shall be riven up; the Chestnut Avenues shall fall:
time-honoured boscages, under which the Opera Hamadryads were wont to
wander, not inexorable to men. Paris moans aloud. Philidor, from his
Cafe de la Regence, shall no longer look on greenness; the loungers and
losels of the world, where now shall they haunt? In vain is moaning. The
axe glitters; the sacred groves fall crashing,--for indeed Monseigneur
was short of money: the Opera Hamadryads fly with shrieks. Shriek not,
ye Opera Hamadryads; or not as those that have no comfort. He will
surround your Garden with new edifices and piazzas: though narrowed, it
shall be replanted; dizened with hydraulic jets, cannon which the sun
fires at noon; things bodily, things spiritual, such as man has not
imagined;--and in the Palais-Royal shall again, and more than ever, be
the Sorcerer's Sabbath and Satan-at-Home of our Planet.
What will not mortals attempt? From remote Annonay in the Vivarais, the
Brothers Montgolfier send up their paper-dome, filled with the smoke of
burnt wool. (5th June, 1783.) The Vivarais provincial assembly is to
be prorogued this same day: Vivarais Assembly-members applaud, and
the shouts of congregated men. Will victorious Analysis scale the very
Heavens, then?
Paris hears with eager wonder; Paris shall ere long see. From
Reveilion's Paper-warehouse there, in the Rue St. Antoine (a noted
Warehouse),--the new Montgolfier air-ship launches itself. Ducks and
poultry are borne skyward: but now shall men be borne. (October and
November, 1783.) Nay, Chemist Charles thinks of hydrogen and glazed
silk. Chemist Charles will himself ascend, from the Tuileries Garden;
Montgolfier solemnly cutting the cord. By Heaven, he also mounts, he and
another? Ten times ten thousand hearts go palpitating; all tongues are
mute with wonder and fear; till a shout, like the voice of seas, rolls
after him, on his wild way. He soars, he dwindles upwards; has become
a mere gleaming circlet,--like some Turgotine snuff-box, what we call
'Turgotine Platitude;' like some new daylight Moon! Finally he descends;
welcomed by the universe. Duchess Polignac, with a party, is in the Bois
de Boulogne, waiting; though it is drizzly winter; the 1st of December
1783. The whole chivalry of France, Duke de Chartres foremost, gallops
to receive him. (Lacretelle, 18me Siecle, iii. 258.)
Beautiful invention; mounting heavenward, so beautifully,--so
unguidably! Emblem of much, and of our Age of Hope itself; which
shall mount, specifically-light, majestically in this same manner; and
hover,--tumbling whither Fate will. Well if it do not, Pilatre-like,
explode; and demount all the more tragically!--So, riding on windbags,
will men scale the Empyrean.
Or observe Herr Doctor Mesmer, in his spacious Magnetic Halls.
Long-stoled he walks; reverend, glancing upwards, as in rapt commerce;
an Antique Egyptian Hierophant in this new age. Soft music flits;
breaking fitfully the sacred stillness. Round their Magnetic Mystery,
which to the eye is mere tubs with water,--sit breathless, rod in
hand, the circles of Beauty and Fashion, each circle a living circular
Passion-Flower: expecting the magnetic afflatus, and new-manufactured
Heaven-on-Earth. O women, O men, great is your infidel-faith! A
Parlementary Duport, a Bergasse, D'Espremenil we notice there; Chemist
Berthollet too,--on the part of Monseigneur de Chartres.
Had not the Academy of Sciences, with its Baillys, Franklins,
Lavoisiers, interfered! But it did interfere. (Lacretelle, 18me Siecle,
iii.258.) Mesmer may pocket his hard money, and withdraw. Let him walk
silent by the shore of the Bodensee, by the ancient town of Constance;
meditating on much. For so, under the strangest new vesture, the old
great truth (since no vesture can hide it) begins again to be revealed:
That man is what we call a miraculous creature, with miraculous power
over men; and, on the whole, with such a Life in him, and such a
World round him, as victorious Analysis, with her Physiologies,
Nervous-systems, Physic and Metaphysic, will never completely name, to
say nothing of explaining. Wherein also the Quack shall, in all ages,
come in for his share. (August, 1784.)
Chapter 1.2.VII.
Contrat Social.
In such succession of singular prismatic tints, flush after flush
suffusing our horizon, does the Era of Hope dawn on towards fulfilment.
Questionable! As indeed, with an Era of Hope that rests on mere
universal Benevolence, victorious Analysis, Vice cured of its deformity;
and, in the long run, on Twenty-five dark savage Millions, looking
up, in hunger and weariness, to that Ecce-signum of theirs 'forty feet
high,'--how could it but be questionable?
Through all time, if we read aright, sin was, is, will be, the parent
of misery. This land calls itself most Christian, and has crosses
and cathedrals; but its High-priest is some Roche-Aymon, some
Necklace-Cardinal Louis de Rohan. The voice of the poor, through long
years, ascends inarticulate, in Jacqueries, meal-mobs; low-whimpering
of infinite moan: unheeded of the Earth; not unheeded of Heaven. Always
moreover where the Millions are wretched, there are the Thousands
straitened, unhappy; only the Units can flourish; or say rather, be
ruined the last. Industry, all noosed and haltered, as if it too were
some beast of chase for the mighty hunters of this world to bait, and
cut slices from,--cries passionately to these its well-paid guides and
watchers, not, Guide me; but, Laissez faire, Leave me alone of your
guidance! What market has Industry in this France? For two things there
may be market and demand: for the coarser kind of field-fruits, since
the Millions will live: for the fine kinds of luxury and spicery,--of
multiform taste, from opera-melodies down to racers and courtesans;
since the Units will be amused. It is at bottom but a mad state of
things.
To mend and remake all which we have, indeed, victorious Analysis.
Honour to victorious Analysis; nevertheless, out of the Workshop and
Laboratory, what thing was victorious Analysis yet known to make?
Detection of incoherences, mainly; destruction of the incoherent. From
of old, Doubt was but half a magician; she evokes the spectres which she
cannot quell. We shall have 'endless vortices of froth-logic;' whereon
first words, and then things, are whirled and swallowed. Remark,
accordingly, as acknowledged grounds of Hope, at bottom mere precursors
of Despair, this perpetual theorising about Man, the Mind of Man,
Philosophy of Government, Progress of the Species and such-like; the
main thinking furniture of every head. Time, and so many Montesquieus,
Mablys, spokesmen of Time, have discovered innumerable things: and now
has not Jean Jacques promulgated his new Evangel of a Contrat Social;
explaining the whole mystery of Government, and how it is contracted and
bargained for,--to universal satisfaction? Theories of Government! Such
have been, and will be; in ages of decadence. Acknowledge them in their
degree; as processes of Nature, who does nothing in vain; as steps in
her great process. Meanwhile, what theory is so certain as this, That
all theories, were they never so earnest, painfully elaborated, are,
and, by the very conditions of them, must be incomplete, questionable,
and even false? Thou shalt know that this Universe is, what it professes
to be, an infinite one. Attempt not to swallow it, for thy logical
digestion; be thankful, if skilfully planting down this and the other
fixed pillar in the chaos, thou prevent its swallowing thee. That a new
young generation has exchanged the Sceptic Creed, What shall I believe?
for passionate Faith in this Gospel according to Jean Jacques is a
further step in the business; and betokens much.
Blessed also is Hope; and always from the beginning there was some
Millennium prophesied; Millennium of Holiness; but (what is notable)
never till this new Era, any Millennium of mere Ease and plentiful
Supply. In such prophesied Lubberland, of Happiness, Benevolence, and
Vice cured of its deformity, trust not, my friends! Man is not what one
calls a happy animal; his appetite for sweet victual is so enormous.
How, in this wild Universe, which storms in on him, infinite,
vague-menacing, shall poor man find, say not happiness, but existence,
and footing to stand on, if it be not by girding himself together for
continual endeavour and endurance? Woe, if in his heart there dwelt no
devout Faith; if the word Duty had lost its meaning for him! For as to
this of Sentimentalism, so useful for weeping with over romances and on
pathetic occasions, it otherwise verily will avail nothing; nay less.
The healthy heart that said to itself, 'How healthy am I!' was already
fallen into the fatalest sort of disease. Is not Sentimentalism
twin-sister to Cant, if not one and the same with it? Is not Cant the
materia prima of the Devil; from which all falsehoods, imbecilities,
abominations body themselves; from which no true thing can come? For
Cant is itself properly a double-distilled Lie; the second-power of a
Lie.
And now if a whole Nation fall into that? In such case, I answer,
infallibly they will return out of it! For life is no cunningly-devised
deception or self-deception: it is a great truth that thou art alive,
that thou hast desires, necessities; neither can these subsist and
satisfy themselves on delusions, but on fact. To fact, depend on it, we
shall come back: to such fact, blessed or cursed, as we have wisdom
for. The lowest, least blessed fact one knows of, on which necessitous
mortals have ever based themselves, seems to be the primitive one of
Cannibalism: That I can devour Thee. What if such Primitive Fact were
precisely the one we had (with our improved methods) to revert to, and
begin anew from!
Chapter 1.2.VIII.
Printed Paper.
In such a practical France, let the theory of Perfectibility say what
it will, discontents cannot be wanting: your promised Reformation is
so indispensable; yet it comes not; who will begin it--with himself?
Discontent with what is around us, still more with what is above us,
goes on increasing; seeking ever new vents.
Of Street Ballads, of Epigrams that from of old tempered Despotism, we
need not speak. Nor of Manuscript Newspapers (Nouvelles a la main) do
we speak. Bachaumont and his journeymen and followers may close those
'thirty volumes of scurrilous eaves-dropping,' and quit that trade; for
at length if not liberty of the Press, there is license. Pamphlets can
be surreptititiously vended and read in Paris, did they even bear to
be 'Printed at Pekin.' We have a Courrier de l'Europe in those years,
regularly published at London; by a De Morande, whom the guillotine has
not yet devoured. There too an unruly Linguet, still unguillotined, when
his own country has become too hot for him, and his brother Advocates
have cast him out, can emit his hoarse wailings, and Bastille Devoilee
(Bastille unveiled). Loquacious Abbe Raynal, at length, has his wish;
sees the Histoire Philosophique, with its 'lubricity,' unveracity, loose
loud eleutheromaniac rant (contributed, they say, by Philosophedom at
large, though in the Abbe's name, and to his glory), burnt by the common
hangman;--and sets out on his travels as a martyr. It was the edition of
1781; perhaps the last notable book that had such fire-beatitude,--the
hangman discovering now that it did not serve.
Again, in Courts of Law, with their money-quarrels, divorce-cases,
wheresoever a glimpse into the household existence can be had, what
indications! The Parlements of Besancon and Aix ring, audible to all
France, with the amours and destinies of a young Mirabeau. He, under
the nurture of a 'Friend of Men,' has, in State Prisons, in marching
Regiments, Dutch Authors' garrets, and quite other scenes, 'been for
twenty years learning to resist 'despotism:' despotism of men, and
alas also of gods. How, beneath this rose-coloured veil of Universal
Benevolence and Astraea Redux, is the sanctuary of Home so often a
dreary void, or a dark contentious Hell-on-Earth! The old Friend of Men
has his own divorce case too; and at times, 'his whole family but one'
under lock and key: he writes much about reforming and enfranchising
the world; and for his own private behoof he has needed sixty
Lettres-de-Cachet. A man of insight too, with resolution, even with
manful principle: but in such an element, inward and outward; which he
could not rule, but only madden. Edacity, rapacity;--quite contrary to
the finer sensibilities of the heart! Fools, that expect your verdant
Millennium, and nothing but Love and Abundance, brooks running wine,
winds whispering music,--with the whole ground and basis of your
existence champed into a mud of Sensuality; which, daily growing deeper,
will soon have no bottom but the Abyss!
Or consider that unutterable business of the Diamond Necklace.
Red-hatted Cardinal Louis de Rohan; Sicilian jail-bird Balsamo
Cagliostro; milliner Dame de Lamotte, 'with a face of some piquancy:'
the highest Church Dignitaries waltzing, in Walpurgis Dance, with
quack-prophets, pickpurses and public women;--a whole Satan's Invisible
World displayed; working there continually under the daylight visible
one; the smoke of its torment going up for ever! The Throne has been
brought into scandalous collision with the Treadmill. Astonished Europe
rings with the mystery for ten months; sees only lie unfold itself
from lie; corruption among the lofty and the low, gulosity, credulity,
imbecility, strength nowhere but in the hunger. Weep, fair Queen, thy
first tears of unmixed wretchedness! Thy fair name has been tarnished by
foul breath; irremediably while life lasts. No more shalt thou be loved
and pitied by living hearts, till a new generation has been born,
and thy own heart lies cold, cured of all its sorrows.--The Epigrams
henceforth become, not sharp and bitter; but cruel, atrocious,
unmentionable. On that 31st of May, 1786, a miserable Cardinal
Grand-Almoner Rohan, on issuing from his Bastille, is escorted by
hurrahing crowds: unloved he, and worthy of no love; but important
since the Court and Queen are his enemies. (Fils Adoptif, Memoires de
Mirabeau, iv. 325.)
How is our bright Era of Hope dimmed: and the whole sky growing bleak
with signs of hurricane and earthquake! It is a doomed world: gone all
'obedience that made men free;' fast going the obedience that made men
slaves,--at least to one another. Slaves only of their own lusts they
now are, and will be. Slaves of sin; inevitably also of sorrow. Behold
the mouldering mass of Sensuality and Falsehood; round which
plays foolishly, itself a corrupt phosphorescence, some glimmer of
Sentimentalism;--and over all, rising, as Ark of their Covenant, the
grim Patibulary Fork 'forty feet high;' which also is now nigh rotted.
Add only that the French Nation distinguishes itself among Nations by
the characteristic of Excitability; with the good, but also with the
perilous evil, which belongs to that. Rebellion, explosion, of unknown
extent is to be calculated on. There are, as Chesterfield wrote, 'all
the symptoms I have ever met with in History!'
Shall we say, then: Wo to Philosophism, that it destroyed Religion, what
it called 'extinguishing the abomination (ecraser 'l'infame)'? Wo rather
to those that made the Holy an abomination, and extinguishable; wo
at all men that live in such a time of world-abomination and
world-destruction! Nay, answer the Courtiers, it was Turgot, it was
Necker, with their mad innovating; it was the Queen's want of etiquette;
it was he, it was she, it was that. Friends! it was every scoundrel that
had lived, and quack-like pretended to be doing, and been only eating
and misdoing, in all provinces of life, as Shoeblack or as Sovereign
Lord, each in his degree, from the time of Charlemagne and earlier.
All this (for be sure no falsehood perishes, but is as seed sown out
to grow) has been storing itself for thousands of years; and now the
account-day has come. And rude will the settlement be: of wrath laid up
against the day of wrath. O my Brother, be not thou a Quack! Die rather,
if thou wilt take counsel; 'tis but dying once, and thou art quit of it
for ever. Cursed is that trade; and bears curses, thou knowest not how,
long ages after thou art departed, and the wages thou hadst are all
consumed; nay, as the ancient wise have written,--through Eternity
itself, and is verily marked in the Doom-Book of a God!
Hope deferred maketh the heart sick. And yet, as we said, Hope is
but deferred; not abolished, not abolishable. It is very notable, and
touching, how this same Hope does still light onwards the French Nation
through all its wild destinies. For we shall still find Hope shining, be
it for fond invitation, be it for anger and menace; as a mild heavenly
light it shone; as a red conflagration it shines: burning sulphurous
blue, through darkest regions of Terror, it still shines; and goes sent
out at all, since Desperation itself is a kind of Hope. Thus is our Era
still to be named of Hope, though in the saddest sense,--when there is
nothing left but Hope.
But if any one would know summarily what a Pandora's Box lies there for
the opening, he may see it in what by its nature is the symptom of all
symptoms, the surviving Literature of the Period. Abbe Raynal, with
his lubricity and loud loose rant, has spoken his word; and already the
fast-hastening generation responds to another. Glance at Beaumarchais'
Mariage de Figaro; which now (in 1784), after difficulty enough, has
issued on the stage; and 'runs its hundred nights,' to the admiration of
all men. By what virtue or internal vigour it so ran, the reader of our
day will rather wonder:--and indeed will know so much the better that
it flattered some pruriency of the time; that it spoke what all were
feeling, and longing to speak. Small substance in that Figaro: thin
wiredrawn intrigues, thin wiredrawn sentiments and sarcasms; a thing
lean, barren; yet which winds and whisks itself, as through a wholly
mad universe, adroitly, with a high-sniffing air: wherein each, as was
hinted, which is the grand secret, may see some image of himself, and
of his own state and ways. So it runs its hundred nights, and all France
runs with it; laughing applause. If the soliloquising Barber ask: "What
has your Lordship done to earn all this?" and can only answer: "You took
the trouble to be born (Vous vous etes donne la peine de naitre)," all
men must laugh: and a gay horse-racing Anglomaniac Noblesse loudest of
all. For how can small books have a great danger in them? asks the Sieur
Caron; and fancies his thin epigram may be a kind of reason. Conqueror
of a golden fleece, by giant smuggling; tamer of hell-dogs, in the
Parlement Maupeou; and finally crowned Orpheus in the Theatre Francais,
Beaumarchais has now culminated, and unites the attributes of several
demigods. We shall meet him once again, in the course of his decline.
Still more significant are two Books produced on the eve of the
ever-memorable Explosion itself, and read eagerly by all the world:
Saint-Pierre's Paul et Virginie, and Louvet's Chevalier de Faublas.
Noteworthy Books; which may be considered as the last speech of old
Feudal France. In the first there rises melodiously, as it were,
the wail of a moribund world: everywhere wholesome Nature in unequal
conflict with diseased perfidious Art; cannot escape from it in the
lowest hut, in the remotest island of the sea. Ruin and death must
strike down the loved one; and, what is most significant of all, death
even here not by necessity, but by etiquette. What a world of prurient
corruption lies visible in that super-sublime of modesty! Yet, on the
whole, our good Saint-Pierre is musical, poetical though most morbid: we
will call his Book the swan-song of old dying France.
Louvet's again, let no man account musical. Truly, if this wretched
Faublas is a death-speech, it is one under the gallows, and by a felon
that does not repent. Wretched cloaca of a Book; without depth even as
a cloaca! What 'picture of French society' is here? Picture properly of
nothing, if not of the mind that gave it out as some sort of picture.
Yet symptom of much; above all, of the world that could nourish itself
thereon.
BOOK 1.III.
THE PARLEMENT OF PARIS
Chapter 1.3.I.
Dishonoured Bills.
While the unspeakable confusion is everywhere weltering within, and
through so many cracks in the surface sulphur-smoke is issuing, the
question arises: Through what crevice will the main Explosion carry
itself? Through which of the old craters or chimneys; or must it, at
once, form a new crater for itself? In every Society are such chimneys,
are Institutions serving as such: even Constantinople is not without its
safety-valves; there too Discontent can vent itself,--in material fire;
by the number of nocturnal conflagrations, or of hanged bakers, the
Reigning Power can read the signs of the times, and change course
according to these.
We may say that this French Explosion will doubtless first try all the
old Institutions of escape; for by each of these there is, or at least
there used to be, some communication with the interior deep; they are
national Institutions in virtue of that. Had they even become personal
Institutions, and what we can call choked up from their original uses,
there nevertheless must the impediment be weaker than elsewhere. Through
which of them then? An observer might have guessed: Through the Law
Parlements; above all, through the Parlement of Paris.
Men, though never so thickly clad in dignities, sit not inaccessible to
the influences of their time; especially men whose life is business;
who at all turns, were it even from behind judgment-seats, have come
in contact with the actual workings of the world. The Counsellor of
Parlement, the President himself, who has bought his place with hard
money that he might be looked up to by his fellow-creatures, how shall
he, in all Philosophe-soirees, and saloons of elegant culture, become
notable as a Friend of Darkness? Among the Paris Long-robes there may
be more than one patriotic Malesherbes, whose rule is conscience and the
public good; there are clearly more than one hotheaded D'Espremenil, to
whose confused thought any loud reputation of the Brutus sort may seem
glorious. The Lepelletiers, Lamoignons have titles and wealth; yet, at
Court, are only styled 'Noblesse of the Robe.' There are Duports of deep
scheme; Freteaus, Sabatiers, of incontinent tongue: all nursed more or
less on the milk of the Contrat Social. Nay, for the whole Body, is not
this patriotic opposition also a fighting for oneself? Awake, Parlement
of Paris, renew thy long warfare! Was not the Parlement Maupeou
abolished with ignominy? Not now hast thou to dread a Louis XIV., with
the crack of his whip, and his Olympian looks; not now a Richelieu and
Bastilles: no, the whole Nation is behind thee. Thou too (O heavens!)
mayest become a Political Power; and with the shakings of thy horse-hair
wig shake principalities and dynasties, like a very Jove with his
ambrosial curls!
Light old M. de Maurepas, since the end of 1781, has been fixed in the
frost of death: "Never more," said the good Louis, "shall I hear his
step overhead;" his light jestings and gyratings are at an end. No more
can the importunate reality be hidden by pleasant wit, and today's evil
be deftly rolled over upon tomorrow. The morrow itself has arrived; and
now nothing but a solid phlegmatic M. de Vergennes sits there, in dull
matter of fact, like some dull punctual Clerk (which he originally was);
admits what cannot be denied, let the remedy come whence it will. In
him is no remedy; only clerklike 'despatch of business' according to
routine. The poor King, grown older yet hardly more experienced, must
himself, with such no-faculty as he has, begin governing; wherein also
his Queen will give help. Bright Queen, with her quick clear glances
and impulses; clear, and even noble; but all too superficial,
vehement-shallow, for that work! To govern France were such a
problem; and now it has grown well-nigh too hard to govern even the
Oeil-de-Boeuf. For if a distressed People has its cry, so likewise,
and more audibly, has a bereaved Court. To the Oeil-de-Boeuf it remains
inconceivable how, in a France of such resources, the Horn of Plenty
should run dry: did it not use to flow? Nevertheless Necker, with his
revenue of parsimony, has 'suppressed above six hundred places,' before
the Courtiers could oust him; parsimonious finance-pedant as he was.
Again, a military pedant, Saint-Germain, with his Prussian manoeuvres;
with his Prussian notions, as if merit and not coat-of-arms should be
the rule of promotion, has disaffected military men; the Mousquetaires,
with much else are suppressed: for he too was one of your suppressors;
and unsettling and oversetting, did mere mischief--to the Oeil-de-Boeuf.
Complaints abound; scarcity, anxiety: it is a changed Oeil-de-Boeuf.
Besenval says, already in these years (1781) there was such a melancholy
(such a tristesse) about Court, compared with former days, as made it
quite dispiriting to look upon.
No wonder that the Oeil-de-Boeuf feels melancholy, when you are
suppressing its places! Not a place can be suppressed, but some purse is
the lighter for it; and more than one heart the heavier; for did it
not employ the working-classes too,--manufacturers, male and female,
of laces, essences; of Pleasure generally, whosoever could manufacture
Pleasure? Miserable economies; never felt over Twenty-five Millions!
So, however, it goes on: and is not yet ended. Few years more and the
Wolf-hounds shall fall suppressed, the Bear-hounds, the Falconry; places
shall fall, thick as autumnal leaves. Duke de Polignac demonstrates, to
the complete silencing of ministerial logic, that his place cannot be
abolished; then gallantly, turning to the Queen, surrenders it, since
her Majesty so wishes. Less chivalrous was Duke de Coigny, and yet not
luckier: "We got into a real quarrel, Coigny and I," said King Louis;
"but if he had even struck me, I could not have blamed him." (Besenval,
iii. 255-58.) In regard to such matters there can be but one opinion.
Baron Besenval, with that frankness of speech which stamps the
independent man, plainly assures her Majesty that it is frightful
(affreux); "you go to bed, and are not sure but you shall rise
impoverished on the morrow: one might as well be in Turkey." It is
indeed a dog's life.
How singular this perpetual distress of the royal treasury! And yet it
is a thing not more incredible than undeniable. A thing mournfully true:
the stumbling-block on which all Ministers successively stumble, and
fall. Be it 'want of fiscal genius,' or some far other want, there is
the palpablest discrepancy between Revenue and Expenditure; a Deficit
of the Revenue: you must 'choke (combler) the Deficit,' or else it will
swallow you! This is the stern problem; hopeless seemingly as squaring
of the circle. Controller Joly de Fleury, who succeeded Necker, could
do nothing with it; nothing but propose loans, which were tardily filled
up; impose new taxes, unproductive of money, productive of clamour and
discontent. As little could Controller d'Ormesson do, or even less; for
if Joly maintained himself beyond year and day, d'Ormesson reckons only
by months: till 'the King purchased Rambouillet without consulting him,'
which he took as a hint to withdraw. And so, towards the end of 1783,
matters threaten to come to still-stand. Vain seems human ingenuity.
In vain has our newly-devised 'Council of Finances' struggled, our
Intendants of Finance, Controller-General of Finances: there are
unhappily no Finances to control. Fatal paralysis invades the social
movement; clouds, of blindness or of blackness, envelop us: are we
breaking down, then, into the black horrors of NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY?
Great is Bankruptcy: the great bottomless gulf into which all
Falsehoods, public and private, do sink, disappearing; whither, from the
first origin of them, they were all doomed. For Nature is true and not
a lie. No lie you can speak or act but it will come, after longer or
shorter circulation, like a Bill drawn on Nature's Reality, and be
presented there for payment,--with the answer, No effects. Pity only
that it often had so long a circulation: that the original forger were
so seldom he who bore the final smart of it! Lies, and the burden of
evil they bring, are passed on; shifted from back to back, and from rank
to rank; and so land ultimately on the dumb lowest rank, who with spade
and mattock, with sore heart and empty wallet, daily come in contact
with reality, and can pass the cheat no further.
Observe nevertheless how, by a just compensating law, if the lie with
its burden (in this confused whirlpool of Society) sinks and is shifted
ever downwards, then in return the distress of it rises ever upwards
and upwards. Whereby, after the long pining and demi-starvation of those
Twenty Millions, a Duke de Coigny and his Majesty come also to have
their 'real quarrel.' Such is the law of just Nature; bringing, though
at long intervals, and were it only by Bankruptcy, matters round again
to the mark.
But with a Fortunatus' Purse in his pocket, through what length of
time might not almost any Falsehood last! Your Society, your Household,
practical or spiritual Arrangement, is untrue, unjust, offensive to the
eye of God and man. Nevertheless its hearth is warm, its larder well
replenished: the innumerable Swiss of Heaven, with a kind of Natural
loyalty, gather round it; will prove, by pamphleteering, musketeering,
that it is a truth; or if not an unmixed (unearthly, impossible) Truth,
then better, a wholesomely attempered one, (as wind is to the shorn
lamb), and works well. Changed outlook, however, when purse and larder
grow empty! Was your Arrangement so true, so accordant to Nature's ways,
then how, in the name of wonder, has Nature, with her infinite bounty,
come to leave it famishing there? To all men, to all women and all
children, it is now indutiable that your Arrangement was false. Honour
to Bankruptcy; ever righteous on the great scale, though in detail it
is so cruel! Under all Falsehoods it works, unweariedly mining. No
Falsehood, did it rise heaven-high and cover the world, but Bankruptcy,
one day, will sweep it down, and make us free of it.
Chapter 1.3.II.
Controller Calonne.
Under such circumstances of tristesse, obstruction and sick langour,
when to an exasperated Court it seems as if fiscal genius had departed
from among men, what apparition could be welcomer than that of M. de
Calonne? Calonne, a man of indisputable genius; even fiscal genius, more
or less; of experience both in managing Finance and Parlements, for he
has been Intendant at Metz, at Lille; King's Procureur at Douai. A man
of weight, connected with the moneyed classes; of unstained name,--if
it were not some peccadillo (of showing a Client's Letter) in that
old D'Aiguillon-Lachalotais business, as good as forgotten now. He
has kinsmen of heavy purse, felt on the Stock Exchange. Our Foulons,
Berthiers intrigue for him:--old Foulon, who has now nothing to do but
intrigue; who is known and even seen to be what they call a scoundrel;
but of unmeasured wealth; who, from Commissariat-clerk which he once
was, may hope, some think, if the game go right, to be Minister himself
one day.
Such propping and backing has M. de Calonne; and then intrinsically such
qualities! Hope radiates from his face; persuasion hangs on his tongue.
For all straits he has present remedy, and will make the world roll
on wheels before him. On the 3d of November 1783, the Oeil-de-Boeuf
rejoices in its new Controller-General. Calonne also shall have trial;
Calonne also, in his way, as Turgot and Necker had done in theirs, shall
forward the consummation; suffuse, with one other flush of brilliancy,
our now too leaden-coloured Era of Hope, and wind it up--into
fulfilment.
Great, in any case, is the felicity of the Oeil-de-Boeuf. Stinginess has
fled from these royal abodes: suppression ceases; your Besenval may
go peaceably to sleep, sure that he shall awake unplundered. Smiling
Plenty, as if conjured by some enchanter, has returned; scatters
contentment from her new-flowing horn. And mark what suavity of manners!
A bland smile distinguishes our Controller: to all men he listens with
an air of interest, nay of anticipation; makes their own wish clear to
themselves, and grants it; or at least, grants conditional promise
of it. "I fear this is a matter of difficulty," said her
Majesty.--"Madame," answered the Controller, "if it is but difficult, it
is done, if it is impossible, it shall be done (se fera)." A man of such
'facility' withal. To observe him in the pleasure-vortex of society,
which none partakes of with more gusto, you might ask, When does he
work? And yet his work, as we see, is never behindhand; above all, the
fruit of his work: ready-money. Truly a man of incredible facility;
facile action, facile elocution, facile thought: how, in mild suasion,
philosophic depth sparkles up from him, as mere wit and lambent
sprightliness; and in her Majesty's Soirees, with the weight of a world
lying on him, he is the delight of men and women! By what magic does he
accomplish miracles? By the only true magic, that of genius. Men name
him 'the Minister;' as indeed, when was there another such? Crooked
things are become straight by him, rough places plain; and over the
Oeil-de-Boeuf there rests an unspeakable sunshine.
Nay, in seriousness, let no man say that Calonne had not genius: genius
for Persuading; before all things, for Borrowing. With the skilfulest
judicious appliances of underhand money, he keeps the Stock-Exchanges
flourishing; so that Loan after Loan is filled up as soon as opened.
'Calculators likely to know' (Besenval, iii. 216.) have calculated that
he spent, in extraordinaries, 'at the rate of one million daily;' which
indeed is some fifty thousand pounds sterling: but did he not procure
something with it; namely peace and prosperity, for the time being?
Philosophedom grumbles and croaks; buys, as we said, 80,000 copies of
Necker's new Book: but Nonpareil Calonne, in her Majesty's Apartment,
with the glittering retinue of Dukes, Duchesses, and mere happy admiring
faces, can let Necker and Philosophedom croak.
The misery is, such a time cannot last! Squandering, and Payment by Loan
is no way to choke a Deficit. Neither is oil the substance for quenching
conflagrations;--but, only for assuaging them, not permanently! To the
Nonpareil himself, who wanted not insight, it is clear at intervals,
and dimly certain at all times, that his trade is by nature temporary,
growing daily more difficult; that changes incalculable lie at no great
distance. Apart from financial Deficit, the world is wholly in such a
new-fangled humour; all things working loose from their old fastenings,
towards new issues and combinations. There is not a dwarf jokei, a cropt
Brutus'-head, or Anglomaniac horseman rising on his stirrups, that
does not betoken change. But what then? The day, in any case, passes
pleasantly; for the morrow, if the morrow come, there shall be counsel
too. Once mounted (by munificence, suasion, magic of genius) high enough
in favour with the Oeil-de-Boeuf, with the King, Queen, Stock-Exchange,
and so far as possible with all men, a Nonpareil Controller may hope
to go careering through the Inevitable, in some unimagined way, as
handsomely as another.
At all events, for these three miraculous years, it has been expedient
heaped on expedient; till now, with such cumulation and height, the pile
topples perilous. And here has this world's-wonder of a Diamond Necklace
brought it at last to the clear verge of tumbling. Genius in that
direction can no more: mounted high enough, or not mounted, we must fare
forth. Hardly is poor Rohan, the Necklace-Cardinal, safely bestowed in
the Auvergne Mountains, Dame de Lamotte (unsafely) in the Salpetriere,
and that mournful business hushed up, when our sanguine Controller once
more astonishes the world. An expedient, unheard of for these hundred
and sixty years, has been propounded; and, by dint of suasion (for
his light audacity, his hope and eloquence are matchless) has been got
adopted,--Convocation of the Notables.
Let notable persons, the actual or virtual rulers of their districts,
be summoned from all sides of France: let a true tale, of his Majesty's
patriotic purposes and wretched pecuniary impossibilities, be suasively
told them; and then the question put: What are we to do? Surely to adopt
healing measures; such as the magic of genius will unfold; such as, once
sanctioned by Notables, all Parlements and all men must, with more or
less reluctance, submit to.
Chapter 1.3.III.
The Notables.
Here, then is verily a sign and wonder; visible to the whole world;
bodeful of much. The Oeil-de-Boeuf dolorously grumbles; were we not
well as we stood,--quenching conflagrations by oil? Constitutional
Philosophedom starts with joyful surprise; stares eagerly what the
result will be. The public creditor, the public debtor, the whole
thinking and thoughtless public have their several surprises, joyful
and sorrowful. Count Mirabeau, who has got his matrimonial and other
Lawsuits huddled up, better or worse; and works now in the dimmest
element at Berlin; compiling Prussian Monarchies, Pamphlets On
Cagliostro; writing, with pay, but not with honourable recognition,
innumerable Despatches for his Government,--scents or descries richer
quarry from afar. He, like an eagle or vulture, or mixture of both,
preens his wings for flight homewards. (Fils Adoptif, Memoires de
Mirabeau, t. iv. livv. 4 et 5.)
M. de Calonne has stretched out an Aaron's Rod over France; miraculous;
and is summoning quite unexpected things. Audacity and hope alternate in
him with misgivings; though the sanguine-valiant side carries it. Anon
he writes to an intimate friend, "Here me fais pitie a moi-meme (I am
an object of pity to myself);" anon, invites some dedicating Poet or
Poetaster to sing 'this Assembly of the Notables and the Revolution
that is preparing.' (Biographie Universelle, para Calonne (by Guizot).)
Preparing indeed; and a matter to be sung,--only not till we have seen
it, and what the issue of it is. In deep obscure unrest, all things
have so long gone rocking and swaying: will M. de Calonne, with this
his alchemy of the Notables, fasten all together again, and get new
revenues? Or wrench all asunder; so that it go no longer rocking and
swaying, but clashing and colliding?
Be this as it may, in the bleak short days, we behold men of weight and
influence threading the great vortex of French Locomotion, each on
his several line, from all sides of France towards the Chateau of
Versailles: summoned thither de par le roi. There, on the 22d day of
February 1787, they have met, and got installed: Notables to the
number of a Hundred and Thirty-seven, as we count them name by name:
(Lacretelle, iii. 286. Montgaillard, i. 347.) add Seven Princes of the
Blood, it makes the round Gross of Notables. Men of the sword, men of
the robe; Peers, dignified Clergy, Parlementary Presidents: divided into
Seven Boards (Bureaux); under our Seven Princes of the Blood, Monsieur,
D'Artois, Penthievre, and the rest; among whom let not our new Duke
d'Orleans (for, since 1785, he is Chartres no longer) be forgotten.
Never yet made Admiral, and now turning the corner of his fortieth year,
with spoiled blood and prospects; half-weary of a world which is more
than half-weary of him, Monseigneur's future is most questionable. Not
in illumination and insight, not even in conflagration; but, as was
said, 'in dull smoke and ashes of outburnt sensualities,' does he
live and digest. Sumptuosity and sordidness; revenge, life-weariness,
ambition, darkness, putrescence; and, say, in sterling money, three
hundred thousand a year,--were this poor Prince once to burst loose from
his Court-moorings, to what regions, with what phenomena, might he not
sail and drift! Happily as yet he 'affects to hunt daily;' sits there,
since he must sit, presiding that Bureau of his, with dull moon-visage,
dull glassy eyes, as if it were a mere tedium to him.
We observe finally, that Count Mirabeau has actually arrived. He
descends from Berlin, on the scene of action; glares into it with
flashing sun-glance; discerns that it will do nothing for him. He had
hoped these Notables might need a Secretary. They do need one; but
have fixed on Dupont de Nemours; a man of smaller fame, but then of
better;--who indeed, as his friends often hear, labours under this
complaint, surely not a universal one, of having 'five kings to
correspond with.' (Dumont, Souvenirs sur Mirabeau (Paris, 1832), p. 20.)
The pen of a Mirabeau cannot become an official one; nevertheless
it remains a pen. In defect of Secretaryship, he sets to denouncing
Stock-brokerage (Denonciation de l'Agiotage); testifying, as his wont
is, by loud bruit, that he is present and busy;--till, warned by friend
Talleyrand, and even by Calonne himself underhand, that 'a seventeenth
Lettre-de-Cachet may be launched against him,' he timefully flits over
the marches.
And now, in stately royal apartments, as Pictures of that time still
represent them, our hundred and forty-four Notables sit organised; ready
to hear and consider. Controller Calonne is dreadfully behindhand with
his speeches, his preparatives; however, the man's 'facility of work' is
known to us. For freshness of style, lucidity, ingenuity, largeness
of view, that opening Harangue of his was unsurpassable:--had not the
subject-matter been so appalling. A Deficit, concerning which accounts
vary, and the Controller's own account is not unquestioned; but which
all accounts agree in representing as 'enormous.' This is the epitome of
our Controller's difficulties: and then his means? Mere Turgotism; for
thither, it seems, we must come at last: Provincial Assemblies; new
Taxation; nay, strangest of all, new Land-tax, what he calls Subvention
Territoriale, from which neither Privileged nor Unprivileged, Noblemen,
Clergy, nor Parlementeers, shall be exempt!
Foolish enough! These Privileged Classes have been used to tax; levying
toll, tribute and custom, at all hands, while a penny was left: but to
be themselves taxed? Of such Privileged persons, meanwhile, do these
Notables, all but the merest fraction, consist. Headlong Calonne had
given no heed to the 'composition,' or judicious packing of them; but
chosen such Notables as were really notable; trusting for the issue to
off-hand ingenuity, good fortune, and eloquence that never yet failed.
Headlong Controller-General! Eloquence can do much, but not all.
Orpheus, with eloquence grown rhythmic, musical (what we call Poetry),
drew iron tears from the cheek of Pluto: but by what witchery of rhyme
or prose wilt thou from the pocket of Plutus draw gold?
Accordingly, the storm that now rose and began to whistle round Calonne,
first in these Seven Bureaus, and then on the outside of them, awakened
by them, spreading wider and wider over all France, threatens to become
unappeasable. A Deficit so enormous! Mismanagement, profusion is too
clear. Peculation itself is hinted at; nay, Lafayette and others go so
far as to speak it out, with attempts at proof. The blame of his Deficit
our brave Calonne, as was natural, had endeavoured to shift from
himself on his predecessors; not excepting even Necker. But now Necker
vehemently denies; whereupon an 'angry Correspondence,' which also finds
its way into print.
In the Oeil-de-Boeuf, and her Majesty's private Apartments, an eloquent
Controller, with his "Madame, if it is but difficult," had been
persuasive: but, alas, the cause is now carried elsewhither. Behold
him, one of these sad days, in Monsieur's Bureau; to which all the other
Bureaus have sent deputies. He is standing at bay: alone; exposed to an
incessant fire of questions, interpellations, objurgations, from those
'hundred and thirty-seven' pieces of logic-ordnance,--what we may well
call bouches a feu, fire-mouths literally! Never, according to Besenval,
or hardly ever, had such display of intellect, dexterity, coolness,
suasive eloquence, been made by man. To the raging play of so many
fire-mouths he opposes nothing angrier than light-beams, self-possession
and fatherly smiles. With the imperturbablest bland clearness, he, for
five hours long, keeps answering the incessant volley of fiery captious
questions, reproachful interpellations; in words prompt as lightning,
quiet as light. Nay, the cross-fire too: such side questions and
incidental interpellations as, in the heat of the main-battle, he
(having only one tongue) could not get answered; these also he takes
up at the first slake; answers even these. (Besenval, iii. 196.) Could
blandest suasive eloquence have saved France, she were saved.
Heavy-laden Controller! In the Seven Bureaus seems nothing but
hindrance: in Monsieur's Bureau, a Lomenie de Brienne, Archbishop
of Toulouse, with an eye himself to the Controllership, stirs up the
Clergy; there are meetings, underground intrigues. Neither from without
anywhere comes sign of help or hope. For the Nation (where Mirabeau is
now, with stentor-lungs, 'denouncing Agio') the Controller has hitherto
done nothing, or less. For Philosophedom he has done as good as
nothing,--sent out some scientific Laperouse, or the like: and is he not
in 'angry correspondence' with its Necker? The very Oeil-de-Boeuf
looks questionable; a falling Controller has no friends. Solid M. de
Vergennes, who with his phlegmatic judicious punctuality might have kept
down many things, died the very week before these sorrowful Notables
met. And now a Seal-keeper, Garde-des-Sceaux Miromenil is thought to be
playing the traitor: spinning plots for Lomenie-Brienne! Queen's-Reader
Abbe de Vermond, unloved individual, was Brienne's creature, the work
of his hands from the first: it may be feared the backstairs passage is
open, ground getting mined under our feet. Treacherous Garde-des-Sceaux
Miromenil, at least, should be dismissed; Lamoignon, the
eloquent Notable, a stanch man, with connections, and even ideas,
Parlement-President yet intent on reforming Parlements, were not he the
right Keeper? So, for one, thinks busy Besenval; and, at dinner-table,
rounds the same into the Controller's ear,--who always, in the intervals
of landlord-duties, listens to him as with charmed look, but answers
nothing positive. (Besenval, iii. 203.)
Alas, what to answer? The force of private intrigue, and then also the
force of public opinion, grows so dangerous, confused! Philosophedom
sneers aloud, as if its Necker already triumphed. The gaping populace
gapes over Wood-cuts or Copper-cuts; where, for example, a Rustic is
represented convoking the poultry of his barnyard, with this opening
address: "Dear animals, I have assembled you to advise me what sauce I
shall dress you with;" to which a Cock responding, "We don't want to be
eaten," is checked by "You wander from the point (Vous vous ecartez
de la question)." (Republished in the Musee de la Caricature (Paris,
1834).) Laughter and logic; ballad-singer, pamphleteer; epigram and
caricature: what wind of public opinion is this,--as if the Cave of the
Winds were bursting loose! At nightfall, President Lamoignon steals
over to the Controller's; finds him 'walking with large strides in his
chamber, like one out of himself.' (Besenval, iii. 209.) With rapid
confused speech the Controller begs M. de Lamoignon to give him 'an
advice.' Lamoignon candidly answers that, except in regard to his own
anticipated Keepership, unless that would prove remedial, he really
cannot take upon him to advise.
'On the Monday after Easter,' the 9th of April 1787, a date one rejoices
to verify, for nothing can excel the indolent falsehood of these
Histoires and Memoires,--'On the Monday after Easter, as I, Besenval,
was riding towards Romainville to the Marechal de Segur's, I met a
friend on the Boulevards, who told me that M. de Calonne was out. A
little further on came M. the Duke d'Orleans, dashing towards me, head
to the wind' (trotting a l'Anglaise), 'and confirmed the news.' (Ib.
iii. 211.) It is true news. Treacherous Garde-des-Sceaux Miromenil is
gone, and Lamoignon is appointed in his room: but appointed for his own
profit only, not for the Controller's: 'next day' the Controller also
has had to move. A little longer he may linger near; be seen among the
money changers, and even 'working in the Controller's office,' where
much lies unfinished: but neither will that hold. Too strong blows and
beats this tempest of public opinion, of private intrigue, as from the
Cave of all the Winds; and blows him (higher Authority giving sign)
out of Paris and France,--over the horizon, into Invisibility, or uuter
(utter, outer?) Darkness.
Such destiny the magic of genius could not forever avert. Ungrateful
Oeil-de-Boeuf! did he not miraculously rain gold manna on you; so that,
as a Courtier said, "All the world held out its hand, and I held out my
hat,"--for a time? Himself is poor; penniless, had not a 'Financier's
widow in Lorraine' offered him, though he was turned of fifty, her hand
and the rich purse it held. Dim henceforth shall be his activity, though
unwearied: Letters to the King, Appeals, Prognostications; Pamphlets
(from London), written with the old suasive facility; which however do
not persuade. Luckily his widow's purse fails not. Once, in a year or
two, some shadow of him shall be seen hovering on the Northern Border,
seeking election as National Deputy; but be sternly beckoned away.
Dimmer then, far-borne over utmost European lands, in uncertain twilight
of diplomacy, he shall hover, intriguing for 'Exiled Princes,' and
have adventures; be overset into the Rhine stream and half-drowned,
nevertheless save his papers dry. Unwearied, but in vain! In France he
works miracles no more; shall hardly return thither to find a grave.
Farewell, thou facile sanguine Controller-General, with thy light rash
hand, thy suasive mouth of gold: worse men there have been, and better;
but to thee also was allotted a task,--of raising the wind, and the
winds; and thou hast done it.
But now, while Ex-Controller Calonne flies storm-driven over the
horizon, in this singular way, what has become of the Controllership?
It hangs vacant, one may say; extinct, like the Moon in her vacant
interlunar cave. Two preliminary shadows, poor M. Fourqueux, poor
M. Villedeuil, do hold in quick succession some simulacrum of it,
(Besenval, iii. 225.)--as the new Moon will sometimes shine out with a
dim preliminary old one in her arms. Be patient, ye Notables! An actual
new Controller is certain, and even ready; were the indispensable
manoeuvres but gone through. Long-headed Lamoignon, with Home Secretary
Breteuil, and Foreign Secretary Montmorin have exchanged looks; let
these three once meet and speak. Who is it that is strong in the Queen's
favour, and the Abbe de Vermond's? That is a man of great capacity?
Or at least that has struggled, these fifty years, to have it thought
great; now, in the Clergy's name, demanding to have Protestant
death-penalties 'put in execution;' no flaunting it in the
Oeil-de-Boeuf, as the gayest man-pleaser and woman-pleaser; gleaning
even a good word from Philosophedom and your Voltaires and D'Alemberts?
With a party ready-made for him in the Notables?--Lomenie de Brienne,
Archbishop of Toulouse! answer all the three, with the clearest
instantaneous concord; and rush off to propose him to the King; 'in such
haste,' says Besenval, 'that M. de Lamoignon had to borrow a simarre,'
seemingly some kind of cloth apparatus necessary for that. (Ib. iii.
224.)
Lomenie-Brienne, who had all his life 'felt a kind of predestination for
the highest offices,' has now therefore obtained them. He presides over
the Finances; he shall have the title of Prime Minister itself, and
the effort of his long life be realised. Unhappy only that it took such
talent and industry to gain the place; that to qualify for it hardly any
talent or industry was left disposable! Looking now into his inner
man, what qualification he may have, Lomenie beholds, not without
astonishment, next to nothing but vacuity and possibility. Principles or
methods, acquirement outward or inward (for his very body is wasted, by
hard tear and wear) he finds none; not so much as a plan, even an
unwise one. Lucky, in these circumstances, that Calonne has had a plan!
Calonne's plan was gathered from Turgot's and Necker's by compilation;
shall become Lomenie's by adoption. Not in vain has Lomenie studied
the working of the British Constitution; for he professes to have some
Anglomania, of a sort. Why, in that free country, does one Minister,
driven out by Parliament, vanish from his King's presence, and another
enter, borne in by Parliament? (Montgaillard, Histoire de France, i.
410-17.) Surely not for mere change (which is ever wasteful); but that
all men may have share of what is going; and so the strife of Freedom
indefinitely prolong itself, and no harm be done.
The Notables, mollified by Easter festivities, by the sacrifice of
Calonne, are not in the worst humour. Already his Majesty, while the
'interlunar shadows' were in office, had held session of Notables; and
from his throne delivered promissory conciliatory eloquence: 'The Queen
stood waiting at a window, till his carriage came back; and Monsieur
from afar clapped hands to her,' in sign that all was well. (Besenval,
iii. 220.) It has had the best effect; if such do but last. Leading
Notables meanwhile can be 'caressed;' Brienne's new gloss, Lamoignon's
long head will profit somewhat; conciliatory eloquence shall not be
wanting. On the whole, however, is it not undeniable that this of
ousting Calonne and adopting the plans of Calonne, is a measure which,
to produce its best effect, should be looked at from a certain distance,
cursorily; not dwelt on with minute near scrutiny. In a word, that no
service the Notables could now do were so obliging as, in some handsome
manner, to--take themselves away! Their 'Six Propositions' about
Provisional Assemblies, suppression of Corvees and suchlike, can be
accepted without criticism. The Subvention on Land-tax, and much
else, one must glide hastily over; safe nowhere but in flourishes of
conciliatory eloquence. Till at length, on this 25th of May, year
1787, in solemn final session, there bursts forth what we can call an
explosion of eloquence; King, Lomenie, Lamoignon and retinue taking up
the successive strain; in harrangues to the number of ten, besides his
Majesty's, which last the livelong day;--whereby, as in a kind of choral
anthem, or bravura peal, of thanks, praises, promises, the Notables are,
so to speak, organed out, and dismissed to their respective places of
abode. They had sat, and talked, some nine weeks: they were the first
Notables since Richelieu's, in the year 1626.
By some Historians, sitting much at their ease, in the safe distance,
Lomenie has been blamed for this dismissal of his Notables: nevertheless
it was clearly time. There are things, as we said, which should not be
dwelt on with minute close scrutiny: over hot coals you cannot glide too
fast. In these Seven Bureaus, where no work could be done, unless talk
were work, the questionablest matters were coming up. Lafayette, for
example, in Monseigneur d'Artois' Bureau, took upon him to set forth
more than one deprecatory oration about Lettres-de-Cachet, Liberty
of the Subject, Agio, and suchlike; which Monseigneur endeavouring to
repress, was answered that a Notable being summoned to speak his opinion
must speak it. (Montgaillard, i. 360.)
Thus too his Grace the Archbishop of Aix perorating once, with a
plaintive pulpit tone, in these words? "Tithe, that free-will offering
of the piety of Christians"--"Tithe," interrupted Duke la Rochefoucault,
with the cold business-manner he has learned from the English, "that
free-will offering of the piety of Christians; on which there are now
forty-thousand lawsuits in this realm." (Dumont, Souvenirs sur Mirabeau,
p. 21.) Nay, Lafayette, bound to speak his opinion, went the length,
one day, of proposing to convoke a 'National Assembly.' "You
demand States-General?" asked Monseigneur with an air of minatory
surprise.--"Yes, Monseigneur; and even better than that."--"Write it,"
said Monseigneur to the Clerks. (Toulongeon, Histoire de France depuis
la Revolution de 1789 (Paris, 1803), i. app. 4.)--Written accordingly it
is; and what is more, will be acted by and by.
Chapter 1.3.IV.
Lomenie's Edicts.
Thus, then, have the Notables returned home; carrying to all quarters
of France, such notions of deficit, decrepitude, distraction; and that
States-General will cure it, or will not cure it but kill it. Each
Notable, we may fancy, is as a funeral torch; disclosing hideous
abysses, better left hid! The unquietest humour possesses all men;
ferments, seeks issue, in pamphleteering, caricaturing, projecting,
declaiming; vain jangling of thought, word and deed.
It is Spiritual Bankruptcy, long tolerated; verging now towards
Economical Bankruptcy, and become intolerable. For from the lowest dumb
rank, the inevitable misery, as was predicted, has spread upwards. In
every man is some obscure feeling that his position, oppressive or else
oppressed, is a false one: all men, in one or the other acrid dialect,
as assaulters or as defenders, must give vent to the unrest that is in
them. Of such stuff national well-being, and the glory of rulers, is not
made. O Lomenie, what a wild-heaving, waste-looking, hungry and angry
world hast thou, after lifelong effort, got promoted to take charge of!
Lomenie's first Edicts are mere soothing ones: creation of Provincial
Assemblies, 'for apportioning the imposts,' when we get any; suppression
of Corvees or statute-labour; alleviation of Gabelle. Soothing measures,
recommended by the Notables; long clamoured for by all liberal men.
Oil cast on the waters has been known to produce a good effect. Before
venturing with great essential measures, Lomenie will see this singular
'swell of the public mind' abate somewhat.
Most proper, surely. But what if it were not a swell of the abating
kind? There are swells that come of upper tempest and wind-gust. But
again there are swells that come of subterranean pent wind, some
say; and even of inward decomposion, of decay that has become
self-combustion:--as when, according to Neptuno-Plutonic Geology, the
World is all decayed down into due attritus of this sort; and shall now
be exploded, and new-made! These latter abate not by oil.--The fool
says in his heart, How shall not tomorrow be as yesterday; as all
days,--which were once tomorrows? The wise man, looking on this France,
moral, intellectual, economical, sees, 'in short, all the symptoms he
has ever met with in history,'--unabatable by soothing Edicts.
Meanwhile, abate or not, cash must be had; and for that quite another
sort of Edicts, namely 'bursal' or fiscal ones. How easy were fiscal
Edicts, did you know for certain that the Parlement of Paris would what
they call 'register' them! Such right of registering, properly of mere
writing down, the Parlement has got by old wont; and, though but a
Law-Court, can remonstrate, and higgle considerably about the same.
Hence many quarrels; desperate Maupeou devices, and victory and
defeat;--a quarrel now near forty years long. Hence fiscal Edicts, which
otherwise were easy enough, become such problems. For example, is there
not Calonne's Subvention Territoriale, universal, unexempting Land-tax;
the sheet-anchor of Finance? Or, to show, so far as possible, that one
is not without original finance talent, Lomenie himself can devise an
Edit du Timbre or Stamp-tax,--borrowed also, it is true; but then from
America: may it prove luckier in France than there!
France has her resources: nevertheless, it cannot be denied, the aspect
of that Parlement is questionable. Already among the Notables, in that
final symphony of dismissal, the Paris President had an ominous tone.
Adrien Duport, quitting magnetic sleep, in this agitation of the world,
threatens to rouse himself into preternatural wakefulness. Shallower but
also louder, there is magnetic D'Espremenil, with his tropical heat
(he was born at Madras); with his dusky confused violence; holding
of Illumination, Animal Magnetism, Public Opinion, Adam Weisshaupt,
Harmodius and Aristogiton, and all manner of confused violent things: of
whom can come no good. The very Peerage is infected with the leaven. Our
Peers have, in too many cases, laid aside their frogs, laces, bagwigs;
and go about in English costume, or ride rising in their stirrups,--in
the most headlong manner; nothing but insubordination, eleutheromania,
confused unlimited opposition in their heads. Questionable: not to be
ventured upon, if we had a Fortunatus' Purse! But Lomenie has waited all
June, casting on the waters what oil he had; and now, betide as it may,
the two Finance Edicts must out. On the 6th of July, he forwards his
proposed Stamp-tax and Land-tax to the Parlement of Paris; and, as if
putting his own leg foremost, not his borrowed Calonne's-leg, places the
Stamp-tax first in order.
Alas, the Parlement will not register: the Parlement demands instead a
'state of the expenditure,' a 'state of the contemplated reductions;'
'states' enough; which his Majesty must decline to furnish! Discussions
arise; patriotic eloquence: the Peers are summoned. Does the Nemean Lion
begin to bristle? Here surely is a duel, which France and the Universe
may look upon: with prayers; at lowest, with curiosity and bets. Paris
stirs with new animation. The outer courts of the Palais de Justice roll
with unusual crowds, coming and going; their huge outer hum mingles with
the clang of patriotic eloquence within, and gives vigour to it. Poor
Lomenie gazes from the distance, little comforted; has his invisible
emissaries flying to and fro, assiduous, without result.
So pass the sultry dog-days, in the most electric manner; and the whole
month of July. And still, in the Sanctuary of Justice, sounds nothing
but Harmodius-Aristogiton eloquence, environed with the hum of crowding
Paris; and no registering accomplished, and no 'states' furnished.
"States?" said a lively Parlementeer: "Messieurs, the states that should
be furnished us, in my opinion are the STATES-GENERAL." On which timely
joke there follow cachinnatory buzzes of approval. What a word to be
spoken in the Palais de Justice! Old D'Ormesson (the Ex-Controller's
uncle) shakes his judicious head; far enough from laughing. But the
outer courts, and Paris and France, catch the glad sound, and repeat
it; shall repeat it, and re-echo and reverberate it, till it grow a
deafening peal. Clearly enough here is no registering to be thought of.
The pious Proverb says, 'There are remedies for all things but death.'
When a Parlement refuses registering, the remedy, by long practice, has
become familiar to the simplest: a Bed of Justice. One complete month
this Parlement has spent in mere idle jargoning, and sound and fury; the
Timbre Edict not registered, or like to be; the Subvention not yet so
much as spoken of. On the 6th of August let the whole refractory
Body roll out, in wheeled vehicles, as far as the King's Chateau of
Versailles; there shall the King, holding his Bed of Justice, order
them, by his own royal lips, to register. They may remonstrate, in an
under tone; but they must obey, lest a worse unknown thing befall them.
It is done: the Parlement has rolled out, on royal summons; has heard
the express royal order to register. Whereupon it has rolled back again,
amid the hushed expectancy of men. And now, behold, on the morrow, this
Parlement, seated once more in its own Palais, with 'crowds inundating
the outer courts,' not only does not register, but (O portent!) declares
all that was done on the prior day to be null, and the Bed of Justice
as good as a futility! In the history of France here verily is a new
feature. Nay better still, our heroic Parlement, getting suddenly
enlightened on several things, declares that, for its part, it is
incompetent to register Tax-edicts at all,--having done it by mistake,
during these late centuries; that for such act one authority only is
competent: the assembled Three Estates of the Realm!
To such length can the universal spirit of a Nation penetrate the most
isolated Body-corporate: say rather, with such weapons, homicidal and
suicidal, in exasperated political duel, will Bodies-corporate fight!
But, in any case, is not this the real death-grapple of war and
internecine duel, Greek meeting Greek; whereon men, had they even no
interest in it, might look with interest unspeakable? Crowds, as was
said, inundate the outer courts: inundation of young eleutheromaniac
Noblemen in English costume, uttering audacious speeches; of Procureurs,
Basoche-Clerks, who are idle in these days: of Loungers, Newsmongers and
other nondescript classes,--rolls tumultuous there. 'From three to four
thousand persons,' waiting eagerly to hear the Arretes (Resolutions) you
arrive at within; applauding with bravos, with the clapping of from six
to eight thousand hands! Sweet also is the meed of patriotic eloquence,
when your D'Espremenil, your Freteau, or Sabatier, issuing from his
Demosthenic Olympus, the thunder being hushed for the day, is welcomed,
in the outer courts, with a shout from four thousand throats; is borne
home shoulder-high 'with benedictions,' and strikes the stars with his
sublime head.
Chapter 1.3.V.
Lomenie's Thunderbolts.
Arise, Lomenie-Brienne: here is no case for 'Letters of Jussion;' for
faltering or compromise. Thou seest the whole loose fluent population
of Paris (whatsoever is not solid, and fixed to work) inundating these
outer courts, like a loud destructive deluge; the very Basoche of
Lawyers' Clerks talks sedition. The lower classes, in this duel of
Authority with Authority, Greek throttling Greek, have ceased to respect
the City-Watch: Police-satellites are marked on the back with chalk (the
M signifies mouchard, spy); they are hustled, hunted like ferae naturae.
Subordinate rural Tribunals send messengers of congratulation, of
adherence. Their Fountain of Justice is becoming a Fountain of Revolt.
The Provincial Parlements look on, with intent eye, with breathless
wishes, while their elder sister of Paris does battle: the whole Twelve
are of one blood and temper; the victory of one is that of all.
Ever worse it grows: on the 10th of August, there is 'Plainte' emitted
touching the 'prodigalities of Calonne,' and permission to 'proceed'
against him. No registering, but instead of it, denouncing:
of dilapidation, peculation; and ever the burden of the song,
States-General! Have the royal armories no thunderbolt, that thou
couldst, O Lomenie, with red right-hand, launch it among these
Demosthenic theatrical thunder-barrels, mere resin and noise for most
part;--and shatter, and smite them silent? On the night of the 14th of
August, Lomenie launches his thunderbolt, or handful of them. Letters
named of the Seal (de Cachet), as many as needful, some sixscore and
odd, are delivered overnight. And so, next day betimes, the whole
Parlement, once more set on wheels, is rolling incessantly towards
Troyes in Champagne; 'escorted,' says History, 'with the blessings of
all people;' the very innkeepers and postillions looking gratuitously
reverent. (A. Lameth, Histoire de l'Assemblee Constituante (Int. 73).)
This is the 15th of August 1787.
What will not people bless; in their extreme need? Seldom had the
Parlement of Paris deserved much blessing, or received much. An isolated
Body-corporate, which, out of old confusions (while the Sceptre of the
Sword was confusedly struggling to become a Sceptre of the Pen), had got
itself together, better and worse, as Bodies-corporate do, to satisfy
some dim desire of the world, and many clear desires of individuals; and
so had grown, in the course of centuries, on concession, on acquirement
and usurpation, to be what we see it: a prosperous social Anomaly,
deciding Lawsuits, sanctioning or rejecting Laws; and withal disposing
of its places and offices by sale for ready money,--which method
sleek President Henault, after meditation, will demonstrate to be the
indifferent-best. (Abrege Chronologique, p. 975.)
In such a Body, existing by purchase for ready-money, there could not
be excess of public spirit; there might well be excess of eagerness to
divide the public spoil. Men in helmets have divided that, with swords;
men in wigs, with quill and inkhorn, do divide it: and even more
hatefully these latter, if more peaceably; for the wig-method is at once
irresistibler and baser. By long experience, says Besenval, it has been
found useless to sue a Parlementeer at law; no Officer of Justice will
serve a writ on one; his wig and gown are his Vulcan's-panoply, his
enchanted cloak-of-darkness.
The Parlement of Paris may count itself an unloved body; mean, not
magnanimous, on the political side. Were the King weak, always (as now)
has his Parlement barked, cur-like at his heels; with what popular cry
there might be. Were he strong, it barked before his face; hunting for
him as his alert beagle. An unjust Body; where foul influences have more
than once worked shameful perversion of judgment. Does not, in these
very days, the blood of murdered Lally cry aloud for vengeance? Baited,
circumvented, driven mad like the snared lion, Valour had to sink
extinguished under vindictive Chicane. Behold him, that hapless Lally,
his wild dark soul looking through his wild dark face; trailed on the
ignominious death-hurdle; the voice of his despair choked by a wooden
gag! The wild fire-soul that has known only peril and toil; and, for
threescore years, has buffeted against Fate's obstruction and men's
perfidy, like genius and courage amid poltroonery, dishonesty and
commonplace; faithfully enduring and endeavouring,--O Parlement of
Paris, dost thou reward it with a gibbet and a gag? (9th May, 1766:
Biographie Universelle, para Lally.) The dying Lally bequeathed his
memory to his boy; a young Lally has arisen, demanding redress in the
name of God and man. The Parlement of Paris does its utmost to defend
the indefensible, abominable; nay, what is singular, dusky-glowing
Aristogiton d'Espremenil is the man chosen to be its spokesman in that.
Such Social Anomaly is it that France now blesses. An unclean Social
Anomaly; but in duel against another worse! The exiled Parlement is felt
to have 'covered itself with glory.' There are quarrels in which even
Satan, bringing help, were not unwelcome; even Satan, fighting stiffly,
might cover himself with glory,--of a temporary sort.
But what a stir in the outer courts of the Palais, when Paris finds its
Parlement trundled off to Troyes in Champagne; and nothing left but a
few mute Keepers of records; the Demosthenic thunder become extinct, the
martyrs of liberty clean gone! Confused wail and menace rises from the
four thousand throats of Procureurs, Basoche-Clerks, Nondescripts, and
Anglomaniac Noblesse; ever new idlers crowd to see and hear; Rascality,
with increasing numbers and vigour, hunts mouchards. Loud whirlpool
rolls through these spaces; the rest of the City, fixed to its work,
cannot yet go rolling. Audacious placards are legible, in and about
the Palais, the speeches are as good as seditious. Surely the temper
of Paris is much changed. On the third day of this business (18th of
August), Monsieur and Monseigneur d'Artois, coming in state-carriages,
according to use and wont, to have these late obnoxious Arretes and
protests 'expunged' from the Records, are received in the most marked
manner. Monsieur, who is thought to be in opposition, is met with vivats
and strewed flowers; Monseigneur, on the other hand, with silence; with
murmurs, which rise to hisses and groans; nay, an irreverent Rascality
presses towards him in floods, with such hissing vehemence, that
the Captain of the Guards has to give order, "Haut les armes (Handle
arms)!"--at which thunder-word, indeed, and the flash of the clear
iron, the Rascal-flood recoils, through all avenues, fast enough.
(Montgaillard, i. 369. Besenval, &c.) New features these. Indeed, as
good M. de Malesherbes pertinently remarks, "it is a quite new kind
of contest this with the Parlement:" no transitory sputter, as from
collision of hard bodies; but more like "the first sparks of what, if
not quenched, may become a great conflagration." (Montgaillard, i. 373.)
This good Malesherbes sees himself now again in the King's Council,
after an absence of ten years: Lomenie would profit if not by the
faculties of the man, yet by the name he has. As for the man's opinion,
it is not listened to;--wherefore he will soon withdraw, a second time;
back to his books and his trees. In such King's Council what can a good
man profit? Turgot tries it not a second time: Turgot has quitted France
and this Earth, some years ago; and now cares for none of these things.
Singular enough: Turgot, this same Lomenie, and the Abbe Morellet were
once a trio of young friends; fellow-scholars in the Sorbonne. Forty new
years have carried them severally thus far.
Meanwhile the Parlement sits daily at Troyes, calling cases; and daily
adjourns, no Procureur making his appearance to plead. Troyes is as
hospitable as could be looked for: nevertheless one has comparatively
a dull life. No crowds now to carry you, shoulder-high, to the immortal
gods; scarcely a Patriot or two will drive out so far, and bid you be of
firm courage. You are in furnished lodgings, far from home and domestic
comfort: little to do, but wander over the unlovely Champagne fields;
seeing the grapes ripen; taking counsel about the thousand-times
consulted: a prey to tedium; in danger even that Paris may forget you.
Messengers come and go: pacific Lomenie is not slack in negotiating,
promising; D'Ormesson and the prudent elder Members see no good in
strife.
After a dull month, the Parlement, yielding and retaining, makes truce,
as all Parlements must. The Stamp-tax is withdrawn: the Subvention
Land-tax is also withdrawn; but, in its stead, there is granted, what
they call a 'Prorogation of the Second Twentieth,'--itself a kind of
Land-tax, but not so oppressive to the Influential classes; which lies
mainly on the Dumb class. Moreover, secret promises exist (on the part
of the Elders), that finances may be raised by Loan. Of the ugly word
States-General there shall be no mention.
And so, on the 20th of September, our exiled Parlement returns:
D'Espremenil said, 'it went out covered with glory, but had come back
covered with mud (de boue).' Not so, Aristogiton; or if so, thou surely
art the man to clean it.
Chapter 1.3.VI.
Lomenie's Plots.
Was ever unfortunate Chief Minister so bested as Lomenie-Brienne? The
reins of the State fairly in his hand these six months; and not the
smallest motive-power (of Finance) to stir from the spot with, this
way or that! He flourishes his whip, but advances not. Instead
of ready-money, there is nothing but rebellious debating and
recalcitrating.
Far is the public mind from having calmed; it goes chafing and fuming
ever worse: and in the royal coffers, with such yearly Deficit
running on, there is hardly the colour of coin. Ominous prognostics!
Malesherbes, seeing an exhausted, exasperated France grow hotter and
hotter, talks of 'conflagration:' Mirabeau, without talk, has, as we
perceive, descended on Paris again, close on the rear of the Parlement,
(Fils Adoptif, Mirabeau, iv. l. 5.)--not to quit his native soil any
more.
Over the Frontiers, behold Holland invaded by Prussia; (October, 1787.
Montgaillard, i. 374. Besenval, iii. 283.) the French party oppressed,
England and the Stadtholder triumphing: to the sorrow of War-Secretary
Montmorin and all men. But without money, sinews of war, as of work, and
of existence itself, what can a Chief Minister do? Taxes profit little:
this of the Second Twentieth falls not due till next year; and will
then, with its 'strict valuation,' produce more controversy than
cash. Taxes on the Privileged Classes cannot be got registered; are
intolerable to our supporters themselves: taxes on the Unprivileged
yield nothing,--as from a thing drained dry more cannot be drawn. Hope
is nowhere, if not in the old refuge of Loans.
To Lomenie, aided by the long head of Lamoignon, deeply pondering this
sea of troubles, the thought suggested itself: Why not have a Successive
Loan (Emprunt Successif), or Loan that went on lending, year after year,
as much as needful; say, till 1792? The trouble of registering such Loan
were the same: we had then breathing time; money to work with, at
least to subsist on. Edict of a Successive Loan must be proposed. To
conciliate the Philosophes, let a liberal Edict walk in front of it, for
emancipation of Protestants; let a liberal Promise guard the rear of it,
that when our Loan ends, in that final 1792, the States-General shall be
convoked.
Such liberal Edict of Protestant Emancipation, the time having come for
it, shall cost a Lomenie as little as the 'Death-penalties to be put in
execution' did. As for the liberal Promise, of States-General, it can be
fulfilled or not: the fulfilment is five good years off; in five
years much intervenes. But the registering? Ah, truly, there is the
difficulty!--However, we have that promise of the Elders, given secretly
at Troyes. Judicious gratuities, cajoleries, underground intrigues, with
old Foulon, named 'Ame damnee, Familiar-demon, of the Parlement,'
may perhaps do the rest. At worst and lowest, the Royal Authority has
resources,--which ought it not to put forth? If it cannot realise
money, the Royal Authority is as good as dead; dead of that surest and
miserablest death, inanition. Risk and win; without risk all is already
lost! For the rest, as in enterprises of pith, a touch of stratagem
often proves furthersome, his Majesty announces a Royal Hunt, for the
19th of November next; and all whom it concerns are joyfully getting
their gear ready.
Royal Hunt indeed; but of two-legged unfeathered game! At eleven in the
morning of that Royal-Hunt day, 19th of November 1787, unexpected blare
of trumpetting, tumult of charioteering and cavalcading disturbs the
Seat of Justice: his Majesty is come, with Garde-des-Sceaux Lamoignon,
and Peers and retinue, to hold Royal Session and have Edicts registered.
What a change, since Louis XIV. entered here, in boots; and, whip in
hand, ordered his registering to be done,--with an Olympian look which
none durst gainsay; and did, without stratagem, in such unceremonious
fashion, hunt as well as register! (Dulaure, vi. 306.) For Louis XVI.,
on this day, the Registering will be enough; if indeed he and the day
suffice for it.
Meanwhile, with fit ceremonial words, the purpose of the royal breast
is signified:--Two Edicts, for Protestant Emancipation, for Successive
Loan: of both which Edicts our trusty Garde-des-Sceaux Lamoignon will
explain the purport; on both which a trusty Parlement is requested to
deliver its opinion, each member having free privilege of speech. And
so, Lamoignon too having perorated not amiss, and wound up with that
Promise of States-General,--the Sphere-music of Parlementary eloquence
begins. Explosive, responsive, sphere answering sphere, it waxes louder
and louder. The Peers sit attentive; of diverse sentiment: unfriendly to
States-General; unfriendly to Despotism, which cannot reward merit, and
is suppressing places. But what agitates his Highness d'Orleans? The
rubicund moon-head goes wagging; darker beams the copper visage, like
unscoured copper; in the glazed eye is disquietude; he rolls uneasy in
his seat, as if he meant something. Amid unutterable satiety, has sudden
new appetite, for new forbidden fruit, been vouchsafed him? Disgust
and edacity; laziness that cannot rest; futile ambition, revenge,
non-admiralship:--O, within that carbuncled skin what a confusion of
confusions sits bottled!
'Eight Couriers,' in course of the day, gallop from Versailles, where
Lomenie waits palpitating; and gallop back again, not with the best
news. In the outer Courts of the Palais, huge buzz of expectation
reigns; it is whispered the Chief Minister has lost six votes overnight.
And from within, resounds nothing but forensic eloquence, pathetic and
even indignant; heartrending appeals to the royal clemency, that his
Majesty would please to summon States-General forthwith, and be the
Saviour of France:--wherein dusky-glowing D'Espremenil, but still more
Sabatier de Cabre, and Freteau, since named Commere Freteau (Goody
Freteau), are among the loudest. For six mortal hours it lasts, in this
manner; the infinite hubbub unslackened.
And so now, when brown dusk is falling through the windows, and no end
visible, his Majesty, on hint of Garde-des-Sceaux, Lamoignon, opens his
royal lips once more to say, in brief That he must have his Loan-Edict
registered.--Momentary deep pause!--See! Monseigneur d'Orleans rises;
with moon-visage turned towards the royal platform, he asks, with a
delicate graciosity of manner covering unutterable things: "Whether it
is a Bed of Justice, then; or a Royal Session?" Fire flashes on him from
the throne and neighbourhood: surly answer that "it is a Session." In
that case, Monseigneur will crave leave to remark that Edicts cannot
be registered by order in a Session; and indeed to enter, against such
registry, his individual humble Protest. "Vous etes bien le maitre (You
will do your pleasure)", answers the King; and thereupon, in high state,
marches out, escorted by his Court-retinue; D'Orleans himself, as
in duty bound, escorting him, but only to the gate. Which duty done,
D'Orleans returns in from the gate; redacts his Protest, in the face
of an applauding Parlement, an applauding France; and so--has cut his
Court-moorings, shall we say? And will now sail and drift, fast enough,
towards Chaos?
Thou foolish D'Orleans; Equality that art to be! Is Royalty grown a mere
wooden Scarecrow; whereon thou, pert scald-headed crow, mayest alight at
pleasure, and peck? Not yet wholly.
Next day, a Lettre-de-Cachet sends D'Orleans to bethink himself in his
Chateau of Villers-Cotterets, where, alas, is no Paris with its
joyous necessaries of life; no fascinating indispensable Madame
de Buffon,--light wife of a great Naturalist much too old for her.
Monseigneur, it is said, does nothing but walk distractedly, at
Villers-Cotterets; cursing his stars. Versailles itself shall hear
penitent wail from him, so hard is his doom. By a second, simultaneous
Lettre-de-Cachet, Goody Freteau is hurled into the Stronghold of Ham,
amid the Norman marshes; by a third, Sabatier de Cabre into Mont St.
Michel, amid the Norman quicksands. As for the Parlement, it must, on
summons, travel out to Versailles, with its Register-Book under its arm,
to have the Protest biffe (expunged); not without admonition, and even
rebuke. A stroke of authority which, one might have hoped, would quiet
matters.
Unhappily, no; it is a mere taste of the whip to rearing coursers,
which makes them rear worse! When a team of Twenty-five Millions begins
rearing, what is Lomenie's whip? The Parlement will nowise acquiesce
meekly; and set to register the Protestant Edict, and do its other work,
in salutary fear of these three Lettres-de-Cachet. Far from that,
it begins questioning Lettres-de-Cachet generally, their legality,
endurability; emits dolorous objurgation, petition on petition to have
its three Martyrs delivered; cannot, till that be complied with, so much
as think of examining the Protestant Edict, but puts it off always 'till
this day week.' (Besenval, iii. 309.)
In which objurgatory strain Paris and France joins it, or rather has
preceded it; making fearful chorus. And now also the other Parlements,
at length opening their mouths, begin to join; some of them, as at
Grenoble and at Rennes, with portentous emphasis,--threatening, by way
of reprisal, to interdict the very Tax-gatherer. (Weber, i. 266.) "In
all former contests," as Malesherbes remarks, "it was the Parlement
that excited the Public; but here it is the Public that excites the
Parlement."
Chapter 1.3.VII.
Internecine.
What a France, through these winter months of the year 1787! The very
Oeil-de-Boeuf is doleful, uncertain; with a general feeling among the
Suppressed, that it were better to be in Turkey. The Wolf-hounds are
suppressed, the Bear-hounds, Duke de Coigny, Duke de Polignac: in the
Trianon little-heaven, her Majesty, one evening, takes Besenval's arm;
asks his candid opinion. The intrepid Besenval,--having, as he hopes,
nothing of the sycophant in him,--plainly signifies that, with a
Parlement in rebellion, and an Oeil-de-Boeuf in suppression, the King's
Crown is in danger;--whereupon, singular to say, her Majesty, as if
hurt, changed the subject, et ne me parla plus de rien! (Besenval, iii.
264.)
To whom, indeed, can this poor Queen speak? In need of wise counsel,
if ever mortal was; yet beset here only by the hubbub of chaos! Her
dwelling-place is so bright to the eye, and confusion and black
care darkens it all. Sorrows of the Sovereign, sorrows of the
woman, think-coming sorrows environ her more and more. Lamotte, the
Necklace-Countess, has in these late months escaped, perhaps been
suffered to escape, from the Salpetriere. Vain was the hope that Paris
might thereby forget her; and this ever-widening-lie, and heap of lies,
subside. The Lamotte, with a V (for Voleuse, Thief) branded on both
shoulders, has got to England; and will therefrom emit lie on lie;
defiling the highest queenly name: mere distracted lies; (Memoires
justificatifs de la Comtesse de Lamotte (London, 1788). Vie de Jeanne de
St. Remi, Comtesse de Lamotte, &c. &c. See Diamond Necklace (ut supra).)
which, in its present humour, France will greedily believe.
For the rest, it is too clear our Successive Loan is not filling.
As indeed, in such circumstances, a Loan registered by expunging
of Protests was not the likeliest to fill. Denunciation of
Lettres-de-Cachet, of Despotism generally, abates not: the Twelve
Parlements are busy; the Twelve hundred Placarders, Balladsingers,
Pamphleteers. Paris is what, in figurative speech, they call 'flooded
with pamphlets (regorge de brochures);' flooded and eddying again.
Hot deluge,--from so many Patriot ready-writers, all at the fervid or
boiling point; each ready-writer, now in the hour of eruption, going
like an Iceland Geyser! Against which what can a judicious friend
Morellet do; a Rivarol, an unruly Linguet (well paid for it),--spouting
cold!
Now also, at length, does come discussion of the Protestant Edict: but
only for new embroilment; in pamphlet and counter-pamphlet, increasing
the madness of men. Not even Orthodoxy, bedrid as she seemed, but will
have a hand in this confusion. She, once again in the shape of Abbe
Lenfant, 'whom Prelates drive to visit and congratulate,'--raises
audible sound from her pulpit-drum. (Lacretelle, iii. 343. Montgaillard,
&c.) Or mark how D'Espremenil, who has his own confused way in all
things, produces at the right moment in Parlementary harangue, a pocket
Crucifix, with the apostrophe: "Will ye crucify him afresh?" Him, O
D'Espremenil, without scruple;--considering what poor stuff, of ivory
and filigree, he is made of!
To all which add only that poor Brienne has fallen sick; so hard was
the tear and wear of his sinful youth, so violent, incessant is this
agitation of his foolish old age. Baited, bayed at through so many
throats, his Grace, growing consumptive, inflammatory (with humeur
de dartre), lies reduced to milk diet; in exasperation, almost in
desperation; with 'repose,' precisely the impossible recipe, prescribed
as the indispensable. (Besenval, iii. 317.)
On the whole, what can a poor Government do, but once more recoil
ineffectual? The King's Treasury is running towards the lees; and Paris
'eddies with a flood of pamphlets.' At all rates, let the latter subside
a little! D'Orleans gets back to Raincy, which is nearer Paris and
the fair frail Buffon; finally to Paris itself: neither are Freteau and
Sabatier banished forever. The Protestant Edict is registered; to
the joy of Boissy d'Anglas and good Malesherbes: Successive Loan, all
protests expunged or else withdrawn, remains open,--the rather as few
or none come to fill it. States-General, for which the Parlement has
clamoured, and now the whole Nation clamours, will follow 'in five
years,'--if indeed not sooner. O Parlement of Paris, what a clamour was
that! "Messieurs," said old d'Ormesson, "you will get States-General,
and you will repent it." Like the Horse in the Fable, who, to be avenged
of his enemy, applied to the Man. The Man mounted; did swift execution
on the enemy; but, unhappily, would not dismount! Instead of five years,
let three years pass, and this clamorous Parlement shall have both seen
its enemy hurled prostrate, and been itself ridden to foundering (say
rather, jugulated for hide and shoes), and lie dead in the ditch.
Under such omens, however, we have reached the spring of 1788. By
no path can the King's Government find passage for itself, but is
everywhere shamefully flung back. Beleaguered by Twelve rebellious
Parlements, which are grown to be the organs of an angry Nation, it can
advance nowhither; can accomplish nothing, obtain nothing, not so much
as money to subsist on; but must sit there, seemingly, to be eaten up of
Deficit.
The measure of the Iniquity, then, of the Falsehood which has been
gathering through long centuries, is nearly full? At least, that of
the misery is! For the hovels of the Twenty-five Millions, the misery,
permeating upwards and forwards, as its law is, has got so far,--to the
very Oeil-de-Boeuf of Versailles. Man's hand, in this blind pain, is set
against man: not only the low against the higher, but the higher against
each other; Provincial Noblesse is bitter against Court Noblesse; Robe
against Sword; Rochet against Pen. But against the King's Government
who is not bitter? Not even Besenval, in these days. To it all men and
bodies of men are become as enemies; it is the centre whereon infinite
contentions unite and clash. What new universal vertiginous movement is
this; of Institution, social Arrangements, individual Minds, which once
worked cooperative; now rolling and grinding in distracted collision?
Inevitable: it is the breaking-up of a World-Solecism, worn out at last,
down even to bankruptcy of money! And so this poor Versailles Court,
as the chief or central Solecism, finds all the other Solecisms arrayed
against it. Most natural! For your human Solecism, be it Person or
Combination of Persons, is ever, by law of Nature, uneasy; if verging
towards bankruptcy, it is even miserable:--and when would the meanest
Solecism consent to blame or amend itself, while there remained another
to amend?
These threatening signs do not terrify Lomenie, much less teach him.
Lomenie, though of light nature, is not without courage, of a sort. Nay,
have we not read of lightest creatures, trained Canary-birds, that
could fly cheerfully with lighted matches, and fire cannon; fire whole
powder-magazines? To sit and die of deficit is no part of Lomenie's
plan. The evil is considerable; but can he not remove it, can he not
attack it? At lowest, he can attack the symptom of it: these rebellious
Parlements he can attack, and perhaps remove. Much is dim to Lomenie,
but two things are clear: that such Parlementary duel with Royalty is
growing perilous, nay internecine; above all, that money must be had.
Take thought, brave Lomenie; thou Garde-des-Sceaux Lamoignon, who hast
ideas! So often defeated, balked cruelly when the golden fruit seemed
within clutch, rally for one other struggle. To tame the Parlement, to
fill the King's coffers: these are now life-and-death questions.
Parlements have been tamed, more than once. Set to perch 'on the peaks
of rocks in accessible except by litters,' a Parlement grows reasonable.
O Maupeou, thou bold man, had we left thy work where it was!--But apart
from exile, or other violent methods, is there not one method, whereby
all things are tamed, even lions? The method of hunger! What if the
Parlement's supplies were cut off; namely its Lawsuits!
Minor Courts, for the trying of innumerable minor causes, might be
instituted: these we could call Grand Bailliages. Whereon the Parlement,
shortened of its prey, would look with yellow despair; but the Public,
fond of cheap justice, with favour and hope. Then for Finance, for
registering of Edicts, why not, from our own Oeil-de-Boeuf Dignitaries,
our Princes, Dukes, Marshals, make a thing we could call Plenary Court;
and there, so to speak, do our registering ourselves? St. Louis had his
Plenary Court, of Great Barons; (Montgaillard, i. 405.) most useful to
him: our Great Barons are still here (at least the Name of them is still
here); our necessity is greater than his.
Such is the Lomenie-Lamoignon device; welcome to the King's Council,
as a light-beam in great darkness. The device seems feasible, it is
eminently needful: be it once well executed, great deliverance is
wrought. Silent, then, and steady; now or never!--the World shall see
one other Historical Scene; and so singular a man as Lomenie de Brienne
still the Stage-manager there.
Behold, accordingly, a Home-Secretary Breteuil 'beautifying Paris,' in
the peaceablest manner, in this hopeful spring weather of 1788; the old
hovels and hutches disappearing from our Bridges: as if for the
State too there were halcyon weather, and nothing to do but beautify.
Parlement seems to sit acknowledged victor. Brienne says nothing of
Finance; or even says, and prints, that it is all well. How is this;
such halcyon quiet; though the Successive Loan did not fill? In a
victorious Parlement, Counsellor Goeslard de Monsabert even denounces
that 'levying of the Second Twentieth on strict valuation;' and gets
decree that the valuation shall not be strict,--not on the privileged
classes. Nevertheless Brienne endures it, launches no Lettre-de-Cachet
against it. How is this?
Smiling is such vernal weather; but treacherous, sudden! For one thing,
we hear it whispered, 'the Intendants of Provinces 'have all got order
to be at their posts on a certain day.' Still more singular, what
incessant Printing is this that goes on at the King's Chateau, under
lock and key? Sentries occupy all gates and windows; the Printers come
not out; they sleep in their workrooms; their very food is handed in
to them! (Weber, i. 276.) A victorious Parlement smells new danger.
D'Espremenil has ordered horses to Versailles; prowls round that guarded
Printing-Office; prying, snuffing, if so be the sagacity and ingenuity
of man may penetrate it.
To a shower of gold most things are penetrable. D'Espremenil descends on
the lap of a Printer's Danae, in the shape of 'five hundred louis d'or:'
the Danae's Husband smuggles a ball of clay to her; which she delivers
to the golden Counsellor of Parlement. Kneaded within it, their
stick printed proof-sheets;--by Heaven! the royal Edict of that same
self-registering Plenary Court; of those Grand Bailliages that shall cut
short our Lawsuits! It is to be promulgated over all France on one and
the same day.
This, then, is what the Intendants were bid wait for at their posts:
this is what the Court sat hatching, as its accursed cockatrice-egg; and
would not stir, though provoked, till the brood were out! Hie with it,
D'Espremenil, home to Paris; convoke instantaneous Sessions; let the
Parlement, and the Earth, and the Heavens know it.
Chapter 1.3.VIII.
Lomenie's Death-throes.
On the morrow, which is the 3rd of May, 1788, an astonished Parlement
sits convoked; listens speechless to the speech of D'Espremenil,
unfolding the infinite misdeed. Deed of treachery; of unhallowed
darkness, such as Despotism loves! Denounce it, O Parlement of Paris;
awaken France and the Universe; roll what thunder-barrels of forensic
eloquence thou hast: with thee too it is verily Now or never!
The Parlement is not wanting, at such juncture. In the hour of his
extreme jeopardy, the lion first incites himself by roaring, by
lashing his sides. So here the Parlement of Paris. On the motion of
D'Espremenil, a most patriotic Oath, of the One-and-all sort, is sworn,
with united throat;--an excellent new-idea, which, in these coming
years, shall not remain unimitated. Next comes indomitable Declaration,
almost of the rights of man, at least of the rights of Parlement;
Invocation to the friends of French Freedom, in this and in subsequent
time. All which, or the essence of all which, is brought to paper; in a
tone wherein something of plaintiveness blends with, and tempers, heroic
valour. And thus, having sounded the storm-bell,--which Paris hears,
which all France will hear; and hurled such defiance in the teeth of
Lomenie and Despotism, the Parlement retires as from a tolerable first
day's work.
But how Lomenie felt to see his cockatrice-egg (so essential to the
salvation of France) broken in this premature manner, let readers fancy!
Indignant he clutches at his thunderbolts (de Cachet, of the Seal);
and launches two of them: a bolt for D'Espremenil; a bolt for that busy
Goeslard, whose service in the Second Twentieth and 'strict valuation'
is not forgotten. Such bolts clutched promptly overnight, and launched
with the early new morning, shall strike agitated Paris if not into
requiescence, yet into wholesome astonishment.
Ministerial thunderbolts may be launched; but if they do not hit?
D'Espremenil and Goeslard, warned, both of them, as is thought, by
the singing of some friendly bird, elude the Lomenie Tipstaves; escape
disguised through skywindows, over roofs, to their own Palais de
Justice: the thunderbolts have missed. Paris (for the buzz flies abroad)
is struck into astonishment not wholesome. The two martyrs of Liberty
doff their disguises; don their long gowns; behold, in the space of
an hour, by aid of ushers and swift runners, the Parlement, with its
Counsellors, Presidents, even Peers, sits anew assembled. The assembled
Parlement declares that these its two martyrs cannot be given up, to any
sublunary authority; moreover that the 'session is permanent,' admitting
of no adjournment, till pursuit of them has been relinquished.
And so, with forensic eloquence, denunciation and protest, with couriers
going and returning, the Parlement, in this state of continual explosion
that shall cease neither night nor day, waits the issue. Awakened Paris
once more inundates those outer courts; boils, in floods wilder than
ever, through all avenues. Dissonant hubbub there is; jargon as of
Babel, in the hour when they were first smitten (as here) with mutual
unintelligibilty, and the people had not yet dispersed!
Paris City goes through its diurnal epochs, of working and slumbering;
and now, for the second time, most European and African mortals are
asleep. But here, in this Whirlpool of Words, sleep falls not; the Night
spreads her coverlid of Darkness over it in vain. Within is the sound of
mere martyr invincibility; tempered with the due tone of plaintiveness.
Without is the infinite expectant hum,--growing drowsier a little. So
has it lasted for six-and-thirty hours.
But hark, through the dead of midnight, what tramp is this? Tramp as of
armed men, foot and horse; Gardes Francaises, Gardes Suisses: marching
hither; in silent regularity; in the flare of torchlight! There are
Sappers, too, with axes and crowbars: apparently, if the doors open not,
they will be forced!--It is Captain D'Agoust, missioned from Versailles.
D'Agoust, a man of known firmness;--who once forced Prince Conde
himself, by mere incessant looking at him, to give satisfaction and
fight; (Weber, i. 283.) he now, with axes and torches is advancing on
the very sanctuary of Justice. Sacrilegious; yet what help? The man is
a soldier; looks merely at his orders; impassive, moves forward like an
inanimate engine.
The doors open on summons, there need no axes; door after door. And now
the innermost door opens; discloses the long-gowned Senators of France:
a hundred and sixty-seven by tale, seventeen of them Peers; sitting
there, majestic, 'in permanent session.' Were not the men military, and
of cast-iron, this sight, this silence reechoing the clank of his own
boots, might stagger him! For the hundred and sixty-seven receive him in
perfect silence; which some liken to that of the Roman Senate overfallen
by Brennus; some to that of a nest of coiners surprised by officers of
the Police. (Besenval, iii. 355.) Messieurs, said D'Agoust, De par le
Roi! Express order has charged D'Agoust with the sad duty of arresting
two individuals: M. Duval d'Espremenil and M. Goeslard de Monsabert.
Which respectable individuals, as he has not the honour of knowing
them, are hereby invited, in the King's name, to surrender
themselves.--Profound silence! Buzz, which grows a murmur: "We are
all D'Espremenils!" ventures a voice; which other voices repeat. The
President inquires, Whether he will employ violence? Captain D'Agoust,
honoured with his Majesty's commission, has to execute his Majesty's
order; would so gladly do it without violence, will in any case do it;
grants an august Senate space to deliberate which method they prefer.
And thereupon D'Agoust, with grave military courtesy, has withdrawn for
the moment.
What boots it, august Senators? All avenues are closed with fixed
bayonets. Your Courier gallops to Versailles, through the dewy Night;
but also gallops back again, with tidings that the order is authentic,
that it is irrevocable. The outer courts simmer with idle population;
but D'Agoust's grenadier-ranks stand there as immovable floodgates:
there will be no revolting to deliver you. "Messieurs!" thus spoke
D'Espremenil, "when the victorious Gauls entered Rome, which they had
carried by assault, the Roman Senators, clothed in their purple, sat
there, in their curule chairs, with a proud and tranquil countenance,
awaiting slavery or death. Such too is the lofty spectacle, which
you, in this hour, offer to the universe (a l'univers), after having
generously"--with much more of the like, as can still be read.
(Toulongeon, i. App. 20.)
In vain, O D'Espremenil! Here is this cast-iron Captain D'Agoust,
with his cast-iron military air, come back. Despotism, constraint,
destruction sit waving in his plumes. D'Espremenil must fall silent;
heroically give himself up, lest worst befall. Him Goeslard heroically
imitates. With spoken and speechless emotion, they fling themselves into
the arms of their Parlementary brethren, for a last embrace: and so
amid plaudits and plaints, from a hundred and sixty-five throats; amid
wavings, sobbings, a whole forest-sigh of Parlementary pathos,--they are
led through winding passages, to the rear-gate; where, in the gray of
the morning, two Coaches with Exempts stand waiting. There must the
victims mount; bayonets menacing behind. D'Espremenil's stern question
to the populace, 'Whether they have courage?' is answered by silence.
They mount, and roll; and neither the rising of the May sun (it is the
6th morning), nor its setting shall lighten their heart: but they fare
forward continually; D'Espremenil towards the utmost Isles of Sainte
Marguerite, or Hieres (supposed by some, if that is any comfort, to be
Calypso's Island); Goeslard towards the land-fortress of Pierre-en-Cize,
extant then, near the City of Lyons.
Captain D'Agoust may now therefore look forward to Majorship, to
Commandantship of the Tuilleries; (Montgaillard, i. 404.)--and withal
vanish from History; where nevertheless he has been fated to do a
notable thing. For not only are D'Espremenil and Goeslard safe whirling
southward, but the Parlement itself has straightway to march out: to
that also his inexorable order reaches. Gathering up their long skirts,
they file out, the whole Hundred and Sixty-five of them, through two
rows of unsympathetic grenadiers: a spectacle to gods and men. The
people revolt not; they only wonder and grumble: also, we remark, these
unsympathetic grenadiers are Gardes Francaises,--who, one day, will
sympathise! In a word, the Palais de Justice is swept clear, the doors
of it are locked; and D'Agoust returns to Versailles with the key in his
pocket,--having, as was said, merited preferment.
As for this Parlement of Paris, now turned out to the street, we
will without reluctance leave it there. The Beds of Justice it had to
undergo, in the coming fortnight, at Versailles, in registering, or
rather refusing to register, those new-hatched Edicts; and how it
assembled in taverns and tap-rooms there, for the purpose of Protesting,
(Weber, i. 299-303.) or hovered disconsolate, with outspread skirts,
not knowing where to assemble; and was reduced to lodge Protest 'with a
Notary;' and in the end, to sit still (in a state of forced 'vacation'),
and do nothing; all this, natural now, as the burying of the dead after
battle, shall not concern us. The Parlement of Paris has as good as
performed its part; doing and misdoing, so far, but hardly further,
could it stir the world.
Lomenie has removed the evil then? Not at all: not so much as the
symptom of the evil; scarcely the twelfth part of the symptom, and
exasperated the other eleven! The Intendants of Provinces, the Military
Commandants are at their posts, on the appointed 8th of May: but in no
Parlement, if not in the single one of Douai, can these new Edicts
get registered. Not peaceable signing with ink; but browbeating,
bloodshedding, appeal to primary club-law! Against these Bailliages,
against this Plenary Court, exasperated Themis everywhere shows face
of battle; the Provincial Noblesse are of her party, and whoever hates
Lomenie and the evil time; with her attorneys and Tipstaves, she enlists
and operates down even to the populace. At Rennes in Brittany, where the
historical Bertrand de Moleville is Intendant, it has passed from fatal
continual duelling, between the military and gentry, to street-fighting;
to stone-volleys and musket-shot: and still the Edicts remained
unregistered. The afflicted Bretons send remonstrance to Lomenie, by a
Deputation of Twelve; whom, however, Lomenie, having heard them, shuts
up in the Bastille. A second larger deputation he meets, by his scouts,
on the road, and persuades or frightens back. But now a third largest
Deputation is indignantly sent by many roads: refused audience on
arriving, it meets to take council; invites Lafayette and all Patriot
Bretons in Paris to assist; agitates itself; becomes the Breton Club,
first germ of--the Jacobins' Society. (A. F. de Bertrand-Moleville,
Memoires Particuliers (Paris, 1816), I. ch. i. Marmontel, Memoires, iv.
27.)
So many as eight Parlements get exiled: (Montgaillard, i. 308.) others
might need that remedy, but it is one not always easy of appliance. At
Grenoble, for instance, where a Mounier, a Barnave have not been idle,
the Parlement had due order (by Lettres-de-Cachet) to depart, and
exile itself: but on the morrow, instead of coaches getting yoked, the
alarm-bell bursts forth, ominous; and peals and booms all day: crowds
of mountaineers rush down, with axes, even with firelocks,--whom (most
ominous of all!) the soldiery shows no eagerness to deal with. 'Axe over
head,' the poor General has to sign capitulation; to engage that the
Lettres-de-Cachet shall remain unexecuted, and a beloved Parlement stay
where it is. Besancon, Dijon, Rouen, Bourdeaux, are not what they should
be! At Pau in Bearn, where the old Commandant had failed, the new one
(a Grammont, native to them) is met by a Procession of townsmen with the
Cradle of Henri Quatre, the Palladium of their Town; is conjured as he
venerates this old Tortoise-shell, in which the great Henri was rocked,
not to trample on Bearnese liberty; is informed, withal, that his
Majesty's cannon are all safe--in the keeping of his Majesty's faithful
Burghers of Pau, and do now lie pointed on the walls there; ready for
action! (Besenval, iii. 348.)
At this rate, your Grand Bailliages are like to have a stormy infancy.
As for the Plenary Court, it has literally expired in the birth. The
very Courtiers looked shy at it; old Marshal Broglie declined the honour
of sitting therein. Assaulted by a universal storm of mingled ridicule
and execration, (La Cour Pleniere, heroi-tragi-comedie en trois actes et
en prose; jouee le 14 Juillet 1788, par une societe d'amateurs dans un
Chateau aux environs de Versailles; par M. l'Abbe de Vermond, Lecteur de
la Reine: A Baville (Lamoignon's Country-house), et se trouve a Paris,
chez la Veuve Liberte, a l'enseigne de la Revolution, 1788.--La Passion,
la Mort et la Resurrection du Peuple: Imprime a Jerusalem, &c. &c.--See
Montgaillard, i. 407.) this poor Plenary Court met once, and never
any second time. Distracted country! Contention hisses up, with
forked hydra-tongues, wheresoever poor Lomenie sets his foot. 'Let a
Commandant, a Commissioner of the King,' says Weber, 'enter one of
these Parlements to have an Edict registered, the whole Tribunal will
disappear, and leave the Commandant alone with the Clerk and First
President. The Edict registered and the Commandant gone, the whole
Tribunal hastens back, to declare such registration null. The highways
are covered with Grand Deputations of Parlements, proceeding to
Versailles, to have their registers expunged by the King's hand; or
returning home, to cover a new page with a new resolution still more
audacious.' (Weber, i. 275.)
Such is the France of this year 1788. Not now a Golden or Paper Age of
Hope; with its horse-racings, balloon-flyings, and finer sensibilities
of the heart: ah, gone is that; its golden effulgence paled, bedarkened
in this singular manner,--brewing towards preternatural weather! For,
as in that wreck-storm of Paul et Virginie and Saint-Pierre,--'One huge
motionless cloud' (say, of Sorrow and Indignation) 'girdles our whole
horizon; streams up, hairy, copper-edged, over a sky of the colour of
lead.' Motionless itself; but 'small clouds' (as exiled Parlements and
suchlike), 'parting from it, fly over the zenith, with the velocity
of birds:'--till at last, with one loud howl, the whole Four Winds be
dashed together, and all the world exclaim, There is the tornado! Tout
le monde s'ecria, Voila l'ouragan!
For the rest, in such circumstances, the Successive Loan, very
naturally, remains unfilled; neither, indeed, can that impost of the
Second Twentieth, at least not on 'strict valuation,' be levied to good
purpose: 'Lenders,' says Weber, in his hysterical vehement manner, 'are
afraid of ruin; tax-gatherers of hanging.' The very Clergy turn
away their face: convoked in Extraordinary Assembly, they afford no
gratuitous gift (don gratuit),--if it be not that of advice; here too
instead of cash is clamour for States-General. (Lameth, Assemb. Const.
(Introd.) p. 87.)
O Lomenie-Brienne, with thy poor flimsy mind all bewildered, and now
'three actual cauteries' on thy worn-out body; who art like to die of
inflamation, provocation, milk-diet, dartres vives and maladie--(best
untranslated); (Montgaillard, i. 424.) and presidest over a France with
innumerable actual cauteries, which also is dying of inflammation and
the rest! Was it wise to quit the bosky verdures of Brienne, and thy new
ashlar Chateau there, and what it held, for this? Soft were those
shades and lawns; sweet the hymns of Poetasters, the blandishments of
high-rouged Graces: (See Memoires de Morellet.) and always this and
the other Philosophe Morellet (nothing deeming himself or thee a
questionable Sham-Priest) could be so happy in making happy:--and
also (hadst thou known it), in the Military School hard by there sat,
studying mathematics, a dusky-complexioned taciturn Boy, under the
name of: NAPOLEON BONAPARTE!--With fifty years of effort, and one final
dead-lift struggle, thou hast made an exchange! Thou hast got thy robe
of office,--as Hercules had his Nessus'-shirt.
On the 13th of July of this 1788, there fell, on the very edge of
harvest, the most frightful hailstorm; scattering into wild waste the
Fruits of the Year; which had otherwise suffered grievously by drought.
For sixty leagues round Paris especially, the ruin was almost total.
(Marmontel, iv. 30.) To so many other evils, then, there is to be added,
that of dearth, perhaps of famine.
Some days before this hailstorm, on the 5th of July; and still more
decisively some days after it, on the 8th of August,--Lomenie announces
that the States-General are actually to meet in the following month of
May. Till after which period, this of the Plenary Court, and the rest,
shall remain postponed. Further, as in Lomenie there is no plan of
forming or holding these most desirable States-General, 'thinkers are
invited' to furnish him with one,--through the medium of discussion by
the public press!
What could a poor Minister do? There are still ten months of respite
reserved: a sinking pilot will fling out all things, his very
biscuit-bags, lead, log, compass and quadrant, before flinging out
himself. It is on this principle, of sinking, and the incipient delirium
of despair, that we explain likewise the almost miraculous 'invitation
to thinkers.' Invitation to Chaos to be so kind as build, out of its
tumultuous drift-wood, an Ark of Escape for him! In these cases, not
invitation but command has usually proved serviceable.--The Queen stood,
that evening, pensive, in a window, with her face turned towards the
Garden. The Chef de Gobelet had followed her with an obsequious cup of
coffee; and then retired till it were sipped. Her Majesty beckoned Dame
Campan to approach: "Grand Dieu!" murmured she, with the cup in her
hand, "what a piece of news will be made public to-day! The King grants
States-General." Then raising her eyes to Heaven (if Campan were not
mistaken), she added: "'Tis a first beat of the drum, of ill-omen for
France. This Noblesse will ruin us." (Campan, iii. 104, 111.)
During all that hatching of the Plenary Court, while Lamoignon looked so
mysterious, Besenval had kept asking him one question: Whether they had
cash? To which as Lamoignon always answered (on the faith of Lomenie)
that the cash was safe, judicious Besenval rejoined that then all was
safe. Nevertheless, the melancholy fact is, that the royal coffers are
almost getting literally void of coin. Indeed, apart from all other
things this 'invitation to thinkers,' and the great change now at hand
are enough to 'arrest the circulation of capital,' and forward only that
of pamphlets. A few thousand gold louis are now all of money or money's
worth that remains in the King's Treasury. With another movement as
of desperation, Lomenie invites Necker to come and be Controller of
Finances! Necker has other work in view than controlling Finances for
Lomenie: with a dry refusal he stands taciturn; awaiting his time.
What shall a desperate Prime Minister do? He has grasped at the
strongbox of the King's Theatre: some Lottery had been set on foot for
those sufferers by the hailstorm; in his extreme necessity, Lomenie
lays hands even on this. (Besenval, iii. 360.) To make provision for
the passing day, on any terms, will soon be impossible.--On the 16th
of August, poor Weber heard, at Paris and Versailles, hawkers, 'with
a hoarse stifled tone of voice (voix etouffee, sourde)' drawling and
snuffling, through the streets, an Edict concerning Payments (such was
the soft title Rivarol had contrived for it): all payments at the
Royal Treasury shall be made henceforth, three-fifths in Cash, and
the remaining two-fifths--in Paper bearing interest! Poor Weber almost
swooned at the sound of these cracked voices, with their bodeful
raven-note; and will never forget the effect it had on him. (Weber, i.
339.)
But the effect on Paris, on the world generally? From the dens of
Stock-brokerage, from the heights of Political Economy, of Neckerism
and Philosophism; from all articulate and inarticulate throats, rise
hootings and howlings, such as ear had not yet heard. Sedition itself
may be imminent! Monseigneur d'Artois, moved by Duchess Polignac, feels
called to wait upon her Majesty; and explain frankly what crisis matters
stand in. 'The Queen wept;' Brienne himself wept;--for it is now visible
and palpable that he must go.
Remains only that the Court, to whom his manners and garrulities were
always agreeable, shall make his fall soft. The grasping old man has
already got his Archbishopship of Toulouse exchanged for the richer one
of Sens: and now, in this hour of pity, he shall have the Coadjutorship
for his nephew (hardly yet of due age); a Dameship of the Palace for his
niece; a Regiment for her husband; for himself a red Cardinal's-hat, a
Coupe de Bois (cutting from the royal forests), and on the whole 'from
five to six hundred thousand livres of revenue:' (Weber, i. 341.)
finally, his Brother, the Comte de Brienne, shall still continue
War-minister. Buckled-round with such bolsters and huge featherbeds of
Promotion, let him now fall as soft as he can!
And so Lomenie departs: rich if Court-titles and Money-bonds can enrich
him; but if these cannot, perhaps the poorest of all extant men. 'Hissed
at by the people of Versailles,' he drives forth to Jardi; southward
to Brienne,--for recovery of health. Then to Nice, to Italy; but shall
return; shall glide to and fro, tremulous, faint-twinkling, fallen on
awful times: till the Guillotine--snuff out his weak existence? Alas,
worse: for it is blown out, or choked out, foully, pitiably, on the way
to the Guillotine! In his Palace of Sens, rude Jacobin Bailiffs made him
drink with them from his own wine-cellars, feast with them from his own
larder; and on the morrow morning, the miserable old man lies dead. This
is the end of Prime Minister, Cardinal Archbishop Lomenie de Brienne.
Flimsier mortal was seldom fated to do as weighty a mischief; to have
a life as despicable-envied, an exit as frightful. Fired, as the phrase
is, with ambition: blown, like a kindled rag, the sport of winds,
not this way, not that way, but of all ways, straight towards such a
powder-mine,--which he kindled! Let us pity the hapless Lomenie; and
forgive him; and, as soon as possible, forget him.
Chapter 1.3.IX.
Burial with Bonfire.
Besenval, during these extraordinary operations, of Payment two-fifths
in Paper, and change of Prime Minister, had been out on a tour through
his District of Command; and indeed, for the last months, peacefully
drinking the waters of Contrexeville. Returning now, in the end of
August, towards Moulins, and 'knowing nothing,' he arrives one evening
at Langres; finds the whole Town in a state of uproar (grande rumeur).
Doubtless some sedition; a thing too common in these days! He alights
nevertheless; inquires of a 'man tolerably dressed,' what the matter
is?--"How?" answers the man, "you have not heard the news? The
Archbishop is thrown out, and M. Necker is recalled; and all is going to
go well!" (Besenval, iii. 366.)
Such rumeur and vociferous acclaim has risen round M. Necker, ever
from 'that day when he issued from the Queen's Apartments,' a nominated
Minister. It was on the 24th of August: 'the galleries of the Chateau,
the courts, the streets of Versailles; in few hours, the Capital; and,
as the news flew, all France, resounded with the cry of Vive le Roi!
Vive M. Necker! (Weber, i. 342.) In Paris indeed it unfortunately
got the length of turbulence.' Petards, rockets go off, in the Place
Dauphine, more than enough. A 'wicker Figure (Mannequin d'osier),'
in Archbishop's stole, made emblematically, three-fifths of it satin,
two-fifths of it paper, is promenaded, not in silence, to the popular
judgment-bar; is doomed; shriven by a mock Abbe de Vermond; then
solemnly consumed by fire, at the foot of Henri's Statue on the Pont
Neuf;--with such petarding and huzzaing that Chevalier Dubois and his
City-watch see good finally to make a charge (more or less ineffectual);
and there wanted not burning of sentry-boxes, forcing of guard-houses,
and also 'dead bodies thrown into the Seine over-night,' to avoid new
effervescence. (Histoire Parlementaire de la Revolution Francaise; ou
Journal des Assemblees Nationales depuis 1789 (Paris, 1833 et seqq.), i.
253. Lameth, Assemblee Constituante, i. (Introd.) p. 89.)
Parlements therefore shall return from exile: Plenary Court, Payment
two-fifths in Paper have vanished; gone off in smoke, at the foot of
Henri's Statue. States-General (with a Political Millennium) are now
certain; nay, it shall be announced, in our fond haste, for January
next: and all, as the Langres man said, is 'going to go.'
To the prophetic glance of Besenval, one other thing is too apparent:
that Friend Lamoignon cannot keep his Keepership. Neither he nor
War-minister Comte de Brienne! Already old Foulon, with an eye to be
war-minister himself, is making underground movements. This is that same
Foulon named ame damnee du Parlement; a man grown gray in treachery,
in griping, projecting, intriguing and iniquity: who once when it
was objected, to some finance-scheme of his, "What will the people
do?"--made answer, in the fire of discussion, "The people may eat
grass:" hasty words, which fly abroad irrevocable,--and will send back
tidings!
Foulon, to the relief of the world, fails on this occasion; and will
always fail. Nevertheless it steads not M. de Lamoignon. It steads not
the doomed man that he have interviews with the King; and be 'seen to
return radieux,' emitting rays. Lamoignon is the hated of Parlements:
Comte de Brienne is Brother to the Cardinal Archbishop. The 24th of
August has been; and the 14th September is not yet, when they two, as
their great Principal had done, descend,--made to fall soft, like him.
And now, as if the last burden had been rolled from its heart, and
assurance were at length perfect, Paris bursts forth anew into extreme
jubilee. The Basoche rejoices aloud, that the foe of Parlements is
fallen; Nobility, Gentry, Commonalty have rejoiced; and rejoice. Nay
now, with new emphasis, Rascality itself, starting suddenly from its dim
depths, will arise and do it,--for down even thither the new Political
Evangel, in some rude version or other, has penetrated. It is Monday,
the 14th of September 1788: Rascality assembles anew, in great force,
in the Place Dauphine; lets off petards, fires blunderbusses, to an
incredible extent, without interval, for eighteen hours. There is again
a wicker Figure, 'Mannequin of osier:' the centre of endless howlings.
Also Necker's Portrait snatched, or purchased, from some Printshop, is
borne processionally, aloft on a perch, with huzzas;--an example to be
remembered.
But chiefly on the Pont Neuf, where the Great Henri, in bronze, rides
sublime; there do the crowds gather. All passengers must stop, till they
have bowed to the People's King, and said audibly: Vive Henri Quatre;
au diable Lamoignon! No carriage but must stop; not even that of his
Highness d'Orleans. Your coach-doors are opened: Monsieur will please
to put forth his head and bow; or even, if refractory, to alight
altogether, and kneel: from Madame a wave of her plumes, a smile of her
fair face, there where she sits, shall suffice;--and surely a coin
or two (to buy fusees) were not unreasonable from the Upper Classes,
friends of Liberty? In this manner it proceeds for days; in such rude
horse-play,--not without kicks. The City-watch can do nothing; hardly
save its own skin: for the last twelve-month, as we have sometimes seen,
it has been a kind of pastime to hunt the Watch. Besenval indeed is at
hand with soldiers; but they have orders to avoid firing, and are not
prompt to stir.
On Monday morning the explosion of petards began: and now it is
near midnight of Wednesday; and the 'wicker Mannequin' is to be
buried,--apparently in the Antique fashion. Long rows of torches,
following it, move towards the Hotel Lamoignon; but 'a servant of mine'
(Besenval's) has run to give warning, and there are soldiers come.
Gloomy Lamoignon is not to die by conflagration, or this night; not yet
for a year, and then by gunshot (suicidal or accidental is unknown).
(Histoire de la Revolution, par Deux Amis de la Liberte, i. 50.) Foiled
Rascality burns its 'Mannikin of osier,' under his windows; 'tears up
the sentry-box,' and rolls off: to try Brienne; to try Dubois Captain
of the Watch. Now, however, all is bestirring itself; Gardes Francaises,
Invalides, Horse-patrol: the Torch Procession is met with sharp shot,
with the thrusting of bayonets, the slashing of sabres. Even Dubois
makes a charge, with that Cavalry of his, and the cruelest charge of
all: 'there are a great many killed and wounded.' Not without clangour,
complaint; subsequent criminal trials, and official persons dying of
heartbreak! (Histoire de la Revolution, par Deux Amis de la Liberte, i.
58.) So, however, with steel-besom, Rascality is brushed back into its
dim depths, and the streets are swept clear.
Not for a century and half had Rascality ventured to step forth in this
fashion; not for so long, showed its huge rude lineaments in the light
of day. A Wonder and new Thing: as yet gamboling merely, in awkward
Brobdingnag sport, not without quaintness; hardly in anger: yet in its
huge half-vacant laugh lurks a shade of grimness,--which could unfold
itself!
However, the thinkers invited by Lomenie are now far on with their
pamphlets: States-General, on one plan or another, will infallibly meet;
if not in January, as was once hoped, yet at latest in May. Old Duke
de Richelieu, moribund in these autumn days, opens his eyes once more,
murmuring, "What would Louis Fourteenth" (whom he remembers) "have
said!"--then closes them again, forever, before the evil time.
BOOK 1.IV.
STATES-GENERAL
Chapter 1.4.I.
The Notables Again.
The universal prayer, therefore, is to be fulfilled! Always in days of
national perplexity, when wrong abounded and help was not, this remedy
of States-General was called for; by a Malesherbes, nay by a Fenelon;
(Montgaillard, i. 461.) even Parlements calling for it were 'escorted
with blessings.' And now behold it is vouchsafed us; States-General
shall verily be!
To say, let States-General be, was easy; to say in what manner they
shall be, is not so easy. Since the year of 1614, there have no
States-General met in France, all trace of them has vanished from the
living habits of men. Their structure, powers, methods of procedure,
which were never in any measure fixed, have now become wholly a vague
possibility. Clay which the potter may shape, this way or that:--say
rather, the twenty-five millions of potters; for so many have now,
more or less, a vote in it! How to shape the States-General? There is a
problem. Each Body-corporate, each privileged, each organised Class has
secret hopes of its own in that matter; and also secret misgivings of
its own,--for, behold, this monstrous twenty-million Class, hitherto the
dumb sheep which these others had to agree about the manner of shearing,
is now also arising with hopes! It has ceased or is ceasing to be dumb;
it speaks through Pamphlets, or at least brays and growls behind them,
in unison,--increasing wonderfully their volume of sound.
As for the Parlement of Paris, it has at once declared for the 'old
form of 1614.' Which form had this advantage, that the Tiers Etat, Third
Estate, or Commons, figured there as a show mainly: whereby the Noblesse
and Clergy had but to avoid quarrel between themselves, and decide
unobstructed what they thought best. Such was the clearly declared
opinion of the Paris Parlement. But, being met by a storm of mere
hooting and howling from all men, such opinion was blown straightway to
the winds; and the popularity of the Parlement along with it,--never
to return. The Parlements part, we said above, was as good as played.
Concerning which, however, there is this further to be noted: the
proximity of dates. It was on the 22nd of September that the Parlement
returned from 'vacation' or 'exile in its estates;' to be reinstalled
amid boundless jubilee from all Paris. Precisely next day it was, that
this same Parlement came to its 'clearly declared opinion:' and then on
the morrow after that, you behold it covered with outrages;' its outer
court, one vast sibilation, and the glory departed from it for evermore.
(Weber, i. 347.) A popularity of twenty-four hours was, in those times,
no uncommon allowance.
On the other hand, how superfluous was that invitation of Lomenie's:
the invitation to thinkers! Thinkers and unthinkers, by the million,
are spontaneously at their post, doing what is in them. Clubs labour:
Societe Publicole; Breton Club; Enraged Club, Club des Enrages. Likewise
Dinner-parties in the Palais Royal; your Mirabeaus, Talleyrands dining
there, in company with Chamforts, Morellets, with Duponts and
hot Parlementeers, not without object! For a certain Neckerean
Lion's-provider, whom one could name, assembles them there; (Ibid. i.
360.)--or even their own private determination to have dinner does it.
And then as to Pamphlets--in figurative language; 'it is a sheer snowing
of pamphlets; like to snow up the Government thoroughfares!' Now is the
time for Friends of Freedom; sane, and even insane.
Count, or self-styled Count, d'Aintrigues, 'the young Languedocian
gentleman,' with perhaps Chamfort the Cynic to help him, rises into
furor almost Pythic; highest, where many are high. (Memoire sur les
Etats-Generaux. See Montgaillard, i. 457-9.) Foolish young Languedocian
gentleman; who himself so soon, 'emigrating among the foremost,'
must fly indignant over the marches, with the Contrat Social in his
pocket,--towards outer darkness, thankless intriguings, ignis-fatuus
hoverings, and death by the stiletto! Abbe Sieyes has left Chartres
Cathedral, and canonry and book-shelves there; has let his tonsure grow,
and come to Paris with a secular head, of the most irrefragable sort,
to ask three questions, and answer them: What is the Third
Estate? All.--What has it hitherto been in our form of government?
Nothing.--What does it want? To become Something.
D'Orleans,--for be sure he, on his way to Chaos, is in the thick of
this,--promulgates his Deliberations; (Deliberations a prendre pour les
Assemblees des Bailliages.) fathered by him, written by Laclos of the
Liaisons Dangereuses. The result of which comes out simply: 'The Third
Estate is the Nation.' On the other hand, Monseigneur d'Artois, with
other Princes of the Blood, publishes, in solemn Memorial to the King,
that if such things be listened to, Privilege, Nobility, Monarchy,
Church, State and Strongbox are in danger. (Memoire presente au Roi, par
Monseigneur Comte d'Artois, M. le Prince de Conde, M. le Duc de Bourbon,
M. le Duc d'Enghien, et M. le Prince de Conti. (Given in Hist. Parl. i.
256.)) In danger truly: and yet if you do not listen, are they out
of danger? It is the voice of all France, this sound that rises.
Immeasurable, manifold; as the sound of outbreaking waters: wise were
he who knew what to do in it,--if not to fly to the mountains, and hide
himself?
How an ideal, all-seeing Versailles Government, sitting there on such
principles, in such an environment, would have determined to demean
itself at this new juncture, may even yet be a question. Such a
Government would have felt too well that its long task was now drawing
to a close; that, under the guise of these States-General, at length
inevitable, a new omnipotent Unknown of Democracy was coming into being;
in presence of which no Versailles Government either could or should,
except in a provisory character, continue extant. To enact which
provisory character, so unspeakably important, might its whole
faculties but have sufficed; and so a peaceable, gradual, well-conducted
Abdication and Domine-dimittas have been the issue!
This for our ideal, all-seeing Versailles Government. But for the actual
irrational Versailles Government? Alas, that is a Government existing
there only for its own behoof: without right, except possession; and now
also without might. It foresees nothing, sees nothing; has not so much
as a purpose, but has only purposes,--and the instinct whereby all that
exists will struggle to keep existing. Wholly a vortex; in which vain
counsels, hallucinations, falsehoods, intrigues, and imbecilities whirl;
like withered rubbish in the meeting of winds! The Oeil-de-Boeuf has its
irrational hopes, if also its fears. Since hitherto all States-General
have done as good as nothing, why should these do more? The Commons,
indeed, look dangerous; but on the whole is not revolt, unknown now
for five generations, an impossibility? The Three Estates can, by
management, be set against each other; the Third will, as heretofore,
join with the King; will, out of mere spite and self-interest, be eager
to tax and vex the other two. The other two are thus delivered bound
into our hands, that we may fleece them likewise. Whereupon, money being
got, and the Three Estates all in quarrel, dismiss them, and let the
future go as it can! As good Archbishop Lomenie was wont to say: "There
are so many accidents; and it needs but one to save us."--How many to
destroy us?
Poor Necker in the midst of such an anarchy does what is possible for
him. He looks into it with obstinately hopeful face; lauds the known
rectitude of the kingly mind; listens indulgent-like to the known
perverseness of the queenly and courtly;--emits if any proclamation or
regulation, one favouring the Tiers Etat; but settling nothing; hovering
afar off rather, and advising all things to settle themselves. The
grand questions, for the present, have got reduced to two: the Double
Representation, and the Vote by Head. Shall the Commons have a 'double
representation,' that is to say, have as many members as the Noblesse
and Clergy united? Shall the States-General, when once assembled, vote
and deliberate, in one body, or in three separate bodies; 'vote by head,
or vote by class,'--ordre as they call it? These are the moot-points now
filling all France with jargon, logic and eleutheromania. To terminate
which, Necker bethinks him, Might not a second Convocation of the
Notables be fittest? Such second Convocation is resolved on.
On the 6th of November of this year 1788, these Notables accordingly
have reassembled; after an interval of some eighteen months. They are
Calonne's old Notables, the same Hundred and Forty-four,--to show one's
impartiality; likewise to save time. They sit there once again, in their
Seven Bureaus, in the hard winter weather: it is the hardest winter seen
since 1709; thermometer below zero of Fahrenheit, Seine River frozen
over. (Marmontel, Memoires (London, 1805), iv. 33. Hist. Parl, &c.)
Cold, scarcity and eleutheromaniac clamour: a changed world since these
Notables were 'organed out,' in May gone a year! They shall see now
whether, under their Seven Princes of the Blood, in their Seven Bureaus,
they can settle the moot-points.
To the surprise of Patriotism, these Notables, once so patriotic, seem
to incline the wrong way; towards the anti-patriotic side. They
stagger at the Double Representation, at the Vote by Head: there is not
affirmative decision; there is mere debating, and that not with the best
aspects. For, indeed, were not these Notables themselves mostly of the
Privileged Classes? They clamoured once; now they have their misgivings;
make their dolorous representations. Let them vanish, ineffectual; and
return no more! They vanish after a month's session, on this 12th of
December, year 1788: the last terrestrial Notables, not to reappear any
other time, in the History of the World.
And so, the clamour still continuing, and the Pamphlets; and nothing
but patriotic Addresses, louder and louder, pouting in on us from all
corners of France,--Necker himself some fortnight after, before the year
is yet done, has to present his Report, (Rapport fait au Roi dans son
Conseil, le 27 Decembre 1788.) recommending at his own risk that same
Double Representation; nay almost enjoining it, so loud is the jargon
and eleutheromania. What dubitating, what circumambulating! These whole
six noisy months (for it began with Brienne in July,) has not Report
followed Report, and one Proclamation flown in the teeth of the other?
(5th July; 8th August; 23rd September, &c. &c.)
However, that first moot-point, as we see, is now settled. As for the
second, that of voting by Head or by Order, it unfortunately is still
left hanging. It hangs there, we may say, between the Privileged Orders
and the Unprivileged; as a ready-made battle-prize, and necessity of
war, from the very first: which battle-prize whosoever seizes it--may
thenceforth bear as battle-flag, with the best omens!
But so, at least, by Royal Edict of the 24th of January, (Reglement du
Roi pour la Convocation des Etats-Generaux a Versailles. (Reprinted,
wrong dated, in Histoire Parlementaire, i. 262.)) does it finally, to
impatient expectant France, become not only indubitable that National
Deputies are to meet, but possible (so far and hardly farther has the
royal Regulation gone) to begin electing them.
Chapter 1.4.II.
The Election.
Up, then, and be doing! The royal signal-word flies through France, as
through vast forests the rushing of a mighty wind. At Parish Churches,
in Townhalls, and every House of Convocation; by Bailliages, by
Seneschalsies, in whatsoever form men convene; there, with confusion
enough, are Primary Assemblies forming. To elect your Electors; such
is the form prescribed: then to draw up your 'Writ of Plaints and
Grievances (Cahier de plaintes et doleances),' of which latter there is
no lack.
With such virtue works this Royal January Edict; as it rolls rapidly,
in its leathern mails, along these frostbound highways, towards all the
four winds. Like some fiat, or magic spell-word;--which such things
do resemble! For always, as it sounds out 'at the market-cross,'
accompanied with trumpet-blast; presided by Bailli, Seneschal, or other
minor Functionary, with beef-eaters; or, in country churches is
droned forth after sermon, 'au prone des messes paroissales;' and is
registered, posted and let fly over all the world,--you behold how this
multitudinous French People, so long simmering and buzzing in eager
expectancy, begins heaping and shaping itself into organic groups. Which
organic groups, again, hold smaller organic grouplets: the inarticulate
buzzing becomes articulate speaking and acting. By Primary Assembly, and
then by Secondary; by 'successive elections,' and infinite elaboration
and scrutiny, according to prescribed process--shall the genuine
'Plaints and Grievances' be at length got to paper; shall the fit
National Representative be at length laid hold of.
How the whole People shakes itself, as if it had one life; and, in
thousand-voiced rumour, announces that it is awake, suddenly out of long
death-sleep, and will thenceforth sleep no more! The long looked-for has
come at last; wondrous news, of Victory, Deliverance, Enfranchisement,
sounds magical through every heart. To the proud strong man it has come;
whose strong hands shall no more be gyved; to whom boundless unconquered
continents lie disclosed. The weary day-drudge has heard of it; the
beggar with his crusts moistened in tears. What! To us also has hope
reached; down even to us? Hunger and hardship are not to be eternal?
The bread we extorted from the rugged glebe, and, with the toil of our
sinews, reaped and ground, and kneaded into loaves, was not wholly for
another, then; but we also shall eat of it, and be filled? Glorious news
(answer the prudent elders), but all-too unlikely!--Thus, at any rate,
may the lower people, who pay no money-taxes and have no right to vote,
(Reglement du Roi in Histoire Parlementaire, as above, i. 267-307.)
assiduously crowd round those that do; and most Halls of Assembly,
within doors and without, seem animated enough.
Paris, alone of Towns, is to have Representatives; the number of them
twenty. Paris is divided into Sixty Districts; each of which (assembled
in some church, or the like) is choosing two Electors. Official
deputations pass from District to District, for all is inexperience as
yet, and there is endless consulting. The streets swarm strangely with
busy crowds, pacific yet restless and loquacious; at intervals, is
seen the gleam of military muskets; especially about the Palais, where
Parlement, once more on duty, sits querulous, almost tremulous.
Busy is the French world! In those great days, what poorest speculative
craftsman but will leave his workshop; if not to vote, yet to assist
in voting? On all highways is a rustling and bustling. Over the wide
surface of France, ever and anon, through the spring months, as the
Sower casts his corn abroad upon the furrows, sounds of congregating and
dispersing; of crowds in deliberation, acclamation, voting by ballot and
by voice,--rise discrepant towards the ear of Heaven. To which political
phenomena add this economical one, that Trade is stagnant, and also
Bread getting dear; for before the rigorous winter there was, as we
said, a rigorous summer, with drought, and on the 13th of July with
destructive hail. What a fearful day! all cried while that tempest fell.
Alas, the next anniversary of it will be a worse. (Bailly, Memoires, i.
336.) Under such aspects is France electing National Representatives.
The incidents and specialties of these Elections belong not to
Universal, but to Local or Parish History: for which reason let not the
new troubles of Grenoble or Besancon; the bloodshed on the streets of
Rennes, and consequent march thither of the Breton 'Young Men' with
Manifesto by their 'Mothers, Sisters and Sweethearts;' (Protestation et
Arrete des Jeunes Gens de la Ville de Nantes, du 28 Janvier 1789, avant
leur depart pour Rennes. Arrete des Jeunes Gens de la Ville d'Angers, du
4 Fevrier 1789. Arrete des Meres, Soeurs, Epouses et Amantes des
Jeunes Citoyens d'Angers, du 6 Fevrier 1789. (Reprinted in Histoire
Parlementaire, i. 290-3.)) nor suchlike, detain us here. It is the
same sad history everywhere; with superficial variations. A reinstated
Parlement (as at Besancon), which stands astonished at this Behemoth of
a States-General it had itself evoked, starts forward, with more or
less audacity, to fix a thorn in its nose; and, alas, is instantaneously
struck down, and hurled quite out,--for the new popular force can use
not only arguments but brickbats! Or else, and perhaps combined with
this, it is an order of Noblesse (as in Brittany), which will beforehand
tie up the Third Estate, that it harm not the old privileges. In which
act of tying up, never so skilfully set about, there is likewise no
possibility of prospering; but the Behemoth-Briareus snaps your cords
like green rushes. Tie up? Alas, Messieurs! And then, as for your
chivalry rapiers, valour and wager-of-battle, think one moment, how can
that answer? The plebeian heart too has red life in it, which changes
not to paleness at glance even of you; and 'the six hundred Breton
gentlemen assembled in arms, for seventy-two hours, in the Cordeliers'
Cloister, at Rennes,'--have to come out again, wiser than they entered.
For the Nantes Youth, the Angers Youth, all Brittany was astir;
'mothers, sisters and sweethearts' shrieking after them, March! The
Breton Noblesse must even let the mad world have its way. (Hist. Parl.
i. 287. Deux Amis de la Liberte, i. 105-128.)
In other Provinces, the Noblesse, with equal goodwill, finds it better
to stick to Protests, to well-redacted 'Cahiers of grievances,' and
satirical writings and speeches. Such is partially their course in
Provence; whither indeed Gabriel Honore Riquetti Comte de Mirabeau has
rushed down from Paris, to speak a word in season. In Provence, the
Privileged, backed by their Aix Parlement, discover that such novelties,
enjoined though they be by Royal Edict, tend to National detriment;
and what is still more indisputable, 'to impair the dignity of the
Noblesse.' Whereupon Mirabeau protesting aloud, this same Noblesse, amid
huge tumult within doors and without, flatly determines to expel him
from their Assembly. No other method, not even that of successive duels,
would answer with him, the obstreperous fierce-glaring man. Expelled he
accordingly is.
'In all countries, in all times,' exclaims he departing, 'the
Aristocrats have implacably pursued every friend of the People; and
with tenfold implacability, if such a one were himself born of the
Aristocracy. It was thus that the last of the Gracchi perished, by the
hands of the Patricians. But he, being struck with the mortal stab,
flung dust towards heaven, and called on the Avenging Deities; and
from this dust there was born Marius,--Marius not so illustrious for
exterminating the Cimbri, as for overturning in Rome the tyranny of the
Nobles.' (Fils Adoptif, v. 256.) Casting up which new curious handful
of dust (through the Printing-press), to breed what it can and may,
Mirabeau stalks forth into the Third Estate.
That he now, to ingratiate himself with this Third Estate, 'opened a
cloth-shop in Marseilles,' and for moments became a furnishing tailor,
or even the fable that he did so, is to us always among the pleasant
memorabilities of this era. Stranger Clothier never wielded the
ell-wand, and rent webs for men, or fractional parts of men. The Fils
Adoptif is indignant at such disparaging fable, (Memoires de Mirabeau,
v. 307.)--which nevertheless was widely believed in those days. (Marat,
Ami-du-Peuple Newspaper (in Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 103), &c.) But
indeed, if Achilles, in the heroic ages, killed mutton, why should not
Mirabeau, in the unheroic ones, measure broadcloth?
More authentic are his triumph-progresses through that disturbed
district, with mob jubilee, flaming torches, 'windows hired for two
louis,' and voluntary guard of a hundred men. He is Deputy Elect,
both of Aix and of Marseilles; but will prefer Aix. He has opened his
far-sounding voice, the depths of his far-sounding soul; he can quell
(such virtue is in a spoken word) the pride-tumults of the rich, the
hunger-tumults of the poor; and wild multitudes move under him, as under
the moon do billows of the sea: he has become a world compeller, and
ruler over men.
One other incident and specialty we note; with how different an
interest! It is of the Parlement of Paris; which starts forward, like
the others (only with less audacity, seeing better how it lay), to
nose-ring that Behemoth of a States-General. Worthy Doctor Guillotin,
respectable practitioner in Paris, has drawn up his little 'Plan of
a Cahier of doleances;'--as had he not, having the wish and gift, the
clearest liberty to do? He is getting the people to sign it; whereupon
the surly Parlement summons him to give an account of himself. He goes;
but with all Paris at his heels; which floods the outer courts, and
copiously signs the Cahier even there, while the Doctor is giving
account of himself within! The Parlement cannot too soon dismiss
Guillotin, with compliments; to be borne home shoulder-high. (Deux Amis
de la Liberte, i. 141.) This respectable Guillotin we hope to behold
once more, and perhaps only once; the Parlement not even once, but let
it be engulphed unseen by us.
Meanwhile such things, cheering as they are, tend little to cheer the
national creditor, or indeed the creditor of any kind. In the midst of
universal portentous doubt, what certainty can seem so certain as money
in the purse, and the wisdom of keeping it there? Trading Speculation,
Commerce of all kinds, has as far as possible come to a dead pause; and
the hand of the industrious lies idle in his bosom. Frightful enough,
when now the rigour of seasons has also done its part, and to scarcity
of work is added scarcity of food! In the opening spring, there come
rumours of forestalment, there come King's Edicts, Petitions of bakers
against millers; and at length, in the month of April--troops of ragged
Lackalls, and fierce cries of starvation! These are the thrice-famed
Brigands: an actual existing quotity of persons: who, long reflected
and reverberated through so many millions of heads, as in concave
multiplying mirrors, become a whole Brigand World; and, like a kind of
Supernatural Machinery wondrously move the Epos of the Revolution. The
Brigands are here: the Brigands are there; the Brigands are coming! Not
otherwise sounded the clang of Phoebus Apollos's silver bow, scattering
pestilence and pale terror; for this clang too was of the imagination;
preternatural; and it too walked in formless immeasurability, having
made itself like to the Night (Greek.)!
But remark at least, for the first time, the singular empire of
Suspicion, in those lands, in those days. If poor famishing men shall,
prior to death, gather in groups and crowds, as the poor fieldfares and
plovers do in bitter weather, were it but that they may chirp mournfully
together, and misery look in the eyes of misery; if famishing men (what
famishing fieldfares cannot do) should discover, once congregated, that
they need not die while food is in the land, since they are many, and
with empty wallets have right hands: in all this, what need were there
of Preternatural Machinery? To most people none; but not to French
people, in a time of Revolution. These Brigands (as Turgot's also were,
fourteen years ago) have all been set on; enlisted, though without tuck
of drum,--by Aristocrats, by Democrats, by D'Orleans, D'Artois, and
enemies of the public weal. Nay Historians, to this day, will prove
it by one argument: these Brigands pretending to have no victual,
nevertheless contrive to drink, nay, have been seen drunk. (Lacretelle,
18me Siecle, ii. 155.) An unexampled fact! But on the whole, may we not
predict that a people, with such a width of Credulity and of Incredulity
(the proper union of which makes Suspicion, and indeed unreason
generally), will see Shapes enough of Immortals fighting in its
battle-ranks, and never want for Epical Machinery?
Be this as it may, the Brigands are clearly got to Paris, in
considerable multitudes: (Besenval, iii. 385, &c.) with sallow faces,
lank hair (the true enthusiast complexion), with sooty rags; and also
with large clubs, which they smite angrily against the pavement! These
mingle in the Election tumult; would fain sign Guillotin's Cahier,
or any Cahier or Petition whatsoever, could they but write. Their
enthusiast complexion, the smiting of their sticks bodes little good
to any one; least of all to rich master-manufacturers of the Suburb
Saint-Antoine, with whose workmen they consort.
Chapter 1.4.III.
Grown Electric.
But now also National Deputies from all ends of France are in Paris,
with their commissions, what they call pouvoirs, or powers, in their
pockets; inquiring, consulting; looking out for lodgings at Versailles.
The States-General shall open there, if not on the First, then surely on
the Fourth of May, in grand procession and gala. The Salle des Menus
is all new-carpentered, bedizened for them; their very costume has
been fixed; a grand controversy which there was, as to 'slouch-hats or
slouched-hats,' for the Commons Deputies, has got as good as adjusted.
Ever new strangers arrive; loungers, miscellaneous persons, officers
on furlough,--as the worthy Captain Dampmartin, whom we hope to be
acquainted with: these also, from all regions, have repaired hither, to
see what is toward. Our Paris Committees, of the Sixty Districts, are
busier than ever; it is now too clear, the Paris Elections will be late.
On Monday, the 27th of April, Astronomer Bailly notices that the Sieur
Reveillon is not at his post. The Sieur Reveillon, 'extensive Paper
Manufacturer of the Rue St. Antoine;' he, commonly so punctual, is
absent from the Electoral Committee;--and even will never reappear
there. In those 'immense Magazines of velvet paper' has aught befallen?
Alas, yes! Alas, it is no Montgolfier rising there to-day; but Drudgery,
Rascality and the Suburb that is rising! Was the Sieur Reveillon,
himself once a journeyman, heard to say that 'a journeyman might live
handsomely on fifteen sous a-day?' Some sevenpence halfpenny: 'tis a
slender sum! Or was he only thought, and believed, to be heard saying
it? By this long chafing and friction it would appear the National
temper has got electric.
Down in those dark dens, in those dark heads and hungry hearts, who
knows in what strange figure the new Political Evangel may have shaped
itself; what miraculous 'Communion of Drudges' may be getting formed!
Enough: grim individuals, soon waxing to grim multitudes, and other
multitudes crowding to see, beset that Paper-Warehouse; demonstrate,
in loud ungrammatical language (addressed to the passions too), the
insufficiency of sevenpence halfpenny a-day. The City-watch cannot
dissipate them; broils arise and bellowings; Reveillon, at his wits'
end, entreats the Populace, entreats the authorities. Besenval, now
in active command, Commandant of Paris, does, towards evening, to
Reveillon's earnest prayer, send some thirty Gardes Francaises. These
clear the street, happily without firing; and take post there for the
night in hope that it may be all over. (Besenval, iii. 385-8.)
Not so: on the morrow it is far worse. Saint-Antoine has arisen anew,
grimmer than ever;--reinforced by the unknown Tatterdemalion Figures,
with their enthusiast complexion and large sticks. The City, through all
streets, is flowing thitherward to see: 'two cartloads of paving-stones,
that happened to pass that way' have been seized as a visible godsend.
Another detachment of Gardes Francaises must be sent; Besenval and the
Colonel taking earnest counsel. Then still another; they hardly, with
bayonets and menace of bullets, penetrate to the spot. What a sight! A
street choked up, with lumber, tumult and the endless press of men.
A Paper-Warehouse eviscerated by axe and fire: mad din of Revolt;
musket-volleys responded to by yells, by miscellaneous missiles; by
tiles raining from roof and window,--tiles, execrations and slain men!
The Gardes Francaises like it not, but have to persevere. All day
it continues, slackening and rallying; the sun is sinking, and
Saint-Antoine has not yielded. The City flies hither and thither: alas,
the sound of that musket-volleying booms into the far dining-rooms
of the Chaussee d'Antin; alters the tone of the dinner-gossip there.
Captain Dampmartin leaves his wine; goes out with a friend or two, to
see the fighting. Unwashed men growl on him, with murmurs of "A bas les
Aristocrates (Down with the Aristocrats);" and insult the cross of St.
Louis? They elbow him, and hustle him; but do not pick his pocket;--as
indeed at Reveillon's too there was not the slightest stealing.
(Evenemens qui se sont passes sous mes yeux pendant la Revolution
Francaise, par A. H. Dampmartin (Berlin, 1799), i. 25-27.)
At fall of night, as the thing will not end, Besenval takes his
resolution: orders out the Gardes Suisses with two pieces of artillery.
The Swiss Guards shall proceed thither; summon that rabble to depart,
in the King's name. If disobeyed, they shall load their artillery with
grape-shot, visibly to the general eye; shall again summon; if again
disobeyed, fire,--and keep firing 'till the last man' be in this manner
blasted off, and the street clear. With which spirited resolution, as
might have been hoped, the business is got ended. At sight of the lit
matches, of the foreign red-coated Switzers, Saint-Antoine dissipates;
hastily, in the shades of dusk. There is an encumbered street; there are
'from four to five hundred' dead men. Unfortunate Reveillon has found
shelter in the Bastille; does therefrom, safe behind stone bulwarks,
issue, plaint, protestation, explanation, for the next month. Bold
Besenval has thanks from all the respectable Parisian classes; but finds
no special notice taken of him at Versailles,--a thing the man of true
worth is used to. (Besenval, iii. 389.)
But how it originated, this fierce electric sputter and explosion? From
D'Orleans! cries the Court-party: he, with his gold, enlisted these
Brigands,--surely in some surprising manner, without sound of drum: he
raked them in hither, from all corners; to ferment and take fire; evil
is his good. From the Court! cries enlightened Patriotism: it is the
cursed gold and wiles of Aristocrats that enlisted them; set them upon
ruining an innocent Sieur Reveillon; to frighten the faint, and disgust
men with the career of Freedom.
Besenval, with reluctance, concludes that it came from 'the English, our
natural enemies.' Or, alas, might not one rather attribute it to Diana
in the shape of Hunger? To some twin Dioscuri, OPPRESSION and REVENGE;
so often seen in the battles of men? Poor Lackalls, all betoiled,
besoiled, encrusted into dim defacement; into whom nevertheless the
breath of the Almighty has breathed a living soul! To them it is clear
only that eleutheromaniac Philosophism has yet baked no bread; that
Patrioti Committee-men will level down to their own level, and no lower.
Brigands, or whatever they might be, it was bitter earnest with them.
They bury their dead with the title of Defenseurs de la Patrie, Martyrs
of the good Cause.
Or shall we say: Insurrection has now served its Apprenticeship; and
this was its proof-stroke, and no inconclusive one? Its next will be a
master-stroke; announcing indisputable Mastership to a whole astonished
world. Let that rock-fortress, Tyranny's stronghold, which they name
Bastille, or Building, as if there were no other building,--look to its
guns!
But, in such wise, with primary and secondary Assemblies, and Cahiers of
Grievances; with motions, congregations of all kinds; with much thunder
of froth-eloquence, and at last with thunder of platoon-musquetry,--does
agitated France accomplish its Elections. With confused winnowing and
sifting, in this rather tumultuous manner, it has now (all except
some remnants of Paris) sifted out the true wheat-grains of National
Deputies, Twelve Hundred and Fourteen in number; and will forthwith open
its States-General.
Chapter 1.4.IV.
The Procession.
On the first Saturday of May, it is gala at Versailles; and Monday,
fourth of the month, is to be a still greater day. The Deputies have
mostly got thither, and sought out lodgings; and are now successively,
in long well-ushered files, kissing the hand of Majesty in the Chateau.
Supreme Usher de Breze does not give the highest satisfaction: we
cannot but observe that in ushering Noblesse or Clergy into the anointed
Presence, he liberally opens both his folding-doors; and on the other
hand, for members of the Third Estate opens only one! However, there is
room to enter; Majesty has smiles for all.
The good Louis welcomes his Honourable Members, with smiles of hope. He
has prepared for them the Hall of Menus, the largest near him; and
often surveyed the workmen as they went on. A spacious Hall: with
raised platform for Throne, Court and Blood-royal; space for six hundred
Commons Deputies in front; for half as many Clergy on this hand, and
half as many Noblesse on that. It has lofty galleries; wherefrom dames
of honour, splendent in gaze d'or; foreign Diplomacies, and other
gilt-edged white-frilled individuals to the number of two thousand,--may
sit and look. Broad passages flow through it; and, outside the
inner wall, all round it. There are committee-rooms, guard-rooms,
robing-rooms: really a noble Hall; where upholstery, aided by the
subject fine-arts, has done its best; and crimson tasseled cloths, and
emblematic fleurs-de-lys are not wanting.
The Hall is ready: the very costume, as we said, has been settled; and
the Commons are not to wear that hated slouch-hat (chapeau clabaud),
but one not quite so slouched (chapeau rabattu). As for their manner of
working, when all dressed: for their 'voting by head or by order' and
the rest,--this, which it were perhaps still time to settle, and in few
hours will be no longer time, remains unsettled; hangs dubious in the
breast of Twelve Hundred men.
But now finally the Sun, on Monday the 4th of May, has
risen;--unconcerned, as if it were no special day. And yet, as his first
rays could strike music from the Memnon's Statue on the Nile, what tones
were these, so thrilling, tremulous of preparation and foreboding, which
he awoke in every bosom at Versailles! Huge Paris, in all conceivable
and inconceivable vehicles, is pouring itself forth; from each Town
and Village come subsidiary rills; Versailles is a very sea of men. But
above all, from the Church of St. Louis to the Church of Notre-Dame:
one vast suspended-billow of Life,--with spray scattered even to
the chimney-pots! For on chimney-tops too, as over the roofs, and up
thitherwards on every lamp-iron, sign-post, breakneck coign of vantage,
sits patriotic Courage; and every window bursts with patriotic Beauty:
for the Deputies are gathering at St. Louis Church; to march in
procession to Notre-Dame, and hear sermon.
Yes, friends, ye may sit and look: boldly or in thought, all France, and
all Europe, may sit and look; for it is a day like few others. Oh, one
might weep like Xerxes:--So many serried rows sit perched there; like
winged creatures, alighted out of Heaven: all these, and so many more
that follow them, shall have wholly fled aloft again, vanishing into
the blue Deep; and the memory of this day still be fresh. It is the
baptism-day of Democracy; sick Time has given it birth, the numbered
months being run. The extreme-unction day of Feudalism! A superannuated
System of Society, decrepit with toils (for has it not done much;
produced you, and what ye have and know!)--and with thefts and brawls,
named glorious-victories; and with profligacies, sensualities, and
on the whole with dotage and senility,--is now to die: and so, with
death-throes and birth-throes, a new one is to be born. What a work,
O Earth and Heavens, what a work! Battles and bloodshed, September
Massacres, Bridges of Lodi, retreats of Moscow, Waterloos, Peterloos,
Tenpound Franchises, Tarbarrels and Guillotines;--and from this present
date, if one might prophesy, some two centuries of it still to fight!
Two centuries; hardly less; before Democracy go through its due, most
baleful, stages of Quackocracy; and a pestilential World be burnt up,
and have begun to grow green and young again.
Rejoice nevertheless, ye Versailles multitudes; to you, from whom all
this is hid, and glorious end of it is visible. This day, sentence of
death is pronounced on Shams; judgment of resuscitation, were it but far
off, is pronounced on Realities. This day it is declared aloud, as with
a Doom-trumpet, that a Lie is unbelievable. Believe that, stand by that,
if more there be not; and let what thing or things soever will follow it
follow. 'Ye can no other; God be your help!' So spake a greater than any
of you; opening his Chapter of World-History.
Behold, however! The doors of St. Louis Church flung wide; and the
Procession of Processions advancing towards Notre-Dame! Shouts rend the
air; one shout, at which Grecian birds might drop dead. It is indeed
a stately, solemn sight. The Elected of France, and then the Court of
France; they are marshalled and march there, all in prescribed place and
costume. Our Commons 'in plain black mantle and white cravat;' Noblesse,
in gold-worked, bright-dyed cloaks of velvet, resplendent, rustling
with laces, waving with plumes; the Clergy in rochet, alb, or other best
pontificalibus: lastly comes the King himself, and King's Household,
also in their brightest blaze of pomp,--their brightest and final one.
Some Fourteen Hundred Men blown together from all winds, on the deepest
errand.
Yes, in that silent marching mass there lies Futurity enough. No
symbolic Ark, like the old Hebrews, do these men bear: yet with them too
is a Covenant; they too preside at a new Era in the History of Men. The
whole Future is there, and Destiny dim-brooding over it; in the hearts
and unshaped thoughts of these men, it lies illegible, inevitable.
Singular to think: they have it in them; yet not they, not mortal,
only the Eye above can read it,--as it shall unfold itself, in fire
and thunder, of siege, and field-artillery; in the rustling of
battle-banners, the tramp of hosts, in the glow of burning cities, the
shriek of strangled nations! Such things lie hidden, safe-wrapt in this
Fourth day of May;--say rather, had lain in some other unknown day,
of which this latter is the public fruit and outcome. As indeed what
wonders lie in every Day,--had we the sight, as happily we have not,
to decipher it: for is not every meanest Day 'the conflux of two
Eternities!'
Meanwhile, suppose we too, good Reader, should, as now without miracle
Muse Clio enables us--take our station also on some coign of vantage;
and glance momentarily over this Procession, and this Life-sea; with far
other eyes than the rest do, namely with prophetic? We can mount, and
stand there, without fear of falling.
As for the Life-sea, or onlooking unnumbered Multitude, it is
unfortunately all-too dim. Yet as we gaze fixedly, do not nameless
Figures not a few, which shall not always be nameless, disclose
themselves; visible or presumable there! Young Baroness de Stael--she
evidently looks from a window; among older honourable women. (Madame
de Stael, Considerations sur la Revolution Francaise (London, 1818), i.
114-191.) Her father is Minister, and one of the gala personages; to his
own eyes the chief one. Young spiritual Amazon, thy rest is not there;
nor thy loved Father's: 'as Malebranche saw all things in God, so M.
Necker sees all things in Necker,'--a theorem that will not hold.
But where is the brown-locked, light-behaved, fire-hearted Demoiselle
Theroigne? Brown eloquent Beauty; who, with thy winged words and
glances, shalt thrill rough bosoms, whole steel battalions, and persuade
an Austrian Kaiser,--pike and helm lie provided for thee in due season;
and, alas, also strait-waistcoat and long lodging in the Salpetriere!
Better hadst thou staid in native Luxemburg, and been the mother of some
brave man's children: but it was not thy task, it was not thy lot.
Of the rougher sex how, without tongue, or hundred tongues, of iron,
enumerate the notabilities! Has not Marquis Valadi hastily quitted his
quaker broadbrim; his Pythagorean Greek in Wapping, and the city of
Glasgow? (Founders of the French Republic (London, 1798), para Valadi.)
De Morande from his Courrier de l'Europe; Linguet from his Annales, they
looked eager through the London fog, and became Ex-Editors,--that they
might feed the guillotine, and have their due. Does Louvet (of Faublas)
stand a-tiptoe? And Brissot, hight De Warville, friend of the Blacks?
He, with Marquis Condorcet, and Claviere the Genevese 'have created the
Moniteur Newspaper,' or are about creating it. Able Editors must give
account of such a day.
Or seest thou with any distinctness, low down probably, not in places of
honour, a Stanislas Maillard, riding-tipstaff (huissier a cheval) of
the Chatelet; one of the shiftiest of men? A Captain Hulin of Geneva,
Captain Elie of the Queen's Regiment; both with an air of half-pay?
Jourdan, with tile-coloured whiskers, not yet with tile-beard; an unjust
dealer in mules? He shall be, in a few months, Jourdan the Headsman, and
have other work.
Surely also, in some place not of honour, stands or sprawls up
querulous, that he too, though short, may see,--one squalidest bleared
mortal, redolent of soot and horse-drugs: Jean Paul Marat of Neuchatel!
O Marat, Renovator of Human Science, Lecturer on Optics; O thou
remarkablest Horseleech, once in D'Artois' Stables,--as thy bleared soul
looks forth, through thy bleared, dull-acrid, wo-stricken face, what
sees it in all this? Any faintest light of hope; like dayspring after
Nova-Zembla night? Or is it but blue sulphur-light, and spectres; woe,
suspicion, revenge without end?
Of Draper Lecointre, how he shut his cloth-shop hard by, and stepped
forth, one need hardly speak. Nor of Santerre, the sonorous Brewer from
the Faubourg St. Antoine. Two other Figures, and only two, we signalise
there. The huge, brawny, Figure; through whose black brows, and rude
flattened face (figure ecrasee), there looks a waste energy as of
Hercules not yet furibund,--he is an esurient, unprovided Advocate;
Danton by name: him mark. Then that other, his slight-built comrade and
craft-brother; he with the long curling locks; with the face of dingy
blackguardism, wondrously irradiated with genius, as if a naphtha-lamp
burnt within it: that Figure is Camille Desmoulins. A fellow of infinite
shrewdness, wit, nay humour; one of the sprightliest clearest souls in
all these millions. Thou poor Camille, say of thee what they may,
it were but falsehood to pretend one did not almost love thee, thou
headlong lightly-sparkling man! But the brawny, not yet furibund Figure,
we say, is Jacques Danton; a name that shall be 'tolerably known in the
Revolution.' He is President of the electoral Cordeliers District at
Paris, or about to be it; and shall open his lungs of brass.
We dwell no longer on the mixed shouting Multitude: for now, behold, the
Commons Deputies are at hand!
Which of these Six Hundred individuals, in plain white cravat, that have
come up to regenerate France, might one guess would become their king?
For a king or leader they, as all bodies of men, must have: be their
work what it may, there is one man there who, by character, faculty,
position, is fittest of all to do it; that man, as future not yet
elected king, walks there among the rest. He with the thick black locks,
will it be? With the hure, as himself calls it, or black boar's-head,
fit to be 'shaken' as a senatorial portent? Through whose shaggy
beetle-brows, and rough-hewn, seamed, carbuncled face, there look
natural ugliness, small-pox, incontinence, bankruptcy,--and burning
fire of genius; like comet-fire glaring fuliginous through
murkiest confusions? It is Gabriel Honore Riquetti de Mirabeau, the
world-compeller; man-ruling Deputy of Aix! According to the Baroness de
Stael, he steps proudly along, though looked at askance here, and shakes
his black chevelure, or lion's-mane; as if prophetic of great deeds.
Yes, Reader, that is the Type-Frenchman of this epoch; as Voltaire
was of the last. He is French in his aspirations, acquisitions, in his
virtues, in his vices; perhaps more French than any other man;--and
intrinsically such a mass of manhood too. Mark him well. The National
Assembly were all different without that one; nay, he might say with the
old Despot: "The National Assembly? I am that."
Of a southern climate, of wild southern blood: for the Riquettis, or
Arighettis, had to fly from Florence and the Guelfs, long centuries ago,
and settled in Provence; where from generation to generation they have
ever approved themselves a peculiar kindred: irascible, indomitable,
sharp-cutting, true, like the steel they wore; of an intensity and
activity that sometimes verged towards madness, yet did not reach
it. One ancient Riquetti, in mad fulfilment of a mad vow, chains two
Mountains together; and the chain, with its 'iron star of five rays,' is
still to be seen. May not a modern Riquetti unchain so much, and set it
drifting,--which also shall be seen?
Destiny has work for that swart burly-headed Mirabeau; Destiny has
watched over him, prepared him from afar. Did not his Grandfather, stout
Col. d'Argent (Silver-Stock, so they named him), shattered and slashed
by seven-and-twenty wounds in one fell day lie sunk together on the
Bridge at Casano; while Prince Eugene's cavalry galloped and regalloped
over him,--only the flying sergeant had thrown a camp-kettle over that
loved head; and Vendome, dropping his spyglass, moaned out, 'Mirabeau
is dead, then!' Nevertheless he was not dead: he awoke to breathe, and
miraculous surgery;--for Gabriel was yet to be. With his silver stock
he kept his scarred head erect, through long years; and wedded; and
produced tough Marquis Victor, the Friend of Men. Whereby at last in the
appointed year 1749, this long-expected rough-hewn Gabriel Honore did
likewise see the light: roughest lion's-whelp ever littered of that
rough breed. How the old lion (for our old Marquis too was lion-like,
most unconquerable, kingly-genial, most perverse) gazed wonderingly on
his offspring; and determined to train him as no lion had yet been! It
is in vain, O Marquis! This cub, though thou slay him and flay him, will
not learn to draw in dogcart of Political Economy, and be a Friend of
Men; he will not be Thou, must and will be Himself, another than Thou.
Divorce lawsuits, 'whole family save one in prison, and three-score
Lettres-de-Cachet' for thy own sole use, do but astonish the world.
Our Luckless Gabriel, sinned against and sinning, has been in the Isle
of Rhe, and heard the Atlantic from his tower; in the Castle of If, and
heard the Mediterranean at Marseilles. He has been in the Fortress of
Joux; and forty-two months, with hardly clothing to his back, in the
Dungeon of Vincennes;--all by Lettre-de-Cachet, from his lion father.
He has been in Pontarlier Jails (self-constituted prisoner); was noticed
fording estuaries of the sea (at low water), in flight from the face of
men. He has pleaded before Aix Parlements (to get back his wife);
the public gathering on roofs, to see since they could not hear: "the
clatter-teeth (claque-dents)!" snarles singular old Mirabeau; discerning
in such admired forensic eloquence nothing but two clattering jaw-bones,
and a head vacant, sonorous, of the drum species.
But as for Gabriel Honore, in these strange wayfarings, what has he not
seen and tried! From drill-sergeants, to prime-ministers, to foreign and
domestic booksellers, all manner of men he has seen. All manner of men
he has gained; for at bottom it is a social, loving heart, that wild
unconquerable one:--more especially all manner of women. From the
Archer's Daughter at Saintes to that fair young Sophie Madame Monnier,
whom he could not but 'steal,' and be beheaded for--in effigy! For
indeed hardly since the Arabian Prophet lay dead to Ali's admiration,
was there seen such a Love-hero, with the strength of thirty men. In
War, again, he has helped to conquer Corsica; fought duels, irregular
brawls; horsewhipped calumnious barons. In Literature, he has written on
Despotism, on Lettres-de-Cachet; Erotics Sapphic-Werterean, Obscenities,
Profanities; Books on the Prussian Monarchy, on Cagliostro, on Calonne,
on the Water Companies of Paris:--each book comparable, we will say,
to a bituminous alarum-fire; huge, smoky, sudden! The firepan, the
kindling, the bitumen were his own; but the lumber, of rags, old wood
and nameless combustible rubbish (for all is fuel to him), was gathered
from huckster, and ass-panniers, of every description under heaven.
Whereby, indeed, hucksters enough have been heard to exclaim: Out upon
it, the fire is mine!
Nay, consider it more generally, seldom had man such a talent for
borrowing. The idea, the faculty of another man he can make his; the
man himself he can make his. "All reflex and echo (tout de reflet et de
reverbere)!" snarls old Mirabeau, who can see, but will not. Crabbed old
Friend of Men! it is his sociality, his aggregative nature; and will
now be the quality of all for him. In that forty-years 'struggle against
despotism,' he has gained the glorious faculty of self-help, and yet
not lost the glorious natural gift of fellowship, of being helped. Rare
union! This man can live self-sufficing--yet lives also in the life of
other men; can make men love him, work with him: a born king of men!
But consider further how, as the old Marquis still snarls, he has "made
away with (hume, swallowed) all Formulas;"--a fact which, if we meditate
it, will in these days mean much. This is no man of system, then; he is
only a man of instincts and insights. A man nevertheless who will glare
fiercely on any object; and see through it, and conquer it: for he
has intellect, he has will, force beyond other men. A man not with
logic-spectacles; but with an eye! Unhappily without Decalogue, moral
Code or Theorem of any fixed sort; yet not without a strong living Soul
in him, and Sincerity there: a Reality, not an Artificiality, not a
Sham! And so he, having struggled 'forty years against despotism,'
and 'made away with all formulas,' shall now become the spokesman of
a Nation bent to do the same. For is it not precisely the struggle
of France also to cast off despotism; to make away with her old
formulas,--having found them naught, worn out, far from the reality? She
will make away with such formulas;--and even go bare, if need be, till
she have found new ones.
Towards such work, in such manner, marches he, this singular Riquetti
Mirabeau. In fiery rough figure, with black Samson-locks under the
slouch-hat, he steps along there. A fiery fuliginous mass, which could
not be choked and smothered, but would fill all France with smoke.
And now it has got air; it will burn its whole substance, its whole
smoke-atmosphere too, and fill all France with flame. Strange lot! Forty
years of that smouldering, with foul fire-damp and vapour enough, then
victory over that;--and like a burning mountain he blazes heaven-high;
and, for twenty-three resplendent months, pours out, in flame and molten
fire-torrents, all that is in him, the Pharos and Wonder-sign of an
amazed Europe;--and then lies hollow, cold forever! Pass on, thou
questionable Gabriel Honore, the greatest of them all: in the whole
National Deputies, in the whole Nation, there is none like and none
second to thee.
But now if Mirabeau is the greatest, who of these Six Hundred may be the
meanest? Shall we say, that anxious, slight, ineffectual-looking man,
under thirty, in spectacles; his eyes (were the glasses off) troubled,
careful; with upturned face, snuffing dimly the uncertain future-time;
complexion of a multiplex atrabiliar colour, the final shade of which
may be the pale sea-green. (See De Stael, Considerations (ii. 142);
Barbaroux, Memoires, &c.) That greenish-coloured (verdatre) individual
is an Advocate of Arras; his name is Maximilien Robespierre. The son of
an Advocate; his father founded mason-lodges under Charles Edward, the
English Prince or Pretender. Maximilien the first-born was thriftily
educated; he had brisk Camille Desmoulins for schoolmate in the College
of Louis le Grand, at Paris. But he begged our famed Necklace-Cardinal,
Rohan, the patron, to let him depart thence, and resign in favour of a
younger brother. The strict-minded Max departed; home to paternal Arras;
and even had a Law-case there and pleaded, not unsuccessfully, 'in
favour of the first Franklin thunder-rod.' With a strict painful mind,
an understanding small but clear and ready, he grew in favour with
official persons, who could foresee in him an excellent man of business,
happily quite free from genius. The Bishop, therefore, taking counsel,
appoints him Judge of his diocese; and he faithfully does justice to
the people: till behold, one day, a culprit comes whose crime merits
hanging; and the strict-minded Max must abdicate, for his conscience
will not permit the dooming of any son of Adam to die. A strict-minded,
strait-laced man! A man unfit for Revolutions? Whose small soul,
transparent wholesome-looking as small ale, could by no chance ferment
into virulent alegar,--the mother of ever new alegar; till all France
were grown acetous virulent? We shall see.
Between which two extremes of grandest and meanest, so many grand and
mean roll on, towards their several destinies, in that Procession! There
is Cazales, the learned young soldier; who shall become the eloquent
orator of Royalism, and earn the shadow of a name. Experienced Mounier,
experienced Malouet; whose Presidential Parlementary experience the
stream of things shall soon leave stranded. A Petion has left his
gown and briefs at Chartres for a stormier sort of pleading; has not
forgotten his violin, being fond of music. His hair is grizzled, though
he is still young: convictions, beliefs, placid-unalterable are in that
man; not hindmost of them, belief in himself. A Protestant-clerical
Rabaut-St.-Etienne, a slender young eloquent and vehement Barnave, will
help to regenerate France. There are so many of them young. Till thirty
the Spartans did not suffer a man to marry: but how many men here under
thirty; coming to produce not one sufficient citizen, but a nation and
a world of such! The old to heal up rents; the young to remove
rubbish:--which latter, is it not, indeed, the task here?
Dim, formless from this distance, yet authentically there, thou noticest
the Deputies from Nantes? To us mere clothes-screens, with slouch-hat
and cloak, but bearing in their pocket a Cahier of doleances with this
singular clause, and more such in it: 'That the master wigmakers of
Nantes be not troubled with new gild-brethren, the actually
existing number of ninety-two being more than sufficient!' (Histoire
Parlementaire, i. 335.) The Rennes people have elected Farmer Gerard,
'a man of natural sense and rectitude, without any learning.' He walks
there, with solid step; unique, 'in his rustic farmer-clothes;' which
he will wear always; careless of short-cloaks and costumes. The name
Gerard, or 'Pere Gerard, Father Gerard,' as they please to call him,
will fly far; borne about in endless banter; in Royalist satires,
in Republican didactic Almanacks. (Actes des Apotres (by Peltier and
others); Almanach du Pere Gerard (by Collot d'Herbois) &c. &c.) As
for the man Gerard, being asked once, what he did, after trial of it,
candidly think of this Parlementary work,--"I think," answered he, "that
there are a good many scoundrels among us." so walks Father Gerard;
solid in his thick shoes, whithersoever bound.
And worthy Doctor Guillotin, whom we hoped to behold one other time?
If not here, the Doctor should be here, and we see him with the eye
of prophecy: for indeed the Parisian Deputies are all a little late.
Singular Guillotin, respectable practitioner: doomed by a satiric
destiny to the strangest immortal glory that ever kept obscure mortal
from his resting-place, the bosom of oblivion! Guillotin can improve the
ventilation of the Hall; in all cases of medical police and hygiene be
a present aid: but, greater far, he can produce his 'Report on the Penal
Code;' and reveal therein a cunningly devised Beheading Machine, which
shall become famous and world-famous. This is the product of Guillotin's
endeavours, gained not without meditation and reading; which product
popular gratitude or levity christens by a feminine derivative name, as
if it were his daughter: La Guillotine! "With my machine, Messieurs, I
whisk off your head (vous fais sauter la tete) in a twinkling, and you
have no pain;"--whereat they all laugh. (Moniteur Newspaper, of
December 1st, 1789 (in Histoire Parlementaire).) Unfortunate Doctor!
For two-and-twenty years he, unguillotined, shall near nothing but
guillotine, see nothing but guillotine; then dying, shall through long
centuries wander, as it were, a disconsolate ghost, on the wrong side of
Styx and Lethe; his name like to outlive Caesar's.
See Bailly, likewise of Paris, time-honoured Historian of Astronomy
Ancient and Modern. Poor Bailly, how thy serenely beautiful
Philosophising, with its soft moonshiny clearness and thinness, ends in
foul thick confusion--of Presidency, Mayorship, diplomatic Officiality,
rabid Triviality, and the throat of everlasting Darkness! Far was it to
descend from the heavenly Galaxy to the Drapeau Rouge: beside that fatal
dung-heap, on that last hell-day, thou must 'tremble,' though only with
cold, 'de froid.' Speculation is not practice: to be weak is not so
miserable; but to be weaker than our task. Wo the day when they mounted
thee, a peaceable pedestrian, on that wild Hippogriff of a Democracy;
which, spurning the firm earth, nay lashing at the very stars, no yet
known Astolpho could have ridden!
In the Commons Deputies there are Merchants, Artists, Men of Letters;
three hundred and seventy-four Lawyers; (Bouille, Memoires sur la
Revolution Francaise (London, 1797), i. 68.) and at least one Clergyman:
the Abbe Sieyes. Him also Paris sends, among its twenty. Behold him,
the light thin man; cold, but elastic, wiry; instinct with the pride of
Logic; passionless, or with but one passion, that of self-conceit.
If indeed that can be called a passion, which, in its independent
concentrated greatness, seems to have soared into transcendentalism;
and to sit there with a kind of godlike indifference, and look down
on passion! He is the man, and wisdom shall die with him. This is the
Sieyes who shall be System-builder, Constitution-builder General;
and build Constitutions (as many as wanted) skyhigh,--which shall all
unfortunately fall before he get the scaffolding away. "La Politique,"
said he to Dumont, "Polity is a science I think I have completed
(achevee)." (Dumont, Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, p. 64.) What things, O
Sieyes, with thy clear assiduous eyes, art thou to see! But were it
not curious to know how Sieyes, now in these days (for he is said to be
still alive) (A.D. 1834.) looks out on all that Constitution masonry,
through the rheumy soberness of extreme age? Might we hope, still with
the old irrefragable transcendentalism? The victorious cause pleased the
gods, the vanquished one pleased Sieyes (victa Catoni).
Thus, however, amid skyrending vivats, and blessings from every heart,
has the Procession of the Commons Deputies rolled by.
Next follow the Noblesse, and next the Clergy; concerning both of whom
it might be asked, What they specially have come for? Specially, little
as they dream of it, to answer this question, put in a voice of thunder:
What are you doing in God's fair Earth and Task-garden; where whosoever
is not working is begging or stealing? Wo, wo to themselves and to all,
if they can only answer: Collecting tithes, Preserving game!--Remark,
meanwhile, how D'Orleans affects to step before his own Order, and
mingle with the Commons. For him are vivats: few for the rest, though
all wave in plumed 'hats of a feudal cut,' and have sword on
thigh; though among them is D'Antraigues, the young Languedocian
gentleman,--and indeed many a Peer more or less noteworthy.
There are Liancourt, and La Rochefoucault; the liberal Anglomaniac
Dukes. There is a filially pious Lally; a couple of liberal Lameths.
Above all, there is a Lafayette; whose name shall be Cromwell-Grandison,
and fill the world. Many a 'formula' has this Lafayette too made away
with; yet not all formulas. He sticks by the Washington-formula; and by
that he will stick;--and hang by it, as by sure bower-anchor hangs and
swings the tight war-ship, which, after all changes of wildest weather
and water, is found still hanging. Happy for him; be it glorious or not!
Alone of all Frenchmen he has a theory of the world, and right mind to
conform thereto; he can become a hero and perfect character, were it
but the hero of one idea. Note further our old Parlementary
friend, Crispin-Catiline d'Espremenil. He is returned from the
Mediterranean Islands, a redhot royalist, repentant to the
finger-ends;--unsettled-looking; whose light, dusky-glowing at best, now
flickers foul in the socket; whom the National Assembly will by and by,
to save time, 'regard as in a state of distraction.' Note lastly that
globular Younger Mirabeau; indignant that his elder Brother is among the
Commons: it is Viscomte Mirabeau; named oftener Mirabeau Tonneau (Barrel
Mirabeau), on account of his rotundity, and the quantities of strong
liquor he contains.
There then walks our French Noblesse. All in the old pomp of chivalry:
and yet, alas, how changed from the old position; drifted far down from
their native latitude, like Arctic icebergs got into the Equatorial sea,
and fast thawing there! Once these Chivalry Duces (Dukes, as they
are still named) did actually lead the world,--were it only towards
battle-spoil, where lay the world's best wages then: moreover, being the
ablest Leaders going, they had their lion's share, those Duces;
which none could grudge them. But now, when so many Looms, improved
Ploughshares, Steam-Engines and Bills of Exchange have been invented;
and, for battle-brawling itself, men hire Drill-Sergeants at
eighteen-pence a-day,--what mean these goldmantled Chivalry Figures,
walking there 'in black-velvet cloaks,' in high-plumed 'hats of a feudal
cut'? Reeds shaken in the wind!
The Clergy have got up; with Cahiers for abolishing pluralities,
enforcing residence of bishops, better payment of tithes. (Hist. Parl.
i. 322-27.) The Dignitaries, we can observe, walk stately, apart from
the numerous Undignified,--who indeed are properly little other than
Commons disguised in Curate-frocks. Here, however, though by strange
ways, shall the Precept be fulfilled, and they that are greatest (much
to their astonishment) become least. For one example, out of many, mark
that plausible Gregoire: one day Cure Gregoire shall be a Bishop, when
the now stately are wandering distracted, as Bishops in partibus. With
other thought, mark also the Abbe Maury: his broad bold face;
mouth accurately primmed; full eyes, that ray out intelligence,
falsehood,--the sort of sophistry which is astonished you should find it
sophistical. Skilfulest vamper-up of old rotten leather, to make it look
like new; always a rising man; he used to tell Mercier, "You will see;
I shall be in the Academy before you." (Mercier, Nouveau Paris.) Likely
indeed, thou skilfullest Maury; nay thou shalt have a Cardinal's Hat,
and plush and glory; but alas, also, in the longrun--mere oblivion, like
the rest of us; and six feet of earth! What boots it, vamping rotten
leather on these terms? Glorious in comparison is the livelihood thy
good old Father earns, by making shoes,--one may hope, in a sufficient
manner. Maury does not want for audacity. He shall wear pistols, by and
by; and at death-cries of "The Lamp-iron;" answer coolly, "Friends, will
you see better there?"
But yonder, halting lamely along, thou noticest next Bishop
Talleyrand-Perigord, his Reverence of Autun. A sardonic grimness lies
in that irreverent Reverence of Autun. He will do and suffer strange
things; and will become surely one of the strangest things ever seen,
or like to be seen. A man living in falsehood, and on falsehood; yet
not what you can call a false man: there is the specialty! It will be an
enigma for future ages, one may hope: hitherto such a product of Nature
and Art was possible only for this age of ours,--Age of Paper, and of
the Burning of Paper. Consider Bishop Talleyrand and Marquis Lafayette
as the topmost of their two kinds; and say once more, looking at what
they did and what they were, O Tempus ferax rerum!
On the whole, however, has not this unfortunate Clergy also drifted in
the Time-stream, far from its native latitude? An anomalous mass of
men; of whom the whole world has already a dim understanding that it can
understand nothing. They were once a Priesthood, interpreters of Wisdom,
revealers of the Holy that is in Man: a true Clerus (or Inheritance of
God on Earth): but now?--They pass silently, with such Cahiers as they
have been able to redact; and none cries, God bless them.
King Louis with his Court brings up the rear: he cheerful, in this day
of hope, is saluted with plaudits; still more Necker his Minister.
Not so the Queen; on whom hope shines not steadily any more. Ill-fated
Queen! Her hair is already gray with many cares and crosses; her
first-born son is dying in these weeks: black falsehood has ineffaceably
soiled her name; ineffaceably while this generation lasts. Instead of
Vive la Reine, voices insult her with Vive d'Orleans. Of her queenly
beauty little remains except its stateliness; not now gracious, but
haughty, rigid, silently enduring. With a most mixed feeling, wherein
joy has no part, she resigns herself to a day she hoped never to have
seen. Poor Marie Antoinette; with thy quick noble instincts; vehement
glancings, vision all-too fitful narrow for the work thou hast to do!
O there are tears in store for thee; bitterest wailings, soft womanly
meltings, though thou hast the heart of an imperial Theresa's Daughter.
Thou doomed one, shut thy eyes on the future!--
And so, in stately Procession, have passed the Elected of France. Some
towards honour and quick fire-consummation; most towards dishonour; not
a few towards massacre, confusion, emigration, desperation: all
towards Eternity!--So many heterogeneities cast together into the
fermenting-vat; there, with incalculable action, counteraction, elective
affinities, explosive developments, to work out healing for a sick
moribund System of Society! Probably the strangest Body of Men, if we
consider well, that ever met together on our Planet on such an errand.
So thousandfold complex a Society, ready to burst-up from its infinite
depths; and these men, its rulers and healers, without life-rule for
themselves,--other life-rule than a Gospel according to Jean Jacques!
To the wisest of them, what we must call the wisest, man is properly an
Accident under the sky. Man is without Duty round him; except it be 'to
make the Constitution.' He is without Heaven above him, or Hell beneath
him; he has no God in the world.
What further or better belief can be said to exist in these Twelve
Hundred? Belief in high-plumed hats of a feudal cut; in heraldic
scutcheons; in the divine right of Kings, in the divine right of
Game-destroyers. Belief, or what is still worse, canting half-belief;
or worst of all, mere Macchiavellic pretence-of-belief,--in consecrated
dough-wafers, and the godhood of a poor old Italian Man! Nevertheless
in that immeasurable Confusion and Corruption, which struggles there so
blindly to become less confused and corrupt, there is, as we said,
this one salient point of a New Life discernible: the deep fixed
Determination to have done with Shams. A determination, which,
consciously or unconsciously, is fixed; which waxes ever more fixed,
into very madness and fixed-idea; which in such embodiment as lies
provided there, shall now unfold itself rapidly: monstrous, stupendous,
unspeakable; new for long thousands of years!--How has the Heaven's
light, oftentimes in this Earth, to clothe itself in thunder and
electric murkiness; and descend as molten lightning, blasting, if
purifying! Nay is it not rather the very murkiness, and atmospheric
suffocation, that brings the lightning and the light? The new Evangel,
as the old had been, was it to be born in the Destruction of a World?
But how the Deputies assisted at High Mass, and heard sermon, and
applauded the preacher, church as it was, when he preached politics;
how, next day, with sustained pomp, they are, for the first time,
installed in their Salles des Menus (Hall no longer of Amusements), and
become a States-General,--readers can fancy for themselves. The King
from his estrade, gorgeous as Solomon in all his glory, runs his eye
over that majestic Hall; many-plumed, many-glancing; bright-tinted
as rainbow, in the galleries and near side spaces, where Beauty sits
raining bright influence. Satisfaction, as of one that after long
voyaging had got to port, plays over his broad simple face: the innocent
King! He rises and speaks, with sonorous tone, a conceivable speech.
With which, still more with the succeeding one-hour and two-hour
speeches of Garde-des-Sceaux and M. Necker, full of nothing but
patriotism, hope, faith, and deficiency of the revenue,--no reader of
these pages shall be tried.
We remark only that, as his Majesty, on finishing the speech, put on
his plumed hat, and the Noblesse according to custom imitated him, our
Tiers-Etat Deputies did mostly, not without a shade of fierceness, in
like manner clap-on, and even crush on their slouched hats; and stand
there awaiting the issue. (Histoire Parlementaire (i. 356). Mercier,
Nouveau Paris, &c.) Thick buzz among them, between majority and minority
of Couvrezvous, Decrouvrez-vous (Hats off, Hats on)! To which his
Majesty puts end, by taking off his own royal hat again.
The session terminates without further accident or omen than this; with
which, significantly enough, France has opened her States-General.
BOOK 1.V.
THE THIRD ESTATE
Chapter 1.5.I.
Inertia.
That exasperated France, in this same National Assembly of hers, has
got something, nay something great, momentous, indispensable, cannot be
doubted; yet still the question were: Specially what? A question hard
to solve, even for calm onlookers at this distance; wholly insoluble to
actors in the middle of it. The States-General, created and conflated by
the passionate effort of the whole nation, is there as a thing high and
lifted up. Hope, jubilating, cries aloud that it will prove a miraculous
Brazen Serpent in the Wilderness; whereon whosoever looks, with faith
and obedience, shall be healed of all woes and serpent-bites.
We may answer, it will at least prove a symbolic Banner; round which the
exasperating complaining Twenty-Five Millions, otherwise isolated and
without power, may rally, and work--what it is in them to work. If
battle must be the work, as one cannot help expecting, then shall it
be a battle-banner (say, an Italian Gonfalon, in its old Republican
Carroccio); and shall tower up, car-borne, shining in the wind: and with
iron tongue peal forth many a signal. A thing of prime necessity; which
whether in the van or in the centre, whether leading or led and driven,
must do the fighting multitude incalculable services. For a season,
while it floats in the very front, nay as it were stands solitary
there, waiting whether force will gather round it, this same National
Carroccio, and the signal-peals it rings, are a main object with us.
The omen of the 'slouch-hats clapt on' shows the Commons Deputies to
have made up their minds on one thing: that neither Noblesse nor Clergy
shall have precedence of them; hardly even Majesty itself. To such
length has the Contrat Social, and force of public opinion, carried
us. For what is Majesty but the Delegate of the Nation; delegated, and
bargained with (even rather tightly),--in some very singular posture of
affairs, which Jean Jacques has not fixed the date of?
Coming therefore into their Hall, on the morrow, an inorganic mass
of Six Hundred individuals, these Commons Deputies perceive, without
terror, that they have it all to themselves. Their Hall is also the
Grand or general Hall for all the Three Orders. But the Noblesse and
Clergy, it would seem, have retired to their two separate Apartments, or
Halls; and are there 'verifying their powers,' not in a conjoint but
in a separate capacity. They are to constitute two separate, perhaps
separately-voting Orders, then? It is as if both Noblesse and Clergy
had silently taken for granted that they already were such! Two Orders
against one; and so the Third Order to be left in a perpetual minority?
Much may remain unfixed; but the negative of that is a thing fixed:
in the Slouch-hatted heads, in the French Nation's head. Double
representation, and all else hitherto gained, were otherwise futile,
null. Doubtless, the 'powers must be verified;'--doubtless, the
Commission, the electoral Documents of your Deputy must be inspected
by his brother Deputies, and found valid: it is the preliminary of all.
Neither is this question, of doing it separately or doing it conjointly,
a vital one: but if it lead to such? It must be resisted; wise was that
maxim, Resist the beginnings! Nay were resistance unadvisable, even
dangerous, yet surely pause is very natural: pause, with Twenty-five
Millions behind you, may become resistance enough.--The inorganic mass
of Commons Deputies will restrict itself to a 'system of inertia,' and
for the present remain inorganic.
Such method, recommendable alike to sagacity and to timidity, do the
Commons Deputies adopt; and, not without adroitness, and with ever more
tenacity, they persist in it, day after day, week after week. For
six weeks their history is of the kind named barren; which indeed, as
Philosophy knows, is often the fruitfulest of all. These were their
still creation-days; wherein they sat incubating! In fact, what they
did was to do nothing, in a judicious manner. Daily the inorganic body
reassembles; regrets that they cannot get organisation, 'verification of
powers in common, and begin regenerating France. Headlong motions may be
made, but let such be repressed; inertia alone is at once unpunishable
and unconquerable.
Cunning must be met by cunning; proud pretension by inertia, by a low
tone of patriotic sorrow; low, but incurable, unalterable. Wise as
serpents; harmless as doves: what a spectacle for France! Six Hundred
inorganic individuals, essential for its regeneration and salvation, sit
there, on their elliptic benches, longing passionately towards life;
in painful durance; like souls waiting to be born. Speeches are spoken;
eloquent; audible within doors and without. Mind agitates itself against
mind; the Nation looks on with ever deeper interest. Thus do the Commons
Deputies sit incubating.
There are private conclaves, supper-parties, consultations; Breton Club,
Club of Viroflay; germs of many Clubs. Wholly an element of confused
noise, dimness, angry heat;--wherein, however, the Eros-egg, kept at the
fit temperature, may hover safe, unbroken till it be hatched. In your
Mouniers, Malouets, Lechapeliers in science sufficient for that; fervour
in your Barnaves, Rabauts. At times shall come an inspiration from royal
Mirabeau: he is nowise yet recognised as royal; nay he was 'groaned
at,' when his name was first mentioned: but he is struggling towards
recognition.
In the course of the week, the Commons having called their Eldest to
the chair, and furnished him with young stronger-lunged assistants,--can
speak articulately; and, in audible lamentable words, declare, as
we said, that they are an inorganic body, longing to become organic.
Letters arrive; but an inorganic body cannot open letters; they lie on
the table unopened. The Eldest may at most procure for himself some kind
of List or Muster-roll, to take the votes by, and wait what will betide.
Noblesse and Clergy are all elsewhere: however, an eager public crowds
all galleries and vacancies; which is some comfort. With effort, it
is determined, not that a Deputation shall be sent,--for how can an
inorganic body send deputations?--but that certain individual Commons
Members shall, in an accidental way, stroll into the Clergy Chamber,
and then into the Noblesse one; and mention there, as a thing they have
happened to observe, that the Commons seem to be sitting waiting for
them, in order to verify their powers. That is the wiser method!
The Clergy, among whom are such a multitude of Undignified, of mere
Commons in Curates' frocks, depute instant respectful answer that they
are, and will now more than ever be, in deepest study as to that very
matter. Contrariwise the Noblesse, in cavalier attitude, reply, after
four days, that they, for their part, are all verified and constituted;
which, they had trusted, the Commons also were; such separate
verification being clearly the proper constitutional wisdom-of-ancestors
method;--as they the Noblesse will have much pleasure in demonstrating
by a Commission of their number, if the Commons will meet them,
Commission against Commission! Directly in the rear of which comes a
deputation of Clergy, reiterating, in their insidious conciliatory way,
the same proposal. Here, then, is a complexity: what will wise Commons
say to this?
Warily, inertly, the wise Commons, considering that they are, if not a
French Third Estate, at least an Aggregate of individuals pretending to
some title of that kind, determine, after talking on it five days, to
name such a Commission,--though, as it were, with proviso not to be
convinced: a sixth day is taken up in naming it; a seventh and an eighth
day in getting the forms of meeting, place, hour and the like, settled:
so that it is not till the evening of the 23rd of May that Noblesse
Commission first meets Commons Commission, Clergy acting as
Conciliators; and begins the impossible task of convincing it. One other
meeting, on the 25th, will suffice: the Commons are inconvincible, the
Noblesse and Clergy irrefragably convincing; the Commissions retire;
each Order persisting in its first pretensions. (Reported Debates, 6th
May to 1st June, 1789 in Histoire Parlementaire, i. 379-422.)
Thus have three weeks passed. For three weeks, the Third-Estate
Carroccio, with far-seen Gonfalon, has stood stockstill, flouting the
wind; waiting what force would gather round it.
Fancy can conceive the feeling of the Court; and how counsel met
counsel, the loud-sounding inanity whirled in that distracted vortex,
where wisdom could not dwell. Your cunningly devised Taxing-Machine has
been got together; set up with incredible labour; and stands there, its
three pieces in contact; its two fly-wheels of Noblesse and Clergy,
its huge working-wheel of Tiers-Etat. The two fly-wheels whirl in the
softest manner; but, prodigious to look upon, the huge working-wheel
hangs motionless, refuses to stir! The cunningest engineers are at
fault. How will it work, when it does begin? Fearfully, my Friends;
and to many purposes; but to gather taxes, or grind court-meal, one may
apprehend, never. Could we but have continued gathering taxes by hand!
Messeigneurs d'Artois, Conti, Conde (named Court Triumvirate), they
of the anti-democratic Memoire au Roi, has not their foreboding proved
true? They may wave reproachfully their high heads; they may beat
their poor brains; but the cunningest engineers can do nothing. Necker
himself, were he even listened to, begins to look blue. The only thing
one sees advisable is to bring up soldiers. New regiments, two, and a
battalion of a third, have already reached Paris; others shall get in
march. Good were it, in all circumstances, to have troops within reach;
good that the command were in sure hands. Let Broglie be appointed;
old Marshal Duke de Broglie; veteran disciplinarian, of a firm
drill-sergeant morality, such as may be depended on.
For, alas, neither are the Clergy, or the very Noblesse what they
should be; and might be, when so menaced from without: entire,
undivided within. The Noblesse, indeed, have their Catiline or Crispin
D'Espremenil, dusky-glowing, all in renegade heat; their boisterous
Barrel-Mirabeau; but also they have their Lafayettes, Liancourts,
Lameths; above all, their D'Orleans, now cut forever from his
Court-moorings, and musing drowsily of high and highest sea-prizes
(for is not he too a son of Henri Quatre, and partial potential
Heir-Apparent?)--on his voyage towards Chaos. From the Clergy again,
so numerous are the Cures, actual deserters have run over: two small
parties; in the second party Cure Gregoire. Nay there is talk of a
whole Hundred and Forty-nine of them about to desert in mass, and only
restrained by an Archbishop of Paris. It seems a losing game.
But judge if France, if Paris sat idle, all this while! Addresses from
far and near flow in: for our Commons have now grown organic enough to
open letters. Or indeed to cavil at them! Thus poor Marquis de Breze,
Supreme Usher, Master of Ceremonies, or whatever his title was, writing
about this time on some ceremonial matter, sees no harm in winding up
with a 'Monsieur, yours with sincere attachment.'--"To whom does it
address itself, this sincere attachment?" inquires Mirabeau. "To the
Dean of the Tiers-Etat."--"There is no man in France entitled to write
that," rejoins he; whereat the Galleries and the World will not be kept
from applauding. (Moniteur (in Histoire Parlementaire, i. 405).) Poor
De Breze! These Commons have a still older grudge at him; nor has he yet
done with them.
In another way, Mirabeau has had to protest against the quick
suppression of his Newspaper, Journal of the States-General;--and
to continue it under a new name. In which act of valour, the Paris
Electors, still busy redacting their Cahier, could not but support him,
by Address to his Majesty: they claim utmost 'provisory freedom of
the press;' they have spoken even about demolishing the Bastille,
and erecting a Bronze Patriot King on the site!--These are the rich
Burghers: but now consider how it went, for example, with such loose
miscellany, now all grown eleutheromaniac, of Loungers, Prowlers, social
Nondescripts (and the distilled Rascality of our Planet), as whirls
forever in the Palais Royal;--or what low infinite groan, first
changing into a growl, comes from Saint-Antoine, and the Twenty-five
Millions in danger of starvation!
There is the indisputablest scarcity of corn;--be it Aristocrat-plot,
D'Orleans-plot, of this year; or drought and hail of last year: in city
and province, the poor man looks desolately towards a nameless lot. And
this States-General, that could make us an age of gold, is forced
to stand motionless; cannot get its powers verified! All industry
necessarily languishes, if it be not that of making motions.
In the Palais Royal there has been erected, apparently by subscription,
a kind of Wooden Tent (en planches de bois); (Histoire Parlementaire,
i. 429.)--most convenient; where select Patriotism can now redact
resolutions, deliver harangues, with comfort, let the weather but as it
will. Lively is that Satan-at-Home! On his table, on his chair, in
every cafe, stands a patriotic orator; a crowd round him within; a crowd
listening from without, open-mouthed, through open door and window;
with 'thunders of applause for every sentiment of more than common
hardiness.' In Monsieur Dessein's Pamphlet-shop, close by, you cannot
without strong elbowing get to the counter: every hour produces its
pamphlet, or litter of pamphlets; 'there were thirteen to-day, sixteen
yesterday, nine-two last week.' (Arthur Young, Travels, i. 104.) Think
of Tyranny and Scarcity; Fervid-eloquence, Rumour, Pamphleteering;
Societe Publicole, Breton Club, Enraged Club;--and whether every
tap-room, coffee-room, social reunion, accidental street-group, over
wide France, was not an Enraged Club!
To all which the Commons Deputies can only listen with a sublime inertia
of sorrow; reduced to busy themselves 'with their internal police.'
Surer position no Deputies ever occupied; if they keep it with skill.
Let not the temperature rise too high; break not the Eros-egg till it be
hatched, till it break itself! An eager public crowds all Galleries and
vacancies! 'cannot be restrained from applauding.' The two Privileged
Orders, the Noblesse all verified and constituted, may look on with what
face they will; not without a secret tremor of heart. The Clergy, always
acting the part of conciliators, make a clutch at the Galleries, and the
popularity there; and miss it. Deputation of them arrives, with dolorous
message about the 'dearth of grains,' and the necessity there is of
casting aside vain formalities, and deliberating on this. An insidious
proposal; which, however, the Commons (moved thereto by seagreen
Robespierre) dexterously accept as a sort of hint, or even pledge,
that the Clergy will forthwith come over to them, constitute
the States-General, and so cheapen grains! (Bailly, Memoires, i.
114.)--Finally, on the 27th day of May, Mirabeau, judging the time
now nearly come, proposes that 'the inertia cease;' that, leaving the
Noblesse to their own stiff ways, the Clergy be summoned, 'in the
name of the God of Peace,' to join the Commons, and begin. (Histoire
Parlementaire, i. 413.) To which summons if they turn a deaf ear,--we
shall see! Are not one Hundred and Forty-nine of them ready to desert?
O Triumvirate of Princes, new Garde-des-Sceaux Barentin, thou
Home-Secretary Breteuil, Duchess Polignac, and Queen eager to
listen,--what is now to be done? This Third Estate will get in
motion, with the force of all France in it; Clergy-machinery with
Noblesse-machinery, which were to serve as beautiful counter-balances
and drags, will be shamefully dragged after it,--and take fire along
with it. What is to be done? The Oeil-de-Boeuf waxes more confused than
ever. Whisper and counter-whisper; a very tempest of whispers! Leading
men from all the Three Orders are nightly spirited thither; conjurors
many of them; but can they conjure this? Necker himself were now
welcome, could he interfere to purpose.
Let Necker interfere, then; and in the King's name! Happily that
incendiary 'God-of-Peace' message is not yet answered. The Three Orders
shall again have conferences; under this Patriot Minister of theirs,
somewhat may be healed, clouted up;--we meanwhile getting forward Swiss
Regiments, and a 'hundred pieces of field-artillery.' This is what the
Oeil-de-Boeuf, for its part, resolves on.
But as for Necker--Alas, poor Necker, thy obstinate Third Estate has
one first-last word, verification in common, as the pledge of voting and
deliberating in common! Half-way proposals, from such a tried friend,
they answer with a stare. The tardy conferences speedily break up;
the Third Estate, now ready and resolute, the whole world backing
it, returns to its Hall of the Three Orders; and Necker to the
Oeil-de-Boeuf, with the character of a disconjured conjuror there--fit
only for dismissal. (Debates, 1st to 17th June 1789 (in Histoire
Parlementaire, i. 422-478).)
And so the Commons Deputies are at last on their own strength getting
under way? Instead of Chairman, or Dean, they have now got a President:
Astronomer Bailly. Under way, with a vengeance! With endless vociferous
and temperate eloquence, borne on Newspaper wings to all lands, they
have now, on this 17th day of June, determined that their name is
not Third Estate, but--National Assembly! They, then, are the Nation?
Triumvirate of Princes, Queen, refractory Noblesse and Clergy, what,
then, are you? A most deep question;--scarcely answerable in living
political dialects.
All regardless of which, our new National Assembly proceeds to appoint
a 'committee of subsistences;' dear to France, though it can find little
or no grain. Next, as if our National Assembly stood quite firm on its
legs,--to appoint 'four other standing committees;' then to settle the
security of the National Debt; then that of the Annual Taxation: all
within eight-and-forty hours. At such rate of velocity it is going: the
conjurors of the Oeil-de-Boeuf may well ask themselves, Whither?
Chapter 1.5.II.
Mercury de Breze.
Now surely were the time for a 'god from the machine;' there is a nodus
worthy of one. The only question is, Which god? Shall it be Mars de
Broglie, with his hundred pieces of cannon?--Not yet, answers prudence;
so soft, irresolute is King Louis. Let it be Messenger Mercury, our
Supreme Usher de Breze.
On the morrow, which is the 20th of June, these Hundred and Forty-nine
false Curates, no longer restrainable by his Grace of Paris, will desert
in a body: let De Breze intervene, and produce--closed doors! Not only
shall there be Royal Session, in that Salle des Menus; but no meeting,
nor working (except by carpenters), till then. Your Third Estate,
self-styled 'National Assembly,' shall suddenly see itself extruded
from its Hall, by carpenters, in this dexterous way; and reduced to do
nothing, not even to meet, or articulately lament,--till Majesty, with
Seance Royale and new miracles, be ready! In this manner shall De Breze,
as Mercury ex machina, intervene; and, if the Oeil-de-Boeuf mistake not,
work deliverance from the nodus.
Of poor De Breze we can remark that he has yet prospered in none of his
dealings with these Commons. Five weeks ago, when they kissed the hand
of Majesty, the mode he took got nothing but censure; and then his
'sincere attachment,' how was it scornfully whiffed aside! Before
supper, this night, he writes to President Bailly, a new Letter, to be
delivered shortly after dawn tomorrow, in the King's name. Which Letter,
however, Bailly in the pride of office, will merely crush together into
his pocket, like a bill he does not mean to pay.
Accordingly on Saturday morning the 20th of June, shrill-sounding
heralds proclaim through the streets of Versailles, that there is to be
a Seance Royale next Monday; and no meeting of the States-General till
then. And yet, we observe, President Bailly in sound of this, and with
De Breze's Letter in his pocket, is proceeding, with National Assembly
at his heels, to the accustomed Salles des Menus; as if De Breze and
heralds were mere wind. It is shut, this Salle; occupied by Gardes
Francaises. "Where is your Captain?" The Captain shows his royal order:
workmen, he is grieved to say, are all busy setting up the platform for
his Majesty's Seance; most unfortunately, no admission; admission, at
furthest, for President and Secretaries to bring away papers, which the
joiners might destroy!--President Bailly enters with Secretaries;
and returns bearing papers: alas, within doors, instead of patriotic
eloquence, there is now no noise but hammering, sawing, and operative
screeching and rumbling! A profanation without parallel.
The Deputies stand grouped on the Paris Road, on this umbrageous Avenue
de Versailles; complaining aloud of the indignity done them. Courtiers,
it is supposed, look from their windows, and giggle. The morning is
none of the comfortablest: raw; it is even drizzling a little. (Bailly,
Memoires, i. 185-206.) But all travellers pause; patriot gallery-men,
miscellaneous spectators increase the groups. Wild counsels alternate.
Some desperate Deputies propose to go and hold session on the great
outer Staircase at Marly, under the King's windows; for his Majesty,
it seems, has driven over thither. Others talk of making the Chateau
Forecourt, what they call Place d'Armes, a Runnymede and new Champ
de Mai of free Frenchmen: nay of awakening, to sounds of indignant
Patriotism, the echoes of the Oeil-de-boeuf itself.--Notice is given
that President Bailly, aided by judicious Guillotin and others, has
found place in the Tennis-Court of the Rue St. Francois. Thither, in
long-drawn files, hoarse-jingling, like cranes on wing, the Commons
Deputies angrily wend.
Strange sight was this in the Rue St. Francois, Vieux Versailles! A
naked Tennis-Court, as the pictures of that time still give it: four
walls; naked, except aloft some poor wooden penthouse, or roofed
spectators'-gallery, hanging round them:--on the floor not now an idle
teeheeing, a snapping of balls and rackets; but the bellowing din of an
indignant National Representation, scandalously exiled hither! However,
a cloud of witnesses looks down on them, from wooden penthouse, from
wall-top, from adjoining roof and chimney; rolls towards them from all
quarters, with passionate spoken blessings. Some table can be procured
to write on; some chair, if not to sit on, then to stand on. The
Secretaries undo their tapes; Bailly has constituted the Assembly.
Experienced Mounier, not wholly new to such things, in Parlementary
revolts, which he has seen or heard of, thinks that it were well, in
these lamentable threatening circumstances, to unite themselves by an
Oath.--Universal acclamation, as from smouldering bosoms getting vent!
The Oath is redacted; pronounced aloud by President Bailly,--and indeed
in such a sonorous tone, that the cloud of witnesses, even outdoors,
hear it, and bellow response to it. Six hundred right-hands rise with
President Bailly's, to take God above to witness that they will
not separate for man below, but will meet in all places, under all
circumstances, wheresoever two or three can get together, till they have
made the Constitution. Made the Constitution, Friends! That is a long
task. Six hundred hands, meanwhile, will sign as they have sworn:
six hundred save one; one Loyalist Abdiel, still visible by this sole
light-point, and nameable, poor 'M. Martin d'Auch, from Castelnaudary,
in Languedoc.' Him they permit to sign or signify refusal; they even
save him from the cloud of witnesses, by declaring 'his head deranged.'
At four o'clock, the signatures are all appended; new meeting is fixed
for Monday morning, earlier than the hour of the Royal Session; that our
Hundred and Forty-nine Clerical deserters be not balked: we shall meet
'at the Recollets Church or elsewhere,' in hope that our Hundred and
Forty-nine will join us;--and now it is time to go to dinner.
This, then, is the Session of the Tennis-Court, famed Seance du Jeu de
Paume; the fame of which has gone forth to all lands. This is Mercurius
de Breze's appearance as Deus ex machina; this is the fruit it brings!
The giggle of Courtiers in the Versailles Avenue has already died
into gaunt silence. Did the distracted Court, with Gardes-des-Sceaux
Barentin, Triumvirate and Company, imagine that they could scatter six
hundred National Deputies, big with a National Constitution, like as
much barndoor poultry, big with next to nothing,--by the white or black
rod of a Supreme Usher? Barndoor poultry fly cackling: but National
Deputies turn round, lion-faced; and, with uplifted right-hand, swear an
Oath that makes the four corners of France tremble.
President Bailly has covered himself with honour; which shall become
rewards. The National Assembly is now doubly and trebly the Nation's
Assembly; not militant, martyred only, but triumphant; insulted, and
which could not be insulted. Paris disembogues itself once more,
to witness, 'with grim looks,' the Seance Royale: (See Arthur Young
(Travels, i. 115-118); A. Lameth, &c.) which, by a new felicity,
is postponed till Tuesday. The Hundred and Forty-nine, and even with
Bishops among them, all in processional mass, have had free leisure
to march off, and solemnly join the Commons sitting waiting in their
Church. The Commons welcomed them with shouts, with embracings, nay
with tears; (Dumont, Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, c. 4.) for it is growing a
life-and-death matter now.
As for the Seance itself, the Carpenters seem to have accomplished their
platform; but all else remains unaccomplished. Futile, we may say fatal,
was the whole matter. King Louis enters, through seas of people, all
grim-silent, angry with many things,--for it is a bitter rain too.
Enters, to a Third Estate, likewise grim-silent; which has been wetted
waiting under mean porches, at back-doors, while Court and Privileged
were entering by the front. King and Garde-des-Sceaux (there is
no Necker visible) make known, not without longwindedness, the
determinations of the royal breast. The Three Orders shall vote
separately. On the other hand, France may look for considerable
constitutional blessings; as specified in these Five-and-thirty
Articles, (Histoire Parlementaire, i. 13.) which Garde-des-Sceaux is
waxing hoarse with reading. Which Five-and-Thirty Articles, adds his
Majesty again rising, if the Three Orders most unfortunately cannot
agree together to effect them, I myself will effect: "seul je ferai
le bien de mes peuples,"--which being interpreted may signify, You,
contentious Deputies of the States-General, have probably not long to be
here! But, in fine, all shall now withdraw for this day; and meet again,
each Order in its separate place, to-morrow morning, for despatch of
business. This is the determination of the royal breast: pithy and
clear. And herewith King, retinue, Noblesse, majority of Clergy file
out, as if the whole matter were satisfactorily completed.
These file out; through grim-silent seas of people. Only the Commons
Deputies file not out; but stand there in gloomy silence, uncertain what
they shall do. One man of them is certain; one man of them discerns and
dares! It is now that King Mirabeau starts to the Tribune, and lifts up
his lion-voice. Verily a word in season; for, in such scenes, the moment
is the mother of ages! Had not Gabriel Honore been there,--one can well
fancy, how the Commons Deputies, affrighted at the perils which now
yawned dim all round them, and waxing ever paler in each other's
paleness, might very naturally, one after one, have glided off; and the
whole course of European History have been different!
But he is there. List to the brool of that royal forest-voice;
sorrowful, low; fast swelling to a roar! Eyes kindle at the glance of
his eye:--National Deputies were missioned by a Nation; they have
sworn an Oath; they--but lo! while the lion's voice roars loudest,
what Apparition is this? Apparition of Mercurius de Breze, muttering
somewhat!--"Speak out," cry several.--"Messieurs," shrills De Breze,
repeating himself, "You have heard the King's orders!"--Mirabeau glares
on him with fire-flashing face; shakes the black lion's mane: "Yes,
Monsieur, we have heard what the King was advised to say: and you who
cannot be the interpreter of his orders to the States-General; you,
who have neither place nor right of speech here; you are not the man to
remind us of it. Go, Monsieur, tell these who sent you that we are here
by the will of the People, and that nothing shall send us hence but the
force of bayonets!" (Moniteur (Hist. Parl. ii. 22.).) And poor De Breze
shivers forth from the National Assembly;--and also (if it be not in one
faintest glimmer, months later) finally from the page of History!--
Hapless De Breze; doomed to survive long ages, in men's memory, in this
faint way, with tremulent white rod! He was true to Etiquette, which
was his Faith here below; a martyr to respect of persons. Short woollen
cloaks could not kiss Majesty's hand as long velvet ones did. Nay
lately, when the poor little Dauphin lay dead, and some ceremonial
Visitation came, was he not punctual to announce it even to the
Dauphin's dead body: "Monseigneur, a Deputation of the States-General!"
(Montgaillard, ii. 38.) Sunt lachrymae rerum.
But what does the Oeil-de-Boeuf, now when De Breze shivers back thither?
Despatch that same force of bayonets? Not so: the seas of people still
hang multitudinous, intent on what is passing; nay rush and roll,
loud-billowing, into the Courts of the Chateau itself; for a report
has risen that Necker is to be dismissed. Worst of all, the Gardes
Francaises seem indisposed to act: 'two Companies of them do not fire
when ordered!' (Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 26.) Necker, for not being
at the Seance, shall be shouted for, carried home in triumph; and must
not be dismissed. His Grace of Paris, on the other hand, has to fly
with broken coach-panels, and owe his life to furious driving. The
Gardes-du-Corps (Body-Guards), which you were drawing out, had better be
drawn in again. (Bailly, i. 217.) There is no sending of bayonets to be
thought of.
Instead of soldiers, the Oeil-de-Boeuf sends--carpenters, to take down
the platform. Ineffectual shift! In few instants, the very carpenters
cease wrenching and knocking at their platform; stand on it, hammer in
hand, and listen open-mouthed. (Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 23.) The
Third Estate is decreeing that it is, was, and will be, nothing but a
National Assembly; and now, moreover, an inviolable one, all members of
it inviolable: 'infamous, traitorous, towards the Nation, and guilty
of capital crime, is any person, body-corporate, tribunal, court or
commission that now or henceforth, during the present session or after
it, shall dare to pursue, interrogate, arrest, or cause to be arrested,
detain or cause to be detained, any,' &c. &c. 'on whose part soever the
same be commanded.' (Montgaillard, ii. 47.) Which done, one can wind up
with this comfortable reflection from Abbe Sieyes: "Messieurs, you are
today what you were yesterday."
Courtiers may shriek; but it is, and remains, even so. Their
well-charged explosion has exploded through the touch-hole; covering
themselves with scorches, confusion, and unseemly soot! Poor
Triumvirate, poor Queen; and above all, poor Queen's Husband, who means
well, had he any fixed meaning! Folly is that wisdom which is wise only
behindhand. Few months ago these Thirty-five Concessions had filled
France with a rejoicing, which might have lasted for several years. Now
it is unavailing, the very mention of it slighted; Majesty's express
orders set at nought.
All France is in a roar; a sea of persons, estimated at 'ten thousand,'
whirls 'all this day in the Palais Royal.' (Arthur Young, i. 119.) The
remaining Clergy, and likewise some Forty-eight Noblesse, D'Orleans
among them, have now forthwith gone over to the victorious Commons; by
whom, as is natural, they are received 'with acclamation.'
The Third Estate triumphs; Versailles Town shouting round it; ten
thousand whirling all day in the Palais Royal; and all France standing
a-tiptoe, not unlike whirling! Let the Oeil-de-Boeuf look to it. As for
King Louis, he will swallow his injuries; will temporise, keep silence;
will at all costs have present peace. It was Tuesday the 23d of June,
when he spoke that peremptory royal mandate; and the week is not done
till he has written to the remaining obstinate Noblesse, that they
also must oblige him, and give in. D'Espremenil rages his last; Barrel
Mirabeau 'breaks his sword,' making a vow,--which he might as well have
kept. The 'Triple Family' is now therefore complete; the third erring
brother, the Noblesse, having joined it;--erring but pardonable;
soothed, so far as possible, by sweet eloquence from President Bailly.
So triumphs the Third Estate; and States-General are become National
Assembly; and all France may sing Te Deum. By wise inertia, and wise
cessation of inertia, great victory has been gained. It is the last
night of June: all night you meet nothing on the streets of Versailles
but 'men running with torches' with shouts of jubilation. From the 2nd
of May when they kissed the hand of Majesty, to this 30th of June when
men run with torches, we count seven weeks complete. For seven weeks the
National Carroccio has stood far-seen, ringing many a signal; and, so
much having now gathered round it, may hope to stand.
Chapter 1.5.III.
Broglie the War-God.
The Court feels indignant that it is conquered; but what then? Another
time it will do better. Mercury descended in vain; now has the time
come for Mars.--The gods of the Oeil-de-Boeuf have withdrawn into the
darkness of their cloudy Ida; and sit there, shaping and forging what
may be needful, be it 'billets of a new National Bank,' munitions of
war, or things forever inscrutable to men.
Accordingly, what means this 'apparatus of troops'? The National
Assembly can get no furtherance for its Committee of Subsistences; can
hear only that, at Paris, the Bakers' shops are besieged; that, in the
Provinces, people are living on 'meal-husks and boiled grass.' But on
all highways there hover dust-clouds, with the march of regiments,
with the trailing of cannon: foreign Pandours, of fierce aspect;
Salis-Samade, Esterhazy, Royal-Allemand; so many of them foreign, to
the number of thirty thousand,--which fear can magnify to fifty:
all wending towards Paris and Versailles! Already, on the heights of
Montmartre, is a digging and delving; too like a scarping and trenching.
The effluence of Paris is arrested Versailles-ward by a barrier of
cannon at Sevres Bridge. From the Queen's Mews, cannon stand pointed on
the National Assembly Hall itself. The National Assembly has its
very slumbers broken by the tramp of soldiery, swarming and defiling,
endless, or seemingly endless, all round those spaces, at dead of night,
'without drum-music, without audible word of command.' (A. Lameth,
Assemblee Constituante, i. 41.) What means it?
Shall eight, or even shall twelve Deputies, our Mirabeaus, Barnaves at
the head of them, be whirled suddenly to the Castle of Ham; the rest
ignominiously dispersed to the winds? No National Assembly can make
the Constitution with cannon levelled on it from the Queen's Mews!
What means this reticence of the Oeil-de-Boeuf, broken only by nods and
shrugs? In the mystery of that cloudy Ida, what is it that they forge
and shape?--Such questions must distracted Patriotism keep asking, and
receive no answer but an echo.
Enough of themselves! But now, above all, while the hungry food-year,
which runs from August to August, is getting older; becoming more and
more a famine-year? With 'meal-husks and boiled grass,' Brigands may
actually collect; and, in crowds, at farm and mansion, howl angrily,
Food! Food! It is in vain to send soldiers against them: at sight of
soldiers they disperse, they vanish as under ground; then directly
reassemble elsewhere for new tumult and plunder. Frightful enough
to look upon; but what to hear of, reverberated through Twenty-five
Millions of suspicious minds! Brigands and Broglie, open Conflagration,
preternatural Rumour are driving mad most hearts in France. What will
the issue of these things be?
At Marseilles, many weeks ago, the Townsmen have taken arms; for
'suppressing of Brigands,' and other purposes: the military commandant
may make of it what he will. Elsewhere, everywhere, could not the like
be done? Dubious, on the distracted Patriot imagination, wavers, as a
last deliverance, some foreshadow of a National Guard. But conceive,
above all, the Wooden Tent in the Palais Royal! A universal hubbub
there, as of dissolving worlds: their loudest bellows the mad,
mad-making voice of Rumour; their sharpest gazes Suspicion into the
pale dim World-Whirlpool; discerning shapes and phantasms; imminent
bloodthirsty Regiments camped on the Champ-de-Mars; dispersed National
Assembly; redhot cannon-balls (to burn Paris);--the mad War-god and
Bellona's sounding thongs. To the calmest man it is becoming too plain
that battle is inevitable.
Inevitable, silently nod Messeigneurs and Broglie: Inevitable and brief!
Your National Assembly, stopped short in its Constitutional labours, may
fatigue the royal ear with addresses and remonstrances: those cannon of
ours stand duly levelled; those troops are here. The King's Declaration,
with its Thirty-five too generous Articles, was spoken, was not listened
to; but remains yet unrevoked: he himself shall effect it, seul il fera!
As for Broglie, he has his headquarters at Versailles, all as in a
seat of war: clerks writing; significant staff-officers, inclined to
taciturnity; plumed aides-de-camp, scouts, orderlies flying or hovering.
He himself looks forth, important, impenetrable; listens to Besenval
Commandant of Paris, and his warning and earnest counsels (for he has
come out repeatedly on purpose), with a silent smile. (Besenval, iii.
398.) The Parisians resist? scornfully cry Messeigneurs. As a meal-mob
may! They have sat quiet, these five generations, submitting to all.
Their Mercier declared, in these very years, that a Parisian revolt was
henceforth 'impossible.' (Mercier, Tableau de Paris, vi. 22.) Stand
by the royal Declaration, of the Twenty-third of June. The Nobles of
France, valorous, chivalrous as of old, will rally round us with one
heart;--and as for this which you call Third Estate, and which we call
canaille of unwashed Sansculottes, of Patelins, Scribblers, factious
Spouters,--brave Broglie, 'with a whiff of grapeshot (salve de canons),
if need be, will give quick account of it. Thus reason they: on their
cloudy Ida; hidden from men,--men also hidden from them.
Good is grapeshot, Messeigneurs, on one condition: that the shooter also
were made of metal! But unfortunately he is made of flesh; under his
buffs and bandoleers your hired shooter has instincts, feelings, even a
kind of thought. It is his kindred, bone of his bone, this same
canaille that shall be whiffed; he has brothers in it, a father and
mother,--living on meal-husks and boiled grass. His very doxy, not yet
'dead i' the spital,' drives him into military heterodoxy; declares that
if he shed Patriot blood, he shall be accursed among men. The soldier,
who has seen his pay stolen by rapacious Foulons, his blood wasted by
Soubises, Pompadours, and the gates of promotion shut inexorably on him
if he were not born noble,--is himself not without griefs against you.
Your cause is not the soldier's cause; but, as would seem, your own
only, and no other god's nor man's.
For example, the world may have heard how, at Bethune lately, when there
rose some 'riot about grains,' of which sort there are so many, and the
soldiers stood drawn out, and the word 'Fire! was given,--not a trigger
stirred; only the butts of all muskets rattled angrily against the
ground; and the soldiers stood glooming, with a mixed expression
of countenance;--till clutched 'each under the arm of a patriot
householder,' they were all hurried off, in this manner, to be treated
and caressed, and have their pay increased by subscription! (Histoire
Parlementaire.)
Neither have the Gardes Francaises, the best regiment of the line, shown
any promptitude for street-firing lately. They returned grumbling from
Reveillon's; and have not burnt a single cartridge since; nay, as we
saw, not even when bid. A dangerous humour dwells in these Gardes.
Notable men too, in their way! Valadi the Pythagorean was, at one time,
an officer of theirs. Nay, in the ranks, under the three-cornered felt
and cockade, what hard heads may there not be, and reflections going
on,--unknown to the public! One head of the hardest we do now discern
there: on the shoulders of a certain Sergeant Hoche. Lazare Hoche, that
is the name of him; he used to be about the Versailles Royal Stables,
nephew of a poor herbwoman; a handy lad; exceedingly addicted to
reading. He is now Sergeant Hoche, and can rise no farther: he lays out
his pay in rushlights, and cheap editions of books. (Dictionnaire des
Hommes Marquans, Londres (Paris), 1800, ii. 198.)
On the whole, the best seems to be: Consign these Gardes Francaises
to their Barracks. So Besenval thinks, and orders. Consigned to their
barracks, the Gardes Francaises do but form a 'Secret Association,' an
Engagement not to act against the National Assembly. Debauched by
Valadi the Pythagorean; debauched by money and women! cry Besenval
and innumerable others. Debauched by what you will, or in need of no
debauching, behold them, long files of them, their consignment broken,
arrive, headed by their Sergeants, on the 26th day of June, at the
Palais Royal! Welcomed with vivats, with presents, and a pledge of
patriot liquor; embracing and embraced; declaring in words that the
cause of France is their cause! Next day and the following days the
like. What is singular too, except this patriot humour, and breaking
of their consignment, they behave otherwise with 'the most rigorous
accuracy.' (Besenval, iii. 394-6.)
They are growing questionable, these Gardes! Eleven ring-leaders of them
are put in the Abbaye Prison. It boots not in the least. The imprisoned
Eleven have only, 'by the hand of an individual,' to drop, towards
nightfall, a line in the Cafe de Foy; where Patriotism harangues loudest
on its table. 'Two hundred young persons, soon waxing to four thousand,'
with fit crowbars, roll towards the Abbaye; smite asunder the needful
doors; and bear out their Eleven, with other military victims:--to
supper in the Palais Royal Garden; to board, and lodging 'in campbeds,
in the Theatre des Varietes;' other national Prytaneum as yet not being
in readiness. Most deliberate! Nay so punctual were these young persons,
that finding one military victim to have been imprisoned for real civil
crime, they returned him to his cell, with protest.
Why new military force was not called out? New military force was called
out. New military force did arrive, full gallop, with drawn sabre: but
the people gently 'laid hold of their bridles;' the dragoons sheathed
their swords; lifted their caps by way of salute, and sat like mere
statues of dragoons,--except indeed that a drop of liquor being brought
them, they 'drank to the King and Nation with the greatest cordiality.'
(Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 32.)
And now, ask in return, why Messeigneurs and Broglie the great god of
war, on seeing these things, did not pause, and take some other course,
any other course? Unhappily, as we said, they could see nothing. Pride,
which goes before a fall; wrath, if not reasonable, yet pardonable,
most natural, had hardened their hearts and heated their heads; so,
with imbecility and violence (ill-matched pair), they rush to seek their
hour. All Regiments are not Gardes Francaises, or debauched by
Valadi the Pythagorean: let fresh undebauched Regiments come up; let
Royal-Allemand, Salais-Samade, Swiss Chateau-Vieux come up,--which can
fight, but can hardly speak except in German gutturals; let soldiers
march, and highways thunder with artillery-waggons: Majesty has a
new Royal Session to hold,--and miracles to work there! The whiff of
grapeshot can, if needful, become a blast and tempest.
In which circumstances, before the redhot balls begin raining, may not
the Hundred-and-twenty Paris Electors, though their Cahier is long since
finished, see good to meet again daily, as an 'Electoral Club'? They
meet first 'in a Tavern;'--where 'the largest wedding-party' cheerfully
give place to them. (Dusaulx, Prise de la Bastille (Collection des
Memoires, par Berville et Barriere, Paris, 1821), p. 269.) But latterly
they meet in the Hotel-de-Ville, in the Townhall itself. Flesselles,
Provost of Merchants, with his Four Echevins (Scabins, Assessors),
could not prevent it; such was the force of public opinion. He, with his
Echevins, and the Six-and-Twenty Town-Councillors, all appointed from
Above, may well sit silent there, in their long gowns; and consider,
with awed eye, what prelude this is of convulsion coming from Below, and
how themselves shall fare in that!
Chapter 1.5.IV.
To Arms!
So hangs it, dubious, fateful, in the sultry days of July. It is the
passionate printed advice of M. Marat, to abstain, of all things, from
violence. (Avis au Peuple, ou les Ministres devoiles, 1st July, 1789
in Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 37.) Nevertheless the hungry poor are
already burning Town Barriers, where Tribute on eatables is levied;
getting clamorous for food.
The twelfth July morning is Sunday; the streets are all placarded with
an enormous-sized De par le Roi, 'inviting peaceable citizens to remain
within doors,' to feel no alarm, to gather in no crowd. Why so? What
mean these 'placards of enormous size'? Above all, what means this
clatter of military; dragoons, hussars, rattling in from all points
of the compass towards the Place Louis Quinze; with a staid gravity of
face, though saluted with mere nicknames, hootings and even missiles?
(Besenval, iii. 411.) Besenval is with them. Swiss Guards of his are
already in the Champs Elysees, with four pieces of artillery.
Have the destroyers descended on us, then? From the Bridge of Sevres to
utmost Vincennes, from Saint-Denis to the Champ-de-Mars, we are begirt!
Alarm, of the vague unknown, is in every heart. The Palais Royal has
become a place of awestruck interjections, silent shakings of the head:
one can fancy with what dolorous sound the noon-tide cannon (which the
Sun fires at the crossing of his meridian) went off there; bodeful, like
an inarticulate voice of doom. (Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 81.) Are
these troops verily come out 'against Brigands'? Where are the Brigands?
What mystery is in the wind?--Hark! a human voice reporting articulately
the Job's-news: Necker, People's Minister, Saviour of France, is
dismissed. Impossible; incredible! Treasonous to the public peace! Such
a voice ought to be choked in the water-works; (Ibid.)--had not the
news-bringer quickly fled. Nevertheless, friends, make of it what
you will, the news is true. Necker is gone. Necker hies northward
incessantly, in obedient secrecy, since yesternight. We have a new
Ministry: Broglie the War-god; Aristocrat Breteuil; Foulon who said the
people might eat grass!
Rumour, therefore, shall arise; in the Palais Royal, and in broad
France. Paleness sits on every face; confused tremor and fremescence;
waxing into thunder-peals, of Fury stirred on by Fear.
But see Camille Desmoulins, from the Cafe de Foy, rushing out, sibylline
in face; his hair streaming, in each hand a pistol! He springs to a
table: the Police satellites are eyeing him; alive they shall not
take him, not they alive him alive. This time he speaks without
stammering:--Friends, shall we die like hunted hares? Like sheep hounded
into their pinfold; bleating for mercy, where is no mercy, but only a
whetted knife? The hour is come; the supreme hour of Frenchman and Man;
when Oppressors are to try conclusions with Oppressed; and the word is,
swift Death, or Deliverance forever. Let such hour be well-come! Us,
meseems, one cry only befits: To Arms! Let universal Paris, universal
France, as with the throat of the whirlwind, sound only: To arms!--"To
arms!" yell responsive the innumerable voices: like one great voice, as
of a Demon yelling from the air: for all faces wax fire-eyed, all hearts
burn up into madness. In such, or fitter words, (Ibid.) does Camille
evoke the Elemental Powers, in this great moment.--Friends, continues
Camille, some rallying sign! Cockades; green ones;--the colour of
hope!--As with the flight of locusts, these green tree leaves; green
ribands from the neighbouring shops; all green things are snatched,
and made cockades of. Camille descends from his table, 'stifled with
embraces, wetted with tears;' has a bit of green riband handed him;
sticks it in his hat. And now to Curtius' Image-shop there; to the
Boulevards; to the four winds; and rest not till France be on fire!
(Vieux Cordelier, par Camille Desmoulins, No. 5 (reprinted in Collection
des Memoires, par Baudouin Freres, Paris, 1825), p. 81.)
France, so long shaken and wind-parched, is probably at the right
inflammable point.--As for poor Curtius, who, one grieves to think,
might be but imperfectly paid,--he cannot make two words about his
Images. The Wax-bust of Necker, the Wax-bust of D'Orleans, helpers of
France: these, covered with crape, as in funeral procession, or after
the manner of suppliants appealing to Heaven, to Earth, and Tartarus
itself, a mixed multitude bears off. For a sign! As indeed man, with his
singular imaginative faculties, can do little or nothing without signs:
thus Turks look to their Prophet's banner; also Osier Mannikins have
been burnt, and Necker's Portrait has erewhile figured, aloft on its
perch.
In this manner march they, a mixed, continually increasing multitude;
armed with axes, staves and miscellanea; grim, many-sounding, through
the streets. Be all Theatres shut; let all dancing, on planked floor,
or on the natural greensward, cease! Instead of a Christian Sabbath, and
feast of guinguette tabernacles, it shall be a Sorcerer's Sabbath; and
Paris, gone rabid, dance,--with the Fiend for piper!
However, Besenval, with horse and foot, is in the Place Louis Quinze.
Mortals promenading homewards, in the fall of the day, saunter by, from
Chaillot or Passy, from flirtation and a little thin wine; with sadder
step than usual. Will the Bust-Procession pass that way! Behold it;
behold also Prince Lambesc dash forth on it, with his Royal-Allemands!
Shots fall, and sabre-strokes; Busts are hewn asunder; and, alas, also
heads of men. A sabred Procession has nothing for it but to explode,
along what streets, alleys, Tuileries Avenues it finds; and disappear.
One unarmed man lies hewed down; a Garde Francaise by his uniform:
bear him (or bear even the report of him) dead and gory to his
Barracks;--where he has comrades still alive!
But why not now, victorious Lambesc, charge through that Tuileries
Garden itself, where the fugitives are vanishing? Not show the Sunday
promenaders too, how steel glitters, besprent with blood; that it be
told of, and men's ears tingle?--Tingle, alas, they did; but the
wrong way. Victorious Lambesc, in this his second or Tuileries charge,
succeeds but in overturning (call it not slashing, for he struck
with the flat of his sword) one man, a poor old schoolmaster, most
pacifically tottering there; and is driven out, by barricade of chairs,
by flights of 'bottles and glasses,' by execrations in bass voice and
treble. Most delicate is the mob-queller's vocation; wherein Too-much
may be as bad as Not-enough. For each of these bass voices, and more
each treble voice, borne to all points of the City, rings now nothing
but distracted indignation; will ring all another. The cry, To arms!
roars tenfold; steeples with their metal storm-voice boom out, as the
sun sinks; armorer's shops are broken open, plundered; the streets are a
living foam-sea, chafed by all the winds.
Such issue came of Lambesc's charge on the Tuileries Garden: no striking
of salutary terror into Chaillot promenaders; a striking into broad
wakefulness of Frenzy and the three Furies,--which otherwise were not
asleep! For they lie always, those subterranean Eumenides (fabulous
and yet so true), in the dullest existence of man;--and can dance,
brandishing their dusky torches, shaking their serpent-hair. Lambesc
with Royal-Allemand may ride to his barracks, with curses for his
marching-music; then ride back again, like one troubled in mind:
vengeful Gardes Francaises, sacreing, with knit brows, start out on
him, from their barracks in the Chaussee d'Antin; pour a volley into him
(killing and wounding); which he must not answer, but ride on. (Weber,
ii. 75-91.)
Counsel dwells not under the plumed hat. If the Eumenides awaken, and
Broglie has given no orders, what can a Besenval do? When the Gardes
Francaises, with Palais-Royal volunteers, roll down, greedy of more
vengeance, to the Place Louis Quinze itself, they find neither Besenval,
Lambesc, Royal-Allemand, nor any soldier now there. Gone is military
order. On the far Eastern Boulevard, of Saint-Antoine, the Chasseurs
Normandie arrive, dusty, thirsty, after a hard day's ride; but can find
no billet-master, see no course in this City of confusions; cannot get
to Besenval, cannot so much as discover where he is: Normandie must even
bivouac there, in its dust and thirst,--unless some patriot will treat
it to a cup of liquor, with advices.
Raging multitudes surround the Hotel-de-Ville, crying: Arms! Orders!
The Six-and-twenty Town-Councillors, with their long gowns, have ducked
under (into the raging chaos);--shall never emerge more. Besenval is
painfully wriggling himself out, to the Champ-de-Mars; he must sit there
'in the cruelest uncertainty:' courier after courier may dash off for
Versailles; but will bring back no answer, can hardly bring himself
back. For the roads are all blocked with batteries and pickets, with
floods of carriages arrested for examination: such was Broglie's one
sole order; the Oeil-de-Boeuf, hearing in the distance such mad din,
which sounded almost like invasion, will before all things keep its
own head whole. A new Ministry, with, as it were, but one foot in the
stirrup, cannot take leaps. Mad Paris is abandoned altogether to itself.
What a Paris, when the darkness fell! A European metropolitan City
hurled suddenly forth from its old combinations and arrangements; to
crash tumultuously together, seeking new. Use and wont will now no
longer direct any man; each man, with what of originality he has, must
begin thinking; or following those that think. Seven hundred thousand
individuals, on the sudden, find all their old paths, old ways of acting
and deciding, vanish from under their feet. And so there go they, with
clangour and terror, they know not as yet whether running, swimming
or flying,--headlong into the New Era. With clangour and terror: from
above, Broglie the war-god impends, preternatural, with his redhot
cannon-balls; and from below, a preternatural Brigand-world menaces with
dirk and firebrand: madness rules the hour.
Happily, in place of the submerged Twenty-six, the Electoral Club is
gathering; has declared itself a 'Provisional Municipality.' On the
morrow it will get Provost Flesselles, with an Echevin or two, to give
help in many things. For the present it decrees one most essential
thing: that forthwith a 'Parisian Militia' shall be enrolled. Depart,
ye heads of Districts, to labour in this great work; while we here, in
Permanent Committee, sit alert. Let fencible men, each party in its
own range of streets, keep watch and ward, all night. Let Paris court a
little fever-sleep; confused by such fever-dreams, of 'violent motions
at the Palais Royal;'--or from time to time start awake, and look
out, palpitating, in its nightcap, at the clash of discordant
mutually-unintelligible Patrols; on the gleam of distant Barriers, going
up all-too ruddy towards the vault of Night. (Deux Amis, i. 267-306.)
Chapter 1.5.V.
Give us Arms.
On Monday the huge City has awoke, not to its week-day industry: to what
a different one! The working man has become a fighting man; has one want
only: that of arms. The industry of all crafts has paused;--except it
be the smith's, fiercely hammering pikes; and, in a faint degree, the
kitchener's, cooking off-hand victuals; for bouche va toujours. Women
too are sewing cockades;--not now of green, which being D'Artois colour,
the Hotel-de-Ville has had to interfere in it; but of red and blue,
our old Paris colours: these, once based on a ground of constitutional
white, are the famed TRICOLOR,--which (if Prophecy err not) 'will go
round the world.'
All shops, unless it be the Bakers' and Vintners', are shut: Paris is
in the streets;--rushing, foaming like some Venice wine-glass into which
you had dropped poison. The tocsin, by order, is pealing madly from
all steeples. Arms, ye Elector Municipals; thou Flesselles with thy
Echevins, give us arms! Flesselles gives what he can: fallacious,
perhaps insidious promises of arms from Charleville; order to seek arms
here, order to seek them there. The new Municipals give what they can;
some three hundred and sixty indifferent firelocks, the equipment of the
City-Watch: 'a man in wooden shoes, and without coat, directly clutches
one of them, and mounts guard.' Also as hinted, an order to all Smiths
to make pikes with their whole soul.
Heads of Districts are in fervent consultation; subordinate Patriotism
roams distracted, ravenous for arms. Hitherto at the Hotel-de-Ville
was only such modicum of indifferent firelocks as we have seen. At
the so-called Arsenal, there lies nothing but rust, rubbish and
saltpetre,--overlooked too by the guns of the Bastille. His Majesty's
Repository, what they call Garde-Meuble, is forced and ransacked:
tapestries enough, and gauderies; but of serviceable fighting-gear small
stock! Two silver-mounted cannons there are; an ancient gift from his
Majesty of Siam to Louis Fourteenth: gilt sword of the Good Henri;
antique Chivalry arms and armour. These, and such as these, a
necessitous Patriotism snatches greedily, for want of better. The
Siamese cannons go trundling, on an errand they were not meant for.
Among the indifferent firelocks are seen tourney-lances; the princely
helm and hauberk glittering amid ill-hatted heads,--as in a time when
all times and their possessions are suddenly sent jumbling!
At the Maison de Saint-Lazare, Lazar-House once, now a Correction-House
with Priests, there was no trace of arms; but, on the other hand, corn,
plainly to a culpable extent. Out with it, to market; in this scarcity
of grains!--Heavens, will 'fifty-two carts,' in long row, hardly carry
it to the Halle aux Bleds? Well, truly, ye reverend Fathers, was your
pantry filled; fat are your larders; over-generous your wine-bins, ye
plotting exasperators of the Poor; traitorous forestallers of bread!
Vain is protesting, entreaty on bare knees: the House of Saint-Lazarus
has that in it which comes not out by protesting. Behold, how, from
every window, it vomits: mere torrents of furniture, of bellowing and
hurlyburly;--the cellars also leaking wine. Till, as was natural, smoke
rose,--kindled, some say, by the desperate Saint-Lazaristes themselves,
desperate of other riddance; and the Establishment vanished from this
world in flame. Remark nevertheless that 'a thief' (set on or not by
Aristocrats), being detected there, is 'instantly hanged.'
Look also at the Chatelet Prison. The Debtors' Prison of La Force is
broken from without; and they that sat in bondage to Aristocrats go
free: hearing of which the Felons at the Chatelet do likewise 'dig
up their pavements,' and stand on the offensive; with the best
prospects,--had not Patriotism, passing that way, 'fired a volley' into
the Felon world; and crushed it down again under hatches. Patriotism
consorts not with thieving and felony: surely also Punishment, this
day, hitches (if she still hitch) after Crime, with frightful
shoes-of-swiftness! 'Some score or two' of wretched persons, found
prostrate with drink in the cellars of that Saint-Lazare, are
indignantly haled to prison; the Jailor has no room; whereupon, other
place of security not suggesting itself, it is written, 'on les pendit,
they hanged them.' (Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 96.) Brief is the word;
not without significance, be it true or untrue!
In such circumstances, the Aristocrat, the unpatriotic rich man is
packing-up for departure. But he shall not get departed. A wooden-shod
force has seized all Barriers, burnt or not: all that enters, all that
seeks to issue, is stopped there, and dragged to the Hotel-de-Ville:
coaches, tumbrils, plate, furniture, 'many meal-sacks,' in time even
'flocks and herds' encumber the Place de Greve. (Dusaulx, Prise de la
Bastille, p. 20.)
And so it roars, and rages, and brays; drums beating, steeples pealing;
criers rushing with hand-bells: "Oyez, oyez. All men to their Districts
to be enrolled!" The Districts have met in gardens, open squares; are
getting marshalled into volunteer troops. No redhot ball has yet fallen
from Besenval's Camp; on the contrary, Deserters with their arms are
continually dropping in: nay now, joy of joys, at two in the afternoon,
the Gardes Francaises, being ordered to Saint-Denis, and flatly
declining, have come over in a body! It is a fact worth many.
Three thousand six hundred of the best fighting men, with complete
accoutrement; with cannoneers even, and cannon! Their officers are left
standing alone; could not so much as succeed in 'spiking the guns.' The
very Swiss, it may now be hoped, Chateau-Vieux and the others, will have
doubts about fighting.
Our Parisian Militia,--which some think it were better to name National
Guard,--is prospering as heart could wish. It promised to be forty-eight
thousand; but will in few hours double and quadruple that number:
invincible, if we had only arms!
But see, the promised Charleville Boxes, marked Artillerie! Here, then,
are arms enough?--Conceive the blank face of Patriotism, when it found
them filled with rags, foul linen, candle-ends, and bits of wood!
Provost of the Merchants, how is this? Neither at the Chartreux Convent,
whither we were sent with signed order, is there or ever was there any
weapon of war. Nay here, in this Seine Boat, safe under tarpaulings
(had not the nose of Patriotism been of the finest), are 'five
thousand-weight of gunpowder;' not coming in, but surreptitiously
going out! What meanest thou, Flesselles? 'Tis a ticklish game, that of
'amusing' us. Cat plays with captive mouse: but mouse with enraged cat,
with enraged National Tiger?
Meanwhile, the faster, O ye black-aproned Smiths, smite; with strong
arm and willing heart. This man and that, all stroke from head to heel,
shall thunder alternating, and ply the great forge-hammer, till
stithy reel and ring again; while ever and anon, overhead, booms the
alarm-cannon,--for the City has now got gunpowder. Pikes are fabricated;
fifty thousand of them, in six-and-thirty hours: judge whether the
Black-aproned have been idle. Dig trenches, unpave the streets, ye
others, assiduous, man and maid; cram the earth in barrel-barricades, at
each of them a volunteer sentry; pile the whinstones in window-sills and
upper rooms. Have scalding pitch, at least boiling water ready, ye
weak old women, to pour it and dash it on Royal-Allemand, with your
old skinny arms: your shrill curses along with it will not be
wanting!--Patrols of the newborn National Guard, bearing torches, scour
the streets, all that night; which otherwise are vacant, yet illuminated
in every window by order. Strange-looking; like some naphtha-lighted
City of the Dead, with here and there a flight of perturbed Ghosts.
O poor mortals, how ye make this Earth bitter for each other; this
fearful and wonderful Life fearful and horrible; and Satan has his place
in all hearts! Such agonies and ragings and wailings ye have, and have
had, in all times:--to be buried all, in so deep silence; and the salt
sea is not swoln with your tears.
Great meanwhile is the moment, when tidings of Freedom reach us; when
the long-enthralled soul, from amid its chains and squalid stagnancy,
arises, were it still only in blindness and bewilderment, and swears by
Him that made it, that it will be free! Free? Understand that well, it
is the deep commandment, dimmer or clearer, of our whole being, to be
free. Freedom is the one purport, wisely aimed at, or unwisely, of all
man's struggles, toilings and sufferings, in this Earth. Yes, supreme is
such a moment (if thou have known it): first vision as of a flame-girt
Sinai, in this our waste Pilgrimage,--which thenceforth wants not its
pillar of cloud by day, and pillar of fire by night! Something it
is even,--nay, something considerable, when the chains have grown
corrosive, poisonous, to be free 'from oppression by our fellow-man.'
Forward, ye maddened sons of France; be it towards this destiny or
towards that! Around you is but starvation, falsehood, corruption and
the clam of death. Where ye are is no abiding.
Imagination may, imperfectly, figure how Commandant Besenval, in the
Champ-de-Mars, has worn out these sorrowful hours Insurrection all
round; his men melting away! From Versailles, to the most pressing
messages, comes no answer; or once only some vague word of answer which
is worse than none. A Council of Officers can decide merely that there
is no decision: Colonels inform him, 'weeping,' that they do not think
their men will fight. Cruel uncertainty is here: war-god Broglie sits
yonder, inaccessible in his Olympus; does not descend terror-clad, does
not produce his whiff of grapeshot; sends no orders.
Truly, in the Chateau of Versailles all seems mystery: in the Town of
Versailles, were we there, all is rumour, alarm and indignation. An
august National Assembly sits, to appearance, menaced with death;
endeavouring to defy death. It has resolved 'that Necker carries with
him the regrets of the Nation.' It has sent solemn Deputation over to
the Chateau, with entreaty to have these troops withdrawn. In vain: his
Majesty, with a singular composure, invites us to be busy rather with
our own duty, making the Constitution! Foreign Pandours, and suchlike,
go pricking and prancing, with a swashbuckler air; with an eye too
probably to the Salle des Menus,--were it not for the 'grim-looking
countenances' that crowd all avenues there. (See Lameth; Ferrieres,
&c.) Be firm, ye National Senators; the cynosure of a firm, grim-looking
people!
The august National Senators determine that there shall, at least, be
Permanent Session till this thing end. Wherein, however, consider that
worthy Lafranc de Pompignan, our new President, whom we have named
Bailly's successor, is an old man, wearied with many things. He is
the Brother of that Pompignan who meditated lamentably on the Book of
Lamentations:
Saves-voux pourquoi Jeremie
Se lamentait toute sa vie?
C'est qu'il prevoyait
Que Pompignan le traduirait!
Poor Bishop Pompignan withdraws; having got Lafayette for helper or
substitute: this latter, as nocturnal Vice-President, with a thin house
in disconsolate humour, sits sleepless, with lights unsnuffed;--waiting
what the hours will bring.
So at Versailles. But at Paris, agitated Besenval, before retiring
for the night, has stept over to old M. de Sombreuil, of the Hotel des
Invalides hard by. M. de Sombreuil has, what is a great secret, some
eight-and-twenty thousand stand of muskets deposited in his cellars
there; but no trust in the temper of his Invalides. This day, for
example, he sent twenty of the fellows down to unscrew those muskets;
lest Sedition might snatch at them; but scarcely, in six hours, had the
twenty unscrewed twenty gun-locks, or dogsheads (chiens) of locks,--each
Invalide his dogshead! If ordered to fire, they would, he imagines, turn
their cannon against himself.
Unfortunate old military gentlemen, it is your hour, not of glory! Old
Marquis de Launay too, of the Bastille, has pulled up his drawbridges
long since, 'and retired into his interior;' with sentries walking
on his battlements, under the midnight sky, aloft over the glare of
illuminated Paris;--whom a National Patrol, passing that way, takes the
liberty of firing at; 'seven shots towards twelve at night,' which do
not take effect. (Deux Amis de la Liberte, i. 312.) This was the 13th
day of July, 1789; a worse day, many said, than the last 13th was, when
only hail fell out of Heaven, not madness rose out of Tophet, ruining
worse than crops!
In these same days, as Chronology will teach us, hot old Marquis
Mirabeau lies stricken down, at Argenteuil,--not within sound of these
alarm-guns; for he properly is not there, and only the body of him now
lies, deaf and cold forever. It was on Saturday night that he, drawing
his last life-breaths, gave up the ghost there;--leaving a world, which
would never go to his mind, now broken out, seemingly, into deliration
and the culbute generale. What is it to him, departing elsewhither, on
his long journey? The old Chateau Mirabeau stands silent, far off, on
its scarped rock, in that 'gorge of two windy valleys;' the pale-fading
spectre now of a Chateau: this huge World-riot, and France, and the
World itself, fades also, like a shadow on the great still mirror-sea;
and all shall be as God wills.
Young Mirabeau, sad of heart, for he loved this crabbed brave old
Father, sad of heart, and occupied with sad cares,--is withdrawn from
Public History. The great crisis transacts itself without him. (Fils
Adoptif, Mirabeau, vi. l. 1.)
Chapter 1.5.VI.
Storm and Victory.
But, to the living and the struggling, a new, Fourteenth morning dawns.
Under all roofs of this distracted City, is the nodus of a drama, not
untragical, crowding towards solution. The bustlings and preparings,
the tremors and menaces; the tears that fell from old eyes! This day, my
sons, ye shall quit you like men. By the memory of your fathers' wrongs,
by the hope of your children's rights! Tyranny impends in red wrath:
help for you is none if not in your own right hands. This day ye must do
or die.
From earliest light, a sleepless Permanent Committee has heard the
old cry, now waxing almost frantic, mutinous: Arms! Arms! Provost
Flesselles, or what traitors there are among you, may think of those
Charleville Boxes. A hundred-and-fifty thousand of us; and but the third
man furnished with so much as a pike! Arms are the one thing needful:
with arms we are an unconquerable man-defying National Guard; without
arms, a rabble to be whiffed with grapeshot.
Happily the word has arisen, for no secret can be kept,--that there lie
muskets at the Hotel des Invalides. Thither will we: King's Procureur
M. Ethys de Corny, and whatsoever of authority a Permanent Committee can
lend, shall go with us. Besenval's Camp is there; perhaps he will not
fire on us; if he kill us we shall but die.
Alas, poor Besenval, with his troops melting away in that manner, has
not the smallest humour to fire! At five o'clock this morning, as he lay
dreaming, oblivious in the Ecole Militaire, a 'figure' stood suddenly at
his bedside: 'with face rather handsome; eyes inflamed, speech rapid and
curt, air audacious:' such a figure drew Priam's curtains! The message
and monition of the figure was, that resistance would be hopeless;
that if blood flowed, wo to him who shed it. Thus spoke the figure;
and vanished. 'Withal there was a kind of eloquence that struck
one.' Besenval admits that he should have arrested him, but did not.
(Besenval, iii. 414.) Who this figure, with inflamed eyes, with speech
rapid and curt, might be? Besenval knows but mentions not. Camille
Desmoulins? Pythagorean Marquis Valadi, inflamed with 'violent motions
all night at the Palais Royal?' Fame names him, 'Young M. Meillar';
(Tableaux de la Revolution, Prise de la Bastille (a folio Collection
of Pictures and Portraits, with letter-press, not always
uninstructive,--part of it said to be by Chamfort).) Then shuts her lips
about him for ever.
In any case, behold about nine in the morning, our National Volunteers
rolling in long wide flood, south-westward to the Hotel des Invalides;
in search of the one thing needful. King's procureur M. Ethys de Corny
and officials are there; the Cure of Saint-Etienne du Mont marches
unpacific, at the head of his militant Parish; the Clerks of the
Bazoche in red coats we see marching, now Volunteers of the Bazoche; the
Volunteers of the Palais Royal:--National Volunteers, numerable by
tens of thousands; of one heart and mind. The King's muskets are the
Nation's; think, old M. de Sombreuil, how, in this extremity, thou wilt
refuse them! Old M. de Sombreuil would fain hold parley, send Couriers;
but it skills not: the walls are scaled, no Invalide firing a shot;
the gates must be flung open. Patriotism rushes in, tumultuous, from
grundsel up to ridge-tile, through all rooms and passages; rummaging
distractedly for arms. What cellar, or what cranny can escape it? The
arms are found; all safe there; lying packed in straw,--apparently with
a view to being burnt! More ravenous than famishing lions over dead
prey, the multitude, with clangour and vociferation, pounces on them;
struggling, dashing, clutching:--to the jamming-up, to the pressure,
fracture and probable extinction, of the weaker Patriot. (Deux Amis, i.
302.) And so, with such protracted crash of deafening, most discordant
Orchestra-music, the Scene is changed: and eight-and-twenty thousand
sufficient firelocks are on the shoulders of so many National Guards,
lifted thereby out of darkness into fiery light.
Let Besenval look at the glitter of these muskets, as they flash by!
Gardes Francaises, it is said, have cannon levelled on him; ready to
open, if need were, from the other side of the River. (Besenval, iii.
416.) Motionless sits he; 'astonished,' one may flatter oneself, 'at
the proud bearing (fiere contenance) of the Parisians.'--And now, to
the Bastille, ye intrepid Parisians! There grapeshot still threatens;
thither all men's thoughts and steps are now tending.
Old de Launay, as we hinted, withdrew 'into his interior' soon after
midnight of Sunday. He remains there ever since, hampered, as all
military gentlemen now are, in the saddest conflict of uncertainties.
The Hotel-de-Ville 'invites' him to admit National Soldiers, which is a
soft name for surrendering. On the other hand, His Majesty's orders were
precise. His garrison is but eighty-two old Invalides, reinforced by
thirty-two young Swiss; his walls indeed are nine feet thick, he has
cannon and powder; but, alas, only one day's provision of victuals. The
city too is French, the poor garrison mostly French. Rigorous old de
Launay, think what thou wilt do!
All morning, since nine, there has been a cry everywhere: To the
Bastille! Repeated 'deputations of citizens' have been here, passionate
for arms; whom de Launay has got dismissed by soft speeches through
portholes. Towards noon, Elector Thuriot de la Rosiere gains admittance;
finds de Launay indisposed for surrender; nay disposed for blowing up
the place rather. Thuriot mounts with him to the battlements: heaps
of paving-stones, old iron and missiles lie piled; cannon all duly
levelled; in every embrasure a cannon,--only drawn back a little! But
outwards behold, O Thuriot, how the multitude flows on, welling through
every street; tocsin furiously pealing, all drums beating the generale:
the Suburb Saint-Antoine rolling hitherward wholly, as one man! Such
vision (spectral yet real) thou, O Thuriot, as from thy Mount of Vision,
beholdest in this moment: prophetic of what other Phantasmagories, and
loud-gibbering Spectral Realities, which, thou yet beholdest not, but
shalt! "Que voulez vous?" said de Launay, turning pale at the sight,
with an air of reproach, almost of menace. "Monsieur," said Thuriot,
rising into the moral-sublime, "What mean you? Consider if I could not
precipitate both of us from this height,"--say only a hundred feet,
exclusive of the walled ditch! Whereupon de Launay fell silent. Thuriot
shews himself from some pinnacle, to comfort the multitude becoming
suspicious, fremescent: then descends; departs with protest; with
warning addressed also to the Invalides,--on whom, however, it produces
but a mixed indistinct impression. The old heads are none of the
clearest; besides, it is said, de Launay has been profuse of beverages
(prodigua des buissons). They think, they will not fire,--if not fired
on, if they can help it; but must, on the whole, be ruled considerably
by circumstances.
Wo to thee, de Launay, in such an hour, if thou canst not, taking some
one firm decision, rule circumstances! Soft speeches will not serve;
hard grape-shot is questionable; but hovering between the two is
unquestionable. Ever wilder swells the tide of men; their infinite hum
waxing ever louder, into imprecations, perhaps into crackle of stray
musketry,--which latter, on walls nine feet thick, cannot do execution.
The Outer Drawbridge has been lowered for Thuriot; new deputation of
citizens (it is the third, and noisiest of all) penetrates that way
into the Outer Court: soft speeches producing no clearance of these, de
Launay gives fire; pulls up his Drawbridge. A slight sputter;--which has
kindled the too combustible chaos; made it a roaring fire-chaos! Bursts
forth insurrection, at sight of its own blood (for there were deaths
by that sputter of fire), into endless rolling explosion of musketry,
distraction, execration;--and overhead, from the Fortress, let one great
gun, with its grape-shot, go booming, to shew what we could do. The
Bastille is besieged!
On, then, all Frenchmen that have hearts in their bodies! Roar with
all your throats, of cartilage and metal, ye Sons of Liberty; stir
spasmodically whatsoever of utmost faculty is in you, soul, body or
spirit; for it is the hour! Smite, thou Louis Tournay, cartwright of
the Marais, old-soldier of the Regiment Dauphine; smite at that Outer
Drawbridge chain, though the fiery hail whistles round thee! Never, over
nave or felloe, did thy axe strike such a stroke. Down with it, man;
down with it to Orcus: let the whole accursed Edifice sink thither, and
Tyranny be swallowed up for ever! Mounted, some say on the roof of the
guard-room, some 'on bayonets stuck into joints of the wall,' Louis
Tournay smites, brave Aubin Bonnemere (also an old soldier) seconding
him: the chain yields, breaks; the huge Drawbridge slams down,
thundering (avec fracas). Glorious: and yet, alas, it is still but the
outworks. The Eight grim Towers, with their Invalides' musketry, their
paving stones and cannon-mouths, still soar aloft intact;--Ditch yawning
impassable, stone-faced; the inner Drawbridge with its back towards us:
the Bastille is still to take!
To describe this Siege of the Bastille (thought to be one of the most
important in history) perhaps transcends the talent of mortals. Could
one but, after infinite reading, get to understand so much as the plan
of the building! But there is open Esplanade, at the end of the Rue
Saint-Antoine; there are such Forecourts, Cour Avance, Cour de l'Orme,
arched Gateway (where Louis Tournay now fights); then new drawbridges,
dormant-bridges, rampart-bastions, and the grim Eight Towers: a
labyrinthic Mass, high-frowning there, of all ages from twenty years
to four hundred and twenty;--beleaguered, in this its last hour, as we
said, by mere Chaos come again! Ordnance of all calibres; throats of all
capacities; men of all plans, every man his own engineer: seldom since
the war of Pygmies and Cranes was there seen so anomalous a thing.
Half-pay Elie is home for a suit of regimentals; no one would heed him
in coloured clothes: half-pay Hulin is haranguing Gardes Francaises in
the Place de Greve. Frantic Patriots pick up the grape-shots; bear
them, still hot (or seemingly so), to the Hotel-de-Ville:--Paris, you
perceive, is to be burnt! Flesselles is 'pale to the very lips' for the
roar of the multitude grows deep. Paris wholly has got to the
acme of its frenzy; whirled, all ways, by panic madness. At
every street-barricade, there whirls simmering, a minor
whirlpool,--strengthening the barricade, since God knows what is
coming; and all minor whirlpools play distractedly into that grand
Fire-Mahlstrom which is lashing round the Bastille.
And so it lashes and it roars. Cholat the wine-merchant has become an
impromptu cannoneer. See Georget, of the Marine Service, fresh from
Brest, ply the King of Siam's cannon. Singular (if we were not used to
the like): Georget lay, last night, taking his ease at his inn; the King
of Siam's cannon also lay, knowing nothing of him, for a hundred years.
Yet now, at the right instant, they have got together, and discourse
eloquent music. For, hearing what was toward, Georget sprang from the
Brest Diligence, and ran. Gardes Francaises also will be here, with real
artillery: were not the walls so thick!--Upwards from the Esplanade,
horizontally from all neighbouring roofs and windows, flashes one
irregular deluge of musketry,--without effect. The Invalides lie flat,
firing comparatively at their ease from behind stone; hardly through
portholes, shew the tip of a nose. We fall, shot; and make no
impression!
Let conflagration rage; of whatsoever is combustible! Guard-rooms are
burnt, Invalides mess-rooms. A distracted 'Peruke-maker with two fiery
torches' is for burning 'the saltpetres of the Arsenal;'--had not a
woman run screaming; had not a Patriot, with some tincture of Natural
Philosophy, instantly struck the wind out of him (butt of musket on pit
of stomach), overturned barrels, and stayed the devouring element. A
young beautiful lady, seized escaping in these Outer Courts, and thought
falsely to be de Launay's daughter, shall be burnt in de Launay's sight;
she lies swooned on a paillasse: but again a Patriot, it is brave Aubin
Bonnemere the old soldier, dashes in, and rescues her. Straw is burnt;
three cartloads of it, hauled thither, go up in white smoke: almost to
the choking of Patriotism itself; so that Elie had, with singed brows,
to drag back one cart; and Reole the 'gigantic haberdasher' another.
Smoke as of Tophet; confusion as of Babel; noise as of the Crack of
Doom!
Blood flows, the aliment of new madness. The wounded are carried into
houses of the Rue Cerisaie; the dying leave their last mandate not to
yield till the accursed Stronghold fall. And yet, alas, how fall?
The walls are so thick! Deputations, three in number, arrive from the
Hotel-de-Ville; Abbe Fouchet (who was of one) can say, with what almost
superhuman courage of benevolence. (Fauchet's Narrative (Deux Amis, i.
324.).) These wave their Town-flag in the arched Gateway; and stand,
rolling their drum; but to no purpose. In such Crack of Doom, de Launay
cannot hear them, dare not believe them: they return, with justified
rage, the whew of lead still singing in their ears. What to do? The
Firemen are here, squirting with their fire-pumps on the Invalides'
cannon, to wet the touchholes; they unfortunately cannot squirt so high;
but produce only clouds of spray. Individuals of classical knowledge
propose catapults. Santerre, the sonorous Brewer of the Suburb
Saint-Antoine, advises rather that the place be fired, by a 'mixture of
phosphorous and oil-of-turpentine spouted up through forcing pumps:'
O Spinola-Santerre, hast thou the mixture ready? Every man his own
engineer! And still the fire-deluge abates not; even women are firing,
and Turks; at least one woman (with her sweetheart), and one Turk. (Deux
Amis (i. 319); Dusaulx, &c.) Gardes Francaises have come: real cannon,
real cannoneers. Usher Maillard is busy; half-pay Elie, half-pay Hulin
rage in the midst of thousands.
How the great Bastille Clock ticks (inaudible) in its Inner Court there,
at its ease, hour after hour; as if nothing special, for it or the
world, were passing! It tolled One when the firing began; and is now
pointing towards Five, and still the firing slakes not.--Far down, in
their vaults, the seven Prisoners hear muffled din as of earthquakes;
their Turnkeys answer vaguely.
Wo to thee, de Launay, with thy poor hundred Invalides! Broglie is
distant, and his ears heavy: Besenval hears, but can send no help. One
poor troop of Hussars has crept, reconnoitring, cautiously along the
Quais, as far as the Pont Neuf. "We are come to join you," said
the Captain; for the crowd seems shoreless. A large-headed dwarfish
individual, of smoke-bleared aspect, shambles forward, opening his blue
lips, for there is sense in him; and croaks: "Alight then, and give
up your arms!" the Hussar-Captain is too happy to be escorted to the
Barriers, and dismissed on parole. Who the squat individual was? Men
answer, it is M. Marat, author of the excellent pacific Avis au Peuple!
Great truly, O thou remarkable Dogleech, is this thy day of emergence
and new birth: and yet this same day come four years--!--But let the
curtains of the future hang.
What shall de Launay do? One thing only de Launay could have done: what
he said he would do. Fancy him sitting, from the first, with lighted
taper, within arm's length of the Powder-Magazine; motionless, like old
Roman Senator, or bronze Lamp-holder; coldly apprising Thuriot, and all
men, by a slight motion of his eye, what his resolution was:--Harmless
he sat there, while unharmed; but the King's Fortress, meanwhile, could,
might, would, or should, in nowise, be surrendered, save to the King's
Messenger: one old man's life worthless, so it be lost with honour;
but think, ye brawling canaille, how will it be when a whole Bastille
springs skyward!--In such statuesque, taper-holding attitude, one
fancies de Launay might have left Thuriot, the red Clerks of the
Bazoche, Cure of Saint-Stephen and all the tagrag-and-bobtail of the
world, to work their will.
And yet, withal, he could not do it. Hast thou considered how each man's
heart is so tremulously responsive to the hearts of all men; hast thou
noted how omnipotent is the very sound of many men? How their shriek
of indignation palsies the strong soul; their howl of contumely withers
with unfelt pangs? The Ritter Gluck confessed that the ground-tone of
the noblest passage, in one of his noblest Operas, was the voice of the
Populace he had heard at Vienna, crying to their Kaiser: Bread! Bread!
Great is the combined voice of men; the utterance of their instincts,
which are truer than their thoughts: it is the greatest a man
encounters, among the sounds and shadows, which make up this World of
Time. He who can resist that, has his footing some where beyond Time. De
Launay could not do it. Distracted, he hovers between the two; hopes
in the middle of despair; surrenders not his Fortress; declares that
he will blow it up, seizes torches to blow it up, and does not blow it.
Unhappy old de Launay, it is the death-agony of thy Bastille and thee!
Jail, Jailoring and Jailor, all three, such as they may have been, must
finish.
For four hours now has the World-Bedlam roared: call it the
World-Chimaera, blowing fire! The poor Invalides have sunk under their
battlements, or rise only with reversed muskets: they have made a white
flag of napkins; go beating the chamade, or seeming to beat, for one
can hear nothing. The very Swiss at the Portcullis look weary of firing;
disheartened in the fire-deluge: a porthole at the drawbridge is opened,
as by one that would speak. See Huissier Maillard, the shifty man! On
his plank, swinging over the abyss of that stone-Ditch; plank resting
on parapet, balanced by weight of Patriots,--he hovers perilous: such
a Dove towards such an Ark! Deftly, thou shifty Usher: one man already
fell; and lies smashed, far down there, against the masonry! Usher
Maillard falls not: deftly, unerring he walks, with outspread palm. The
Swiss holds a paper through his porthole; the shifty Usher snatches
it, and returns. Terms of surrender: Pardon, immunity to all! Are they
accepted?--"Foi d'officier, On the word of an officer," answers half-pay
Hulin,--or half-pay Elie, for men do not agree on it, "they are!" Sinks
the drawbridge,--Usher Maillard bolting it when down; rushes-in the
living deluge: the Bastille is fallen! Victoire! La Bastille est prise!
(Histoire de la Revolution, par Deux Amis de la Liberte, i. 267-306;
Besenval, iii. 410-434; Dusaulx, Prise de la Bastille, 291-301. Bailly,
Memoires (Collection de Berville et Barriere), i. 322 et seqq.)
Chapter 1.5.VII.
Not a Revolt.
Why dwell on what follows? Hulin's foi d'officer should have been kept,
but could not. The Swiss stand drawn up; disguised in white canvas
smocks; the Invalides without disguise; their arms all piled against
the wall. The first rush of victors, in ecstacy that the death-peril is
passed, 'leaps joyfully on their necks;' but new victors rush, and ever
new, also in ecstacy not wholly of joy. As we said, it was a living
deluge, plunging headlong; had not the Gardes Francaises, in their cool
military way, 'wheeled round with arms levelled,' it would have plunged
suicidally, by the hundred or the thousand, into the Bastille-ditch.
And so it goes plunging through court and corridor; billowing
uncontrollable, firing from windows--on itself: in hot frenzy of
triumph, of grief and vengeance for its slain. The poor Invalides will
fare ill; one Swiss, running off in his white smock, is driven back,
with a death-thrust. Let all prisoners be marched to the Townhall, to be
judged!--Alas, already one poor Invalide has his right hand slashed off
him; his maimed body dragged to the Place de Greve, and hanged there.
This same right hand, it is said, turned back de Launay from the
Powder-Magazine, and saved Paris.
De Launay, 'discovered in gray frock with poppy-coloured riband,' is
for killing himself with the sword of his cane. He shall to the
Hotel-de-Ville; Hulin Maillard and others escorting him; Elie marching
foremost 'with the capitulation-paper on his sword's point.' Through
roarings and cursings; through hustlings, clutchings, and at last
through strokes! Your escort is hustled aside, felled down; Hulin sinks
exhausted on a heap of stones. Miserable de Launay! He shall never enter
the Hotel de Ville: only his 'bloody hair-queue, held up in a bloody
hand;' that shall enter, for a sign. The bleeding trunk lies on the
steps there; the head is off through the streets; ghastly, aloft on a
pike.
Rigorous de Launay has died; crying out, "O friends, kill me fast!"
Merciful de Losme must die; though Gratitude embraces him, in this
fearful hour, and will die for him; it avails not. Brothers, your wrath
is cruel! Your Place de Greve is become a Throat of the Tiger; full
of mere fierce bellowings, and thirst of blood. One other officer
is massacred; one other Invalide is hanged on the Lamp-iron: with
difficulty, with generous perseverance, the Gardes Francaises will save
the rest. Provost Flesselles stricken long since with the paleness
of death, must descend from his seat, 'to be judged at the Palais
Royal:'--alas, to be shot dead, by an unknown hand, at the turning of
the first street!--
O evening sun of July, how, at this hour, thy beams fall slant on
reapers amid peaceful woody fields; on old women spinning in cottages;
on ships far out in the silent main; on Balls at the Orangerie of
Versailles, where high-rouged Dames of the Palace are even now dancing
with double-jacketted Hussar-Officers;--and also on this roaring Hell
porch of a Hotel-de-Ville! Babel Tower, with the confusion of tongues,
were not Bedlam added with the conflagration of thoughts, was no type
of it. One forest of distracted steel bristles, endless, in front of an
Electoral Committee; points itself, in horrid radii, against this and
the other accused breast. It was the Titans warring with Olympus;
and they scarcely crediting it, have conquered: prodigy of prodigies;
delirious,--as it could not but be. Denunciation, vengeance; blaze
of triumph on a dark ground of terror: all outward, all inward things
fallen into one general wreck of madness!
Electoral Committee? Had it a thousand throats of brass, it would not
suffice. Abbe Lefevre, in the Vaults down below, is black as Vulcan,
distributing that 'five thousand weight of Powder;' with what perils,
these eight-and-forty hours! Last night, a Patriot, in liquor, insisted
on sitting to smoke on the edge of one of the Powder-barrels; there
smoked he, independent of the world,--till the Abbe 'purchased his pipe
for three francs,' and pitched it far.
Elie, in the grand Hall, Electoral Committee looking on, sits 'with
drawn sword bent in three places;' with battered helm, for he was of
the Queen's Regiment, Cavalry; with torn regimentals, face singed and
soiled; comparable, some think, to 'an antique warrior;'--judging the
people; forming a list of Bastille Heroes. O Friends, stain not with
blood the greenest laurels ever gained in this world: such is the burden
of Elie's song; could it but be listened to. Courage, Elie! Courage,
ye Municipal Electors! A declining sun; the need of victuals, and of
telling news, will bring assuagement, dispersion: all earthly things
must end.
Along the streets of Paris circulate Seven Bastille Prisoners, borne
shoulder-high: seven Heads on pikes; the Keys of the Bastille; and much
else. See also the Garde Francaises, in their steadfast military way,
marching home to their barracks, with the Invalides and Swiss kindly
enclosed in hollow square. It is one year and two months since these
same men stood unparticipating, with Brennus d'Agoust at the Palais
de Justice, when Fate overtook d'Espremenil; and now they have
participated; and will participate. Not Gardes Francaises henceforth,
but Centre Grenadiers of the National Guard: men of iron discipline and
humour,--not without a kind of thought in them!
Likewise ashlar stones of the Bastille continue thundering through the
dusk; its paper-archives shall fly white. Old secrets come to view; and
long-buried Despair finds voice. Read this portion of an old Letter:
(Dated, a la Bastille, 7 Octobre, 1752; signed Queret-Demery. Bastille
Devoilee, in Linguet, Memoires sur la Bastille (Paris, 1821), p. 199.)
'If for my consolation Monseigneur would grant me for the sake of God
and the Most Blessed Trinity, that I could have news of my dear wife;
were it only her name on card to shew that she is alive! It were the
greatest consolation I could receive; and I should for ever bless the
greatness of Monseigneur.' Poor Prisoner, who namest thyself Queret
Demery, and hast no other history,--she is dead, that dear wife of
thine, and thou art dead! 'Tis fifty years since thy breaking heart put
this question; to be heard now first, and long heard, in the hearts of
men.
But so does the July twilight thicken; so must Paris, as sick children,
and all distracted creatures do, brawl itself finally into a kind
of sleep. Municipal Electors, astonished to find their heads still
uppermost, are home: only Moreau de Saint-Mery of tropical birth and
heart, of coolest judgment; he, with two others, shall sit permanent at
the Townhall. Paris sleeps; gleams upward the illuminated City: patrols
go clashing, without common watchword; there go rumours; alarms of
war, to the extent of 'fifteen thousand men marching through the
Suburb Saint-Antoine,'--who never got it marched through. Of the day's
distraction judge by this of the night: Moreau de Saint-Mery, 'before
rising from his seat, gave upwards of three thousand orders.' (Dusaulx.)
What a head; comparable to Friar Bacon's Brass Head! Within it lies all
Paris. Prompt must the answer be, right or wrong; in Paris is no other
Authority extant. Seriously, a most cool clear head;--for which also
thou O brave Saint-Mery, in many capacities, from august Senator to
Merchant's-Clerk, Book-dealer, Vice-King; in many places, from Virginia
to Sardinia, shalt, ever as a brave man, find employment. (Biographie
Universelle, para Moreau Saint-Mery (by Fournier-Pescay).)
Besenval has decamped, under cloud of dusk, 'amid a great affluence of
people,' who did not harm him; he marches, with faint-growing tread,
down the left bank of the Seine, all night,--towards infinite space.
Resummoned shall Besenval himself be; for trial, for difficult
acquittal. His King's-troops, his Royal Allemand, are gone hence for
ever.
The Versailles Ball and lemonade is done; the Orangery is silent except
for nightbirds. Over in the Salle des Menus, Vice-president Lafayette,
with unsnuffed lights, 'with some hundred of members, stretched on
tables round him,' sits erect; outwatching the Bear. This day, a second
solemn Deputation went to his Majesty; a second, and then a third: with
no effect. What will the end of these things be?
In the Court, all is mystery, not without whisperings of terror; though
ye dream of lemonade and epaulettes, ye foolish women! His Majesty, kept
in happy ignorance, perhaps dreams of double-barrels and the Woods of
Meudon. Late at night, the Duke de Liancourt, having official right of
entrance, gains access to the Royal Apartments; unfolds, with earnest
clearness, in his constitutional way, the Job's-news. "Mais," said poor
Louis, "c'est une revolte, Why, that is a revolt!"--"Sire," answered
Liancourt, "It is not a revolt, it is a revolution."
Chapter 1.5.VIII.
Conquering your King.
On the morrow a fourth Deputation to the Chateau is on foot: of a
more solemn, not to say awful character, for, besides 'orgies in the
Orangery,' it seems, 'the grain convoys are all stopped;' nor has
Mirabeau's thunder been silent. Such Deputation is on the point of
setting out--when lo, his Majesty himself attended only by his two
Brothers, step in; quite in the paternal manner; announces that the
troops, and all causes of offence, are gone, and henceforth there shall
be nothing but trust, reconcilement, good-will; whereof he 'permits
and even requests,' a National Assembly to assure Paris in his name!
Acclamation, as of men suddenly delivered from death, gives answer.
The whole Assembly spontaneously rises to escort his Majesty back;
'interlacing their arms to keep off the excessive pressure from him;'
for all Versailles is crowding and shouting. The Chateau Musicians, with
a felicitous promptitude, strike up the Sein de sa Famille (Bosom of
one's Family): the Queen appears at the balcony with her little boy
and girl, 'kissing them several times;' infinite Vivats spread far and
wide;--and suddenly there has come, as it were, a new Heaven-on-Earth.
Eighty-eight august Senators, Bailly, Lafayette, and our repentant
Archbishop among them, take coach for Paris, with the great
intelligence; benedictions without end on their heads. From the Place
Louis Quinze, where they alight, all the way to the Hotel-de-Ville, it
is one sea of Tricolor cockades, of clear National muskets; one
tempest of huzzaings, hand-clappings, aided by 'occasional rollings' of
drum-music. Harangues of due fervour are delivered; especially by Lally
Tollendal, pious son of the ill-fated murdered Lally; on whose head,
in consequence, a civic crown (of oak or parsley) is forced,--which he
forcibly transfers to Bailly's.
But surely, for one thing, the National Guard must have a General!
Moreau de Saint-Mery, he of the 'three thousand orders,' casts one of
his significant glances on the Bust of Lafayette, which has stood there
ever since the American War of Liberty. Whereupon, by acclamation,
Lafayette is nominated. Again, in room of the slain traitor or
quasi-traitor Flesselles, President Bailly shall be--Provost of the
Merchants? No: Mayor of Paris! So be it. Maire de Paris! Mayor
Bailly, General Lafayette; vive Bailly, vive Lafayette--the universal
out-of-doors multitude rends the welkin in confirmation.--And now,
finally, let us to Notre-Dame for a Te Deum.
Towards Notre-Dame Cathedral, in glad procession, these Regenerators of
the Country walk, through a jubilant people; in fraternal manner; Abbe
Lefevre, still black with his gunpowder services, walking arm in arm
with the white-stoled Archbishop. Poor Bailly comes upon the Foundling
Children, sent to kneel to him; and 'weeps.' Te Deum, our Archbishop
officiating, is not only sung, but shot--with blank cartridges. Our
joy is boundless as our wo threatened to be. Paris, by her own pike
and musket, and the valour of her own heart, has conquered the very
wargods,--to the satisfaction now of Majesty itself. A courier is, this
night, getting under way for Necker: the People's Minister, invited back
by King, by National Assembly, and Nation, shall traverse France amid
shoutings, and the sound of trumpet and timbrel.
Seeing which course of things, Messeigneurs of the Court Triumvirate,
Messieurs of the dead-born Broglie-Ministry, and others such, consider
that their part also is clear: to mount and ride. Off, ye too-loyal
Broglies, Polignacs, and Princes of the Blood; off while it is yet time!
Did not the Palais-Royal in its late nocturnal 'violent motions,' set
a specific price (place of payment not mentioned) on each of your
heads?--With precautions, with the aid of pieces of cannon and regiments
that can be depended on, Messeigneurs, between the 16th night and the
17th morning, get to their several roads. Not without risk! Prince Conde
has (or seems to have) 'men galloping at full speed;' with a view, it
is thought, to fling him into the river Oise, at Pont-Sainte-Mayence.
(Weber, ii. 126.) The Polignacs travel disguised; friends, not servants,
on their coach-box. Broglie has his own difficulties at Versailles,
runs his own risks at Metz and Verdun; does nevertheless get safe to
Luxemburg, and there rests.
This is what they call the First Emigration; determined on, as appears,
in full Court-conclave; his Majesty assisting; prompt he, for his share
of it, to follow any counsel whatsoever. 'Three Sons of France, and
four Princes of the blood of Saint Louis,' says Weber, 'could not more
effectually humble the Burghers of Paris 'than by appearing to withdraw
in fear of their life.' Alas, the Burghers of Paris bear it with
unexpected Stoicism! The Man d'Artois indeed is gone; but has he
carried, for example, the Land D'Artois with him? Not even Bagatelle the
Country-house (which shall be useful as a Tavern); hardly the four-valet
Breeches, leaving the Breeches-maker!--As for old Foulon, one learns
that he is dead; at least a 'sumptuous funeral' is going on; the
undertakers honouring him, if no other will. Intendant Berthier, his
son-in-law, is still living; lurking: he joined Besenval, on that
Eumenides' Sunday; appearing to treat it with levity; and is now fled no
man knows whither.
The Emigration is not gone many miles, Prince Conde hardly across the
Oise, when his Majesty, according to arrangement, for the Emigration
also thought it might do good,--undertakes a rather daring enterprise:
that of visiting Paris in person. With a Hundred Members of Assembly;
with small or no military escort, which indeed he dismissed at the
Bridge of Sevres, poor Louis sets out; leaving a desolate Palace; a
Queen weeping, the Present, the Past, and the Future all so unfriendly
for her.
At the Barrier of Passy, Mayor Bailly, in grand gala, presents him with
the keys; harangues him, in Academic style; mentions that it is a great
day; that in Henri Quatre's case, the King had to make conquest of his
People, but in this happier case, the People makes conquest of its King
(a conquis son Roi). The King, so happily conquered, drives forward,
slowly, through a steel people, all silent, or shouting only Vive la
Nation; is harangued at the Townhall, by Moreau of the three-thousand
orders, by King's Procureur M. Ethys de Corny, by Lally Tollendal, and
others; knows not what to think of it, or say of it; learns that he is
'Restorer of French Liberty,'--as a Statue of him, to be raised on the
site of the Bastille, shall testify to all men. Finally, he is shewn at
the Balcony, with a Tricolor cockade in his hat; is greeted now, with
vehement acclamation, from Square and Street, from all windows and
roofs:--and so drives home again amid glad mingled and, as it were,
intermarried shouts, of Vive le Roi and Vive la Nation; wearied but
safe.
It was Sunday when the red-hot balls hung over us, in mid air: it is
now but Friday, and 'the Revolution is sanctioned.' An August National
Assembly shall make the Constitution; and neither foreign Pandour,
domestic Triumvirate, with levelled Cannon, Guy-Faux powder-plots (for
that too was spoken of); nor any tyrannic Power on the Earth, or under
the Earth, shall say to it, What dost thou?--So jubilates the people;
sure now of a Constitution. Cracked Marquis Saint-Huruge is heard
under the windows of the Chateau; murmuring sheer speculative-treason.
(Campan, ii. 46-64.)
Chapter 1.5.IX.
The Lanterne.
The Fall of the Bastille may be said to have shaken all France to the
deepest foundations of its existence. The rumour of these wonders flies
every where: with the natural speed of Rumour; with an effect thought
to be preternatural, produced by plots. Did d'Orleans or Laclos, nay did
Mirabeau (not overburdened with money at this time) send riding Couriers
out from Paris; to gallop 'on all radii,' or highways, towards all
points of France? It is a miracle, which no penetrating man will call in
question. (Toulongeon, (i. 95); Weber, &c. &c.)
Already in most Towns, Electoral Committees were met; to regret Necker,
in harangue and resolution. In many a Town, as Rennes, Caen, Lyons, an
ebullient people was already regretting him in brickbats and musketry.
But now, at every Town's-end in France, there do arrive, in these days
of terror,--'men,' as men will arrive; nay, 'men on horseback,'
since Rumour oftenest travels riding. These men declare, with alarmed
countenance, The BRIGANDS to be coming, to be just at hand; and do
then--ride on, about their further business, be what it might! Whereupon
the whole population of such Town, defensively flies to arms. Petition
is soon thereafter forwarded to National Assembly; in such peril and
terror of peril, leave to organise yourself cannot be withheld: the
armed population becomes everywhere an enrolled National Guard. Thus
rides Rumour, careering along all radii, from Paris outwards, to such
purpose: in few days, some say in not many hours, all France to
the utmost borders bristles with bayonets. Singular, but
undeniable,--miraculous or not!--But thus may any chemical liquid;
though cooled to the freezing-point, or far lower, still continue
liquid; and then, on the slightest stroke or shake, it at once rushes
wholly into ice. Thus has France, for long months and even years, been
chemically dealt with; brought below zero; and now, shaken by the Fall
of a Bastille, it instantaneously congeals: into one crystallised mass,
of sharp-cutting steel! Guai a chi la tocca; 'Ware who touches it!
In Paris, an Electoral Committee, with a new Mayor and General, is
urgent with belligerent workmen to resume their handicrafts. Strong
Dames of the Market (Dames de la Halle) deliver congratulatory
harangues; present 'bouquets to the Shrine of Sainte Genevieve.'
Unenrolled men deposit their arms,--not so readily as could be wished;
and receive 'nine francs.' With Te Deums, Royal Visits, and sanctioned
Revolution, there is halcyon weather; weather even of preternatural
brightness; the hurricane being overblown.
Nevertheless, as is natural, the waves still run high, hollow rocks
retaining their murmur. We are but at the 22nd of the month, hardly
above a week since the Bastille fell, when it suddenly appears that old
Foulon is alive; nay, that he is here, in early morning, in the streets
of Paris; the extortioner, the plotter, who would make the people eat
grass, and was a liar from the beginning!--It is even so. The deceptive
'sumptuous funeral' (of some domestic that died); the hiding-place at
Vitry towards Fontainbleau, have not availed that wretched old man. Some
living domestic or dependant, for none loves Foulon, has betrayed him to
the Village. Merciless boors of Vitry unearth him; pounce on him,
like hell-hounds: Westward, old Infamy; to Paris, to be judged at the
Hotel-de-Ville! His old head, which seventy-four years have bleached,
is bare; they have tied an emblematic bundle of grass on his back; a
garland of nettles and thistles is round his neck: in this manner; led
with ropes; goaded on with curses and menaces, must he, with his old
limbs, sprawl forward; the pitiablest, most unpitied of all old men.
Sooty Saint-Antoine, and every street, mustering its crowds as he
passes,--the Place de Greve, the Hall of the Hotel-de-Ville will
scarcely hold his escort and him. Foulon must not only be judged
righteously; but judged there where he stands, without any delay.
Appoint seven judges, ye Municipals, or seventy-and-seven; name
them yourselves, or we will name them: but judge him! (Histoire
Parlementaire, ii. 146-9.) Electoral rhetoric, eloquence of Mayor
Bailly, is wasted explaining the beauty of the Law's delay. Delay, and
still delay! Behold, O Mayor of the People, the morning has worn itself
into noon; and he is still unjudged!--Lafayette, pressingly sent for,
arrives; gives voice: This Foulon, a known man, is guilty almost beyond
doubt; but may he not have accomplices? Ought not the truth to be
cunningly pumped out of him,--in the Abbaye Prison? It is a new light!
Sansculottism claps hands;--at which hand-clapping, Foulon (in
his fainness, as his Destiny would have it) also claps. "See! they
understand one another!" cries dark Sansculottism, blazing into fury
of suspicion.--"Friends," said 'a person in good clothes,' stepping
forward, "what is the use of judging this man? Has he not been judged
these thirty years?" With wild yells, Sansculottism clutches him, in
its hundred hands: he is whirled across the Place de Greve, to the
'Lanterne,' Lamp-iron which there is at the corner of the Rue de la
Vannerie; pleading bitterly for life,--to the deaf winds. Only with the
third rope (for two ropes broke, and the quavering voice still pleaded),
can he be so much as got hanged! His Body is dragged through the
streets; his Head goes aloft on a pike, the mouth filled with grass:
amid sounds as of Tophet, from a grass-eating people. (Deux Amis de la
Liberte, ii. 60-6.)
Surely if Revenge is a 'kind of Justice,' it is a 'wild' kind! O mad
Sansculottism hast thou risen, in thy mad darkness, in thy soot and
rags; unexpectedly, like an Enceladus, living-buried, from under his
Trinacria? They that would make grass be eaten do now eat grass, in
this manner? After long dumb-groaning generations, has the turn suddenly
become thine?--To such abysmal overturns, and frightful instantaneous
inversions of the centre-of-gravity, are human Solecisms all liable,
if they but knew it; the more liable, the falser (and topheavier) they
are!--
To add to the horror of Mayor Bailly and his Municipals, word comes
that Berthier has also been arrested; that he is on his way hither from
Compiegne. Berthier, Intendant (say, Tax-levier) of Paris; sycophant
and tyrant; forestaller of Corn; contriver of Camps against the
people;--accused of many things: is he not Foulon's son-in-law; and, in
that one point, guilty of all? In these hours too, when Sansculottism
has its blood up! The shuddering Municipals send one of their number to
escort him, with mounted National Guards.
At the fall of day, the wretched Berthier, still wearing a face of
courage, arrives at the Barrier; in an open carriage; with the Municipal
beside him; five hundred horsemen with drawn sabres; unarmed footmen
enough, not without noise! Placards go brandished round him; bearing
legibly his indictment, as Sansculottism, with unlegal brevity, 'in huge
letters,' draws it up. ('Il a vole le Roi et la France (He robbed the
King and France).' 'He devoured the substance of the People.' 'He was
the slave of the rich, and the tyrant of the poor.' 'He drank the blood
of the widow and orphan.' 'He betrayed his country.' See Deux Amis,
ii. 67-73.) Paris is come forth to meet him: with hand-clappings, with
windows flung up; with dances, triumph-songs, as of the Furies! Lastly
the Head of Foulon: this also meets him on a pike. Well might his 'look
become glazed,' and sense fail him, at such sight!--Nevertheless, be
the man's conscience what it may, his nerves are of iron. At the
Hotel-de-Ville, he will answer nothing. He says, he obeyed superior
order; they have his papers; they may judge and determine: as for
himself, not having closed an eye these two nights, he demands, before
all things, to have sleep. Leaden sleep, thou miserable Berthier! Guards
rise with him, in motion towards the Abbaye. At the very door of the
Hotel-de-Ville, they are clutched; flung asunder, as by a vortex of mad
arms; Berthier whirls towards the Lanterne. He snatches a musket; fells
and strikes, defending himself like a mad lion; is borne down, trampled,
hanged, mangled: his Head too, and even his Heart, flies over the City
on a pike.
Horrible, in Lands that had known equal justice! Not so unnatural in
Lands that had never known it. Le sang qui coule est-il donc si pure?
asks Barnave; intimating that the Gallows, though by irregular methods,
has its own.--Thou thyself, O Reader, when thou turnest that corner of
the Rue de la Vannerie, and discernest still that same grim Bracket
of old Iron, wilt not want for reflections. 'Over a grocer's shop,' or
otherwise; with 'a bust of Louis XIV. in the niche under it,' or now
no longer in the niche,--it still sticks there: still holding out an
ineffectual light, of fish-oil; and has seen worlds wrecked, and says
nothing.
But to the eye of enlightened Patriotism, what a thunder-cloud was this;
suddenly shaping itself in the radiance of the halcyon weather! Cloud
of Erebus blackness: betokening latent electricity without limit. Mayor
Bailly, General Lafayette throw up their commissions, in an indignant
manner;--need to be flattered back again. The cloud disappears, as
thunder-clouds do. The halcyon weather returns, though of a grayer
complexion; of a character more and more evidently not supernatural.
Thus, in any case, with what rubs soever, shall the Bastille be
abolished from our Earth; and with it, Feudalism, Despotism; and, one
hopes, Scoundrelism generally, and all hard usage of man by his brother
man. Alas, the Scoundrelism and hard usage are not so easy of abolition!
But as for the Bastille, it sinks day after day, and month after month;
its ashlars and boulders tumbling down continually, by express order of
our Municipals. Crowds of the curious roam through its caverns; gaze on
the skeletons found walled up, on the oubliettes, iron cages, monstrous
stone-blocks with padlock chains. One day we discern Mirabeau there;
along with the Genevese Dumont. (Dumont, Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, p.
305.) Workers and onlookers make reverent way for him; fling verses,
flowers on his path, Bastille-papers and curiosities into his carriage,
with vivats.
Able Editors compile Books from the Bastille Archives; from what of them
remain unburnt. The Key of that Robber-Den shall cross the Atlantic;
shall lie on Washington's hall-table. The great Clock ticks now in a
private patriotic Clockmaker's apartment; no longer measuring hours of
mere heaviness. Vanished is the Bastille, what we call vanished:
the body, or sandstones, of it hanging, in benign metamorphosis, for
centuries to come, over the Seine waters, as Pont Louis Seize; (Dulaure:
Histoire de Paris, viii. 434.) the soul of it living, perhaps still
longer, in the memories of men.
So far, ye august Senators, with your Tennis-Court Oaths, your inertia
and impetus, your sagacity and pertinacity, have ye brought us. "And
yet think, Messieurs," as the Petitioner justly urged, "you who were our
saviours, did yourselves need saviours,"--the brave Bastillers, namely;
workmen of Paris; many of them in straightened pecuniary circumstances!
(Moniteur: Seance du Samedi 18 Juillet 1789 in Histoire Parlementaire,
ii. 137.) Subscriptions are opened; Lists are formed, more accurate than
Elie's; harangues are delivered. A Body of Bastille Heroes, tolerably
complete, did get together;--comparable to the Argonauts; hoping to
endure like them. But in little more than a year, the whirlpool
of things threw them asunder again, and they sank. So many highest
superlatives achieved by man are followed by new higher; and dwindle
into comparatives and positives! The Siege of the Bastille, weighed with
which, in the Historical balance, most other sieges, including that
of Troy Town, are gossamer, cost, as we find, in killed and mortally
wounded, on the part of the Besiegers, some Eighty-three persons: on the
part of the Besieged, after all that straw-burning, fire-pumping,
and deluge of musketry, One poor solitary invalid, shot stone-dead
(roide-mort) on the battlements; (Dusaulx: Prise de la Bastille, p. 447,
&c.) The Bastille Fortress, like the City of Jericho, was overturned by
miraculous sound.
BOOK VI.
CONSOLIDATION
Chapter 1.6.I.
Make the Constitution.
Here perhaps is the place to fix, a little more precisely, what these
two words, French Revolution, shall mean; for, strictly considered, they
may have as many meanings as there are speakers of them. All things are
in revolution; in change from moment to moment, which becomes sensible
from epoch to epoch: in this Time-World of ours there is properly
nothing else but revolution and mutation, and even nothing else
conceivable. Revolution, you answer, means speedier change. Whereupon
one has still to ask: How speedy? At what degree of speed; in what
particular points of this variable course, which varies in velocity, but
can never stop till Time itself stops, does revolution begin and end;
cease to be ordinary mutation, and again become such? It is a thing that
will depend on definition more or less arbitrary.
For ourselves we answer that French Revolution means here the open
violent Rebellion, and Victory, of disimprisoned Anarchy against corrupt
worn-out Authority: how Anarchy breaks prison; bursts up from the
infinite Deep, and rages uncontrollable, immeasurable, enveloping a
world; in phasis after phasis of fever-frenzy;--'till the frenzy burning
itself out, and what elements of new Order it held (since all Force
holds such) developing themselves, the Uncontrollable be got, if not
reimprisoned, yet harnessed, and its mad forces made to work towards
their object as sane regulated ones. For as Hierarchies and Dynasties
of all kinds, Theocracies, Aristocracies, Autocracies, Strumpetocracies,
have ruled over the world; so it was appointed, in the decrees
of Providence, that this same Victorious Anarchy, Jacobinism,
Sansculottism, French Revolution, Horrors of French Revolution, or what
else mortals name it, should have its turn. The 'destructive wrath'
of Sansculottism: this is what we speak, having unhappily no voice for
singing.
Surely a great Phenomenon: nay it is a transcendental one, overstepping
all rules and experience; the crowning Phenomenon of our Modern Time.
For here again, most unexpectedly, comes antique Fanaticism in new and
newest vesture; miraculous, as all Fanaticism is. Call it the Fanaticism
of 'making away with formulas, de humer les formulas.' The world
of formulas, the formed regulated world, which all habitable world
is,--must needs hate such Fanaticism like death; and be at deadly
variance with it. The world of formulas must conquer it; or failing
that, must die execrating it, anathematising it;--can nevertheless in
nowise prevent its being and its having been. The Anathemas are there,
and the miraculous Thing is there.
Whence it cometh? Whither it goeth? These are questions! When the age
of Miracles lay faded into the distance as an incredible tradition, and
even the age of Conventionalities was now old; and Man's Existence had
for long generations rested on mere formulas which were grown hollow by
course of time; and it seemed as if no Reality any longer existed but
only Phantasms of realities, and God's Universe were the work of the
Tailor and Upholsterer mainly, and men were buckram masks that went
about becking and grimacing there,--on a sudden, the Earth yawns
asunder, and amid Tartarean smoke, and glare of fierce brightness, rises
SANSCULOTTISM, many-headed, fire-breathing, and asks: What think ye
of me? Well may the buckram masks start together, terror-struck;
'into expressive well-concerted groups!' It is indeed, Friends, a most
singular, most fatal thing. Let whosoever is but buckram and a phantasm
look to it: ill verily may it fare with him; here methinks he cannot
much longer be. Wo also to many a one who is not wholly buckram, but
partially real and human! The age of Miracles has come back! 'Behold
the World-Phoenix, in fire-consummation and fire-creation; wide are her
fanning wings; loud is her death-melody, of battle-thunders and falling
towns; skyward lashes the funeral flame, enveloping all things: it is
the Death-Birth of a World!'
Whereby, however, as we often say, shall one unspeakable blessing
seem attainable. This, namely: that Man and his Life rest no more on
hollowness and a Lie, but on solidity and some kind of Truth. Welcome,
the beggarliest truth, so it be one, in exchange for the royallest sham!
Truth of any kind breeds ever new and better truth; thus hard granite
rock will crumble down into soil, under the blessed skyey influences;
and cover itself with verdure, with fruitage and umbrage. But as for
Falsehood, which in like contrary manner, grows ever falser,--what can
it, or what should it do but decease, being ripe; decompose itself,
gently or even violently, and return to the Father of it,--too probably
in flames of fire?
Sansculottism will burn much; but what is incombustible it will
not burn. Fear not Sansculottism; recognise it for what it is, the
portentous, inevitable end of much, the miraculous beginning of much.
One other thing thou mayest understand of it: that it too came from
God; for has it not been? From of old, as it is written, are His goings
forth; in the great Deep of things; fearful and wonderful now as in the
beginning: in the whirlwind also He speaks! and the wrath of men is made
to praise Him.--But to gauge and measure this immeasurable Thing, and
what is called account for it, and reduce it to a dead logic-formula,
attempt not! Much less shalt thou shriek thyself hoarse, cursing it;
for that, to all needful lengths, has been already done. As an actually
existing Son of Time, look, with unspeakable manifold interest, oftenest
in silence, at what the Time did bring: therewith edify, instruct,
nourish thyself, or were it but to amuse and gratify thyself, as it is
given thee.
Another question which at every new turn will rise on us, requiring
ever new reply is this: Where the French Revolution specially is? In
the King's Palace, in his Majesty's or her Majesty's managements, and
maltreatments, cabals, imbecilities and woes, answer some few:--whom we
do not answer. In the National Assembly, answer a large mixed multitude:
who accordingly seat themselves in the Reporter's Chair; and therefrom
noting what Proclamations, Acts, Reports, passages of logic-fence,
bursts of parliamentary eloquence seem notable within doors, and what
tumults and rumours of tumult become audible from without,--produce
volume on volume; and, naming it History of the French Revolution,
contentedly publish the same. To do the like, to almost any extent, with
so many Filed Newspapers, Choix des Rapports, Histoires Parlementaires
as there are, amounting to many horseloads, were easy for us. Easy but
unprofitable. The National Assembly, named now Constituent Assembly,
goes its course; making the Constitution; but the French Revolution also
goes its course.
In general, may we not say that the French Revolution lies in the heart
and head of every violent-speaking, of every violent-thinking
French Man? How the Twenty-five Millions of such, in their perplexed
combination, acting and counter-acting may give birth to events; which
event successively is the cardinal one; and from what point of vision it
may best be surveyed: this is a problem. Which problem the best insight,
seeking light from all possible sources, shifting its point of vision
whithersoever vision or glimpse of vision can be had, may employ itself
in solving; and be well content to solve in some tolerably approximate
way.
As to the National Assembly, in so far as it still towers eminent over
France, after the manner of a car-borne Carroccio, though now no longer
in the van; and rings signals for retreat or for advance,--it is and
continues a reality among other realities. But in so far as it sits
making the Constitution, on the other hand, it is a fatuity and chimera
mainly. Alas, in the never so heroic building of Montesquieu-Mably
card-castles, though shouted over by the world, what interest is there?
Occupied in that way, an august National Assembly becomes for us little
other than a Sanhedrim of pedants, not of the gerund-grinding, yet of no
fruitfuller sort; and its loud debatings and recriminations about Rights
of Man, Right of Peace and War, Veto suspensif, Veto absolu, what are
they but so many Pedant's-curses, 'May God confound you for your Theory
of Irregular Verbs!'
A Constitution can be built, Constitutions enough a la Sieyes: but the
frightful difficulty is that of getting men to come and live in them!
Could Sieyes have drawn thunder and lightning out of Heaven to sanction
his Constitution, it had been well: but without any thunder? Nay,
strictly considered, is it not still true that without some such
celestial sanction, given visibly in thunder or invisibly otherwise, no
Constitution can in the long run be worth much more than the waste-paper
it is written on? The Constitution, the set of Laws, or prescribed
Habits of Acting, that men will live under, is the one which images
their Convictions,--their Faith as to this wondrous Universe, and what
rights, duties, capabilities they have there; which stands sanctioned
therefore, by Necessity itself, if not by a seen Deity, then by an
unseen one. Other laws, whereof there are always enough ready-made, are
usurpations; which men do not obey, but rebel against, and abolish, by
their earliest convenience.
The question of questions accordingly were, Who is it that especially
for rebellers and abolishers, can make a Constitution? He that can image
forth the general Belief when there is one; that can impart one when,
as here, there is none. A most rare man; ever as of old a god-missioned
man! Here, however, in defect of such transcendent supreme man, Time
with its infinite succession of merely superior men, each yielding his
little contribution, does much. Force likewise (for, as Antiquarian
Philosophers teach, the royal Sceptre was from the first something of
a Hammer, to crack such heads as could not be convinced) will all along
find somewhat to do. And thus in perpetual abolition and reparation,
rending and mending, with struggle and strife, with present evil and the
hope and effort towards future good, must the Constitution, as all human
things do, build itself forward; or unbuild itself, and sink, as it
can and may. O Sieyes, and ye other Committeemen, and Twelve Hundred
miscellaneous individuals from all parts of France! What is the Belief
of France, and yours, if ye knew it? Properly that there shall be no
Belief; that all formulas be swallowed. The Constitution which will suit
that? Alas, too clearly, a No-Constitution, an Anarchy;--which also, in
due season, shall be vouchsafed you.
But, after all, what can an unfortunate National Assembly do? Consider
only this, that there are Twelve Hundred miscellaneous individuals;
not a unit of whom but has his own thinking-apparatus, his own
speaking-apparatus! In every unit of them is some belief and wish,
different for each, both that France should be regenerated, and also
that he individually should do it. Twelve Hundred separate Forces, yoked
miscellaneously to any object, miscellaneously to all sides of it; and
bid pull for life!
Or is it the nature of National Assemblies generally to do, with endless
labour and clangour, Nothing? Are Representative Governments mostly
at bottom Tyrannies too! Shall we say, the Tyrants, the ambitious
contentious Persons, from all corners of the country do, in this manner,
get gathered into one place; and there, with motion and counter-motion,
with jargon and hubbub, cancel one another, like the fabulous Kilkenny
Cats; and produce, for net-result, zero;--the country meanwhile
governing or guiding itself, by such wisdom, recognised or for most part
unrecognised, as may exist in individual heads here and there?--Nay,
even that were a great improvement: for, of old, with their Guelf
Factions and Ghibelline Factions, with their Red Roses and White Roses,
they were wont to cancel the whole country as well. Besides they do it
now in a much narrower cockpit; within the four walls of their Assembly
House, and here and there an outpost of Hustings and Barrel-heads; do it
with tongues too, not with swords:--all which improvements, in the art
of producing zero, are they not great? Nay, best of all, some happy
Continents (as the Western one, with its Savannahs, where whosoever has
four willing limbs finds food under his feet, and an infinite sky over
his head) can do without governing.--What Sphinx-questions; which the
distracted world, in these very generations, must answer or die!
Chapter 1.6.II.
The Constituent Assembly.
One thing an elected Assembly of Twelve Hundred is fit for: Destroying.
Which indeed is but a more decided exercise of its natural talent for
Doing Nothing. Do nothing, only keep agitating, debating; and things
will destroy themselves.
So and not otherwise proved it with an august National Assembly. It
took the name, Constituent, as if its mission and function had been to
construct or build; which also, with its whole soul, it endeavoured
to do: yet, in the fates, in the nature of things, there lay for it
precisely of all functions the most opposite to that. Singular, what
Gospels men will believe; even Gospels according to Jean Jacques! It
was the fixed Faith of these National Deputies, as of all thinking
Frenchmen, that the Constitution could be made; that they, there and
then, were called to make it. How, with the toughness of Old Hebrews or
Ishmaelite Moslem, did the otherwise light unbelieving People persist in
this their Credo quia impossibile; and front the armed world with
it; and grow fanatic, and even heroic, and do exploits by it! The
Constituent Assembly's Constitution, and several others, will, being
printed and not manuscript, survive to future generations, as an
instructive well-nigh incredible document of the Time: the most
significant Picture of the then existing France; or at lowest, Picture
of these men's Picture of it.
But in truth and seriousness, what could the National Assembly have
done? The thing to be done was, actually as they said, to regenerate
France; to abolish the old France, and make a new one; quietly or
forcibly, by concession or by violence, this, by the Law of Nature, has
become inevitable. With what degree of violence, depends on the wisdom
of those that preside over it. With perfect wisdom on the part of the
National Assembly, it had all been otherwise; but whether, in any wise,
it could have been pacific, nay other than bloody and convulsive, may
still be a question.
Grant, meanwhile, that this Constituent Assembly does to the last
continue to be something. With a sigh, it sees itself incessantly
forced away from its infinite divine task, of perfecting 'the Theory of
Irregular Verbs,'--to finite terrestrial tasks, which latter have still
a significance for us. It is the cynosure of revolutionary France, this
National Assembly. All work of Government has fallen into its hands,
or under its control; all men look to it for guidance. In the middle
of that huge Revolt of Twenty-five millions, it hovers always aloft
as Carroccio or Battle-Standard, impelling and impelled, in the most
confused way; if it cannot give much guidance, it will still seem to
give some. It emits pacificatory Proclamations, not a few; with more or
with less result. It authorises the enrolment of National Guards,--lest
Brigands come to devour us, and reap the unripe crops. It sends missions
to quell 'effervescences;' to deliver men from the Lanterne. It can
listen to congratulatory Addresses, which arrive daily by the sackful;
mostly in King Cambyses' vein: also to Petitions and complaints from all
mortals; so that every mortal's complaint, if it cannot get redressed,
may at least hear itself complain. For the rest, an august National
Assembly can produce Parliamentary Eloquence; and appoint Committees.
Committees of the Constitution, of Reports, of Researches; and of much
else: which again yield mountains of Printed Paper; the theme of new
Parliamentary Eloquence, in bursts, or in plenteous smooth-flowing
floods. And so, from the waste vortex whereon all things go whirling and
grinding, Organic Laws, or the similitude of such, slowly emerge.
With endless debating, we get the Rights of Man written down and
promulgated: true paper basis of all paper Constitutions. Neglecting,
cry the opponents, to declare the Duties of Man! Forgetting, answer we,
to ascertain the Mights of Man;--one of the fatalest omissions!--Nay,
sometimes, as on the Fourth of August, our National Assembly, fired
suddenly by an almost preternatural enthusiasm, will get through whole
masses of work in one night. A memorable night, this Fourth of
August: Dignitaries temporal and spiritual; Peers, Archbishops,
Parlement-Presidents, each outdoing the other in patriotic devotedness,
come successively to throw their (untenable) possessions on the 'altar
of the fatherland.' With louder and louder vivats, for indeed it is
'after dinner' too,--they abolish Tithes, Seignorial Dues, Gabelle,
excessive Preservation of Game; nay Privilege, Immunity, Feudalism root
and branch; then appoint a Te Deum for it; and so, finally, disperse
about three in the morning, striking the stars with their sublime heads.
Such night, unforeseen but for ever memorable, was this of the Fourth
of August 1789. Miraculous, or semi-miraculous, some seem to think it. A
new Night of Pentecost, shall we say, shaped according to the new Time,
and new Church of Jean Jacques Rousseau? It had its causes; also its
effects.
In such manner labour the National Deputies; perfecting their Theory of
Irregular Verbs; governing France, and being governed by it; with toil
and noise;--cutting asunder ancient intolerable bonds; and, for new
ones, assiduously spinning ropes of sand. Were their labours a nothing
or a something, yet the eyes of all France being reverently fixed on
them, History can never very long leave them altogether out of sight.
For the present, if we glance into that Assembly Hall of theirs, it will
be found, as is natural, 'most irregular.' As many as 'a hundred
members are on their feet at once;' no rule in making motions, or only
commencements of a rule; Spectators' Gallery allowed to applaud, and
even to hiss; (Arthur Young, i. 111.) President, appointed once
a fortnight, raising many times no serene head above the waves.
Nevertheless, as in all human Assemblages, like does begin arranging
itself to like; the perennial rule, Ubi homines sunt modi sunt, proves
valid. Rudiments of Methods disclose themselves; rudiments of Parties.
There is a Right Side (Cote Droit), a Left Side (Cote Gauche); sitting
on M. le President's right hand, or on his left: the Cote Droit
conservative; the Cote Gauche destructive. Intermediate is Anglomaniac
Constitutionalism, or Two-Chamber Royalism; with its Mouniers, its
Lallys,--fast verging towards nonentity. Preeminent, on the Right Side,
pleads and perorates Cazales, the Dragoon-captain, eloquent, mildly
fervent; earning for himself the shadow of a name. There also
blusters Barrel-Mirabeau, the Younger Mirabeau, not without wit: dusky
d'Espremenil does nothing but sniff and ejaculate; might, it is fondly
thought, lay prostrate the Elder Mirabeau himself, would he but try,
(Biographie Universelle, para D'Espremenil (by Beaulieu).)--which he
does not. Last and greatest, see, for one moment, the Abbe Maury; with
his jesuitic eyes, his impassive brass face, 'image of all the cardinal
sins.' Indomitable, unquenchable, he fights jesuitico-rhetorically; with
toughest lungs and heart; for Throne, especially for Altar and Tithes.
So that a shrill voice exclaims once, from the Gallery: "Messieurs of
the Clergy, you have to be shaved; if you wriggle too much, you will get
cut." (Dictionnaire des Hommes Marquans, ii. 519.)
The Left side is also called the d'Orleans side; and sometimes
derisively, the Palais Royal. And yet, so confused, real-imaginary
seems everything, 'it is doubtful,' as Mirabeau said, 'whether d'Orleans
himself belong to that same d'Orleans Party.' What can be known and seen
is, that his moon-visage does beam forth from that point of space. There
likewise sits seagreen Robespierre; throwing in his light weight, with
decision, not yet with effect. A thin lean Puritan and Precisian; he
would make away with formulas; yet lives, moves, and has his being,
wholly in formulas, of another sort. 'Peuple,' such according to
Robespierre ought to be the Royal method of promulgating laws, 'Peuple,
this is the Law I have framed for thee; dost thou accept it?'--answered
from Right Side, from Centre and Left, by inextinguishable laughter.
(Moniteur, No. 67 (in Hist.Parl.).) Yet men of insight discern that the
Seagreen may by chance go far: "this man," observes Mirabeau, "will do
somewhat; he believes every word he says."
Abbe Sieyes is busy with mere Constitutional work: wherein, unluckily,
fellow-workmen are less pliable than, with one who has completed the
Science of Polity, they ought to be. Courage, Sieyes nevertheless! Some
twenty months of heroic travail, of contradiction from the stupid, and
the Constitution shall be built; the top-stone of it brought out with
shouting,--say rather, the top-paper, for it is all Paper; and thou hast
done in it what the Earth or the Heaven could require, thy utmost. Note
likewise this Trio; memorable for several things; memorable were it only
that their history is written in an epigram: 'whatsoever these Three
have in hand,' it is said, 'Duport thinks it, Barnave speaks it, Lameth
does it.' (See Toulongeon, i. c. 3.)
But royal Mirabeau? Conspicuous among all parties, raised above and
beyond them all, this man rises more and more. As we often say, he has
an eye, he is a reality; while others are formulas and eye-glasses. In
the Transient he will detect the Perennial, find some firm footing even
among Paper-vortexes. His fame is gone forth to all lands; it gladdened
the heart of the crabbed old Friend of Men himself before he died.
The very Postilions of inns have heard of Mirabeau: when an impatient
Traveller complains that the team is insufficient, his Postilion
answers, "Yes, Monsieur, the wheelers are weak; but my mirabeau (main
horse), you see, is a right one, mais mon mirabeau est excellent."
(Dumont, Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, p. 255.)
And now, Reader, thou shalt quit this noisy Discrepancy of a National
Assembly; not (if thou be of humane mind) without pity. Twelve Hundred
brother men are there, in the centre of Twenty-five Millions; fighting
so fiercely with Fate and with one another; struggling their lives
out, as most sons of Adam do, for that which profiteth not. Nay, on
the whole, it is admitted further to be very dull. "Dull as this day's
Assembly," said some one. "Why date, Pourquoi dater?" answered Mirabeau.
Consider that they are Twelve Hundred; that they not only speak, but
read their speeches; and even borrow and steal speeches to read! With
Twelve Hundred fluent speakers, and their Noah's Deluge of vociferous
commonplace, unattainable silence may well seem the one blessing of
Life. But figure Twelve Hundred pamphleteers; droning forth perpetual
pamphlets: and no man to gag them! Neither, as in the American Congress,
do the arrangements seem perfect. A Senator has not his own Desk
and Newspaper here; of Tobacco (much less of Pipes) there is not the
slightest provision. Conversation itself must be transacted in a low
tone, with continual interruption: only 'pencil Notes' circulate freely;
'in incredible numbers to the foot of the very tribune.' (See Dumont
(pp. 159-67); Arthur Young, &c.)--Such work is it, regenerating a
Nation; perfecting one's Theory of Irregular Verbs!
Chapter 1.6.III.
The General Overturn.
Of the King's Court, for the present, there is almost nothing whatever
to be said. Silent, deserted are these halls; Royalty languishes
forsaken of its war-god and all its hopes, till once the Oeil-de-Boeuf
rally again. The sceptre is departed from King Louis; is gone over to
the Salles des Menus, to the Paris Townhall, or one knows not whither.
In the July days, while all ears were yet deafened by the crash of the
Bastille, and Ministers and Princes were scattered to the four winds, it
seemed as if the very Valets had grown heavy of hearing. Besenval, also
in flight towards Infinite Space, but hovering a little at Versailles,
was addressing his Majesty personally for an Order about post-horses;
when, lo, 'the Valet in waiting places himself familiarly between his
Majesty and me,' stretching out his rascal neck to learn what it was!
His Majesty, in sudden choler, whirled round; made a clutch at the
tongs: 'I gently prevented him; he grasped my hand in thankfulness; and
I noticed tears in his eyes.' (Besenval, iii. 419.)
Poor King; for French Kings also are men! Louis Fourteenth himself
once clutched the tongs, and even smote with them; but then it was at
Louvois, and Dame Maintenon ran up.--The Queen sits weeping in her
inner apartments, surrounded by weak women: she is 'at the height of
unpopularity;' universally regarded as the evil genius of France. Her
friends and familiar counsellors have all fled; and fled, surely, on the
foolishest errand. The Chateau Polignac still frowns aloft, on its 'bold
and enormous' cubical rock, amid the blooming champaigns, amid the blue
girdling mountains of Auvergne: (Arthur Young, i. 165.) but no Duke
and Duchess Polignac look forth from it; they have fled, they have
'met Necker at Bale;' they shall not return. That France should see her
Nobles resist the Irresistible, Inevitable, with the face of angry men,
was unhappy, not unexpected: but with the face and sense of pettish
children? This was her peculiarity. They understood nothing; would
understand nothing. Does not, at this hour, a new Polignac, first-born
of these Two, sit reflective in the Castle of Ham; (A.D. 1835.) in an
astonishment he will never recover from; the most confused of existing
mortals?
King Louis has his new Ministry: mere Popularities; Old-President
Pompignan; Necker, coming back in triumph; and other such.
(Montgaillard, ii. 108.) But what will it avail him? As was said, the
sceptre, all but the wooden gilt sceptre, has departed elsewhither.
Volition, determination is not in this man: only innocence, indolence;
dependence on all persons but himself, on all circumstances but the
circumstances he were lord of. So troublous internally is our Versailles
and its work. Beautiful, if seen from afar, resplendent like a Sun; seen
near at hand, a mere Sun's-Atmosphere, hiding darkness, confused ferment
of ruin!
But over France, there goes on the indisputablest 'destruction of
formulas;' transaction of realities that follow therefrom. So many
millions of persons, all gyved, and nigh strangled, with formulas; whose
Life nevertheless, at least the digestion and hunger of it, was real
enough! Heaven has at length sent an abundant harvest; but what profits
it the poor man, when Earth with her formulas interposes? Industry, in
these times of Insurrection, must needs lie dormant; capital, as usual,
not circulating, but stagnating timorously in nooks. The poor man is
short of work, is therefore short of money; nay even had he money, bread
is not to be bought for it. Were it plotting of Aristocrats, plotting
of d'Orleans; were it Brigands, preternatural terror, and the clang of
Phoebus Apollo's silver bow,--enough, the markets are scarce of grain,
plentiful only in tumult. Farmers seem lazy to thresh;--being either
'bribed;' or needing no bribe, with prices ever rising, with perhaps
rent itself no longer so pressing. Neither, what is singular, do
municipal enactments, 'That along with so many measures of wheat you
shall sell so many of rye,' and other the like, much mend the matter.
Dragoons with drawn swords stand ranked among the corn-sacks, often
more dragoons than sacks. (Arthur Young, i. 129, &c.) Meal-mobs abound;
growing into mobs of a still darker quality.
Starvation has been known among the French Commonalty before this; known
and familiar. Did we not see them, in the year 1775, presenting,
in sallow faces, in wretchedness and raggedness, their Petition of
Grievances; and, for answer, getting a brand-new Gallows forty feet
high? Hunger and Darkness, through long years! For look back on that
earlier Paris Riot, when a Great Personage, worn out by debauchery, was
believed to be in want of Blood-baths; and Mothers, in worn raiment, yet
with living hearts under it, 'filled the public places' with their wild
Rachel-cries,--stilled also by the Gallows. Twenty years ago, the
Friend of Men (preaching to the deaf) described the Limousin Peasants as
wearing a pain-stricken (souffre-douleur) look, a look past complaint,
'as if the oppression of the great were like the hail and the thunder, a
thing irremediable, the ordinance of Nature.' (Fils Adoptif: Memoires
de Mirabeau, i. 364-394.) And now, if in some great hour, the shock of
a falling Bastille should awaken you; and it were found to be the
ordinance of Art merely; and remediable, reversible!
Or has the Reader forgotten that 'flood of savages,' which, in sight
of the same Friend of Men, descended from the mountains at Mont d'Or?
Lank-haired haggard faces; shapes rawboned, in high sabots; in woollen
jupes, with leather girdles studded with copper-nails! They rocked from
foot to foot, and beat time with their elbows too, as the quarrel and
battle which was not long in beginning went on; shouting fiercely; the
lank faces distorted into the similitude of a cruel laugh. For they were
darkened and hardened: long had they been the prey of excise-men and
tax-men; of 'clerks with the cold spurt of their pen.' It was the fixed
prophecy of our old Marquis, which no man would listen to, that 'such
Government by Blind-man's-buff, stumbling along too far, would end by
the General Overturn, the Culbute Generale!'
No man would listen, each went his thoughtless way;--and Time and
Destiny also travelled on. The Government by Blind-man's-buff, stumbling
along, has reached the precipice inevitable for it. Dull Drudgery,
driven on, by clerks with the cold dastard spurt of their pen, has been
driven--into a Communion of Drudges! For now, moreover, there have
come the strangest confused tidings; by Paris Journals with their paper
wings; or still more portentous, where no Journals are, (See Arthur
Young, i. 137, 150, &c.) by rumour and conjecture: Oppression not
inevitable; a Bastille prostrate, and the Constitution fast getting
ready! Which Constitution, if it be something and not nothing, what can
it be but bread to eat?
The Traveller, 'walking up hill bridle in hand,' overtakes 'a poor
woman;' the image, as such commonly are, of drudgery and scarcity;
'looking sixty years of age, though she is not yet twenty-eight.' They
have seven children, her poor drudge and she: a farm, with one cow,
which helps to make the children soup; also one little horse, or garron.
They have rents and quit-rents, Hens to pay to this Seigneur, Oat-sacks
to that; King's taxes, Statute-labour, Church-taxes, taxes enough;--and
think the times inexpressible. She has heard that somewhere, in some
manner, something is to be done for the poor: "God send it soon; for the
dues and taxes crush us down (nous ecrasent)!" (Ibid. i. 134.)
Fair prophecies are spoken, but they are not fulfilled. There have
been Notables, Assemblages, turnings out and comings in. Intriguing and
manoeuvring; Parliamentary eloquence and arguing, Greek meeting Greek in
high places, has long gone on; yet still bread comes not. The harvest is
reaped and garnered; yet still we have no bread. Urged by despair and
by hope, what can Drudgery do, but rise, as predicted, and produce the
General Overturn?
Fancy, then, some Five full-grown Millions of such gaunt figures,
with their haggard faces (figures haves); in woollen jupes, with
copper-studded leather girths, and high sabots,--starting up to ask, as
in forest-roarings, their washed Upper-Classes, after long unreviewed
centuries, virtually this question: How have ye treated us; how have ye
taught us, fed us, and led us, while we toiled for you? The answer can
be read in flames, over the nightly summer sky. This is the feeding and
leading we have had of you: EMPTINESS,--of pocket, of stomach, of head,
and of heart. Behold there is nothing in us; nothing but what Nature
gives her wild children of the desert: Ferocity and Appetite; Strength
grounded on Hunger. Did ye mark among your Rights of Man, that man was
not to die of starvation, while there was bread reaped by him? It is
among the Mights of Man.
Seventy-two Chateaus have flamed aloft in the Maconnais and Beaujolais
alone: this seems the centre of the conflagration; but it has spread
over Dauphine, Alsace, the Lyonnais; the whole South-East is in a blaze.
All over the North, from Rouen to Metz, disorder is abroad: smugglers
of salt go openly in armed bands: the barriers of towns are burnt;
toll-gatherers, tax-gatherers, official persons put to flight. 'It was
thought,' says Young, 'the people, from hunger, would revolt;' and we
see they have done it. Desperate Lackalls, long prowling aimless, now
finding hope in desperation itself, everywhere form a nucleus. They ring
the Church bell by way of tocsin: and the Parish turns out to the work.
(See Hist. Parl. ii. 243-6.) Ferocity, atrocity; hunger and revenge:
such work as we can imagine!
Ill stands it now with the Seigneur, who, for example, 'has walled up
the only Fountain of the Township;' who has ridden high on his chartier
and parchments; who has preserved Game not wisely but too well. Churches
also, and Canonries, are sacked, without mercy; which have shorn the
flock too close, forgetting to feed it. Wo to the land over which
Sansculottism, in its day of vengeance, tramps roughshod,--shod in
sabots! Highbred Seigneurs, with their delicate women and little ones,
had to 'fly half-naked,' under cloud of night; glad to escape the
flames, and even worse. You meet them at the tables-d'hote of inns;
making wise reflections or foolish that 'rank is destroyed;' uncertain
whither they shall now wend. (See Young, i. 149, &c.) The metayer will
find it convenient to be slack in paying rent. As for the Tax-gatherer,
he, long hunting as a biped of prey, may now get hunted as one; his
Majesty's Exchequer will not 'fill up the Deficit,' this season: it is
the notion of many that a Patriot Majesty, being the Restorer of French
Liberty, has abolished most taxes, though, for their private ends, some
men make a secret of it.
Where this will end? In the Abyss, one may prophecy; whither all
Delusions are, at all moments, travelling; where this Delusion has now
arrived. For if there be a Faith, from of old, it is this, as we often
repeat, that no Lie can live for ever. The very Truth has to change
its vesture, from time to time; and be born again. But all Lies have
sentence of death written down against them, and Heaven's Chancery
itself; and, slowly or fast, advance incessantly towards their hour.
'The sign of a Grand Seigneur being landlord,' says the vehement
plain-spoken Arthur Young, 'are wastes, landes, deserts, ling: go to
his residence, you will find it in the middle of a forest, peopled
with deer, wild boars and wolves. The fields are scenes of pitiable
management, as the houses are of misery. To see so many millions of
hands, that would be industrious, all idle and starving: Oh, if I were
legislator of France, for one day, I would make these great lords skip
again!' (Arthur Young, i. 12, 48, 84, &c.) O Arthur, thou now actually
beholdest them skip:--wilt thou grow to grumble at that too?
For long years and generations it lasted, but the time came.
Featherbrain, whom no reasoning and no pleading could touch, the glare
of the firebrand had to illuminate: there remained but that method.
Consider it, look at it! The widow is gathering nettles for her
children's dinner; a perfumed Seigneur, delicately lounging in the
Oeil-de-Boeuf, has an alchemy whereby he will extract from her the third
nettle, and name it Rent and Law: such an arrangement must end. Ought
it? But, O most fearful is such an ending! Let those, to whom God, in
His great mercy, has granted time and space, prepare another and milder
one.
To women it is a matter of wonder that the Seigneurs did not do
something to help themselves; say, combine, and arm: for there were a
'hundred and fifty thousand of them,' all violent enough. Unhappily, a
hundred and fifty thousand, scattered over wide Provinces, divided by
mutual ill-will, cannot combine. The highest Seigneurs, as we have seen,
had already emigrated,--with a view of putting France to the blush.
Neither are arms now the peculiar property of Seigneurs; but of every
mortal who has ten shillings, wherewith to buy a secondhand firelock.
Besides, those starving Peasants, after all, have not four feet and
claws, that you could keep them down permanently in that manner. They
are not even of black colour; they are mere Unwashed Seigneurs; and
a Seigneur too has human bowels!--The Seigneurs did what they could;
enrolled in National Guards; fled, with shrieks, complaining to Heaven
and Earth. One Seigneur, famed Memmay of Quincey, near Vesoul, invited
all the rustics of his neighbourhood to a banquet; blew up his Chateau
and them with gunpowder; and instantaneously vanished, no man yet knows
whither. (Hist. Parl. ii. 161.) Some half dozen years after, he came
back; and demonstrated that it was by accident.
Nor are the authorities idle: though unluckily, all Authorities,
Municipalities and such like, are in the uncertain transitionary state;
getting regenerated from old Monarchic to new Democratic; no Official
yet knows clearly what he is. Nevertheless, Mayors old or new do gather
Marechaussees, National Guards, Troops of the line; justice, of the most
summary sort, is not wanting. The Electoral Committee of Macon, though
but a Committee, goes the length of hanging, for its own behoof, as many
as twenty. The Prevot of Dauphine traverses the country 'with a movable
column,' with tipstaves, gallows-ropes; for gallows any tree will serve,
and suspend its culprit, or 'thirteen' culprits.
Unhappy country! How is the fair gold-and-green of the ripe bright Year
defaced with horrid blackness: black ashes of Chateaus, black bodies of
gibetted Men! Industry has ceased in it; not sounds of the hammer and
saw, but of the tocsin and alarm-drum. The sceptre has departed,
whither one knows not;--breaking itself in pieces: here impotent, there
tyrannous. National Guards are unskilful, and of doubtful purpose;
Soldiers are inclined to mutiny: there is danger that they two may
quarrel, danger that they may agree. Strasburg has seen riots: a
Townhall torn to shreds, its archives scattered white on the winds;
drunk soldiers embracing drunk citizens for three days, and Mayor
Dietrich and Marshal Rochambeau reduced nigh to desperation. (Arthur
Young, i. 141.--Dampmartin: Evenemens qui se sont passes sous mes yeux,
i. 105-127.)
Through the middle of all which phenomena, is seen, on his triumphant
transit, 'escorted,' through Befort for instance, 'by fifty National
Horsemen and all the military music of the place,'--M. Necker, returning
from Bale! Glorious as the meridian; though poor Necker himself partly
guesses whither it is leading. (Biographie Universelle, para Necker (by
Lally-Tollendal).) One highest culminating day, at the Paris Townhall;
with immortal vivats, with wife and daughter kneeling publicly to kiss
his hand; with Besenval's pardon granted,--but indeed revoked before
sunset: one highest day, but then lower days, and ever lower, down even
to lowest! Such magic is in a name; and in the want of a name. Like some
enchanted Mambrino's Helmet, essential to victory, comes this 'Saviour
of France;' beshouted, becymballed by the world:--alas, so soon, to
be disenchanted, to be pitched shamefully over the lists as a Barber's
Bason! Gibbon 'could wish to shew him' (in this ejected, Barber's-Bason
state) to any man of solidity, who were minded to have the soul burnt
out of him, and become a caput mortuum, by Ambition, unsuccessful or
successful. (Gibbon's Letters.)
Another small phasis we add, and no more: how, in the Autumn months, our
sharp-tempered Arthur has been 'pestered for some days past,' by shot,
lead-drops and slugs, 'rattling five or six times into my chaise and
about my ears;' all the mob of the country gone out to kill game!
(Young, i. 176.) It is even so. On the Cliffs of Dover, over all the
Marches of France, there appear, this autumn, two Signs on the Earth:
emigrant flights of French Seigneurs; emigrant winged flights of French
Game! Finished, one may say, or as good as finished, is the Preservation
of Game on this Earth; completed for endless Time. What part it had to
play in the History of Civilisation is played plaudite; exeat!
In this manner does Sansculottism blaze up, illustrating many
things;--producing, among the rest, as we saw, on the Fourth of August,
that semi-miraculous Night of Pentecost in the National Assembly; semi
miraculous, which had its causes, and its effects. Feudalism is struck
dead; not on parchment only, and by ink; but in very fact, by fire; say,
by self-combustion. This conflagration of the South-East will abate;
will be got scattered, to the West, or elsewhither: extinguish it will
not, till the fuel be all done.
Chapter 1.6.IV.
In Queue.
If we look now at Paris, one thing is too evident: that the Baker's
shops have got their Queues, or Tails; their long strings of purchasers,
arranged in tail, so that the first come be the first served,--were the
shop once open! This waiting in tail, not seen since the early days of
July, again makes its appearance in August. In time, we shall see it
perfected by practice to the rank almost of an art; and the art, or
quasi-art, of standing in tail become one of the characteristics of the
Parisian People, distinguishing them from all other Peoples whatsoever.
But consider, while work itself is so scarce, how a man must not only
realise money; but stand waiting (if his wife is too weak to wait and
struggle) for half days in the Tail, till he get it changed for dear
bad bread! Controversies, to the length, sometimes of blood and battery,
must arise in these exasperated Queues. Or if no controversy, then it is
but one accordant Pange Lingua of complaint against the Powers that
be. France has begun her long Curriculum of Hungering, instructive and
productive beyond Academic Curriculums; which extends over some seven
most strenuous years. As Jean Paul says, of his own Life, 'to a great
height shall the business of Hungering go.'
Or consider, in strange contrast, the jubilee Ceremonies; for, in
general, the aspect of Paris presents these two features: jubilee
ceremonials and scarcity of victual. Processions enough walk in jubilee;
of Young Women, decked and dizened, their ribands all tricolor; moving
with song and tabor, to the Shrine of Sainte Genevieve, to thank her
that the Bastille is down. The Strong Men of the Market, and the Strong
Women, fail not with their bouquets and speeches. Abbe Fauchet, famed
in such work (for Abbe Lefevre could only distribute powder) blesses
tricolor cloth for the National Guard; and makes it a National Tricolor
Flag; victorious, or to be victorious, in the cause of civil and
religious liberty all over the world. Fauchet, we say, is the man for
Te-Deums, and public Consecrations;--to which, as in this instance of
the Flag, our National Guard will 'reply with volleys of musketry,'
Church and Cathedral though it be; (See Hist. Parl. iii. 20; Mercier,
Nouveau Paris, &c.) filling Notre Dame with such noisiest fuliginous
Amen, significant of several things.
On the whole, we will say our new Mayor Bailly; our new Commander
Lafayette, named also 'Scipio-Americanus,' have bought their preferment
dear. Bailly rides in gilt state-coach, with beefeaters and sumptuosity;
Camille Desmoulins, and others, sniffing at him for it: Scipio bestrides
the 'white charger,' and waves with civic plumes in sight of all France.
Neither of them, however, does it for nothing; but, in truth, at an
exorbitant rate. At this rate, namely: of feeding Paris, and keeping
it from fighting. Out of the City-funds, some seventeen thousand of the
utterly destitute are employed digging on Montmartre, at tenpence a day,
which buys them, at market price, almost two pounds of bad bread;--they
look very yellow, when Lafayette goes to harangue them. The Townhall
is in travail, night and day; it must bring forth Bread, a Municipal
Constitution, regulations of all kinds, curbs on the Sansculottic Press;
above all, Bread, Bread.
Purveyors prowl the country far and wide, with the appetite of lions;
detect hidden grain, purchase open grain; by gentle means or forcible,
must and will find grain. A most thankless task; and so difficult,
so dangerous,--even if a man did gain some trifle by it! On the 19th
August, there is food for one day. (See Bailly, Memoires, ii. 137-409.)
Complaints there are that the food is spoiled, and produces an effect
on the intestines: not corn but plaster-of-Paris! Which effect on the
intestines, as well as that 'smarting in the throat and palate,' a
Townhall Proclamation warns you to disregard, or even to consider as
drastic-beneficial. The Mayor of Saint-Denis, so black was his bread,
has, by a dyspeptic populace, been hanged on the Lanterne there.
National Guards protect the Paris Corn-Market: first ten suffice; then
six hundred. (Hist. Parl. ii. 421.) Busy are ye, Bailly, Brissot de
Warville, Condorcet, and ye others!
For, as just hinted, there is a Municipal Constitution to be made too.
The old Bastille Electors, after some ten days of psalmodying over their
glorious victory, began to hear it asked, in a splenetic tone, Who put
you there? They accordingly had to give place, not without moanings, and
audible growlings on both sides, to a new larger Body, specially elected
for that post. Which new Body, augmented, altered, then fixed finally
at the number of Three Hundred, with the title of Town Representatives
(Representans de la Commune), now sits there; rightly portioned into
Committees; assiduous making a Constitution; at all moments when not
seeking flour.
And such a Constitution; little short of miraculous: one that shall
'consolidate the Revolution'! The Revolution is finished, then? Mayor
Bailly and all respectable friends of Freedom would fain think so. Your
Revolution, like jelly sufficiently boiled, needs only to be poured into
shapes, of Constitution, and 'consolidated' therein? Could it, indeed,
contrive to cool; which last, however, is precisely the doubtful thing,
or even the not doubtful!
Unhappy friends of Freedom; consolidating a Revolution! They must sit
at work there, their pavilion spread on very Chaos; between two hostile
worlds, the Upper Court-world, the Nether Sansculottic one; and, beaten
on by both, toil painfully, perilously,--doing, in sad literal earnest,
'the impossible.'
Chapter 1.6.V.
The Fourth Estate.
Pamphleteering opens its abysmal throat wider and wider: never to close
more. Our Philosophes, indeed, rather withdraw; after the manner of
Marmontel, 'retiring in disgust the first day.' Abbe Raynal, grown gray
and quiet in his Marseilles domicile, is little content with this work;
the last literary act of the man will again be an act of rebellion: an
indignant Letter to the Constituent Assembly; answered by 'the order
of the day.' Thus also Philosophe Morellet puckers discontented brows;
being indeed threatened in his benefices by that Fourth of August: it
is clearly going too far. How astonishing that those 'haggard figures
in woollen jupes' would not rest as satisfied with Speculation, and
victorious Analysis, as we!
Alas, yes: Speculation, Philosophism, once the ornament and wealth of
the saloon, will now coin itself into mere Practical Propositions, and
circulate on street and highway, universally; with results! A Fourth
Estate, of Able Editors, springs up; increases and multiplies;
irrepressible, incalculable. New Printers, new Journals, and ever new
(so prurient is the world), let our Three Hundred curb and consolidate
as they can! Loustalot, under the wing of Prudhomme dull-blustering
Printer, edits weekly his Revolutions de Paris; in an acrid, emphatic
manner. Acrid, corrosive, as the spirit of sloes and copperas, is Marat,
Friend of the People; struck already with the fact that the National
Assembly, so full of Aristocrats, 'can do nothing,' except dissolve
itself, and make way for a better; that the Townhall Representatives are
little other than babblers and imbeciles, if not even knaves. Poor is
this man; squalid, and dwells in garrets; a man unlovely to the sense,
outward and inward; a man forbid;--and is becoming fanatical, possessed
with fixed-idea. Cruel lusus of Nature! Did Nature, O poor Marat, as
in cruel sport, knead thee out of her leavings, and miscellaneous
waste clay; and fling thee forth stepdamelike, a Distraction into this
distracted Eighteenth Century? Work is appointed thee there; which thou
shalt do. The Three Hundred have summoned and will again summon Marat:
but always he croaks forth answer sufficient; always he will defy them,
or elude them; and endure no gag.
Carra, 'Ex-secretary of a decapitated Hospodar,' and then of a
Necklace-Cardinal; likewise pamphleteer, Adventurer in many scenes and
lands,--draws nigh to Mercier, of the Tableau de Paris; and, with foam
on his lips, proposes an Annales Patriotiques. The Moniteur goes its
prosperous way; Barrere 'weeps,' on Paper as yet loyal; Rivarol, Royou
are not idle. Deep calls to deep: your Domine Salvum Fac Regem shall
awaken Pange Lingua; with an Ami-du-Peuple there is a King's-Friend
Newspaper, Ami-du-Roi. Camille Desmoulins has appointed himself
Procureur-General de la Lanterne, Attorney-General of the Lamp-iron; and
pleads, not with atrocity, under an atrocious title; editing weekly his
brilliant Revolutions of Paris and Brabant. Brilliant, we say: for if,
in that thick murk of Journalism, with its dull blustering, with
its fixed or loose fury, any ray of genius greet thee, be sure it is
Camille's. The thing that Camille teaches he, with his light finger,
adorns: brightness plays, gentle, unexpected, amid horrible confusions;
often is the word of Camille worth reading, when no other's is.
Questionable Camille, how thou glitterest with a fallen, rebellious, yet
still semi-celestial light; as is the star-light on the brow of Lucifer!
Son of the Morning, into what times and what lands, art thou fallen!
But in all things is good;--though not good for 'consolidating
Revolutions.' Thousand wagon-loads of this Pamphleteering and Newspaper
matter, lie rotting slowly in the Public Libraries of our Europe.
Snatched from the great gulf, like oysters by bibliomaniac pearl-divers,
there must they first rot, then what was pearl, in Camille or others,
may be seen as such, and continue as such.
Nor has public speaking declined, though Lafayette and his Patrols look
sour on it. Loud always is the Palais Royal, loudest the Cafe de Foy;
such a miscellany of Citizens and Citizenesses circulating there. 'Now
and then,' according to Camille, 'some Citizens employ the liberty of
the press for a private purpose; so that this or the other Patriot finds
himself short of his watch or pocket-handkerchief!' But, for the rest,
in Camille's opinion, nothing can be a livelier image of the Roman
Forum. 'A Patriot proposes his motion; if it finds any supporters, they
make him mount on a chair, and speak. If he is applauded, he prospers
and redacts; if he is hissed, he goes his ways.' Thus they, circulating
and perorating. Tall shaggy Marquis Saint-Huruge, a man that has
had losses, and has deserved them, is seen eminent, and also heard.
'Bellowing' is the character of his voice, like that of a Bull of
Bashan; voice which drowns all voices, which causes frequently the
hearts of men to leap. Cracked or half-cracked is this tall Marquis's
head; uncracked are his lungs; the cracked and the uncracked shall alike
avail him.
Consider further that each of the Forty-eight Districts has its own
Committee; speaking and motioning continually; aiding in the search for
grain, in the search for a Constitution; checking and spurring the poor
Three Hundred of the Townhall. That Danton, with a 'voice reverberating
from the domes,' is President of the Cordeliers District; which has
already become a Goshen of Patriotism. That apart from the 'seventeen
thousand utterly necessitous, digging on Montmartre,' most of whom,
indeed, have got passes, and been dismissed into Space 'with four
shillings,'--there is a strike, or union, of Domestics out of place; who
assemble for public speaking: next, a strike of Tailors, for even they
will strike and speak; further, a strike of Journeymen Cordwainers; a
strike of Apothecaries: so dear is bread. (Histoire Parlementaire, ii.
359, 417, 423.) All these, having struck, must speak; generally under
the open canopy; and pass resolutions;--Lafayette and his Patrols
watching them suspiciously from the distance.
Unhappy mortals: such tugging and lugging, and throttling of one
another, to divide, in some not intolerable way, the joint Felicity of
man in this Earth; when the whole lot to be divided is such a 'feast of
shells!'--Diligent are the Three Hundred; none equals Scipio Americanus
in dealing with mobs. But surely all these things bode ill for the
consolidating of a Revolution.
BOOK VII.
THE INSURRECTION OF WOMEN
Chapter 1.7.I.
Patrollotism.
No, Friends, this Revolution is not of the consolidating kind. Do
not fires, fevers, sown seeds, chemical mixtures, men, events; all
embodiments of Force that work in this miraculous Complex of Forces,
named Universe,--go on growing, through their natural phases and
developments, each according to its kind; reach their height, reach
their visible decline; finally sink under, vanishing, and what we call
die? They all grow; there is nothing but what grows, and shoots forth
into its special expansion,--once give it leave to spring. Observe too
that each grows with a rapidity proportioned, in general, to the madness
and unhealthiness there is in it: slow regular growth, though this also
ends in death, is what we name health and sanity.
A Sansculottism, which has prostrated Bastilles, which has got pike
and musket, and now goes burning Chateaus, passing resolutions and
haranguing under roof and sky, may be said to have sprung; and, by law
of Nature, must grow. To judge by the madness and diseasedness both
of itself, and of the soil and element it is in, one might expect the
rapidity and monstrosity would be extreme.
Many things too, especially all diseased things, grow by shoots and
fits. The first grand fit and shooting forth of Sansculottism with
that of Paris conquering its King; for Bailly's figure of rhetoric was
all-too sad a reality. The King is conquered; going at large on his
parole; on condition, say, of absolutely good behaviour,--which, in
these circumstances, will unhappily mean no behaviour whatever. A quite
untenable position, that of Majesty put on its good behaviour! Alas, is
it not natural that whatever lives try to keep itself living? Whereupon
his Majesty's behaviour will soon become exceptionable; and so the
Second grand Fit of Sansculottism, that of putting him in durance,
cannot be distant.
Necker, in the National Assembly, is making moan, as usual about his
Deficit: Barriers and Customhouses burnt; the Tax-gatherer hunted, not
hunting; his Majesty's Exchequer all but empty. The remedy is a Loan of
thirty millions; then, on still more enticing terms, a Loan of eighty
millions: neither of which Loans, unhappily, will the Stockjobbers
venture to lend. The Stockjobber has no country, except his own black
pool of Agio.
And yet, in those days, for men that have a country, what a glow of
patriotism burns in many a heart; penetrating inwards to the very purse!
So early as the 7th of August, a Don Patriotique, 'a Patriotic Gift
of jewels to a considerable extent,' has been solemnly made by certain
Parisian women; and solemnly accepted, with honourable mention. Whom
forthwith all the world takes to imitating and emulating. Patriotic
Gifts, always with some heroic eloquence, which the President must
answer and the Assembly listen to, flow in from far and near: in such
number that the honourable mention can only be performed in 'lists
published at stated epochs.' Each gives what he can: the very
cordwainers have behaved munificently; one landed proprietor gives a
forest; fashionable society gives its shoebuckles, takes cheerfully to
shoe-ties. Unfortunate females give what they 'have amassed in loving.'
(Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 427.) The smell of all cash, as Vespasian
thought, is good.
Beautiful, and yet inadequate! The Clergy must be 'invited' to melt
their superfluous Church-plate,--in the Royal Mint. Nay finally, a
Patriotic Contribution, of the forcible sort, must be determined on,
though unwillingly: let the fourth part of your declared yearly revenue,
for this once only, be paid down; so shall a National Assembly make the
Constitution, undistracted at least by insolvency. Their own wages, as
settled on the 17th of August, are but Eighteen Francs a day, each man;
but the Public Service must have sinews, must have money. To appease the
Deficit; not to 'combler, or choke the Deficit,' if you or mortal could!
For withal, as Mirabeau was heard saying, "it is the Deficit that saves
us."
Towards the end of August, our National Assembly in its constitutional
labours, has got so far as the question of Veto: shall Majesty have a
Veto on the National Enactments; or not have a Veto? What speeches were
spoken, within doors and without; clear, and also passionate logic;
imprecations, comminations; gone happily, for most part, to Limbo!
Through the cracked brain, and uncracked lungs of Saint-Huruge, the
Palais Royal rebellows with Veto. Journalism is busy, France rings with
Veto. 'I shall never forget,' says Dumont, 'my going to Paris, one of
these days, with Mirabeau; and the crowd of people we found waiting for
his carriage, about Le Jay the Bookseller's shop. They flung themselves
before him; conjuring him with tears in their eyes not to suffer the
Veto Absolu. They were in a frenzy: "Monsieur le Comte, you are the
people's father; you must save us; you must defend us against those
villains who are bringing back Despotism. If the King get this Veto,
what is the use of National Assembly? We are slaves, all is done."'
(Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, p. 156.) Friends, if the sky fall, there
will be catching of larks! Mirabeau, adds Dumont, was eminent on such
occasions: he answered vaguely, with a Patrician imperturbability, and
bound himself to nothing.
Deputations go to the Hotel-de-Ville; anonymous Letters to Aristocrats
in the National Assembly, threatening that fifteen thousand, or
sometimes that sixty thousand, 'will march to illuminate you.' The Paris
Districts are astir; Petitions signing: Saint-Huruge sets forth from the
Palais Royal, with an escort of fifteen hundred individuals, to petition
in person. Resolute, or seemingly so, is the tall shaggy Marquis, is
the Cafe de Foy: but resolute also is Commandant-General Lafayette.
The streets are all beset by Patrols: Saint-Huruge is stopped at the
Barriere des Bon Hommes; he may bellow like the bulls of Bashan; but
absolutely must return. The brethren of the Palais Royal 'circulate all
night,' and make motions, under the open canopy; all Coffee-houses being
shut. Nevertheless Lafayette and the Townhall do prevail: Saint-Huruge
is thrown into prison; Veto Absolu adjusts itself into Suspensive Veto,
prohibition not forever, but for a term of time; and this doom's-clamour
will grow silent, as the others have done.
So far has Consolidation prospered, though with difficulty; repressing
the Nether Sansculottic world; and the Constitution shall be made. With
difficulty: amid jubilee and scarcity; Patriotic Gifts, Bakers'-queues;
Abbe-Fauchet Harangues, with their Amen of platoon-musketry! Scipio
Americanus has deserved thanks from the National Assembly and France.
They offer him stipends and emoluments, to a handsome extent; all which
stipends and emoluments he, covetous of far other blessedness than mere
money, does, in his chivalrous way, without scruple, refuse.
To the Parisian common man, meanwhile, one thing remains inconceivable:
that now when the Bastille is down, and French Liberty restored, grain
should continue so dear. Our Rights of Man are voted, Feudalism and
all Tyranny abolished; yet behold we stand in queue! Is it Aristocrat
forestallers; a Court still bent on intrigues? Something is rotten,
somewhere.
And yet, alas, what to do? Lafayette, with his Patrols prohibits every
thing, even complaint. Saint-Huruge and other heroes of the Veto lie
in durance. People's-Friend Marat was seized; Printers of Patriotic
Journals are fettered and forbidden; the very Hawkers cannot cry, till
they get license, and leaden badges. Blue National Guards ruthlessly
dissipate all groups; scour, with levelled bayonets, the Palais Royal
itself. Pass, on your affairs, along the Rue Taranne, the Patrol,
presenting his bayonet, cries, To the left! Turn into the Rue
Saint-Benoit, he cries, To the right! A judicious Patriot (like Camille
Desmoulins, in this instance) is driven, for quietness's sake, to take
the gutter.
O much-suffering People, our glorious Revolution is evaporating in
tricolor ceremonies, and complimentary harangues! Of which latter,
as Loustalot acridly calculates, 'upwards of two thousand have been
delivered within the last month, at the Townhall alone.' (Revolutions
de Paris Newspaper (cited in Histoire Parlementaire, ii. 357).) And
our mouths, unfilled with bread, are to be shut, under penalties? The
Caricaturist promulgates his emblematic Tablature: Le Patrouillotisme
chassant le Patriotisme, Patriotism driven out by Patrollotism. Ruthless
Patrols; long superfine harangues; and scanty ill-baked loaves, more
like baked Bath bricks,--which produce an effect on the intestines!
Where will this end? In consolidation?
Chapter 1.7.II.
O Richard, O my King.
For, alas, neither is the Townhall itself without misgivings. The Nether
Sansculottic world has been suppressed hitherto: but then the Upper
Court-world! Symptoms there are that the Oeil-de-Boeuf is rallying.
More than once in the Townhall Sanhedrim; often enough, from those
outspoken Bakers'-queues, has the wish uttered itself: O that our
Restorer of French Liberty were here; that he could see with his own
eyes, not with the false eyes of Queens and Cabals, and his really good
heart be enlightened! For falsehood still environs him; intriguing
Dukes de Guiche, with Bodyguards; scouts of Bouille; a new flight of
intriguers, now that the old is flown. What else means this advent of
the Regiment de Flandre; entering Versailles, as we hear, on the 23rd
of September, with two pieces of cannon? Did not the Versailles National
Guard do duty at the Chateau? Had they not Swiss; Hundred Swiss;
Gardes-du-Corps, Bodyguards so-called? Nay, it would seem, the number of
Bodyguards on duty has, by a manoeuvre, been doubled: the new relieving
Battalion of them arrived at its time; but the old relieved one does not
depart!
Actually, there runs a whisper through the best informed Upper-Circles,
or a nod still more potentous than whispering, of his Majesty's flying
to Metz; of a Bond (to stand by him therein) which has been signed by
Noblesse and Clergy, to the incredible amount of thirty, or even of
sixty thousand. Lafayette coldly whispers it, and coldly asseverates
it, to Count d'Estaing at the Dinner-table; and d'Estaing, one of
the bravest men, quakes to the core lest some lackey overhear it; and
tumbles thoughtful, without sleep, all night. (Brouillon de Lettre de
M. d'Estaing a la Reine in Histoire Parlementaire, iii. 24.) Regiment
Flandre, as we said, is clearly arrived. His Majesty, they say,
hesitates about sanctioning the Fourth of August; makes observations,
of chilling tenor, on the very Rights of Man! Likewise, may not all
persons, the Bakers'-queues themselves discern on the streets of Paris,
the most astonishing number of Officers on furlough, Crosses of St.
Louis, and such like? Some reckon 'from a thousand to twelve hundred.'
Officers of all uniforms; nay one uniform never before seen by eye:
green faced with red! The tricolor cockade is not always visible: but
what, in the name of Heaven, may these black cockades, which some wear,
foreshadow?
Hunger whets everything, especially Suspicion and Indignation. Realities
themselves, in this Paris, have grown unreal: preternatural. Phantasms
once more stalk through the brain of hungry France. O ye laggards and
dastards, cry shrill voices from the Queues, if ye had the hearts of
men, ye would take your pikes and secondhand firelocks, and look into
it; not leave your wives and daughters to be starved, murdered, and
worse!--Peace, women! The heart of man is bitter and heavy; Patriotism,
driven out by Patrollotism, knows not what to resolve on.
The truth is, the Oeil-de-Boeuf has rallied; to a certain unknown
extent. A changed Oeil-de-Boeuf; with Versailles National Guards, in
their tricolor cockades, doing duty there; a Court all flaring with
tricolor! Yet even to a tricolor Court men will rally. Ye loyal hearts,
burnt-out Seigneurs, rally round your Queen! With wishes; which will
produce hopes; which will produce attempts!
For indeed self-preservation being such a law of Nature, what can a
rallied Court do, but attempt and endeavour, or call it plot,--with such
wisdom and unwisdom as it has? They will fly, escorted, to Metz,
where brave Bouille commands; they will raise the Royal Standard: the
Bond-signatures shall become armed men. Were not the King so
languid! Their Bond, if at all signed, must be signed without his
privity.--Unhappy King, he has but one resolution: not to have a civil
war. For the rest, he still hunts, having ceased lockmaking; he still
dozes, and digests; is clay in the hands of the potter. Ill will it fare
with him, in a world where all is helping itself; where, as has been
written, 'whosoever is not hammer must be stithy;' and 'the very hyssop
on the wall grows there, in that chink, because the whole Universe could
not prevent its growing!'
But as for the coming up of this Regiment de Flandre, may it not be
urged that there were Saint-Huruge Petitions, and continual meal-mobs?
Undebauched Soldiers, be there plot, or only dim elements of a plot, are
always good. Did not the Versailles Municipality (an old Monarchic one,
not yet refounded into a Democratic) instantly second the proposal? Nay
the very Versailles National Guard, wearied with continual duty at
the Chateau, did not object; only Draper Lecointre, who is now Major
Lecointre, shook his head.--Yes, Friends, surely it was natural this
Regiment de Flandre should be sent for, since it could be got. It was
natural that, at sight of military bandoleers, the heart of the rallied
Oeil-de-Boeuf should revive; and Maids of Honour, and gentlemen of
honour, speak comfortable words to epauletted defenders, and to one
another. Natural also, and mere common civility, that the Bodyguards, a
Regiment of Gentlemen, should invite their Flandre brethren to a Dinner
of welcome!--Such invitation, in the last days of September, is given
and accepted.
Dinners are defined as 'the ultimate act of communion;' men that can
have communion in nothing else, can sympathetically eat together, can
still rise into some glow of brotherhood over food and wine. The dinner
is fixed on, for Thursday the First of October; and ought to have a fine
effect. Further, as such Dinner may be rather extensive, and even the
Noncommissioned and the Common man be introduced, to see and to hear,
could not His Majesty's Opera Apartment, which has lain quite silent
ever since Kaiser Joseph was here, be obtained for the purpose?--The
Hall of the Opera is granted; the Salon d'Hercule shall be drawingroom.
Not only the Officers of Flandre, but of the Swiss, of the Hundred
Swiss, nay of the Versailles National Guard, such of them as have any
loyalty, shall feast: it will be a Repast like few.
And now suppose this Repast, the solid part of it, transacted; and the
first bottle over. Suppose the customary loyal toasts drunk; the
King's health, the Queen's with deafening vivats;--that of the
Nation 'omitted,' or even 'rejected.' Suppose champagne flowing; with
pot-valorous speech, with instrumental music; empty feathered heads
growing ever the noisier, in their own emptiness, in each other's noise!
Her Majesty, who looks unusually sad to-night (his Majesty sitting
dulled with the day's hunting), is told that the sight of it would cheer
her. Behold! She enters there, issuing from her State-rooms, like
the Moon from the clouds, this fairest unhappy Queen of Hearts; royal
Husband by her side, young Dauphin in her arms! She descends from the
Boxes, amid splendour and acclaim; walks queen-like, round the Tables;
gracefully escorted, gracefully nodding; her looks full of sorrow, yet
of gratitude and daring, with the hope of France on her mother-bosom!
And now, the band striking up, O Richard, O mon Roi, l'univers
t'abandonne (O Richard, O my King, and world is all forsaking
thee)--could man do other than rise to height of pity, of loyal valour?
Could featherheaded young ensigns do other than, by white Bourbon
Cockades, handed them from fair fingers; by waving of swords, drawn to
pledge the Queen's health; by trampling of National Cockades; by
scaling the Boxes, whence intrusive murmurs may come; by vociferation,
tripudiation, sound, fury and distraction, within doors and
without,--testify what tempest-tost state of vacuity they are in?
Till champagne and tripudiation do their work; and all lie silent,
horizontal; passively slumbering, with meed-of-battle dreams!--
A natural Repast, in ordinary times, a harmless one: now fatal, as that
of Thyestes; as that of Job's Sons, when a strong wind smote the four
corners of their banquet-house! Poor ill-advised Marie-Antoinette;
with a woman's vehemence, not with a sovereign's foresight! It was so
natural, yet so unwise. Next day, in public speech of ceremony, her
Majesty declares herself 'delighted with the Thursday.'
The heart of the Oeil-de-Boeuf glows into hope; into daring, which
is premature. Rallied Maids of Honour, waited on by Abbes, sew 'white
cockades;' distribute them, with words, with glances, to epauletted
youths; who in return, may kiss, not without fervour, the fair sewing
fingers. Captains of horse and foot go swashing with 'enormous white
cockades;' nay one Versailles National Captain had mounted the like, so
witching were the words and glances; and laid aside his tricolor! Well
may Major Lecointre shake his head with a look of severity; and speak
audible resentful words. But now a swashbuckler, with enormous white
cockade, overhearing the Major, invites him insolently, once and then
again elsewhere, to recant; and failing that, to duel. Which latter feat
Major Lecointre declares that he will not perform, not at least by any
known laws of fence; that he nevertheless will, according to mere law of
Nature, by dirk and blade, 'exterminate' any 'vile gladiator,' who may
insult him or the Nation;--whereupon (for the Major is actually drawing
his implement) 'they are parted,' and no weasands slit. (Moniteur (in
Histoire Parlementaire, iii. 59); Deux Amis (iii. 128-141); Campan (ii.
70-85), &c. &c.)
Chapter 1.7.III.
Black Cockades.
But fancy what effect this Thyestes Repast and trampling on the National
Cockade, must have had in the Salle des Menus; in the famishing
Bakers'-queues at Paris! Nay such Thyestes Repasts, it would seem,
continue. Flandre has given its Counter-Dinner to the Swiss and Hundred
Swiss; then on Saturday there has been another.
Yes, here with us is famine; but yonder at Versailles is food; enough
and to spare! Patriotism stands in queue, shivering hungerstruck,
insulted by Patrollotism; while bloodyminded Aristocrats, heated with
excess of high living, trample on the National Cockade. Can the atrocity
be true? Nay, look: green uniforms faced with red; black cockades,--the
colour of Night! Are we to have military onfall; and death also by
starvation? For behold the Corbeil Cornboat, which used to come twice
a-day, with its Plaster-of-Paris meal, now comes only once. And the
Townhall is deaf; and the men are laggard and dastard!--At the Cafe de
Foy, this Saturday evening, a new thing is seen, not the last of its
kind: a woman engaged in public speaking. Her poor man, she says, was
put to silence by his District; their Presidents and Officials would
not let him speak. Wherefore she here with her shrill tongue will
speak; denouncing, while her breath endures, the Corbeil-Boat, the
Plaster-of-Paris bread, sacrilegious Opera-dinners, green uniforms,
Pirate Aristocrats, and those black cockades of theirs!--
Truly, it is time for the black cockades at least, to vanish. Them
Patrollotism itself will not protect. Nay, sharp-tempered 'M. Tassin,'
at the Tuileries parade on Sunday morning, forgets all National military
rule; starts from the ranks, wrenches down one black cockade which
is swashing ominous there; and tramples it fiercely into the soil of
France. Patrollotism itself is not without suppressed fury. Also the
Districts begin to stir; the voice of President Danton reverberates in
the Cordeliers: People's-Friend Marat has flown to Versailles and back
again;--swart bird, not of the halcyon kind! (Camille's Newspaper,
Revolutions de Paris et de Brabant in Histoire Parlementaire, iii.
108.)
And so Patriot meets promenading Patriot, this Sunday; and sees his
own grim care reflected on the face of another. Groups, in spite of
Patrollotism, which is not so alert as usual, fluctuate deliberative:
groups on the Bridges, on the Quais, at the patriotic Cafes. And ever
as any black cockade may emerge, rises the many-voiced growl and bark: A
bas, Down! All black cockades are ruthlessly plucked off: one individual
picks his up again; kisses it, attempts to refix it; but a 'hundred
canes start into the air,' and he desists. Still worse went it with
another individual; doomed, by extempore Plebiscitum, to the Lanterne;
saved, with difficulty, by some active Corps-de-Garde.--Lafayette sees
signs of an effervescence; which he doubles his Patrols, doubles his
diligence, to prevent. So passes Sunday, the 4th of October 1789.
Sullen is the male heart, repressed by Patrollotism; vehement is the
female, irrepressible. The public-speaking woman at the Palais Royal
was not the only speaking one:--Men know not what the pantry is, when
it grows empty, only house-mothers know. O women, wives of men that
will only calculate and not act! Patrollotism is strong; but Death, by
starvation and military onfall, is stronger. Patrollotism represses male
Patriotism: but female Patriotism? Will Guards named National thrust
their bayonets into the bosoms of women? Such thought, or rather such
dim unshaped raw-material of a thought, ferments universally under
the female night-cap; and, by earliest daybreak, on slight hint, will
explode.
Chapter 1.7.IV.
The Menads.
If Voltaire once, in splenetic humour, asked his countrymen: "But you,
Gualches, what have you invented?" they can now answer: The Art of
Insurrection. It was an art needed in these last singular times: an art,
for which the French nature, so full of vehemence, so free from depth,
was perhaps of all others the fittest.
Accordingly, to what a height, one may well say of perfection, has
this branch of human industry been carried by France, within the last
half-century! Insurrection, which, Lafayette thought, might be 'the most
sacred of duties,' ranks now, for the French people, among the duties
which they can perform. Other mobs are dull masses; which roll
onwards with a dull fierce tenacity, a dull fierce heat, but emit no
light-flashes of genius as they go. The French mob, again, is among the
liveliest phenomena of our world. So rapid, audacious; so clear-sighted,
inventive, prompt to seize the moment; instinct with life to its
finger-ends! That talent, were there no other, of spontaneously standing
in queue, distinguishes, as we said, the French People from all Peoples,
ancient and modern.
Let the Reader confess too that, taking one thing with another, perhaps
few terrestrial Appearances are better worth considering than mobs.
Your mob is a genuine outburst of Nature; issuing from, or communicating
with, the deepest deep of Nature. When so much goes grinning and
grimacing as a lifeless Formality, and under the stiff buckram no heart
can be felt beating, here once more, if nowhere else, is a Sincerity
and Reality. Shudder at it; or even shriek over it, if thou must;
nevertheless consider it. Such a Complex of human Forces and
Individualities hurled forth, in their transcendental mood, to act and
react, on circumstances and on one another; to work out what it is in
them to work. The thing they will do is known to no man; least of all to
themselves. It is the inflammablest immeasurable Fire-work, generating,
consuming itself. With what phases, to what extent, with what results it
will burn off, Philosophy and Perspicacity conjecture in vain.
'Man,' as has been written, 'is for ever interesting to man; nay
properly there is nothing else interesting.' In which light also, may we
not discern why most Battles have become so wearisome? Battles, in
these ages, are transacted by mechanism; with the slightest possible
developement of human individuality or spontaneity: men now even die,
and kill one another, in an artificial manner. Battles ever since
Homer's time, when they were Fighting Mobs, have mostly ceased to be
worth looking at, worth reading of, or remembering. How many wearisome
bloody Battles does History strive to represent; or even, in a husky
way, to sing:--and she would omit or carelessly slur-over this one
Insurrection of Women?
A thought, or dim raw-material of a thought, was fermenting all night,
universally in the female head, and might explode. In squalid garret,
on Monday morning, Maternity awakes, to hear children weeping for
bread. Maternity must forth to the streets, to the herb-markets
and Bakers'--queues; meets there with hunger-stricken Maternity,
sympathetic, exasperative. O we unhappy women! But, instead of
Bakers'-queues, why not to Aristocrats' palaces, the root of the matter?
Allons! Let us assemble. To the Hotel-de-Ville; to Versailles; to the
Lanterne!
In one of the Guardhouses of the Quartier Saint-Eustache, 'a young
woman' seizes a drum,--for how shall National Guards give fire on women,
on a young woman? The young woman seizes the drum; sets forth, beating
it, 'uttering cries relative to the dearth of grains.' Descend, O
mothers; descend, ye Judiths, to food and revenge!--All women gather
and go; crowds storm all stairs, force out all women: the female
Insurrectionary Force, according to Camille, resembles the English Naval
one; there is a universal 'Press of women.' Robust Dames of the Halle,
slim Mantua-makers, assiduous, risen with the dawn; ancient Virginity
tripping to matins; the Housemaid, with early broom; all must go. Rouse
ye, O women; the laggard men will not act; they say, we ourselves may
act!
And so, like snowbreak from the mountains, for every staircase is
a melted brook, it storms; tumultuous, wild-shrilling, towards the
Hotel-de-Ville. Tumultuous, with or without drum-music: for the Faubourg
Saint-Antoine also has tucked up its gown; and, with besom-staves,
fire-irons, and even rusty pistols (void of ammunition), is flowing on.
Sound of it flies, with a velocity of sound, to the outmost Barriers.
By seven o'clock, on this raw October morning, fifth of the month, the
Townhall will see wonders. Nay, as chance would have it, a male party
are already there; clustering tumultuously round some National Patrol,
and a Baker who has been seized with short weights. They are there; and
have even lowered the rope of the Lanterne. So that the official persons
have to smuggle forth the short-weighing Baker by back doors, and even
send 'to all the Districts' for more force.
Grand it was, says Camille, to see so many Judiths, from eight to ten
thousand of them in all, rushing out to search into the root of the
matter! Not unfrightful it must have been; ludicro-terrific, and most
unmanageable. At such hour the overwatched Three Hundred are not yet
stirring: none but some Clerks, a company of National Guards; and M. de
Gouvion, the Major-general. Gouvion has fought in America for the cause
of civil Liberty; a man of no inconsiderable heart, but deficient in
head. He is, for the moment, in his back apartment; assuaging Usher
Maillard, the Bastille-serjeant, who has come, as too many do, with
'representations.' The assuagement is still incomplete when our Judiths
arrive.
The National Guards form on the outer stairs, with levelled bayonets;
the ten thousand Judiths press up, resistless; with obtestations, with
outspread hands,--merely to speak to the Mayor. The rear forces them;
nay, from male hands in the rear, stones already fly: the National
Guards must do one of two things; sweep the Place de Greve with cannon,
or else open to right and left. They open; the living deluge rushes in.
Through all rooms and cabinets, upwards to the topmost belfry: ravenous;
seeking arms, seeking Mayors, seeking justice;--while, again, the
better-cressed (dressed?) speak kindly to the Clerks; point out the
misery of these poor women; also their ailments, some even of an
interesting sort. (Deux Amis, iii. 141-166.)
Poor M. de Gouvion is shiftless in this extremity;--a man shiftless,
perturbed; who will one day commit suicide. How happy for him that
Usher Maillard, the shifty, was there, at the moment, though making
representations! Fly back, thou shifty Maillard; seek the Bastille
Company; and O return fast with it; above all, with thy own shifty head!
For, behold, the Judiths can find no Mayor or Municipal; scarcely,
in the topmost belfry, can they find poor Abbe Lefevre the
Powder-distributor. Him, for want of a better, they suspend there; in
the pale morning light; over the top of all Paris, which swims in one's
failing eyes:--a horrible end? Nay, the rope broke, as French ropes
often did; or else an Amazon cut it. Abbe Lefevre falls, some twenty
feet, rattling among the leads; and lives long years after, though
always with 'a tremblement in the limbs.' (Dusaulx, Prise de la Bastille
(note, p. 281.).)
And now doors fly under hatchets; the Judiths have broken the Armoury;
have seized guns and cannons, three money-bags, paper-heaps; torches
flare: in few minutes, our brave Hotel-de-Ville which dates from the
Fourth Henry, will, with all that it holds, be in flames!
Chapter 1.7.V.
Usher Maillard.
In flames, truly,--were it not that Usher Maillard, swift of foot,
shifty of head, has returned!
Maillard, of his own motion, for Gouvion or the rest would not even
sanction him,--snatches a drum; descends the Porch-stairs, ran-tan,
beating sharp, with loud rolls, his Rogues'-march: To Versailles!
Allons; a Versailles! As men beat on kettle or warmingpan, when angry
she-bees, or say, flying desperate wasps, are to be hived; and the
desperate insects hear it, and cluster round it,--simply as round
a guidance, where there was none: so now these Menads round shifty
Maillard, Riding-Usher of the Chatelet. The axe pauses uplifted; Abbe
Lefevre is left half-hanged; from the belfry downwards all vomits
itself. What rub-a-dub is that? Stanislas Maillard, Bastille-hero, will
lead us to Versailles? Joy to thee, Maillard; blessed art thou above
Riding-Ushers! Away then, away!
The seized cannon are yoked with seized cart-horses: brown-locked
Demoiselle Theroigne, with pike and helmet, sits there as gunneress,
'with haughty eye and serene fair countenance;' comparable, some think,
to the Maid of Orleans, or even recalling 'the idea of Pallas Athene.'
(Deux Amis, iii. 157.) Maillard (for his drum still rolls) is, by
heaven-rending acclamation, admitted General. Maillard hastens the
languid march. Maillard, beating rhythmic, with sharp ran-tan, all
along the Quais, leads forward, with difficulty his Menadic host. Such
a host--marched not in silence! The bargeman pauses on the River; all
wagoners and coachdrivers fly; men peer from windows,--not women,
lest they be pressed. Sight of sights: Bacchantes, in these ultimate
Formalized Ages! Bronze Henri looks on, from his Pont-Neuf; the
Monarchic Louvre, Medicean Tuileries see a day not theretofore seen.
And now Maillard has his Menads in the Champs Elysees (Fields Tartarean
rather); and the Hotel-de-Ville has suffered comparatively nothing.
Broken doors; an Abbe Lefevre, who shall never more distribute powder;
three sacks of money, most part of which (for Sansculottism, though
famishing, is not without honour) shall be returned: (Hist. Parl. iii.
310.) this is all the damage. Great Maillard! A small nucleus of Order
is round his drum; but his outskirts fluctuate like the mad Ocean: for
Rascality male and female is flowing in on him, from the four winds;
guidance there is none but in his single head and two drumsticks.
O Maillard, when, since War first was, had General of Force such a task
before him, as thou this day? Walter the Penniless still touches the
feeling heart: but then Walter had sanction; had space to turn in; and
also his Crusaders were of the male sex. Thou, this day, disowned of
Heaven and Earth, art General of Menads. Their inarticulate frenzy thou
must on the spur of the instant, render into articulate words, into
actions that are not frantic. Fail in it, this way or that! Pragmatical
Officiality, with its penalties and law-books, waits before thee; Menads
storm behind. If such hewed off the melodious head of Orpheus, and
hurled it into the Peneus waters, what may they not make of thee,--thee
rhythmic merely, with no music but a sheepskin drum!--Maillard did not
fail. Remarkable Maillard, if fame were not an accident, and History a
distillation of Rumour, how remarkable wert thou!
On the Elysian Fields, there is pause and fluctuation; but, for
Maillard, no return. He persuades his Menads, clamorous for arms and the
Arsenal, that no arms are in the Arsenal; that an unarmed attitude, and
petition to a National Assembly, will be the best: he hastily nominates
or sanctions generalesses, captains of tens and fifties;--and so, in
loosest-flowing order, to the rhythm of some 'eight drums' (having laid
aside his own), with the Bastille Volunteers bringing up his rear, once
more takes the road.
Chaillot, which will promptly yield baked loaves, is not plundered; nor
are the Sevres Potteries broken. The old arches of Sevres Bridge echo
under Menadic feet; Seine River gushes on with his perpetual murmur; and
Paris flings after us the boom of tocsin and alarm-drum,--inaudible,
for the present, amid shrill-sounding hosts, and the splash of rainy
weather. To Meudon, to Saint Cloud, on both hands, the report of them is
gone abroad; and hearths, this evening, will have a topic. The press
of women still continues, for it is the cause of all Eve's Daughters,
mothers that are, or that hope to be. No carriage-lady, were it with
never such hysterics, but must dismount, in the mud roads, in her
silk shoes, and walk. (Deux Amis, iii. 159.) In this manner, amid
wild October weather, they a wild unwinged stork-flight, through the
astonished country, wend their way. Travellers of all sorts they stop;
especially travellers or couriers from Paris. Deputy Lechapelier, in his
elegant vesture, from his elegant vehicle, looks forth amazed through
his spectacles; apprehensive for life;--states eagerly that he is
Patriot-Deputy Lechapelier, and even Old-President Lechapelier, who
presided on the Night of Pentecost, and is original member of the Breton
Club. Thereupon 'rises huge shout of Vive Lechapelier, and several armed
persons spring up behind and before to escort him.' (Ibid. iii. 177;
Dictionnaire des Hommes Marquans, ii. 379.)
Nevertheless, news, despatches from Lafayette, or vague noise of rumour,
have pierced through, by side roads. In the National Assembly, while all
is busy discussing the order of the day; regretting that there should
be Anti-national Repasts in Opera-Halls; that his Majesty should still
hesitate about accepting the Rights of Man, and hang conditions and
peradventures on them,--Mirabeau steps up to the President, experienced
Mounier as it chanced to be; and articulates, in bass under-tone:
"Mounier, Paris marche sur nous (Paris is marching on us)."--"May be (Je
n'en sais rien)!"--"Believe it or disbelieve it, that is not my concern;
but Paris, I say, is marching on us. Fall suddenly unwell; go over to
the Chateau; tell them this. There is not a moment to lose."--"Paris
marching on us?" responds Mounier, with an atrabiliar accent, "Well, so
much the better! We shall the sooner be a Republic." Mirabeau quits
him, as one quits an experienced President getting blindfold into deep
waters; and the order of the day continues as before.
Yes, Paris is marching on us; and more than the women of Paris! Scarcely
was Maillard gone, when M. de Gouvion's message to all the Districts,
and such tocsin and drumming of the generale, began to take effect.
Armed National Guards from every District; especially the Grenadiers
of the Centre, who are our old Gardes Francaises, arrive, in quick
sequence, on the Place de Greve. An 'immense people' is there;
Saint-Antoine, with pike and rusty firelock, is all crowding thither,
be it welcome or unwelcome. The Centre Grenadiers are received with
cheering: "it is not cheers that we want," answer they gloomily; "the
nation has been insulted; to arms, and come with us for orders!" Ha,
sits the wind so? Patriotism and Patrollotism are now one!
The Three Hundred have assembled; 'all the Committees are in activity;'
Lafayette is dictating despatches for Versailles, when a Deputation of
the Centre Grenadiers introduces itself to him. The Deputation makes
military obeisance; and thus speaks, not without a kind of thought in
it: "Mon General, we are deputed by the Six Companies of Grenadiers. We
do not think you a traitor, but we think the Government betrays you; it
is time that this end. We cannot turn our bayonets against women crying
to us for bread. The people are miserable, the source of the mischief is
at Versailles: we must go seek the King, and bring him to Paris. We
must exterminate (exterminer) the Regiment de Flandre and the
Gardes-du-Corps, who have dared to trample on the National Cockade. If
the King be too weak to wear his crown, let him lay it down. You will
crown his Son, you will name a Council of Regency; and all will go
better." (Deux Amis, iii. 161.) Reproachful astonishment paints itself
on the face of Lafayette; speaks itself from his eloquent chivalrous
lips: in vain. "My General, we would shed the last drop of our blood for
you; but the root of the mischief is at Versailles; we must go and bring
the King to Paris; all the people wish it, tout le peuple le veut."
My General descends to the outer staircase; and harangues: once more
in vain. "To Versailles! To Versailles!" Mayor Bailly, sent for through
floods of Sansculottism, attempts academic oratory from his gilt
state-coach; realizes nothing but infinite hoarse cries of: "Bread!
To Versailles!"--and gladly shrinks within doors. Lafayette mounts the
white charger; and again harangues and reharangues: with eloquence, with
firmness, indignant demonstration; with all things but persuasion. "To
Versailles! To Versailles!" So lasts it, hour after hour; for the space
of half a day.
The great Scipio Americanus can do nothing; not so much as escape.
"Morbleu, mon General," cry the Grenadiers serrying their ranks as the
white charger makes a motion that way, "You will not leave us, you will
abide with us!" A perilous juncture: Mayor Bailly and the Municipals
sit quaking within doors; My General is prisoner without: the Place
de Greve, with its thirty thousand Regulars, its whole irregular
Saint-Antoine and Saint-Marceau, is one minatory mass of clear or rusty
steel; all hearts set, with a moody fixedness, on one object. Moody,
fixed are all hearts: tranquil is no heart,--if it be not that of the
white charger, who paws there, with arched neck, composedly champing his
bit; as if no world, with its Dynasties and Eras, were now rushing down.
The drizzly day tends westward; the cry is still: "To Versailles!"
Nay now, borne from afar, come quite sinister cries; hoarse,
reverberating in longdrawn hollow murmurs, with syllables too like those
of Lanterne! Or else, irregular Sansculottism may be marching off,
of itself; with pikes, nay with cannon. The inflexible Scipio does at
length, by aide-de-camp, ask of the Municipals: Whether or not he may
go? A Letter is handed out to him, over armed heads; sixty thousand
faces flash fixedly on his, there is stillness and no bosom breathes,
till he have read. By Heaven, he grows suddenly pale! Do the Municipals
permit? 'Permit and even order,'--since he can no other. Clangour of
approval rends the welkin. To your ranks, then; let us march!
It is, as we compute, towards three in the afternoon. Indignant National
Guards may dine for once from their haversack: dined or undined, they
march with one heart. Paris flings up her windows, claps hands, as the
Avengers, with their shrilling drums and shalms tramp by; she will then
sit pensive, apprehensive, and pass rather a sleepless night. (Deux
Amis, iii. 165.) On the white charger, Lafayette, in the slowest
possible manner, going and coming, and eloquently haranguing among the
ranks, rolls onward with his thirty thousand. Saint-Antoine, with pike
and cannon, has preceded him; a mixed multitude, of all and of no arms,
hovers on his flanks and skirts; the country once more pauses agape:
Paris marche sur nous.
Chapter 1.7.VI.
To Versailles.
For, indeed, about this same moment, Maillard has halted his draggled
Menads on the last hill-top; and now Versailles, and the Chateau of
Versailles, and far and wide the inheritance of Royalty opens to
the wondering eye. From far on the right, over Marly and
Saint-Germains-en-Laye; round towards Rambouillet, on the left:
beautiful all; softly embosomed; as if in sadness, in the dim moist
weather! And near before us is Versailles, New and Old; with that broad
frondent Avenue de Versailles between,--stately-frondent, broad, three
hundred feet as men reckon, with four Rows of Elms; and then the Chateau
de Versailles, ending in royal Parks and Pleasances, gleaming lakelets,
arbours, Labyrinths, the Menagerie, and Great and Little Trianon.
High-towered dwellings, leafy pleasant places; where the gods of this
lower world abide: whence, nevertheless, black Care cannot be excluded;
whither Menadic Hunger is even now advancing, armed with pike-thyrsi!
Yes, yonder, Mesdames, where our straight frondent Avenue, joined, as
you note, by Two frondent brother Avenues from this hand and from that,
spreads out into Place Royale and Palace Forecourt; yonder is the
Salle des Menus. Yonder an august Assembly sits regenerating France.
Forecourt, Grand Court, Court of Marble, Court narrowing into Court
you may discern next, or fancy: on the extreme verge of which
that glass-dome, visibly glittering like a star of hope, is
the--Oeil-de-Boeuf! Yonder, or nowhere in the world, is bread baked for
us. But, O Mesdames, were not one thing good: That our cannons, with
Demoiselle Theroigne and all show of war, be put to the rear? Submission
beseems petitioners of a National Assembly; we are strangers in
Versailles,--whence, too audibly, there comes even now sound as
of tocsin and generale! Also to put on, if possible, a cheerful
countenance, hiding our sorrows; and even to sing? Sorrow, pitied of
the Heavens, is hateful, suspicious to the Earth.--So counsels shifty
Maillard; haranguing his Menads, on the heights near Versailles. (See
Hist. Parl. iii. 70-117; Deux Amis, iii. 166-177, &c.)
Cunning Maillard's dispositions are obeyed. The draggled
Insurrectionists advance up the Avenue, 'in three columns, among the
four Elm-rows; 'singing Henri Quatre,' with what melody they can; and
shouting Vive le Roi. Versailles, though the Elm-rows are dripping wet,
crowds from both sides, with: "Vivent nos Parisiennes, Our Paris ones
for ever!"
Prickers, scouts have been out towards Paris, as the rumour deepened:
whereby his Majesty, gone to shoot in the Woods of Meudon, has been
happily discovered, and got home; and the generale and tocsin set
a-sounding. The Bodyguards are already drawn up in front of the Palace
Grates; and look down the Avenue de Versailles; sulky, in wet buckskins.
Flandre too is there, repentant of the Opera-Repast. Also Dragoons
dismounted are there. Finally Major Lecointre, and what he can gather
of the Versailles National Guard; though, it is to be observed, our
Colonel, that same sleepless Count d'Estaing, giving neither order
nor ammunition, has vanished most improperly; one supposes, into the
Oeil-de-Boeuf. Red-coated Swiss stand within the Grates, under arms.
There likewise, in their inner room, 'all the Ministers,' Saint-Priest,
Lamentation Pompignan and the rest, are assembled with M. Necker: they
sit with him there; blank, expecting what the hour will bring.
President Mounier, though he answered Mirabeau with a tant mieux, and
affected to slight the matter, had his own forebodings. Surely, for
these four weary hours, he has reclined not on roses! The order of the
day is getting forward: a Deputation to his Majesty seems proper, that
it might please him to grant 'Acceptance pure and simple' to those
Constitution-Articles of ours; the 'mixed qualified Acceptance,' with
its peradventures, is satisfactory to neither gods nor men.
So much is clear. And yet there is more, which no man speaks, which all
men now vaguely understand. Disquietude, absence of mind is on every
face; Members whisper, uneasily come and go: the order of the day is
evidently not the day's want. Till at length, from the outer gates, is
heard a rustling and justling, shrill uproar and squabbling, muffled by
walls; which testifies that the hour is come! Rushing and crushing one
hears now; then enter Usher Maillard, with a Deputation of Fifteen
muddy dripping Women,--having by incredible industry, and aid of all the
macers, persuaded the rest to wait out of doors. National Assembly shall
now, therefore, look its august task directly in the face: regenerative
Constitutionalism has an unregenerate Sansculottism bodily in front of
it; crying, "Bread! Bread!"
Shifty Maillard, translating frenzy into articulation; repressive with
the one hand, expostulative with the other, does his best; and really,
though not bred to public speaking, manages rather well:--In the present
dreadful rarity of grains, a Deputation of Female Citizens has, as the
august Assembly can discern, come out from Paris to petition. Plots of
Aristocrats are too evident in the matter; for example, one miller has
been bribed 'by a banknote of 200 livres' not to grind,--name unknown to
the Usher, but fact provable, at least indubitable. Further, it
seems, the National Cockade has been trampled on; also there are
Black Cockades, or were. All which things will not an august
National Assembly, the hope of France, take into its wise immediate
consideration?
And Menadic Hunger, impressible, crying "Black Cockades," crying "Bread,
Bread," adds, after such fashion: "Will it not?--Yes, Messieurs, if a
Deputation to his Majesty, for the 'Acceptance pure and simple,' seemed
proper,--how much more now, for 'the afflicting situation of Paris;'
for the calming of this effervescence!" President Mounier, with a speedy
Deputation, among whom we notice the respectable figure of Doctor
Guillotin, gets himself forthwith on march. Vice-President shall
continue the order of the day; Usher Maillard shall stay by him to
repress the women. It is four o'clock, of the miserablest afternoon,
when Mounier steps out.
O experienced Mounier, what an afternoon; the last of thy political
existence! Better had it been to 'fall suddenly unwell,' while it was
yet time. For, behold, the Esplanade, over all its spacious expanse,
is covered with groups of squalid dripping Women; of lankhaired male
Rascality, armed with axes, rusty pikes, old muskets, ironshod clubs
(baton ferres, which end in knives or sword-blades, a kind of extempore
billhook);--looking nothing but hungry revolt. The rain pours:
Gardes-du-Corps go caracoling through the groups 'amid hisses;'
irritating and agitating what is but dispersed here to reunite there.
Innumerable squalid women beleaguer the President and Deputation; insist
on going with him: has not his Majesty himself, looking from the window,
sent out to ask, What we wanted? "Bread and speech with the King
(Du pain, et parler au Roi)," that was the answer. Twelve women are
clamorously added to the Deputation; and march with it, across the
Esplanade; through dissipated groups, caracoling Bodyguards, and the
pouring rain.
President Mounier, unexpectedly augmented by Twelve Women, copiously
escorted by Hunger and Rascality, is himself mistaken for a group:
himself and his Women are dispersed by caracolers; rally again with
difficulty, among the mud. (Mounier, Expose Justificatif (cited in Deux
Amis, iii. 185).) Finally the Grates are opened: the Deputation gets
access, with the Twelve Women too in it; of which latter, Five shall
even see the face of his Majesty. Let wet Menadism, in the best spirits
it can expect their return.
Chapter 1.7.VII.
At Versailles.
But already Pallas Athene (in the shape of Demoiselle Theroigne) is busy
with Flandre and the dismounted Dragoons. She, and such women as are
fittest, go through the ranks; speak with an earnest jocosity; clasp
rough troopers to their patriot bosom, crush down spontoons and
musketoons with soft arms: can a man, that were worthy of the name of
man, attack famishing patriot women?
One reads that Theroigne had bags of money, which she distributed over
Flandre:--furnished by whom? Alas, with money-bags one seldom sits on
insurrectionary cannon. Calumnious Royalism! Theroigne had only the
limited earnings of her profession of unfortunate-female; money she had
not, but brown locks, the figure of a heathen Goddess, and an eloquent
tongue and heart.
Meanwhile, Saint-Antoine, in groups and troops, is continually arriving;
wetted, sulky; with pikes and impromptu billhooks: driven thus far
by popular fixed-idea. So many hirsute figures driven hither, in that
manner: figures that have come to do they know not what; figures that
have come to see it done! Distinguished among all figures, who is this,
of gaunt stature, with leaden breastplate, though a small one; (See
Weber, ii. 185-231.) bushy in red grizzled locks; nay, with long
tile-beard? It is Jourdan, unjust dealer in mules; a dealer no longer,
but a Painter's Layfigure, playing truant this day. From the necessities
of Art comes his long tile-beard; whence his leaden breastplate
(unless indeed he were some Hawker licensed by leaden badge) may have
come,--will perhaps remain for ever a Historical Problem. Another Saul
among the people we discern: 'Pere Adam, Father Adam,' as the groups
name him; to us better known as bull-voiced Marquis Saint-Huruge; hero
of the Veto; a man that has had losses, and deserved them. The tall
Marquis, emitted some days ago from limbo, looks peripatetically on this
scene, from under his umbrella, not without interest. All which persons
and things, hurled together as we see; Pallas Athene, busy with Flandre;
patriotic Versailles National Guards, short of ammunition, and deserted
by d'Estaing their Colonel, and commanded by Lecointre their Major; then
caracoling Bodyguards, sour, dispirited, with their buckskins wet; and
finally this flowing sea of indignant Squalor,--may they not give rise
to occurrences?
Behold, however, the Twelve She-deputies return from the Chateau.
Without President Mounier, indeed; but radiant with joy, shouting "Life
to the King and his House." Apparently the news are good, Mesdames? News
of the best! Five of us were admitted to the internal splendours, to the
Royal Presence. This slim damsel, 'Louison Chabray, worker in sculpture,
aged only seventeen,' as being of the best looks and address, her we
appointed speaker. On whom, and indeed on all of us, his Majesty looked
nothing but graciousness. Nay, when Louison, addressing him, was like to
faint, he took her in his royal arms; and said gallantly, "It was well
worth while (Elle en valut bien la peine)." Consider, O women, what a
King! His words were of comfort, and that only: there shall be provision
sent to Paris, if provision is in the world; grains shall circulate free
as air; millers shall grind, or do worse, while their millstones endure;
and nothing be left wrong which a Restorer of French Liberty can right.
Good news these; but, to wet Menads, all too incredible! There seems no
proof, then? Words of comfort are words only; which will feed nothing.
O miserable people, betrayed by Aristocrats, who corrupt thy very
messengers! In his royal arms, Mademoiselle Louison? In his arms? Thou
shameless minx, worthy of a name--that shall be nameless! Yes, thy skin
is soft: ours is rough with hardship; and well wetted, waiting here in
the rain. No children hast thou hungry at home; only alabaster dolls,
that weep not! The traitress! To the Lanterne!--And so poor Louison
Chabray, no asseveration or shrieks availing her, fair slim damsel,
late in the arms of Royalty, has a garter round her neck, and furibund
Amazons at each end; is about to perish so,--when two Bodyguards gallop
up, indignantly dissipating; and rescue her. The miscredited Twelve
hasten back to the Chateau, for an 'answer in writing.'
Nay, behold, a new flight of Menads, with 'M. Brunout Bastille
Volunteer,' as impressed-commandant, at the head of it. These also will
advance to the Grate of the Grand Court, and see what is toward. Human
patience, in wet buckskins, has its limits. Bodyguard Lieutenant, M. de
Savonnieres, for one moment, lets his temper, long provoked, long pent,
give way. He not only dissipates these latter Menads; but caracoles
and cuts, or indignantly flourishes, at M. Brunout, the
impressed-commandant; and, finding great relief in it, even chases him;
Brunout flying nimbly, though in a pirouette manner, and now with sword
also drawn. At which sight of wrath and victory two other Bodyguards
(for wrath is contagious, and to pent Bodyguards is so solacing) do
likewise give way; give chase, with brandished sabre, and in the air
make horrid circles. So that poor Brunout has nothing for it but
to retreat with accelerated nimbleness, through rank after rank;
Parthian-like, fencing as he flies; above all, shouting lustily, "On
nous laisse assassiner, They are getting us assassinated?"
Shameful! Three against one! Growls come from the Lecointrian ranks;
bellowings,--lastly shots. Savonnieres' arm is raised to strike: the
bullet of a Lecointrian musket shatters it; the brandished sabre jingles
down harmless. Brunout has escaped, this duel well ended: but the wild
howl of war is everywhere beginning to pipe!
The Amazons recoil; Saint-Antoine has its cannon pointed (full of
grapeshot); thrice applies the lit flambeau; which thrice refuses to
catch,--the touchholes are so wetted; and voices cry: "Arretez, il n'est
pas temps encore, Stop, it is not yet time!" (Deux Amis, iii. 192-201.)
Messieurs of the Garde-du-Corps, ye had orders not to fire; nevertheless
two of you limp dismounted, and one war-horse lies slain. Were it not
well to draw back out of shot-range; finally to file off,--into the
interior? If in so filing off, there did a musketoon or two discharge
itself, at these armed shopkeepers, hooting and crowing, could man
wonder? Draggled are your white cockades of an enormous size; would to
Heaven they were got exchanged for tricolor ones! Your buckskins are
wet, your hearts heavy. Go, and return not!
The Bodyguards file off, as we hint; giving and receiving shots; drawing
no life-blood; leaving boundless indignation. Some three times in the
thickening dusk, a glimpse of them is seen, at this or the other Portal:
saluted always with execrations, with the whew of lead. Let but a
Bodyguard shew face, he is hunted by Rascality;--for instance, poor 'M.
de Moucheton of the Scotch Company,' owner of the slain war-horse; and
has to be smuggled off by Versailles Captains. Or rusty firelocks belch
after him, shivering asunder his--hat. In the end, by superior Order,
the Bodyguards, all but the few on immediate duty, disappear; or as it
were abscond; and march, under cloud of night, to Rambouillet. (Weber,
ubi supra.)
We remark also that the Versaillese have now got ammunition: all
afternoon, the official Person could find none; till, in these so
critical moments, a patriotic Sublieutenant set a pistol to his ear, and
would thank him to find some,--which he thereupon succeeded in doing.
Likewise that Flandre, disarmed by Pallas Athene, says openly, it
will not fight with citizens; and for token of peace, has exchanged
cartridges with the Versaillese.
Sansculottism is now among mere friends; and can 'circulate freely;'
indignant at Bodyguards;--complaining also considerably of hunger.
Chapter 1.7.VIII.
The Equal Diet.
But why lingers Mounier; returns not with his Deputation? It is six, it
is seven o'clock; and still no Mounier, no Acceptance pure and simple.
And, behold, the dripping Menads, not now in deputation but in mass,
have penetrated into the Assembly: to the shamefullest interruption
of public speaking and order of the day. Neither Maillard nor
Vice-President can restrain them, except within wide limits; not even,
except for minutes, can the lion-voice of Mirabeau, though they applaud
it: but ever and anon they break in upon the regeneration of France with
cries of: "Bread; not so much discoursing! Du pain; pas tant de longs
discours!"--So insensible were these poor creatures to bursts of
Parliamentary eloquence!
One learns also that the royal Carriages are getting yoked, as if for
Metz. Carriages, royal or not, have verily showed themselves at the
back Gates. They even produced, or quoted, a written order from our
Versailles Municipality,--which is a Monarchic not a Democratic one.
However, Versailles Patroles drove them in again; as the vigilant
Lecointre had strictly charged them to do.
A busy man, truly, is Major Lecointre, in these hours. For Colonel
d'Estaing loiters invisible in the Oeil-de-Boeuf; invisible, or
still more questionably visible, for instants: then also a too loyal
Municipality requires supervision: no order, civil or military, taken
about any of these thousand things! Lecointre is at the Versailles
Townhall: he is at the Grate of the Grand Court; communing with Swiss
and Bodyguards. He is in the ranks of Flandre; he is here, he is there:
studious to prevent bloodshed; to prevent the Royal Family from flying
to Metz; the Menads from plundering Versailles.
At the fall of night, we behold him advance to those armed groups of
Saint-Antoine, hovering all-too grim near the Salle des Menus. They
receive him in a half-circle; twelve speakers behind cannons, with
lighted torches in hand, the cannon-mouths towards Lecointre: a picture
for Salvator! He asks, in temperate but courageous language: What they,
by this their journey to Versailles, do specially want? The twelve
speakers reply, in few words inclusive of much: "Bread, and the end of
these brabbles, Du pain, et la fin des affaires." When the affairs will
end, no Major Lecointre, nor no mortal, can say; but as to bread, he
inquires, How many are you?--learns that they are six hundred, that a
loaf each will suffice; and rides off to the Municipality to get six
hundred loaves.
Which loaves, however, a Municipality of Monarchic temper will not give.
It will give two tons of rice rather,--could you but know whether it
should be boiled or raw. Nay when this too is accepted, the Municipals
have disappeared;--ducked under, as the Six-and-Twenty Long-gowned of
Paris did; and, leaving not the smallest vestage of rice, in the boiled
or raw state, they there vanish from History!
Rice comes not; one's hope of food is baulked; even one's hope of
vengeance: is not M. de Moucheton of the Scotch Company, as we
said, deceitfully smuggled off? Failing all which, behold only M. de
Moucheton's slain warhorse, lying on the Esplanade there! Saint-Antoine,
baulked, esurient, pounces on the slain warhorse; flays it; roasts
it, with such fuel, of paling, gates, portable timber as can be come
at,--not without shouting: and, after the manner of ancient Greek
Heroes, they lifted their hands to the daintily readied repast; such as
it might be. (Weber, Deux Amis, &c.) Other Rascality prowls discursive;
seeking what it may devour. Flandre will retire to its barracks;
Lecointre also with his Versaillese,--all but the vigilant Patrols,
charged to be doubly vigilant.
So sink the shadows of Night, blustering, rainy; and all paths grow
dark. Strangest Night ever seen in these regions,--perhaps since the
Bartholomew Night, when Versailles, as Bassompierre writes of it, was a
chetif chateau. O for the Lyre of some Orpheus, to constrain, with touch
of melodious strings, these mad masses into Order! For here all
seems fallen asunder, in wide-yawning dislocation. The highest, as
in down-rushing of a World, is come in contact with the lowest: the
Rascality of France beleaguering the Royalty of France; 'ironshod
batons' lifted round the diadem, not to guard it! With denunciations of
bloodthirsty Anti-national Bodyguards, are heard dark growlings against
a Queenly Name.
The Court sits tremulous, powerless; varies with the varying temper
of the Esplanade, with the varying colour of the rumours from Paris.
Thick-coming rumours; now of peace, now of war. Necker and all the
Ministers consult; with a blank issue. The Oeil-de-Boeuf is one tempest
of whispers:--We will fly to Metz; we will not fly. The royal Carriages
again attempt egress;--though for trial merely; they are again driven in
by Lecointre's Patrols. In six hours, nothing has been resolved on; not
even the Acceptance pure and simple.
In six hours? Alas, he who, in such circumstances, cannot resolve in six
minutes, may give up the enterprise: him Fate has already resolved
for. And Menadism, meanwhile, and Sansculottism takes counsel with the
National Assembly; grows more and more tumultuous there. Mounier returns
not; Authority nowhere shews itself: the Authority of France lies,
for the present, with Lecointre and Usher Maillard.--This then is the
abomination of desolation; come suddenly, though long foreshadowed as
inevitable! For, to the blind, all things are sudden. Misery which,
through long ages, had no spokesman, no helper, will now be its own
helper and speak for itself. The dialect, one of the rudest, is, what it
could be, this.
At eight o'clock there returns to our Assembly not the Deputation; but
Doctor Guillotin announcing that it will return; also that there is
hope of the Acceptance pure and simple. He himself has brought a Royal
Letter, authorising and commanding the freest 'circulation of grains.'
Which Royal Letter Menadism with its whole heart applauds. Conformably
to which the Assembly forthwith passes a Decree; also received with
rapturous Menadic plaudits:--Only could not an august Assembly contrive
further to "fix the price of bread at eight sous the half-quartern;
butchers'-meat at six sous the pound;" which seem fair rates? Such
motion do 'a multitude of men and women,' irrepressible by Usher
Maillard, now make; does an august Assembly hear made. Usher Maillard
himself is not always perfectly measured in speech; but if rebuked,
he can justly excuse himself by the peculiarity of the circumstances.
(Moniteur (in Hist. Parl. ii. 105).)
But finally, this Decree well passed, and the disorder continuing; and
Members melting away, and no President Mounier returning,--what can the
Vice-President do but also melt away? The Assembly melts, under such
pressure, into deliquium; or, as it is officially called, adjourns.
Maillard is despatched to Paris, with the 'Decree concerning Grains'
in his pocket; he and some women, in carriages belonging to the King.
Thitherward slim Louison Chabray has already set forth, with that
'written answer,' which the Twelve She-deputies returned in to seek.
Slim sylph, she has set forth, through the black muddy country: she has
much to tell, her poor nerves so flurried; and travels, as indeed to-day
on this road all persons do, with extreme slowness. President Mounier
has not come, nor the Acceptance pure and simple; though six hours with
their events have come; though courier on courier reports that Lafayette
is coming. Coming, with war or with peace? It is time that the Chateau
also should determine on one thing or another; that the Chateau also
should show itself alive, if it would continue living!
Victorious, joyful after such delay, Mounier does arrive at last, and
the hard-earned Acceptance with him; which now, alas, is of small value.
Fancy Mounier's surprise to find his Senate, whom he hoped to charm by
the Acceptance pure and simple,--all gone; and in its stead a Senate of
Menads! For as Erasmus's Ape mimicked, say with wooden splint, Erasmus
shaving, so do these Amazons hold, in mock majesty, some confused
parody of National Assembly. They make motions; deliver speeches; pass
enactments; productive at least of loud laughter. All galleries and
benches are filled; a strong Dame of the Market is in Mounier's Chair.
Not without difficulty, Mounier, by aid of macers, and persuasive
speaking, makes his way to the Female-President: the Strong Dame before
abdicating signifies that, for one thing, she and indeed her whole
senate male and female (for what was one roasted warhorse among so
many?) are suffering very considerably from hunger.
Experienced Mounier, in these circumstances, takes a twofold resolution:
To reconvoke his Assembly Members by sound of drum; also to procure a
supply of food. Swift messengers fly, to all bakers, cooks, pastrycooks,
vintners, restorers; drums beat, accompanied with shrill vocal
proclamation, through all streets. They come: the Assembly Members come;
what is still better, the provisions come. On tray and barrow come these
latter; loaves, wine, great store of sausages. The nourishing baskets
circulate harmoniously along the benches; nor, according to the Father
of Epics, did any soul lack a fair share of victual ((Greek), an equal
diet); highly desirable, at the moment. (Deux Amis, iii. 208.)
Gradually some hundred or so of Assembly members get edged in, Menadism
making way a little, round Mounier's Chair; listen to the Acceptance
pure and simple; and begin, what is the order of the night, 'discussion
of the Penal Code.' All benches are crowded; in the dusky galleries,
duskier with unwashed heads, is a strange 'coruscation,'--of impromptu
billhooks. (Courier de Provence (Mirabeau's Newspaper), No. 50, p.
19.) It is exactly five months this day since these same galleries were
filled with high-plumed jewelled Beauty, raining bright influences; and
now? To such length have we got in regenerating France. Methinks the
travail-throes are of the sharpest!--Menadism will not be restrained
from occasional remarks; asks, "What is use of the Penal Code? The
thing we want is Bread." Mirabeau turns round with lion-voiced rebuke;
Menadism applauds him; but recommences.
Thus they, chewing tough sausages, discussing the Penal Code, make night
hideous. What the issue will be? Lafayette with his thirty thousand must
arrive first: him, who cannot now be distant, all men expect, as the
messenger of Destiny.
Chapter 1.7.IX.
Lafayette.
Towards midnight lights flare on the hill; Lafayette's lights! The roll
of his drums comes up the Avenue de Versailles. With peace, or with
war? Patience, friends! With neither. Lafayette is come, but not yet the
catastrophe.
He has halted and harangued so often, on the march; spent nine hours on
four leagues of road. At Montreuil, close on Versailles, the whole Host
had to pause; and, with uplifted right hand, in the murk of Night, to
these pouring skies, swear solemnly to respect the King's Dwelling; to
be faithful to King and National Assembly. Rage is driven down out of
sight, by the laggard march; the thirst of vengeance slaked in weariness
and soaking clothes. Flandre is again drawn out under arms: but Flandre,
grown so patriotic, now needs no 'exterminating.' The wayworn Batallions
halt in the Avenue: they have, for the present, no wish so pressing as
that of shelter and rest.
Anxious sits President Mounier; anxious the Chateau. There is a message
coming from the Chateau, that M. Mounier would please return thither
with a fresh Deputation, swiftly; and so at least unite our two
anxieties. Anxious Mounier does of himself send, meanwhile, to apprise
the General that his Majesty has been so gracious as to grant us the
Acceptance pure and simple. The General, with a small advance column,
makes answer in passing; speaks vaguely some smooth words to the
National President,--glances, only with the eye, at that so mixtiform
National Assembly; then fares forward towards the Chateau. There are
with him two Paris Municipals; they were chosen from the Three Hundred
for that errand. He gets admittance through the locked and padlocked
Grates, through sentries and ushers, to the Royal Halls.
The Court, male and female, crowds on his passage, to read their doom
on his face; which exhibits, say Historians, a mixture 'of sorrow, of
fervour and valour,' singular to behold. (Memoire de M. le Comte de
Lally-Tollendal (Janvier 1790), p. 161-165.) The King, with Monsieur,
with Ministers and Marshals, is waiting to receive him: He "is come," in
his highflown chivalrous way, "to offer his head for the safety of his
Majesty's." The two Municipals state the wish of Paris: four things,
of quite pacific tenor. First, that the honour of Guarding his sacred
person be conferred on patriot National Guards;--say, the Centre
Grenadiers, who as Gardes Francaises were wont to have that privilege.
Second, that provisions be got, if possible. Third, that the Prisons,
all crowded with political delinquents, may have judges sent them.
Fourth, that it would please his Majesty to come and live in Paris. To
all which four wishes, except the fourth, his Majesty answers readily,
Yes; or indeed may almost say that he has already answered it. To the
fourth he can answer only, Yes or No; would so gladly answer, Yes and
No!--But, in any case, are not their dispositions, thank Heaven, so
entirely pacific? There is time for deliberation. The brunt of the
danger seems past!
Lafayette and d'Estaing settle the watches; Centre Grenadiers are to
take the Guard-room they of old occupied as Gardes Francaises;--for
indeed the Gardes du Corps, its late ill-advised occupants, are gone
mostly to Rambouillet. That is the order of this night; sufficient
for the night is the evil thereof. Whereupon Lafayette and the two
Municipals, with highflown chivalry, take their leave.
So brief has the interview been, Mounier and his Deputation were not yet
got up. So brief and satisfactory. A stone is rolled from every heart.
The fair Palace Dames publicly declare that this Lafayette, detestable
though he be, is their saviour for once. Even the ancient vinaigrous
Tantes admit it; the King's Aunts, ancient Graille and Sisterhood, known
to us of old. Queen Marie-Antoinette has been heard often say the like.
She alone, among all women and all men, wore a face of courage, of lofty
calmness and resolve, this day. She alone saw clearly what she meant
to do; and Theresa's Daughter dares do what she means, were all France
threatening her: abide where her children are, where her husband is.
Towards three in the morning all things are settled: the watches set,
the Centre Grenadiers put into their old Guard-room, and harangued;
the Swiss, and few remaining Bodyguards harangued. The wayworn Paris
Batallions, consigned to 'the hospitality of Versailles,' lie dormant
in spare-beds, spare-barracks, coffeehouses, empty churches. A troop
of them, on their way to the Church of Saint-Louis, awoke poor
Weber, dreaming troublous, in the Rue Sartory. Weber has had his
waistcoat-pocket full of balls all day; 'two hundred balls, and two
pears of powder!' For waistcoats were waistcoats then, and had flaps
down to mid-thigh. So many balls he has had all day; but no opportunity
of using them: he turns over now, execrating disloyal bandits; swears a
prayer or two, and straight to sleep again.
Finally, the National Assembly is harangued; which thereupon, on motion
of Mirabeau, discontinues the Penal Code, and dismisses for this night.
Menadism, Sansculottism has cowered into guard-houses, barracks of
Flandre, to the light of cheerful fire; failing that, to churches,
office-houses, sentry-boxes, wheresoever wretchedness can find a lair.
The troublous Day has brawled itself to rest: no lives yet lost but that
of one warhorse. Insurrectionary Chaos lies slumbering round the Palace,
like Ocean round a Diving-bell,--no crevice yet disclosing itself.
Deep sleep has fallen promiscuously on the high and on the low;
suspending most things, even wrath and famine. Darkness covers the
Earth. But, far on the North-east, Paris flings up her great yellow
gleam; far into the wet black Night. For all is illuminated there, as
in the old July Nights; the streets deserted, for alarm of war; the
Municipals all wakeful; Patrols hailing, with their hoarse Who-goes.
There, as we discover, our poor slim Louison Chabray, her poor nerves
all fluttered, is arriving about this very hour. There Usher Maillard
will arrive, about an hour hence, 'towards four in the morning.' They
report, successively, to a wakeful Hotel-de-Ville what comfort they can
report; which again, with early dawn, large comfortable Placards, shall
impart to all men.
Lafayette, in the Hotel de Noailles, not far from the Chateau, having
now finished haranguing, sits with his Officers consulting: at five
o'clock the unanimous best counsel is, that a man so tost and toiled for
twenty-four hours and more, fling himself on a bed, and seek some rest.
Thus, then, has ended the First Act of the Insurrection of Women. How it
will turn on the morrow? The morrow, as always, is with the Fates! But
his Majesty, one may hope, will consent to come honourably to Paris;
at all events, he can visit Paris. Anti-national Bodyguards, here and
elsewhere, must take the National Oath; make reparation to the Tricolor;
Flandre will swear. There may be much swearing; much public speaking
there will infallibly be: and so, with harangues and vows, may the
matter in some handsome way, wind itself up.
Or, alas, may it not be all otherwise, unhandsome: the consent not
honourable, but extorted, ignominious? Boundless Chaos of Insurrection
presses slumbering round the Palace, like Ocean round a Diving-bell; and
may penetrate at any crevice. Let but that accumulated insurrectionary
mass find entrance! Like the infinite inburst of water; or say
rather, of inflammable, self-igniting fluid; for example,
'turpentine-and-phosphorus oil,'--fluid known to Spinola Santerre!
Chapter 1.7.X.
The Grand Entries.
The dull dawn of a new morning, drizzly and chill, had but broken over
Versailles, when it pleased Destiny that a Bodyguard should look out of
window, on the right wing of the Chateau, to see what prospect there was
in Heaven and in Earth. Rascality male and female is prowling in view
of him. His fasting stomach is, with good cause, sour; he perhaps cannot
forbear a passing malison on them; least of all can he forbear answering
such.
Ill words breed worse: till the worst word came; and then the ill deed.
Did the maledicent Bodyguard, getting (as was too inevitable) better
malediction than he gave, load his musketoon, and threaten to fire;
and actually fire? Were wise who wist! It stands asserted; to us not
credibly. Be this as it may, menaced Rascality, in whinnying scorn, is
shaking at all Grates: the fastening of one (some write, it was a chain
merely) gives way; Rascality is in the Grand Court, whinnying louder
still.
The maledicent Bodyguard, more Bodyguards than he do now give fire; a
man's arm is shattered. Lecointre will depose (Deposition de Lecointre
in Hist. Parl. iii. 111-115.) that 'the Sieur Cardaine, a National
Guard without arms, was stabbed.' But see, sure enough, poor Jerome
l'Heritier, an unarmed National Guard he too, 'cabinet-maker, a
saddler's son, of Paris,' with the down of youthhood still on his
chin,--he reels death-stricken; rushes to the pavement, scattering it
with his blood and brains!--Allelew! Wilder than Irish wakes, rises the
howl: of pity; of infinite revenge. In few moments, the Grate of the
inner and inmost Court, which they name Court of Marble, this too
is forced, or surprised, and burst open: the Court of Marble too is
overflowed: up the Grand Staircase, up all stairs and entrances rushes
the living Deluge! Deshuttes and Varigny, the two sentry Bodyguards,
are trodden down, are massacred with a hundred pikes. Women snatch their
cutlasses, or any weapon, and storm-in Menadic:--other women lift the
corpse of shot Jerome; lay it down on the Marble steps; there shall the
livid face and smashed head, dumb for ever, speak.
Wo now to all Bodyguards, mercy is none for them! Miomandre de
Sainte-Marie pleads with soft words, on the Grand Staircase, 'descending
four steps:'--to the roaring tornado. His comrades snatch him up, by the
skirts and belts; literally, from the jaws of Destruction; and slam-to
their Door. This also will stand few instants; the panels shivering in,
like potsherds. Barricading serves not: fly fast, ye Bodyguards; rabid
Insurrection, like the hellhound Chase, uproaring at your heels!
The terrorstruck Bodyguards fly, bolting and barricading; it follows.
Whitherward? Through hall on hall: wo, now! towards the Queen's Suite
of Rooms, in the furtherest room of which the Queen is now asleep.
Five sentinels rush through that long Suite; they are in the Anteroom
knocking loud: "Save the Queen!" Trembling women fall at their feet with
tears; are answered: "Yes, we will die; save ye the Queen!"
Tremble not, women, but haste: for, lo, another voice shouts far through
the outermost door, "Save the Queen!" and the door shut. It is brave
Miomandre's voice that shouts this second warning. He has stormed across
imminent death to do it; fronts imminent death, having done it. Brave
Tardivet du Repaire, bent on the same desperate service, was borne down
with pikes; his comrades hardly snatched him in again alive. Miomandre
and Tardivet: let the names of these two Bodyguards, as the names of
brave men should, live long.
Trembling Maids of Honour, one of whom from afar caught glimpse of
Miomandre as well as heard him, hastily wrap the Queen; not in robes
of State. She flies for her life, across the Oeil-de-Boeuf; against
the main door of which too Insurrection batters. She is in the King's
Apartment, in the King's arms; she clasps her children amid a faithful
few. The Imperial-hearted bursts into mother's tears: "O my friends,
save me and my children, O mes amis, sauvez moi et mes enfans!"
The battering of Insurrectionary axes clangs audible across the
Oeil-de-Boeuf. What an hour!
Yes, Friends: a hideous fearful hour; shameful alike to Governed and
Governor; wherein Governed and Governor ignominiously testify that their
relation is at an end. Rage, which had brewed itself in twenty thousand
hearts, for the last four-and-twenty hours, has taken fire: Jerome's
brained corpse lies there as live-coal. It is, as we said, the infinite
Element bursting in: wild-surging through all corridors and conduits.
Meanwhile, the poor Bodyguards have got hunted mostly into the
Oeil-de-Boeuf. They may die there, at the King's threshhold; they can
do little to defend it. They are heaping tabourets (stools of honour),
benches and all moveables, against the door; at which the axe of
Insurrection thunders.--But did brave Miomandre perish, then, at the
Queen's door? No, he was fractured, slashed, lacerated, left for dead;
he has nevertheless crawled hither; and shall live, honoured of loyal
France. Remark also, in flat contradiction to much which has been said
and sung, that Insurrection did not burst that door he had defended; but
hurried elsewhither, seeking new bodyguards. (Campan, ii. 75-87.)
Poor Bodyguards, with their Thyestes' Opera-Repast! Well for them, that
Insurrection has only pikes and axes; no right sieging tools! It shakes
and thunders. Must they all perish miserably, and Royalty with them?
Deshuttes and Varigny, massacred at the first inbreak, have been
beheaded in the Marble Court: a sacrifice to Jerome's manes: Jourdan
with the tile-beard did that duty willingly; and asked, If there were
no more? Another captive they are leading round the corpse, with
howl-chauntings: may not Jourdan again tuck up his sleeves?
And louder and louder rages Insurrection within, plundering if it cannot
kill; louder and louder it thunders at the Oeil-de-Boeuf: what can
now hinder its bursting in?--On a sudden it ceases; the battering has
ceased! Wild rushing: the cries grow fainter: there is silence, or the
tramp of regular steps; then a friendly knocking: "We are the Centre
Grenadiers, old Gardes Francaises: Open to us, Messieurs of the
Garde-du-Corps; we have not forgotten how you saved us at Fontenoy!"
(Toulongeon, i. 144.) The door is opened; enter Captain Gondran and
the Centre Grenadiers: there are military embracings; there is sudden
deliverance from death into life.
Strange Sons of Adam! It was to 'exterminate' these Gardes-du-Corps that
the Centre Grenadiers left home: and now they have rushed to save them
from extermination. The memory of common peril, of old help, melts
the rough heart; bosom is clasped to bosom, not in war. The King shews
himself, one moment, through the door of his Apartment, with: "Do not
hurt my Guards!"--"Soyons freres, Let us be brothers!" cries Captain
Gondran; and again dashes off, with levelled bayonets, to sweep the
Palace clear.
Now too Lafayette, suddenly roused, not from sleep (for his eyes had
not yet closed), arrives; with passionate popular eloquence, with prompt
military word of command. National Guards, suddenly roused, by sound of
trumpet and alarm-drum, are all arriving. The death-melly ceases: the
first sky-lambent blaze of Insurrection is got damped down; it burns
now, if unextinguished, yet flameless, as charred coals do, and not
inextinguishable. The King's Apartments are safe. Ministers, Officials,
and even some loyal National deputies are assembling round their
Majesties. The consternation will, with sobs and confusion, settle down
gradually, into plan and counsel, better or worse.
But glance now, for a moment, from the royal windows! A roaring sea of
human heads, inundating both Courts; billowing against all passages:
Menadic women; infuriated men, mad with revenge, with love of mischief,
love of plunder! Rascality has slipped its muzzle; and now bays,
three-throated, like the Dog of Erebus. Fourteen Bodyguards are wounded;
two massacred, and as we saw, beheaded; Jourdan asking, "Was it worth
while to come so far for two?" Hapless Deshuttes and Varigny! Their
fate surely was sad. Whirled down so suddenly to the abyss; as men are,
suddenly, by the wide thunder of the Mountain Avalanche, awakened not
by them, awakened far off by others! When the Chateau Clock last struck,
they two were pacing languid, with poised musketoon; anxious mainly
that the next hour would strike. It has struck; to them inaudible. Their
trunks lie mangled: their heads parade, 'on pikes twelve feet long,'
through the streets of Versailles; and shall, about noon reach the
Barriers of Paris,--a too ghastly contradiction to the large comfortable
Placards that have been posted there!
The other captive Bodyguard is still circling the corpse of Jerome, amid
Indian war-whooping; bloody Tilebeard, with tucked sleeves, brandishing
his bloody axe; when Gondran and the Grenadiers come in sight.
"Comrades, will you see a man massacred in cold blood?"--"Off,
butchers!" answer they; and the poor Bodyguard is free. Busy runs
Gondran, busy run Guards and Captains; scouring at all corridors;
dispersing Rascality and Robbery; sweeping the Palace clear. The mangled
carnage is removed; Jerome's body to the Townhall, for inquest: the fire
of Insurrection gets damped, more and more, into measurable, manageable
heat.
Transcendent things of all sorts, as in the general outburst of
multitudinous Passion, are huddled together; the ludicrous, nay the
ridiculous, with the horrible. Far over the billowy sea of heads, may be
seen Rascality, caprioling on horses from the Royal Stud. The Spoilers
these; for Patriotism is always infected so, with a proportion of mere
thieves and scoundrels. Gondran snatched their prey from them in the
Chateau; whereupon they hurried to the Stables, and took horse there.
But the generous Diomedes' steeds, according to Weber, disdained such
scoundrel-burden; and, flinging up their royal heels, did soon project
most of it, in parabolic curves, to a distance, amid peals of laughter:
and were caught. Mounted National Guards secured the rest.
Now too is witnessed the touching last-flicker of Etiquette; which
sinks not here, in the Cimmerian World-wreckage, without a sign, as
the house-cricket might still chirp in the pealing of a Trump of Doom.
"Monsieur," said some Master of Ceremonies (one hopes it might be de
Breze), as Lafayette, in these fearful moments, was rushing towards
the inner Royal Apartments, "Monsieur, le Roi vous accorde les grandes
entrees, Monsieur, the King grants you the Grand Entries,"--not finding
it convenient to refuse them! (Toulongeon, 1 App. 120.)
Chapter 1.7.XI.
From Versailles.
However, the Paris National Guard, wholly under arms, has cleared
the Palace, and even occupies the nearer external spaces; extruding
miscellaneous Patriotism, for most part, into the Grand Court, or even
into the Forecourt.
The Bodyguards, you can observe, have now of a verity, 'hoisted the
National Cockade:' for they step forward to the windows or balconies,
hat aloft in hand, on each hat a huge tricolor; and fling over their
bandoleers in sign of surrender; and shout Vive la Nation. To which
how can the generous heart respond but with, Vive le Roi; vivent les
Gardes-du-Corps? His Majesty himself has appeared with Lafayette on the
balcony, and again appears: Vive le Roi greets him from all throats; but
also from some one throat is heard "Le Roi a Paris, The King to Paris!"
Her Majesty too, on demand, shows herself, though there is peril in
it: she steps out on the balcony, with her little boy and girl. "No
children, Point d'enfans!" cry the voices. She gently pushes back her
children; and stands alone, her hands serenely crossed on her breast:
"should I die," she had said, "I will do it." Such serenity of heroism
has its effect. Lafayette, with ready wit, in his highflown chivalrous
way, takes that fair queenly hand; and reverently kneeling, kisses it:
thereupon the people do shout Vive la Reine. Nevertheless, poor Weber
'saw' (or even thought he saw; for hardly the third part of poor Weber's
experiences, in such hysterical days, will stand scrutiny) 'one of these
brigands level his musket at her Majesty,'--with or without intention to
shoot; for another of the brigands 'angrily struck it down.'
So that all, and the Queen herself, nay the very Captain of the
Bodyguards, have grown National! The very Captain of the Bodyguards
steps out now with Lafayette. On the hat of the repentant man is an
enormous tricolor; large as a soup-platter, or sun-flower; visible to
the utmost Forecourt. He takes the National Oath with a loud voice,
elevating his hat; at which sight all the army raise their bonnets on
their bayonets, with shouts. Sweet is reconcilement to the heart of man.
Lafayette has sworn Flandre; he swears the remaining Bodyguards, down in
the Marble Court; the people clasp them in their arms:--O, my brothers,
why would ye force us to slay you? Behold there is joy over you, as
over returning prodigal sons!--The poor Bodyguards, now National and
tricolor, exchange bonnets, exchange arms; there shall be peace and
fraternity. And still "Vive le Roi;" and also "Le Roi a Paris," not now
from one throat, but from all throats as one, for it is the heart's wish
of all mortals.
Yes, The King to Paris: what else? Ministers may consult, and National
Deputies wag their heads: but there is now no other possibility. You
have forced him to go willingly. "At one o'clock!" Lafayette gives
audible assurance to that purpose; and universal Insurrection, with
immeasurable shout, and a discharge of all the firearms, clear and
rusty, great and small, that it has, returns him acceptance. What a
sound; heard for leagues: a doom peal!--That sound too rolls away, into
the Silence of Ages. And the Chateau of Versailles stands ever since
vacant, hushed still; its spacious Courts grassgrown, responsive to
the hoe of the weeder. Times and generations roll on, in their confused
Gulf-current; and buildings like builders have their destiny.
Till one o'clock, then, there will be three parties, National Assembly,
National Rascality, National Royalty, all busy enough. Rascality
rejoices; women trim themselves with tricolor. Nay motherly Paris has
sent her Avengers sufficient 'cartloads of loaves;' which are shouted
over, which are gratefully consumed. The Avengers, in return, are
searching for grain-stores; loading them in fifty waggons; that so a
National King, probable harbinger of all blessings, may be the evident
bringer of plenty, for one.
And thus has Sansculottism made prisoner its King; revoking his
parole. The Monarchy has fallen; and not so much as honourably: no,
ignominiously; with struggle, indeed, oft repeated; but then with unwise
struggle; wasting its strength in fits and paroxysms; at every new
paroxysm, foiled more pitifully than before. Thus Broglie's whiff
of grapeshot, which might have been something, has dwindled to the
pot-valour of an Opera Repast, and O Richard, O mon Roi. Which again we
shall see dwindle to a Favras' Conspiracy, a thing to be settled by the
hanging of one Chevalier.
Poor Monarchy! But what save foulest defeat can await that man, who
wills, and yet wills not? Apparently the King either has a right,
assertible as such to the death, before God and man; or else he has no
right. Apparently, the one or the other; could he but know which! May
Heaven pity him! Were Louis wise he would this day abdicate.--Is it not
strange so few Kings abdicate; and none yet heard of has been known to
commit suicide? Fritz the First, of Prussia, alone tried it; and they
cut the rope.
As for the National Assembly, which decrees this morning that it 'is
inseparable from his Majesty,' and will follow him to Paris, there
may one thing be noted: its extreme want of bodily health. After the
Fourteenth of July there was a certain sickliness observable among
honourable Members; so many demanding passports, on account of infirm
health. But now, for these following days, there is a perfect
murrian: President Mounier, Lally Tollendal, Clermont Tonnere, and all
Constitutional Two-Chamber Royalists needing change of air; as most
No-Chamber Royalists had formerly done.
For, in truth, it is the second Emigration this that has now come;
most extensive among Commons Deputies, Noblesse, Clergy: so that 'to
Switzerland alone there go sixty thousand.' They will return in the day
of accounts! Yes, and have hot welcome.--But Emigration on Emigration is
the peculiarity of France. One Emigration follows another; grounded on
reasonable fear, unreasonable hope, largely also on childish pet. The
highflyers have gone first, now the lower flyers; and ever the lower
will go down to the crawlers. Whereby, however, cannot our National
Assembly so much the more commodiously make the Constitution; your
Two-Chamber Anglomaniacs being all safe, distant on foreign shores? Abbe
Maury is seized, and sent back again: he, tough as tanned leather, with
eloquent Captain Cazales and some others, will stand it out for another
year.
But here, meanwhile, the question arises: Was Philippe d'Orleans seen,
this day, 'in the Bois de Boulogne, in grey surtout;' waiting under the
wet sere foliage, what the day might bring forth? Alas, yes, the Eidolon
of him was,--in Weber's and other such brains. The Chatelet shall make
large inquisition into the matter, examining a hundred and seventy
witnesses, and Deputy Chabroud publish his Report; but disclose nothing
further. (Rapport de Chabroud (Moniteur, du 31 December, 1789).) What
then has caused these two unparalleled October Days? For surely such
dramatic exhibition never yet enacted itself without Dramatist and
Machinist. Wooden Punch emerges not, with his domestic sorrows, into the
light of day, unless the wire be pulled: how can human mobs? Was it not
d'Orleans then, and Laclos, Marquis Sillery, Mirabeau and the sons of
confusion, hoping to drive the King to Metz, and gather the spoil? Nay
was it not, quite contrariwise, the Oeil-de-Boeuf, Bodyguard Colonel de
Guiche, Minister Saint-Priest and highflying Loyalists; hoping also to
drive him to Metz; and try it by the sword of civil war? Good Marquis
Toulongeon, the Historian and Deputy, feels constrained to admit that it
was both. (Toulongeon, i. 150.)
Alas, my Friends, credulous incredulity is a strange matter. But when a
whole Nation is smitten with Suspicion, and sees a dramatic miracle
in the very operation of the gastric juices, what help is there? Such
Nation is already a mere hypochondriac bundle of diseases; as good as
changed into glass; atrabiliar, decadent; and will suffer crises. Is not
Suspicion itself the one thing to be suspected, as Montaigne feared only
fear?
Now, however, the short hour has struck. His Majesty is in his carriage,
with his Queen, sister Elizabeth, and two royal children. Not for
another hour can the infinite Procession get marshalled, and under way.
The weather is dim drizzling; the mind confused; and noise great.
Processional marches not a few our world has seen; Roman triumphs and
ovations, Cabiric cymbal-beatings, Royal progresses, Irish funerals:
but this of the French Monarchy marching to its bed remained to be
seen. Miles long, and of breadth losing itself in vagueness, for all
the neighbouring country crowds to see. Slow; stagnating along, like
shoreless Lake, yet with a noise like Niagara, like Babel and Bedlam. A
splashing and a tramping; a hurrahing, uproaring, musket-volleying;--the
truest segment of Chaos seen in these latter Ages! Till slowly it
disembogue itself, in the thickening dusk, into expectant Paris, through
a double row of faces all the way from Passy to the Hotel-de-Ville.
Consider this: Vanguard of National troops; with trains of artillery; of
pikemen and pikewomen, mounted on cannons, on carts, hackney-coaches,
or on foot;--tripudiating, in tricolor ribbons from head to heel; loaves
stuck on the points of bayonets, green boughs stuck in gun barrels.
(Mercier, Nouveau Paris, iii. 21.) Next, as main-march, 'fifty
cartloads of corn,' which have been lent, for peace, from the stores of
Versailles. Behind which follow stragglers of the Garde-du-Corps;
all humiliated, in Grenadier bonnets. Close on these comes the Royal
Carriage; come Royal Carriages: for there are an Hundred National
Deputies too, among whom sits Mirabeau,--his remarks not given. Then
finally, pellmell, as rearguard, Flandre, Swiss, Hundred Swiss, other
Bodyguards, Brigands, whosoever cannot get before. Between and among all
which masses, flows without limit Saint-Antoine, and the Menadic Cohort.
Menadic especially about the Royal Carriage; tripudiating there, covered
with tricolor; singing 'allusive songs;' pointing with one hand to
the Royal Carriage, which the illusions hit, and pointing to the
Provision-wagons, with the other hand, and these words: "Courage,
Friends! We shall not want bread now; we are bringing you the Baker,
the Bakeress, and Baker's Boy (le Boulanger, la Boulangere, et le petit
Mitron)." (Toulongeon, i. 134-161; Deux Amis (iii. c. 9); &c. &c.)
The wet day draggles the tricolor, but the joy is unextinguishable. Is
not all well now? "Ah, Madame, notre bonne Reine," said some of these
Strong-women some days hence, "Ah Madame, our good Queen, don't be a
traitor any more (ne soyez plus traitre), and we will all love you!"
Poor Weber went splashing along, close by the Royal carriage, with the
tear in his eye: 'their Majesties did me the honour,' or I thought they
did it, 'to testify, from time to time, by shrugging of the shoulders,
by looks directed to Heaven, the emotions they felt.' Thus, like frail
cockle, floats the Royal Life-boat, helmless, on black deluges of
Rascality.
Mercier, in his loose way, estimates the Procession and assistants
at two hundred thousand. He says it was one boundless inarticulate
Haha;--transcendent World-Laughter; comparable to the Saturnalia of
the Ancients. Why not? Here too, as we said, is Human Nature once more
human; shudder at it whoso is of shuddering humour: yet behold it is
human. It has 'swallowed all formulas;' it tripudiates even so. For
which reason they that collect Vases and Antiques, with figures of
Dancing Bacchantes 'in wild and all but impossible positions,' may look
with some interest on it.
Thus, however, has the slow-moving Chaos or modern Saturnalia of the
Ancients, reached the Barrier; and must halt, to be harangued by Mayor
Bailly. Thereafter it has to lumber along, between the double row
of faces, in the transcendent heaven-lashing Haha; two hours longer,
towards the Hotel-de-Ville. Then again to be harangued there, by
several persons; by Moreau de Saint-Mery, among others; Moreau of the
Three-thousand orders, now National Deputy for St. Domingo. To all which
poor Louis, who seemed to 'experience a slight emotion' on entering this
Townhall, can answer only that he "comes with pleasure, with confidence
among his people." Mayor Bailly, in reporting it, forgets 'confidence;'
and the poor Queen says eagerly: "Add, with confidence."--"Messieurs,"
rejoins Bailly, "You are happier than if I had not forgot."
Finally, the King is shewn on an upper balcony, by torchlight, with a
huge tricolor in his hat: 'And all the "people," says Weber, grasped one
another's hands;--thinking now surely the New Era was born.' Hardly till
eleven at night can Royalty get to its vacant, long-deserted Palace of
the Tuileries: to lodge there, somewhat in strolling-player fashion. It
is Tuesday, the sixth of October, 1789.
Poor Louis has Two other Paris Processions to make: one
ludicrous-ignominious like this; the other not ludicrous nor
ignominious, but serious, nay sublime.
END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
VOLUME II.
THE CONSTITUTION
BOOK 2.I.
THE FEAST OF PIKES
Chapter 2.1.I.
In the Tuileries.
The victim having once got his stroke-of-grace, the catastrophe can be
considered as almost come. There is small interest now in watching his
long low moans: notable only are his sharper agonies, what convulsive
struggles he may take to cast the torture off from him; and then finally
the last departure of life itself, and how he lies extinct and ended,
either wrapt like Caesar in decorous mantle-folds, or unseemly sunk
together, like one that had not the force even to die.
Was French Royalty, when wrenched forth from its tapestries in that
fashion, on that Sixth of October 1789, such a victim? Universal France,
and Royal Proclamation to all the Provinces, answers anxiously, No;
nevertheless one may fear the worst. Royalty was beforehand so decrepit,
moribund, there is little life in it to heal an injury. How much of
its strength, which was of the imagination merely, has fled; Rascality
having looked plainly in the King's face, and not died! When the
assembled crows can pluck up their scarecrow, and say to it, Here shalt
thou stand and not there; and can treat with it, and make it, from an
infinite, a quite finite Constitutional scarecrow,--what is to be looked
for? Not in the finite Constitutional scarecrow, but in what still
unmeasured, infinite-seeming force may rally round it, is there
thenceforth any hope. For it is most true that all available Authority
is mystic in its conditions, and comes 'by the grace of God.'
Cheerfuller than watching the death-struggles of Royalism will it be to
watch the growth and gambollings of Sansculottism; for, in human things,
especially in human society, all death is but a death-birth: thus if the
sceptre is departing from Louis, it is only that, in other forms, other
sceptres, were it even pike-sceptres, may bear sway. In a prurient
element, rich with nutritive influences, we shall find that
Sansculottism grows lustily, and even frisks in not ungraceful sport:
as indeed most young creatures are sportful; nay, may it not be noted
further, that as the grown cat, and cat-species generally, is the
cruellest thing known, so the merriest is precisely the kitten, or
growing cat?
But fancy the Royal Family risen from its truckle-beds on the morrow
of that mad day: fancy the Municipal inquiry, "How would your Majesty
please to lodge?"--and then that the King's rough answer, "Each may
lodge as he can, I am well enough," is congeed and bowed away, in
expressive grins, by the Townhall Functionaries, with obsequious
upholsterers at their back; and how the Chateau of the Tuileries is
repainted, regarnished into a golden Royal Residence; and Lafayette with
his blue National Guards lies encompassing it, as blue Neptune (in the
language of poets) does an island, wooingly. Thither may the wrecks
of rehabilitated Loyalty gather; if it will become Constitutional; for
Constitutionalism thinks no evil; Sansculottism itself rejoices in the
King's countenance. The rubbish of a Menadic Insurrection, as in this
ever-kindly world all rubbish can and must be, is swept aside; and so
again, on clear arena, under new conditions, with something even of a
new stateliness, we begin a new course of action.
Arthur Young has witnessed the strangest scene: Majesty walking
unattended in the Tuileries Gardens; and miscellaneous tricolor crowds,
who cheer it, and reverently make way for it: the very Queen commands at
lowest respectful silence, regretful avoidance. (Arthur Young's Travels,
i. 264-280.) Simple ducks, in those royal waters, quackle for crumbs
from young royal fingers: the little Dauphin has a little railed garden,
where he is seen delving, with ruddy cheeks and flaxen curled hair; also
a little hutch to put his tools in, and screen himself against showers.
What peaceable simplicity! Is it peace of a Father restored to his
children? Or of a Taskmaster who has lost his whip? Lafayette and the
Municipality and universal Constitutionalism assert the former, and do
what is in them to realise it. Such Patriotism as snarls dangerously,
and shows teeth, Patrollotism shall suppress; or far better, Royalty
shall soothe down the angry hair of it, by gentle pattings; and, most
effectual of all, by fuller diet. Yes, not only shall Paris be fed, but
the King's hand be seen in that work. The household goods of the Poor
shall, up to a certain amount, by royal bounty, be disengaged from pawn,
and that insatiable Mont de Piete disgorge: rides in the city with their
vive-le-roi need not fail; and so by substance and show, shall Royalty,
if man's art can popularise it, be popularised. (Deux Amis, iii. c. 10.)
Or, alas, is it neither restored Father nor diswhipped Taskmaster that
walks there; but an anomalous complex of both these, and of innumerable
other heterogeneities; reducible to no rubric, if not to this newly
devised one: King Louis Restorer of French Liberty? Man indeed, and
King Louis like other men, lives in this world to make rule out of the
ruleless; by his living energy, he shall force the absurd itself to
become less absurd. But then if there be no living energy; living
passivity only? King Serpent, hurled into his unexpected watery
dominion, did at least bite, and assert credibly that he was there: but
as for the poor King Log, tumbled hither and thither as thousandfold
chance and other will than his might direct, how happy for him that
he was indeed wooden; and, doing nothing, could also see and suffer
nothing! It is a distracted business.
For his French Majesty, meanwhile, one of the worst things is that
he can get no hunting. Alas, no hunting henceforth; only a fatal
being-hunted! Scarcely, in the next June weeks, shall he taste again the
joys of the game-destroyer; in next June, and never more. He sends for
his smith-tools; gives, in the course of the day, official or ceremonial
business being ended, 'a few strokes of the file, quelques coups de
lime. (Le Chateau des Tuileries, ou recit, &c., par Roussel (in Hist.
Parl. iv. 195-219).) Innocent brother mortal, why wert thou not an
obscure substantial maker of locks; but doomed in that other far-seen
craft, to be a maker only of world-follies, unrealities; things self
destructive, which no mortal hammering could rivet into coherence!
Poor Louis is not without insight, nor even without the elements of
will; some sharpness of temper, spurting at times from a stagnating
character. If harmless inertness could save him, it were well; but he
will slumber and painfully dream, and to do aught is not given him.
Royalist Antiquarians still shew the rooms where Majesty and suite,
in these extraordinary circumstances, had their lodging. Here sat the
Queen; reading,--for she had her library brought hither, though the
King refused his; taking vehement counsel of the vehement uncounselled;
sorrowing over altered times; yet with sure hope of better: in her young
rosy Boy, has she not the living emblem of hope! It is a murky, working
sky; yet with golden gleams--of dawn, or of deeper meteoric night? Here
again this chamber, on the other side of the main entrance, was the
King's: here his Majesty breakfasted, and did official work; here
daily after breakfast he received the Queen; sometimes in pathetic
friendliness; sometimes in human sulkiness, for flesh is weak; and, when
questioned about business would answer: "Madame, your business is with
the children." Nay, Sire, were it not better you, your Majesty's self,
took the children? So asks impartial History; scornful that the thicker
vessel was not also the stronger; pity-struck for the porcelain-clay of
humanity rather than for the tile-clay,--though indeed both were broken!
So, however, in this Medicean Tuileries, shall the French King and Queen
now sit, for one-and-forty months; and see a wild-fermenting France
work out its own destiny, and theirs. Months bleak, ungenial, of rapid
vicissitude; yet with a mild pale splendour, here and there: as of an
April that were leading to leafiest Summer; as of an October that led
only to everlasting Frost. Medicean Tuileries, how changed since it was
a peaceful Tile field! Or is the ground itself fate-stricken, accursed:
an Atreus' Palace; for that Louvre window is still nigh, out of which a
Capet, whipt of the Furies, fired his signal of the Saint Bartholomew!
Dark is the way of the Eternal as mirrored in this world of Time: God's
way is in the sea, and His path in the great deep.
Chapter 2.1.II.
In the Salle de Manege.
To believing Patriots, however, it is now clear, that the Constitution
will march, marcher,--had it once legs to stand on. Quick, then, ye
Patriots, bestir yourselves, and make it; shape legs for it! In the
Archeveche, or Archbishop's Palace, his Grace himself having fled; and
afterwards in the Riding-hall, named Manege, close on the Tuileries:
there does a National Assembly apply itself to the miraculous work.
Successfully, had there been any heaven-scaling Prometheus among them;
not successfully since there was none! There, in noisy debate, for the
sessions are occasionally 'scandalous,' and as many as three speakers
have been seen in the Tribune at once,--let us continue to fancy it
wearing the slow months.
Tough, dogmatic, long of wind is Abbe Maury; Ciceronian pathetic is
Cazales. Keen-trenchant, on the other side, glitters a young Barnave;
abhorrent of sophistry; sheering, like keen Damascus sabre, all
sophistry asunder,--reckless what else he sheer with it. Simple seemest
thou, O solid Dutch-built Petion; if solid, surely dull. Nor lifegiving
in that tone of thine, livelier polemical Rabaut. With ineffable
serenity sniffs great Sieyes, aloft, alone; his Constitution ye may
babble over, ye may mar, but can by no possibility mend: is not Polity a
science he has exhausted? Cool, slow, two military Lameths are visible,
with their quality sneer, or demi-sneer; they shall gallantly refund
their Mother's Pension, when the Red Book is produced; gallantly be
wounded in duels. A Marquis Toulongeon, whose Pen we yet thank, sits
there; in stoical meditative humour, oftenest silent, accepts what
destiny will send. Thouret and Parlementary Duport produce mountains of
Reformed Law; liberal, Anglomaniac, available and unavailable.
Mortals rise and fall. Shall goose Gobel, for example,--or Go(with an
umlaut)bel, for he is of Strasburg German breed, be a Constitutional
Archbishop?
Alone of all men there, Mirabeau may begin to discern clearly whither
all this is tending. Patriotism, accordingly, regrets that his zeal
seems to be getting cool. In that famed Pentecost-Night of the Fourth
of August, when new Faith rose suddenly into miraculous fire, and old
Feudality was burnt up, men remarked that Mirabeau took no hand in it;
that, in fact, he luckily happened to be absent. But did he not defend
the Veto, nay Veto Absolu; and tell vehement Barnave that six hundred
irresponsible senators would make of all tyrannies the insupportablest?
Again, how anxious was he that the King's Ministers should have seat and
voice in the National Assembly;--doubtless with an eye to being
Minister himself! Whereupon the National Assembly decides, what is very
momentous, that no Deputy shall be Minister; he, in his haughty stormful
manner, advising us to make it, 'no Deputy called Mirabeau.' (Moniteur,
Nos. 65, 86 (29th September, 7th November, 1789).) A man of perhaps
inveterate Feudalisms; of stratagems; too often visible leanings towards
the Royalist side: a man suspect; whom Patriotism will unmask! Thus, in
these June days, when the question Who shall have right to declare war?
comes on, you hear hoarse Hawkers sound dolefully through the streets,
"Grand Treason of Count Mirabeau, price only one sou;"--because he
pleads that it shall be not the Assembly but the King! Pleads; nay
prevails: for in spite of the hoarse Hawkers, and an endless Populace
raised by them to the pitch even of 'Lanterne,' he mounts the Tribune
next day; grim-resolute; murmuring aside to his friends that speak of
danger: "I know it: I must come hence either in triumph, or else torn in
fragments;" and it was in triumph that he came.
A man of stout heart; whose popularity is not of the populace, 'pas
populaciere;' whom no clamour of unwashed mobs without doors, or of
washed mobs within, can scarce from his way! Dumont remembers hearing
him deliver a Report on Marseilles; 'every word was interrupted on the
part of the Cote Droit by abusive epithets; calumniator, liar, assassin,
scoundrel (scelerat): Mirabeau pauses a moment, and, in a honeyed
tone, addressing the most furious, says: "I wait, Messieurs, till these
amenities be exhausted."' (Dumont, Souvenirs, p. 278.) A man enigmatic,
difficult to unmask! For example, whence comes his money? Can the profit
of a Newspaper, sorely eaten into by Dame Le Jay; can this, and the
eighteen francs a-day your National Deputy has, be supposed equal
to this expenditure? House in the Chaussee d'Antin; Country-house at
Argenteuil; splendours, sumptuosities, orgies;--living as if he had a
mint! All saloons barred against Adventurer Mirabeau, are flung wide
open to King Mirabeau, the cynosure of Europe, whom female France
flutters to behold,--though the Man Mirabeau is one and the same. As for
money, one may conjecture that Royalism furnishes it; which if Royalism
do, will not the same be welcome, as money always is to him?
'Sold,' whatever Patriotism thinks, he cannot readily be: the spiritual
fire which is in that man; which shining through such confusions is
nevertheless Conviction, and makes him strong, and without which he
had no strength,--is not buyable nor saleable; in such transference of
barter, it would vanish and not be. Perhaps 'paid and not sold, paye pas
vendu:' as poor Rivarol, in the unhappier converse way, calls himself
'sold and not paid!' A man travelling, comet-like, in splendour and
nebulosity, his wild way; whom telescopic Patriotism may long watch,
but, without higher mathematics, will not make out. A questionable
most blameable man; yet to us the far notablest of all. With rich
munificence, as we often say, in a most blinkard, bespectacled,
logic-chopping generation, Nature has gifted this man with an eye.
Welcome is his word, there where he speaks and works; and growing
ever welcomer; for it alone goes to the heart of the business: logical
cobwebbery shrinks itself together; and thou seest a thing, how it is,
how is may be worked with.
Unhappily our National Assembly has much to do: a France to regenerate;
and France is short of so many requisites; short even of cash! These
same Finances give trouble enough; no choking of the Deficit; which
gapes ever, Give, give! To appease the Deficit we venture on a hazardous
step, sale of the Clergy's Lands and superfluous Edifices; most
hazardous. Nay, given the sale, who is to buy them, ready-money
having fled? Wherefore, on the 19th day of December, a paper-money of
'Assignats,' of Bonds secured, or assigned, on that Clerico-National
Property, and unquestionable at least in payment of that,--is decreed:
the first of a long series of like financial performances, which shall
astonish mankind. So that now, while old rags last, there shall be no
lack of circulating medium; whether of commodities to circulate thereon
is another question. But, after all, does not this Assignat business
speak volumes for modern science? Bankruptcy, we may say, was come, as
the end of all Delusions needs must come: yet how gently, in softening
diffusion, in mild succession, was it hereby made to fall;--like no
all-destroying avalanche; like gentle showers of a powdery impalpable
snow, shower after shower, till all was indeed buried, and yet little
was destroyed that could not be replaced, be dispensed with! To such
length has modern machinery reached. Bankruptcy, we said, was great; but
indeed Money itself is a standing miracle.
On the whole, it is a matter of endless difficulty, that of the Clergy.
Clerical property may be made the Nation's, and the Clergy hired
servants of the State; but if so, is it not an altered Church?
Adjustment enough, of the most confused sort, has become unavoidable.
Old landmarks, in any sense, avail not in a new France. Nay literally,
the very Ground is new divided; your old party-coloured Provinces become
new uniform Departments, Eighty-three in number;--whereby, as in some
sudden shifting of the Earth's axis, no mortal knows his new latitude at
once. The Twelve old Parlements too, what is to be done with them? The
old Parlements are declared to be all 'in permanent vacation,'--till
once the new equal-justice, of Departmental Courts, National
Appeal-Court, of elective Justices, Justices of Peace, and other
Thouret-and-Duport apparatus be got ready. They have to sit there, these
old Parlements, uneasily waiting; as it were, with the rope round their
neck; crying as they can, Is there none to deliver us? But happily the
answer being, None, none, they are a manageable class, these Parlements.
They can be bullied, even into silence; the Paris Parliament, wiser
than most, has never whimpered. They will and must sit there; in such
vacation as is fit; their Chamber of Vacation distributes in the interim
what little justice is going. With the rope round their neck, their
destiny may be succinct! On the 13th of November 1790, Mayor Bailly
shall walk to the Palais de Justice, few even heeding him; and with
municipal seal-stamp and a little hot wax, seal up the Parlementary
Paper-rooms,--and the dread Parlement of Paris pass away, into Chaos,
gently as does a Dream! So shall the Parlements perish, succinctly; and
innumerable eyes be dry.
Not so the Clergy. For granting even that Religion were dead; that it
had died, half-centuries ago, with unutterable Dubois; or emigrated
lately, to Alsace, with Necklace-Cardinal Rohan; or that it now walked
as goblin revenant with Bishop Talleyrand of Autun; yet does not the
Shadow of Religion, the Cant of Religion, still linger? The Clergy have
means and material: means, of number, organization, social weight; a
material, at lowest, of public ignorance, known to be the mother of
devotion. Nay, withal, is it incredible that there might, in simple
hearts, latent here and there like gold grains in the mud-beach, still
dwell some real Faith in God, of so singular and tenacious a sort that
even a Maury or a Talleyrand, could still be the symbol for it?--Enough,
and Clergy has strength, the Clergy has craft and indignation. It is a
most fatal business this of the Clergy. A weltering hydra-coil, which
the National Assembly has stirred up about its ears; hissing, stinging;
which cannot be appeased, alive; which cannot be trampled dead! Fatal,
from first to last! Scarcely after fifteen months' debating, can a Civil
Constitution of the Clergy be so much as got to paper; and then for
getting it into reality? Alas, such Civil Constitution is but an
agreement to disagree. It divides France from end to end, with a new
split, infinitely complicating all the other splits;--Catholicism, what
of it there is left, with the Cant of Catholicism, raging on the one
side, and sceptic Heathenism on the other; both, by contradiction ,
waxing fanatic. What endless jarring, of Refractory hated Priests, and
Constitutional despised ones; of tender consciences, like the King's,
and consciences hot-seared, like certain of his People's: the whole
to end in Feasts of Reason and a War of La Vendee! So deep-seated is
Religion in the heart of man, and holds of all infinite passions. If the
dead echo of it still did so much, what could not the living voice of it
once do?
Finance and Constitution, Law and Gospel: this surely were work enough;
yet this is not all. In fact, the Ministry, and Necker himself whom
a brass inscription 'fastened by the people over his door-lintel'
testifies to be the 'Ministre adore,' are dwindling into clearer and
clearer nullity. Execution or legislation, arrangement or detail, from
their nerveless fingers all drops undone; all lights at last on the
toiled shoulders of an august Representative Body. Heavy-laden
National Assembly! It has to hear of innumerable fresh revolts, Brigand
expeditions; of Chateaus in the West, especially of Charter-chests,
Chartiers, set on fire; for there too the overloaded Ass frightfully
recalcitrates. Of Cities in the South full of heats and jealousies;
which will end in crossed sabres, Marseilles against Toulon, and
Carpentras beleaguered by Avignon;--such Royalist collision in a career
of Freedom; nay Patriot collision, which a mere difference of velocity
will bring about! Of a Jourdan Coup-tete, who has skulked
thitherward, from the claws of the Chatelet; and will raise whole
scoundrel-regiments.
Also it has to hear of Royalist Camp of Jales: Jales mountain-girdled
Plain, amid the rocks of the Cevennes; whence Royalism, as is feared
and hoped, may dash down like a mountain deluge, and submerge France!
A singular thing this camp of Jales; existing mostly on paper. For the
Soldiers at Jales, being peasants or National Guards, were in heart
sworn Sansculottes; and all that the Royalist Captains could do was,
with false words, to keep them, or rather keep the report of them, drawn
up there, visible to all imaginations, for a terror and a sign,--if
peradventure France might be reconquered by theatrical machinery, by the
picture of a Royalist Army done to the life! (Dampmartin, Evenemens, i.
208.) Not till the third summer was this portent, burning out by fits
and then fading, got finally extinguished; was the old Castle of Jales,
no Camp being visible to the bodily eye, got blown asunder by some
National Guards.
Also it has to hear not only of Brissot and his Friends of the Blacks,
but by and by of a whole St. Domingo blazing skyward; blazing in literal
fire, and in far worse metaphorical; beaconing the nightly main. Also
of the shipping interest, and the landed-interest, and all manner
of interests, reduced to distress. Of Industry every where manacled,
bewildered; and only Rebellion thriving. Of sub-officers, soldiers and
sailors in mutiny by land and water. Of soldiers, at Nanci, as we shall
see, needing to be cannonaded by a brave Bouille. Of sailors, nay the
very galley-slaves, at Brest, needing also to be cannonaded; but with no
Bouille to do it. For indeed, to say it in a word, in those days there
was no King in Israel, and every man did that which was right in his own
eyes. (See Deux Amis, iii. c. 14; iv. c. 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 14. Expedition
des Volontaires de Brest sur Lannion; Les Lyonnais Sauveurs des
Dauphinois; Massacre au Mans; Troubles du Maine (Pamphlets and Excerpts,
in Hist. Parl. iii. 251; iv. 162-168), &c.)
Such things has an august National Assembly to hear of, as it goes
on regenerating France. Sad and stern: but what remedy? Get the
Constitution ready; and all men will swear to it: for do not 'Addresses
of adhesion' arrive by the cartload? In this manner, by Heaven's
blessing, and a Constitution got ready, shall the bottomless fire-gulf
be vaulted in, with rag-paper; and Order will wed Freedom, and live with
her there,--till it grow too hot for them. O Cote Gauche, worthy are
ye, as the adhesive Addresses generally say, to 'fix the regards of the
Universe;' the regards of this one poor Planet, at lowest!--
Nay, it must be owned, the Cote Droit makes a still madder figure.
An irrational generation; irrational, imbecile, and with the vehement
obstinacy characteristic of that; a generation which will not learn.
Falling Bastilles, Insurrections of Women, thousands of smoking
Manorhouses, a country bristling with no crop but that of Sansculottic
steel: these were tolerably didactic lessons; but them they have not
taught. There are still men, of whom it was of old written, Bray them in
a mortar! Or, in milder language, They have wedded their delusions: fire
nor steel, nor any sharpness of Experience, shall sever the bond; till
death do us part! Of such may the Heavens have mercy; for the Earth,
with her rigorous Necessity, will have none.
Admit, at the same time, that it was most natural. Man lives by
Hope: Pandora when her box of gods'-gifts flew all out, and became
gods'-curses, still retained Hope. How shall an irrational mortal,
when his high-place is never so evidently pulled down, and he, being
irrational, is left resourceless,--part with the belief that it will be
rebuilt? It would make all so straight again; it seems so unspeakably
desirable; so reasonable,--would you but look at it aright! For,
must not the thing which was continue to be; or else the solid World
dissolve? Yes, persist, O infatuated Sansculottes of France! Revolt
against constituted Authorities; hunt out your rightful Seigneurs,
who at bottom so loved you, and readily shed their blood for you,--in
country's battles as at Rossbach and elsewhere; and, even in preserving
game, were preserving you, could ye but have understood it: hunt
them out, as if they were wild wolves; set fire to their Chateaus and
Chartiers as to wolf-dens; and what then? Why, then turn every man his
hand against his fellow! In confusion, famine, desolation, regret
the days that are gone; rueful recall them, recall us with them. To
repentant prayers we will not be deaf.
So, with dimmer or clearer consciousness, must the Right Side reason
and act. An inevitable position perhaps; but a most false one for them.
Evil, be thou our good: this henceforth must virtually be their prayer.
The fiercer the effervescence grows, the sooner will it pass; for after
all it is but some mad effervescence; the World is solid, and cannot
dissolve.
For the rest, if they have any positive industry, it is that of plots,
and backstairs conclaves. Plots which cannot be executed; which are
mostly theoretic on their part;--for which nevertheless this and the
other practical Sieur Augeard, Sieur Maillebois, Sieur Bonne Savardin,
gets into trouble, gets imprisoned, and escapes with difficulty. Nay
there is a poor practical Chevalier Favras who, not without some passing
reflex on Monsieur himself, gets hanged for them, amid loud uproar
of the world. Poor Favras, he keeps dictating his last will at the
'Hotel-de-Ville, through the whole remainder of the day,' a weary
February day; offers to reveal secrets, if they will save him;
handsomely declines since they will not; then dies, in the flare of
torchlight, with politest composure; remarking, rather than exclaiming,
with outspread hands: "People, I die innocent; pray for me." (See Deux
Amis, iv. c. 14, 7; Hist. Parl. vi. 384.) Poor Favras;--type of so much
that has prowled indefatigable over France, in days now ending; and, in
freer field, might have earned instead of prowling,--to thee it is no
theory!
In the Senate-house again, the attitude of the Right Side is that of
calm unbelief. Let an august National Assembly make a Fourth-of-August
Abolition of Feudality; declare the Clergy State-servants who shall
have wages; vote Suspensive Vetos, new Law-Courts; vote or decree what
contested thing it will; have it responded to from the four corners
of France, nay get King's Sanction, and what other Acceptance were
conceivable,--the Right Side, as we find, persists, with imperturbablest
tenacity, in considering, and ever and anon shews that it still
considers, all these so-called Decrees as mere temporary whims, which
indeed stand on paper, but in practice and fact are not, and cannot be.
Figure the brass head of an Abbe Maury flooding forth Jesuitic eloquence
in this strain; dusky d'Espremenil, Barrel Mirabeau (probably in
liquor), and enough of others, cheering him from the Right; and, for
example, with what visage a seagreen Robespierre eyes him from the Left.
And how Sieyes ineffably sniffs on him, or does not deign to sniff;
and how the Galleries groan in spirit, or bark rabid on him: so that to
escape the Lanterne, on stepping forth, he needs presence of mind, and a
pair of pistols in his girdle! For he is one of the toughest of men.
Here indeed becomes notable one great difference between our two kinds
of civil war; between the modern lingual or Parliamentary-logical kind,
and the ancient, or manual kind, in the steel battle-field;--much to the
disadvantage of the former. In the manual kind, where you front your foe
with drawn weapon, one right stroke is final; for, physically speaking,
when the brains are out the man does honestly die, and trouble you no
more. But how different when it is with arguments you fight! Here no
victory yet definable can be considered as final. Beat him down, with
Parliamentary invective, till sense be fled; cut him in two, hanging
one half in this dilemma-horn, the other on that; blow the brains
or thinking-faculty quite out of him for the time: it skills not; he
rallies and revives on the morrow; to-morrow he repairs his golden
fires! The think that will logically extinguish him is perhaps still a
desideratum in Constitutional civilisation. For how, till a man know,
in some measure, at what point he becomes logically defunct, can
Parliamentary Business be carried on, and Talk cease or slake?
Doubtless it was some feeling of this difficulty; and the clear insight
how little such knowledge yet existed in the French Nation, new in the
Constitutional career, and how defunct Aristocrats would continue to
walk for unlimited periods, as Partridge the Alamanack-maker did,--that
had sunk into the deep mind of People's-friend Marat, an eminently
practical mind; and had grown there, in that richest putrescent soil,
into the most original plan of action ever submitted to a People. Not
yet has it grown; but it has germinated, it is growing; rooting itself
into Tartarus, branching towards Heaven: the second season hence, we
shall see it risen out of the bottomless Darkness, full-grown, into
disastrous Twilight,--a Hemlock-tree, great as the world; on or under
whose boughs all the People's-friends of the world may lodge. 'Two
hundred and sixty thousand Aristocrat heads:' that is the precisest
calculation, though one would not stand on a few hundreds; yet we never
rise as high as the round three hundred thousand. Shudder at it,
O People; but it is as true as that ye yourselves, and your
People's-friend, are alive. These prating Senators of yours hover
ineffectual on the barren letter, and will never save the Revolution. A
Cassandra-Marat cannot do it, with his single shrunk arm; but with a few
determined men it were possible. "Give me," said the People's-friend, in
his cold way, when young Barbaroux, once his pupil in a course of what
was called Optics, went to see him, "Give me two hundred Naples Bravoes,
armed each with a good dirk, and a muff on his left arm by way
of shield: with them I will traverse France, and accomplish the
Revolution." (Memoires de Barbaroux (Paris, 1822), p. 57.) Nay, be
brave, young Barbaroux; for thou seest, there is no jesting in those
rheumy eyes; in that soot-bleared figure, most earnest of created
things; neither indeed is there madness, of the strait-waistcoat sort.
Such produce shall the Time ripen in cavernous Marat, the man forbid;
living in Paris cellars, lone as fanatic Anchorite in his Thebaid;
say, as far-seen Simon on his Pillar,--taking peculiar views therefrom.
Patriots may smile; and, using him as bandog now to be muzzled, now to
be let bark, name him, as Desmoulins does, 'Maximum of Patriotism' and
'Cassandra-Marat:' but were it not singular if this dirk-and-muff plan
of his (with superficial modifications) proved to be precisely the plan
adopted?
After this manner, in these circumstances, do august Senators regenerate
France. Nay, they are, in very deed, believed to be regenerating it; on
account of which great fact, main fact of their history, the wearied eye
can never be permitted wholly to ignore them.
But looking away now from these precincts of the Tuileries, where
Constitutional Royalty, let Lafayette water it as he will, languishes
too like a cut branch; and august Senators are perhaps at bottom only
perfecting their 'theory of defective verbs,'--how does the young
Reality, young Sansculottism thrive? The attentive observer can answer:
It thrives bravely; putting forth new buds; expanding the old buds into
leaves, into boughs. Is not French Existence, as before, most prurient,
all loosened, most nutrient for it? Sansculottism has the property
of growing by what other things die of: by agitation, contention,
disarrangement; nay in a word, by what is the symbol and fruit of all
these: Hunger.
In such a France as this, Hunger, as we have remarked, can hardly fail.
The Provinces, the Southern Cities feel it in their turn; and what it
brings: Exasperation, preternatural Suspicion. In Paris some halcyon
days of abundance followed the Menadic Insurrection, with its Versailles
grain-carts, and recovered Restorer of Liberty; but they could not
continue. The month is still October when famishing Saint-Antoine, in a
moment of passion, seizes a poor Baker, innocent 'Francois the
Baker;' (21st October, 1789 (Moniteur, No. 76).) and hangs him, in
Constantinople wise;--but even this, singular as it my seem, does not
cheapen bread! Too clear it is, no Royal bounty, no Municipal dexterity
can adequately feed a Bastille-destroying Paris. Wherefore, on view of
the hanged Baker, Constitutionalism in sorrow and anger demands 'Loi
Martiale,' a kind of Riot Act;--and indeed gets it, most readily, almost
before the sun goes down.
This is that famed Martial law, with its Red Flag, its 'Drapeau Rouge:'
in virtue of which Mayor Bailly, or any Mayor, has but henceforth to
hang out that new Oriflamme of his; then to read or mumble something
about the King's peace; and, after certain pauses, serve any
undispersing Assemblage with musket-shot, or whatever shot will disperse
it. A decisive Law; and most just on one proviso: that all Patrollotism
be of God, and all mob-assembling be of the Devil;--otherwise not
so just. Mayor Bailly be unwilling to use it! Hang not out that new
Oriflamme, flame not of gold but of the want of gold! The thrice-blessed
Revolution is done, thou thinkest? If so it will be well with thee.
But now let no mortal say henceforth that an august National
Assembly wants riot: all it ever wanted was riot enough to balance
Court-plotting; all it now wants, of Heaven or of Earth, is to get its
theory of defective verbs perfected.
Chapter 2.1.III.
The Muster.
With famine and a Constitutional theory of defective verbs going on,
all other excitement is conceivable. A universal shaking and sifting of
French Existence this is: in the course of which, for one thing, what a
multitude of low-lying figures are sifted to the top, and set busily to
work there!
Dogleech Marat, now for-seen as Simon Stylites, we already know; him and
others, raised aloft. The mere sample, these, of what is coming, of what
continues coming, upwards from the realm of Night!--Chaumette, by and
by Anaxagoras Chaumette, one already descries: mellifluous in
street-groups; not now a sea-boy on the high and giddy mast: a
mellifluous tribune of the common people, with long curling locks,
on bourne-stone of the thoroughfares; able sub-editor too; who shall
rise--to the very gallows. Clerk Tallien, he also is become sub-editor;
shall become able editor; and more. Bibliopolic Momoro, Typographic
Pruhomme see new trades opening. Collot d'Herbois, tearing a passion
to rags, pauses on the Thespian boards; listens, with that black bushy
head, to the sound of the world's drama: shall the Mimetic become Real?
Did ye hiss him, O men of Lyons? (Buzot, Memoires (Paris, 1823), p. 90.)
Better had ye clapped!
Happy now, indeed, for all manner of mimetic, half-original men! Tumid
blustering, with more or less of sincerity, which need not be entirely
sincere, yet the sincerer the better, is like to go far. Shall we
say, the Revolution-element works itself rarer and rarer; so that only
lighter and lighter bodies will float in it; till at last the mere
blown-bladder is your only swimmer? Limitation of mind, then vehemence,
promptitude, audacity, shall all be available; to which add only
these two: cunning and good lungs. Good fortune must be presupposed.
Accordingly, of all classes the rising one, we observe, is now
the Attorney class: witness Bazires, Carriers, Fouquier-Tinvilles,
Bazoche-Captain Bourdons: more than enough. Such figures shall Night,
from her wonder-bearing bosom, emit; swarm after swarm. Of another
deeper and deepest swarm, not yet dawned on the astonished eye; of
pilfering Candle-snuffers, Thief-valets, disfrocked Capuchins, and
so many Heberts, Henriots, Ronsins, Rossignols, let us, as long as
possible, forbear speaking.
Thus, over France, all stirs that has what the Physiologists call
irritability in it: how much more all wherein irritability has perfected
itself into vitality; into actual vision, and force that can will! All
stirs; and if not in Paris, flocks thither. Great and greater waxes
President Danton in his Cordeliers Section; his rhetorical tropes are
all 'gigantic:' energy flashes from his black brows, menaces in his
athletic figure, rolls in the sound of his voice 'reverberating from the
domes;' this man also, like Mirabeau, has a natural eye, and begins
to see whither Constitutionalism is tending, though with a wish in it
different from Mirabeau's.
Remark, on the other hand, how General Dumouriez has quitted Normandy
and the Cherbourg Breakwater, to come--whither we may guess. It is his
second or even third trial at Paris, since this New Era began; but
now it is in right earnest, for he has quitted all else. Wiry, elastic
unwearied man; whose life was but a battle and a march! No, not a
creature of Choiseul's; "the creature of God and of my sword,"--he
fiercely answered in old days. Overfalling Corsican batteries, in
the deadly fire-hail; wriggling invincible from under his horse,
at Closterkamp of the Netherlands, though tethered with 'crushed
stirrup-iron and nineteen wounds;' tough, minatory, standing at bay, as
forlorn hope, on the skirts of Poland; intriguing, battling in cabinet
and field; roaming far out, obscure, as King's spial, or sitting
sealed up, enchanted in Bastille; fencing, pamphleteering, scheming
and struggling from the very birth of him, (Dumouriez, Memoires, i. 28,
&c.)--the man has come thus far. How repressed, how irrepressible! Like
some incarnate spirit in prison, which indeed he was; hewing on granite
walls for deliverance; striking fire flashes from them. And now has the
general earthquake rent his cavern too? Twenty years younger, what might
he not have done! But his hair has a shade of gray: his way of thought
is all fixed, military. He can grow no further, and the new world is
in such growth. We will name him, on the whole, one of Heaven's Swiss;
without faith; wanting above all things work, work on any side. Work
also is appointed him; and he will do it.
Not from over France only are the unrestful flocking towards Paris; but
from all sides of Europe. Where the carcase is, thither will the eagles
gather. Think how many a Spanish Guzman, Martinico Fournier named
'Fournier l'Americain,' Engineer Miranda from the very Andes, were
flocking or had flocked! Walloon Pereyra might boast of the strangest
parentage: him, they say, Prince Kaunitz the Diplomatist heedlessly
dropped;' like ostrich-egg, to be hatched of Chance--into an
ostrich-eater! Jewish or German Freys do business in the great Cesspool
of Agio; which Cesspool this Assignat-fiat has quickened, into a Mother
of dead dogs. Swiss Claviere could found no Socinian Genevese Colony in
Ireland; but he paused, years ago, prophetic before the Minister's Hotel
at Paris; and said, it was borne on his mind that he one day was to be
Minister, and laughed. (Dumont, Souvenirs sur Mirabeau, p. 399.) Swiss
Pachc, on the other hand, sits sleekheaded, frugal; the wonder of his
own alley, and even of neighbouring ones, for humility of mind, and a
thought deeper than most men's: sit there, Tartuffe, till wanted! Ye
Italian Dufournys, Flemish Prolys, flit hither all ye bipeds of prey!
Come whosesoever head is hot; thou of mind ungoverned, be it chaos as of
undevelopment or chaos as of ruin; the man who cannot get known, the man
who is too well known; if thou have any vendible faculty, nay if
thou have but edacity and loquacity, come! They come; with hot
unutterabilities in their heart; as Pilgrims towards a miraculous
shrine. Nay how many come as vacant Strollers, aimless, of whom Europe
is full merely towards something! For benighted fowls, when you beat
their bushes, rush towards any light. Thus Frederick Baron Trenck too
is here; mazed, purblind, from the cells of Magdeburg; Minotauric cells,
and his Ariadne lost! Singular to say, Trenck, in these years, sells
wine; not indeed in bottle, but in wood.
Nor is our England without her missionaries. She has her live-saving
Needham; to whom was solemnly presented a 'civic sword,'--long since
rusted into nothingness. Her Paine: rebellious Staymaker; unkempt; who
feels that he, a single Needleman, did by his 'Common Sense' Pamphlet,
free America;--that he can and will free all this World; perhaps even
the other. Price-Stanhope Constitutional Association sends over to
congratulate; (Moniteur, 10 Novembre, 7 Decembre, 1789.) welcomed by
National Assembly, though they are but a London Club; whom Burke and
Toryism eye askance.
On thee too, for country's sake, O Chevalier John Paul, be a word spent,
or misspent! In faded naval uniform, Paul Jones lingers visible here;
like a wine-skin from which the wine is all drawn. Like the ghost
of himself! Low is his once loud bruit; scarcely audible, save, with
extreme tedium in ministerial ante-chambers; in this or the other
charitable dining-room, mindful of the past. What changes; culminatings
and declinings! Not now, poor Paul, thou lookest wistful over the Solway
brine, by the foot of native Criffel, into blue mountainous Cumberland,
into blue Infinitude; environed with thrift, with humble friendliness;
thyself, young fool, longing to be aloft from it, or even to be away
from it. Yes, beyond that sapphire Promontory, which men name St. Bees,
which is not sapphire either, but dull sandstone, when one gets close to
it, there is a world. Which world thou too shalt taste of!--From yonder
White Haven rise his smoke-clouds; ominous though ineffectual. Proud
Forth quakes at his bellying sails; had not the wind suddenly shifted.
Flamborough reapers, homegoing, pause on the hill-side: for what
sulphur-cloud is that that defaces the sleek sea; sulphur-cloud spitting
streaks of fire? A sea cockfight it is, and of the hottest; where
British Serapis and French-American Bon Homme Richard do lash and
throttle each other, in their fashion; and lo the desperate valour has
suffocated the deliberate, and Paul Jones too is of the Kings of the
Sea!
The Euxine, the Meotian waters felt thee next, and long-skirted Turks,
O Paul; and thy fiery soul has wasted itself in thousand
contradictions;--to no purpose. For, in far lands, with scarlet
Nassau-Siegens, with sinful Imperial Catherines, is not the
heart-broken, even as at home with the mean? Poor Paul! hunger and
dispiritment track thy sinking footsteps: once or at most twice, in this
Revolution-tumult the figure of thee emerges; mute, ghost-like, as 'with
stars dim-twinkling through.' And then, when the light is gone quite
out, a National Legislature grants 'ceremonial funeral!' As good had
been the natural Presbyterian Kirk-bell, and six feet of Scottish earth,
among the dust of thy loved ones.--Such world lay beyond the Promontory
of St. Bees. Such is the life of sinful mankind here below.
But of all strangers, far the notablest for us is Baron Jean Baptiste de
Clootz;--or, dropping baptisms and feudalisms, World-Citizen Anacharsis
Clootz, from Cleves. Him mark, judicious Reader. Thou hast known his
Uncle, sharp-sighted thorough-going Cornelius de Pauw, who mercilessly
cuts down cherished illusions; and of the finest antique Spartans, will
make mere modern cutthroat Mainots. (De Pauw, Recherches sur les Grecs,
&c.) The like stuff is in Anacharsis: hot metal; full of scoriae, which
should and could have been smelted out, but which will not. He has
wandered over this terraqueous Planet; seeking, one may say, the
Paradise we lost long ago. He has seen English Burke; has been seen
of the Portugal Inquisition; has roamed, and fought, and written; is
writing, among other things, 'Evidences of the Mahometan Religion.' But
now, like his Scythian adoptive godfather, he finds himself in the Paris
Athens; surely, at last, the haven of his soul. A dashing man, beloved
at Patriotic dinner-tables; with gaiety, nay with humour; headlong,
trenchant, of free purse; in suitable costume; though what mortal ever
more despised costumes? Under all costumes Anacharsis seeks the man; not
Stylites Marat will more freely trample costumes, if they hold no man.
This is the faith of Anacharsis: That there is a Paradise discoverable;
that all costumes ought to hold men. O Anacharsis, it is a headlong,
swift-going faith. Mounted thereon, meseems, thou art bound hastily for
the City of Nowhere; and wilt arrive! At best, we may say, arrive in
good riding attitude; which indeed is something.
So many new persons, and new things, have come to occupy this France.
Her old Speech and Thought, and Activity which springs from those, are
all changing; fermenting towards unknown issues. To the dullest peasant,
as he sits sluggish, overtoiled, by his evening hearth, one idea has
come: that of Chateaus burnt; of Chateaus combustible. How altered all
Coffeehouses, in Province or Capital! The Antre de Procope has now
other questions than the Three Stagyrite Unities to settle; not
theatre-controversies, but a world-controversy: there, in the ancient
pigtail mode, or with modern Brutus' heads, do well-frizzed logicians
hold hubbub, and Chaos umpire sits. The ever-enduring Melody of Paris
Saloons has got a new ground-tone: ever-enduring; which has been heard,
and by the listening Heaven too, since Julian the Apostate's time and
earlier; mad now as formerly.
Ex-Censor Suard, Ex-Censor, for we have freedom of the Press; he may be
seen there; impartial, even neutral. Tyrant Grimm rolls large eyes,
over a questionable coming Time. Atheist Naigeon, beloved disciple
of Diderot, crows, in his small difficult way, heralding glad dawn.
(Naigeon: Addresse a l'Assemblee Nationale (Paris, 1790) sur la liberte
des opinions.) But, on the other hand, how many Morellets, Marmontels,
who had sat all their life hatching Philosophe eggs, cackle now, in a
state bordering on distraction, at the brood they have brought out!
(See Marmontel, Memoires, passim; Morellet, Memoires, &c.) It was so
delightful to have one's Philosophe Theorem demonstrated, crowned in the
saloons: and now an infatuated people will not continue speculative, but
have Practice?
There also observe Preceptress Genlis, or Sillery, or
Sillery-Genlis,--for our husband is both Count and Marquis, and we
have more than one title. Pretentious, frothy; a puritan yet creedless;
darkening counsel by words without wisdom! For, it is in that
thin element of the Sentimentalist and Distinguished-Female that
Sillery-Genlis works; she would gladly be sincere, yet can grow no
sincerer than sincere-cant: sincere-cant of many forms, ending in the
devotional form. For the present, on a neck still of moderate whiteness,
she wears as jewel a miniature Bastille, cut on mere sandstone, but
then actual Bastille sandstone. M. le Marquis is one of d'Orleans's
errandmen; in National Assembly, and elsewhere. Madame, for her part,
trains up a youthful d'Orleans generation in what superfinest morality
one can; gives meanwhile rather enigmatic account of fair Mademoiselle
Pamela, the Daughter whom she has adopted. Thus she, in Palais Royal
saloon;--whither, we remark, d'Orleans himself, spite of Lafayette, has
returned from that English 'mission' of his: surely no pleasant mission:
for the English would not speak to him; and Saint Hannah More of
England, so unlike Saint Sillery-Genlis of France, saw him shunned,
in Vauxhall Gardens, like one pest-struck, (Hannah More's Life and
Correspondence, ii. c. 5.) and his red-blue impassive visage waxing
hardly a shade bluer.
Chapter 2.1.IV.
Journalism.
As for Constitutionalism, with its National Guards, it is doing what
it can; and has enough to do: it must, as ever, with one hand wave
persuasively, repressing Patriotism; and keep the other clenched to
menace Royalty plotters. A most delicate task; requiring tact.
Thus, if People's-friend Marat has to-day his writ of 'prise de corps,
or seizure of body,' served on him, and dives out of sight, tomorrow
he is left at large; or is even encouraged, as a sort of bandog whose
baying may be useful. President Danton, in open Hall, with reverberating
voice, declares that, in a case like Marat's, "force may be resisted by
force." Whereupon the Chatelet serves Danton also with a writ;--which,
however, as the whole Cordeliers District responds to it, what Constable
will be prompt to execute? Twice more, on new occasions, does the
Chatelet launch its writ; and twice more in vain: the body of Danton
cannot be seized by Chatelet; he unseized, should he even fly for a
season, shall behold the Chatelet itself flung into limbo.
Municipality and Brissot, meanwhile, are far on with their Municipal
Constitution. The Sixty Districts shall become Forty-eight Sections;
much shall be adjusted, and Paris have its Constitution. A Constitution
wholly Elective; as indeed all French Government shall and must be. And
yet, one fatal element has been introduced: that of citoyen actif. No
man who does not pay the marc d'argent, or yearly tax equal to three
days' labour, shall be other than a passive citizen: not the slightest
vote for him; were he acting, all the year round, with sledge hammer,
with forest-levelling axe! Unheard of! cry Patriot Journals. Yes truly,
my Patriot Friends, if Liberty, the passion and prayer of all men's
souls, means Liberty to send your fifty-thousandth part of a new
Tongue-fencer into National Debating-club, then, be the gods witness, ye
are hardly entreated. Oh, if in National Palaver (as the Africans name
it), such blessedness is verily found, what tyrant would deny it to Son
of Adam! Nay, might there not be a Female Parliament too, with 'screams
from the Opposition benches,' and 'the honourable Member borne out in
hysterics?' To a Children's Parliament would I gladly consent; or even
lower if ye wished it. Beloved Brothers! Liberty, one might fear, is
actually, as the ancient wise men said, of Heaven. On this Earth, where,
thinks the enlightened public, did a brave little Dame de Staal (not
Necker's Daughter, but a far shrewder than she) find the nearest
approach to Liberty? After mature computation, cool as Dilworth's, her
answer is, In the Bastille. (See De Staal: Memoires (Paris, 1821), i.
169-280.) "Of Heaven?" answer many, asking. Wo that they should ask; for
that is the very misery! "Of Heaven" means much; share in the National
Palaver it may, or may as probably not mean.
One Sansculottic bough that cannot fail to flourish is Journalism. The
voice of the People being the voice of God, shall not such divine voice
make itself heard? To the ends of France; and in as many dialects as
when the first great Babel was to be built! Some loud as the lion; some
small as the sucking dove. Mirabeau himself has his instructive Journal
or Journals, with Geneva hodmen working in them; and withal has quarrels
enough with Dame le Jay, his Female Bookseller, so ultra-compliant
otherwise. (See Dumont: Souvenirs, 6.)
King's-friend Royou still prints himself. Barrere sheds tears of loyal
sensibility in Break of Day Journal, though with declining sale. But why
is Freron so hot, democratic; Freron, the King's-friend's Nephew? He has
it by kind, that heat of his: wasp Freron begot him; Voltaire's Frelon;
who fought stinging, while sting and poison-bag were left, were it only
as Reviewer, and over Printed Waste-paper. Constant, illuminative,
as the nightly lamplighter, issues the useful Moniteur, for it is now
become diurnal: with facts and few commentaries; official, safe in the
middle:--its able Editors sunk long since, recoverably or irrecoverably,
in deep darkness. Acid Loustalot, with his 'vigour,' as of young sloes,
shall never ripen, but die untimely: his Prudhomme, however, will
not let that Revolutions de Paris die; but edit it himself, with much
else,--dull-blustering Printer though he be.
Of Cassandra-Marat we have spoken often; yet the most surprising truth
remains to be spoken: that he actually does not want sense; but, with
croaking gelid throat, croaks out masses of the truth, on several
things. Nay sometimes, one might almost fancy he had a perception of
humour, and were laughing a little, far down in his inner man. Camille
is wittier than ever, and more outspoken, cynical; yet sunny as ever. A
light melodious creature; 'born,' as he shall yet say with bitter tears,
'to write verses;' light Apollo, so clear, soft-lucent, in this war of
the Titans, wherein he shall not conquer!
Folded and hawked Newspapers exist in all countries; but, in such a
Journalistic element as this of France, other and stranger sorts are
to be anticipated. What says the English reader to a Journal-Affiche,
Placard Journal; legible to him that has no halfpenny; in bright
prismatic colours, calling the eye from afar? Such, in the coming
months, as Patriot Associations, public and private, advance, and can
subscribe funds, shall plenteously hang themselves out: leaves, limed
leaves, to catch what they can! The very Government shall have its
Pasted Journal; Louvet, busy yet with a new 'charming romance,' shall
write Sentinelles, and post them with effect; nay Bertrand de
Moleville, in his extremity, shall still more cunningly try it. (See
Bertrand-Moleville: Memoires, ii. 100, &c.) Great is Journalism. Is not
every Able Editor a Ruler of the World, being a persuader of it; though
self-elected, yet sanctioned, by the sale of his Numbers? Whom indeed
the world has the readiest method of deposing, should need be: that of
merely doing nothing to him; which ends in starvation!
Nor esteem it small what those Bill-stickers had to do in Paris: above
Three Score of them: all with their crosspoles, haversacks, pastepots;
nay with leaden badges, for the Municipality licenses them. A Sacred
College, properly of World-rulers' Heralds, though not respected as
such, in an Era still incipient and raw. They made the walls of Paris
didactic, suasive, with an ever fresh Periodical Literature, wherein
he that ran might read: Placard Journals, Placard Lampoons,
Municipal Ordinances, Royal Proclamations; the whole other or vulgar
Placard-department super-added,--or omitted from contempt! What
unutterable things the stone-walls spoke, during these five years! But
it is all gone; To-day swallowing Yesterday, and then being in its
turn swallowed of To-morrow, even as Speech ever is. Nay what, O thou
immortal Man of Letters, is Writing itself but Speech conserved for a
time? The Placard Journal conserved it for one day; some Books conserve
it for the matter of ten years; nay some for three thousand: but what
then? Why, then, the years being all run, it also dies, and the world
is rid of it. Oh, were there not a spirit in the word of man, as in
man himself, that survived the audible bodied word, and tended either
Godward, or else Devilward for evermore, why should he trouble himself
much with the truth of it, or the falsehood of it, except for commercial
purposes? His immortality indeed, and whether it shall last half a
lifetime, or a lifetime and half; is not that a very considerable thing?
As mortality, was to the runaway, whom Great Fritz bullied back into the
battle with a: "R--, wollt ihr ewig leben, Unprintable Off-scouring of
Scoundrels, would ye live for ever!"
This is the Communication of Thought: how happy when there is any
Thought to communicate! Neither let the simpler old methods be
neglected, in their sphere. The Palais-Royal Tent, a tyrannous
Patrollotism has removed; but can it remove the lungs of man? Anaxagoras
Chaumette we saw mounted on bourne-stones, while Tallien worked
sedentary at the subeditorial desk. In any corner of the civilised
world, a tub can be inverted, and an articulate-speaking biped mount
thereon. Nay, with contrivance, a portable trestle, or folding-stool,
can be procured, for love or money; this the peripatetic Orator can take
in his hand, and, driven out here, set it up again there; saying mildly,
with a Sage Bias, Omnia mea mecum porto.
Such is Journalism, hawked, pasted, spoken. How changed since One
old Metra walked this same Tuileries Garden, in gilt cocked hat, with
Journal at his nose, or held loose-folded behind his back; and was a
notability of Paris, 'Metra the Newsman;' (Dulaure, Histoire de Paris,
viii. 483; Mercier, Nouveau Paris, &c.) and Louis himself was wont to
say: Qu'en dit Metra? Since the first Venetian News-sheet was sold for a
gazza, or farthing, and named Gazette! We live in a fertile world.
Chapter 2.1.V.
Clubbism.
Where the heart is full, it seeks, for a thousand reasons, in a thousand
ways, to impart itself. How sweet, indispensable, in such cases, is
fellowship; soul mystically strengthening soul! The meditative Germans,
some think, have been of opinion that Enthusiasm in the general means
simply excessive Congregating--Schwarmerey, or Swarming. At any rate,
do we not see glimmering half-red embers, if laid together, get into the
brightest white glow?
In such a France, gregarious Reunions will needs multiply, intensify;
French Life will step out of doors, and, from domestic, become a public
Club Life. Old Clubs, which already germinated, grow and flourish; new
every where bud forth. It is the sure symptom of Social Unrest: in such
way, most infallibly of all, does Social Unrest exhibit itself; find
solacement, and also nutriment. In every French head there hangs now,
whether for terror or for hope, some prophetic picture of a New France:
prophecy which brings, nay which almost is, its own fulfilment; and in
all ways, consciously and unconsciously, works towards that.
Observe, moreover, how the Aggregative Principle, let it be but deep
enough, goes on aggregating, and this even in a geometrical progression:
how when the whole world, in such a plastic time, is forming itself
into Clubs, some One Club, the strongest or luckiest, shall, by friendly
attracting, by victorious compelling, grow ever stronger, till it become
immeasurably strong; and all the others, with their strength, be either
lovingly absorbed into it, or hostilely abolished by it! This if the
Club-spirit is universal; if the time is plastic. Plastic enough is the
time, universal the Club-spirit: such an all absorbing, paramount One
Club cannot be wanting.
What a progress, since the first salient-point of the Breton Committee!
It worked long in secret, not languidly; it has come with the National
Assembly to Paris; calls itself Club; calls itself in imitation, as is
thought, of those generous Price-Stanhope English, French Revolution
Club; but soon, with more originality, Club of Friends of the
Constitution. Moreover it has leased, for itself, at a fair rent, the
Hall of the Jacobin's Convent, one of our 'superfluous edifices;' and
does therefrom now, in these spring months, begin shining out on an
admiring Paris. And so, by degrees, under the shorter popular title of
Jacobins' Club, it shall become memorable to all times and lands. Glance
into the interior: strongly yet modestly benched and seated; as many as
Thirteen Hundred chosen Patriots; Assembly Members not a few. Barnave,
the two Lameths are seen there; occasionally Mirabeau, perpetually
Robespierre; also the ferret-visage of Fouquier-Tinville with
other attorneys; Anacharsis of Prussian Scythia, and miscellaneous
Patriots,--though all is yet in the most perfectly clean-washed state;
decent, nay dignified. President on platform, President's bell are
not wanting; oratorical Tribune high-raised; nor strangers' galleries,
wherein also sit women. Has any French Antiquarian Society preserved
that written Lease of the Jacobins Convent Hall? Or was it, unluckier
even than Magna Charta, clipt by sacrilegious Tailors? Universal History
is not indifferent to it.
These Friends of the Constitution have met mainly, as their name may
foreshadow, to look after Elections when an Election comes, and procure
fit men; but likewise to consult generally that the Commonweal take
no damage; one as yet sees not how. For indeed let two or three gather
together any where, if it be not in Church, where all are bound to the
passive state; no mortal can say accurately, themselves as little as
any, for what they are gathered. How often has the broached barrel
proved not to be for joy and heart effusion, but for duel and
head-breakage; and the promised feast become a Feast of the Lapithae!
This Jacobins Club, which at first shone resplendent, and was thought to
be a new celestial Sun for enlightening the Nations, had, as things all
have, to work through its appointed phases: it burned unfortunately more
and more lurid, more sulphurous, distracted;--and swam at last, through
the astonished Heaven, like a Tartarean Portent, and lurid-burning
Prison of Spirits in Pain.
Its style of eloquence? Rejoice, Reader, that thou knowest it not, that
thou canst never perfectly know. The Jacobins published a Journal
of Debates, where they that have the heart may examine: Impassioned,
full-droning Patriotic-eloquence; implacable, unfertile--save for
Destruction, which was indeed its work: most wearisome, though most
deadly. Be thankful that Oblivion covers so much; that all carrion is
by and by buried in the green Earth's bosom, and even makes her grow the
greener. The Jacobins are buried; but their work is not; it continues
'making the tour of the world,' as it can. It might be seen lately, for
instance, with bared bosom and death-defiant eye, as far on as
Greek Missolonghi; and, strange enough, old slumbering Hellas was
resuscitated, into somnambulism which will become clear wakefulness, by
a voice from the Rue St. Honore! All dies, as we often say; except the
spirit of man, of what man does. Thus has not the very House of the
Jacobins vanished; scarcely lingering in a few old men's memories?
The St. Honore Market has brushed it away, and now where dull-droning
eloquence, like a Trump of Doom, once shook the world, there is pacific
chaffering for poultry and greens. The sacred National Assembly Hall
itself has become common ground; President's platform permeable to wain
and dustcart; for the Rue de Rivoli runs there. Verily, at Cockcrow (of
this Cock or the other), all Apparitions do melt and dissolve in space.
The Paris Jacobins became 'the Mother-Society, Societe-Mere;' and had
as many as 'three hundred' shrill-tongued daughters in 'direct
correspondence' with her. Of indirectly corresponding, what we may
call grand-daughters and minute progeny, she counted 'forty-four
thousand!'--But for the present we note only two things: the first
of them a mere anecdote. One night, a couple of brother Jacobins are
doorkeepers; for the members take this post of duty and honour in
rotation, and admit none that have not tickets: one doorkeeper was the
worthy Sieur Lais, a patriotic Opera-singer, stricken in years, whose
windpipe is long since closed without result; the other, young, and
named Louis Philippe, d'Orleans's firstborn, has in this latter time,
after unheard-of destinies, become Citizen-King, and struggles to rule
for a season. All-flesh is grass; higher reedgrass or creeping herb.
The second thing we have to note is historical: that the Mother-Society,
even in this its effulgent period, cannot content all Patriots. Already
it must throw off, so to speak, two dissatisfied swarms; a swarm to
the right, a swarm to the left. One party, which thinks the Jacobins
lukewarm, constitutes itself into Club of the Cordeliers; a hotter Club:
it is Danton's element: with whom goes Desmoulins. The other party,
again, which thinks the Jacobins scalding-hot, flies off to the right,
and becomes 'Club of 1789, Friends of the Monarchic Constitution.' They
are afterwards named 'Feuillans Club;' their place of meeting being the
Feuillans Convent. Lafayette is, or becomes, their chief-man; supported
by the respectable Patriot everywhere, by the mass of Property and
Intelligence,--with the most flourishing prospects. They, in these June
days of 1790, do, in the Palais Royal, dine solemnly with open windows;
to the cheers of the people; with toasts, with inspiriting songs,--with
one song at least, among the feeblest ever sung. (Hist. Parl. vi.
334.) They shall, in due time be hooted forth, over the borders, into
Cimmerian Night.
Another expressly Monarchic or Royalist Club, 'Club des Monarchiens,'
though a Club of ample funds, and all sitting in damask sofas,
cannot realise the smallest momentary cheer; realises only scoffs and
groans;--till, ere long, certain Patriots in disorderly sufficient
number, proceed thither, for a night or for nights, and groan it out of
pain. Vivacious alone shall the Mother-Society and her family be. The
very Cordeliers may, as it were, return into her bosom, which will have
grown warm enough.
Fatal-looking! Are not such Societies an incipient New Order of Society
itself? The Aggregative Principle anew at work in a Society grown
obsolete, cracked asunder, dissolving into rubbish and primary atoms?
Chapter 2.1.VI.
Je le jure.
With these signs of the times, is it not surprising that the dominant
feeling all over France was still continually Hope? O blessed Hope, sole
boon of man; whereby, on his strait prison walls, are painted beautiful
far-stretching landscapes; and into the night of very Death is shed
holiest dawn! Thou art to all an indefeasible possession in this
God's-world: to the wise a sacred Constantine's-banner, written on the
eternal skies; under which they shall conquer, for the battle itself is
victory: to the foolish some secular mirage, or shadow of still waters,
painted on the parched Earth; whereby at least their dusty pilgrimage,
if devious, becomes cheerfuller, becomes possible.
In the death-tumults of a sinking Society, French Hope sees only the
birth-struggles of a new unspeakably better Society; and sings, with
full assurance of faith, her brisk Melody, which some inspired fiddler
has in these very days composed for her,--the world-famous ca-ira. Yes;
'that will go:' and then there will come--? All men hope: even Marat
hopes--that Patriotism will take muff and dirk. King Louis is not
without hope: in the chapter of chances; in a flight to some Bouille; in
getting popularized at Paris. But what a hoping People he had, judge by
the fact, and series of facts, now to be noted.
Poor Louis, meaning the best, with little insight and even less
determination of his own, has to follow, in that dim wayfaring of his,
such signal as may be given him; by backstairs Royalism, by official or
backstairs Constitutionalism, whichever for the month may have convinced
the royal mind. If flight to Bouille, and (horrible to think!) a drawing
of the civil sword do hang as theory, portentous in the background, much
nearer is this fact of these Twelve Hundred Kings, who sit in the Salle
de Manege. Kings uncontrollable by him, not yet irreverent to him. Could
kind management of these but prosper, how much better were it than armed
Emigrants, Turin-intrigues, and the help of Austria! Nay, are the two
hopes inconsistent? Rides in the suburbs, we have found, cost little;
yet they always brought vivats. (See Bertrand-Moleville, i. 241, &c.)
Still cheaper is a soft word; such as has many times turned away
wrath. In these rapid days, while France is all getting divided into
Departments, Clergy about to be remodelled, Popular Societies
rising, and Feudalism and so much ever is ready to be hurled into the
melting-pot,--might one not try?
On the 4th of February, accordingly, M. le President reads to his
National Assembly a short autograph, announcing that his Majesty will
step over, quite in an unceremonious way, probably about noon. Think,
therefore, Messieurs, what it may mean; especially, how ye will get the
Hall decorated a little. The Secretaries' Bureau can be shifted down
from the platform; on the President's chair be slipped this cover of
velvet, 'of a violet colour sprigged with gold fleur-de-lys;'--for
indeed M. le President has had previous notice underhand, and taken
counsel with Doctor Guillotin. Then some fraction of 'velvet carpet,'
of like texture and colour, cannot that be spread in front of the chair,
where the Secretaries usually sit? So has judicious Guillotin advised:
and the effect is found satisfactory. Moreover, as it is probable that
his Majesty, in spite of the fleur-de-lys-velvet, will stand and not sit
at all, the President himself, in the interim, presides standing. And
so, while some honourable Member is discussing, say, the division of a
Department, Ushers announce: "His Majesty!" In person, with small suite,
enter Majesty: the honourable Member stops short; the Assembly starts
to its feet; the Twelve Hundred Kings 'almost all,' and the Galleries no
less, do welcome the Restorer of French Liberty with loyal shouts. His
Majesty's Speech, in diluted conventional phraseology, expresses this
mainly: That he, most of all Frenchmen, rejoices to see France getting
regenerated; is sure, at the same time, that they will deal gently
with her in the process, and not regenerate her roughly. Such was his
Majesty's Speech: the feat he performed was coming to speak it, and
going back again.
Surely, except to a very hoping People, there was not much here to build
upon. Yet what did they not build! The fact that the King has spoken,
that he has voluntarily come to speak, how inexpressibly encouraging!
Did not the glance of his royal countenance, like concentrated sunbeams,
kindle all hearts in an august Assembly; nay thereby in an inflammable
enthusiastic France? To move 'Deputation of thanks' can be the happy
lot of but one man; to go in such Deputation the lot of not many. The
Deputed have gone, and returned with what highest-flown compliment they
could; whom also the Queen met, Dauphin in hand. And still do not our
hearts burn with insatiable gratitude; and to one other man a still
higher blessedness suggests itself: To move that we all renew the
National Oath.
Happiest honourable Member, with his word so in season as word seldom
was; magic Fugleman of a whole National Assembly, which sat there
bursting to do somewhat; Fugleman of a whole onlooking France! The
President swears; declares that every one shall swear, in distinct je
le jure. Nay the very Gallery sends him down a written slip signed, with
their Oath on it; and as the Assembly now casts an eye that way, the
Gallery all stands up and swears again. And then out of doors, consider
at the Hotel-de-Ville how Bailly, the great Tennis-Court swearer,
again swears, towards nightful, with all the Municipals, and Heads of
Districts assembled there. And 'M. Danton suggests that the public would
like to partake:' whereupon Bailly, with escort of Twelve, steps
forth to the great outer staircase; sways the ebullient multitude with
stretched hand: takes their oath, with a thunder of 'rolling drums,'
with shouts that rend the welkin. And on all streets the glad people,
with moisture and fire in their eyes, 'spontaneously formed groups, and
swore one another,' (Newspapers in Hist. Parl. iv. 445.)--and the whole
City was illuminated. This was the Fourth of February 1790: a day to be
marked white in Constitutional annals.
Nor is the illumination for a night only, but partially or totally
it lasts a series of nights. For each District, the Electors of each
District, will swear specially; and always as the District swears; it
illuminates itself. Behold them, District after District, in some open
square, where the Non-Electing People can all see and join: with
their uplifted right hands, and je le jure: with rolling drums, with
embracings, and that infinite hurrah of the enfranchised,--which any
tyrant that there may be can consider! Faithful to the King, to the Law,
to the Constitution which the National Assembly shall make.
Fancy, for example, the Professors of Universities parading the streets
with their young France, and swearing, in an enthusiastic manner, not
without tumult. By a larger exercise of fancy, expand duly this little
word: The like was repeated in every Town and District of France! Nay
one Patriot Mother, in Lagnon of Brittany, assembles her ten children;
and, with her own aged hand, swears them all herself, the highsouled
venerable woman. Of all which, moreover, a National Assembly must be
eloquently apprised. Such three weeks of swearing! Saw the sun ever such
a swearing people? Have they been bit by a swearing tarantula? No: but
they are men and Frenchmen; they have Hope; and, singular to say, they
have Faith, were it only in the Gospel according to Jean Jacques. O my
Brothers! would to Heaven it were even as ye think and have sworn!
But there are Lovers' Oaths, which, had they been true as love itself,
cannot be kept; not to speak of Dicers' Oaths, also a known sort.
Chapter 2.1.VII.
Prodigies.
To such length had the Contrat Social brought it, in believing hearts.
Man, as is well said, lives by faith; each generation has its own
faith, more or less; and laughs at the faith of its predecessor,--most
unwisely. Grant indeed that this faith in the Social Contract belongs
to the stranger sorts; that an unborn generation may very wisely, if
not laugh, yet stare at it, and piously consider. For, alas, what is
Contrat? If all men were such that a mere spoken or sworn Contract would
bind them, all men were then true men, and Government a superfluity. Not
what thou and I have promised to each other, but what the balance of our
forces can make us perform to each other: that, in so sinful a world
as ours, is the thing to be counted on. But above all, a People and a
Sovereign promising to one another; as if a whole People, changing
from generation to generation, nay from hour to hour, could ever by any
method be made to speak or promise; and to speak mere solecisms: "We,
be the Heavens witness, which Heavens however do no miracles now; we,
ever-changing Millions, will allow thee, changeful Unit, to force us or
govern us!" The world has perhaps seen few faiths comparable to that.
So nevertheless had the world then construed the matter. Had they not so
construed it, how different had their hopes been, their attempts, their
results! But so and not otherwise did the Upper Powers will it to be.
Freedom by Social Contract: such was verily the Gospel of that Era. And
all men had believed in it, as in a Heaven's Glad-tidings men should;
and with overflowing heart and uplifted voice clave to it, and stood
fronting Time and Eternity on it. Nay smile not; or only with a smile
sadder than tears! This too was a better faith than the one it had
replaced: than faith merely in the Everlasting Nothing and man's
Digestive Power; lower than which no faith can go.
Not that such universally prevalent, universally jurant, feeling of
Hope, could be a unanimous one. Far from that! The time was ominous:
social dissolution near and certain; social renovation still a problem,
difficult and distant even though sure. But if ominous to some clearest
onlooker, whose faith stood not with one side or with the other, nor
in the ever-vexed jarring of Greek with Greek at all,--how unspeakably
ominous to dim Royalist participators; for whom Royalism was Mankind's
palladium; for whom, with the abolition of Most-Christian Kingship and
Most-Talleyrand Bishopship, all loyal obedience, all religious faith
was to expire, and final Night envelope the Destinies of Man! On serious
hearts, of that persuasion, the matter sinks down deep; prompting, as
we have seen, to backstairs Plots, to Emigration with pledge of war, to
Monarchic Clubs; nay to still madder things.
The Spirit of Prophecy, for instance, had been considered extinct for
some centuries: nevertheless these last-times, as indeed is the tendency
of last-times, do revive it; that so, of French mad things, we might
have sample also of the maddest. In remote rural districts, whither
Philosophism has not yet radiated, where a heterodox Constitution of
the Clergy is bringing strife round the altar itself, and the very
Church-bells are getting melted into small money-coin, it appears
probable that the End of the World cannot be far off. Deep-musing
atrabiliar old men, especially old women, hint in an obscure way that
they know what they know. The Holy Virgin, silent so long, has not gone
dumb;--and truly now, if ever more in this world, were the time for her
to speak. One Prophetess, though careless Historians have omitted her
name, condition, and whereabout, becomes audible to the general ear;
credible to not a few: credible to Friar Gerle, poor Patriot Chartreux,
in the National Assembly itself! She, in Pythoness' recitative, with
wildstaring eye, sings that there shall be a Sign; that the heavenly Sun
himself will hang out a Sign, or Mock-Sun,--which, many say, shall be
stamped with the Head of hanged Favras. List, Dom Gerle, with that poor
addled poll of thine; list, O list;--and hear nothing. (Deux Amis, v. c.
7.)
Notable however was that 'magnetic vellum, velin magnetique,' of the
Sieurs d'Hozier and Petit-Jean, Parlementeers of Rouen. Sweet
young d'Hozier, 'bred in the faith of his Missal, and of parchment
genealogies,' and of parchment generally: adust, melancholic,
middle-aged Petit-Jean: why came these two to Saint-Cloud, where his
Majesty was hunting, on the festival of St. Peter and St. Paul; and
waited there, in antechambers, a wonder to whispering Swiss, the
livelong day; and even waited without the Grates, when turned out; and
had dismissed their valets to Paris, as with purpose of endless waiting?
They have a magnetic vellum, these two; whereon the Virgin, wonderfully
clothing herself in Mesmerean Cagliostric Occult-Philosophy,
has inspired them to jot down instructions and predictions for a
much-straitened King. To whom, by Higher Order, they will this day
present it; and save the Monarchy and World. Unaccountable pair of
visual-objects! Ye should be men, and of the Eighteenth Century; but
your magnetic vellum forbids us so to interpret. Say, are ye aught?
Thus ask the Guardhouse Captains, the Mayor of St. Cloud; nay, at great
length, thus asks the Committee of Researches, and not the Municipal,
but the National Assembly one. No distinct answer, for weeks. At last it
becomes plain that the right answer is negative. Go, ye Chimeras, with
your magnetic vellum; sweet young Chimera, adust middle-aged one! The
Prison-doors are open. Hardly again shall ye preside the Rouen Chamber
of Accounts; but vanish obscurely into Limbo. (See Deux Amis, v. 199.)
Chapter 2.1.VIII.
Solemn League and Covenant.
Such dim masses, and specks of even deepest black, work in that
white-hot glow of the French mind, now wholly in fusion, and confusion.
Old women here swearing their ten children on the new Evangel of Jean
Jacques; old women there looking up for Favras' Heads in the celestial
Luminary: these are preternatural signs, prefiguring somewhat.
In fact, to the Patriot children of Hope themselves, it is undeniable
that difficulties exist: emigrating Seigneurs; Parlements in sneaking
but most malicious mutiny (though the rope is round their neck); above
all, the most decided 'deficiency of grains.' Sorrowful: but, to a
Nation that hopes, not irremediable. To a Nation which is in fusion
and ardent communion of thought; which, for example, on signal of one
Fugleman, will lift its right hand like a drilled regiment, and swear
and illuminate, till every village from Ardennes to the Pyrenees has
rolled its village-drum, and sent up its little oath, and glimmer of
tallow-illumination some fathoms into the reign of Night!
If grains are defective, the fault is not of Nature or National
Assembly, but of Art and Antinational Intriguers. Such malign
individuals, of the scoundrel species, have power to vex us, while the
Constitution is a-making. Endure it, ye heroic Patriots: nay rather,
why not cure it? Grains do grow, they lie extant there in sheaf or sack;
only that regraters and Royalist plotters, to provoke the people into
illegality, obstruct the transport of grains. Quick, ye organised
Patriot Authorities, armed National Guards, meet together; unite your
goodwill; in union is tenfold strength: let the concentred flash of your
Patriotism strike stealthy Scoundrelism blind, paralytic, as with a coup
de soleil.
Under which hat or nightcap of the Twenty-five millions, this pregnant
Idea first rose, for in some one head it did rise, no man can now say.
A most small idea, near at hand for the whole world: but a living one,
fit; and which waxed, whether into greatness or not, into immeasurable
size. When a Nation is in this state that the Fugleman can operate on
it, what will the word in season, the act in season, not do! It will
grow verily, like the Boy's Bean in the Fairy-Tale, heaven-high, with
habitations and adventures on it, in one night. It is nevertheless
unfortunately still a Bean (for your long-lived Oak grows not so);
and, the next night, it may lie felled, horizontal, trodden into common
mud.--But remark, at least, how natural to any agitated Nation, which
has Faith, this business of Covenanting is. The Scotch, believing in a
righteous Heaven above them, and also in a Gospel, far other than the
Jean-Jacques one, swore, in their extreme need, a Solemn League and
Covenant,--as Brothers on the forlorn-hope, and imminence of battle, who
embrace looking Godward; and got the whole Isle to swear it; and even,
in their tough Old-Saxon Hebrew-Presbyterian way, to keep it more or
less;--for the thing, as such things are, was heard in Heaven, and
partially ratified there; neither is it yet dead, if thou wilt look, nor
like to die. The French too, with their Gallic-Ethnic excitability and
effervescence, have, as we have seen, real Faith, of a sort; they are
hard bestead, though in the middle of Hope: a National Solemn League
and Covenant there may be in France too; under how different conditions;
with how different developement and issue!
Note, accordingly, the small commencement; first spark of a mighty
firework: for if the particular hat cannot be fixed upon, the particular
District can. On the 29th day of last November, were National Guards by
the thousand seen filing, from far and near, with military music,
with Municipal officers in tricolor sashes, towards and along the
Rhone-stream, to the little town of Etoile. There with ceremonial
evolution and manoeuvre, with fanfaronading, musketry-salvoes, and what
else the Patriot genius could devise, they made oath and obtestation to
stand faithfully by one another, under Law and King; in particular, to
have all manner of grains, while grains there were, freely circulated,
in spite both of robber and regrater. This was the meeting of Etoile, in
the mild end of November 1789.
But now, if a mere empty Review, followed by Review-dinner, ball, and
such gesticulation and flirtation as there may be, interests the happy
County-town, and makes it the envy of surrounding County-towns, how much
more might this! In a fortnight, larger Montelimart, half ashamed of
itself, will do as good, and better. On the Plain of Montelimart,
or what is equally sonorous, 'under the Walls of Montelimart,' the
thirteenth of December sees new gathering and obtestation; six thousand
strong; and now indeed, with these three remarkable improvements, as
unanimously resolved on there. First that the men of Montelimart
do federate with the already federated men of Etoile. Second, that,
implying not expressing the circulation of grain, they 'swear in
the face of God and their Country' with much more emphasis and
comprehensiveness, 'to obey all decrees of the National Assembly,
and see them obeyed, till death, jusqu'a la mort.' Third, and most
important, that official record of all this be solemnly delivered in
to the National Assembly, to M. de Lafayette, and 'to the Restorer of
French Liberty;' who shall all take what comfort from it they can. Thus
does larger Montelimart vindicate its Patriot importance, and maintain
its rank in the municipal scale. (Hist. Parl. vii. 4.)
And so, with the New-year, the signal is hoisted; for is not a National
Assembly, and solemn deliverance there, at lowest a National Telegraph?
Not only grain shall circulate, while there is grain, on highways or
the Rhone-waters, over all that South-Eastern region,--where also if
Monseigneur d'Artois saw good to break in from Turin, hot welcome might
wait him; but whatsoever Province of France is straitened for grain, or
vexed with a mutinous Parlement, unconstitutional plotters, Monarchic
Clubs, or any other Patriot ailment,--can go and do likewise, or even do
better. And now, especially, when the February swearing has set them all
agog! From Brittany to Burgundy, on most plains of France, under
most City-walls, it is a blaring of trumpets, waving of banners, a
constitutional manoeuvring: under the vernal skies, while Nature too
is putting forth her green Hopes, under bright sunshine defaced by the
stormful East; like Patriotism victorious, though with difficulty, over
Aristocracy and defect of grain! There march and constitutionally
wheel, to the ca-ira-ing mood of fife and drum, under their tricolor
Municipals, our clear-gleaming Phalanxes; or halt, with uplifted
right-hand, and artillery-salvoes that imitate Jove's thunder; and
all the Country, and metaphorically all 'the Universe,' is looking on.
Wholly, in their best apparel, brave men, and beautifully dizened women,
most of whom have lovers there; swearing, by the eternal Heavens and
this green-growing all-nutritive Earth, that France is free!
Sweetest days, when (astonishing to say) mortals have actually met
together in communion and fellowship; and man, were it only once
through long despicable centuries, is for moments verily the brother of
man!--And then the Deputations to the National Assembly, with highflown
descriptive harangue; to M. de Lafayette, and the Restorer; very
frequently moreover to the Mother of Patriotism sitting on her stout
benches in that Hall of the Jacobins! The general ear is filled with
Federation. New names of Patriots emerge, which shall one day become
familiar: Boyer-Fonfrede eloquent denunciator of a rebellious Bourdeaux
Parlement; Max Isnard eloquent reporter of the Federation of Draguignan;
eloquent pair, separated by the whole breadth of France, who are
nevertheless to meet. Ever wider burns the flame of Federation; ever
wider and also brighter. Thus the Brittany and Anjou brethren mention
a Fraternity of all true Frenchmen; and go the length of invoking
'perdition and death' on any renegade: moreover, if in their
National-Assembly harangue, they glance plaintively at the marc d'argent
which makes so many citizens passive, they, over in the Mother-Society,
ask, being henceforth themselves 'neither Bretons nor Angevins but
French,' Why all France has not one Federation, and universal Oath of
Brotherhood, once for all? (Reports, &c. (in Hist. Parl. ix. 122-147).)
A most pertinent suggestion; dating from the end of March. Which
pertinent suggestion the whole Patriot world cannot but catch, and
reverberate and agitate till it become loud;--which, in that case, the
Townhall Municipals had better take up, and meditate.
Some universal Federation seems inevitable: the Where is given; clearly
Paris: only the When, the How? These also productive Time will give; is
already giving. For always as the Federative work goes on, it perfects
itself, and Patriot genius adds contribution after contribution. Thus,
at Lyons, in the end of the May month, we behold as many as fifty, or
some say sixty thousand, met to federate; and a multitude looking on,
which it would be difficult to number. From dawn to dusk! For our Lyons
Guardsmen took rank, at five in the bright dewy morning; came pouring
in, bright-gleaming, to the Quai de Rhone, to march thence to the
Federation-field; amid wavings of hats and lady-handkerchiefs; glad
shoutings of some two hundred thousand Patriot voices and hearts;
the beautiful and brave! Among whom, courting no notice, and yet the
notablest of all, what queenlike Figure is this; with her escort of
house-friends and Champagneux the Patriot Editor; come abroad with the
earliest? Radiant with enthusiasm are those dark eyes, is that strong
Minerva-face, looking dignity and earnest joy; joyfullest she where
all are joyful. It is Roland de la Platriere's Wife! (Madame Roland,
Memoires, i. (Discours Preliminaire, p. 23).) Strict elderly Roland,
King's Inspector of Manufactures here; and now likewise, by popular
choice, the strictest of our new Lyons Municipals: a man who has gained
much, if worth and faculty be gain; but above all things, has gained to
wife Phlipon the Paris Engraver's daughter. Reader, mark that queenlike
burgher-woman: beautiful, Amazonian-graceful to the eye; more so to the
mind. Unconscious of her worth (as all worth is), of her greatness, of
her crystal clearness; genuine, the creature of Sincerity and Nature,
in an age of Artificiality, Pollution and Cant; there, in her still
completeness, in her still invincibility, she, if thou knew it, is the
noblest of all living Frenchwomen,--and will be seen, one day. O blessed
rather while unseen, even of herself! For the present she gazes, nothing
doubting, into this grand theatricality; and thinks her young dreams are
to be fulfilled.
From dawn to dusk, as we said, it lasts; and truly a sight like
few. Flourishes of drums and trumpets are something: but think of an
'artificial Rock fifty feet high,' all cut into crag-steps, not without
the similitude of 'shrubs!' The interior cavity, for in sooth it is
made of deal,--stands solemn, a 'Temple of Concord:' on the outer summit
rises 'a Statue of Liberty,' colossal, seen for miles, with her Pike and
Phrygian Cap, and civic column; at her feet a Country's Altar, 'Autel de
la Patrie:'--on all which neither deal-timber nor lath and plaster, with
paint of various colours, have been spared. But fancy then the banners
all placed on the steps of the Rock; high-mass chaunted; and the civic
oath of fifty thousand: with what volcanic outburst of sound from iron
and other throats, enough to frighten back the very Saone and Rhone; and
how the brightest fireworks, and balls, and even repasts closed in that
night of the gods! (Hist. Parl. xii. 274.) And so the Lyons Federation
vanishes too, swallowed of darkness;--and yet not wholly, for our brave
fair Roland was there; also she, though in the deepest privacy, writes
her Narrative of it in Champagneux's Courier de Lyons; a piece which
'circulates to the extent of sixty thousand;' which one would like now
to read.
But on the whole, Paris, we may see, will have little to devise; will
only have to borrow and apply. And then as to the day, what day of all
the calendar is fit, if the Bastille Anniversary be not? The particular
spot too, it is easy to see, must be the Champ-de-Mars; where many a
Julian the Apostate has been lifted on bucklers, to France's or the
world's sovereignty; and iron Franks, loud-clanging, have responded to
the voice of a Charlemagne; and from of old mere sublimities have been
familiar.
Chapter 2.1.IX.
Symbolic.
How natural, in all decisive circumstances, is Symbolic Representation
to all kinds of men! Nay, what is man's whole terrestrial Life but a
Symbolic Representation, and making visible, of the Celestial invisible
Force that is in him? By act and world he strives to do it; with
sincerity, if possible; failing that, with theatricality, which latter
also may have its meaning. An Almack's Masquerade is not nothing; in
more genial ages, your Christmas Guisings, Feasts of the Ass, Abbots
of Unreason, were a considerable something: since sport they were; as
Almacks may still be sincere wish for sport. But what, on the other
hand, must not sincere earnest have been: say, a Hebrew Feast of
Tabernacles have been! A whole Nation gathered, in the name of the
Highest, under the eye of the Highest; imagination herself flagging
under the reality; and all noblest Ceremony as yet not grown ceremonial,
but solemn, significant to the outmost fringe! Neither, in modern
private life, are theatrical scenes, of tearful women wetting whole ells
of cambric in concert, of impassioned bushy-whiskered youth threatening
suicide, and such like, to be so entirely detested: drop thou a tear
over them thyself rather.
At any rate, one can remark that no Nation will throw-by its work, and
deliberately go out to make a scene, without meaning something thereby.
For indeed no scenic individual, with knavish hypocritical views, will
take the trouble to soliloquise a scene: and now consider, is not a
scenic Nation placed precisely in that predicament of soliloquising;
for its own behoof alone; to solace its own sensibilities, maudlin or
other?--Yet in this respect, of readiness for scenes, the difference of
Nations, as of men, is very great. If our Saxon-Puritanic friends, for
example, swore and signed their National Covenant, without discharge of
gunpowder, or the beating of any drum, in a dingy Covenant-Close of the
Edinburgh High-street, in a mean room, where men now drink mean
liquor, it was consistent with their ways so to swear it. Our
Gallic-Encyclopedic friends, again, must have a Champ-de-Mars, seen of
all the world, or universe; and such a Scenic Exhibition, to which the
Coliseum Amphitheatre was but a stroller's barn, as this old Globe
of ours had never or hardly ever beheld. Which method also we reckon
natural, then and there. Nor perhaps was the respective keeping of these
two Oaths far out of due proportion to such respective display in taking
them: inverse proportion, namely. For the theatricality of a People goes
in a compound-ratio: ratio indeed of their trustfulness, sociability,
fervency; but then also of their excitability, of their porosity, not
continent; or say, of their explosiveness, hot-flashing, but which does
not last.
How true also, once more, is it that no man or Nation of men, conscious
of doing a great thing, was ever, in that thing, doing other than a
small one! O Champ-de-Mars Federation, with three hundred drummers,
twelve hundred wind-musicians, and artillery planted on height after
height to boom the tidings of it all over France, in few minutes! Could
no Atheist-Naigeon contrive to discern, eighteen centuries off, those
Thirteen most poor mean-dressed men, at frugal Supper, in a mean Jewish
dwelling, with no symbol but hearts god-initiated into the 'Divine depth
of Sorrow,' and a Do this in remembrance of me;--and so cease that small
difficult crowing of his, if he were not doomed to it?
Chapter 2.1.X.
Mankind.
Pardonable are human theatricalities; nay perhaps touching, like the
passionate utterance of a tongue which with sincerity stammers; of a
head which with insincerity babbles,--having gone distracted. Yet,
in comparison with unpremeditated outbursts of Nature, such as an
Insurrection of Women, how foisonless, unedifying, undelightful; like
small ale palled, like an effervescence that has effervesced! Such
scenes, coming of forethought, were they world-great, and never so
cunningly devised, are at bottom mainly pasteboard and paint. But the
others are original; emitted from the great everliving heart of Nature
herself: what figure they will assume is unspeakably significant. To us,
therefore, let the French National Solemn League, and Federation, be the
highest recorded triumph of the Thespian Art; triumphant surely, since
the whole Pit, which was of Twenty-five Millions, not only claps hands,
but does itself spring on the boards and passionately set to playing
there. And being such, be it treated as such: with sincere cursory
admiration; with wonder from afar. A whole Nation gone mumming deserves
so much; but deserves not that loving minuteness a Menadic Insurrection
did. Much more let prior, and as it were, rehearsal scenes of Federation
come and go, henceforward, as they list; and, on Plains and under
City-walls, innumerable regimental bands blare off into the Inane,
without note from us.
One scene, however, the hastiest reader will momentarily pause on: that
of Anacharsis Clootz and the Collective sinful Posterity of Adam.--For
a Patriot Municipality has now, on the 4th of June, got its plan
concocted, and got it sanctioned by National Assembly; a Patriot King
assenting; to whom, were he even free to dissent, Federative harangues,
overflowing with loyalty, have doubtless a transient sweetness. There
shall come Deputed National Guards, so many in the hundred, from each
of the Eighty-three Departments of France. Likewise from all Naval and
Military King's Forces, shall Deputed quotas come; such Federation
of National with Royal Soldier has, taking place spontaneously, been
already seen and sanctioned. For the rest, it is hoped, as many as forty
thousand may arrive: expenses to be borne by the Deputing District;
of all which let District and Department take thought, and elect fit
men,--whom the Paris brethren will fly to meet and welcome.
Now, therefore, judge if our Patriot Artists are busy; taking deep
counsel how to make the Scene worthy of a look from the Universe! As
many as fifteen thousand men, spade-men, barrow-men, stone-builders,
rammers, with their engineers, are at work on the Champ-de-Mars;
hollowing it out into a natural Amphitheatre, fit for such solemnity.
For one may hope it will be annual and perennial; a 'Feast of Pikes,
Fete des Piques,' notablest among the high-tides of the year: in any
case ought not a Scenic free Nation to have some permanent National
Amphitheatre? The Champ-de-Mars is getting hollowed out; and the daily
talk and the nightly dream in most Parisian heads is of Federation, and
that only. Federate Deputies are already under way. National Assembly,
what with its natural work, what with hearing and answering harangues
of Federates, of this Federation, will have enough to do! Harangue of
'American Committee,' among whom is that faint figure of Paul Jones 'as
with the stars dim-twinkling through it,'--come to congratulate us on
the prospect of such auspicious day. Harangue of Bastille Conquerors,
come to 'renounce' any special recompense, any peculiar place at the
solemnity;--since the Centre Grenadiers rather grumble. Harangue of
'Tennis-Court Club,' who enter with far-gleaming Brass-plate, aloft on
a pole, and the Tennis-Court Oath engraved thereon; which far gleaming
Brass-plate they purpose to affix solemnly in the Versailles original
locality, on the 20th of this month, which is the anniversary, as a
deathless memorial, for some years: they will then dine, as they come
back, in the Bois de Boulogne; (See Deux Amis, v. 122; Hist. Parl.
&c.)--cannot, however, do it without apprising the world. To such things
does the august National Assembly ever and anon cheerfully listen,
suspending its regenerative labours; and with some touch of impromptu
eloquence, make friendly reply;--as indeed the wont has long been; for
it is a gesticulating, sympathetic People, and has a heart, and wears it
on its sleeve.
In which circumstances, it occurred to the mind of Anacharsis Clootz
that while so much was embodying itself into Club or Committee, and
perorating applauded, there yet remained a greater and greatest; of
which, if it also took body and perorated, what might not the effect be:
Humankind namely, le Genre Humain itself! In what rapt creative moment
the Thought rose in Anacharsis's soul; all his throes, while he went
about giving shape and birth to it; how he was sneered at by cold
worldlings; but did sneer again, being a man of polished sarcasm; and
moved to and fro persuasive in coffeehouse and soiree, and dived down
assiduous-obscure in the great deep of Paris, making his Thought a Fact:
of all this the spiritual biographies of that period say nothing. Enough
that on the 19th evening of June 1790, the Sun's slant rays lighted a
spectacle such as our foolish little Planet has not often had to show:
Anacharsis Clootz entering the august Salle de Manege, with the Human
Species at his heels. Swedes, Spaniards, Polacks; Turks, Chaldeans,
Greeks, dwellers in Mesopotamia: behold them all; they have come to
claim place in the grand Federation, having an undoubted interest in it.
"Our ambassador titles," said the fervid Clootz, "are not written
on parchment, but on the living hearts of all men." These whiskered
Polacks, long-flowing turbaned Ishmaelites, astrological Chaldeans,
who stand so mute here, let them plead with you, august Senators, more
eloquently than eloquence could. They are the mute representatives of
their tongue-tied, befettered, heavy-laden Nations; who from out of
that dark bewilderment gaze wistful, amazed, with half-incredulous hope,
towards you, and this your bright light of a French Federation: bright
particular day-star, the herald of universal day. We claim to stand
there, as mute monuments, pathetically adumbrative of much.--From bench
and gallery comes 'repeated applause;' for what august Senator but is
flattered even by the very shadow of Human Species depending on him?
From President Sieyes, who presides this remarkable fortnight, in spite
of his small voice, there comes eloquent though shrill reply. Anacharsis
and the 'Foreigners Committee' shall have place at the Federation; on
condition of telling their respective Peoples what they see there. In
the mean time, we invite them to the 'honours of the sitting, honneur
de la seance.' A long-flowing Turk, for rejoinder, bows with Eastern
solemnity, and utters articulate sounds: but owing to his imperfect
knowledge of the French dialect, (Moniteur, &c. (in Hist. Parl. xii.
283).) his words are like spilt water; the thought he had in him remains
conjectural to this day.
Anacharsis and Mankind accept the honours of the sitting; and have
forthwith, as the old Newspapers still testify, the satisfaction to see
several things. First and chief, on the motion of Lameth, Lafayette,
Saint-Fargeau and other Patriot Nobles, let the others repugn as they
will: all Titles of Nobility, from Duke to Esquire, or lower, are
henceforth abolished. Then, in like manner, Livery Servants, or rather
the Livery of Servants. Neither, for the future, shall any man or woman,
self-styled noble, be 'incensed,'--foolishly fumigated with incense, in
Church; as the wont has been. In a word, Feudalism being dead these ten
months, why should her empty trappings and scutcheons survive? The very
Coats-of-arms will require to be obliterated;--and yet Cassandra
Marat on this and the other coach-panel notices that they 'are but
painted-over,' and threaten to peer through again.
So that henceforth de Lafayette is but the Sieur Motier, and
Saint-Fargeau is plain Michel Lepelletier; and Mirabeau soon after
has to say huffingly, "With your Riquetti you have set Europe at
cross-purposes for three days." For his Counthood is not indifferent to
this man; which indeed the admiring People treat him with to the last.
But let extreme Patriotism rejoice, and chiefly Anacharsis and Mankind;
for now it seems to be taken for granted that one Adam is Father of us
all!--
Such was, in historical accuracy, the famed feat of Anacharsis. Thus did
the most extensive of Public Bodies find a sort of spokesman. Whereby at
least we may judge of one thing: what a humour the once sniffing mocking
City of Paris and Baron Clootz had got into; when such exhibition could
appear a propriety, next door to a sublimity. It is true, Envy did
in after times, pervert this success of Anacharsis; making him, from
incidental 'Speaker of the Foreign-Nations Committee,' claim to be
official permanent 'Speaker, Orateur, of the Human Species,' which he
only deserved to be; and alleging, calumniously, that his astrological
Chaldeans, and the rest, were a mere French tag-rag-and-bobtail
disguised for the nonce; and, in short, sneering and fleering at him
in her cold barren way; all which, however, he, the man he was, could
receive on thick enough panoply, or even rebound therefrom, and also go
his way.
Most extensive of Public Bodies, we may call it; and also the most
unexpected: for who could have thought to see All Nations in the
Tuileries Riding-Hall? But so it is; and truly as strange things may
happen when a whole People goes mumming and miming. Hast not thou
thyself perchance seen diademed Cleopatra, daughter of the Ptolemies,
pleading, almost with bended knee, in unheroic tea-parlour, or dimlit
retail-shop, to inflexible gross Burghal Dignitary, for leave to
reign and die; being dressed for it, and moneyless, with small
children;--while suddenly Constables have shut the Thespian barn, and
her Antony pleaded in vain? Such visual spectra flit across this Earth,
if the Thespian Stage be rudely interfered with: but much more, when,
as was said, Pit jumps on Stage, then is it verily, as in Herr Tieck's
Drama, a Verkehrte Welt, of World Topsyturvied!
Having seen the Human Species itself, to have seen the 'Dean of the
Human Species,' ceased now to be a miracle. Such 'Doyen du Genre Humain,
Eldest of Men,' had shewn himself there, in these weeks: Jean Claude
Jacob, a born Serf, deputed from his native Jura Mountains to thank the
National Assembly for enfranchising them. On his bleached worn face are
ploughed the furrowings of one hundred and twenty years. He has heard
dim patois-talk, of immortal Grand-Monarch victories; of a burnt
Palatinate, as he toiled and moiled to make a little speck of this Earth
greener; of Cevennes Dragoonings; of Marlborough going to the war. Four
generations have bloomed out, and loved and hated, and rustled off:
he was forty-six when Louis Fourteenth died. The Assembly, as one man,
spontaneously rose, and did reverence to the Eldest of the World; old
Jean is to take seance among them, honourably, with covered head.
He gazes feebly there, with his old eyes, on that new wonder-scene;
dreamlike to him, and uncertain, wavering amid fragments of old memories
and dreams. For Time is all growing unsubstantial, dreamlike; Jean's
eyes and mind are weary, and about to close,--and open on a far other
wonder-scene, which shall be real. Patriot Subscription, Royal Pension
was got for him, and he returned home glad; but in two months more he
left it all, and went on his unknown way. (Deux Amis, iv. iii.)
Chapter 2.1.XI.
As in the Age of Gold.
Meanwhile to Paris, ever going and returning, day after day, and all day
long, towards that Field of Mars, it becomes painfully apparent that the
spadework there cannot be got done in time. There is such an area of it;
three hundred thousand square feet: for from the Ecole militaire (which
will need to be done up in wood with balconies and galleries) westward
to the Gate by the river (where also shall be wood, in triumphal
arches), we count same thousand yards of length; and for breadth,
from this umbrageous Avenue of eight rows, on the South side, to that
corresponding one on the North, some thousand feet, more or less. All
this to be scooped out, and wheeled up in slope along the sides; high
enough; for it must be rammed down there, and shaped stair-wise into
as many as 'thirty ranges of convenient seats,' firm-trimmed with
turf, covered with enduring timber;--and then our huge pyramidal
Fatherland's-Altar, Autel de la Patrie, in the centre, also to be
raised and stair-stepped! Force-work with a vengeance; it is a World's
Amphitheatre! There are but fifteen days good; and at this languid rate,
it might take half as many weeks. What is singular too, the spademen
seem to work lazily; they will not work double-tides, even for offer of
more wages, though their tide is but seven hours; they declare angrily
that the human tabernacle requires occasional rest!
Is it Aristocrats secretly bribing? Aristocrats were capable of that.
Only six months since, did not evidence get afloat that subterranean
Paris, for we stand over quarries and catacombs, dangerously, as it were
midway between Heaven and the Abyss, and are hollow underground,--was
charged with gunpowder, which should make us 'leap?' Till a Cordelier's
Deputation actually went to examine, and found it--carried off again!
(23rd December, 1789 (Newspapers in Hist. Parl. iv. 44).) An accursed,
incurable brood; all asking for 'passports,' in these sacred days.
Trouble, of rioting, chateau-burning, is in the Limousin and elsewhere;
for they are busy! Between the best of Peoples and the best of
Restorer-Kings, they would sow grudges; with what a fiend's-grin would
they see this Federation, looked for by the Universe, fail!
Fail for want of spadework, however, it shall not. He that has four
limbs, and a French heart, can do spadework; and will! On the first
July Monday, scarcely has the signal-cannon boomed; scarcely have the
languescent mercenary Fifteen Thousand laid down their tools, and the
eyes of onlookers turned sorrowfully of the still high Sun; when this
and the other Patriot, fire in his eye, snatches barrow and mattock,
and himself begins indignantly wheeling. Whom scores and then hundreds
follow; and soon a volunteer Fifteen Thousand are shovelling and
trundling; with the heart of giants; and all in right order, with that
extemporaneous adroitness of theirs: whereby such a lift has been
given, worth three mercenary ones;--which may end when the late twilight
thickens, in triumph shouts, heard or heard of beyond Montmartre!
A sympathetic population will wait, next day, with eagerness, till the
tools are free. Or why wait? Spades elsewhere exist! And so now bursts
forth that effulgence of Parisian enthusiasm, good-heartedness and
brotherly love; such, if Chroniclers are trustworthy, as was not
witnessed since the Age of Gold. Paris, male and female, precipitates
itself towards its South-west extremity, spade on shoulder. Streams of
men, without order; or in order, as ranked fellow-craftsmen, as natural
or accidental reunions, march towards the Field of Mars. Three-deep
these march; to the sound of stringed music; preceded by young girls
with green boughs, and tricolor streamers: they have shouldered,
soldier-wise, their shovels and picks; and with one throat are singing
ca-ira. Yes, pardieu ca-ira, cry the passengers on the streets. All
corporate Guilds, and public and private Bodies of Citizens, from the
highest to the lowest, march; the very Hawkers, one finds, have ceased
bawling for one day. The neighbouring Villages turn out: their able men
come marching, to village fiddle or tambourine and triangle, under their
Mayor, or Mayor and Curate, who also walk bespaded, and in tricolor
sash. As many as one hundred and fifty thousand workers: nay at certain
seasons, as some count, two hundred and fifty thousand; for, in the
afternoon especially, what mortal but, finishing his hasty day's work,
would run! A stirring city: from the time you reach the Place Louis
Quinze, southward over the River, by all Avenues, it is one living
throng. So many workers; and no mercenary mock-workers, but real ones
that lie freely to it: each Patriot stretches himself against the
stubborn glebe; hews and wheels with the whole weight that is in him.
Amiable infants, aimables enfans! They do the 'police des l'atelier'
too, the guidance and governance, themselves; with that ready will of
theirs, with that extemporaneous adroitness. It is a true brethren's
work; all distinctions confounded, abolished; as it was in the
beginning, when Adam himself delved. Longfrocked tonsured Monks,
with short-skirted Water-carriers, with swallow-tailed well-frizzled
Incroyables of a Patriot turn; dark Charcoalmen, meal-white
Peruke-makers; or Peruke-wearers, for Advocate and Judge are there, and
all Heads of Districts: sober Nuns sisterlike with flaunting Nymphs of
the Opera, and females in common circumstances named unfortunate: the
patriot Rag-picker, and perfumed dweller in palaces; for Patriotism
like New-birth, and also like Death, levels all. The Printers have
come marching, Prudhomme's all in Paper-caps with Revolutions de Paris
printed on them; as Camille notes; wishing that in these great days
there should be a Pacte des Ecrivains too, or Federation of Able
Editors. (See Newspapers, &c. (in Hist. Parl. vi. 381-406).) Beautiful
to see! The snowy linen and delicate pantaloon alternates with the
soiled check-shirt and bushel-breeches; for both have cast their coats,
and under both are four limbs and a set of Patriot muscles. There
do they pick and shovel; or bend forward, yoked in long strings to
box-barrow or overloaded tumbril; joyous, with one mind. Abbe Sieyes is
seen pulling, wiry, vehement, if too light for draught; by the side of
Beauharnais, who shall get Kings though he be none. Abbe Maury did not
pull; but the Charcoalmen brought a mummer guised like him, so he had
to pull in effigy. Let no august Senator disdain the work: Mayor Bailly,
Generalissimo Lafayette are there;--and, alas, shall be there again
another day! The King himself comes to see: sky-rending Vive-le-Roi;
'and suddenly with shouldered spades they form a guard of honour round
him.' Whosoever can come comes, to work, or to look, and bless the work.
Whole families have come. One whole family we see clearly, of three
generations: the father picking, the mother shovelling, the young ones
wheeling assiduous; old grandfather, hoary with ninety-three years,
holds in his arms the youngest of all: (Mercier. ii. 76, &c.) frisky,
not helpful this one; who nevertheless may tell it to his grandchildren;
and how the Future and the Past alike looked on, and with failing or
with half-formed voice, faltered their ca-ira. A vintner has wheeled in,
on Patriot truck, beverage of wine: "Drink not, my brothers, if ye are
not dry; that your cask may last the longer;" neither did any drink,
but men 'evidently exhausted.' A dapper Abbe looks on, sneering. "To
the barrow!" cry several; whom he, lest a worse thing befal him, obeys:
nevertheless one wiser Patriot barrowman, arriving now, interposes his
"arretez;" setting down his own barrow, he snatches the Abbe's; trundles
it fast, like an infected thing; forth of the Champ-de-Mars circuit,
and discharges it there. Thus too a certain person (of some quality, or
private capital, to appearance), entering hastily, flings down his coat,
waistcoat and two watches, and is rushing to the thick of the work:
"But your watches?" cries the general voice.--"Does one distrust his
brothers?" answers he; nor were the watches stolen. How beautiful is
noble-sentiment: like gossamer gauze, beautiful and cheap; which will
stand no tear and wear! Beautiful cheap gossamer gauze, thou film-shadow
of a raw-material of Virtue, which art not woven, nor likely to be, into
Duty; thou art better than nothing, and also worse!
Young Boarding-school Boys, College Students, shout Vive la Nation, and
regret that they have yet 'only their sweat to give.' What say we
of Boys? Beautifullest Hebes; the loveliest of Paris, in their light
air-robes, with riband-girdle of tricolor, are there; shovelling and
wheeling with the rest; their Hebe eyes brighter with enthusiasm,
and long hair in beautiful dishevelment: hard-pressed are their small
fingers; but they make the patriot barrow go, and even force it to the
summit of the slope (with a little tracing, which what man's arm were
not too happy to lend?)--then bound down with it again, and go for more;
with their long locks and tricolors blown back: graceful as the rosy
Hours. O, as that evening Sun fell over the Champ-de-Mars, and tinted
with fire the thick umbrageous boscage that shelters it on this hand and
on that, and struck direct on those Domes and two-and-forty Windows of
the Ecole Militaire, and made them all of burnished gold,--saw he on his
wide zodiac road other such sight? A living garden spotted and dotted
with such flowerage; all colours of the prism; the beautifullest blent
friendly with the usefullest; all growing and working brotherlike there,
under one warm feeling, were it but for days; once and no second time!
But Night is sinking; these Nights too, into Eternity. The hastiest
Traveller Versailles-ward has drawn bridle on the heights of Chaillot:
and looked for moments over the River; reporting at Versailles what he
saw, not without tears. (Mercier, ii. 81.)
Meanwhile, from all points of the compass, Federates are arriving:
fervid children of the South, 'who glory in their Mirabeau;' considerate
North-blooded Mountaineers of Jura; sharp Bretons, with their Gaelic
suddenness; Normans not to be overreached in bargain: all now animated
with one noblest fire of Patriotism. Whom the Paris brethren march forth
to receive; with military solemnities, with fraternal embracing, and
a hospitality worthy of the heroic ages. They assist at the Assembly's
Debates, these Federates: the Galleries are reserved for them. They
assist in the toils of the Champ-de-Mars; each new troop will put its
hand to the spade; lift a hod of earth on the Altar of the Fatherland.
But the flourishes of rhetoric, for it is a gesticulating People; the
moral-sublime of those Addresses to an august Assembly, to a Patriot
Restorer! Our Breton Captain of Federates kneels even, in a fit of
enthusiasm, and gives up his sword; he wet-eyed to a King wet-eyed. Poor
Louis! These, as he said afterwards, were among the bright days of his
life.
Reviews also there must be; royal Federate-reviews, with King, Queen and
tricolor Court looking on: at lowest, if, as is too common, it rains,
our Federate Volunteers will file through the inner gateways, Royalty
standing dry. Nay there, should some stop occur, the beautifullest
fingers in France may take you softly by the lapelle, and, in mild
flute-voice, ask: "Monsieur, of what Province are you?" Happy he who
can reply, chivalrously lowering his sword's point, "Madame, from
the Province your ancestors reigned over." He that happy 'Provincial
Advocate,' now Provincial Federate, shall be rewarded by a sun-smile,
and such melodious glad words addressed to a King: "Sire, these are
your faithful Lorrainers." Cheerier verily, in these holidays, is this
'skyblue faced with red' of a National Guardsman, than the dull black
and gray of a Provincial Advocate, which in workdays one was used to.
For the same thrice-blessed Lorrainer shall, this evening, stand sentry
at a Queen's door; and feel that he could die a thousand deaths for her:
then again, at the outer gate, and even a third time, she shall see him;
nay he will make her do it; presenting arms with emphasis, 'making
his musket jingle again': and in her salute there shall again be a
sun-smile, and that little blonde-locked too hasty Dauphin shall be
admonished, "Salute then, Monsieur, don't be unpolite;" and therewith
she, like a bright Sky-wanderer or Planet with her little Moon, issues
forth peculiar. (Narrative by a Lorraine Federate (given in Hist. Parl.
vi. 389-91).)
But at night, when Patriot spadework is over, figure the sacred rights
of hospitality! Lepelletier Saint-Fargeau, a mere private senator, but
with great possessions, has daily his 'hundred dinner-guests;' the table
of Generalissimo Lafayette may double that number. In lowly parlour,
as in lofty saloon, the wine-cup passes round; crowned by the smiles of
Beauty; be it of lightly-tripping Grisette, or of high-sailing Dame, for
both equally have beauty, and smiles precious to the brave.
Chapter 2.1.XII.
Sound and Smoke.
And so now, in spite of plotting Aristocrats, lazy hired spademen,
and almost of Destiny itself (for there has been much rain), the
Champ-de-Mars, on the 13th of the month is fairly ready; trimmed,
rammed, buttressed with firm masonry; and Patriotism can stroll over
it admiring; and as it were rehearsing, for in every head is some
unutterable image of the morrow. Pray Heaven there be not clouds. Nay
what far worse cloud is this, of a misguided Municipality that talks of
admitting Patriotism, to the solemnity, by tickets! Was it by tickets we
were admitted to the work; and to what brought the work? Did we take the
Bastille by tickets? A misguided Municipality sees the error; at late
midnight, rolling drums announce to Patriotism starting half out of
its bed-clothes, that it is to be ticketless. Pull down thy night-cap
therefore; and, with demi-articulate grumble, significant of several
things, go pacified to sleep again. Tomorrow is Wednesday morning;
unforgetable among the fasti of the world.
The morning comes, cold for a July one; but such a festivity would make
Greenland smile. Through every inlet of that National Amphitheatre
(for it is a league in circuit, cut with openings at due intervals),
floods-in the living throng; covers without tumult space after space.
The Ecole Militaire has galleries and overvaulting canopies, where
Carpentry and Painting have vied, for the upper Authorities; triumphal
arches, at the Gate by the River, bear inscriptions, if weak, yet
well-meant, and orthodox. Far aloft, over the Altar of the Fatherland,
on their tall crane standards of iron, swing pensile our antique
Cassolettes or pans of incense; dispensing sweet incense-fumes,--unless
for the Heathen Mythology, one sees not for whom. Two hundred thousand
Patriotic Men; and, twice as good, one hundred thousand Patriotic
Women, all decked and glorified as one can fancy, sit waiting in this
Champ-de-Mars.
What a picture: that circle of bright-eyed Life, spread up there, on
its thirty-seated Slope; leaning, one would say, on the thick umbrage of
those Avenue-Trees, for the stems of them are hidden by the height; and
all beyond it mere greenness of Summer Earth, with the gleams of waters,
or white sparklings of stone-edifices: little circular enamel-picture in
the centre of such a vase--of emerald! A vase not empty: the Invalides
Cupolas want not their population, nor the distant Windmills of
Montmartre; on remotest steeple and invisible village belfry, stand
men with spy-glasses. On the heights of Chaillot are many-coloured
undulating groups; round and far on, over all the circling heights that
embosom Paris, it is as one more or less peopled Amphitheatre; which the
eye grows dim with measuring. Nay heights, as was before hinted, have
cannon; and a floating-battery of cannon is on the Seine. When eye
fails, ear shall serve; and all France properly is but one Amphitheatre:
for in paved town and unpaved hamlet, men walk listening; till the
muffled thunder sound audible on their horizon, that they too may begin
swearing and firing! (Deux Amis, v. 168.) But now, to streams of
music, come Federates enough,--for they have assembled on the Boulevard
Saint-Antoine or thereby, and come marching through the City, with their
Eighty-three Department Banners, and blessings not loud but deep; comes
National Assembly, and takes seat under its Canopy; comes Royalty, and
takes seat on a throne beside it. And Lafayette, on white charger, is
here, and all the civic Functionaries; and the Federates form dances,
till their strictly military evolutions and manoeuvres can begin.
Evolutions and manoeuvres? Task not the pen of mortal to describe them:
truant imagination droops;--declares that it is not worth while. There
is wheeling and sweeping, to slow, to quick, and double quick-time:
Sieur Motier, or Generalissimo Lafayette, for they are one and the same,
and he is General of France, in the King's stead, for four-and-twenty
hours; Sieur Motier must step forth, with that sublime chivalrous gait
of his; solemnly ascend the steps of the Fatherland's Altar, in sight
of Heaven and of the scarcely breathing Earth; and, under the creak of
those swinging Cassolettes, 'pressing his sword's point firmly there,'
pronounce the Oath, To King, to Law, and Nation (not to mention 'grains'
with their circulating), in his own name and that of armed France.
Whereat there is waving of banners and acclaim sufficient. The National
Assembly must swear, standing in its place; the King himself audibly.
The King swears; and now be the welkin split with vivats; let citizens
enfranchised embrace, each smiting heartily his palm into his fellow's;
and armed Federates clang their arms; above all, that floating battery
speak! It has spoken,--to the four corners of France. From eminence to
eminence, bursts the thunder; faint-heard, loud-repeated. What a stone,
cast into what a lake; in circles that do not grow fainter. From Arras
to Avignon; from Metz to Bayonne! Over Orleans and Blois it rolls, in
cannon-recitative; Puy bellows of it amid his granite mountains; Pau
where is the shell-cradle of Great Henri. At far Marseilles, one can
think, the ruddy evening witnesses it; over the deep-blue Mediterranean
waters, the Castle of If ruddy-tinted darts forth, from every cannon's
mouth, its tongue of fire; and all the people shout: Yes, France is
free. O glorious France that has burst out so; into universal sound and
smoke; and attained--the Phrygian Cap of Liberty! In all Towns, Trees of
Liberty also may be planted; with or without advantage. Said we not, it
is the highest stretch attained by the Thespian Art on this Planet, or
perhaps attainable?
The Thespian Art, unfortunately, one must still call it; for behold
there, on this Field of Mars, the National Banners, before there could
be any swearing, were to be all blessed. A most proper operation;
since surely without Heaven's blessing bestowed, say even, audibly or
inaudibly sought, no Earthly banner or contrivance can prove victorious:
but now the means of doing it? By what thrice-divine Franklin
thunder-rod shall miraculous fire be drawn out of Heaven; and descend
gently, life-giving, with health to the souls of men? Alas, by the
simplest: by Two Hundred shaven-crowned Individuals, 'in snow-white
albs, with tricolor girdles,' arranged on the steps of Fatherland's
Altar; and, at their head for spokesman, Soul's Overseer
Talleyrand-Perigord! These shall act as miraculous thunder-rod,--to such
length as they can. O ye deep azure Heavens, and thou green all-nursing
Earth; ye Streams ever-flowing; deciduous Forests that die and are born
again, continually, like the sons of men; stone Mountains that die daily
with every rain-shower, yet are not dead and levelled for ages of
ages, nor born again (it seems) but with new world-explosions, and such
tumultuous seething and tumbling, steam half way to the Moon; O thou
unfathomable mystic All, garment and dwellingplace of the UNNAMED; O
spirit, lastly, of Man, who mouldest and modellest that Unfathomable
Unnameable even as we see,--is not there a miracle: That some French
mortal should, we say not have believed, but pretended to imagine that
he believed that Talleyrand and Two Hundred pieces of white Calico could
do it!
Here, however, we are to remark with the sorrowing Historians of that
day, that suddenly, while Episcopus Talleyrand, long-stoled, with mitre
and tricolor belt, was yet but hitching up the Altar-steps, to do his
miracle, the material Heaven grew black; a north-wind, moaning cold
moisture, began to sing; and there descended a very deluge of rain.
Sad to see! The thirty-staired Seats, all round our Amphitheatre, get
instantaneously slated with mere umbrellas, fallacious when so thick
set: our antique Cassolettes become Water-pots; their incense-smoke gone
hissing, in a whiff of muddy vapour. Alas, instead of vivats, there is
nothing now but the furious peppering and rattling. From three to four
hundred thousand human individuals feel that they have a skin; happily
impervious. The General's sash runs water: how all military banners
droop; and will not wave, but lazily flap, as if metamorphosed into
painted tin-banners! Worse, far worse, these hundred thousand, such is
the Historian's testimony, of the fairest of France! Their snowy muslins
all splashed and draggled; the ostrich feather shrunk shamefully to the
backbone of a feather: all caps are ruined; innermost pasteboard
molten into its original pap: Beauty no longer swims decorated in her
garniture, like Love-goddess hidden-revealed in her Paphian clouds,
but struggles in disastrous imprisonment in it, for 'the shape was
noticeable;' and now only sympathetic interjections, titterings,
teeheeings, and resolute good-humour will avail. A deluge; an incessant
sheet or fluid-column of rain;--such that our Overseer's very mitre
must be filled; not a mitre, but a filled and leaky fire-bucket on his
reverend head!--Regardless of which, Overseer Talleyrand performs his
miracle: the Blessing of Talleyrand, another than that of Jacob, is on
all the Eighty-three departmental flags of France; which wave or flap,
with such thankfulness as needs. Towards three o'clock, the sun beams
out again: the remaining evolutions can be transacted under bright
heavens, though with decorations much damaged. (Deux Amis, v. 143-179.)
On Wednesday our Federation is consummated: but the festivities last out
the week, and over into the next. Festivities such as no Bagdad Caliph,
or Aladdin with the Lamp, could have equalled. There is a Jousting
on the River; with its water-somersets, splashing and haha-ing: Abbe
Fauchet, Te-Deum Fauchet, preaches, for his part, in 'the rotunda of the
Corn-market,' a Harangue on Franklin; for whom the National Assembly has
lately gone three days in black. The Motier and Lepelletier tables still
groan with viands; roofs ringing with patriotic toasts. On the fifth
evening, which is the Christian Sabbath, there is a universal Ball.
Paris, out of doors and in, man, woman and child, is jigging it, to the
sound of harp and four-stringed fiddle. The hoariest-headed man will
tread one other measure, under this nether Moon; speechless nurselings,
infants as we call them, (Greek), crow in arms; and sprawl out
numb-plump little limbs,--impatient for muscularity, they know not why.
The stiffest balk bends more or less; all joists creak.
Or out, on the Earth's breast itself, behold the Ruins of the Bastille.
All lamplit, allegorically decorated: a Tree of Liberty sixty feet high;
and Phrygian Cap on it, of size enormous, under which King Arthur and
his round-table might have dined! In the depths of the background, is
a single lugubrious lamp, rendering dim-visible one of your iron cages,
half-buried, and some Prison stones,--Tyranny vanishing downwards, all
gone but the skirt: the rest wholly lamp-festoons, trees real or of
pasteboard; in the similitude of a fairy grove; with this inscription,
readable to runner: 'Ici l'on danse, Dancing Here.' As indeed had been
obscurely foreshadowed by Cagliostro (See his Lettre au Peuple Francais,
London, 1786.) prophetic Quack of Quacks, when he, four years ago,
quitted the grim durance;--to fall into a grimmer, of the Roman
Inquisition, and not quit it.
But, after all, what is this Bastille business to that of the Champs
Elysees! Thither, to these Fields well named Elysian, all feet tend. It
is radiant as day with festooned lamps; little oil-cups, like variegated
fire-flies, daintily illumine the highest leaves: trees there are all
sheeted with variegated fire, shedding far a glimmer into the dubious
wood. There, under the free sky, do tight-limbed Federates, with fairest
newfound sweethearts, elastic as Diana, and not of that coyness and tart
humour of Diana, thread their jocund mazes, all through the ambrosial
night; and hearts were touched and fired; and seldom surely had our old
Planet, in that huge conic Shadow of hers 'which goes beyond the Moon,
and is named Night,' curtained such a Ball-room. O if, according to
Seneca, the very gods look down on a good man struggling with adversity,
and smile; what must they think of Five-and-twenty million indifferent
ones victorious over it,--for eight days and more?
In this way, and in such ways, however, has the Feast of Pikes danced
itself off; gallant Federates wending homewards, towards every point of
the compass, with feverish nerves, heart and head much heated; some
of them, indeed, as Dampmartin's elderly respectable friend, from
Strasbourg, quite 'burnt out with liquors,' and flickering towards
extinction. (Dampmartin, Evenemens, i. 144-184.) The Feast of Pikes
has danced itself off, and become defunct, and the ghost of a
Feast;--nothing of it now remaining but this vision in men's memory; and
the place that knew it (for the slope of that Champ-de-Mars is crumbled
to half the original height (Dulaure, Histoire de Paris, viii. 25).)
now knowing it no more. Undoubtedly one of the memorablest National
Hightides. Never or hardly ever, as we said, was Oath sworn with such
heart-effusion, emphasis and expenditure of joyance; and then it was
broken irremediably within year and day. Ah, why? When the swearing of
it was so heavenly-joyful, bosom clasped to bosom, and Five-and-twenty
million hearts all burning together: O ye inexorable Destinies,
why?--Partly because it was sworn with such over-joyance; but chiefly,
indeed, for an older reason: that Sin had come into the world and Misery
by Sin! These Five-and-twenty millions, if we will consider it, have
now henceforth, with that Phrygian Cap of theirs, no force over them, to
bind and guide; neither in them, more than heretofore, is guiding force,
or rule of just living: how then, while they all go rushing at such a
pace, on unknown ways, with no bridle, towards no aim, can hurlyburly
unutterable fail? For verily not Federation-rosepink is the colour of
this Earth and her work: not by outbursts of noble-sentiment, but with
far other ammunition, shall a man front the world.
But how wise, in all cases, to 'husband your fire;' to keep it deep
down, rather, as genial radical-heat! Explosions, the forciblest, and
never so well directed, are questionable; far oftenest futile, always
frightfully wasteful: but think of a man, of a Nation of men, spending
its whole stock of fire in one artificial Firework! So have we seen
fond weddings (for individuals, like Nations, have their Hightides)
celebrated with an outburst of triumph and deray, at which the elderly
shook their heads. Better had a serious cheerfulness been; for the
enterprise was great. Fond pair! the more triumphant ye feel, and
victorious over terrestrial evil, which seems all abolished, the
wider-eyed will your disappointment be to find terrestrial evil still
extant. "And why extant?" will each of you cry: "Because my false mate
has played the traitor: evil was abolished; I meant faithfully, and did,
or would have done." Whereby the oversweet moon of honey changes itself
into long years of vinegar; perhaps divulsive vinegar, like Hannibal's.
Shall we say then, the French Nation has led Royalty, or wooed and
teased poor Royalty to lead her, to the hymeneal Fatherland's Altar,
in such oversweet manner; and has, most thoughtlessly, to celebrate the
nuptials with due shine and demonstration,--burnt her bed?
BOOK 2.II.
NANCI
Chapter 2.2.I.
Bouille.
Dimly visible, at Metz on the North-Eastern frontier, a certain brave
Bouille, last refuge of Royalty in all straits and meditations of
flight, has for many months hovered occasionally in our eye; some name
or shadow of a brave Bouille: let us now, for a little, look fixedly at
him, till he become a substance and person for us. The man himself is
worth a glance; his position and procedure there, in these days, will
throw light on many things.
For it is with Bouille as with all French Commanding Officers; only in
a more emphatic degree. The grand National Federation, we already guess,
was but empty sound, or worse: a last loudest universal
Hep-hep-hurrah, with full bumpers, in that National Lapithae-feast of
Constitution-making; as in loud denial of the palpably existing; as if,
with hurrahings, you would shut out notice of the inevitable already
knocking at the gates! Which new National bumper, one may say, can but
deepen the drunkenness; and so, the louder it swears Brotherhood, will
the sooner and the more surely lead to Cannibalism. Ah, under that
fraternal shine and clangour, what a deep world of irreconcileable
discords lie momentarily assuaged, damped down for one moment!
Respectable military Federates have barely got home to their quarters;
and the inflammablest, 'dying, burnt up with liquors, and kindness,' has
not yet got extinct; the shine is hardly out of men's eyes, and still
blazes filling all men's memories,--when your discords burst forth again
very considerably darker than ever. Let us look at Bouille, and see how.
Bouille for the present commands in the Garrison of Metz, and far and
wide over the East and North; being indeed, by a late act of Government
with sanction of National Assembly, appointed one of our Four supreme
Generals. Rochambeau and Mailly, men and Marshals of note in these
days, though to us of small moment, are two of his colleagues; tough
old babbling Luckner, also of small moment for us, will probably be
the third. Marquis de Bouille is a determined Loyalist; not indeed
disinclined to moderate reform, but resolute against immoderate. A man
long suspect to Patriotism; who has more than once given the august
Assembly trouble; who would not, for example, take the National Oath, as
he was bound to do, but always put it off on this or the other pretext,
till an autograph of Majesty requested him to do it as a favour. There,
in this post if not of honour, yet of eminence and danger, he waits, in
a silent concentered manner; very dubious of the future. 'Alone,' as he
says, or almost alone, of all the old military Notabilities, he has not
emigrated; but thinks always, in atrabiliar moments, that there will be
nothing for him too but to cross the marches. He might cross, say, to
Treves or Coblentz where Exiled Princes will be one day ranking; or
say, over into Luxemburg where old Broglie loiters and languishes. Or is
there not the great dim Deep of European Diplomacy; where your Calonnes,
your Breteuils are beginning to hover, dimly discernible?
With immeasurable confused outlooks and purposes, with no clear purpose
but this of still trying to do His Majesty a service, Bouille waits;
struggling what he can to keep his district loyal, his troops faithful,
his garrisons furnished. He maintains, as yet, with his Cousin
Lafayette, some thin diplomatic correspondence, by letter and messenger;
chivalrous constitutional professions on the one side, military gravity
and brevity on the other; which thin correspondence one can see growing
ever the thinner and hollower, towards the verge of entire vacuity.
(Bouille, Memoires (London, 1797), i. c. 8.) A quick, choleric, sharply
discerning, stubbornly endeavouring man; with suppressed-explosive
resolution, with valour, nay headlong audacity: a man who was more in
his place, lionlike defending those Windward Isles, or, as with military
tiger-spring, clutching Nevis and Montserrat from the English,--than
here in this suppressed condition, muzzled and fettered by diplomatic
packthreads; looking out for a civil war, which may never arrive. Few
years ago Bouille was to have led a French East-Indian Expedition, and
reconquered or conquered Pondicherri and the Kingdoms of the Sun: but
the whole world is suddenly changed, and he with it; Destiny willed it
not in that way but in this.
Chapter 2.2.II.
Arrears and Aristocrats.
Indeed, as to the general outlook of things, Bouille himself augurs not
well of it. The French Army, ever since those old Bastille days, and
earlier, has been universally in the questionablest state, and growing
daily worse. Discipline, which is at all times a kind of miracle, and
works by faith, broke down then; one sees not with that near prospect of
recovering itself. The Gardes Francaises played a deadly game; but how
they won it, and wear the prizes of it, all men know. In that general
overturn, we saw the Hired Fighters refuse to fight. The very Swiss of
Chateau-Vieux, which indeed is a kind of French Swiss, from Geneva and
the Pays de Vaud, are understood to have declined. Deserters glided
over; Royal-Allemand itself looked disconsolate, though stanch of
purpose. In a word, we there saw Military Rule, in the shape of poor
Besenval with that convulsive unmanageable Camp of his, pass two martyr
days on the Champ-de-Mars; and then, veiling itself, so to speak, 'under
the cloud of night,' depart 'down the left bank of the Seine,' to seek
refuge elsewhere; this ground having clearly become too hot for it.
But what new ground to seek, what remedy to try? Quarters that were
'uninfected:' this doubtless, with judicious strictness of drilling,
were the plan. Alas, in all quarters and places, from Paris onward to
the remotest hamlet, is infection, is seditious contagion: inhaled,
propagated by contact and converse, till the dullest soldier catch
it! There is speech of men in uniform with men not in uniform; men in
uniform read journals, and even write in them. (See Newspapers of
July, 1789 (in Hist. Parl. ii. 35), &c.) There are public petitions or
remonstrances, private emissaries and associations; there is discontent,
jealousy, uncertainty, sullen suspicious humour. The whole French Army,
fermenting in dark heat, glooms ominous, boding good to no one.
So that, in the general social dissolution and revolt, we are to have
this deepest and dismallest kind of it, a revolting soldiery? Barren,
desolate to look upon is this same business of revolt under all its
aspects; but how infinitely more so, when it takes the aspect of
military mutiny! The very implement of rule and restraint, whereby
all the rest was managed and held in order, has become precisely the
frightfullest immeasurable implement of misrule; like the element
of Fire, our indispensable all-ministering servant, when it gets the
mastery, and becomes conflagration. Discipline we called a kind of
miracle: in fact, is it not miraculous how one man moves hundreds of
thousands; each unit of whom it may be loves him not, and singly fears
him not, yet has to obey him, to go hither or go thither, to march and
halt, to give death, and even to receive it, as if a Fate had spoken;
and the word-of-command becomes, almost in the literal sense, a
magic-word?
Which magic-word, again, if it be once forgotten; the spell of it once
broken! The legions of assiduous ministering spirits rise on you now as
menacing fiends; your free orderly arena becomes a tumult-place of the
Nether Pit, and the hapless magician is rent limb from limb. Military
mobs are mobs with muskets in their hands; and also with death hanging
over their heads, for death is the penalty of disobedience and they
have disobeyed. And now if all mobs are properly frenzies, and work
frenetically with mad fits of hot and of cold, fierce rage alternating
so incoherently with panic terror, consider what your military mob
will be, with such a conflict of duties and penalties, whirled between
remorse and fury, and, for the hot fit, loaded fire-arms in its hand! To
the soldier himself, revolt is frightful, and oftenest perhaps pitiable;
and yet so dangerous, it can only be hated, cannot be pitied. An
anomalous class of mortals these poor Hired Killers! With a frankness,
which to the Moralist in these times seems surprising, they have sworn
to become machines; and nevertheless they are still partly men. Let no
prudent person in authority remind them of this latter fact; but always
let force, let injustice above all, stop short clearly on this side of
the rebounding-point! Soldiers, as we often say, do revolt: were it not
so, several things which are transient in this world might be perennial.
Over and above the general quarrel which all sons of Adam maintain
with their lot here below, the grievances of the French soldiery reduce
themselves to two, First that their Officers are Aristocrats; secondly
that they cheat them of their Pay. Two grievances; or rather we might
say one, capable of becoming a hundred; for in that single first
proposition, that the Officers are Aristocrats, what a multitude of
corollaries lie ready! It is a bottomless ever-flowing fountain of
grievances this; what you may call a general raw-material of grievance,
wherefrom individual grievance after grievance will daily body itself
forth. Nay there will even be a kind of comfort in getting it, from
time to time, so embodied. Peculation of one's Pay! It is embodied; made
tangible, made denounceable; exhalable, if only in angry words.
For unluckily that grand fountain of grievances does exist: Aristocrats
almost all our Officers necessarily are; they have it in the blood and
bone. By the law of the case, no man can pretend to be the pitifullest
lieutenant of militia, till he have first verified, to the satisfaction
of the Lion-King, a Nobility of four generations. Not Nobility only,
but four generations of it: this latter is the improvement hit upon,
in comparatively late years, by a certain War-minister much pressed for
commissions. (Dampmartin, Evenemens, i. 89.) An improvement which did
relieve the over-pressed War-minister, but which split France still
further into yawning contrasts of Commonalty and Nobility, nay of new
Nobility and old; as if already with your new and old, and then with
your old, older and oldest, there were not contrasts and discrepancies
enough;--the general clash whereof men now see and hear, and in the
singular whirlpool, all contrasts gone together to the bottom! Gone to
the bottom or going; with uproar, without return; going every where save
in the Military section of things; and there, it may be asked, can they
hope to continue always at the top? Apparently, not.
It is true, in a time of external Peace, when there is no fighting but
only drilling, this question, How you rise from the ranks, may seem
theoretical rather. But in reference to the Rights of Man it is
continually practical. The soldier has sworn to be faithful not to the
King only, but to the Law and the Nation. Do our commanders love the
Revolution? ask all soldiers. Unhappily no, they hate it, and love the
Counter-Revolution. Young epauletted men, with quality-blood in
them, poisoned with quality-pride, do sniff openly, with indignation
struggling to become contempt, at our Rights of Man, as at some
newfangled cobweb, which shall be brushed down again. Old officers, more
cautious, keep silent, with closed uncurled lips; but one guesses what
is passing within. Nay who knows, how, under the plausiblest word of
command, might lie Counter-Revolution itself, sale to Exiled Princes
and the Austrian Kaiser: treacherous Aristocrats hoodwinking the
small insight of us common men?--In such manner works that general
raw-material of grievance; disastrous; instead of trust and reverence,
breeding hate, endless suspicion, the impossibility of commanding
and obeying. And now when this second more tangible grievance has
articulated itself universally in the mind of the common man: Peculation
of his Pay! Peculation of the despicablest sort does exist, and has
long existed; but, unless the new-declared Rights of Man, and all rights
whatsoever, be a cobweb, it shall no longer exist.
The French Military System seems dying a sorrowful suicidal death. Nay
more, citizen, as is natural, ranks himself against citizen in this
cause. The soldier finds audience, of numbers and sympathy unlimited,
among the Patriot lower-classes. Nor are the higher wanting to the
officer. The officer still dresses and perfumes himself for such sad
unemigrated soiree as there may still be; and speaks his woes,--which
woes, are they not Majesty's and Nature's? Speaks, at the same time,
his gay defiance, his firm-set resolution. Citizens, still more
Citizenesses, see the right and the wrong; not the Military System alone
will die by suicide, but much along with it. As was said, there is yet
possible a deepest overturn than any yet witnessed: that deepest upturn
of the black-burning sulphurous stratum whereon all rests and grows!
But how these things may act on the rude soldier-mind, with its military
pedantries, its inexperience of all that lies off the parade-ground;
inexperience as of a child, yet fierceness of a man and vehemence of
a Frenchman! It is long that secret communings in mess-room and
guard-room, sour looks, thousandfold petty vexations between commander
and commanded, measure every where the weary military day. Ask Captain
Dampmartin; an authentic, ingenious literary officer of horse; who loves
the Reign of Liberty, after a sort; yet has had his heart grieved to the
quick many times, in the hot South-Western region and elsewhere; and
has seen riot, civil battle by daylight and by torchlight, and anarchy
hatefuller than death. How insubordinate Troopers, with drink in their
heads, meet Captain Dampmartin and another on the ramparts, where there
is no escape or side-path; and make military salute punctually, for we
look calm on them; yet make it in a snappish, almost insulting manner:
how one morning they 'leave all their chamois shirts' and superfluous
buffs, which they are tired of, laid in piles at the Captain's doors;
whereat 'we laugh,' as the ass does, eating thistles: nay how they 'knot
two forage-cords together,' with universal noisy cursing, with evident
intent to hang the Quarter-master:--all this the worthy Captain,
looking on it through the ruddy-and-sable of fond regretful memory, has
flowingly written down. (Dampmartin, Evenemens, i. 122-146.) Men growl
in vague discontent; officers fling up their commissions, and emigrate
in disgust.
Or let us ask another literary Officer; not yet Captain; Sublieutenant
only, in the Artillery Regiment La Fere: a young man of twenty-one; not
unentitled to speak; the name of him is Napoleon Buonaparte. To such
height of Sublieutenancy has he now got promoted, from Brienne School,
five years ago; 'being found qualified in mathematics by La Place.'
He is lying at Auxonne, in the West, in these months; not sumptuously
lodged--'in the house of a Barber, to whose wife he did not pay the
customary degree of respect;' or even over at the Pavilion, in a
chamber with bare walls; the only furniture an indifferent 'bed without
curtains, two chairs, and in the recess of a window a table covered with
books and papers: his Brother Louis sleeps on a coarse mattrass in an
adjoining room.' However, he is doing something great: writing his first
Book or Pamphlet,--eloquent vehement Letter to M. Matteo Buttafuoco,
our Corsican Deputy, who is not a Patriot but an Aristocrat, unworthy
of Deputyship. Joly of Dole is Publisher. The literary Sublieutenant
corrects the proofs; 'sets out on foot from Auxonne, every morning at
four o'clock, for Dole: after looking over the proofs, he partakes of
an extremely frugal breakfast with Joly, and immediately prepares for
returning to his Garrison; where he arrives before noon, having thus
walked above twenty miles in the course of the morning.'
This Sublieutenant can remark that, in drawing-rooms, on streets, on
highways, at inns, every where men's minds are ready to kindle into a
flame. That a Patriot, if he appear in the drawing-room, or amid a
group of officers, is liable enough to be discouraged, so great is the
majority against him: but no sooner does he get into the street, or
among the soldiers, than he feels again as if the whole Nation were with
him. That after the famous Oath, To the King, to the Nation and Law,
there was a great change; that before this, if ordered to fire on the
people, he for one would have done it in the King's name; but that after
this, in the Nation's name, he would not have done it. Likewise that the
Patriot officers, more numerous too in the Artillery and Engineers than
elsewhere, were few in number; yet that having the soldiers on their
side, they ruled the regiment; and did often deliver the Aristocrat
brother officer out of peril and strait. One day, for example, 'a member
of our own mess roused the mob, by singing, from the windows of our
dining-room, O Richard, O my King; and I had to snatch him from their
fury.' (Norvins, Histoire de Napoleon, i. 47; Las Cases, Memoires
translated into Hazlitt's Life of Napoleon, i. 23-31.)
All which let the reader multiply by ten thousand; and spread it with
slight variations over all the camps and garrisons of France. The French
Army seems on the verge of universal mutiny.
Universal mutiny! There is in that what may well make Patriot
Constitutionalism and an august Assembly shudder. Something behoves to
be done; yet what to do no man can tell. Mirabeau proposes even that the
Soldiery, having come to such a pass, be forthwith disbanded, the whole
Two Hundred and Eighty Thousands of them; and organised anew. (Moniteur,
1790. No. 233.) Impossible this, in so sudden a manner! cry all men. And
yet literally, answer we, it is inevitable, in one manner or another.
Such an Army, with its four-generation Nobles, its Peculated Pay, and
men knotting forage cords to hang their quartermaster, cannot subsist
beside such a Revolution. Your alternative is a slow-pining chronic
dissolution and new organization; or a swift decisive one; the agonies
spread over years, or concentrated into an hour. With a Mirabeau for
Minister or Governor the latter had been the choice; with no Mirabeau
for Governor it will naturally be the former.
Chapter 2.2.III.
Bouille at Metz.
To Bouille, in his North-Eastern circle, none of these things are
altogether hid. Many times flight over the marches gleams out on him as
a last guidance in such bewilderment: nevertheless he continues here:
struggling always to hope the best, not from new organisation but from
happy Counter-Revolution and return to the old. For the rest it is clear
to him that this same National Federation, and universal swearing and
fraternising of People and Soldiers, has done 'incalculable mischief.'
So much that fermented secretly has hereby got vent and become open:
National Guards and Soldiers of the line, solemnly embracing one another
on all parade-fields, drinking, swearing patriotic oaths, fall into
disorderly street-processions, constitutional unmilitary exclamations
and hurrahings. On which account the Regiment Picardie, for one, has to
be drawn out in the square of the barracks, here at Metz, and sharply
harangued by the General himself; but expresses penitence. (Bouille,
Memoires, i. 113.)
Far and near, as accounts testify, insubordination has begun grumbling
louder and louder. Officers have been seen shut up in their mess-rooms;
assaulted with clamorous demands, not without menaces. The insubordinate
ringleader is dismissed with 'yellow furlough,' yellow infamous thing
they call cartouche jaune: but ten new ringleaders rise in his stead,
and the yellow cartouche ceases to be thought disgraceful. 'Within a
fortnight,' or at furthest a month, of that sublime Feast of Pikes, the
whole French Army, demanding Arrears, forming Reading Clubs, frequenting
Popular Societies, is in a state which Bouille can call by no name
but that of mutiny. Bouille knows it as few do; and speaks by dire
experience. Take one instance instead of many.
It is still an early day of August, the precise date now undiscoverable,
when Bouille, about to set out for the waters of Aix la Chapelle, is
once more suddenly summoned to the barracks of Metz. The soldiers stand
ranked in fighting order, muskets loaded, the officers all there on
compulsion; and require, with many-voiced emphasis, to have their
arrears paid. Picardie was penitent; but we see it has relapsed: the
wide space bristles and lours with mere mutinous armed men. Brave
Bouille advances to the nearest Regiment, opens his commanding lips to
harangue; obtains nothing but querulous-indignant discordance, and the
sound of so many thousand livres legally due. The moment is trying;
there are some ten thousand soldiers now in Metz, and one spirit seems
to have spread among them.
Bouille is firm as the adamant; but what shall he do? A German Regiment,
named of Salm, is thought to be of better temper: nevertheless Salm too
may have heard of the precept, Thou shalt not steal; Salm too may know
that money is money. Bouille walks trustfully towards the Regiment de
Salm, speaks trustful words; but here again is answered by the cry
of forty-four thousand livres odd sous. A cry waxing more and more
vociferous, as Salm's humour mounts; which cry, as it will produce
no cash or promise of cash, ends in the wide simultaneous whirr of
shouldered muskets, and a determined quick-time march on the part of
Salm--towards its Colonel's house, in the next street, there to seize
the colours and military chest. Thus does Salm, for its part; strong in
the faith that meum is not tuum, that fair speeches are not forty-four
thousand livres odd sous.
Unrestrainable! Salm tramps to military time, quick consuming the way.
Bouille and the officers, drawing sword, have to dash into double quick
pas-de-charge, or unmilitary running; to get the start; to station
themselves on the outer staircase, and stand there with what of
death-defiance and sharp steel they have; Salm truculently coiling
itself up, rank after rank, opposite them, in such humour as we can
fancy, which happily has not yet mounted to the murder-pitch. There will
Bouille stand, certain at least of one man's purpose; in grim calmness,
awaiting the issue. What the intrepidest of men and generals can do is
done. Bouille, though there is a barricading picket at each end of
the street, and death under his eyes, contrives to send for a Dragoon
Regiment with orders to charge: the dragoon officers mount; the dragoon
men will not: hope is none there for him. The street, as we say,
barricaded; the Earth all shut out, only the indifferent heavenly Vault
overhead: perhaps here or there a timorous householder peering out of
window, with prayer for Bouille; copious Rascality, on the pavement,
with prayer for Salm: there do the two parties stand;--like chariots
locked in a narrow thoroughfare; like locked wrestlers at a dead-grip!
For two hours they stand; Bouille's sword glittering in his hand,
adamantine resolution clouding his brows: for two hours by the clocks of
Metz. Moody-silent stands Salm, with occasional clangour; but does not
fire. Rascality from time to time urges some grenadier to level his
musket at the General; who looks on it as a bronze General would; and
always some corporal or other strikes it up.
In such remarkable attitude, standing on that staircase for two hours,
does brave Bouille, long a shadow, dawn on us visibly out of the
dimness, and become a person. For the rest, since Salm has not shot him
at the first instant, and since in himself there is no variableness, the
danger will diminish. The Mayor, 'a man infinitely respectable,'
with his Municipals and tricolor sashes, finally gains entrance;
remonstrates, perorates, promises; gets Salm persuaded home to its
barracks. Next day, our respectable Mayor lending the money, the
officers pay down the half of the demand in ready cash. With which
liquidation Salm pacifies itself, and for the present all is hushed up,
as much as may be. (Bouille, i. 140-5.)
Such scenes as this of Metz, or preparations and demonstrations
towards such, are universal over France: Dampmartin, with his knotted
forage-cords and piled chamois jackets, is at Strasburg in the
South-East; in these same days or rather nights, Royal Champagne is
'shouting Vive la Nation, au diable les Aristocrates, with some thirty
lit candles,' at Hesdin, on the far North-West. "The garrison of
Bitche," Deputy Rewbell is sorry to state, "went out of the town, with
drums beating; deposed its officers; and then returned into the town,
sabre in hand." (Moniteur (in Hist. Parl. vii. 29).) Ought not a
National Assembly to occupy itself with these objects? Military France
is everywhere full of sour inflammatory humour, which exhales itself
fuliginously, this way or that: a whole continent of smoking flax;
which, blown on here or there by any angry wind, might so easily start
into a blaze, into a continent of fire!
Constitutional Patriotism is in deep natural alarm at these things. The
august Assembly sits diligently deliberating; dare nowise resolve, with
Mirabeau, on an instantaneous disbandment and extinction; finds that a
course of palliatives is easier. But at least and lowest, this grievance
of the Arrears shall be rectified. A plan, much noised of in those days,
under the name 'Decree of the Sixth of August,' has been devised for
that. Inspectors shall visit all armies; and, with certain elected
corporals and 'soldiers able to write,' verify what arrears and
peculations do lie due, and make them good. Well, if in this way
the smoky heat be cooled down; if it be not, as we say, ventilated
over-much, or, by sparks and collision somewhere, sent up!
Chapter 2.2.IV.
Arrears at Nanci.
We are to remark, however, that of all districts, this of Bouille's
seems the inflammablest. It was always to Bouille and Metz that
Royalty would fly: Austria lies near; here more than elsewhere must
the disunited People look over the borders, into a dim sea of Foreign
Politics and Diplomacies, with hope or apprehension, with mutual
exasperation.
It was but in these days that certain Austrian troops, marching
peaceably across an angle of this region, seemed an Invasion realised;
and there rushed towards Stenai, with musket on shoulder, from all the
winds, some thirty thousand National Guards, to inquire what the matter
was. (Moniteur, Seance du 9 Aout 1790.) A matter of mere diplomacy it
proved; the Austrian Kaiser, in haste to get to Belgium, had bargained
for this short cut. The infinite dim movement of European Politics waved
a skirt over these spaces, passing on its way; like the passing shadow
of a condor; and such a winged flight of thirty thousand, with mixed
cackling and crowing, rose in consequence! For, in addition to all, this
people, as we said, is much divided: Aristocrats abound; Patriotism has
both Aristocrats and Austrians to watch. It is Lorraine, this region;
not so illuminated as old France: it remembers ancient Feudalisms; nay,
within man's memory, it had a Court and King of its own, or indeed the
splendour of a Court and King, without the burden. Then, contrariwise,
the Mother Society, which sits in the Jacobins Church at Paris, has
Daughters in the Towns here; shrill-tongued, driven acrid: consider how
the memory of good King Stanislaus, and ages of Imperial Feudalism, may
comport with this New acrid Evangel, and what a virulence of discord
there may be! In all which, the Soldiery, officers on one side, private
men on the other, takes part, and now indeed principal part; a Soldiery,
moreover, all the hotter here as it lies the denser, the frontier
Province requiring more of it.
So stands Lorraine: but the capital City, more especially so. The
pleasant City of Nanci, which faded Feudalism loves, where King
Stanislaus personally dwelt and shone, has an Aristocrat Municipality,
and then also a Daughter Society: it has some forty thousand divided
souls of population; and three large Regiments, one of which is Swiss
Chateau-Vieux, dear to Patriotism ever since it refused fighting, or
was thought to refuse, in the Bastille days. Here unhappily all evil
influences seem to meet concentered; here, of all places, may jealousy
and heat evolve itself. These many months, accordingly, man has been set
against man, Washed against Unwashed; Patriot Soldier against Aristocrat
Captain, ever the more bitterly; and a long score of grudges has been
running up.
Nameable grudges, and likewise unnameable: for there is a punctual
nature in Wrath; and daily, were there but glances of the eye, tones
of the voice, and minutest commissions or omissions, it will jot down
somewhat, to account, under the head of sundries, which always swells
the sum-total. For example, in April last, in those times of preliminary
Federation, when National Guards and Soldiers were every where swearing
brotherhood, and all France was locally federating, preparing for the
grand National Feast of Pikes, it was observed that these Nanci Officers
threw cold water on the whole brotherly business; that they first hung
back from appearing at the Nanci Federation; then did appear, but in
mere redingote and undress, with scarcely a clean shirt on; nay that one
of them, as the National Colours flaunted by in that solemn moment, did,
without visible necessity, take occasion to spit. (Deux Amis, v. 217.)
Small 'sundries as per journal,' but then incessant ones! The Aristocrat
Municipality, pretending to be Constitutional, keeps mostly quiet; not
so the Daughter Society, the five thousand adult male Patriots of the
place, still less the five thousand female: not so the young, whiskered
or whiskerless, four-generation Noblesse in epaulettes; the grim Patriot
Swiss of Chateau-Vieux, effervescent infantry of Regiment du Roi, hot
troopers of Mestre-de-Camp! Walled Nanci, which stands so bright and
trim, with its straight streets, spacious squares, and Stanislaus'
Architecture, on the fruitful alluvium of the Meurthe; so bright, amid
the yellow cornfields in these Reaper-Months,--is inwardly but a den of
discord, anxiety, inflammability, not far from exploding. Let Bouille
look to it. If that universal military heat, which we liken to a vast
continent of smoking flax, do any where take fire, his beard, here in
Lorraine and Nanci, may the most readily of all get singed by it.
Bouille, for his part, is busy enough, but only with the general
superintendence; getting his pacified Salm, and all other still
tolerable Regiments, marched out of Metz, to southward towns and
villages; to rural Cantonments as at Vic, Marsal and thereabout, by
the still waters; where is plenty of horse-forage, sequestered
parade-ground, and the soldier's speculative faculty can be stilled
by drilling. Salm, as we said, received only half payment of arrears;
naturally not without grumbling. Nevertheless that scene of the drawn
sword may, after all, have raised Bouille in the mind of Salm; for men
and soldiers love intrepidity and swift inflexible decision, even when
they suffer by it. As indeed is not this fundamentally the quality of
qualities for a man? A quality which by itself is next to nothing,
since inferior animals, asses, dogs, even mules have it; yet, in due
combination, it is the indispensable basis of all.
Of Nanci and its heats, Bouille, commander of the whole, knows nothing
special; understands generally that the troops in that City are perhaps
the worst. (Bouille, i. c. 9.) The Officers there have it all, as they
have long had it, to themselves; and unhappily seem to manage it ill.
'Fifty yellow furloughs,' given out in one batch, do surely betoken
difficulties. But what was Patriotism to think of certain light-fencing
Fusileers 'set on,' or supposed to be set on, 'to insult the
Grenadier-club,' considerate speculative Grenadiers, and that
reading-room of theirs? With shoutings, with hootings; till the
speculative Grenadier drew his side-arms too; and there ensued battery
and duels! Nay more, are not swashbucklers of the same stamp 'sent out'
visibly, or sent out presumably, now in the dress of Soldiers to pick
quarrels with the Citizens; now, disguised as Citizens, to pick quarrels
with the Soldiers? For a certain Roussiere, expert in fence, was taken
in the very fact; four Officers (presumably of tender years) hounding
him on, who thereupon fled precipitately! Fence-master Roussiere, haled
to the guardhouse, had sentence of three months' imprisonment: but
his comrades demanded 'yellow furlough' for him of all persons; nay,
thereafter they produced him on parade; capped him in paper-helmet
inscribed, Iscariot; marched him to the gate of City; and there sternly
commanded him to vanish for evermore.
On all which suspicions, accusations and noisy procedure, and on enough
of the like continually accumulating, the Officer could not but look
with disdainful indignation; perhaps disdainfully express the same in
words, and 'soon after fly over to the Austrians.'
So that when it here as elsewhere comes to the question of Arrears,
the humour and procedure is of the bitterest: Regiment Mestre-de-Camp
getting, amid loud clamour, some three gold louis a-man,--which have,
as usual, to be borrowed from the Municipality; Swiss Chateau-Vieux
applying for the like, but getting instead instantaneous courrois, or
cat-o'-nine-tails, with subsequent unsufferable hisses from the women
and children; Regiment du Roi, sick of hope deferred, at length seizing
its military chest, and marching it to quarters, but next day marching
it back again, through streets all struck silent:--unordered paradings
and clamours, not without strong liquor; objurgation, insubordination;
your military ranked Arrangement going all (as the Typographers say of
set types, in a similar case) rapidly to pie! (Deux Amis, v. c. 8.) Such
is Nanci in these early days of August; the sublime Feast of Pikes not
yet a month old.
Constitutional Patriotism, at Paris and elsewhere, may well quake at
the news. War-Minister Latour du Pin runs breathless to the National
Assembly, with a written message that 'all is burning, tout brule, tout
presse.' The National Assembly, on spur of the instant, renders such
Decret, and 'order to submit and repent,' as he requires; if it will
avail any thing. On the other hand, Journalism, through all its throats,
gives hoarse outcry, condemnatory, elegiac-applausive. The Forty-eight
Sections, lift up voices; sonorous Brewer, or call him now Colonel
Santerre, is not silent, in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. For, meanwhile,
the Nanci Soldiers have sent a Deputation of Ten, furnished
with documents and proofs; who will tell another story than the
'all-is-burning' one. Which deputed Ten, before ever they reach the
Assembly Hall, assiduous Latour du Pin picks up, and on warrant of Mayor
Bailly, claps in prison! Most unconstitutionally; for they had officers'
furloughs. Whereupon Saint-Antoine, in indignant uncertainty of the
future, closes its shops. Is Bouille a traitor then, sold to Austria?
In that case, these poor private sentinels have revolted mainly out of
Patriotism?
New Deputation, Deputation of National Guardsmen now, sets forth from
Nanci to enlighten the Assembly. It meets the old deputed Ten returning,
quite unexpectedly unhanged; and proceeds thereupon with better
prospects; but effects nothing. Deputations, Government Messengers,
Orderlies at hand-gallops, Alarms, thousand-voiced Rumours, go vibrating
continually; backwards and forwards,--scattering distraction. Not till
the last week of August does M. de Malseigne, selected as Inspector, get
down to the scene of mutiny; with Authority, with cash, and 'Decree of
the Sixth of August.' He now shall see these Arrears liquidated, justice
done, or at least tumult quashed.
Chapter 2.2.V.
Inspector Malseigne.
Of Inspector Malseigne we discern, by direct light, that he is 'of
Herculean stature;' and infer, with probability, that he is of truculent
moustachioed aspect,--for Royalist Officers now leave the upper lip
unshaven; that he is of indomitable bull-heart; and also, unfortunately,
of thick bull-head.
On Tuesday the 24th of August, 1790, he opens session as Inspecting
Commissioner; meets those 'elected corporals, and soldiers that can
write.' He finds the accounts of Chateau-Vieux to be complex; to require
delay and reference: he takes to haranguing, to reprimanding; ends amid
audible grumbling. Next morning, he resumes session, not at the Townhall
as prudent Municipals counselled, but once more at the barracks.
Unfortunately Chateau-Vieux, grumbling all night, will now hear of
no delay or reference; from reprimanding on his part, it goes to
bullying,--answered with continual cries of "Jugez tout de suite, Judge
it at once;" whereupon M. de Malseigne will off in a huff. But lo,
Chateau Vieux, swarming all about the barrack-court, has sentries at
every gate; M. de Malseigne, demanding egress, cannot get it, though
Commandant Denoue backs him; can get only "Jugez tout de suite." Here is
a nodus!
Bull-hearted M. de Malseigne draws his sword; and will force egress.
Confused splutter. M. de Malseigne's sword breaks; he snatches
Commandant Denoue's: the sentry is wounded. M. de Malseigne, whom one
is loath to kill, does force egress,--followed by Chateau-Vieux all in
disarray; a spectacle to Nanci. M. de Malseigne walks at a sharp pace,
yet never runs; wheeling from time to time, with menaces and
movements of fence; and so reaches Denoue's house, unhurt; which house
Chateau-Vieux, in an agitated manner, invests,--hindered as yet
from entering, by a crowd of officers formed on the staircase. M.
de Malseigne retreats by back ways to the Townhall, flustered though
undaunted; amid an escort of National Guards. From the Townhall he,
on the morrow, emits fresh orders, fresh plans of settlement with
Chateau-Vieux; to none of which will Chateau-Vieux listen: whereupon
finally he, amid noise enough, emits order that Chateau-Vieux shall
march on the morrow morning, and quarter at Sarre Louis. Chateau-Vieux
flatly refuses marching; M. de Malseigne 'takes act,' due notarial
protest, of such refusal,--if happily that may avail him.
This is end of Thursday; and, indeed, of M. de Malseigne's
Inspectorship, which has lasted some fifty hours. To such length,
in fifty hours, has he unfortunately brought it. Mestre-de-Camp and
Regiment du Roi hang, as it were, fluttering: Chateau-Vieux is clean
gone, in what way we see. Over night, an Aide-de-Camp of Lafayette's,
stationed here for such emergency, sends swift emissaries far and wide,
to summon National Guards. The slumber of the country is broken
by clattering hoofs, by loud fraternal knockings; every where the
Constitutional Patriot must clutch his fighting-gear, and take the road
for Nanci.
And thus the Herculean Inspector has sat all Thursday, among
terror-struck Municipals, a centre of confused noise: all Thursday,
Friday, and till Saturday towards noon. Chateau-Vieux, in spite of
the notarial protest, will not march a step. As many as four thousand
National Guards are dropping or pouring in; uncertain what is expected
of them, still more uncertain what will be obtained of them. For all is
uncertainty, commotion, and suspicion: there goes a word that Bouille,
beginning to bestir himself in the rural Cantonments eastward, is but a
Royalist traitor; that Chateau-Vieux and Patriotism are sold to Austria,
of which latter M. de Malseigne is probably some agent. Mestre-de-Camp
and Roi flutter still more questionably: Chateau-Vieux, far from
marching, 'waves red flags out of two carriages,' in a passionate
manner, along the streets; and next morning answers its Officers: "Pay
us, then; and we will march with you to the world's end!"
Under which circumstances, towards noon on Saturday, M. de Malseigne
thinks it were good perhaps to inspect the ramparts,--on horseback. He
mounts, accordingly, with escort of three troopers. At the gate of the
city, he bids two of them wait for his return; and with the third, a
trooper to be depended upon, he--gallops off for Luneville; where lies
a certain Carabineer Regiment not yet in a mutinous state! The two
left troopers soon get uneasy; discover how it is, and give the alarm.
Mestre-de-Camp, to the number of a hundred, saddles in frantic haste, as
if sold to Austria; gallops out pellmell in chase of its Inspector. And
so they spur, and the Inspector spurs; careering, with noise and jingle,
up the valley of the River Meurthe, towards Luneville and the
midday sun: through an astonished country; indeed almost their own
astonishment.
What a hunt, Actaeon-like;--which Actaeon de Malseigne happily gains! To
arms, ye Carabineers of Luneville: to chastise mutinous men, insulting
your General Officer, insulting your own quarters;--above all
things, fire soon, lest there be parleying and ye refuse to fire!
The Carabineers fire soon, exploding upon the first stragglers of
Mestre-de-Camp; who shrink at the very flash, and fall back hastily
on Nanci, in a state not far from distraction. Panic and fury: sold
to Austria without an if; so much per regiment, the very sums can be
specified; and traitorous Malseigne is fled! Help, O Heaven; help, thou
Earth,--ye unwashed Patriots; ye too are sold like us!
Effervescent Regiment du Roi primes its firelocks, Mestre-de-Camp
saddles wholly: Commandant Denoue is seized, is flung in prison with a
'canvass shirt' (sarreau de toile) about him; Chateau-Vieux bursts up
the magazines; distributes 'three thousand fusils' to a Patriot people:
Austria shall have a hot bargain. Alas, the unhappy hunting-dogs, as
we said, have hunted away their huntsman; and do now run howling and
baying, on what trail they know not; nigh rabid!
And so there is tumultuous march of men, through the night; with halt
on the heights of Flinval, whence Luneville can be seen all illuminated.
Then there is parley, at four in the morning; and reparley; finally
there is agreement: the Carabineers give in; Malseigne is surrendered,
with apologies on all sides. After weary confused hours, he is even got
under way; the Lunevillers all turning out, in the idle Sunday, to see
such departure: home-going of mutinous Mestre-de-Camp with its Inspector
captive. Mestre-de-Camp accordingly marches; the Lunevillers look.
See! at the corner of the first street, our Inspector bounds off
again, bull-hearted as he is; amid the slash of sabres, the crackle
of musketry; and escapes, full gallop, with only a ball lodged in his
buff-jerkin. The Herculean man! And yet it is an escape to no purpose.
For the Carabineers, to whom after the hardest Sunday's ride on record,
he has come circling back, 'stand deliberating by their nocturnal
watch-fires;' deliberating of Austria, of traitors, and the rage of
Mestre-de-Camp. So that, on the whole, the next sight we have is that
of M. de Malseigne, on the Monday afternoon, faring bull-hearted through
the streets of Nanci; in open carriage, a soldier standing over him with
drawn sword; amid the 'furies of the women,' hedges of National Guards,
and confusion of Babel: to the Prison beside Commandant Denoue! That
finally is the lodging of Inspector Malseigne. (Deux Amis, v. 206-251;
Newspapers and Documents in Hist. Parl. vii. 59-162.)
Surely it is time Bouille were drawing near. The Country all round,
alarmed with watchfires, illuminated towns, and marching and rout, has
been sleepless these several nights. Nanci, with its uncertain National
Guards, with its distributed fusils, mutinous soldiers, black panic and
redhot ire, is not a City but a Bedlam.
Chapter 2.2.VI.
Bouille at Nanci.
Haste with help, thou brave Bouille: if swift help come not, all is now
verily 'burning;' and may burn,--to what lengths and breadths! Much,
in these hours, depends on Bouille; as it shall now fare with him, the
whole Future may be this way or be that. If, for example, he were to
loiter dubitating, and not come: if he were to come, and fail: the whole
Soldiery of France to blaze into mutiny, National Guards going some this
way, some that; and Royalism to draw its rapier, and Sansculottism to
snatch its pike; and the Spirit if Jacobinism, as yet young, girt with
sun-rays, to grow instantaneously mature, girt with hell-fire,--as
mortals, in one night of deadly crisis, have had their heads turned
gray!
Brave Bouille is advancing fast, with the old inflexibility; gathering
himself, unhappily 'in small affluences,' from East, from West and
North; and now on Tuesday morning, the last day of the month, he stands
all concentred, unhappily still in small force, at the village of
Frouarde, within some few miles. Son of Adam with a more dubious
task before him is not in the world this Tuesday morning. A weltering
inflammable sea of doubt and peril, and Bouille sure of simply one
thing, his own determination. Which one thing, indeed, may be worth
many. He puts a most firm face on the matter: 'Submission, or unsparing
battle and destruction; twenty-four hours to make your choice:' this was
the tenor of his Proclamation; thirty copies of which he sent yesterday
to Nanci:--all which, we find, were intercepted and not posted. (Compare
Bouille, Memoires, i. 153-176; Deux Amis, v. 251-271; Hist. Parl. ubi
supra.)
Nevertheless, at half-past eleven, this morning, seemingly by way of
answer, there does wait on him at Frouarde, some Deputation from the
mutinous Regiments, from the Nanci Municipals, to see what can be done.
Bouille receives this Deputation, 'in a large open court adjoining his
lodging:' pacified Salm, and the rest, attend also, being invited to
do it,--all happily still in the right humour. The Mutineers pronounce
themselves with a decisiveness, which to Bouille seems insolence; and
happily to Salm also. Salm, forgetful of the Metz staircase and
sabre, demands that the scoundrels 'be hanged' there and then. Bouille
represses the hanging; but answers that mutinous Soldiers have one
course, and not more than one: To liberate, with heartfelt contrition,
Messieurs Denoue and de Malseigne; to get ready forthwith for marching
off, whither he shall order; and 'submit and repent,' as the National
Assembly has decreed, as he yesterday did in thirty printed Placards
proclaim. These are his terms, unalterable as the decrees of Destiny.
Which terms as they, the Mutineer deputies, seemingly do not accept, it
were good for them to vanish from this spot, and even promptly; with him
too, in few instants, the word will be, Forward! The Mutineer deputies
vanish, not unpromptly; the Municipal ones, anxious beyond right for
their own individualities, prefer abiding with Bouille.
Brave Bouille, though he puts a most firm face on the matter, knows his
position full well: how at Nanci, what with rebellious soldiers, with
uncertain National Guards, and so many distributed fusils, there rage
and roar some ten thousand fighting men; while with himself is scarcely
the third part of that number, in National Guards also uncertain, in
mere pacified Regiments,--for the present full of rage, and clamour to
march; but whose rage and clamour may next moment take such a fatal new
figure. On the top of one uncertain billow, therewith to calm billows!
Bouille must 'abandon himself to Fortune;' who is said sometimes to
favour the brave. At half-past twelve, the Mutineer deputies having
vanished, our drums beat; we march: for Nanci! Let Nanci bethink itself,
then; for Bouille has thought and determined.
And yet how shall Nanci think: not a City but a Bedlam! Grim
Chateau-Vieux is for defence to the death; forces the Municipality to
order, by tap of drum, all citizens acquainted with artillery to turn
out, and assist in managing the cannon. On the other hand, effervescent
Regiment du Roi, is drawn up in its barracks; quite disconsolate,
hearing the humour Salm is in; and ejaculates dolefully from its
thousand throats: "La loi, la loi, Law, law!" Mestre-de-Camp blusters,
with profane swearing, in mixed terror and furor; National Guards look
this way and that, not knowing what to do. What a Bedlam-City: as many
plans as heads; all ordering, none obeying: quiet none,--except the
Dead, who sleep underground, having done their fighting!
And, behold, Bouille proves as good as his word: 'at half-past two'
scouts report that he is within half a league of the gates; rattling
along, with cannon, and array; breathing nothing but destruction. A new
Deputation, Municipals, Mutineers, Officers, goes out to meet him; with
passionate entreaty for yet one other hour. Bouille grants an hour.
Then, at the end thereof, no Denoue or Malseigne appearing as promised,
he rolls his drums, and again takes the road. Towards four o'clock,
the terror-struck Townsmen may see him face to face. His cannons rattle
there, in their carriages; his vanguard is within thirty paces of the
Gate Stanislaus. Onward like a Planet, by appointed times, by law of
Nature! What next? Lo, flag of truce and chamade; conjuration to halt:
Malseigne and Denoue are on the street, coming hither; the soldiers all
repentant, ready to submit and march! Adamantine Bouille's look alters
not; yet the word Halt is given: gladder moment he never saw. Joy of
joys! Malseigne and Denoue do verily issue; escorted by National Guards;
from streets all frantic, with sale to Austria and so forth: they salute
Bouille, unscathed. Bouille steps aside to speak with them, and with
other heads of the Town there; having already ordered by what Gates and
Routes the mutineer Regiments shall file out.
Such colloquy with these two General Officers and other principal
Townsmen, was natural enough; nevertheless one wishes Bouille had
postponed it, and not stepped aside. Such tumultuous inflammable masses,
tumbling along, making way for each other; this of keen nitrous oxide,
that of sulphurous fire-damp,--were it not well to stand between
them, keeping them well separate, till the space be cleared? Numerous
stragglers of Chateau-Vieux and the rest have not marched with their
main columns, which are filing out by the appointed Gates, taking
station in the open meadows. National Guards are in a state of nearly
distracted uncertainty; the populace, armed and unharmed, roll openly
delirious,--betrayed, sold to the Austrians, sold to the Aristocrats.
There are loaded cannon with lit matches among them, and Bouille's
vanguard is halted within thirty paces of the Gate. Command dwells not
in that mad inflammable mass; which smoulders and tumbles there, in
blind smoky rage; which will not open the Gate when summoned; says it
will open the cannon's throat sooner!--Cannonade not, O Friends, or be
it through my body! cries heroic young Desilles, young Captain of Roi,
clasping the murderous engine in his arms, and holding it. Chateau-Vieux
Swiss, by main force, with oaths and menaces, wrench off the heroic
youth; who undaunted, amid still louder oaths seats himself on the
touch-hole. Amid still louder oaths; with ever louder clangour,--and,
alas, with the loud crackle of first one, and then three other muskets;
which explode into his body; which roll it in the dust,--and do also,
in the loud madness of such moment, bring lit cannon-match to ready
priming; and so, with one thunderous belch of grapeshot, blast some
fifty of Bouille's vanguard into air!
Fatal! That sputter of the first musket-shot has kindled such a
cannon-shot, such a death-blaze; and all is now redhot madness,
conflagration as of Tophet. With demoniac rage, the Bouille vanguard
storms through that Gate Stanislaus; with fiery sweep, sweeps Mutiny
clear away, to death, or into shelters and cellars; from which latter,
again, Mutiny continues firing. The ranked Regiments hear it in their
meadow; they rush back again through the nearest Gates; Bouille gallops
in, distracted, inaudible;--and now has begun, in Nanci, as in that
doomed Hall of the Nibelungen, 'a murder grim and great.'
Miserable: such scene of dismal aimless madness as the anger of Heaven
but rarely permits among men! From cellar or from garret, from open
street in front, from successive corners of cross-streets on each hand,
Chateau-Vieux and Patriotism keep up the murderous rolling-fire, on
murderous not Unpatriotic fires. Your blue National Captain, riddled
with balls, one hardly knows on whose side fighting, requests to be
laid on the colours to die: the patriotic Woman (name not given, deed
surviving) screams to Chateau-Vieux that it must not fire the other
cannon; and even flings a pail of water on it, since screaming avails
not. (Deux Amis, v. 268.) Thou shalt fight; thou shalt not fight; and
with whom shalt thou fight! Could tumult awaken the old Dead, Burgundian
Charles the Bold might stir from under that Rotunda of his: never since
he, raging, sank in the ditches, and lost Life and Diamond, was such a
noise heard here.
Three thousand, as some count, lie mangled, gory; the half of
Chateau-Vieux has been shot, without need of Court Martial. Cavalry,
of Mestre-de-Camp or their foes, can do little. Regiment du Roi was
persuaded to its barracks; stands there palpitating. Bouille, armed with
the terrors of the Law, and favoured of Fortune, finally triumphs. In
two murderous hours he has penetrated to the grand Squares, dauntless,
though with loss of forty officers and five hundred men: the shattered
remnants of Chateau-Vieux are seeking covert. Regiment du Roi, not
effervescent now, alas no, but having effervesced, will offer to
ground its arms; will 'march in a quarter of an hour.' Nay these poor
effervesced require 'escort' to march with, and get it; though they are
thousands strong, and have thirty ball-cartridges a man! The Sun is not
yet down, when Peace, which might have come bloodless, has come bloody:
the mutinous Regiments are on march, doleful, on their three Routes;
and from Nanci rises wail of women and men, the voice of weeping and
desolation; the City weeping for its slain who awaken not. These streets
are empty but for victorious patrols.
Thus has Fortune, favouring the brave, dragged Bouille, as himself says,
out of such a frightful peril, 'by the hair of the head.' An intrepid
adamantine man this Bouille:--had he stood in old Broglie's place,
in those Bastille days, it might have been all different! He has
extinguished mutiny, and immeasurable civil war. Not for nothing, as
we see; yet at a rate which he and Constitutional Patriotism considers
cheap. Nay, as for Bouille, he, urged by subsequent contradiction which
arose, declares coldly, it was rather against his own private mind,
and more by public military rule of duty, that he did extinguish it,
(Bouille, i. 175.)--immeasurable civil war being now the only chance.
Urged, we say, by subsequent contradiction! Civil war, indeed, is Chaos;
and in all vital Chaos, there is new Order shaping itself free: but what
a faith this, that of all new Orders out of Chaos and Possibility of
Man and his Universe, Louis Sixteenth and Two-Chamber Monarchy were
precisely the one that would shape itself! It is like undertaking to
throw deuce-ace, say only five hundred successive times, and any other
throw to be fatal--for Bouille. Rather thank Fortune, and Heaven,
always, thou intrepid Bouille; and let contradiction of its way! Civil
war, conflagrating universally over France at this moment, might
have led to one thing or to another thing: meanwhile, to quench
conflagration, wheresoever one finds it, wheresoever one can; this, in
all times, is the rule for man and General Officer.
But at Paris, so agitated and divided, fancy how it went, when the
continually vibrating Orderlies vibrated thither at hand gallop, with
such questionable news! High is the gratulation; and also deep
the indignation. An august Assembly, by overwhelming majorities,
passionately thanks Bouille; a King's autograph, the voices of all
Loyal, all Constitutional men run to the same tenor. A solemn National
funeral-service, for the Law-defenders slain at Nanci; is said and sung
in the Champ de Mars; Bailly, Lafayette and National Guards, all
except the few that protested, assist. With pomp and circumstance, with
episcopal Calicoes in tricolor girdles, Altar of Fatherland smoking
with cassolettes, or incense-kettles; the vast Champ-de-Mars wholly
hung round with black mortcloth,--which mortcloth and expenditure Marat
thinks had better have been laid out in bread, in these dear days, and
given to the hungry living Patriot. (Ami du Peuple in Hist. Parl., ubi
supra.) On the other hand, living Patriotism, and Saint-Antoine, which
we have seen noisily closing its shops and such like, assembles now
'to the number of forty thousand;' and, with loud cries, under the very
windows of the thanking National Assembly, demands revenge for murdered
Brothers, judgment on Bouille, and instant dismissal of War-Minister
Latour du Pin.
At sound and sight of which things, if not War-Minister Latour, yet
'Adored Minister' Necker, sees good on the 3d of September 1790, to
withdraw softly almost privily,--with an eye to the 'recovery of his
health.' Home to native Switzerland; not as he last came; lucky to reach
it alive! Fifteen months ago, we saw him coming, with escort of horse,
with sound of clarion and trumpet: and now at Arcis-sur-Aube, while he
departs unescorted soundless, the Populace and Municipals stop him as
a fugitive, are not unlike massacring him as a traitor; the National
Assembly, consulted on the matter, gives him free egress as a nullity.
Such an unstable 'drift-mould of Accident' is the substance of this
lower world, for them that dwell in houses of clay; so, especially
in hot regions and times, do the proudest palaces we build of it take
wings, and become Sahara sand-palaces, spinning many pillared in the
whirlwind, and bury us under their sand!--
In spite of the forty thousand, the National Assembly persists in
its thanks; and Royalist Latour du Pin continues Minister. The forty
thousand assemble next day, as loud as ever; roll towards Latour's
Hotel; find cannon on the porch-steps with flambeau lit; and have to
retire elsewhither, and digest their spleen, or re-absorb it into the
blood.
Over in Lorraine, meanwhile, they of the distributed fusils, ringleaders
of Mestre-de-Camp, of Roi, have got marked out for judgment;--yet shall
never get judged. Briefer is the doom of Chateau-Vieux. Chateau-Vieux
is, by Swiss law, given up for instant trial in Court-Martial of its own
officers. Which Court-Martial, with all brevity (in not many hours),
has hanged some Twenty-three, on conspicuous gibbets; marched some
Three-score in chains to the Galleys; and so, to appearance, finished
the matter off. Hanged men do cease for ever from this Earth; but out
of chains and the Galleys there may be resuscitation in triumph.
Resuscitation for the chained Hero; and even for the chained Scoundrel,
or Semi-scoundrel! Scottish John Knox, such World-Hero, as we know, sat
once nevertheless pulling grim-taciturn at the oar of French Galley, 'in
the Water of Lore;' and even flung their Virgin-Mary over, instead of
kissing her,--as 'a pented bredd,' or timber Virgin, who could
naturally swim. (Knox's History of the Reformation, b. i.) So, ye of
Chateau-Vieux, tug patiently, not without hope!
But indeed at Nanci generally, Aristocracy rides triumphant, rough.
Bouille is gone again, the second day; an Aristocrat Municipality, with
free course, is as cruel as it had before been cowardly. The Daughter
Society, as the mother of the whole mischief, lies ignominiously
suppressed; the Prisons can hold no more; bereaved down-beaten
Patriotism murmurs, not loud but deep. Here and in the neighbouring
Towns, 'flattened balls' picked from the streets of Nanci are worn at
buttonholes: balls flattened in carrying death to Patriotism; men wear
them there, in perpetual memento of revenge. Mutineer Deserters roam the
woods; have to demand charity at the musket's end. All is dissolution,
mutual rancour, gloom and despair:--till National-Assembly Commissioners
arrive, with a steady gentle flame of Constitutionalism in their hearts;
who gently lift up the down-trodden, gently pull down the too uplifted;
reinstate the Daughter Society, recall the Mutineer Deserter; gradually
levelling, strive in all wise ways to smooth and soothe. With such
gradual mild levelling on the one side; as with solemn funeral-service,
Cassolettes, Courts-Martial, National thanks,--all that Officiality can
do is done. The buttonhole will drop its flat ball; the black ashes, so
far as may be, get green again.
This is the 'Affair of Nanci;' by some called the 'Massacre of
Nanci;'--properly speaking, the unsightly wrong-side of that thrice
glorious Feast of Pikes, the right-side of which formed a spectacle for
the very gods. Right-side and wrong lie always so near: the one was in
July, in August the other! Theatres, the theatres over in London, are
bright with their pasteboard simulacrum of that 'Federation of the
French People,' brought out as Drama: this of Nanci, we may say, though
not played in any pasteboard Theatre, did for many months enact itself,
and even walk spectrally--in all French heads. For the news of it fly
pealing through all France; awakening, in town and village, in clubroom,
messroom, to the utmost borders, some mimic reflex or imaginative
repetition of the business; always with the angry questionable
assertion: It was right; It was wrong. Whereby come controversies,
duels, embitterment, vain jargon; the hastening forward, the augmenting
and intensifying of whatever new explosions lie in store for us.
Meanwhile, at this cost or at that, the mutiny, as we say, is stilled.
The French Army has neither burst up in universal simultaneous delirium;
nor been at once disbanded, put an end to, and made new again. It
must die in the chronic manner, through years, by inches; with partial
revolts, as of Brest Sailors or the like, which dare not spread;
with men unhappy, insubordinate; officers unhappier, in Royalist
moustachioes, taking horse, singly or in bodies, across the Rhine: (See
Dampmartin, i. 249, &c. &c.) sick dissatisfaction, sick disgust on
both sides; the Army moribund, fit for no duty:--till it do, in that
unexpected manner, Phoenix-like, with long throes, get both dead and
newborn; then start forth strong, nay stronger and even strongest.
Thus much was the brave Bouille hitherto fated to do. Wherewith let
him again fade into dimness; and at Metz or the rural Cantonments,
assiduously drilling, mysteriously diplomatising, in scheme within
scheme, hover as formerly a faint shadow, the hope of Royalty.
BOOK 2.III.
THE TUILERIES
Chapter 2.3.I.
Epimenides.
How true that there is nothing dead in this Universe; that what we call
dead is only changed, its forces working in inverse order! 'The leaf
that lies rotting in moist winds,' says one, 'has still force; else how
could it rot?' Our whole Universe is but an infinite Complex of Forces;
thousandfold, from Gravitation up to Thought and Will; man's Freedom
environed with Necessity of Nature: in all which nothing at any moment
slumbers, but all is for ever awake and busy. The thing that lies
isolated inactive thou shalt nowhere discover; seek every where from
the granite mountain, slow-mouldering since Creation, to the passing
cloud-vapour, to the living man; to the action, to the spoken word of
man. The word that is spoken, as we know, flies-irrevocable: not less,
but more, the action that is done. 'The gods themselves,' sings Pindar,
'cannot annihilate the action that is done.' No: this, once done, is
done always; cast forth into endless Time; and, long conspicuous or soon
hidden, must verily work and grow for ever there, an indestructible new
element in the Infinite of Things. Or, indeed, what is this Infinite of
Things itself, which men name Universe, but an action, a sum-total
of Actions and Activities? The living ready-made sum-total of these
three,--which Calculation cannot add, cannot bring on its tablets; yet
the sum, we say, is written visible: All that has been done, All that
is doing, All that will be done! Understand it well, the Thing thou
beholdest, that Thing is an Action, the product and expression of
exerted Force: the All of Things is an infinite conjugation of the verb
To do. Shoreless Fountain-Ocean of Force, of power to do; wherein
Force rolls and circles, billowing, many-streamed, harmonious; wide
as Immensity, deep as Eternity; beautiful and terrible, not to be
comprehended: this is what man names Existence and Universe; this
thousand-tinted Flame-image, at once veil and revelation, reflex such as
he, in his poor brain and heart, can paint, of One Unnameable dwelling
in inaccessible light! From beyond the Star-galaxies, from before the
Beginning of Days, it billows and rolls,--round thee, nay thyself art of
it, in this point of Space where thou now standest, in this moment which
thy clock measures.
Or apart from all Transcendentalism, is it not a plain truth of sense,
which the duller mind can even consider as a truism, that human things
wholly are in continual movement, and action and reaction; working
continually forward, phasis after phasis, by unalterable laws, towards
prescribed issues? How often must we say, and yet not rightly lay
to heart: The seed that is sown, it will spring! Given the summer's
blossoming, then there is also given the autumnal withering: so is it
ordered not with seedfields only, but with transactions, arrangements,
philosophies, societies, French Revolutions, whatsoever man works with
in this lower world. The Beginning holds in it the End, and all that
leads thereto; as the acorn does the oak and its fortunes. Solemn
enough, did we think of it,--which unhappily and also happily we do not
very much! Thou there canst begin; the Beginning is for thee, and there:
but where, and of what sort, and for whom will the End be? All grows,
and seeks and endures its destinies: consider likewise how much grows,
as the trees do, whether we think of it or not. So that when your
Epimenides, your somnolent Peter Klaus, since named Rip van Winkle,
awakens again, he finds it a changed world. In that seven-years' sleep
of his, so much has changed! All that is without us will change while
we think not of it; much even that is within us. The truth that was
yesterday a restless Problem, has to-day grown a Belief burning to
be uttered: on the morrow, contradiction has exasperated it into mad
Fanaticism; obstruction has dulled it into sick Inertness; it is sinking
towards silence, of satisfaction or of resignation. To-day is not
Yesterday, for man or for thing. Yesterday there was the oath of Love;
today has come the curse of Hate. Not willingly: ah, no; but it could
not help coming. The golden radiance of youth, would it willingly have
tarnished itself into the dimness of old age?--Fearful: how we stand
enveloped, deep-sunk, in that Mystery of TIME; and are Sons of Time;
fashioned and woven out of Time; and on us, and on all that we have, or
see, or do, is written: Rest not, Continue not, Forward to thy doom!
But in seasons of Revolution, which indeed distinguish themselves from
common seasons by their velocity mainly, your miraculous Seven-sleeper
might, with miracle enough, wake sooner: not by the century, or seven
years, need he sleep; often not by the seven months. Fancy, for example,
some new Peter Klaus, sated with the jubilee of that Federation day, had
lain down, say directly after the Blessing of Talleyrand; and, reckoning
it all safe now, had fallen composedly asleep under the timber-work of
the Fatherland's Altar; to sleep there, not twenty-one years, but as
it were year and day. The cannonading of Nanci, so far off, does not
disturb him; nor does the black mortcloth, close at hand, nor the
requiems chanted, and minute guns, incense-pans and concourse right over
his head: none of these; but Peter sleeps through them all. Through one
circling year, as we say; from July 14th of 1790, till July the 17th of
1791: but on that latter day, no Klaus, nor most leaden Epimenides,
only the Dead could continue sleeping; and so our miraculous Peter Klaus
awakens. With what eyes, O Peter! Earth and sky have still their joyous
July look, and the Champ-de-Mars is multitudinous with men: but the
jubilee-huzzahing has become Bedlam-shrieking, of terror and revenge;
not blessing of Talleyrand, or any blessing, but cursing, imprecation
and shrill wail; our cannon-salvoes are turned to sharp shot; for
swinging of incense-pans and Eighty-three Departmental Banners, we have
waving of the one sanguinous Drapeau-Rouge.--Thou foolish Klaus! The one
lay in the other, the one was the other minus Time; even as Hannibal's
rock-rending vinegar lay in the sweet new wine. That sweet Federation
was of last year; this sour Divulsion is the self-same substance, only
older by the appointed days.
No miraculous Klaus or Epimenides sleeps in these times: and yet, may
not many a man, if of due opacity and levity, act the same miracle in a
natural way; we mean, with his eyes open? Eyes has he, but he sees not,
except what is under his nose. With a sparkling briskness of glance, as
if he not only saw but saw through, such a one goes whisking, assiduous,
in his circle of officialities; not dreaming but that it is the whole
world: as, indeed, where your vision terminates, does not inanity begin
there, and the world's end clearly declares itself--to you? Whereby
our brisk sparkling assiduous official person (call him, for instance,
Lafayette), suddenly startled, after year and day, by huge grape-shot
tumult, stares not less astonished at it than Peter Klaus would have
done. Such natural-miracle Lafayette can perform; and indeed not he only
but most other officials, non-officials, and generally the whole French
People can perform it; and do bounce up, ever and anon, like amazed
Seven-sleepers awakening; awakening amazed at the noise they themselves
make. So strangely is Freedom, as we say, environed in Necessity; such
a singular Somnambulism, of Conscious and Unconscious, of Voluntary and
Involuntary, is this life of man. If any where in the world there was
astonishment that the Federation Oath went into grape-shot, surely
of all persons the French, first swearers and then shooters, felt
astonished the most.
Alas, offences must come. The sublime Feast of Pikes, with its
effulgence of brotherly love, unknown since the Age of Gold, has changed
nothing. That prurient heat in Twenty-five millions of hearts is not
cooled thereby; but is still hot, nay hotter. Lift off the pressure of
command from so many millions; all pressure or binding rule, except such
melodramatic Federation Oath as they have bound themselves with! For
'Thou shalt' was from of old the condition of man's being, and his weal
and blessedness was in obeying that. Wo for him when, were it on hest
of the clearest necessity, rebellion, disloyal isolation, and mere 'I
will', becomes his rule! But the Gospel of Jean-Jacques has come, and
the first Sacrament of it has been celebrated: all things, as we
say, are got into hot and hotter prurience; and must go on pruriently
fermenting, in continual change noted or unnoted.
'Worn out with disgusts,' Captain after Captain, in Royalist
moustachioes, mounts his warhorse, or his Rozinante war-garron, and
rides minatory across the Rhine; till all have ridden. Neither does
civic Emigration cease: Seigneur after Seigneur must, in like manner,
ride or roll; impelled to it, and even compelled. For the very Peasants
despise him in that he dare not join his order and fight. (Dampmartin,
passim.) Can he bear to have a Distaff, a Quenouille sent to him; say
in copper-plate shadow, by post; or fixed up in wooden reality over his
gate-lintel: as if he were no Hercules but an Omphale? Such scutcheon
they forward to him diligently from behind the Rhine; till he too bestir
himself and march, and in sour humour, another Lord of Land is gone,
not taking the Land with him. Nay, what of Captains and emigrating
Seigneurs? There is not an angry word on any of those Twenty-five
million French tongues, and indeed not an angry thought in their hearts,
but is some fraction of the great Battle. Add many successions of angry
words together, you have the manual brawl; add brawls together, with the
festering sorrows they leave, and they rise to riots and revolts.
One reverend thing after another ceases to meet reverence: in visible
material combustion, chateau after chateau mounts up; in spiritual
invisible combustion, one authority after another. With noise and
glare, or noisily and unnoted, a whole Old System of things is vanishing
piecemeal: on the morrow thou shalt look and it is not.
Chapter 2.3.II.
The Wakeful.
Sleep who will, cradled in hope and short vision, like Lafayette,
'who always in the danger done sees the last danger that will threaten
him,'--Time is not sleeping, nor Time's seedfield.
That sacred Herald's-College of a new Dynasty; we mean the Sixty and
odd Billstickers with their leaden badges, are not sleeping. Daily they,
with pastepot and cross-staff, new clothe the walls of Paris in colours
of the rainbow: authoritative heraldic, as we say, or indeed almost
magical thaumaturgic; for no Placard-Journal that they paste but
will convince some soul or souls of man. The Hawkers bawl; and the
Balladsingers: great Journalism blows and blusters, through all its
throats, forth from Paris towards all corners of France, like an Aeolus'
Cave; keeping alive all manner of fires.
Throats or Journals there are, as men count, (Mercier, iii. 163.) to the
number of some hundred and thirty-three. Of various calibre; from your
Cheniers, Gorsases, Camilles, down to your Marat, down now to your
incipient Hebert of the Pere Duchesne; these blow, with fierce weight of
argument or quick light banter, for the Rights of man: Durosoys, Royous,
Peltiers, Sulleaus, equally with mixed tactics, inclusive, singular to
say, of much profane Parody, (See Hist. Parl. vii. 51.) are blowing for
Altar and Throne. As for Marat the People's-Friend, his voice is as that
of the bullfrog, or bittern by the solitary pools; he, unseen of men,
croaks harsh thunder, and that alone continually,--of indignation,
suspicion, incurable sorrow. The People are sinking towards ruin, near
starvation itself: 'My dear friends,' cries he, 'your indigence is not
the fruit of vices nor of idleness, you have a right to life, as good
as Louis XVI., or the happiest of the century. What man can say he has
a right to dine, when you have no bread?' (Ami du Peuple, No. 306. See
other Excerpts in Hist. Parl. viii. 139-149, 428-433; ix. 85-93, &c.)
The People sinking on the one hand: on the other hand, nothing but
wretched Sieur Motiers, treasonous Riquetti Mirabeaus; traitors, or else
shadows, and simulacra of Quacks, to be seen in high places, look where
you will! Men that go mincing, grimacing, with plausible speech and
brushed raiment; hollow within: Quacks Political; Quacks scientific,
Academical; all with a fellow-feeling for each other, and kind of Quack
public-spirit! Not great Lavoisier himself, or any of the Forty can
escape this rough tongue; which wants not fanatic sincerity, nor,
strangest of all, a certain rough caustic sense. And then the
'three thousand gaming-houses' that are in Paris; cesspools for the
scoundrelism of the world; sinks of iniquity and debauchery,--whereas
without good morals Liberty is impossible! There, in these Dens of
Satan, which one knows, and perseveringly denounces, do Sieur Motier's
mouchards consort and colleague; battening vampyre-like on a
People next-door to starvation. 'O Peuple!' cries he oftimes, with
heart-rending accent. Treason, delusion, vampyrism, scoundrelism, from
Dan to Beersheba! The soul of Marat is sick with the sight: but what
remedy? To erect 'Eight Hundred gibbets,' in convenient rows, and
proceed to hoisting; 'Riquetti on the first of them!' Such is the brief
recipe of Marat, Friend of the People.
So blow and bluster the Hundred and thirty-three: nor, as would seem,
are these sufficient; for there are benighted nooks in France, to which
Newspapers do not reach; and every where is 'such an appetite for news
as was never seen in any country.' Let an expeditious Dampmartin, on
furlough, set out to return home from Paris, (Dampmartin, i. 184.) he
cannot get along for 'peasants stopping him on the highway; overwhelming
him with questions:' the Maitre de Poste will not send out the horses
till you have well nigh quarrelled with him, but asks always, What news?
At Autun, 'in spite of the rigorous frost' for it is now January, 1791,
nothing will serve but you must gather your wayworn limbs, and
thoughts, and 'speak to the multitudes from a window opening into the
market-place.' It is the shortest method: This, good Christian people,
is verily what an August Assembly seemed to me to be doing; this and no
other is the news;
'Now my weary lips I close;
Leave me, leave me to repose.'
The good Dampmartin!--But, on the whole, are not Nations astonishingly
true to their National character; which indeed runs in the blood?
Nineteen hundred years ago, Julius Caesar, with his quick sure eye, took
note how the Gauls waylaid men. 'It is a habit of theirs,' says he, 'to
stop travellers, were it even by constraint, and inquire whatsoever
each of them may have heard or known about any sort of matter: in their
towns, the common people beset the passing trader; demanding to hear
from what regions he came, what things he got acquainted with there.
Excited by which rumours and hearsays they will decide about the
weightiest matters; and necessarily repent next moment that they did it,
on such guidance of uncertain reports, and many a traveller answering
with mere fictions to please them, and get off.' (De Bello Gallico,
iv. 5.) Nineteen hundred years; and good Dampmartin, wayworn, in winter
frost, probably with scant light of stars and fish-oil, still perorates
from the Inn-window! This People is no longer called Gaulish; and it has
wholly become braccatus, has got breeches, and suffered change enough:
certain fierce German Franken came storming over; and, so to speak,
vaulted on the back of it; and always after, in their grim tenacious
way, have ridden it bridled; for German is, by his very name,
Guerre-man, or man that wars and gars. And so the People, as we say, is
now called French or Frankish: nevertheless, does not the old Gaulish
and Gaelic Celthood, with its vehemence, effervescent promptitude, and
what good and ill it had, still vindicate itself little adulterated?--
For the rest, that in such prurient confusion, Clubbism thrives and
spreads, need not be said. Already the Mother of Patriotism, sitting
in the Jacobins, shines supreme over all; and has paled the poor lunar
light of that Monarchic Club near to final extinction. She, we say,
shines supreme, girt with sun-light, not yet with infernal lightning;
reverenced, not without fear, by Municipal Authorities; counting her
Barnaves, Lameths, Petions, of a National Assembly; most gladly of all,
her Robespierre. Cordeliers, again, your Hebert, Vincent, Bibliopolist
Momoro, groan audibly that a tyrannous Mayor and Sieur Motier harrow
them with the sharp tribula of Law, intent apparently to suppress them
by tribulation. How the Jacobin Mother-Society, as hinted formerly,
sheds forth Cordeliers on this hand, and then Feuillans on that; the
Cordeliers on this hand, and then Feuillans on that; the Cordeliers
'an elixir or double-distillation of Jacobin Patriotism;' the other a
wide-spread weak dilution thereof; how she will re-absorb the former
into her Mother-bosom, and stormfully dissipate the latter
into Nonentity: how she breeds and brings forth Three Hundred
Daughter-Societies; her rearing of them, her correspondence, her
endeavourings and continual travail: how, under an old figure,
Jacobinism shoots forth organic filaments to the utmost corners of
confused dissolved France; organising it anew:--this properly is the
grand fact of the Time.
To passionate Constitutionalism, still more to Royalism, which see all
their own Clubs fail and die, Clubbism will naturally grow to seem the
root of all evil. Nevertheless Clubbism is not death, but rather
new organisation, and life out of death: destructive, indeed, of the
remnants of the Old; but to the New important, indispensable. That man
can co-operate and hold communion with man, herein lies his miraculous
strength. In hut or hamlet, Patriotism mourns not now like voice in
the desert: it can walk to the nearest Town; and there, in the
Daughter-Society, make its ejaculation into an articulate oration, into
an action, guided forward by the Mother of Patriotism herself. All
Clubs of Constitutionalists, and such like, fail, one after another,
as shallow fountains: Jacobinism alone has gone down to the deep
subterranean lake of waters; and may, unless filled in, flow there,
copious, continual, like an Artesian well. Till the Great Deep have
drained itself up: and all be flooded and submerged, and Noah's Deluge
out-deluged!
On the other hand, Claude Fauchet, preparing mankind for a Golden Age
now apparently just at hand, has opened his Cercle Social, with clerks,
corresponding boards, and so forth; in the precincts of the Palais
Royal. It is Te-Deum Fauchet; the same who preached on Franklin's Death,
in that huge Medicean rotunda of the Halle aux bleds. He here, this
winter, by Printing-press and melodious Colloquy, spreads bruit
of himself to the utmost City-barriers. 'Ten thousand persons' of
respectability attend there; and listen to this 'Procureur-General de
la Verite, Attorney-General of Truth,' so has he dubbed himself; to his
sage Condorcet, or other eloquent coadjutor. Eloquent Attorney-General!
He blows out from him, better or worse, what crude or ripe thing he
holds: not without result to himself; for it leads to a Bishoprick,
though only a Constitutional one. Fauchet approves himself a
glib-tongued, strong-lunged, whole-hearted human individual: much
flowing matter there is, and really of the better sort, about Right,
Nature, Benevolence, Progress; which flowing matter, whether 'it is
pantheistic,' or is pot-theistic, only the greener mind, in these days,
need read. Busy Brissot was long ago of purpose to establish precisely
some such regenerative Social Circle: nay he had tried it, in
'Newman-street Oxford-street,' of the Fog Babylon; and failed,--as some
say, surreptitiously pocketing the cash. Fauchet, not Brissot, was
fated to be the happy man; whereat, however, generous Brissot will
with sincere heart sing a timber-toned Nunc Domine. (See Brissot,
Patriote-Francais Newspaper; Fauchet, Bouche-de-Fer, &c. (excerpted
in Hist. Parl. viii., ix., et seqq.).) But 'ten thousand persons of
respectability:' what a bulk have many things in proportion to their
magnitude! This Cercle Social, for which Brissot chants in sincere
timber-tones such Nunc Domine, what is it? Unfortunately wind and
shadow. The main reality one finds in it now, is perhaps this: that an
'Attorney-General of Truth' did once take shape of a body, as Son of
Adam, on our Earth, though but for months or moments; and ten thousand
persons of respectability attended, ere yet Chaos and Nox had reabsorbed
him.
Hundred and thirty-three Paris Journals; regenerative Social Circle;
oratory, in Mother and Daughter Societies, from the balconies of Inns,
by chimney-nook, at dinner-table,--polemical, ending many times in
duel! Add ever, like a constant growling accompaniment of bass Discord:
scarcity of work, scarcity of food. The winter is hard and cold; ragged
Bakers'-queues, like a black tattered flag-of-distress, wave out
ever and anon. It is the third of our Hunger-years this new year of
a glorious Revolution. The rich man when invited to dinner, in such
distress-seasons, feels bound in politeness to carry his own bread in
his pocket: how the poor dine? And your glorious Revolution has done it,
cries one. And our glorious Revolution is subtilety, by black traitors
worthy of the Lamp-iron, perverted to do it, cries another! Who
will paint the huge whirlpool wherein France, all shivered into wild
incoherence, whirls? The jarring that went on under every French roof,
in every French heart; the diseased things that were spoken, done, the
sum-total whereof is the French Revolution, tongue of man cannot tell.
Nor the laws of action that work unseen in the depths of that huge
blind Incoherence! With amazement, not with measurement, men look on the
Immeasurable; not knowing its laws; seeing, with all different degrees
of knowledge, what new phases, and results of event, its laws bring
forth. France is as a monstrous Galvanic Mass, wherein all sorts of far
stranger than chemical galvanic or electric forces and substances are
at work; electrifying one another, positive and negative; filling with
electricity your Leyden-jars,--Twenty-five millions in number! As the
jars get full, there will, from time to time, be, on slight hint, an
explosion.
Chapter 2.3.III.
Sword in Hand.
On such wonderful basis, however, has Law, Royalty, Authority, and
whatever yet exists of visible Order, to maintain itself, while it can.
Here, as in that Commixture of the Four Elements did the Anarch Old, has
an august Assembly spread its pavilion; curtained by the dark infinite
of discords; founded on the wavering bottomless of the Abyss; and keeps
continual hubbub. Time is around it, and Eternity, and the Inane; and it
does what it can, what is given it to do.
Glancing reluctantly in, once more, we discern little that is edifying:
a Constitutional Theory of Defective Verbs struggling forward, with
perseverance, amid endless interruptions: Mirabeau, from his tribune,
with the weight of his name and genius, awing down much Jacobin
violence; which in return vents itself the louder over in its Jacobins
Hall, and even reads him sharp lectures there. (Camille's Journal (in
Hist. Parl. ix. 366-85).) This man's path is mysterious, questionable;
difficult, and he walks without companion in it. Pure Patriotism does
not now count him among her chosen; pure Royalism abhors him: yet his
weight with the world is overwhelming. Let him travel on, companionless,
unwavering, whither he is bound,--while it is yet day with him, and the
night has not come.
But the chosen band of pure Patriot brothers is small; counting only
some Thirty, seated now on the extreme tip of the Left, separate
from the world. A virtuous Petion; an incorruptible Robespierre, most
consistent, incorruptible of thin acrid men; Triumvirs Barnave, Duport,
Lameth, great in speech, thought, action, each according to his kind; a
lean old Goupil de Prefeln: on these and what will follow them has pure
Patriotism to depend.
There too, conspicuous among the Thirty, if seldom audible, Philippe
d'Orleans may be seen sitting: in dim fuliginous bewilderment; having,
one might say, arrived at Chaos! Gleams there are, at once of a
Lieutenancy and Regency; debates in the Assembly itself, of succession
to the Throne 'in case the present Branch should fail;' and Philippe,
they say, walked anxiously, in silence, through the corridors, till such
high argument were done: but it came all to nothing; Mirabeau, glaring
into the man, and through him, had to ejaculate in strong untranslatable
language: Ce j--f--ne vaut pas la peine qu'on se donne pour lui. It
came all to nothing; and in the meanwhile Philippe's money, they say, is
gone! Could he refuse a little cash to the gifted Patriot, in want
only of that; he himself in want of all but that? Not a pamphlet can
be printed without cash; or indeed written, without food purchasable by
cash. Without cash your hopefullest Projector cannot stir from the spot:
individual patriotic or other Projects require cash: how much more do
wide-spread Intrigues, which live and exist by cash; lying widespread,
with dragon-appetite for cash; fit to swallow Princedoms! And so Prince
Philippe, amid his Sillerys, Lacloses, and confused Sons of Night, has
rolled along: the centre of the strangest cloudy coil; out of which
has visibly come, as we often say, an Epic Preternatural Machinery
of SUSPICION; and within which there has dwelt and worked,--what
specialties of treason, stratagem, aimed or aimless endeavour towards
mischief, no party living (if it be not the Presiding Genius of it,
Prince of the Power of the Air) has now any chance to know. Camille's
conjecture is the likeliest: that poor Philippe did mount up, a little
way, in treasonable speculation, as he mounted formerly in one of the
earliest Balloons; but, frightened at the new position he was getting
into, had soon turned the cock again, and come down. More fool than he
rose! To create Preternatural Suspicion, this was his function in
the Revolutionary Epos. But now if he have lost his cornucopia of
ready-money, what else had he to lose? In thick darkness, inward and
outward, he must welter and flounder on, in that piteous death-element,
the hapless man. Once, or even twice, we shall still behold him emerged;
struggling out of the thick death-element: in vain. For one moment,
it is the last moment, he starts aloft, or is flung aloft, even into
clearness and a kind of memorability,--to sink then for evermore!
The Cote Droit persists no less; nay with more animation than ever,
though hope has now well nigh fled. Tough Abbe Maury, when the obscure
country Royalist grasps his hand with transport of thanks, answers,
rolling his indomitable brazen head: "Helas, Monsieur, all that I do
here is as good as simply nothing." Gallant Faussigny, visible this
one time in History, advances frantic, into the middle of the Hall,
exclaiming: "There is but one way of dealing with it, and that is
to fall sword in hand on those gentry there, sabre a la main sur ces
gaillards la," (Moniteur, Seance du 21 Aout, 1790.) franticly indicating
our chosen Thirty on the extreme tip of the Left! Whereupon is clangour
and clamour, debate, repentance,--evaporation. Things ripen towards
downright incompatibility, and what is called 'scission:' that fierce
theoretic onslaught of Faussigny's was in August, 1790; next August will
not have come, till a famed Two Hundred and Ninety-two, the chosen of
Royalism, make solemn final 'scission' from an Assembly given up to
faction; and depart, shaking the dust off their feet.
Connected with this matter of sword in hand, there is yet another thing
to be noted. Of duels we have sometimes spoken: how, in all parts
of France, innumerable duels were fought; and argumentative men
and messmates, flinging down the wine-cup and weapons of reason and
repartee, met in the measured field; to part bleeding; or perhaps not to
part, but to fall mutually skewered through with iron, their wrath and
life alike ending,--and die as fools die. Long has this lasted, and
still lasts. But now it would seem as if in an august Assembly itself,
traitorous Royalism, in its despair, had taken to a new course: that of
cutting off Patriotism by systematic duel! Bully-swordsmen, 'Spadassins'
of that party, go swaggering; or indeed they can be had for a trifle of
money. 'Twelve Spadassins' were seen, by the yellow eye of Journalism,
'arriving recently out of Switzerland;' also 'a considerable number
of Assassins, nombre considerable d'assassins, exercising in
fencing-schools and at pistol-targets.' Any Patriot Deputy of mark
can be called out; let him escape one time, or ten times, a time there
necessarily is when he must fall, and France mourn. How many cartels has
Mirabeau had; especially while he was the People's champion! Cartels by
the hundred: which he, since the Constitution must be made first, and
his time is precious, answers now always with a kind of stereotype
formula: "Monsieur, you are put upon my List; but I warn you that it is
long, and I grant no preferences."
Then, in Autumn, had we not the Duel of Cazales and Barnave; the two
chief masters of tongue-shot meeting now to exchange pistol-shot? For
Cazales, chief of the Royalists, whom we call 'Blacks or Noirs,' said,
in a moment of passion, "the Patriots were sheer Brigands," nay in
so speaking, he darted or seemed to dart, a fire-glance specially
at Barnave; who thereupon could not but reply by fire-glances,--by
adjournment to the Bois-de-Boulogne. Barnave's second shot took effect:
on Cazales's hat. The 'front nook' of a triangular Felt, such as mortals
then wore, deadened the ball; and saved that fine brow from more than
temporary injury. But how easily might the lot have fallen the other
way, and Barnave's hat not been so good! Patriotism raises its loud
denunciation of Duelling in general; petitions an august Assembly to
stop such Feudal barbarism by law. Barbarism and solecism: for will it
convince or convict any man to blow half an ounce of lead through the
head of him? Surely not.--Barnave was received at the Jacobins with
embraces, yet with rebukes.
Mindful of which, and also that his repetition in America was that of
headlong foolhardiness rather, and want of brain not of heart, Charles
Lameth does, on the eleventh day of November, with little emotion,
decline attending some hot young Gentleman from Artois, come expressly
to challenge him: nay indeed he first coldly engages to attend; then
coldly permits two Friends to attend instead of him, and shame the
young Gentleman out of it, which they successfully do. A cold procedure;
satisfactory to the two Friends, to Lameth and the hot young Gentleman;
whereby, one might have fancied, the whole matter was cooled down.
Not so, however: Lameth, proceeding to his senatorial duties, in the
decline of the day, is met in those Assembly corridors by nothing but
Royalist brocards; sniffs, huffs, and open insults. Human patience has
its limits: "Monsieur," said Lameth, breaking silence to one Lautrec,
a man with hunchback, or natural deformity, but sharp of tongue, and
a Black of the deepest tint, "Monsieur, if you were a man to be fought
with!"--"I am one," cries the young Duke de Castries. Fast as fire-flash
Lameth replies, "Tout a l'heure, On the instant, then!" And so, as the
shades of dusk thicken in that Bois-de-Boulogne, we behold two men with
lion-look, with alert attitude, side foremost, right foot advanced;
flourishing and thrusting, stoccado and passado, in tierce and quart;
intent to skewer one another. See, with most skewering purpose, headlong
Lameth, with his whole weight, makes a furious lunge; but deft Castries
whisks aside: Lameth skewers only the air,--and slits deep and far,
on Castries' sword's-point, his own extended left arm! Whereupon
with bleeding, pallor, surgeon's-lint, and formalities, the Duel is
considered satisfactorily done.
But will there be no end, then? Beloved Lameth lies deep-slit, not out
of danger. Black traitorous Aristocrats kill the People's defenders, cut
up not with arguments, but with rapier-slits. And the Twelve Spadassins
out of Switzerland, and the considerable number of Assassins exercising
at the pistol-target? So meditates and ejaculates hurt Patriotism, with
ever-deepening ever-widening fervour, for the space of six and thirty
hours.
The thirty-six hours past, on Saturday the 13th, one beholds a
new spectacle: The Rue de Varennes, and neighbouring Boulevard des
Invalides, covered with a mixed flowing multitude: the Castries Hotel
gone distracted, devil-ridden, belching from every window, 'beds with
clothes and curtains,' plate of silver and gold with filigree, mirrors,
pictures, images, commodes, chiffoniers, and endless crockery and
jingle: amid steady popular cheers, absolutely without theft; for
there goes a cry, "He shall be hanged that steals a nail!" It is a
Plebiscitum, or informal iconoclastic Decree of the Common People,
in the course of being executed!--The Municipality sit tremulous;
deliberating whether they will hang out the Drapeau Rouge and Martial
Law: National Assembly, part in loud wail, part in hardly suppressed
applause: Abbe Maury unable to decide whether the iconoclastic Plebs
amount to forty thousand or to two hundred thousand.
Deputations, swift messengers, for it is at a distance over the River,
come and go. Lafayette and National Guardes, though without Drapeau
Rouge, get under way; apparently in no hot haste. Nay, arrived on
the scene, Lafayette salutes with doffed hat, before ordering to fix
bayonets. What avails it? The Plebeian "Court of Cassation," as Camille
might punningly name it, has done its work; steps forth, with unbuttoned
vest, with pockets turned inside out: sack, and just ravage,
not plunder! With inexhaustible patience, the Hero of two Worlds
remonstrates; persuasively, with a kind of sweet constraint, though also
with fixed bayonets, dissipates, hushes down: on the morrow it is once
more all as usual.
Considering which things, however, Duke Castries may justly 'write to
the President,' justly transport himself across the Marches; to raise
a corps, or do what else is in him. Royalism totally abandons that
Bobadilian method of contest, and the Twelve Spadassins return to
Switzerland,--or even to Dreamland through the Horn-gate, whichsoever
their home is. Nay Editor Prudhomme is authorised to publish a curious
thing: 'We are authorised to publish,' says he, dull-blustering
Publisher, that M. Boyer, champion of good Patriots, is at the head
of Fifty Spadassinicides or Bully-killers. His address is: Passage du
Bois-de-Boulonge, Faubourg St. Denis.' (Revolutions de Paris (in Hist.
Parl. viii. 440).) One of the strangest Institutes, this of Champion
Boyer and the Bully-killers! Whose services, however, are not wanted;
Royalism having abandoned the rapier-method as plainly impracticable.
Chapter 2.3.IV.
To fly or not to fly.
The truth is Royalism sees itself verging towards sad extremities;
nearer and nearer daily. From over the Rhine it comes asserted that the
King in his Tuileries is not free: this the poor King may contradict,
with the official mouth, but in his heart feels often to be undeniable.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy; Decree of ejectment against Dissidents
from it: not even to this latter, though almost his conscience rebels,
can he say 'Nay; but, after two months' hesitating, signs this also. It
was on January 21st,' of this 1790, that he signed it; to the sorrow
of his poor heart yet, on another Twenty-first of January! Whereby come
Dissident ejected Priests; unconquerable Martyrs according to some,
incurable chicaning Traitors according to others. And so there has
arrived what we once foreshadowed: with Religion, or with the Cant
and Echo of Religion, all France is rent asunder in a new rupture of
continuity; complicating, embittering all the older;--to be cured only,
by stern surgery, in La Vendee!
Unhappy Royalty, unhappy Majesty, Hereditary (Representative),
Representant Hereditaire, or however they can name him; of whom much is
expected, to whom little is given! Blue National Guards encircle
that Tuileries; a Lafayette, thin constitutional Pedant; clear, thin,
inflexible, as water, turned to thin ice; whom no Queen's heart can
love. National Assembly, its pavilion spread where we know, sits near
by, keeping continual hubbub. From without nothing but Nanci Revolts,
sack of Castries Hotels, riots and seditions; riots, North and South, at
Aix, at Douai, at Befort, Usez, Perpignan, at Nismes, and that incurable
Avignon of the Pope's: a continual crackling and sputtering of riots
from the whole face of France;--testifying how electric it grows. Add
only the hard winter, the famished strikes of operatives; that continual
running-bass of Scarcity, ground-tone and basis of all other Discords!
The plan of Royalty, so far as it can be said to have any fixed plan, is
still, as ever, that of flying towards the frontiers. In very truth,
the only plan of the smallest promise for it! Fly to Bouille; bristle
yourself round with cannon, served by your 'forty-thousand undebauched
Germans:' summon the National Assembly to follow you, summon what of it
is Royalist, Constitutional, gainable by money; dissolve the rest, by
grapeshot if need be. Let Jacobinism and Revolt, with one wild wail, fly
into Infinite Space; driven by grapeshot. Thunder over France with the
cannon's mouth; commanding, not entreating, that this riot cease. And
then to rule afterwards with utmost possible Constitutionality; doing
justice, loving mercy; being Shepherd of this indigent People, not
Shearer merely, and Shepherd's-similitude! All this, if ye dare. If ye
dare not, then in Heaven's name go to sleep: other handsome alternative
seems none.
Nay, it were perhaps possible; with a man to do it. For if such
inexpressible whirlpool of Babylonish confusions (which our Era is)
cannot be stilled by man, but only by Time and men, a man may moderate
its paroxysms, may balance and sway, and keep himself unswallowed on the
top of it,--as several men and Kings in these days do. Much is possible
for a man; men will obey a man that kens and cans, and name him
reverently their Ken-ning or King. Did not Charlemagne rule? Consider
too whether he had smooth times of it; hanging 'thirty-thousand Saxons
over the Weser-Bridge,' at one dread swoop! So likewise, who knows but,
in this same distracted fanatic France, the right man may verily exist?
An olive-complexioned taciturn man; for the present, Lieutenant in the
Artillery-service, who once sat studying Mathematics at Brienne? The
same who walked in the morning to correct proof-sheets at Dole, and
enjoyed a frugal breakfast with M. Joly? Such a one is gone, whither
also famed General Paoli his friend is gone, in these very days, to
see old scenes in native Corsica, and what Democratic good can be done
there.
Royalty never executes the evasion-plan, yet never abandons it; living
in variable hope; undecisive, till fortune shall decide. In utmost
secresy, a brisk Correspondence goes on with Bouille; there is also a
plot, which emerges more than once, for carrying the King to Rouen: (See
Hist. Parl. vii. 316; Bertrand-Moleville, &c.) plot after plot, emerging
and submerging, like 'ignes fatui in foul weather, which lead no
whither. About 'ten o'clock at night,' the Hereditary Representative, in
partie quarree, with the Queen, with Brother Monsieur, and Madame,
sits playing 'wisk,' or whist. Usher Campan enters mysteriously, with a
message he only half comprehends: How a certain Compte d'Inisdal waits
anxious in the outer antechamber; National Colonel, Captain of the watch
for this night, is gained over; post-horses ready all the way; party of
Noblesse sitting armed, determined; will His Majesty, before midnight,
consent to go? Profound silence; Campan waiting with upturned ear. "Did
your Majesty hear what Campan said?" asks the Queen. "Yes, I heard,"
answers Majesty, and plays on. "'Twas a pretty couplet, that of
Campan's," hints Monsieur, who at times showed a pleasant wit: Majesty,
still unresponsive, plays wisk. "After all, one must say something to
Campan," remarks the Queen. "Tell M. d'Inisdal," said the King, and the
Queen puts an emphasis on it, "that the King cannot consent to be forced
away."--"I see!" said d'Inisdal, whisking round, peaking himself into
flame of irritancy: "we have the risk; we are to have all the blame
if it fail," (Campan, ii. 105.)--and vanishes, he and his plot, as
will-o'-wisps do. The Queen sat till far in the night, packing
jewels: but it came to nothing; in that peaked frame of irritancy the
Will-o'-wisp had gone out.
Little hope there is in all this. Alas, with whom to fly? Our loyal
Gardes-du-Corps, ever since the Insurrection of Women, are disbanded;
gone to their homes; gone, many of them, across the Rhine towards
Coblentz and Exiled Princes: brave Miomandre and brave Tardivet, these
faithful Two, have received, in nocturnal interview with both Majesties,
their viaticum of gold louis, of heartfelt thanks from a Queen's lips,
though unluckily 'his Majesty stood, back to fire, not speaking;'
(Campan, ii. 109-11.) and do now dine through the Provinces; recounting
hairsbreadth escapes, insurrectionary horrors. Great horrors; to be
swallowed yet of greater. But on the whole what a falling off from the
old splendour of Versailles! Here in this poor Tuileries, a National
Brewer-Colonel, sonorous Santerre, parades officially behind her
Majesty's chair. Our high dignitaries, all fled over the Rhine: nothing
now to be gained at Court; but hopes, for which life itself must be
risked! Obscure busy men frequent the back stairs; with hearsays, wind
projects, un fruitful fanfaronades. Young Royalists, at the Theatre
de Vaudeville, 'sing couplets;' if that could do any thing. Royalists
enough, Captains on furlough, burnt-out Seigneurs, may likewise be met
with, 'in the Cafe de Valois, and at Meot the Restaurateur's.' There
they fan one another into high loyal glow; drink, in such wine as can
be procured, confusion to Sansculottism; shew purchased dirks, of
an improved structure, made to order; and, greatly daring, dine.
(Dampmartin, ii. 129.) It is in these places, in these months, that the
epithet Sansculotte first gets applied to indigent Patriotism; in
the last age we had Gilbert Sansculotte, the indigent Poet. (Mercier,
Nouveau Paris, iii. 204.) Destitute-of-Breeches: a mournful Destitution;
which however, if Twenty millions share it, may become more effective
than most Possessions!
Meanwhile, amid this vague dim whirl of fanfaronades, wind-projects,
poniards made to order, there does disclose itself one punctum-saliens
of life and feasibility: the finger of Mirabeau! Mirabeau and the Queen
of France have met; have parted with mutual trust! It is strange;
secret as the Mysteries; but it is indubitable. Mirabeau took horse, one
evening; and rode westward, unattended,--to see Friend Claviere in that
country house of his? Before getting to Claviere's, the much-musing
horseman struck aside to a back gate of the Garden of Saint-Cloud: some
Duke d'Aremberg, or the like, was there to introduce him; the Queen was
not far: on a 'round knoll, rond point, the highest of the Garden of
Saint-Cloud,' he beheld the Queen's face; spake with her, alone, under
the void canopy of Night. What an interview; fateful secret for us,
after all searching; like the colloquies of the gods! (Campan, ii.
c. 17.) She called him 'a Mirabeau:' elsewhere we read that she 'was
charmed with him,' the wild submitted Titan; as indeed it is among
the honourable tokens of this high ill-fated heart that no mind of any
endowment, no Mirabeau, nay no Barnave, no Dumouriez, ever came face
to face with her but, in spite of all prepossessions, she was forced to
recognise it, to draw nigh to it, with trust. High imperial heart; with
the instinctive attraction towards all that had any height! "You know
not the Queen," said Mirabeau once in confidence; "her force of mind is
prodigious; she is a man for courage." (Dumont, p. 211.)--And so,
under the void Night, on the crown of that knoll, she has spoken with
a Mirabeau: he has kissed loyally the queenly hand, and said with
enthusiasm: "Madame, the Monarchy is saved!"--Possible? The Foreign
Powers, mysteriously sounded, gave favourable guarded response;
(Correspondence Secrete (in Hist. Parl. viii. 169-73).) Bouille is at
Metz, and could find forty-thousand sure Germans. With a Mirabeau for
head, and a Bouille for hand, something verily is possible,--if Fate
intervene not.
But figure under what thousandfold wrappages, and cloaks of darkness,
Royalty, meditating these things, must involve itself. There are men
with 'Tickets of Entrance;' there are chivalrous consultings, mysterious
plottings. Consider also whether, involve as it like, plotting Royalty
can escape the glance of Patriotism; lynx-eyes, by the ten thousand
fixed on it, which see in the dark! Patriotism knows much: know the
dirks made to order, and can specify the shops; knows Sieur Motier's
legions of mouchards; the Tickets of Entree, and men in black; and how
plan of evasion succeeds plan,--or may be supposed to succeed it. Then
conceive the couplets chanted at the Theatre de Vaudeville; or worse,
the whispers, significant nods of traitors in moustaches. Conceive,
on the other hand, the loud cry of alarm that came through the
Hundred-and-Thirty Journals; the Dionysius'-Ear of each of the
Forty-eight Sections, wakeful night and day.
Patriotism is patient of much; not patient of all. The Cafe de Procope
has sent, visibly along the streets, a Deputation of Patriots, 'to
expostulate with bad Editors,' by trustful word of mouth: singular to
see and hear. The bad Editors promise to amend, but do not. Deputations
for change of Ministry were many; Mayor Bailly joining even with
Cordelier Danton in such: and they have prevailed. With what profit? Of
Quacks, willing or constrained to be Quacks, the race is everlasting:
Ministers Duportail and Dutertre will have to manage much as Ministers
Latour-du-Pin and Cice did. So welters the confused world.
But now, beaten on for ever by such inextricable contradictory
influences and evidences, what is the indigent French Patriot, in these
unhappy days, to believe, and walk by? Uncertainty all; except that he
is wretched, indigent; that a glorious Revolution, the wonder of the
Universe, has hitherto brought neither Bread nor Peace; being marred
by traitors, difficult to discover. Traitors that dwell in the dark,
invisible there;--or seen for moments, in pallid dubious twilight,
stealthily vanishing thither! Preternatural Suspicion once more rules
the minds of men.
'Nobody here,' writes Carra of the Annales Patriotiques, so early as
the first of February, 'can entertain a doubt of the constant obstinate
project these people have on foot to get the King away; or of the
perpetual succession of manoeuvres they employ for that.' Nobody: the
watchful Mother of Patriotism deputed two Members to her Daughter at
Versailles, to examine how the matter looked there. Well, and there?
Patriotic Carra continues: 'The Report of these two deputies we
all heard with our own ears last Saturday. They went with others of
Versailles, to inspect the King's Stables, also the stables of the
whilom Gardes du Corps; they found there from seven to eight hundred
horses standing always saddled and bridled, ready for the road at a
moment's notice. The same deputies, moreover, saw with their own two
eyes several Royal Carriages, which men were even then busy loading with
large well-stuffed luggage-bags,' leather cows, as we call them,
'vaches de cuir; the Royal Arms on the panels almost entirely effaced.'
Momentous enough! Also, 'on the same day the whole Marechaussee, or
Cavalry Police, did assemble with arms, horses and baggage,'--and
disperse again. They want the King over the marches, that so Emperor
Leopold and the German Princes, whose troops are ready, may have a
pretext for beginning: 'this,' adds Carra, 'is the word of the riddle:
this is the reason why our fugitive Aristocrats are now making levies
of men on the frontiers; expecting that, one of these mornings, the
Executive Chief Magistrate will be brought over to them, and the civil
war commence.' (Carra's Newspaper, 1st Feb. 1791 (in Hist. Parl. ix.
39).)
If indeed the Executive Chief Magistrate, bagged, say in one of these
leather cows, were once brought safe over to them! But the strangest
thing of all is that Patriotism, whether barking at a venture, or guided
by some instinct of preternatural sagacity, is actually barking
aright this time; at something, not at nothing. Bouille's Secret
Correspondence, since made public, testifies as much.
Nay, it is undeniable, visible to all, that Mesdames the King's Aunts
are taking steps for departure: asking passports of the Ministry,
safe-conducts of the Municipality; which Marat warns all men to beware
of. They will carry gold with them, 'these old Beguines;' nay they will
carry the little Dauphin, 'having nursed a changeling, for some time, to
leave in his stead!' Besides, they are as some light substance flung up,
to shew how the wind sits; a kind of proof-kite you fly off to ascertain
whether the grand paper-kite, Evasion of the King, may mount!
In these alarming circumstances, Patriotism is not wanting to itself.
Municipality deputes to the King; Sections depute to the Municipality;
a National Assembly will soon stir. Meanwhile, behold, on the 19th
of February 1791, Mesdames, quitting Bellevue and Versailles with all
privacy, are off! Towards Rome, seemingly; or one knows not whither.
They are not without King's passports, countersigned; and what is more
to the purpose, a serviceable Escort. The Patriotic Mayor or Mayorlet of
the Village of Moret tried to detain them; but brisk Louis de Narbonne,
of the Escort, dashed off at hand-gallop; returned soon with thirty
dragoons, and victoriously cut them out. And so the poor ancient
women go their way; to the terror of France and Paris, whose nervous
excitability is become extreme. Who else would hinder poor Loque
and Graille, now grown so old, and fallen into such unexpected
circumstances, when gossip itself turning only on terrors and horrors
is no longer pleasant to the mind, and you cannot get so much as an
orthodox confessor in peace,--from going what way soever the hope of any
solacement might lead them?
They go, poor ancient dames,--whom the heart were hard that does
not pity: they go; with palpitations, with unmelodious suppressed
screechings; all France, screeching and cackling, in loud unsuppressed
terror, behind and on both hands of them: such mutual suspicion is
among men. At Arnay le Duc, above halfway to the frontiers, a Patriotic
Municipality and Populace again takes courage to stop them: Louis
Narbonne must now back to Paris, must consult the National Assembly.
National Assembly answers, not without an effort, that Mesdames may
go. Whereupon Paris rises worse than ever, screeching half-distracted.
Tuileries and precincts are filled with women and men, while the
National Assembly debates this question of questions; Lafayette
is needed at night for dispersing them, and the streets are to be
illuminated. Commandant Berthier, a Berthier before whom are great
things unknown, lies for the present under blockade at Bellevue in
Versailles. By no tactics could he get Mesdames' Luggage stirred from
the Courts there; frantic Versaillese women came screaming about him;
his very troops cut the waggon-traces; he retired to the interior,
waiting better times. (Campan, ii. 132.)
Nay, in these same hours, while Mesdames hardly cut out from Moret by
the sabre's edge, are driving rapidly, to foreign parts, and not yet
stopped at Arnay, their august nephew poor Monsieur, at Paris has dived
deep into his cellars of the Luxembourg for shelter; and according to
Montgaillard can hardly be persuaded up again. Screeching multitudes
environ that Luxembourg of his: drawn thither by report of his
departure: but, at sight and sound of Monsieur, they become crowing
multitudes; and escort Madame and him to the Tuileries with vivats.
(Montgaillard, ii. 282; Deux Amis, vi. c. 1.) It is a state of nervous
excitability such as few Nations know.
Chapter 2.3.V.
The Day of Poniards.
Or, again, what means this visible reparation of the Castle of
Vincennes? Other Jails being all crowded with prisoners, new space is
wanted here: that is the Municipal account. For in such changing of
Judicatures, Parlements being abolished, and New Courts but just set up,
prisoners have accumulated. Not to say that in these times of discord
and club-law, offences and committals are, at any rate, more numerous.
Which Municipal account, does it not sufficiently explain the
phenomenon? Surely, to repair the Castle of Vincennes was of all
enterprises that an enlightened Municipality could undertake, the most
innocent.
Not so however does neighbouring Saint-Antoine look on it: Saint-Antoine
to whom these peaked turrets and grim donjons, all-too near her own
dark dwelling, are of themselves an offence. Was not Vincennes a kind of
minor Bastille? Great Diderot and Philosophes have lain in durance here;
great Mirabeau, in disastrous eclipse, for forty-two months. And now
when the old Bastille has become a dancing-ground (had any one the mirth
to dance), and its stones are getting built into the Pont Louis-Seize,
does this minor, comparative insignificance of a Bastille flank
itself with fresh-hewn mullions, spread out tyrannous wings; menacing
Patriotism? New space for prisoners: and what prisoners? A d'Orleans,
with the chief Patriots on the tip of the Left? It is said, there runs
'a subterranean passage' all the way from the Tuileries hither. Who
knows? Paris, mined with quarries and catacombs, does hang wondrous over
the abyss; Paris was once to be blown up,--though the powder, when
we went to look, had got withdrawn. A Tuileries, sold to Austria and
Coblentz, should have no subterranean passage. Out of which might not
Coblentz or Austria issue, some morning; and, with cannon of long range,
'foudroyer,' bethunder a patriotic Saint-Antoine into smoulder and ruin!
So meditates the benighted soul of Saint-Antoine, as it sees the aproned
workmen, in early spring, busy on these towers. An official-speaking
Municipality, a Sieur Motier with his legions of mouchards, deserve no
trust at all. Were Patriot Santerre, indeed, Commander! But the sonorous
Brewer commands only our own Battalion: of such secrets he can explain
nothing, knows nothing, perhaps suspects much. And so the work goes
on; and afflicted benighted Saint-Antoine hears rattle of hammers, sees
stones suspended in air. (Montgaillard, ii. 285.)
Saint-Antoine prostrated the first great Bastille: will it falter over
this comparative insignificance of a Bastille? Friends, what if we took
pikes, firelocks, sledgehammers; and helped ourselves!--Speedier is no
remedy; nor so certain. On the 28th day of February, Saint-Antoine turns
out, as it has now often done; and, apparently with little superfluous
tumult, moves eastward to that eye-sorrow of Vincennes. With grave voice
of authority, no need of bullying and shouting, Saint-Antoine signifies
to parties concerned there that its purpose is, To have this
suspicious Stronghold razed level with the general soil of the country.
Remonstrance may be proffered, with zeal: but it avails not. The outer
gate goes up, drawbridges tumble; iron window-stanchions, smitten
out with sledgehammers, become iron-crowbars: it rains furniture,
stone-masses, slates: with chaotic clatter and rattle, Demolition
clatters down. And now hasty expresses rush through the agitated
streets, to warn Lafayette, and the Municipal and Departmental
Authorities; Rumour warns a National Assembly, a Royal Tuileries, and
all men who care to hear it: That Saint-Antoine is up; that Vincennes,
and probably the last remaining Institution of the Country, is coming
down. (Deux Amis, vi. 11-15; Newspapers (in Hist. Parl. ix. 111-17).)
Quick, then! Let Lafayette roll his drums and fly eastward; for to all
Constitutional Patriots this is again bad news. And you, ye Friends of
Royalty, snatch your poniards of improved structure, made to order; your
sword-canes, secret arms, and tickets of entry; quick, by backstairs
passages, rally round the Son of Sixty Kings. An effervescence probably
got up by d'Orleans and Company, for the overthrow of Throne and Altar:
it is said her Majesty shall be put in prison, put out of the way; what
then will his Majesty be? Clay for the Sansculottic Potter! Or were
it impossible to fly this day; a brave Noblesse suddenly all rallying?
Peril threatens, hope invites: Dukes de Villequier, de Duras, Gentlemen
of the Chamber give tickets and admittance; a brave Noblesse is suddenly
all rallying. Now were the time to 'fall sword in hand on those gentry
there,' could it be done with effect.
The Hero of two Worlds is on his white charger; blue Nationals, horse
and foot, hurrying eastward: Santerre, with the Saint-Antoine Battalion,
is already there,--apparently indisposed to act. Heavy-laden Hero of two
Worlds, what tasks are these! The jeerings, provocative gambollings of
that Patriot Suburb, which is all out on the streets now, are hard to
endure; unwashed Patriots jeering in sulky sport; one unwashed Patriot
'seizing the General by the boot' to unhorse him. Santerre, ordered
to fire, makes answer obliquely, "These are the men that took the
Bastille;" and not a trigger stirs! Neither dare the Vincennes
Magistracy give warrant of arrestment, or the smallest countenance:
wherefore the General 'will take it on himself' to arrest. By
promptitude, by cheerful adroitness, patience and brisk valour without
limits, the riot may be again bloodlessly appeased.
Meanwhile, the rest of Paris, with more or less unconcern, may mind the
rest of its business: for what is this but an effervescence, of which
there are now so many? The National Assembly, in one of its stormiest
moods, is debating a Law against Emigration; Mirabeau declaring aloud,
"I swear beforehand that I will not obey it." Mirabeau is often at the
Tribune this day; with endless impediments from without; with the old
unabated energy from within. What can murmurs and clamours, from Left
or from Right, do to this man; like Teneriffe or Atlas unremoved? With
clear thought; with strong bass-voice, though at first low, uncertain,
he claims audience, sways the storm of men: anon the sound of him waxes,
softens; he rises into far-sounding melody of strength, triumphant,
which subdues all hearts; his rude-seamed face, desolate fire-scathed,
becomes fire-lit, and radiates: once again men feel, in these beggarly
ages, what is the potency and omnipotency of man's word on the souls of
men. "I will triumph or be torn in fragments," he was once heard to
say. "Silence," he cries now, in strong word of command, in imperial
consciousness of strength, "Silence, the thirty voices, Silence
aux trente voix!"--and Robespierre and the Thirty Voices die into
mutterings; and the Law is once more as Mirabeau would have it.
How different, at the same instant, is General Lafayette's street
eloquence; wrangling with sonorous Brewers, with an ungrammatical
Saint-Antoine! Most different, again, from both is the Cafe-de-Valois
eloquence, and suppressed fanfaronade, of this multitude of men with
Tickets of Entry; who are now inundating the Corridors of the Tuileries.
Such things can go on simultaneously in one City. How much more in
one Country; in one Planet with its discrepancies, every Day a mere
crackling infinitude of discrepancies--which nevertheless do yield some
coherent net-product, though an infinitesimally small one!
Be this as it may. Lafayette has saved Vincennes; and is marching
homewards with some dozen of arrested demolitionists. Royalty is not
yet saved;--nor indeed specially endangered. But to the King's
Constitutional Guard, to these old Gardes Francaises, or Centre
Grenadiers, as it chanced to be, this affluence of men with Tickets of
Entry is becoming more and more unintelligible. Is his Majesty verily
for Metz, then; to be carried off by these men, on the spur of the
instant? That revolt of Saint-Antoine got up by traitor Royalists for a
stalking-horse? Keep a sharp outlook, ye Centre Grenadiers on duty
here: good never came from the 'men in black.' Nay they have cloaks,
redingotes; some of them leather-breeches, boots,--as if for instant
riding! Or what is this that sticks visible from the lapelle of
Chevalier de Court? (Weber, ii. 286.) Too like the handle of some
cutting or stabbing instrument! He glides and goes; and still the
dudgeon sticks from his left lapelle. "Hold, Monsieur!"--a Centre
Grenadier clutches him; clutches the protrusive dudgeon, whisks it out
in the face of the world: by Heaven, a very dagger; hunting-knife, or
whatsoever you call it; fit to drink the life of Patriotism!
So fared it with Chevalier de Court, early in the day; not without
noise; not without commentaries. And now this continually increasing
multitude at nightfall? Have they daggers too? Alas, with them too,
after angry parleyings, there has begun a groping and a rummaging;
all men in black, spite of their Tickets of Entry, are clutched by the
collar, and groped. Scandalous to think of; for always, as the dirk,
sword-cane, pistol, or were it but tailor's bodkin, is found on him, and
with loud scorn drawn forth from him, he, the hapless man in black, is
flung all too rapidly down stairs. Flung; and ignominiously descends,
head foremost; accelerated by ignominious shovings from sentry after
sentry; nay, as is written, by smitings, twitchings,--spurnings, a
posteriori, not to be named. In this accelerated way, emerges, uncertain
which end uppermost, man after man in black, through all issues, into
the Tuileries Garden. Emerges, alas, into the arms of an indignant
multitude, now gathered and gathering there, in the hour of dusk, to see
what is toward, and whether the Hereditary Representative is carried
off or not. Hapless men in black; at last convicted of poniards made to
order; convicted 'Chevaliers of the Poniard!' Within is as the burning
ship; without is as the deep sea. Within is no help; his Majesty,
looking forth, one moment, from his interior sanctuaries, coldly bids
all visitors 'give up their weapons;' and shuts the door again. The
weapons given up form a heap: the convicted Chevaliers of the poniard
keep descending pellmell, with impetuous velocity; and at the bottom
of all staircases, the mixed multitude receives them, hustles, buffets,
chases and disperses them. (Hist. Parl. ix. 139-48.)
Such sight meets Lafayette, in the dusk of the evening, as he returns,
successful with difficulty at Vincennes: Sansculotte Scylla hardly
weathered, here is Aristocrat Charybdis gurgling under his lee! The
patient Hero of two Worlds almost loses temper. He accelerates, does
not retard, the flying Chevaliers; delivers, indeed, this or the other
hunted Loyalist of quality, but rates him in bitter words, such as
the hour suggested; such as no saloon could pardon. Hero ill-bested;
hanging, so to speak, in mid-air; hateful to Rich divinities above;
hateful to Indigent mortals below! Duke de Villequier, Gentleman of the
Chamber, gets such contumelious rating, in presence of all people there,
that he may see good first to exculpate himself in the Newspapers; then,
that not prospering, to retire over the Frontiers, and begin plotting
at Brussels. (Montgaillard, ii. 286.) His Apartment will stand vacant;
usefuller, as we may find, than when it stood occupied.
So fly the Chevaliers of the Poniard; hunted of Patriotic men,
shamefully in the thickening dusk. A dim miserable business; born of
darkness; dying away there in the thickening dusk and dimness! In the
midst of which, however, let the reader discern clearly one figure
running for its life: Crispin-Cataline d'Espremenil,--for the last time,
or the last but one. It is not yet three years since these same Centre
Grenadiers, Gardes Francaises then, marched him towards the Calypso
Isles, in the gray of the May morning; and he and they have got thus
far. Buffeted, beaten down, delivered by popular Petion, he might well
answer bitterly: "And I too, Monsieur, have been carried on the People's
shoulders." (See Mercier, ii. 40, 202.) A fact which popular Petion, if
he like, can meditate.
But happily, one way and another, the speedy night covers up this
ignominious Day of Poniards; and the Chevaliers escape, though
maltreated, with torn coat-skirts and heavy hearts, to their respective
dwelling-houses. Riot twofold is quelled; and little blood shed, if it
be not insignificant blood from the nose: Vincennes stands undemolished,
reparable; and the Hereditary Representative has not been stolen, nor
the Queen smuggled into Prison. A Day long remembered: commented on with
loud hahas and deep grumblings; with bitter scornfulness of triumph,
bitter rancour of defeat. Royalism, as usual, imputes it to d'Orleans
and the Anarchists intent on insulting Majesty: Patriotism, as usual,
to Royalists, and even Constitutionalists, intent on stealing Majesty to
Metz: we, also as usual, to Preternatural Suspicion, and Phoebus Apollo
having made himself like the Night.
Thus however has the reader seen, in an unexpected arena, on this last
day of February 1791, the Three long-contending elements of French
Society, dashed forth into singular comico-tragical collision; acting
and reacting openly to the eye. Constitutionalism, at once quelling
Sansculottic riot at Vincennes, and Royalist treachery from the
Tuileries, is great, this day, and prevails. As for poor Royalism,
tossed to and fro in that manner, its daggers all left in a heap, what
can one think of it? Every dog, the Adage says, has its day: has it; has
had it; or will have it. For the present, the day is Lafayette's and
the Constitution's. Nevertheless Hunger and Jacobinism, fast growing
fanatical, still work; their-day, were they once fanatical, will come.
Hitherto, in all tempests, Lafayette, like some divine Sea-ruler, raises
his serene head: the upper Aeolus's blasts fly back to their caves, like
foolish unbidden winds: the under sea-billows they had vexed into froth
allay themselves. But if, as we often write, the submarine Titanic
Fire-powers came into play, the Ocean bed from beneath being burst? If
they hurled Poseidon Lafayette and his Constitution out of Space; and,
in the Titanic melee, sea were mixed with sky?
Chapter 2.3.VI.
Mirabeau.
The spirit of France waxes ever more acrid, fever-sick: towards the
final outburst of dissolution and delirium. Suspicion rules all minds:
contending parties cannot now commingle; stand separated sheer asunder,
eying one another, in most aguish mood, of cold terror or hot rage.
Counter-Revolution, Days of Poniards, Castries Duels; Flight of
Mesdames, of Monsieur and Royalty! Journalism shrills ever louder its
cry of alarm. The sleepless Dionysius's Ear of the Forty-eight Sections,
how feverishly quick has it grown; convulsing with strange pangs the
whole sick Body, as in such sleeplessness and sickness, the ear will do!
Since Royalists get Poniards made to order, and a Sieur Motier is no
better than he should be, shall not Patriotism too, even of the indigent
sort, have Pikes, secondhand Firelocks, in readiness for the worst?
The anvils ring, during this March month, with hammering of Pikes. A
Constitutional Municipality promulgated its Placard, that no citizen
except the 'active or cash-citizen' was entitled to have arms; but there
rose, instantly responsive, such a tempest of astonishment from Club and
Section, that the Constitutional Placard, almost next morning, had
to cover itself up, and die away into inanity, in a second improved
edition. (Ordonnance du 17 Mars 1791 (Hist. Parl. ix. 257).) So the
hammering continues; as all that it betokens does.
Mark, again, how the extreme tip of the Left is mounting in favour,
if not in its own National Hall, yet with the Nation, especially with
Paris. For in such universal panic of doubt, the opinion that is sure of
itself, as the meagrest opinion may the soonest be, is the one to which
all men will rally. Great is Belief, were it never so meagre; and leads
captive the doubting heart! Incorruptible Robespierre has been elected
Public Accuser in our new Courts of Judicature; virtuous Petion, it
is thought, may rise to be Mayor. Cordelier Danton, called also by
triumphant majorities, sits at the Departmental Council-table; colleague
there of Mirabeau. Of incorruptible Robespierre it was long ago
predicted that he might go far, mean meagre mortal though he was; for
Doubt dwelt not in him.
Under which circumstances ought not Royalty likewise to cease doubting,
and begin deciding and acting? Royalty has always that sure trump-card
in its hand: Flight out of Paris. Which sure trump-card, Royalty, as we
see, keeps ever and anon clutching at, grasping; and swashes it forth
tentatively; yet never tables it, still puts it back again. Play it, O
Royalty! If there be a chance left, this seems it, and verily the last
chance; and now every hour is rendering this a doubtfuller. Alas, one
would so fain both fly and not fly; play one's card and have it to play.
Royalty, in all human likelihood, will not play its trump-card till the
honours, one after one, be mainly lost; and such trumping of it prove to
be the sudden finish of the game!
Here accordingly a question always arises; of the prophetic sort; which
cannot now be answered. Suppose Mirabeau, with whom Royalty takes deep
counsel, as with a Prime Minister that cannot yet legally avow himself
as such, had got his arrangements completed? Arrangements he has;
far-stretching plans that dawn fitfully on us, by fragments, in the
confused darkness. Thirty Departments ready to sign loyal Addresses, of
prescribed tenor: King carried out of Paris, but only to Compiegne and
Rouen, hardly to Metz, since, once for all, no Emigrant rabble shall
take the lead in it: National Assembly consenting, by dint of loyal
Addresses, by management, by force of Bouille, to hear reason, and
follow thither! (See Fils Adoptif, vii. 1. 6; Dumont, c. 11, 12, 14.)
Was it so, on these terms, that Jacobinism and Mirabeau were then to
grapple, in their Hercules-and-Typhon duel; death inevitable for the one
or the other? The duel itself is determined on, and sure: but on
what terms; much more, with what issue, we in vain guess. It is vague
darkness all: unknown what is to be; unknown even what has already been.
The giant Mirabeau walks in darkness, as we said; companionless, on
wild ways: what his thoughts during these months were, no record of
Biographer, not vague Fils Adoptif, will now ever disclose.
To us, endeavouring to cast his horoscope, it of course remains doubly
vague. There is one Herculean man, in internecine duel with him, there
is Monster after Monster. Emigrant Noblesse return, sword on thigh,
vaunting of their Loyalty never sullied; descending from the air, like
Harpy-swarms with ferocity, with obscene greed. Earthward there is the
Typhon of Anarchy, Political, Religious; sprawling hundred-headed, say
with Twenty-five million heads; wide as the area of France; fierce as
Frenzy; strong in very Hunger. With these shall the Serpent-queller do
battle continually, and expect no rest.
As for the King, he as usual will go wavering chameleonlike; changing
colour and purpose with the colour of his environment;--good for no
Kingly use. On one royal person, on the Queen only, can Mirabeau
perhaps place dependance. It is possible, the greatness of this man, not
unskilled too in blandishments, courtiership, and graceful adroitness,
might, with most legitimate sorcery, fascinate the volatile Queen,
and fix her to him. She has courage for all noble daring; an eye and a
heart: the soul of Theresa's Daughter. 'Faut il-donc, Is it fated then,'
she passionately writes to her Brother, 'that I with the blood I am come
of, with the sentiments I have, must live and die among such mortals?'
(Fils Adoptif, ubi supra.) Alas, poor Princess, Yes. 'She is the only
man,' as Mirabeau observes, 'whom his Majesty has about him.' Of one
other man Mirabeau is still surer: of himself. There lies his resources;
sufficient or insufficient.
Dim and great to the eye of Prophecy looks the future! A perpetual
life-and-death battle; confusion from above and from below;--mere
confused darkness for us; with here and there some streak of faint lurid
light. We see King perhaps laid aside; not tonsured, tonsuring is out
of fashion now; but say, sent away any whither, with handsome annual
allowance, and stock of smith-tools. We see a Queen and Dauphin, Regent
and Minor; a Queen 'mounted on horseback,' in the din of battles, with
Moriamur pro rege nostro! 'Such a day,' Mirabeau writes, 'may come.'
Din of battles, wars more than civil, confusion from above and from
below: in such environment the eye of Prophecy sees Comte de Mirabeau,
like some Cardinal de Retz, stormfully maintain himself; with head
all-devising, heart all-daring, if not victorious, yet unvanquished,
while life is left him. The specialties and issues of it, no eye of
Prophecy can guess at: it is clouds, we repeat, and tempestuous night;
and in the middle of it, now visible, far darting, now labouring in
eclipse, is Mirabeau indomitably struggling to be Cloud-Compeller!--One
can say that, had Mirabeau lived, the History of France and of the World
had been different. Further, that the man would have needed, as few men
ever did, the whole compass of that same 'Art of Daring, Art d'Oser,'
which he so prized; and likewise that he, above all men then
living, would have practised and manifested it. Finally, that some
substantiality, and no empty simulacrum of a formula, would have been
the result realised by him: a result you could have loved, a result
you could have hated; by no likelihood, a result you could only have
rejected with closed lips, and swept into quick forgetfulness for ever.
Had Mirabeau lived one other year!
Chapter 2.3.VII.
Death of Mirabeau.
But Mirabeau could not live another year, any more than he could live
another thousand years. Men's years are numbered, and the tale of
Mirabeau's was now complete. Important, or unimportant; to be mentioned
in World-History for some centuries, or not to be mentioned there beyond
a day or two,--it matters not to peremptory Fate. From amid the press
of ruddy busy Life, the Pale Messenger beckons silently: wide-spreading
interests, projects, salvation of French Monarchies, what thing soever
man has on hand, he must suddenly quit it all, and go. Wert thou saving
French Monarchies; wert thou blacking shoes on the Pont Neuf! The most
important of men cannot stay; did the World's History depend on an hour,
that hour is not to be given. Whereby, indeed, it comes that these same
would-have-beens are mostly a vanity; and the World's History could
never in the least be what it would, or might, or should, by any manner
of potentiality, but simply and altogether what it is.
The fierce wear and tear of such an existence has wasted out the giant
oaken strength of Mirabeau. A fret and fever that keeps heart and brain
on fire: excess of effort, of excitement; excess of all kinds: labour
incessant, almost beyond credibility! 'If I had not lived with him,'
says Dumont, 'I should never have known what a man can make of one day;
what things may be placed within the interval of twelve hours. A day
for this man was more than a week or a month is for others: the mass of
things he guided on together was prodigious; from the scheming to the
executing not a moment lost.' "Monsieur le Comte," said his Secretary to
him once, "what you require is impossible."--"Impossible!" answered he
starting from his chair, "Ne me dites jamais ce bete de mot, Never name
to me that blockhead of a word." (Dumont, p. 311.) And then the social
repasts; the dinner which he gives as Commandant of National Guards,
which 'costs five hundred pounds;' alas, and 'the Sirens of the Opera;'
and all the ginger that is hot in the mouth:--down what a course is this
man hurled! Cannot Mirabeau stop; cannot he fly, and save himself alive?
No! There is a Nessus' Shirt on this Hercules; he must storm and burn
there, without rest, till he be consumed. Human strength, never
so Herculean, has its measure. Herald shadows flit pale across the
fire-brain of Mirabeau; heralds of the pale repose. While he tosses and
storms, straining every nerve, in that sea of ambition and confusion,
there comes, sombre and still, a monition that for him the issue of it
will be swift death.
In January last, you might see him as President of the Assembly; 'his
neck wrapt in linen cloths, at the evening session:' there was sick heat
of the blood, alternate darkening and flashing in the eye-sight; he had
to apply leeches, after the morning labour, and preside bandaged. 'At
parting he embraced me,' says Dumont, 'with an emotion I had never seen
in him: "I am dying, my friend; dying as by slow fire; we shall perhaps
not meet again. When I am gone, they will know what the value of me was.
The miseries I have held back will burst from all sides on France."'
(Dumont, p. 267.) Sickness gives louder warning; but cannot be listened
to. On the 27th day of March, proceeding towards the Assembly, he had to
seek rest and help in Friend de Lamarck's, by the road; and lay
there, for an hour, half-fainted, stretched on a sofa. To the Assembly
nevertheless he went, as if in spite of Destiny itself; spoke, loud and
eager, five several times; then quitted the Tribune--for ever. He steps
out, utterly exhausted, into the Tuileries Gardens; many people press
round him, as usual, with applications, memorials; he says to the Friend
who was with him: Take me out of this!
And so, on the last day of March 1791, endless anxious multitudes beset
the Rue de la Chaussee d'Antin; incessantly inquiring: within doors
there, in that House numbered in our time '42,' the over wearied giant
has fallen down, to die. (Fils Adoptif, viii. 420-79.) Crowds, of all
parties and kinds; of all ranks from the King to the meanest man! The
King sends publicly twice a-day to inquire; privately besides: from
the world at large there is no end of inquiring. 'A written bulletin is
handed out every three hours,' is copied and circulated; in the end,
it is printed. The People spontaneously keep silence; no carriage shall
enter with its noise: there is crowding pressure; but the Sister of
Mirabeau is reverently recognised, and has free way made for her.
The People stand mute, heart-stricken; to all it seems as if a great
calamity were nigh: as if the last man of France, who could have swayed
these coming troubles, lay there at hand-grips with the unearthly Power.
The silence of a whole People, the wakeful toil of Cabanis, Friend and
Physician, skills not: on Saturday, the second day of April, Mirabeau
feels that the last of the Days has risen for him; that, on this day,
he has to depart and be no more. His death is Titanic, as his life has
been. Lit up, for the last time, in the glare of coming dissolution, the
mind of the man is all glowing and burning; utters itself in sayings,
such as men long remember. He longs to live, yet acquiesces in death,
argues not with the inexorable. His speech is wild and wondrous:
unearthly Phantasms dancing now their torch-dance round his soul; the
soul itself looking out, fire-radiant, motionless, girt together for
that great hour! At times comes a beam of light from him on the world
he is quitting. "I carry in my heart the death-dirge of the French
Monarchy; the dead remains of it will now be the spoil of the factious."
Or again, when he heard the cannon fire, what is characteristic too:
"Have we the Achilles' Funeral already?" So likewise, while some friend
is supporting him: "Yes, support that head; would I could bequeath it
thee!" For the man dies as he has lived; self-conscious, conscious of a
world looking on. He gazes forth on the young Spring, which for him will
never be Summer. The Sun has risen; he says: "Si ce n'est pas la Dieu,
c'est du moins son cousin germain." (Fils Adoptif, viii. 450; Journal
de la maladie et de la mort de Mirabeau, par P.J.G. Cabanis (Paris,
1803).)--Death has mastered the outworks; power of speech is gone;
the citadel of the heart still holding out: the moribund giant,
passionately, by sign, demands paper and pen; writes his passionate
demand for opium, to end these agonies. The sorrowful Doctor shakes his
head: Dormir 'To sleep,' writes the other, passionately pointing at it!
So dies a gigantic Heathen and Titan; stumbling blindly, undismayed,
down to his rest. At half-past eight in the morning, Dr. Petit, standing
at the foot of the bed, says "Il ne souffre plus." His suffering and his
working are now ended.
Even so, ye silent Patriot multitudes, all ye men of France; this man
is rapt away from you. He has fallen suddenly, without bending till he
broke; as a tower falls, smitten by sudden lightning. His word ye shall
hear no more, his guidance follow no more.--The multitudes depart,
heartstruck; spread the sad tidings. How touching is the loyalty of men
to their Sovereign Man! All theatres, public amusements close; no joyful
meeting can be held in these nights, joy is not for them: the People
break in upon private dancing-parties, and sullenly command that they
cease. Of such dancing-parties apparently but two came to light; and
these also have gone out. The gloom is universal: never in this City was
such sorrow for one death; never since that old night when Louis XII.
departed, 'and the Crieurs des Corps went sounding their bells, and
crying along the streets: Le bon roi Louis, pere du peuple, est mort,
The good King Louis, Father of the People, is dead!' (Henault, Abrege
Chronologique, p. 429.) King Mirabeau is now the lost King; and one may
say with little exaggeration, all the People mourns for him.
For three days there is low wide moan: weeping in the National Assembly
itself. The streets are all mournful; orators mounted on the bournes,
with large silent audience, preaching the funeral sermon of the dead.
Let no coachman whip fast, distractively with his rolling wheels, or
almost at all, through these groups! His traces may be cut; himself and
his fare, as incurable Aristocrats, hurled sulkily into the kennels. The
bourne-stone orators speak as it is given them; the Sansculottic People,
with its rude soul, listens eager,--as men will to any Sermon, or Sermo,
when it is a spoken Word meaning a Thing, and not a Babblement meaning
No-thing. In the Restaurateur's of the Palais Royal, the waiter remarks,
"Fine weather, Monsieur:"--"Yes, my friend," answers the ancient Man of
Letters, "very fine; but Mirabeau is dead." Hoarse rhythmic threnodies
comes also from the throats of balladsingers; are sold on gray-white
paper at a sou each. (Fils Adoptif, viii. l. 19; Newspapers and Excerpts
(in Hist. Parl. ix. 366-402).) But of Portraits, engraved, painted,
hewn, and written; of Eulogies, Reminiscences, Biographies, nay
Vaudevilles, Dramas and Melodramas, in all Provinces of France, there
will, through these coming months, be the due immeasurable crop; thick
as the leaves of Spring. Nor, that a tincture of burlesque might be in
it, is Gobel's Episcopal Mandement wanting; goose Gobel, who has just
been made Constitutional Bishop of Paris. A Mandement wherein ca ira
alternates very strangely with Nomine Domini, and you are, with a grave
countenance, invited to 'rejoice at possessing in the midst of you a
body of Prelates created by Mirabeau, zealous followers of his doctrine,
faithful imitators of his virtues.' (Hist. Parl. ix. 405.) So speaks,
and cackles manifold, the Sorrow of France; wailing articulately,
inarticulately, as it can, that a Sovereign Man is snatched away. In
the National Assembly, when difficult questions are astir, all eyes will
'turn mechanically to the place where Mirabeau sat,'--and Mirabeau is
absent now.
On the third evening of the lamentation, the fourth of April, there is
solemn Public Funeral; such as deceased mortal seldom had. Procession of
a league in length; of mourners reckoned loosely at a hundred thousand!
All roofs are thronged with onlookers, all windows, lamp-irons, branches
of trees. 'Sadness is painted on every countenance; many persons weep.'
There is double hedge of National Guards; there is National Assembly in
a body; Jacobin Society, and Societies; King's Ministers, Municipals,
and all Notabilities, Patriot or Aristocrat. Bouille is noticeable
there, 'with his hat on;' say, hat drawn over his brow, hiding many
thoughts! Slow-wending, in religious silence, the Procession of a league
in length, under the level sun-rays, for it is five o'clock, moves and
marches: with its sable plumes; itself in a religious silence; but, by
fits, with the muffled roll of drums, by fits with some long-drawn
wail of music, and strange new clangour of trombones, and metallic
dirge-voice; amid the infinite hum of men. In the Church of
Saint-Eustache, there is funeral oration by Cerutti; and discharge of
fire-arms, which 'brings down pieces of the plaster.' Thence, forward
again to the Church of Sainte-Genevieve; which has been consecrated, by
supreme decree, on the spur of this time, into a Pantheon for the Great
Men of the Fatherland, Aux Grands Hommes la Patrie reconnaissante.
Hardly at midnight is the business done; and Mirabeau left in his dark
dwelling: first tenant of that Fatherland's Pantheon.
Tenant, alas, with inhabits but at will, and shall be cast out! For, in
these days of convulsion and disjection, not even the dust of the dead
is permitted to rest. Voltaire's bones are, by and by, to be carried
from their stolen grave in the Abbey of Scellieres, to an eager stealing
grave, in Paris his birth-city: all mortals processioning and perorating
there; cars drawn by eight white horses, goadsters in classical costume,
with fillets and wheat-ears enough;--though the weather is of the
wettest. (Moniteur, du 13 Juillet 1791.) Evangelist Jean Jacques, too,
as is most proper, must be dug up from Ermenonville, and processioned,
with pomp, with sensibility, to the Pantheon of the Fatherland. (Ibid.
du 18 Septembre, 1794. See also du 30 Aout, &c. 1791.) He and others:
while again Mirabeau, we say, is cast forth from it, happily incapable
of being replaced; and rests now, irrecognisable, reburied hastily at
dead of night, in the central 'part of the Churchyard Sainte-Catherine,
in the Suburb Saint-Marceau,' to be disturbed no further.
So blazes out, farseen, a Man's Life, and becomes ashes and a caput
mortuum, in this World-Pyre, which we name French Revolution: not the
first that consumed itself there; nor, by thousands and many millions,
the last! A man who 'had swallowed all formulas;' who, in these strange
times and circumstances, felt called to live Titanically, and also to
die so. As he, for his part had swallowed all formulas, what Formula is
there, never so comprehensive, that will express truly the plus and the
minus, give us the accurate net-result of him? There is hitherto none
such. Moralities not a few must shriek condemnatory over this Mirabeau;
the Morality by which he could be judged has not yet got uttered in the
speech of men. We shall say this of him, again: That he is a Reality,
and no Simulacrum: a living son of Nature our general Mother; not a
hollow Artfice, and mechanism of Conventionalities, son of nothing,
brother to nothing. In which little word, let the earnest man, walking
sorrowful in a world mostly of 'Stuffed Clothes-suits,' that chatter and
grin meaningless on him, quite ghastly to the earnest soul,--think what
significance there is!
Of men who, in such sense, are alive, and see with eyes, the number is
now not great: it may be well, if in this huge French Revolution itself,
with its all-developing fury, we find some Three. Mortals driven rabid
we find; sputtering the acridest logic; baring their breast to the
battle-hail, their neck to the guillotine; of whom it is so painful to
say that they too are still, in good part, manufactured Formalities, not
Facts but Hearsays!
Honour to the strong man, in these ages, who has shaken himself loose
of shams, and is something. For in the way of being worthy, the first
condition surely is that one be. Let Cant cease, at all risks and at all
costs: till Cant cease, nothing else can begin. Of human Criminals, in
these centuries, writes the Moralist, I find but one unforgivable: the
Quack. 'Hateful to God,' as divine Dante sings, 'and to the Enemies of
God,
'A Dio spiacente ed a' nemici sui!'
But whoever will, with sympathy, which is the first essential towards
insight, look at this questionable Mirabeau, may find that there
lay verily in him, as the basis of all, a Sincerity, a great free
Earnestness; nay call it Honesty, for the man did before all things see,
with that clear flashing vision, into what was, into what existed as
fact; and did, with his wild heart, follow that and no other. Whereby on
what ways soever he travels and struggles, often enough falling, he
is still a brother man. Hate him not; thou canst not hate him! Shining
through such soil and tarnish, and now victorious effulgent, and
oftenest struggling eclipsed, the light of genius itself is in this
man; which was never yet base and hateful: but at worst was lamentable,
loveable with pity. They say that he was ambitious, that he wanted to be
Minister. It is most true; and was he not simply the one man in France
who could have done any good as Minister? Not vanity alone, not pride
alone; far from that! Wild burstings of affection were in this great
heart; of fierce lightning, and soft dew of pity. So sunk, bemired in
wretchedest defacements, it may be said of him, like the Magdalen of
old, that he loved much: his Father the harshest of old crabbed men he
loved with warmth, with veneration.
Be it that his falls and follies are manifold,--as himself often
lamented even with tears. (Dumont, p. 287.) Alas, is not the Life of
every such man already a poetic Tragedy; made up 'of Fate and of one's
own Deservings,' of Schicksal und eigene Schuld; full of the elements of
Pity and Fear? This brother man, if not Epic for us, is Tragic; if not
great, is large; large in his qualities, world-large in his destinies.
Whom other men, recognising him as such, may, through long times,
remember, and draw nigh to examine and consider: these, in their several
dialects, will say of him and sing of him,--till the right thing be
said; and so the Formula that can judge him be no longer an undiscovered
one.
Here then the wild Gabriel Honore drops from the tissue of our History;
not without a tragic farewell. He is gone: the flower of the wild
Riquetti or Arrighetti kindred; which seems as if in him, with one last
effort, it had done its best, and then expired, or sunk down to the
undistinguished level. Crabbed old Marquis Mirabeau, the Friend of Men,
sleeps sound. The Bailli Mirabeau, worthy uncle, will soon die forlorn,
alone. Barrel-Mirabeau, already gone across the Rhine, his Regiment
of Emigrants will drive nigh desperate. 'Barrel-Mirabeau,' says a
biographer of his, 'went indignantly across the Rhine, and drilled
Emigrant Regiments. But as he sat one morning in his tent, sour of
stomach doubtless and of heart, meditating in Tartarean humour on the
turn things took, a certain Captain or Subaltern demanded admittance on
business. Such Captain is refused; he again demands, with refusal; and
then again, till Colonel Viscount Barrel-Mirabeau, blazing up into a
mere burning brandy barrel, clutches his sword, and tumbles out on this
canaille of an intruder,--alas, on the canaille of an intruder's sword's
point, who had drawn with swift dexterity; and dies, and the Newspapers
name it apoplexy and alarming accident.' So die the Mirabeaus.
New Mirabeaus one hears not of: the wild kindred, as we said, is gone
out with this its greatest. As families and kindreds sometimes
do; producing, after long ages of unnoted notability, some living
quintescence of all the qualities they had, to flame forth as a man
world-noted; after whom they rest as if exhausted; the sceptre passing
to others. The chosen Last of the Mirabeaus is gone; the chosen man of
France is gone. It was he who shook old France from its basis; and, as
if with his single hand, has held it toppling there, still unfallen.
What things depended on that one man! He is as a ship suddenly shivered
on sunk rocks: much swims on the waste waters, far from help.
BOOK 2.IV.
VARENNES
Chapter 2.4.I.
Easter at Saint-Cloud.
The French Monarchy may now therefore be considered as, in all human
probability, lost; as struggling henceforth in blindness as well as
weakness, the last light of reasonable guidance having gone out. What
remains of resources their poor Majesties will waste still further, in
uncertain loitering and wavering. Mirabeau himself had to complain that
they only gave him half confidence, and always had some plan within his
plan. Had they fled frankly with him, to Rouen or anywhither, long ago!
They may fly now with chance immeasurably lessened; which will go on
lessening towards absolute zero. Decide, O Queen; poor Louis can
decide nothing: execute this Flight-project, or at least abandon
it. Correspondence with Bouille there has been enough; what profits
consulting, and hypothesis, while all around is in fierce activity of
practice? The Rustic sits waiting till the river run dry: alas with you
it is not a common river, but a Nile Inundation; snow melting in the
unseen mountains; till all, and you where you sit, be submerged.
Many things invite to flight. The voice Journals invites; Royalist
Journals proudly hinting it as a threat, Patriot Journals rabidly
denouncing it as a terror. Mother Society, waxing more and more
emphatic, invites;--so emphatic that, as was prophesied, Lafayette and
your limited Patriots have ere long to branch off from her, and form
themselves into Feuillans; with infinite public controversy; the victory
in which, doubtful though it look, will remain with the unlimited
Mother. Moreover, ever since the Day of Poniards, we have seen
unlimited Patriotism openly equipping itself with arms. Citizens denied
'activity,' which is facetiously made to signify a certain weight of
purse, cannot buy blue uniforms, and be Guardsmen; but man is greater
than blue cloth; man can fight, if need be, in multiform cloth, or even
almost without cloth--as Sansculotte. So Pikes continued to be hammered,
whether those Dirks of improved structure with barbs be 'meant for
the West-India market,' or not meant. Men beat, the wrong way, their
ploughshares into swords. Is there not what we may call an 'Austrian
Committee,' Comite Autrichein, sitting daily and nightly in the
Tuileries? Patriotism, by vision and suspicion, knows it too well! If
the King fly, will there not be Aristocrat-Austrian Invasion; butchery,
replacement of Feudalism; wars more than civil? The hearts of men are
saddened and maddened.
Dissident Priests likewise give trouble enough. Expelled from their
Parish Churches, where Constitutional Priests, elected by the Public,
have replaced them, these unhappy persons resort to Convents of Nuns, or
other such receptacles; and there, on Sabbath, collecting assemblages of
Anti-Constitutional individuals, who have grown devout all on a sudden,
(Toulongeon, i. 262.) they worship or pretend to worship in their
strait-laced contumacious manner; to the scandal of Patriotism.
Dissident Priests, passing along with their sacred wafer for the dying,
seem wishful to be massacred in the streets; wherein Patriotism will not
gratify them. Slighter palm of martyrdom, however, shall not be denied:
martyrdom not of massacre, yet of fustigation. At the refractory places
of worship, Patriot men appear; Patriot women with strong hazel wands,
which they apply. Shut thy eyes, O Reader; see not this misery, peculiar
to these later times,--of martyrdom without sincerity, with only cant
and contumacy! A dead Catholic Church is not allowed to lie dead; no,
it is galvanised into the detestablest death-life; whereat Humanity, we
say, shuts its eyes. For the Patriot women take their hazel wands, and
fustigate, amid laughter of bystanders, with alacrity: broad bottom of
Priests; alas, Nuns too reversed, and cotillons retrousses! The
National Guard does what it can: Municipality 'invokes the Principles
of Toleration;' grants Dissident worshippers the Church of the Theatins;
promising protection. But it is to no purpose: at the door of that
Theatins Church, appears a Placard, and suspended atop, like Plebeian
Consular fasces,--a Bundle of Rods! The Principles of Toleration must
do the best they may: but no Dissident man shall worship contumaciously;
there is a Plebiscitum to that effect; which, though unspoken, is like
the laws of the Medes and Persians. Dissident contumacious Priests
ought not to be harboured, even in private, by any man: the Club of the
Cordeliers openly denounces Majesty himself as doing it. (Newspapers of
April and June, 1791 (in Hist. Parl. ix. 449; x, 217).)
Many things invite to flight: but probably this thing above all others,
that it has become impossible! On the 15th of April, notice is given
that his Majesty, who has suffered much from catarrh lately, will enjoy
the Spring weather, for a few days, at Saint-Cloud. Out at Saint-Cloud?
Wishing to celebrate his Easter, his Paques, or Pasch, there; with
refractory Anti-Constitutional Dissidents?--Wishing rather to make off
for Compiegne, and thence to the Frontiers? As were, in good sooth,
perhaps feasible, or would once have been; nothing but some two
chasseurs attending you; chasseurs easily corrupted! It is a pleasant
possibility, execute it or not. Men say there are thirty thousand
Chevaliers of the Poniard lurking in the woods there: lurking in the
woods, and thirty thousand,--for the human Imagination is not fettered.
But now, how easily might these, dashing out on Lafayette, snatch off
the Hereditary Representative; and roll away with him, after the manner
of a whirlblast, whither they listed!--Enough, it were well the King did
not go. Lafayette is forewarned and forearmed: but, indeed, is the risk
his only; or his and all France's?
Monday the eighteenth of April is come; the Easter Journey to
Saint-Cloud shall take effect. National Guard has got its orders;
a First Division, as Advanced Guard, has even marched, and probably
arrived. His Majesty's Maison-bouche, they say, is all busy stewing and
frying at Saint-Cloud; the King's Dinner not far from ready there. About
one o'clock, the Royal Carriage, with its eight royal blacks, shoots
stately into the Place du Carrousel; draws up to receive its royal
burden. But hark! From the neighbouring Church of Saint-Roch, the
tocsin begins ding-donging. Is the King stolen then; he is going; gone?
Multitudes of persons crowd the Carrousel: the Royal Carriage still
stands there;--and, by Heaven's strength, shall stand!
Lafayette comes up, with aide-de-camps and oratory; pervading the
groups: "Taisez vous," answer the groups, "the King shall not go."
Monsieur appears, at an upper window: ten thousand voices bray and
shriek, "Nous ne voulons pas que le Roi parte." Their Majesties have
mounted. Crack go the whips; but twenty Patriot arms have seized each
of the eight bridles: there is rearing, rocking, vociferation; not the
smallest headway. In vain does Lafayette fret, indignant; and perorate
and strive: Patriots in the passion of terror, bellow round the Royal
Carriage; it is one bellowing sea of Patriot terror run frantic. Will
Royalty fly off towards Austria; like a lit rocket, towards endless
Conflagration of Civil War? Stop it, ye Patriots, in the name of Heaven!
Rude voices passionately apostrophise Royalty itself. Usher Campan, and
other the like official persons, pressing forward with help or advice,
are clutched by the sashes, and hurled and whirled, in a confused
perilous manner; so that her Majesty has to plead passionately from the
carriage-window.
Order cannot be heard, cannot be followed; National Guards know not how
to act. Centre Grenadiers, of the Observatoire Battalion, are there;
not on duty; alas, in quasi-mutiny; speaking rude disobedient words;
threatening the mounted Guards with sharp shot if they hurt the people.
Lafayette mounts and dismounts; runs haranguing, panting; on the verge
of despair. For an hour and three-quarters; 'seven quarters of an hour,'
by the Tuileries Clock! Desperate Lafayette will open a passage, were
it by the cannon's mouth, if his Majesty will order. Their Majesties,
counselled to it by Royalist friends, by Patriot foes, dismount;
and retire in, with heavy indignant heart; giving up the enterprise.
Maison-bouche may eat that cooked dinner themselves; his Majesty shall
not see Saint-Cloud this day,--or any day. (Deux Amis, vi. c. 1; Hist.
Parl. ix. 407-14.)
The pathetic fable of imprisonment in one's own Palace has become a sad
fact, then? Majesty complains to Assembly; Municipality deliberates,
proposes to petition or address; Sections respond with sullen brevity
of negation. Lafayette flings down his Commission; appears in civic
pepper-and-salt frock; and cannot be flattered back again;--not in less
than three days; and by unheard-of entreaty; National Guards kneeling
to him, and declaring that it is not sycophancy, that they are free
men kneeling here to the Statue of Liberty. For the rest, those
Centre Grenadiers of the Observatoire are disbanded,--yet indeed are
reinlisted, all but fourteen, under a new name, and with new quarters.
The King must keep his Easter in Paris: meditating much on this singular
posture of things: but as good as determined now to fly from it, desire
being whetted by difficulty.
Chapter 2.4.II.
Easter at Paris.
For above a year, ever since March 1790, it would seem, there has
hovered a project of Flight before the royal mind; and ever and anon has
been condensing itself into something like a purpose; but this or the
other difficulty always vaporised it again. It seems so full of risks,
perhaps of civil war itself; above all, it cannot be done without
effort. Somnolent laziness will not serve: to fly, if not in a leather
vache, one must verily stir himself. Better to adopt that Constitution
of theirs; execute it so as to shew all men that it is inexecutable?
Better or not so good; surely it is easier. To all difficulties you need
only say, There is a lion in the path, behold your Constitution will
not act! For a somnolent person it requires no effort to counterfeit
death,--as Dame de Stael and Friends of Liberty can see the King's
Government long doing, faisant le mort.
Nay now, when desire whetted by difficulty has brought the matter to a
head, and the royal mind no longer halts between two, what can come
of it? Grant that poor Louis were safe with Bouille, what on the whole
could he look for there? Exasperated Tickets of Entry answer, Much, all.
But cold Reason answers, Little almost nothing. Is not loyalty a law
of Nature? ask the Tickets of Entry. Is not love of your King, and even
death for him, the glory of all Frenchmen,--except these few Democrats?
Let Democrat Constitution-builders see what they will do without
their Keystone; and France rend its hair, having lost the Hereditary
Representative!
Thus will King Louis fly; one sees not reasonably towards what. As a
maltreated Boy, shall we say, who, having a Stepmother, rushes sulky
into the wide world; and will wring the paternal heart?--Poor Louis
escapes from known unsupportable evils, to an unknown mixture of good
and evil, coloured by Hope. He goes, as Rabelais did when dying, to seek
a great May-be: je vais chercher un grand Peut-etre! As not only
the sulky Boy but the wise grown Man is obliged to do, so often, in
emergencies.
For the rest, there is still no lack of stimulants, and stepdame
maltreatments, to keep one's resolution at the due pitch. Factious
disturbance ceases not: as indeed how can they, unless authoritatively
conjured, in a Revolt which is by nature bottomless? If the ceasing
of faction be the price of the King's somnolence, he may awake when he
will, and take wing.
Remark, in any case, what somersets and contortions a dead Catholicism
is making,--skilfully galvanised: hideous, and even piteous, to
behold! Jurant and Dissident, with their shaved crowns, argue frothing
everywhere; or are ceasing to argue, and stripping for battle. In Paris
was scourging while need continued: contrariwise, in the Morbihan
of Brittany, without scourging, armed Peasants are up, roused by
pulpit-drum, they know not why. General Dumouriez, who has got missioned
thitherward, finds all in sour heat of darkness; finds also that
explanation and conciliation will still do much. (Deux Amis, v. 410-21;
Dumouriez, ii. c. 5.)
But again, consider this: that his Holiness, Pius Sixth, has seen
good to excommunicate Bishop Talleyrand! Surely, we will say then,
considering it, there is no living or dead Church in the Earth that has
not the indubitablest right to excommunicate Talleyrand. Pope Pius has
right and might, in his way. But truly so likewise has Father Adam,
ci-devant Marquis Saint-Huruge, in his way. Behold, therefore, on the
Fourth of May, in the Palais-Royal, a mixed loud-sounding multitude; in
the middle of whom, Father Adam, bull-voiced Saint-Huruge, in white
hat, towers visible and audible. With him, it is said, walks Journalist
Gorsas, walk many others of the washed sort; for no authority will
interfere. Pius Sixth, with his plush and tiara, and power of the Keys,
they bear aloft: of natural size,--made of lath and combustible gum.
Royou, the King's Friend, is borne too in effigy; with a pile of
Newspaper King's-Friends, condemned numbers of the Ami-du-Roi; fit
fuel of the sacrifice. Speeches are spoken; a judgment is held, a doom
proclaimed, audible in bull-voice, towards the four winds. And thus,
amid great shouting, the holocaust is consummated, under the summer sky;
and our lath-and-gum Holiness, with the attendant victims, mounts up in
flame, and sinks down in ashes; a decomposed Pope: and right or might,
among all the parties, has better or worse accomplished itself, as it
could. (Hist. Parl. x. 99-102.) But, on the whole, reckoning from Martin
Luther in the Marketplace of Wittenberg to Marquis Saint-Huruge in this
Palais-Royal of Paris, what a journey have we gone; into what strange
territories has it carried us! No Authority can now interfere. Nay
Religion herself, mourning for such things, may after all ask, What have
I to do with them?
In such extraordinary manner does dead Catholicism somerset and
caper, skilfully galvanised. For, does the reader inquire into the
subject-matter of controversy in this case; what the difference between
Orthodoxy or My-doxy and Heterodoxy or Thy-doxy might here be?
My-doxy is that an august National Assembly can equalize the extent of
Bishopricks; that an equalized Bishop, his Creed and Formularies being
left quite as they were, can swear Fidelity to King, Law and Nation, and
so become a Constitutional Bishop. Thy-doxy, if thou be Dissident,
is that he cannot; but that he must become an accursed thing. Human
ill-nature needs but some Homoiousian iota, or even the pretence of one;
and will flow copiously through the eye of a needle: thus always must
mortals go jargoning and fuming,
And, like the ancient Stoics in their porches
With fierce dispute maintain their churches.
This Auto-da-fe of Saint-Huruge's was on the Fourth of May, 1791.
Royalty sees it; but says nothing.
Chapter 2.4.III.
Count Fersen.
Royalty, in fact, should, by this time, be far on with its preparations.
Unhappily much preparation is needful: could a Hereditary Representative
be carried in leather vache, how easy were it! But it is not so.
New clothes are needed, as usual, in all Epic transactions, were it
in the grimmest iron ages; consider 'Queen Chrimhilde, with her sixty
semstresses,' in that iron Nibelungen Song! No Queen can stir without
new clothes. Therefore, now, Dame Campan whisks assiduous to this
mantua-maker and to that: and there is clipping of frocks and gowns,
upper clothes and under, great and small; such a clipping and sewing, as
might have been dispensed with. Moreover, her Majesty cannot go a step
anywhither without her Necessaire; dear Necessaire, of inlaid ivory and
rosewood; cunningly devised; which holds perfumes, toilet-implements,
infinite small queenlike furnitures: Necessary to terrestrial life. Not
without a cost of some five hundred louis, of much precious time, and
difficult hoodwinking which does not blind, can this same Necessary
of life be forwarded by the Flanders Carriers,--never to get to hand.
(Campan, ii. c. 18.) All which, you would say, augurs ill for the
prospering of the enterprise. But the whims of women and queens must be
humoured.
Bouille, on his side, is making a fortified Camp at Montmedi; gathering
Royal-Allemand, and all manner of other German and true French Troops
thither, 'to watch the Austrians.' His Majesty will not cross the
Frontiers, unless on compulsion. Neither shall the Emigrants be much
employed, hateful as they are to all people. (Bouille, Memoires, ii. c.
10.) Nor shall old war-god Broglie have any hand in the business; but
solely our brave Bouille; to whom, on the day of meeting, a Marshal's
Baton shall be delivered, by a rescued King, amid the shouting of all
the troops. In the meanwhile, Paris being so suspicious, were it
not perhaps good to write your Foreign Ambassadors an ostensible
Constitutional Letter; desiring all Kings and men to take heed that King
Louis loves the Constitution, that he has voluntarily sworn, and does
again swear, to maintain the same, and will reckon those his enemies who
affect to say otherwise? Such a Constitutional circular is despatched by
Couriers, is communicated confidentially to the Assembly, and printed in
all Newspapers; with the finest effect. (Moniteur, Seance du 23 Avril,
1791.) Simulation and dissimulation mingle extensively in human affairs.
We observe, however, that Count Fersen is often using his Ticket of
Entry; which surely he has clear right to do. A gallant Soldier and
Swede, devoted to this fair Queen;--as indeed the Highest Swede now is.
Has not King Gustav, famed fiery Chevalier du Nord, sworn himself, by
the old laws of chivalry, her Knight? He will descend on fire-wings, of
Swedish musketry, and deliver her from these foul dragons,--if, alas,
the assassin's pistol intervene not!
But, in fact, Count Fersen does seem a likely young soldier, of alert
decisive ways: he circulates widely, seen, unseen; and has business on
hand. Also Colonel the Duke de Choiseul, nephew of Choiseul the great,
of Choiseul the now deceased; he and Engineer Goguelat are passing and
repassing between Metz and the Tuileries; and Letters go in cipher,--one
of them, a most important one, hard to decipher; Fersen having ciphered
it in haste. (Choiseul, Relation du Depart de Louis XVI. (Paris, 1822),
p. 39.) As for Duke de Villequier, he is gone ever since the Day of
Poniards; but his Apartment is useful for her Majesty.
On the other side, poor Commandment Gouvion, watching at the Tuileries,
second in National Command, sees several things hard to interpret. It
is the same Gouvion who sat, long months ago, at the Townhall, gazing
helpless into that Insurrection of Women; motionless, as the brave
stabled steed when conflagration rises, till Usher Maillard snatched his
drum. Sincerer Patriot there is not; but many a shiftier. He, if Dame
Campan gossip credibly, is paying some similitude of love-court to a
certain false Chambermaid of the Palace, who betrays much to him:
the Necessaire, the clothes, the packing of the jewels, (Campan, ii.
141.)--could he understand it when betrayed. Helpless Gouvion gazes with
sincere glassy eyes into it; stirs up his sentries to vigilence; walks
restless to and fro; and hopes the best.
But, on the whole, one finds that, in the second week of June, Colonel
de Choiseul is privately in Paris; having come 'to see his children.'
Also that Fersen has got a stupendous new Coach built, of the kind named
Berline; done by the first artists; according to a model: they bring it
home to him, in Choiseul's presence; the two friends take a proof-drive
in it, along the streets; in meditative mood; then send it up to 'Madame
Sullivan's, in the Rue de Clichy,' far North, to wait there till wanted.
Apparently a certain Russian Baroness de Korff, with Waiting-woman,
Valet, and two Children, will travel homewards with some state: in
whom these young military gentlemen take interest? A Passport has been
procured for her; and much assistance shewn, with Coach-builders
and such like;--so helpful polite are young military men. Fersen has
likewise purchased a Chaise fit for two, at least for two waiting-maids;
further, certain necessary horses: one would say, he is himself quitting
France, not without outlay? We observe finally that their Majesties,
Heaven willing, will assist at Corpus-Christi Day, this blessed Summer
Solstice, in Assumption Church, here at Paris, to the joy of all the
world. For which same day, moreover, brave Bouille, at Metz, as we find,
has invited a party of friends to dinner; but indeed is gone from home,
in the interim, over to Montmedi.
These are of the Phenomena, or visual Appearances, of this wide-working
terrestrial world: which truly is all phenomenal, what they call
spectral; and never rests at any moment; one never at any moment can
know why.
On Monday night, the Twentieth of June 1791, about eleven o'clock, there
is many a hackney-coach, and glass-coach (carrosse de remise), still
rumbling, or at rest, on the streets of Paris. But of all Glass-coaches,
we recommend this to thee, O Reader, which stands drawn up, in the Rue
de l'Echelle, hard by the Carrousel and outgate of the Tuileries; in the
Rue de l'Echelle that then was; 'opposite Ronsin the saddler's door,' as
if waiting for a fare there! Not long does it wait: a hooded Dame, with
two hooded Children has issued from Villequier's door, where no sentry
walks, into the Tuileries Court-of-Princes; into the Carrousel; into
the Rue de l'Echelle; where the Glass-coachman readily admits them;
and again waits. Not long; another Dame, likewise hooded or shrouded,
leaning on a servant, issues in the same manner, by the Glass-coachman,
cheerfully admitted. Whither go, so many Dames? 'Tis His Majesty's
Couchee, Majesty just gone to bed, and all the Palace-world is retiring
home. But the Glass-coachman still waits; his fare seemingly incomplete.
By and by, we note a thickset Individual, in round hat and peruke,
arm-and-arm with some servant, seemingly of the Runner or Courier sort;
he also issues through Villequier's door; starts a shoebuckle as he
passes one of the sentries, stoops down to clasp it again; is however,
by the Glass-coachman, still more cheerfully admitted. And now, is his
fare complete? Not yet; the Glass-coachman still waits.--Alas! and the
false Chambermaid has warned Gouvion that she thinks the Royal Family
will fly this very night; and Gouvion distrusting his own glazed eyes,
has sent express for Lafayette; and Lafayette's Carriage, flaring
with lights, rolls this moment through the inner Arch of the
Carrousel,--where a Lady shaded in broad gypsy-hat, and leaning on the
arm of a servant, also of the Runner or Courier sort, stands aside
to let it pass, and has even the whim to touch a spoke of it with her
badine,--light little magic rod which she calls badine, such as the
Beautiful then wore. The flare of Lafayette's Carriage, rolls past:
all is found quiet in the Court-of-Princes; sentries at their post;
Majesties' Apartments closed in smooth rest. Your false Chambermaid must
have been mistaken? Watch thou, Gouvion, with Argus' vigilance; for, of
a truth, treachery is within these walls.
But where is the Lady that stood aside in gypsy hat, and touched the
wheel-spoke with her badine? O Reader, that Lady that touched the
wheel-spoke was the Queen of France! She has issued safe through
that inner Arch, into the Carrousel itself; but not into the Rue de
l'Echelle. Flurried by the rattle and rencounter, she took the right
hand not the left; neither she nor her Courier knows Paris; he indeed
is no Courier, but a loyal stupid ci-devant Bodyguard disguised as
one. They are off, quite wrong, over the Pont Royal and River; roaming
disconsolate in the Rue du Bac; far from the Glass-coachman, who still
waits. Waits, with flutter of heart; with thoughts--which he must button
close up, under his jarvie surtout!
Midnight clangs from all the City-steeples; one precious hour has been
spent so; most mortals are asleep. The Glass-coachman waits; and what
mood! A brother jarvie drives up, enters into conversation; is answered
cheerfully in jarvie dialect: the brothers of the whip exchange a pinch
of snuff; (Weber, ii. 340-2; Choiseul, p. 44-56.) decline drinking
together; and part with good night. Be the Heavens blest! here at length
is the Queen-lady, in gypsy-hat; safe after perils; who has had to
inquire her way. She too is admitted; her Courier jumps aloft, as
the other, who is also a disguised Bodyguard, has done: and now, O
Glass-coachman of a thousand,--Count Fersen, for the Reader sees it is
thou,--drive!
Dust shall not stick to the hoofs of Fersen: crack! crack! the
Glass-coach rattles, and every soul breathes lighter. But is Fersen on
the right road? Northeastward, to the Barrier of Saint-Martin and Metz
Highway, thither were we bound: and lo, he drives right Northward! The
royal Individual, in round hat and peruke, sits astonished; but right
or wrong, there is no remedy. Crack, crack, we go incessant, through the
slumbering City. Seldom, since Paris rose out of mud, or the Longhaired
Kings went in Bullock-carts, was there such a drive. Mortals on each
hand of you, close by, stretched out horizontal, dormant; and we alive
and quaking! Crack, crack, through the Rue de Grammont; across the
Boulevard; up the Rue de la Chaussee d'Antin,--these windows, all
silent, of Number 42, were Mirabeau's. Towards the Barrier not of
Saint-Martin, but of Clichy on the utmost North! Patience, ye royal
Individuals; Fersen understands what he is about. Passing up the Rue
de Clichy, he alights for one moment at Madame Sullivan's: "Did Count
Fersen's Coachman get the Baroness de Korff's new Berline?"--"Gone with
it an hour-and-half ago," grumbles responsive the drowsy Porter.--"C'est
bien." Yes, it is well;--though had not such hour-and half been lost,
it were still better. Forth therefore, O Fersen, fast, by the Barrier
de Clichy; then Eastward along the Outward Boulevard, what horses and
whipcord can do!
Thus Fersen drives, through the ambrosial night. Sleeping Paris is now
all on the right hand of him; silent except for some snoring hum;
and now he is Eastward as far as the Barrier de Saint-Martin; looking
earnestly for Baroness de Korff's Berline. This Heaven's Berline he
at length does descry, drawn up with its six horses, his own German
Coachman waiting on the box. Right, thou good German: now haste, whither
thou knowest!--And as for us of the Glass-coach, haste too, O haste;
much time is already lost! The august Glass-coach fare, six Insides,
hastily packs itself into the new Berline; two Bodyguard Couriers
behind. The Glass-coach itself is turned adrift, its head towards the
City; to wander whither it lists,--and be found next morning tumbled in
a ditch. But Fersen is on the new box, with its brave new hammer-cloths;
flourishing his whip; he bolts forward towards Bondy. There a third and
final Bodyguard Courier of ours ought surely to be, with post-horses
ready-ordered. There likewise ought that purchased Chaise, with the two
Waiting-maids and their bandboxes to be; whom also her Majesty could
not travel without. Swift, thou deft Fersen, and may the Heavens turn it
well!
Once more, by Heaven's blessing, it is all well. Here is the sleeping
Hamlet of Bondy; Chaise with Waiting-women; horses all ready, and
postillions with their churn-boots, impatient in the dewy dawn. Brief
harnessing done, the postillions with their churn-boots vault into the
saddles; brandish circularly their little noisy whips. Fersen, under his
jarvie-surtout, bends in lowly silent reverence of adieu; royal hands
wave speechless in expressible response; Baroness de Korff's Berline,
with the Royalty of France, bounds off: for ever, as it proved. Deft
Fersen dashes obliquely Northward, through the country, towards Bougret;
gains Bougret, finds his German Coachman and chariot waiting there;
cracks off, and drives undiscovered into unknown space. A deft active
man, we say; what he undertook to do is nimbly and successfully done.
A so the Royalty of France is actually fled? This precious night, the
shortest of the year, it flies and drives! Baroness de Korff is, at
bottom, Dame de Tourzel, Governess of the Royal Children: she who came
hooded with the two hooded little ones; little Dauphin; little Madame
Royale, known long afterwards as Duchess d'Angouleme. Baroness de
Korff's Waiting-maid is the Queen in gypsy-hat. The royal Individual in
round hat and peruke, he is Valet, for the time being. That other hooded
Dame, styled Travelling-companion, is kind Sister Elizabeth; she had
sworn, long since, when the Insurrection of Women was, that only death
should part her and them. And so they rush there, not too impetuously,
through the Wood of Bondy:--over a Rubicon in their own and France's
History.
Great; though the future is all vague! If we reach Bouille? If we do
not reach him? O Louis! and this all round thee is the great slumbering
Earth (and overhead, the great watchful Heaven); the slumbering Wood
of Bondy,--where Longhaired Childeric Donothing was struck through with
iron; (Henault, Abrege Chronologique, p. 36.) not unreasonably. These
peaked stone-towers are Raincy; towers of wicked d'Orleans. All slumbers
save the multiplex rustle of our new Berline. Loose-skirted scarecrow
of an Herb-merchant, with his ass and early greens, toilsomely plodding,
seems the only creature we meet. But right ahead the great North-East
sends up evermore his gray brindled dawn: from dewy branch, birds here
and there, with short deep warble, salute the coming Sun. Stars fade
out, and Galaxies; Street-lamps of the City of God. The Universe, O my
brothers, is flinging wide its portals for the Levee of the GREAT HIGH
KING. Thou, poor King Louis, farest nevertheless, as mortals do, towards
Orient lands of Hope; and the Tuileries with its Levees, and France and
the Earth itself, is but a larger kind of doghutch,--occasionally going
rabid.
Chapter 2.4.IV.
Attitude.
But in Paris, at six in the morning; when some Patriot Deputy, warned by
a billet, awoke Lafayette, and they went to the Tuileries?--Imagination
may paint, but words cannot, the surprise of Lafayette; or with what
bewilderment helpless Gouvion rolled glassy Argus's eyes, discerning now
that his false Chambermaid told true!
However, it is to be recorded that Paris, thanks to an august National
Assembly, did, on this seeming doomsday, surpass itself. Never,
according to Historian eye-witnesses, was there seen such an 'imposing
attitude.' (Deux Amis, vi. 67-178; Toulongeon, ii. 1-38; Camille,
Prudhomme and Editors in Hist. Parl. x. 240-4.) Sections all 'in
permanence;' our Townhall, too, having first, about ten o'clock, fired
three solemn alarm-cannons: above all, our National Assembly! National
Assembly, likewise permanent, decides what is needful; with unanimous
consent, for the Cote Droit sits dumb, afraid of the Lanterne. Decides
with a calm promptitude, which rises towards the sublime. One must needs
vote, for the thing is self-evident, that his Majesty has been abducted,
or spirited away, 'enleve,' by some person or persons unknown: in which
case, what will the Constitution have us do? Let us return to first
principles, as we always say; "revenons aux principes."
By first or by second principles, much is promptly decided: Ministers
are sent for, instructed how to continue their functions; Lafayette is
examined; and Gouvion, who gives a most helpless account, the best he
can. Letters are found written: one Letter, of immense magnitude; all
in his Majesty's hand, and evidently of his Majesty's own composition;
addressed to the National Assembly. It details, with earnestness, with a
childlike simplicity, what woes his Majesty has suffered. Woes great and
small: A Necker seen applauded, a Majesty not; then insurrection; want
of due cash in Civil List; general want of cash, furniture and order;
anarchy everywhere; Deficit never yet, in the smallest, 'choked or
comble:'--wherefore in brief His Majesty has retired towards a Place of
Liberty; and, leaving Sanctions, Federation, and what Oaths there may
be, to shift for themselves, does now refer--to what, thinks an august
Assembly? To that 'Declaration of the Twenty-third of June,' with its
"Seul il fera, He alone will make his People happy." As if that were not
buried, deep enough, under two irrevocable Twelvemonths, and the wreck
and rubbish of a whole Feudal World! This strange autograph Letter
the National Assembly decides on printing; on transmitting to the
Eighty-three Departments, with exegetic commentary, short but pithy.
Commissioners also shall go forth on all sides; the People be exhorted;
the Armies be increased; care taken that the Commonweal suffer no
damage.--And now, with a sublime air of calmness, nay of indifference,
we 'pass to the order of the day!'
By such sublime calmness, the terror of the People is calmed. These
gleaming Pike forests, which bristled fateful in the early sun,
disappear again; the far-sounding Street-orators cease, or spout milder.
We are to have a civil war; let us have it then. The King is gone; but
National Assembly, but France and we remain. The People also takes a
great attitude; the People also is calm; motionless as a couchant lion.
With but a few broolings, some waggings of the tail; to shew what it
will do! Cazales, for instance, was beset by street-groups, and cries of
Lanterne; but National Patrols easily delivered him. Likewise all King's
effigies and statues, at least stucco ones, get abolished. Even King's
names; the word Roi fades suddenly out of all shop-signs; the Royal
Bengal Tiger itself, on the Boulevards, becomes the National Bengal one,
Tigre National. (Walpoliana.)
How great is a calm couchant People! On the morrow, men will say to one
another: "We have no King, yet we slept sound enough." On the morrow,
fervent Achille de Chatelet, and Thomas Paine the rebellious Needleman,
shall have the walls of Paris profusely plastered with their Placard;
announcing that there must be a Republic! (Dumont, c. 16.)--Need we add
that Lafayette too, though at first menaced by Pikes, has taken a great
attitude, or indeed the greatest of all? Scouts and Aides-de-camp fly
forth, vague, in quest and pursuit; young Romoeuf towards Valenciennes,
though with small hope.
Thus Paris; sublimely calmed, in its bereavement. But from the
Messageries Royales, in all Mail-bags, radiates forth far-darting the
electric news: Our Hereditary Representative is flown. Laugh, black
Royalists: yet be it in your sleeve only; lest Patriotism notice, and
waxing frantic, lower the Lanterne! In Paris alone is a sublime National
Assembly with its calmness; truly, other places must take it as they
can: with open mouth and eyes; with panic cackling, with wrath, with
conjecture. How each one of those dull leathern Diligences, with its
leathern bag and 'The King is fled,' furrows up smooth France as it
goes; through town and hamlet, ruffles the smooth public mind into
quivering agitation of death-terror; then lumbers on, as if nothing
had happened! Along all highways; towards the utmost borders; till all
France is ruffled,--roughened up (metaphorically speaking) into one
enormous, desperate-minded, red-guggling Turkey Cock!
For example, it is under cloud of night that the leathern Monster
reaches Nantes; deep sunk in sleep. The word spoken rouses all Patriot
men: General Dumouriez, enveloped in roquelaures, has to descend from
his bedroom; finds the street covered with 'four or five thousand
citizens in their shirts.' (Dumouriez, Memoires, ii. 109.) Here
and there a faint farthing rushlight, hastily kindled; and so many
swart-featured haggard faces, with nightcaps pushed back; and the more
or less flowing drapery of night-shirt: open-mouthed till the General
say his word! And overhead, as always, the Great Bear is turning so
quiet round Bootes; steady, indifferent as the leathern Diligence
itself. Take comfort, ye men of Nantes: Bootes and the steady Bear are
turning; ancient Atlantic still sends his brine, loud-billowing, up your
Loire-stream; brandy shall be hot in the stomach: this is not the Last
of the Days, but one before the Last.--The fools! If they knew what
was doing, in these very instants, also by candle-light, in the far
North-East!
Perhaps we may say the most terrified man in Paris or France is--who
thinks the Reader?--seagreen Robespierre. Double paleness, with the
shadow of gibbets and halters, overcasts the seagreen features: it is
too clear to him that there is to be 'a Saint-Bartholomew of Patriots,'
that in four-and-twenty hours he will not be in life. These horrid
anticipations of the soul he is heard uttering at Petion's; by a notable
witness. By Madame Roland, namely; her whom we saw, last year, radiant
at the Lyons Federation! These four months, the Rolands have been in
Paris; arranging with Assembly Committees the Municipal affairs of
Lyons, affairs all sunk in debt;--communing, the while, as was most
natural, with the best Patriots to be found here, with our Brissots,
Petions, Buzots, Robespierres; who were wont to come to us, says the
fair Hostess, four evenings in the week. They, running about, busier
than ever this day, would fain have comforted the seagreen man: spake of
Achille du Chatelet's Placard; of a Journal to be called The Republican;
of preparing men's minds for a Republic. "A Republic?" said the
Seagreen, with one of his dry husky unsportful laughs, "What is that?"
(Madame Roland, ii. 70.) O seagreen Incorruptible, thou shalt see!
Chapter 2.4.V.
The New Berline.
But scouts all this while and aide-de-camps, have flown forth faster
than the leathern Diligences. Young Romoeuf, as we said, was off early
towards Valenciennes: distracted Villagers seize him, as a traitor with
a finger of his own in the plot; drag him back to the Townhall; to the
National Assembly, which speedily grants a new passport. Nay now, that
same scarecrow of an Herb-merchant with his ass has bethought him of the
grand new Berline seen in the Wood of Bondy; and delivered evidence of
it: (Moniteur, &c. in Hist. Parl. x. 244-313.) Romoeuf, furnished with
new passport, is sent forth with double speed on a hopefuller track; by
Bondy, Claye, and Chalons, towards Metz, to track the new Berline; and
gallops a franc etrier.
Miserable new Berline! Why could not Royalty go in some old Berline
similar to that of other men? Flying for life, one does not stickle
about his vehicle. Monsieur, in a commonplace travelling-carriage is off
Northwards; Madame, his Princess, in another, with variation of
route: they cross one another while changing horses, without look of
recognition; and reach Flanders, no man questioning them. Precisely in
the same manner, beautiful Princess de Lamballe set off, about the same
hour; and will reach England safe:--would she had continued there! The
beautiful, the good, but the unfortunate; reserved for a frightful end!
All runs along, unmolested, speedy, except only the new Berline. Huge
leathern vehicle;--huge Argosy, let us say, or Acapulco-ship; with its
heavy stern-boat of Chaise-and-pair; with its three yellow Pilot-boats
of mounted Bodyguard Couriers, rocking aimless round it and ahead of it,
to bewilder, not to guide! It lumbers along, lurchingly with stress, at
a snail's pace; noted of all the world. The Bodyguard Couriers, in
their yellow liveries, go prancing and clattering; loyal but stupid;
unacquainted with all things. Stoppages occur; and breakages to be
repaired at Etoges. King Louis too will dismount, will walk up hills,
and enjoy the blessed sunshine:--with eleven horses and double drink
money, and all furtherances of Nature and Art, it will be found that
Royalty, flying for life, accomplishes Sixty-nine miles in Twenty-two
incessant hours. Slow Royalty! And yet not a minute of these hours but
is precious: on minutes hang the destinies of Royalty now.
Readers, therefore, can judge in what humour Duke de Choiseul might
stand waiting, in the Village of Pont-de-Sommevelle, some leagues beyond
Chalons, hour after hour, now when the day bends visibly westward.
Choiseul drove out of Paris, in all privity, ten hours before their
Majesties' fixed time; his Hussars, led by Engineer Goguelat, are here
duly, come 'to escort a Treasure that is expected:' but, hour after
hour, is no Baroness de Korff's Berline. Indeed, over all that
North-east Region, on the skirts of Champagne and of Lorraine, where the
Great Road runs, the agitation is considerable. For all along, from this
Pont-de-Sommevelle Northeastward as far as Montmedi, at Post-villages
and Towns, escorts of Hussars and Dragoons do lounge waiting: a train or
chain of Military Escorts; at the Montmedi end of it our brave Bouille:
an electric thunder-chain; which the invisible Bouille, like a Father
Jove, holds in his hand--for wise purposes! Brave Bouille has done
what man could; has spread out his electric thunder-chain of Military
Escorts, onwards to the threshold of Chalons: it waits but for the new
Korff Berline; to receive it, escort it, and, if need be, bear it off
in whirlwind of military fire. They lie and lounge there, we say,
these fierce Troopers; from Montmedi and Stenai, through Clermont,
Sainte-Menehould to utmost Pont-de-Sommevelle, in all Post-villages;
for the route shall avoid Verdun and great Towns: they loiter impatient
'till the Treasure arrive.'
Judge what a day this is for brave Bouille: perhaps the first day of
a new glorious life; surely the last day of the old! Also, and
indeed still more, what a day, beautiful and terrible, for your young
full-blooded Captains: your Dandoins, Comte de Damas, Duke de Choiseul,
Engineer Goguelat, and the like; entrusted with the secret!--Alas, the
day bends ever more westward; and no Korff Berline comes to sight. It
is four hours beyond the time, and still no Berline. In all
Village-streets, Royalist Captains go lounging, looking often
Paris-ward; with face of unconcern, with heart full of black care:
rigorous Quartermasters can hardly keep the private dragoons from cafes
and dramshops. (Declaration du Sieur La Gache du Regiment Royal-Dragoons
in Choiseul, pp. 125-39.) Dawn on our bewilderment, thou new Berline;
dawn on us, thou Sun-chariot of a new Berline, with the destinies of
France!
It was of His Majesty's ordering, this military array of Escorts: a
thing solacing the Royal imagination with a look of security and rescue;
yet, in reality, creating only alarm, and where there was otherwise no
danger, danger without end. For each Patriot, in these Post-villages,
asks naturally: This clatter of cavalry, and marching and lounging of
troops, what means it? To escort a Treasure? Why escort, when no Patriot
will steal from the Nation; or where is your Treasure?--There has been
such marching and counter-marching: for it is another fatality, that
certain of these Military Escorts came out so early as yesterday; the
Nineteenth not the Twentieth of the month being the day first appointed,
which her Majesty, for some necessity or other, saw good to alter. And
now consider the suspicious nature of Patriotism; suspicious, above
all, of Bouille the Aristocrat; and how the sour doubting humour has had
leave to accumulate and exacerbate for four-and-twenty hours!
At Pont-de-Sommevelle, these Forty foreign Hussars of Goguelat and Duke
Choiseul are becoming an unspeakable mystery to all men. They lounged
long enough, already, at Sainte-Menehould; lounged and loitered till our
National Volunteers there, all risen into hot wrath of doubt, 'demanded
three hundred fusils of their Townhall,' and got them. At which same
moment too, as it chanced, our Captain Dandoins was just coming in, from
Clermont with his troop, at the other end of the Village. A fresh troop;
alarming enough; though happily they are only Dragoons and French! So
that Goguelat with his Hussars had to ride, and even to do it fast;
till here at Pont-de-Sommevelle, where Choiseul lay waiting, he found
resting-place. Resting-place, as on burning marle. For the rumour of him
flies abroad; and men run to and fro in fright and anger: Chalons sends
forth exploratory pickets, coming from Sainte-Menehould, on that. What
is it, ye whiskered Hussars, men of foreign guttural speech; in the name
of Heaven, what is it that brings you? A Treasure?--exploratory pickets
shake their heads. The hungry Peasants, however, know too well what
Treasure it is: Military seizure for rents, feudalities; which no
Bailiff could make us pay! This they know;--and set to jingling their
Parish-bell by way of tocsin; with rapid effect! Choiseul and Goguelat,
if the whole country is not to take fire, must needs, be there Berline,
be there no Berline, saddle and ride.
They mount; and this Parish tocsin happily ceases. They ride slowly
Eastward, towards Sainte-Menehould; still hoping the Sun-Chariot of
a Berline may overtake them. Ah me, no Berline! And near now is that
Sainte-Menehould, which expelled us in the morning, with its 'three
hundred National fusils;' which looks, belike, not too lovingly on
Captain Dandoins and his fresh Dragoons, though only French;--which,
in a word, one dare not enter the second time, under pain of explosion!
With rather heavy heart, our Hussar Party strikes off to the left;
through byways, through pathless hills and woods, they, avoiding
Sainte-Menehould and all places which have seen them heretofore, will
make direct for the distant Village of Varennes. It is probable they
will have a rough evening-ride.
This first military post, therefore, in the long thunder-chain, has gone
off with no effect; or with worse, and your chain threatens to entangle
itself!--The Great Road, however, is got hushed again into a kind of
quietude, though one of the wakefullest. Indolent Dragoons cannot, by
any Quartermaster, be kept altogether from the dramshop; where Patriots
drink, and will even treat, eager enough for news. Captains, in a state
near distraction, beat the dusky highway, with a face of indifference;
and no Sun-Chariot appears. Why lingers it? Incredible, that with eleven
horses and such yellow Couriers and furtherances, its rate should be
under the weightiest dray-rate, some three miles an hour! Alas, one
knows not whether it ever even got out of Paris;--and yet also one knows
not whether, this very moment, it is not at the Village-end! One's heart
flutters on the verge of unutterabilities.
Chapter 2.4.VI.
Old-Dragoon Drouet.
In this manner, however, has the Day bent downwards. Wearied mortals
are creeping home from their field-labour; the village-artisan eats with
relish his supper of herbs, or has strolled forth to the village-street
for a sweet mouthful of air and human news. Still summer-eventide
everywhere! The great Sun hangs flaming on the utmost North-West; for it
is his longest day this year. The hill-tops rejoicing will ere long be
at their ruddiest, and blush Good-night. The thrush, in green dells,
on long-shadowed leafy spray, pours gushing his glad serenade, to the
babble of brooks grown audibler; silence is stealing over the Earth.
Your dusty Mill of Valmy, as all other mills and drudgeries, may furl
its canvass, and cease swashing and circling. The swenkt grinders in
this Treadmill of an Earth have ground out another Day; and lounge
there, as we say, in village-groups; movable, or ranked on social
stone-seats; (Rapport de M. Remy in Choiseul, p. 143.) their children,
mischievous imps, sporting about their feet. Unnotable hum of sweet
human gossip rises from this Village of Sainte-Menehould, as from all
other villages. Gossip mostly sweet, unnotable; for the very Dragoons
are French and gallant; nor as yet has the Paris-and-Verdun Diligence,
with its leathern bag, rumbled in, to terrify the minds of men.
One figure nevertheless we do note at the last door of the Village: that
figure in loose-flowing nightgown, of Jean Baptiste Drouet, Master of
the Post here. An acrid choleric man, rather dangerous-looking; still in
the prime of life, though he has served, in his time as a Conde Dragoon.
This day from an early hour, Drouet got his choler stirred, and has
been kept fretting. Hussar Goguelat in the morning saw good, by way
of thrift, to bargain with his own Innkeeper, not with Drouet regular
Maitre de Poste, about some gig-horse for the sending back of his
gig; which thing Drouet perceiving came over in red ire, menacing the
Inn-keeper, and would not be appeased. Wholly an unsatisfactory day.
For Drouet is an acrid Patriot too, was at the Paris Feast of Pikes:
and what do these Bouille Soldiers mean? Hussars, with their gig, and
a vengeance to it!--have hardly been thrust out, when Dandoins and
his fresh Dragoons arrive from Clermont, and stroll. For what purpose?
Choleric Drouet steps out and steps in, with long-flowing nightgown;
looking abroad, with that sharpness of faculty which stirred choler
gives to man.
On the other hand, mark Captain Dandoins on the street of that same
Village; sauntering with a face of indifference, a heart eaten of black
care! For no Korff Berline makes its appearance. The great Sun flames
broader towards setting: one's heart flutters on the verge of dread
unutterabilities.
By Heaven! Here is the yellow Bodyguard Courier; spurring fast, in
the ruddy evening light! Steady, O Dandoins, stand with inscrutable
indifferent face; though the yellow blockhead spurs past the Post-house;
inquires to find it; and stirs the Village, all delighted with his fine
livery.--Lumbering along with its mountains of bandboxes, and Chaise
behind, the Korff Berline rolls in; huge Acapulco-ship with its
Cockboat, having got thus far. The eyes of the Villagers look
enlightened, as such eyes do when a coach-transit, which is an event,
occurs for them. Strolling Dragoons respectfully, so fine are the yellow
liveries, bring hand to helmet; and a lady in gipsy-hat responds with a
grace peculiar to her. (Declaration de la Gache in Choiseul ubi supra.)
Dandoins stands with folded arms, and what look of indifference and
disdainful garrison-air a man can, while the heart is like leaping out
of him. Curled disdainful moustachio; careless glance,--which however
surveys the Village-groups, and does not like them. With his eye he
bespeaks the yellow Courier. Be quick, be quick! Thick-headed Yellow
cannot understand the eye; comes up mumbling, to ask in words: seen of
the Village!
Nor is Post-master Drouet unobservant, all this while; but steps out and
steps in, with his long-flowing nightgown, in the level sunlight; prying
into several things. When a man's faculties, at the right time,
are sharpened by choler, it may lead to much. That Lady in slouched
gypsy-hat, though sitting back in the Carriage, does she not resemble
some one we have seen, some time;--at the Feast of Pikes, or elsewhere?
And this Grosse-Tete in round hat and peruke, which, looking rearward,
pokes itself out from time to time, methinks there are features in
it--? Quick, Sieur Guillaume, Clerk of the Directoire, bring me a
new Assignat! Drouet scans the new Assignat; compares the Paper-money
Picture with the Gross-Head in round hat there: by Day and Night! you
might say the one was an attempted Engraving of the other. And this
march of Troops; this sauntering and whispering,--I see it!
Drouet Post-master of this Village, hot Patriot, Old Dragoon of Conde,
consider, therefore, what thou wilt do. And fast: for behold the new
Berline, expeditiously yoked, cracks whipcord, and rolls away!--Drouet
dare not, on the spur of the instant, clutch the bridles in his own two
hands; Dandoins, with broadsword, might hew you off. Our poor Nationals,
not one of them here, have three hundred fusils but then no powder;
besides one is not sure, only morally-certain. Drouet, as an adroit
Old-Dragoon of Conde does what is advisablest: privily bespeaks Clerk
Guillaume, Old-Dragoon of Conde he too; privily, while Clerk Guillaume
is saddling two of the fleetest horses, slips over to the Townhall to
whisper a word; then mounts with Clerk Guillaume; and the two bound
eastward in pursuit, to see what can be done.
They bound eastward, in sharp trot; their moral-certainty permeating
the Village, from the Townhall outwards, in busy whispers. Alas! Captain
Dandoins orders his Dragoons to mount; but they, complaining of long
fast, demand bread-and-cheese first;--before which brief repast can
be eaten, the whole Village is permeated; not whispering now, but
blustering and shrieking! National Volunteers, in hurried muster, shriek
for gunpowder; Dragoons halt between Patriotism and Rule of the Service,
between bread and cheese and fixed bayonets: Dandoins hands secretly his
Pocket-book, with its secret despatches, to the rigorous Quartermaster:
the very Ostlers have stable-forks and flails. The rigorous
Quartermaster, half-saddled, cuts out his way with the sword's edge,
amid levelled bayonets, amid Patriot vociferations, adjurations,
flail-strokes; and rides frantic; (Declaration de La Gache in
Choiseul, p. 134.)--few or even none following him; the rest, so
sweetly constrained consenting to stay there.
And thus the new Berline rolls; and Drouet and Guillaume gallop
after it, and Dandoins's Troopers or Trooper gallops after them;
and Sainte-Menehould, with some leagues of the King's Highway, is
in explosion;--and your Military thunder-chain has gone off in a
self-destructive manner; one may fear with the frightfullest issues!
Chapter 2.4.VII.
The Night of Spurs.
This comes of mysterious Escorts, and a new Berline with eleven horses:
'he that has a secret should not only hide it, but hide that he has it
to hide.' Your first Military Escort has exploded self-destructive;
and all Military Escorts, and a suspicious Country will now be up,
explosive; comparable not to victorious thunder. Comparable, say rather,
to the first stirring of an Alpine Avalanche; which, once stir it, as
here at Sainte-Menehould, will spread,--all round, and on and on, as far
as Stenai; thundering with wild ruin, till Patriot Villagers, Peasantry,
Military Escorts, new Berline and Royalty are down,--jumbling in the
Abyss!
The thick shades of Night are falling. Postillions crack the whip: the
Royal Berline is through Clermont, where Colonel Comte de Damas got a
word whispered to it; is safe through, towards Varennes; rushing at the
rate of double drink-money: an Unknown 'Inconnu on horseback'
shrieks earnestly some hoarse whisper, not audible, into the rushing
Carriage-window, and vanishes, left in the night. (Campan, ii. 159.)
August Travellers palpitate; nevertheless overwearied Nature sinks every
one of them into a kind of sleep. Alas, and Drouet and Clerk Guillaume
spur; taking side-roads, for shortness, for safety; scattering abroad
that moral-certainty of theirs; which flies, a bird of the air carrying
it!
And your rigorous Quartermaster spurs; awakening hoarse trumpet-tone,
as here at Clermont, calling out Dragoons gone to bed. Brave Colonel de
Damas has them mounted, in part, these Clermont men; young Cornet
Remy dashes off with a few. But the Patriot Magistracy is out here at
Clermont too; National Guards shrieking for ball-cartridges; and the
Village 'illuminates itself;'--deft Patriots springing out of bed;
alertly, in shirt or shift, striking a light; sticking up each his
farthing candle, or penurious oil-cruise, till all glitters and
glimmers; so deft are they! A camisado, or shirt-tumult, every where:
stormbell set a-ringing; village-drum beating furious generale, as
here at Clermont, under illumination; distracted Patriots pleading and
menacing! Brave young Colonel de Damas, in that uproar of distracted
Patriotism, speaks some fire-sentences to what Troopers he has:
"Comrades insulted at Sainte-Menehould; King and Country calling on
the brave;" then gives the fire-word, Draw swords. Whereupon, alas, the
Troopers only smite their sword-handles, driving them further home! "To
me, whoever is for the King!" cries Damas in despair; and gallops, he
with some poor loyal Two, of the subaltern sort, into the bosom of
the Night. (Proces-verbal du Directoire de Clermont in Choiseul, p.
189-95.)
Night unexampled in the Clermontais; shortest of the year; remarkablest
of the century: Night deserving to be named of Spurs! Cornet Remy, and
those Few he dashed off with, has missed his road; is galloping for
hours towards Verdun; then, for hours, across hedged country, through
roused hamlets, towards Varennes. Unlucky Cornet Remy; unluckier Colonel
Damas, with whom there ride desperate only some loyal Two! More ride not
of that Clermont Escort: of other Escorts, in other Villages, not even
Two may ride; but only all curvet and prance,--impeded by stormbell and
your Village illuminating itself.
And Drouet rides and Clerk Guillaume; and the Country runs.--Goguelat
and Duke Choiseul are plunging through morasses, over cliffs, over
stock and stone, in the shaggy woods of the Clermontais; by tracks;
or trackless, with guides; Hussars tumbling into pitfalls, and lying
'swooned three quarters of an hour,' the rest refusing to march without
them. What an evening-ride from Pont-de-Sommerville; what a thirty
hours, since Choiseul quitted Paris, with Queen's-valet Leonard in the
chaise by him! Black Care sits behind the rider. Thus go they plunging;
rustle the owlet from his branchy nest; champ the sweet-scented
forest-herb, queen-of-the-meadows spilling her spikenard; and frighten
the ear of Night. But hark! towards twelve o'clock, as one guesses, for
the very stars are gone out: sound of the tocsin from Varennes? Checking
bridle, the Hussar Officer listens: "Some fire undoubtedly!"--yet rides
on, with double breathlessness, to verify.
Yes, gallant friends that do your utmost, it is a certain sort of fire:
difficult to quench.--The Korff Berline, fairly ahead of all this riding
Avalanche, reached the little paltry Village of Varennes about eleven
o'clock; hopeful, in spite of that horse-whispering Unknown. Do not all
towns now lie behind us; Verdun avoided, on our right? Within wind
of Bouille himself, in a manner; and the darkest of midsummer nights
favouring us! And so we halt on the hill-top at the South end of the
Village; expecting our relay; which young Bouille, Bouille's own son,
with his Escort of Hussars, was to have ready; for in this Village is no
Post. Distracting to think of: neither horse nor Hussar is here! Ah,
and stout horses, a proper relay belonging to Duke Choiseul, do stand at
hay, but in the Upper Village over the Bridge; and we know not of them.
Hussars likewise do wait, but drinking in the taverns. For indeed it is
six hours beyond the time; young Bouille, silly stripling, thinking
the matter over for this night, has retired to bed. And so our yellow
Couriers, inexperienced, must rove, groping, bungling, through a Village
mostly asleep: Postillions will not, for any money, go on with the tired
horses; not at least without refreshment; not they, let the Valet in
round hat argue as he likes.
Miserable! 'For five-and-thirty minutes' by the King's watch, the
Berline is at a dead stand; Round-hat arguing with Churnboots; tired
horses slobbering their meal-and-water; yellow Couriers groping,
bungling;--young Bouille asleep, all the while, in the Upper Village,
and Choiseul's fine team standing there at hay. No help for it; not
with a King's ransom: the horses deliberately slobber, Round-hat argues,
Bouille sleeps. And mark now, in the thick night, do not two Horsemen,
with jaded trot, come clank-clanking; and start with half-pause, if
one noticed them, at sight of this dim mass of a Berline, and its dull
slobbering and arguing; then prick off faster, into the Village? It
is Drouet, he and Clerk Guillaume! Still ahead, they two, of the whole
riding hurlyburly; unshot, though some brag of having chased them.
Perilous is Drouet's errand also; but he is an Old-Dragoon, with his
wits shaken thoroughly awake.
The Village of Varennes lies dark and slumberous; a most unlevel
Village, of inverse saddle-shape, as men write. It sleeps; the rushing
of the River Aire singing lullaby to it. Nevertheless from the Golden
Arms, Bras d'Or Tavern, across that sloping marketplace, there still
comes shine of social light; comes voice of rude drovers, or the like,
who have not yet taken the stirrup-cup; Boniface Le Blanc, in white
apron, serving them: cheerful to behold. To this Bras d'Or, Drouet
enters, alacrity looking through his eyes: he nudges Boniface, in all
privacy, "Camarade, es tu bon Patriote, Art thou a good Patriot?"--"Si
je suis!" answers Boniface.--"In that case," eagerly whispers
Drouet--what whisper is needful, heard of Boniface alone. (Deux Amis,
vi. 139-78.)
And now see Boniface Le Blanc bustling, as he never did for the jolliest
toper. See Drouet and Guillaume, dexterous Old-Dragoons, instantly down
blocking the Bridge, with a 'furniture waggon they find there,' with
whatever waggons, tumbrils, barrels, barrows their hands can lay hold
of;--till no carriage can pass. Then swiftly, the Bridge once blocked,
see them take station hard by, under Varennes Archway: joined by Le
Blanc, Le Blanc's Brother, and one or two alert Patriots he has roused.
Some half-dozen in all, with National Muskets, they stand close, waiting
under the Archway, till that same Korff Berline rumble up.
It rumbles up: Alte la! lanterns flash out from under coat-skirts,
bridles chuck in strong fists, two National Muskets level
themselves fore and aft through the two Coach-doors: "Mesdames, your
Passports?"--Alas! Alas! Sieur Sausse, Procureur of the
Township, Tallow-chandler also and Grocer is there, with official
grocer-politeness; Drouet with fierce logic and ready wit:--The
respected Travelling Party, be it Baroness de Korff's, or persons of
still higher consequence, will perhaps please to rest itself in M.
Sausse's till the dawn strike up!
O Louis; O hapless Marie-Antoinette, fated to pass thy life with such
men! Phlegmatic Louis, art thou but lazy semi-animate phlegm then, to
the centre of thee? King, Captain-General, Sovereign Frank! If thy
heart ever formed, since it began beating under the name of heart, any
resolution at all, be it now then, or never in this world: "Violent
nocturnal individuals, and if it were persons of high consequence?
And if it were the King himself? Has the King not the power, which all
beggars have, of travelling unmolested on his own Highway? Yes: it is
the King; and tremble ye to know it! The King has said, in this one
small matter; and in France, or under God's Throne, is no power that
shall gainsay. Not the King shall ye stop here under this your miserable
Archway; but his dead body only, and answer it to Heaven and Earth. To
me, Bodyguards: Postillions, en avant!"--One fancies in that case
the pale paralysis of these two Le Blanc musketeers; the drooping of
Drouet's under-jaw; and how Procureur Sausse had melted like tallow
in furnace-heat: Louis faring on; in some few steps awakening
Young Bouille, awakening relays and hussars: triumphant entry, with
cavalcading high-brandishing Escort, and Escorts, into Montmedi; and the
whole course of French History different!
Alas, it was not in the poor phlegmatic man. Had it been in him, French
History had never come under this Varennes Archway to decide itself.--He
steps out; all step out. Procureur Sausse gives his grocer-arms to the
Queen and Sister Elizabeth; Majesty taking the two children by the hand.
And thus they walk, coolly back, over the Marketplace, to Procureur
Sausse's; mount into his small upper story; where straightway his
Majesty 'demands refreshments.' Demands refreshments, as is written;
gets bread-and-cheese with a bottle of Burgundy; and remarks, that it is
the best Burgundy he ever drank!
Meanwhile, the Varennes Notables, and all men, official, and
non-official, are hastily drawing on their breeches; getting their
fighting-gear. Mortals half-dressed tumble out barrels, lay felled
trees; scouts dart off to all the four winds,--the tocsin begins
clanging, 'the Village illuminates itself.' Very singular: how these
little Villages do manage, so adroit are they, when startled in midnight
alarm of war. Like little adroit municipal rattle-snakes, suddenly
awakened: for their stormbell rattles and rings; their eyes glisten
luminous (with tallow-light), as in rattle-snake ire; and the Village
will sting! Old-Dragoon Drouet is our engineer and generalissimo;
valiant as a Ruy Diaz:--Now or never, ye Patriots, for the Soldiery is
coming; massacre by Austrians, by Aristocrats, wars more than civil,
it all depends on you and the hour!--National Guards rank themselves,
half-buttoned: mortals, we say, still only in breeches, in
under-petticoat, tumble out barrels and lumber, lay felled trees for
barricades: the Village will sting. Rabid Democracy, it would seem, is
not confined to Paris, then? Ah no, whatsoever Courtiers might talk; too
clearly no. This of dying for one's King is grown into a dying for one's
self, against the King, if need be.
And so our riding and running Avalanche and Hurlyburly has reached the
Abyss, Korff Berline foremost; and may pour itself thither, and jumble:
endless! For the next six hours, need we ask if there was a clattering
far and wide? Clattering and tocsining and hot tumult, over all the
Clermontais, spreading through the Three Bishopricks: Dragoon and Hussar
Troops galloping on roads and no-roads; National Guards arming and
starting in the dead of night; tocsin after tocsin transmitting the
alarm. In some forty minutes, Goguelat and Choiseul, with their wearied
Hussars, reach Varennes. Ah, it is no fire then; or a fire difficult to
quench! They leap the tree-barricades, in spite of National serjeant;
they enter the village, Choiseul instructing his Troopers how the matter
really is; who respond interjectionally, in their guttural dialect,
"Der Konig; die Koniginn!" and seem stanch. These now, in their stanch
humour, will, for one thing, beset Procureur Sausse's house. Most
beneficial: had not Drouet stormfully ordered otherwise; and even
bellowed, in his extremity, "Cannoneers to your guns!"--two old
honey-combed Field-pieces, empty of all but cobwebs; the rattle whereof,
as the Cannoneers with assured countenance trundled them up, did
nevertheless abate the Hussar ardour, and produce a respectfuller
ranking further back. Jugs of wine, handed over the ranks, for the
German throat too has sensibility, will complete the business. When
Engineer Goguelat, some hour or so afterwards, steps forth, the response
to him is--a hiccuping Vive la Nation!
What boots it? Goguelat, Choiseul, now also Count Damas, and all the
Varennes Officiality are with the King; and the King can give no order,
form no opinion; but sits there, as he has ever done, like clay on
potter's wheel; perhaps the absurdest of all pitiable and pardonable
clay-figures that now circle under the Moon. He will go on, next
morning, and take the National Guard with him; Sausse permitting!
Hapless Queen: with her two children laid there on the mean bed, old
Mother Sausse kneeling to Heaven, with tears and an audible prayer, to
bless them; imperial Marie-Antoinette near kneeling to Son Sausse and
Wife Sausse, amid candle-boxes and treacle-barrels,--in vain! There
are Three-thousand National Guards got in; before long they will count
Ten-thousand; tocsins spreading like fire on dry heath, or far faster.
Young Bouille, roused by this Varennes tocsin, has taken horse,
and--fled towards his Father. Thitherward also rides, in an almost
hysterically desperate manner, a certain Sieur Aubriot, Choiseul's
Orderly; swimming dark rivers, our Bridge being blocked; spurring as if
the Hell-hunt were at his heels. (Rapport de M. Aubriot Choiseul, p.
150-7.) Through the village of Dun, he, galloping still on, scatters the
alarm; at Dun, brave Captain Deslons and his Escort of a Hundred, saddle
and ride. Deslons too gets into Varennes; leaving his Hundred outside,
at the tree-barricade; offers to cut King Louis out, if he will order
it: but unfortunately "the work will prove hot;" whereupon King Louis
has "no orders to give." (Extrait d'un Rapport de M. Deslons, Choiseul,
p. 164-7.)
And so the tocsin clangs, and Dragoons gallop; and can do nothing,
having gallopped: National Guards stream in like the gathering of
ravens: your exploding Thunder-chain, falling Avalanche, or what else we
liken it to, does play, with a vengeance,--up now as far as Stenai
and Bouille himself. (Bouille, ii. 74-6.) Brave Bouille, son of the
whirlwind, he saddles Royal Allemand; speaks fire-words, kindling
heart and eyes; distributes twenty-five gold-louis a company:--Ride,
Royal-Allemand, long-famed: no Tuileries Charge and Necker-Orleans
Bust-Procession; a very King made captive, and world all to win!--Such
is the Night deserving to be named of Spurs.
At six o'clock two things have happened. Lafayette's Aide-de-camp,
Romoeuf, riding a franc etrier, on that old Herb-merchant's route,
quickened during the last stages, has got to Varennes; where the Ten
thousand now furiously demand, with fury of panic terror, that Royalty
shall forthwith return Paris-ward, that there be not infinite bloodshed.
Also, on the other side, 'English Tom,' Choiseul's jokei, flying
with that Choiseul relay, has met Bouille on the heights of Dun; the
adamantine brow flushed with dark thunder; thunderous rattle of Royal
Allemand at his heels. English Tom answers as he can the brief question,
How it is at Varennes?--then asks in turn what he, English Tom, with M.
de Choiseul's horses, is to do, and whither to ride?--To the Bottomless
Pool! answers a thunder-voice; then again speaking and spurring, orders
Royal Allemand to the gallop; and vanishes, swearing (en jurant).
(Declaration du Sieur Thomas in Choiseul, p. 188.) 'Tis the last of
our brave Bouille. Within sight of Varennes, he having drawn bridle,
calls a council of officers; finds that it is in vain. King Louis has
departed, consenting: amid the clangour of universal stormbell; amid
the tramp of Ten thousand armed men, already arrived; and say, of Sixty
thousand flocking thither. Brave Deslons, even without 'orders,' darted
at the River Aire with his Hundred! (Weber, ii. 386.) swam one branch
of it, could not the other; and stood there, dripping and panting,
with inflated nostril; the Ten thousand answering him with a shout of
mockery, the new Berline lumbering Paris-ward its weary inevitable way.
No help, then in Earth; nor in an age, not of miracles, in Heaven!
That night, 'Marquis de Bouille and twenty-one more of us rode over the
Frontiers; the Bernardine monks at Orval in Luxemburg gave us supper and
lodging.' (Aubriot, ut supra, p. 158.) With little of speech, Bouille
rides; with thoughts that do not brook speech. Northward, towards
uncertainty, and the Cimmerian Night: towards West-Indian Isles, for
with thin Emigrant delirium the son of the whirlwind cannot act; towards
England, towards premature Stoical death; not towards France any
more. Honour to the Brave; who, be it in this quarrel or in that, is
a substance and articulate-speaking piece of Human Valour, not a
fanfaronading hollow Spectrum and squeaking and gibbering Shadow! One of
the few Royalist Chief-actors this Bouille, of whom so much can be said.
The brave Bouille too, then, vanishes from the tissue of our Story.
Story and tissue, faint ineffectual Emblem of that grand Miraculous
Tissue, and Living Tapestry named French Revolution, which did weave
itself then in very fact, 'on the loud-sounding 'LOOM OF TIME!' The old
Brave drop out from it, with their strivings; and new acrid Drouets, of
new strivings and colour, come in:--as is the manner of that weaving.
Chapter 2.4.VIII.
The Return.
So then our grand Royalist Plot, of Flight to Metz, has executed itself.
Long hovering in the background, as a dread royal ultimatum, it has
rushed forward in its terrors: verily to some purpose. How many Royalist
Plots and Projects, one after another, cunningly-devised, that were to
explode like powder-mines and thunderclaps; not one solitary Plot
of which has issued otherwise! Powder-mine of a Seance Royale on the
Twenty-third of June 1789, which exploded as we then said, 'through the
touchhole;' which next, your wargod Broglie having reloaded it, brought
a Bastille about your ears. Then came fervent Opera-Repast, with
flourishing of sabres, and O Richard, O my King; which, aided by Hunger,
produces Insurrection of Women, and Pallas Athene in the shape of
Demoiselle Theroigne. Valour profits not; neither has fortune smiled on
Fanfaronade. The Bouille Armament ends as the Broglie one had done. Man
after man spends himself in this cause, only to work it quicker ruin; it
seems a cause doomed, forsaken of Earth and Heaven.
On the Sixth of October gone a year, King Louis, escorted by Demoiselle
Theroigne and some two hundred thousand, made a Royal Progress and
Entrance into Paris, such as man had never witnessed: we prophesied him
Two more such; and accordingly another of them, after this Flight to
Metz, is now coming to pass. Theroigne will not escort here, neither
does Mirabeau now 'sit in one of the accompanying carriages.' Mirabeau
lies dead, in the Pantheon of Great Men. Theroigne lies living, in dark
Austrian Prison; having gone to Liege, professionally, and been seized
there. Bemurmured now by the hoarse-flowing Danube; the light of her
Patriot Supper-Parties gone quite out; so lies Theroigne: she shall
speak with the Kaiser face to face, and return. And France lies how!
Fleeting Time shears down the great and the little; and in two years
alters many things.
But at all events, here, we say, is a second Ignominious Royal
Procession, though much altered; to be witnessed also by its hundreds of
thousands. Patience, ye Paris Patriots; the Royal Berline is returning.
Not till Saturday: for the Royal Berline travels by slow stages; amid
such loud-voiced confluent sea of National Guards, sixty thousand as
they count; amid such tumult of all people. Three National-Assembly
Commissioners, famed Barnave, famed Petion, generally-respectable
Latour-Maubourg, have gone to meet it; of whom the two former ride in
the Berline itself beside Majesty, day after day. Latour, as a mere
respectability, and man of whom all men speak well, can ride in the
rear, with Dame Tourzel and the Soubrettes.
So on Saturday evening, about seven o'clock, Paris by hundreds of
thousands is again drawn up: not now dancing the tricolor joy-dance
of hope; nor as yet dancing in fury-dance of hate and revenge; but in
silence, with vague look of conjecture and curiosity mostly scientific.
A Sainte-Antoine Placard has given notice this morning that 'whosoever
insults Louis shall be caned, whosoever applauds him shall be hanged.'
Behold then, at last, that wonderful New Berline; encircled by blue
National sea with fixed bayonets, which flows slowly, floating it
on, through the silent assembled hundreds of thousands. Three yellow
Couriers sit atop bound with ropes; Petion, Barnave, their Majesties,
with Sister Elizabeth, and the Children of France, are within.
Smile of embarrassment, or cloud of dull sourness, is on the broad
phlegmatic face of his Majesty: who keeps declaring to the successive
Official-persons, what is evident, "Eh bien, me voila, Well, here you
have me;" and what is not evident, "I do assure you I did not mean to
pass the frontiers;" and so forth: speeches natural for that poor Royal
man; which Decency would veil. Silent is her Majesty, with a look of
grief and scorn; natural for that Royal Woman. Thus lumbers and
creeps the ignominious Royal Procession, through many streets, amid a
silent-gazing people: comparable, Mercier thinks, (Nouveau Paris, iii.
22.) to some Procession de Roi de Bazoche; or say, Procession of
King Crispin, with his Dukes of Sutor-mania and royal blazonry of
Cordwainery. Except indeed that this is not comic; ah no, it is
comico-tragic; with bound Couriers, and a Doom hanging over it; most
fantastic, yet most miserably real. Miserablest flebile ludibrium of a
Pickleherring Tragedy! It sweeps along there, in most ungorgeous pall,
through many streets, in the dusty summer evening; gets itself at length
wriggled out of sight; vanishing in the Tuileries Palace--towards its
doom, of slow torture, peine forte et dure.
Populace, it is true, seizes the three rope-bound yellow Couriers; will
at least massacre them. But our august Assembly, which is sitting at
this great moment, sends out Deputation of rescue; and the whole is
got huddled up. Barnave, 'all dusty,' is already there, in the National
Hall; making brief discreet address and report. As indeed, through the
whole journey, this Barnave has been most discreet, sympathetic; and has
gained the Queen's trust, whose noble instinct teaches her always who
is to be trusted. Very different from heavy Petion; who, if Campan speak
truth, ate his luncheon, comfortably filled his wine-glass, in the Royal
Berline; flung out his chicken-bones past the nose of Royalty itself;
and, on the King's saying "France cannot be a Republic," answered "No,
it is not ripe yet." Barnave is henceforth a Queen's adviser, if advice
could profit: and her Majesty astonishes Dame Campan by signifying
almost a regard for Barnave: and that, in a day of retribution and Royal
triumph, Barnave shall not be executed. (Campan, ii. c. 18.)
On Monday night Royalty went; on Saturday evening it returns: so
much, within one short week, has Royalty accomplished for itself. The
Pickleherring Tragedy has vanished in the Tuileries Palace, towards
'pain strong and hard.' Watched, fettered, and humbled, as Royalty never
was. Watched even in its sleeping-apartments and inmost recesses: for it
has to sleep with door set ajar, blue National Argus watching, his eye
fixed on the Queen's curtains; nay, on one occasion, as the Queen cannot
sleep, he offers to sit by her pillow, and converse a little! (Ibid. ii.
149.)
Chapter 2.4.IX.
Sharp Shot.
In regard to all which, this most pressing question arises: What is
to be done with it? "Depose it!" resolutely answer Robespierre and the
thoroughgoing few. For truly, with a King who runs away, and needs to be
watched in his very bedroom that he may stay and govern you, what other
reasonable thing can be done? Had Philippe d'Orleans not been a caput
mortuum! But of him, known as one defunct, no man now dreams. "Depose it
not; say that it is inviolable, that it was spirited away, was enleve;
at any cost of sophistry and solecism, reestablish it!" so answer with
loud vehemence all manner of Constitutional Royalists; as all your Pure
Royalists do naturally likewise, with low vehemence, and rage compressed
by fear, still more passionately answer. Nay Barnave and the two
Lameths, and what will follow them, do likewise answer so. Answer, with
their whole might: terror-struck at the unknown Abysses on the verge
of which, driven thither by themselves mainly, all now reels, ready to
plunge.
By mighty effort and combination this latter course, of reestablish it,
is the course fixed on; and it shall by the strong arm, if not by
the clearest logic, be made good. With the sacrifice of all their
hard-earned popularity, this notable Triumvirate, says Toulongeon, 'set
the Throne up again, which they had so toiled to overturn: as one might
set up an overturned pyramid, on its vertex; to stand so long as it is
held.'
Unhappy France; unhappy in King, Queen, and Constitution; one knows
not in which unhappiest! Was the meaning of our so glorious French
Revolution this, and no other, That when Shams and Delusions, long
soul-killing, had become body-killing, and got the length of Bankruptcy
and Inanition, a great People rose and, with one voice, said, in the
Name of the Highest: Shams shall be no more? So many sorrows and bloody
horrors, endured, and to be yet endured through dismal coming centuries,
were they not the heavy price paid and payable for this same: Total
Destruction of Shams from among men? And now, O Barnave Triumvirate! is
it in such double-distilled Delusion, and Sham even of a Sham, that
an Effort of this kind will rest acquiescent? Messieurs of the popular
Triumvirate: Never! But, after all, what can poor popular Triumvirates
and fallible august Senators do? They can, when the Truth is all
too-horrible, stick their heads ostrich-like into what sheltering
Fallacy is nearest: and wait there, a posteriori!
Readers who saw the Clermontais and Three-Bishopricks gallop, in the
Night of Spurs; Diligences ruffling up all France into one terrific
terrified Cock of India; and the Town of Nantes in its shirt,--may fancy
what an affair to settle this was. Robespierre, on the extreme Left,
with perhaps Petion and lean old Goupil, for the very Triumvirate has
defalcated, are shrieking hoarse; drowned in Constitutional clamour.
But the debate and arguing of a whole Nation; the bellowings through
all Journals, for and against; the reverberant voice of Danton;
the Hyperion-shafts of Camille; the porcupine-quills of implacable
Marat:--conceive all this.
Constitutionalists in a body, as we often predicted, do now recede
from the Mother Society, and become Feuillans; threatening her with
inanition, the rank and respectability being mostly gone. Petition after
Petition, forwarded by Post, or borne in Deputation, comes praying for
Judgment and Decheance, which is our name for Deposition; praying, at
lowest, for Reference to the Eighty-three Departments of France. Hot
Marseillese Deputation comes declaring, among other things: "Our Phocean
Ancestors flung a Bar of Iron into the Bay at their first landing; this
Bar will float again on the Mediterranean brine before we consent to be
slaves." All this for four weeks or more, while the matter still hangs
doubtful; Emigration streaming with double violence over the frontiers;
(Bouille, ii. 101.) France seething in fierce agitation of this question
and prize-question: What is to be done with the fugitive Hereditary
Representative?
Finally, on Friday the 15th of July 1791, the National Assembly decides;
in what negatory manner we know. Whereupon the Theatres all close, the
Bourne-stones and Portable-chairs begin spouting, Municipal Placards
flaming on the walls, and Proclamations published by sound of trumpet,
'invite to repose;' with small effect. And so, on Sunday the 17th, there
shall be a thing seen, worthy of remembering. Scroll of a Petition,
drawn up by Brissots, Dantons, by Cordeliers, Jacobins; for the thing
was infinitely shaken and manipulated, and many had a hand in it: such
Scroll lies now visible, on the wooden framework of the Fatherland's
Altar, for signature. Unworking Paris, male and female, is crowding
thither, all day, to sign or to see. Our fair Roland herself the eye of
History can discern there, 'in the morning;' (Madame Roland, ii. 74.)
not without interest. In few weeks the fair Patriot will quit Paris; yet
perhaps only to return.
But, what with sorrow of baulked Patriotism, what with closed theatres,
and Proclamations still publishing themselves by sound of trumpet, the
fervour of men's minds, this day, is great. Nay, over and above, there
has fallen out an incident, of the nature of Farce-Tragedy and Riddle;
enough to stimulate all creatures. Early in the day, a Patriot (or some
say, it was a Patriotess, and indeed Truth is undiscoverable), while
standing on the firm deal-board of Fatherland's Altar, feels suddenly,
with indescribable torpedo-shock of amazement, his bootsole pricked
through from below; he clutches up suddenly this electrified bootsole
and foot; discerns next instant--the point of a gimlet or brad-awl
playing up, through the firm deal-board, and now hastily drawing itself
back! Mystery, perhaps Treason? The wooden frame-work is impetuously
broken up; and behold, verily a mystery; never explicable fully to the
end of the world! Two human individuals, of mean aspect, one of them
with a wooden leg, lie ensconced there, gimlet in hand: they must have
come in overnight; they have a supply of provisions,--no 'barrel of
gunpowder' that one can see; they affect to be asleep; look blank
enough, and give the lamest account of themselves. "Mere curiosity; they
were boring up to get an eye-hole; to see, perhaps 'with lubricity,'
whatsoever, from that new point of vision, could be seen:"--little that
was edifying, one would think! But indeed what stupidest thing may not
human Dulness, Pruriency, Lubricity, Chance and the Devil, choosing Two
out of Half-a-million idle human heads, tempt them to? (Hist. Parl. xi.
104-7.)
Sure enough, the two human individuals with their gimlet are there.
Ill-starred pair of individuals! For the result of it all is that
Patriotism, fretting itself, in this state of nervous excitability,
with hypotheses, suspicions and reports, keeps questioning these two
distracted human individuals, and again questioning them; claps them
into the nearest Guardhouse, clutches them out again; one hypothetic
group snatching them from another: till finally, in such extreme state
of nervous excitability, Patriotism hangs them as spies of Sieur Motier;
and the life and secret is choked out of them forevermore. Forevermore,
alas! Or is a day to be looked for when these two evidently mean
individuals, who are human nevertheless, will become Historical Riddles;
and, like him of the Iron Mask (also a human individual, and evidently
nothing more),--have their Dissertations? To us this only is certain,
that they had a gimlet, provisions and a wooden leg; and have died there
on the Lanterne, as the unluckiest fools might die.
And so the signature goes on, in a still more excited manner. And
Chaumette, for Antiquarians possess the very Paper to this hour, (Ibid.
xi. 113, &c.)--has signed himself 'in a flowing saucy hand slightly
leaned;' and Hebert, detestable Pere Duchene, as if 'an inked spider had
dropped on the paper;' Usher Maillard also has signed, and many Crosses,
which cannot write. And Paris, through its thousand avenues, is welling
to the Champ-de-Mars and from it, in the utmost excitability of humour;
central Fatherland's Altar quite heaped with signing Patriots and
Patriotesses; the Thirty-benches and whole internal Space crowded with
onlookers, with comers and goers; one regurgitating whirlpool of men and
women in their Sunday clothes. All which a Constitutional Sieur Motier
sees; and Bailly, looking into it with his long visage made still
longer. Auguring no good; perhaps Decheance and Deposition after all!
Stop it, ye Constitutional Patriots; fire itself is quenchable, yet only
quenchable at first!
Stop it, truly: but how stop it? Have not the first Free People of the
Universe a right to petition?--Happily, if also unhappily, here is one
proof of riot: these two human individuals, hanged at the Lanterne.
Proof, O treacherous Sieur Motier? Were they not two human individuals
sent thither by thee to be hanged; to be a pretext for thy bloody
Drapeau Rouge? This question shall many a Patriot, one day, ask; and
answer affirmatively, strong in Preternatural Suspicion.
Enough, towards half past seven in the evening, the mere natural eye
can behold this thing: Sieur Motier, with Municipals in scarf, with blue
National Patrollotism, rank after rank, to the clang of drums; wending
resolutely to the Champ-de-Mars; Mayor Bailly, with elongated visage,
bearing, as in sad duty bound, the Drapeau Rouge! Howl of angry derision
rises in treble and bass from a hundred thousand throats, at the sight
of Martial Law; which nevertheless waving its Red sanguinary Flag,
advances there, from the Gros-Caillou Entrance; advances, drumming
and waving, towards Altar of Fatherland. Amid still wilder howls, with
objurgation, obtestation; with flights of pebbles and mud, saxa et
faeces; with crackle of a pistol-shot;--finally with volley-fire of
Patrollotism; levelled muskets; roll of volley on volley! Precisely
after one year and three days, our sublime Federation Field is wetted,
in this manner, with French blood.
Some 'Twelve unfortunately shot,' reports Bailly, counting by units; but
Patriotism counts by tens and even by hundreds. Not to be forgotten,
nor forgiven! Patriotism flies, shrieking, execrating. Camille ceases
Journalising, this day; great Danton with Camille and Freron have taken
wing, for their life; Marat burrows deep in the Earth, and is silent.
Once more Patrollotism has triumphed: one other time; but it is the
last.
This was the Royal Flight to Varennes. Thus was the Throne overturned
thereby; but thus also was it victoriously set up again--on its vertex;
and will stand while it can be held.
BOOK 2.V.
PARLIAMENT FIRST
Chapter 2.5.I.
Grande Acceptation.
In the last nights of September, when the autumnal equinox is past,
and grey September fades into brown October, why are the Champs Elysees
illuminated; why is Paris dancing, and flinging fire-works? They are
gala-nights, these last of September; Paris may well dance, and the
Universe: the Edifice of the Constitution is completed! Completed; nay
revised, to see that there was nothing insufficient in it; solemnly
proferred to his Majesty; solemnly accepted by him, to the sound
of cannon-salvoes, on the fourteenth of the month. And now by such
illumination, jubilee, dancing and fire-working, do we joyously handsel
the new Social Edifice, and first raise heat and reek there, in the name
of Hope.
The Revision, especially with a throne standing on its vertex, has
been a work of difficulty, of delicacy. In the way of propping and
buttressing, so indispensable now, something could be done; and yet,
as is feared, not enough. A repentant Barnave Triumvirate, our Rabauts,
Duports, Thourets, and indeed all Constitutional Deputies did strain
every nerve: but the Extreme Left was so noisy; the People were so
suspicious, clamorous to have the work ended: and then the loyal Right
Side sat feeble petulant all the while, and as it were, pouting and
petting; unable to help, had they even been willing; the two Hundred and
Ninety had solemnly made scission, before that: and departed, shaking
the dust off their feet. To such transcendency of fret, and desperate
hope that worsening of the bad might the sooner end it and bring back
the good, had our unfortunate loyal Right Side now come! (Toulongeon,
ii. 56, 59.)
However, one finds that this and the other little prop has been added,
where possibility allowed. Civil-list and Privy-purse were from of old
well cared for. King's Constitutional Guard, Eighteen hundred loyal men
from the Eighty-three Departments, under a loyal Duke de Brissac; this,
with trustworthy Swiss besides, is of itself something. The old loyal
Bodyguards are indeed dissolved, in name as well as in fact; and gone
mostly towards Coblentz. But now also those Sansculottic violent Gardes
Francaises, or Centre Grenadiers, shall have their mittimus: they do
ere long, in the Journals, not without a hoarse pathos, publish their
Farewell; 'wishing all Aristocrats the graves in Paris which to us are
denied.' (Hist. Parl. xiii. 73.) They depart, these first Soldiers of
the Revolution; they hover very dimly in the distance for about another
year; till they can be remodelled, new-named, and sent to fight the
Austrians; and then History beholds them no more. A most notable Corps
of men; which has its place in World-History;--though to us, so is
History written, they remain mere rubrics of men; nameless; a shaggy
Grenadier Mass, crossed with buff-belts. And yet might we not ask: What
Argonauts, what Leonidas' Spartans had done such a work? Think of
their destiny: since that May morning, some three years ago, when they,
unparticipating, trundled off d'Espremenil to the Calypso Isles; since
that July evening, some two years ago, when they, participating and
sacreing with knit brows, poured a volley into Besenval's Prince de
Lambesc! History waves them her mute adieu.
So that the Sovereign Power, these Sansculottic Watchdogs, more like
wolves, being leashed and led away from his Tuileries, breathes
freer. The Sovereign Power is guarded henceforth by a loyal Eighteen
hundred,--whom Contrivance, under various pretexts, may gradually swell
to Six thousand; who will hinder no Journey to Saint-Cloud. The sad
Varennes business has been soldered up; cemented, even in the blood of
the Champ-de-Mars, these two months and more; and indeed ever since,
as formerly, Majesty has had its privileges, its 'choice of residence,'
though, for good reasons, the royal mind 'prefers continuing in Paris.'
Poor royal mind, poor Paris; that have to go mumming; enveloped in
speciosities, in falsehood which knows itself false; and to enact
mutually your sorrowful farce-tragedy, being bound to it; and on the
whole, to hope always, in spite of hope!
Nay, now that his Majesty has accepted the Constitution, to the sound of
cannon-salvoes, who would not hope? Our good King was misguided but he
meant well. Lafayette has moved for an Amnesty, for universal forgiving
and forgetting of Revolutionary faults; and now surely the glorious
Revolution cleared of its rubbish, is complete! Strange enough, and
touching in several ways, the old cry of Vive le Roi once more rises
round King Louis the Hereditary Representative. Their Majesties went
to the Opera; gave money to the Poor: the Queen herself, now when the
Constitution is accepted, hears voice of cheering. Bygone shall be
bygone; the New Era shall begin! To and fro, amid those lamp-galaxies
of the Elysian Fields, the Royal Carriage slowly wends and rolls; every
where with vivats, from a multitude striving to be glad. Louis
looks out, mainly on the variegated lamps and gay human groups, with
satisfaction enough for the hour. In her Majesty's face, 'under
that kind graceful smile a deep sadness is legible.' (De Stael,
Considerations, i. c. 23.) Brilliancies, of valour and of wit, stroll
here observant: a Dame de Stael, leaning most probably on the arm of
her Narbonne. She meets Deputies; who have built this Constitution; who
saunter here with vague communings,--not without thoughts whether it
will stand. But as yet melodious fiddlestrings twang and warble every
where, with the rhythm of light fantastic feet; long lamp-galaxies
fling their coloured radiance; and brass-lunged Hawkers elbow and bawl,
"Grande Acceptation, Constitution Monarchique:" it behoves the Son of
Adam to hope. Have not Lafayette, Barnave, and all Constitutionalists
set their shoulders handsomely to the inverted pyramid of a throne?
Feuillans, including almost the whole Constitutional Respectability
of France, perorate nightly from their tribune; correspond through all
Post-offices; denouncing unquiet Jacobinism; trusting well that its time
is nigh done. Much is uncertain, questionable: but if the Hereditary
Representative be wise and lucky, may one not, with a sanguine Gaelic
temper, hope that he will get in motion better or worse; that what is
wanting to him will gradually be gained and added?
For the rest, as we must repeat, in this building of the Constitutional
Fabric, especially in this Revision of it, nothing that one could
think of to give it new strength, especially to steady it, to give it
permanence, and even eternity, has been forgotten. Biennial Parliament,
to be called Legislative, Assemblee Legislative; with Seven Hundred
and Forty-five Members, chosen in a judicious manner by the 'active
citizens' alone, and even by electing of electors still more active:
this, with privileges of Parliament shall meet, self-authorized if need
be, and self-dissolved; shall grant money-supplies and talk; watch over
the administration and authorities; discharge for ever the functions
of a Constitutional Great Council, Collective Wisdom, and National
Palaver,--as the Heavens will enable. Our First biennial Parliament,
which indeed has been a-choosing since early in August, is now as good
as chosen. Nay it has mostly got to Paris: it arrived gradually;--not
without pathetic greeting to its venerable Parent, the now moribund
Constituent; and sat there in the Galleries, reverently listening; ready
to begin, the instant the ground were clear.
Then as to changes in the Constitution itself? This, impossible for any
Legislative, or common biennial Parliament, and possible solely for some
resuscitated Constituent or National Convention,--is evidently one of
the most ticklish points. The august moribund Assembly debated it for
four entire days. Some thought a change, or at least reviewal and new
approval, might be admissible in thirty years; some even went lower,
down to twenty, nay to fifteen. The august Assembly had once decided for
thirty years; but it revoked that, on better thoughts; and did not
fix any date of time, but merely some vague outline of a posture of
circumstances, and on the whole left the matter hanging. (Choix de
Rapports, &c. (Paris, 1825), vi. 239-317.) Doubtless a National
Convention can be assembled even within the thirty years: yet one may
hope, not; but that Legislatives, biennial Parliaments of the common
kind, with their limited faculty, and perhaps quiet successive additions
thereto, may suffice, for generations, or indeed while computed Time
runs.
Furthermore, be it noted that no member of this Constituent has been,
or could be, elected to the new Legislative. So noble-minded were
these Law-makers! cry some: and Solon-like would banish themselves. So
splenetic! cry more: each grudging the other, none daring to be outdone
in self-denial by the other. So unwise in either case! answer all
practical men. But consider this other self-denying ordinance, That none
of us can be King's Minister, or accept the smallest Court Appointment,
for the space of four, or at lowest (and on long debate and Revision),
for the space of two years! So moves the incorruptible seagreen
Robespierre; with cheap magnanimity he; and none dare be outdone by him.
It was such a law, not so superfluous then, that sent Mirabeau to the
Gardens of Saint-Cloud, under cloak of darkness, to that colloquy of
the gods; and thwarted many things. Happily and unhappily there is no
Mirabeau now to thwart.
Welcomer meanwhile, welcome surely to all right hearts, is Lafayette's
chivalrous Amnesty. Welcome too is that hard-wrung Union of Avignon;
which has cost us, first and last, 'thirty sessions of debate,' and so
much else: may it at length prove lucky! Rousseau's statue is decreed:
virtuous Jean-Jacques, Evangelist of the Contrat Social. Not Drouet of
Varennes; nor worthy Lataille, master of the old world-famous Tennis
Court in Versailles, is forgotten; but each has his honourable mention,
and due reward in money. (Moniteur in Hist. Parl. xi. 473.) Whereupon,
things being all so neatly winded up, and the Deputations, and Messages,
and royal and other Ceremonials having rustled by; and the King having
now affectionately perorated about peace and tranquilisation,
and members having answered "Oui! oui!" with effusion, even with
tears,--President Thouret, he of the Law Reforms, rises, and, with
a strong voice, utters these memorable last-words: "The National
Constituent Assembly declares that it has finished its mission; and that
its sittings are all ended." Incorruptible Robespierre, virtuous Petion
are borne home on the shoulders of the people; with vivats heaven-high.
The rest glide quietly to their respective places of abode. It is
the last afternoon of September, 1791; on the morrow morning the new
Legislative will begin.
So, amid glitter of illuminated streets and Champs Elysees, and crackle
of fireworks and glad deray, has the first National Assembly vanished;
dissolving, as they well say, into blank Time; and is no more. National
Assembly is gone, its work remaining; as all Bodies of men go, and as
man himself goes: it had its beginning, and must likewise have its end.
A Phantasm-Reality born of Time, as the rest of us are; flitting ever
backwards now on the tide of Time: to be long remembered of men. Very
strange Assemblages, Sanhedrims, Amphictyonics, Trades Unions, Ecumenic
Councils, Parliaments and Congresses, have met together on this
Planet, and dispersed again; but a stranger Assemblage than this august
Constituent, or with a stranger mission, perhaps never met there. Seen
from the distance, this also will be a miracle. Twelve Hundred human
individuals, with the Gospel of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in their pocket,
congregating in the name of Twenty-five Millions, with full assurance of
faith, to 'make the Constitution:' such sight, the acme and main product
of the Eighteenth Century, our World can witness once only. For Time is
rich in wonders, in monstrosities most rich; and is observed never to
repeat himself, or any of his Gospels:--surely least of all, this Gospel
according to Jean-Jacques. Once it was right and indispensable, since
such had become the Belief of men; but once also is enough.
They have made the Constitution, these Twelve Hundred Jean-Jacques
Evangelists; not without result. Near twenty-nine months they sat,
with various fortune; in various capacity;--always, we may say, in that
capacity of carborne Caroccio, and miraculous Standard of the Revolt of
Men, as a Thing high and lifted up; whereon whosoever looked might hope
healing. They have seen much: cannons levelled on them; then suddenly,
by interposition of the Powers, the cannons drawn back; and a war-god
Broglie vanishing, in thunder not his own, amid the dust and downrushing
of a Bastille and Old Feudal France. They have suffered somewhat: Royal
Session, with rain and Oath of the Tennis-Court; Nights of Pentecost;
Insurrections of Women. Also have they not done somewhat? Made the
Constitution, and managed all things the while; passed, in these
twenty-nine months, 'twenty-five hundred Decrees,' which on the average
is some three for each day, including Sundays! Brevity, one finds, is
possible, at times: had not Moreau de St. Mery to give three thousand
orders before rising from his seat?--There was valour (or value) in
these men; and a kind of faith,--were it only faith in this, That
cobwebs are not cloth; that a Constitution could be made. Cobwebs
and chimeras ought verily to disappear; for a Reality there is. Let
formulas, soul-killing, and now grown body-killing, insupportable,
begone, in the name of Heaven and Earth!--Time, as we say, brought forth
these Twelve Hundred; Eternity was before them, Eternity behind: they
worked, as we all do, in the confluence of Two Eternities; what work was
given them. Say not that it was nothing they did. Consciously they
did somewhat; unconsciously how much! They had their giants and their
dwarfs, they accomplished their good and their evil; they are gone,
and return no more. Shall they not go with our blessing, in these
circumstances; with our mild farewell?
By post, by diligence, on saddle or sole; they are gone: towards the
four winds! Not a few over the marches, to rank at Coblentz. Thither
wended Maury, among others; but in the end towards Rome,--to be clothed
there in red Cardinal plush; in falsehood as in a garment; pet son (her
last-born?) of the Scarlet Woman. Talleyrand-Perigord, excommunicated
Constitutional Bishop, will make his way to London; to be Ambassador,
spite of the Self-denying Law; brisk young Marquis Chauvelin acting
as Ambassador's-Cloak. In London too, one finds Petion the virtuous;
harangued and haranguing, pledging the wine-cup with Constitutional
Reform Clubs, in solemn tavern-dinner. Incorruptible Robespierre retires
for a little to native Arras: seven short weeks of quiet; the last
appointed him in this world. Public Accuser in the Paris Department,
acknowledged highpriest of the Jacobins; the glass of incorruptible thin
Patriotism, for his narrow emphasis is loved of all the narrow,--this
man seems to be rising, somewhither? He sells his small heritage at
Arras; accompanied by a Brother and a Sister, he returns, scheming out
with resolute timidity a small sure destiny for himself and them, to
his old lodging, at the Cabinet-maker's, in the Rue St. Honore:--O
resolute-tremulous incorruptible seagreen man, towards what a destiny!
Lafayette, for his part, will lay down the command. He retires
Cincinnatus-like to his hearth and farm; but soon leaves them again. Our
National Guard, however, shall henceforth have no one Commandant; but
all Colonels shall command in succession, month about. Other Deputies we
have met, or Dame de Stael has met, 'sauntering in a thoughtful manner;'
perhaps uncertain what to do. Some, as Barnave, the Lameths, and
their Duport, will continue here in Paris: watching the new biennial
Legislative, Parliament the First; teaching it to walk, if so might be;
and the Court to lead it.
Thus these: sauntering in a thoughtful manner; travelling by post
or diligence,--whither Fate beckons. Giant Mirabeau slumbers in the
Pantheon of Great Men: and France? and Europe?--The brass-lunged Hawkers
sing "Grand Acceptation, Monarchic Constitution" through these gay
crowds: the Morrow, grandson of Yesterday, must be what it can, as
To-day its father is. Our new biennial Legislative begins to constitute
itself on the first of October, 1791.
Chapter 2.5.II.
The Book of the Law.
If the august Constituent Assembly itself, fixing the regards of
the Universe, could, at the present distance of time and place, gain
comparatively small attention from us, how much less can this poor
Legislative! It has its Right Side and its Left; the less Patriotic and
the more, for Aristocrats exist not here or now: it spouts and speaks:
listens to Reports, reads Bills and Laws; works in its vocation, for a
season: but the history of France, one finds, is seldom or never there.
Unhappy Legislative, what can History do with it; if not drop a tear
over it, almost in silence? First of the two-year Parliaments of France,
which, if Paper Constitution and oft-repeated National Oath could avail
aught, were to follow in softly-strong indissoluble sequence while Time
ran,--it had to vanish dolefully within one year; and there came no
second like it. Alas! your biennial Parliaments in endless indissoluble
sequence; they, and all that Constitutional Fabric, built with such
explosive Federation Oaths, and its top-stone brought out with dancing
and variegated radiance, went to pieces, like frail crockery, in the
crash of things; and already, in eleven short months, were in that Limbo
near the Moon, with the ghosts of other Chimeras. There, except for rare
specific purposes, let them rest, in melancholy peace.
On the whole, how unknown is a man to himself; or a public Body of men
to itself! Aesop's fly sat on the chariot-wheel, exclaiming, What a dust
I do raise! Great Governors, clad in purple with fasces and insignia,
are governed by their valets, by the pouting of their women and
children; or, in Constitutional countries, by the paragraphs of their
Able Editors. Say not, I am this or that; I am doing this or that! For
thou knowest it not, thou knowest only the name it as yet goes by. A
purple Nebuchadnezzar rejoices to feel himself now verily Emperor
of this great Babylon which he has builded; and is a nondescript
biped-quadruped, on the eve of a seven-years course of grazing! These
Seven Hundred and Forty-five elected individuals doubt not but they are
the First biennial Parliament, come to govern France by parliamentary
eloquence: and they are what? And they have come to do what? Things
foolish and not wise!
It is much lamented by many that this First Biennial had no members
of the old Constituent in it, with their experience of parties and
parliamentary tactics; that such was their foolish Self-denying Law.
Most surely, old members of the Constituent had been welcome to us here.
But, on the other hand, what old or what new members of any Constituent
under the Sun could have effectually profited? There are First biennial
Parliaments so postured as to be, in a sense, beyond wisdom; where
wisdom and folly differ only in degree, and wreckage and dissolution are
the appointed issue for both.
Old-Constituents, your Barnaves, Lameths and the like, for whom a
special Gallery has been set apart, where they may sit in honour
and listen, are in the habit of sneering at these new Legislators;
(Dumouriez, ii. 150, &c.) but let not us! The poor Seven Hundred and
Forty-five, sent together by the active citizens of France, are what
they could be; do what is fated them. That they are of Patriot temper we
can well understand. Aristocrat Noblesse had fled over the marches, or
sat brooding silent in their unburnt Chateaus; small prospect had they
in Primary Electoral Assemblies. What with Flights to Varennes, what
with Days of Poniards, with plot after plot, the People are left to
themselves; the People must needs choose Defenders of the People, such
as can be had. Choosing, as they also will ever do, 'if not the ablest
man, yet the man ablest to be chosen!' Fervour of character, decided
Patriot-Constitutional feeling; these are qualities: but free
utterance, mastership in tongue-fence; this is the quality of qualities.
Accordingly one finds, with little astonishment, in this First Biennial,
that as many as Four hundred Members are of the Advocate or Attorney
species. Men who can speak, if there be aught to speak: nay here are
men also who can think, and even act. Candour will say of this ill-fated
First French Parliament that it wanted not its modicum of talent, its
modicum of honesty; that it, neither in the one respect nor in the
other, sank below the average of Parliaments, but rose above the
average. Let average Parliaments, whom the world does not guillotine,
and cast forth to long infamy, be thankful not to themselves but to
their stars!
France, as we say, has once more done what it could: fervid men have
come together from wide separation; for strange issues. Fiery Max Isnard
is come, from the utmost South-East; fiery Claude Fauchet, Te-Deum
Fauchet Bishop of Calvados, from the utmost North-West. No Mirabeau now
sits here, who had swallowed formulas: our only Mirabeau now is
Danton, working as yet out of doors; whom some call 'Mirabeau of the
Sansculottes.'
Nevertheless we have our gifts,--especially of speech and logic. An
eloquent Vergniaud we have; most mellifluous yet most impetuous of
public speakers; from the region named Gironde, of the Garonne: a
man unfortunately of indolent habits; who will sit playing with your
children, when he ought to be scheming and perorating. Sharp bustling
Guadet; considerate grave Censonne; kind-sparkling mirthful young Ducos;
Valaze doomed to a sad end: all these likewise are of that Gironde,
or Bourdeaux region: men of fervid Constitutional principles; of quick
talent, irrefragable logic, clear respectability; who will have the
Reign of Liberty establish itself, but only by respectable methods.
Round whom others of like temper will gather; known by and by as
Girondins, to the sorrowing wonder of the world. Of which sort note
Condorcet, Marquis and Philosopher; who has worked at much, at Paris
Municipal Constitution, Differential Calculus, Newspaper Chronique de
Paris, Biography, Philosophy; and now sits here as two-years Senator:
a notable Condorcet, with stoical Roman face, and fiery heart; 'volcano
hid under snow;' styled likewise, in irreverent language, 'mouton
enrage,' peaceablest of creatures bitten rabid! Or note, lastly,
Jean-Pierre Brissot; whom Destiny, long working noisily with him, has
hurled hither, say, to have done with him. A biennial Senator he too;
nay, for the present, the king of such. Restless, scheming, scribbling
Brissot; who took to himself the style de Warville, heralds know not
in the least why;--unless it were that the father of him did, in an
unexceptionable manner, perform Cookery and Vintnery in the Village of
Ouarville? A man of the windmill species, that grinds always, turning
towards all winds; not in the steadiest manner.
In all these men there is talent, faculty to work; and they will do it:
working and shaping, not without effect, though alas not in marble, only
in quicksand!--But the highest faculty of them all remains yet to be
mentioned; or indeed has yet to unfold itself for mention: Captain
Hippolyte Carnot, sent hither from the Pas de Calais; with his cold
mathematical head, and silent stubbornness of will: iron Carnot,
far-planning, imperturbable, unconquerable; who, in the hour of need,
shall not be found wanting. His hair is yet black; and it shall grow
grey, under many kinds of fortune, bright and troublous; and with iron
aspect this man shall face them all.
Nor is Cote Droit, and band of King's friends, wanting: Vaublanc, Dumas,
Jaucourt the honoured Chevalier; who love Liberty, yet with Monarchy
over it; and speak fearlessly according to that faith;--whom the
thick-coming hurricanes will sweep away. With them, let a new military
Theodore Lameth be named;--were it only for his two Brothers' sake, who
look down on him, approvingly there, from the Old-Constituents' Gallery.
Frothy professing Pastorets, honey-mouthed conciliatory Lamourettes,
and speechless nameless individuals sit plentiful, as Moderates, in the
middle. Still less is a Cote Gauche wanting: extreme Left; sitting on
the topmost benches, as if aloft on its speculatory Height or Mountain,
which will become a practical fulminatory Height, and make the name of
Mountain famous-infamous to all times and lands.
Honour waits not on this Mountain; nor as yet even loud dishonour. Gifts
it boasts not, nor graces, of speaking or of thinking; solely this one
gift of assured faith, of audacity that will defy the Earth and
the Heavens. Foremost here are the Cordelier Trio: hot Merlin from
Thionville, hot Bazire, Attorneys both; Chabot, disfrocked Capuchin,
skilful in agio. Lawyer Lacroix, who wore once as subaltern the single
epaulette, has loud lungs and a hungry heart. There too is Couthon,
little dreaming what he is;--whom a sad chance has paralysed in the
lower extremities. For, it seems, he sat once a whole night, not warm in
his true love's bower (who indeed was by law another's), but sunken to
the middle in a cold peat-bog, being hunted out; quaking for his life,
in the cold quaking morass; (Dumouriez, ii. 370.) and goes now on
crutches to the end. Cambon likewise, in whom slumbers undeveloped such
a finance-talent for printing of Assignats; Father of Paper-money; who,
in the hour of menace, shall utter this stern sentence, 'War to the
Manorhouse, peace to the Hut, Guerre aux Chateaux, paix aux Chaumieres!'
(Choix de Rapports, xi. 25.) Lecointre, the intrepid Draper of
Versailles, is welcome here; known since the Opera-Repast and
Insurrection of Women. Thuriot too; Elector Thuriot, who stood in the
embrasures of the Bastille, and saw Saint-Antoine rising in mass; who
has many other things to see. Last and grimmest of all note old Ruhl,
with his brown dusky face and long white hair; of Alsatian Lutheran
breed; a man whom age and book-learning have not taught; who, haranguing
the old men of Rheims, shall hold up the Sacred Ampulla (Heaven-sent,
wherefrom Clovis and all Kings have been anointed) as a mere worthless
oil-bottle, and dash it to sherds on the pavement there; who,
alas, shall dash much to sherds, and finally his own wild head, by
pistol-shot, and so end it.
Such lava welters redhot in the bowels of this Mountain; unknown to the
world and to itself! A mere commonplace Mountain hitherto; distinguished
from the Plain chiefly by its superior barrenness, its baldness of look:
at the utmost it may, to the most observant, perceptibly smoke. For as
yet all lies so solid, peaceable; and doubts not, as was said, that
it will endure while Time runs. Do not all love Liberty and the
Constitution? All heartily;--and yet with degrees. Some, as Chevalier
Jaucourt and his Right Side, may love Liberty less than Royalty, were
the trial made; others, as Brissot and his Left Side, may love it more
than Royalty. Nay again of these latter some may love Liberty more than
Law itself; others not more. Parties will unfold themselves; no mortal
as yet knows how. Forces work within these men and without: dissidence
grows opposition; ever widening; waxing into incompatibility and
internecine feud: till the strong is abolished by a stronger; himself in
his turn by a strongest! Who can help it? Jaucourt and his Monarchists,
Feuillans, or Moderates; Brissot and his Brissotins, Jacobins, or
Girondins; these, with the Cordelier Trio, and all men, must work what
is appointed them, and in the way appointed them.
And to think what fate these poor Seven Hundred and Forty-five are
assembled, most unwittingly, to meet! Let no heart be so hard as not to
pity them. Their soul's wish was to live and work as the First of the
French Parliaments: and make the Constitution march. Did they not, at
their very instalment, go through the most affecting Constitutional
ceremony, almost with tears? The Twelve Eldest are sent solemnly to
fetch the Constitution itself, the printed book of the Law. Archivist
Camus, an Old-Constituent appointed Archivist, he and the Ancient
Twelve, amid blare of military pomp and clangour, enter, bearing the
divine Book: and President and all Legislative Senators, laying
their hand on the same, successively take the Oath, with cheers and
heart-effusion, universal three-times-three. (Moniteur, Seance du 4
Octobre 1791.) In this manner they begin their Session. Unhappy mortals!
For, that same day, his Majesty having received their Deputation
of welcome, as seemed, rather drily, the Deputation cannot but feel
slighted, cannot but lament such slight: and thereupon our cheering
swearing First Parliament sees itself, on the morrow, obliged to explode
into fierce retaliatory sputter, of anti-royal Enactment as to how
they, for their part, will receive Majesty; and how Majesty shall not
be called Sire any more, except they please: and then, on the following
day, to recal this Enactment of theirs, as too hasty, and a mere sputter
though not unprovoked.
An effervescent well-intentioned set of Senators; too combustible, where
continual sparks are flying! Their History is a series of sputters and
quarrels; true desire to do their function, fatal impossibility to
do it. Denunciations, reprimandings of King's Ministers, of traitors
supposed and real; hot rage and fulmination against fulminating
Emigrants; terror of Austrian Kaiser, of 'Austrian Committee' in the
Tuileries itself: rage and haunting terror, haste and dim desperate
bewilderment!--Haste, we say; and yet the Constitution had provided
against haste. No Bill can be passed till it have been printed, till
it have been thrice read, with intervals of eight days;--'unless
the Assembly shall beforehand decree that there is urgency.' Which,
accordingly, the Assembly, scrupulous of the Constitution, never omits
to do: Considering this, and also considering that, and then that other,
the Assembly decrees always 'qu'il y a urgence;' and thereupon 'the
Assembly, having decreed that there is urgence,' is free to decree--what
indispensable distracted thing seems best to it. Two thousand and odd
decrees, as men reckon, within Eleven months! (Montgaillard, iii.
1. 237.) The haste of the Constituent seemed great; but this is
treble-quick. For the time itself is rushing treble-quick; and they
have to keep pace with that. Unhappy Seven Hundred and Forty-five:
true-patriotic, but so combustible; being fired, they must needs fling
fire: Senate of touchwood and rockets, in a world of smoke-storm, with
sparks wind-driven continually flying!
Or think, on the other hand, looking forward some months, of that scene
they call Baiser de Lamourette! The dangers of the country are now grown
imminent, immeasurable; National Assembly, hope of France, is divided
against itself. In such extreme circumstances, honey-mouthed Abbe
Lamourette, new Bishop of Lyons, rises, whose name, l'amourette,
signifies the sweetheart, or Delilah doxy,--he rises, and, with pathetic
honied eloquence, calls on all august Senators to forget mutual griefs
and grudges, to swear a new oath, and unite as brothers. Whereupon they
all, with vivats, embrace and swear; Left Side confounding itself with
Right; barren Mountain rushing down to fruitful Plain, Pastoret into the
arms of Condorcet, injured to the breast of injurer, with tears; and all
swearing that whosoever wishes either Feuillant Two-Chamber Monarchy
or Extreme-Jacobin Republic, or any thing but the Constitution and that
only, shall be anathema marantha. (Moniteur, Seance du 6 Juillet 1792.)
Touching to behold! For, literally on the morrow morning, they must
again quarrel, driven by Fate; and their sublime reconcilement is called
derisively Baiser de L'amourette, or Delilah Kiss.
Like fated Eteocles-Polynices Brothers, embracing, though in vain;
weeping that they must not love, that they must hate only, and die by
each other's hands! Or say, like doomed Familiar Spirits; ordered, by
Art Magic under penalties, to do a harder than twist ropes of sand: 'to
make the Constitution march.' If the Constitution would but march! Alas,
the Constitution will not stir. It falls on its face; they tremblingly
lift it on end again: march, thou gold Constitution! The Constitution
will not march.--"He shall march, by--!" said kind Uncle Toby, and even
swore. The Corporal answered mournfully: "He will never march in this
world."
A constitution, as we often say, will march when it images, if not the
old Habits and Beliefs of the Constituted; then accurately their Rights,
or better indeed, their Mights;--for these two, well-understood, are
they not one and the same? The old Habits of France are gone: her new
Rights and Mights are not yet ascertained, except in Paper-theorem;
nor can be, in any sort, till she have tried. Till she have measured
herself, in fell death-grip, and were it in utmost preternatural spasm
of madness, with Principalities and Powers, with the upper and the
under, internal and external; with the Earth and Tophet and the very
Heaven! Then will she know.--Three things bode ill for the marching of
this French Constitution: the French People; the French King; thirdly
the French Noblesse and an assembled European World.
Chapter 2.5.III.
Avignon.
But quitting generalities, what strange Fact is this, in the far
South-West, towards which the eyes of all men do now, in the end of
October, bend themselves? A tragical combustion, long smoking and
smouldering unluminous, has now burst into flame there.
Hot is that Southern Provencal blood: alas, collisions, as was once
said, must occur in a career of Freedom; different directions will
produce such; nay different velocities in the same direction will! To
much that went on there History, busied elsewhere, would not specially
give heed: to troubles of Uzez, troubles of Nismes, Protestant and
Catholic, Patriot and Aristocrat; to troubles of Marseilles, Montpelier,
Arles; to Aristocrat Camp of Jales, that wondrous real-imaginary Entity,
now fading pale-dim, then always again glowing forth deep-hued (in the
Imagination mainly);--ominous magical, 'an Aristocrat picture of war
done naturally!' All this was a tragical deadly combustion, with
plot and riot, tumult by night and by day; but a dark combustion, not
luminous, not noticed; which now, however, one cannot help noticing.
Above all places, the unluminous combustion in Avignon and the Comtat
Venaissin was fierce. Papal Avignon, with its Castle rising sheer
over the Rhone-stream; beautifullest Town, with its purple vines
and gold-orange groves: why must foolish old rhyming Rene, the last
Sovereign of Provence, bequeath it to the Pope and Gold Tiara, not
rather to Louis Eleventh with the Leaden Virgin in his hatband? For good
and for evil! Popes, Anti-popes, with their pomp, have dwelt in that
Castle of Avignon rising sheer over the Rhone-stream: there Laura
de Sade went to hear mass; her Petrarch twanging and singing by the
Fountain of Vaucluse hard by, surely in a most melancholy manner. This
was in the old days.
And now in these new days, such issues do come from a squirt of the pen
by some foolish rhyming Rene, after centuries, this is what we have:
Jourdan Coupe-tete, leading to siege and warfare an Army, from three
to fifteen thousand strong, called the Brigands of Avignon; which title
they themselves accept, with the addition of an epithet, 'The brave
Brigands of Avignon!' It is even so. Jourdan the Headsman fled hither
from that Chatelet Inquest, from that Insurrection of Women; and began
dealing in madder; but the scene was rife in other than dye-stuffs; so
Jourdan shut his madder shop, and has risen, for he was the man to do
it. The tile-beard of Jourdan is shaven off; his fat visage has got
coppered and studded with black carbuncles; the Silenus trunk is
swollen with drink and high living: he wears blue National uniform with
epaulettes, 'an enormous sabre, two horse-pistols crossed in his belt,
and other two smaller, sticking from his pockets;' styles himself
General, and is the tyrant of men. (Dampmartin, Evenemens, i. 267.)
Consider this one fact, O Reader; and what sort of facts must have
preceded it, must accompany it! Such things come of old Rene; and of the
question which has risen, Whether Avignon cannot now cease wholly to be
Papal and become French and free?
For some twenty-five months the confusion has lasted. Say three months
of arguing; then seven of raging; then finally some fifteen months now
of fighting, and even of hanging. For already in February 1790, the
Papal Aristocrats had set up four gibbets, for a sign; but the People
rose in June, in retributive frenzy; and, forcing the public Hangman to
act, hanged four Aristocrats, on each Papal gibbet a Papal Haman. Then
were Avignon Emigrations, Papal Aristocrats emigrating over the Rhone
River; demission of Papal Consul, flight, victory: re-entrance of
Papal Legate, truce, and new onslaught; and the various turns of war.
Petitions there were to National Assembly; Congresses of Townships;
three-score and odd Townships voting for French Reunion, and the
blessings of Liberty; while some twelve of the smaller, manipulated by
Aristocrats, gave vote the other way: with shrieks and discord! Township
against Township, Town against Town: Carpentras, long jealous of
Avignon, is now turned out in open war with it;--and Jourdan Coupe-tete,
your first General being killed in mutiny, closes his dye-shop; and does
there visibly, with siege-artillery, above all with bluster and tumult,
with the 'brave Brigands of Avignon,' beleaguer the rival Town, for two
months, in the face of the world!
Feats were done, doubt it not, far-famed in Parish History; but to
Universal History unknown. Gibbets we see rise, on the one side and on
the other; and wretched carcasses swinging there, a dozen in the row;
wretched Mayor of Vaison buried before dead. (Barbaroux, Memoires, p.
26.) The fruitful seedfield, lie unreaped, the vineyards trampled down;
there is red cruelty, madness of universal choler and gall. Havoc and
anarchy everywhere; a combustion most fierce, but unlucent, not to be
noticed here!--Finally, as we saw, on the 14th of September last, the
National Constituent Assembly, having sent Commissioners and heard them;
(Lescene Desmaisons: Compte rendu a l'Assemblee Nationale, 10 Septembre
1791 (Choix des Rapports, vii. 273-93).) having heard Petitions, held
Debates, month after month ever since August 1789; and on the whole
'spent thirty sittings' on this matter, did solemnly decree that Avignon
and the Comtat were incorporated with France, and His Holiness the Pope
should have what indemnity was reasonable.
And so hereby all is amnestied and finished? Alas, when madness of
choler has gone through the blood of men, and gibbets have swung on this
side and on that, what will a parchment Decree and Lafayette Amnesty do?
Oblivious Lethe flows not above ground! Papal Aristocrats and Patriot
Brigands are still an eye-sorrow to each other; suspected, suspicious,
in what they do and forbear. The august Constituent Assembly is gone but
a fortnight, when, on Sunday the Sixteenth morning of October 1791, the
unquenched combustion suddenly becomes luminous! For Anti-constitutional
Placards are up, and the Statue of the Virgin is said to have shed
tears, and grown red. (Proces-verbal de la Commune d'Avignon, &c. in
Hist. Parl. xii. 419-23.) Wherefore, on that morning, Patriot l'Escuyer,
one of our 'six leading Patriots,' having taken counsel with his
brethren and General Jourdan, determines on going to Church, in company
with a friend or two: not to hear mass, which he values little; but to
meet all the Papalists there in a body, nay to meet that same weeping
Virgin, for it is the Cordeliers Church; and give them a word of
admonition. Adventurous errand; which has the fatallest issue! What
L'Escuyer's word of admonition might be no History records; but the
answer to it was a shrieking howl from the Aristocrat Papal worshippers,
many of them women. A thousand-voiced shriek and menace; which as
L'Escuyer did not fly, became a thousand-handed hustle and jostle; a
thousand-footed kick, with tumblings and tramplings, with the pricking
of semstresses stilettos, scissors, and female pointed instruments.
Horrible to behold; the ancient Dead, and Petrarchan Laura, sleeping
round it there; (Ugo Foscolo, Essay on Petrarch, p. 35.) high Altar and
burning tapers looking down on it; the Virgin quite tearless, and of the
natural stone-colour!--L'Escuyer's friend or two rush off, like Job's
Messengers, for Jourdan and the National Force. But heavy Jourdan will
seize the Town-Gates first; does not run treble-fast, as he might:
on arriving at the Cordeliers Church, the Church is silent, vacant;
L'Escuyer, all alone, lies there, swimming in his blood, at the foot of
the high Altar; pricked with scissors; trodden, massacred;--gives one
dumb sob, and gasps out his miserable life for evermore.
Sight to stir the heart of any man; much more of many men, self-styled
Brigands of Avignon! The corpse of L'Escuyer, stretched on a bier,
the ghastly head girt with laurel, is borne through the streets; with
many-voiced unmelodious Nenia; funeral-wail still deeper than it is
loud! The copper-face of Jourdan, of bereft Patriotism, has grown black.
Patriot Municipality despatches official Narrative and tidings to Paris;
orders numerous or innumerable arrestments for inquest and perquisition.
Aristocrats male and female are haled to the Castle; lie crowded in
subterranean dungeons there, bemoaned by the hoarse rushing of the
Rhone; cut out from help.
So lie they; waiting inquest and perquisition. Alas! with a Jourdan
Headsman for Generalissimo, with his copper-face grown black, and armed
Brigand Patriots chanting their Nenia, the inquest is likely to be
brief. On the next day and the next, let Municipality consent or not, a
Brigand Court-Martial establishes itself in the subterranean stories of
the Castle of Avignon; Brigand Executioners, with naked sabre, waiting
at the door, for a Brigand verdict. Short judgment, no appeal! There is
Brigand wrath and vengeance; not unrefreshed by brandy. Close by is the
Dungeon of the Glaciere, or Ice-Tower: there may be deeds done--? For
which language has no name!--Darkness and the shadow of horrid cruelty
envelopes these Castle Dungeons, that Glaciere Tower: clear only that
many have entered, that few have returned. Jourdan and the Brigands,
supreme now over Municipals, over all Authorities Patriot or Papal,
reign in Avignon, waited on by Terror and Silence.
The result of all which is that, on the 15th of November 1791, we behold
Friend Dampmartin, and subalterns beneath him, and General Choisi above
him, with Infantry and Cavalry, and proper cannon-carriages rattling in
front, with spread banners, to the sound of fife and drum, wend, in a
deliberate formidable manner, towards that sheer Castle Rock, towards
those broad Gates of Avignon; three new National-Assembly Commissioners
following at safe distance in the rear. (Dampmartin, i. 251-94.)
Avignon, summoned in the name of Assembly and Law, flings its Gates wide
open; Choisi with the rest, Dampmartin and the Bons Enfans, 'Good Boys
of Baufremont,' so they name these brave Constitutional Dragoons, known
to them of old,--do enter, amid shouts and scattered flowers. To the joy
of all honest persons; to the terror only of Jourdan Headsman and the
Brigands. Nay next we behold carbuncled swollen Jourdan himself shew
copper-face, with sabre and four pistols; affecting to talk high:
engaging, meanwhile, to surrender the Castle that instant. So the Choisi
Grenadiers enter with him there. They start and stop, passing that
Glaciere, snuffing its horrible breath; with wild yell, with cries of
"Cut the Butcher down!"--and Jourdan has to whisk himself through secret
passages, and instantaneously vanish.
Be the mystery of iniquity laid bare then! A Hundred and Thirty Corpses,
of men, nay of women and even children (for the trembling mother,
hastily seized, could not leave her infant), lie heaped in that
Glaciere; putrid, under putridities: the horror of the world. For three
days there is mournful lifting out, and recognition; amid the cries and
movements of a passionate Southern people, now kneeling in prayer, now
storming in wild pity and rage: lastly there is solemn sepulture, with
muffled drums, religious requiem, and all the people's wail and tears.
Their Massacred rest now in holy ground; buried in one grave.
And Jourdan Coupe-tete? Him also we behold again, after a day or two:
in flight, through the most romantic Petrarchan hill-country; vehemently
spurring his nag; young Ligonnet, a brisk youth of Avignon, with Choisi
Dragoons, close in his rear! With such swollen mass of a rider no nag
can run to advantage. The tired nag, spur-driven, does take the River
Sorgue; but sticks in the middle of it; firm on that chiaro fondo di
Sorga; and will proceed no further for spurring! Young Ligonnet dashes
up; the Copper-face menaces and bellows, draws pistol, perhaps even
snaps it; is nevertheless seized by the collar; is tied firm, ancles
under horse's belly, and ridden back to Avignon, hardly to be saved from
massacre on the streets there. (Dampmartin, ubi supra.)
Such is the combustion of Avignon and the South-West, when it becomes
luminous! Long loud debate is in the august Legislative, in the
Mother-Society as to what now shall be done with it. Amnesty, cry
eloquent Vergniaud and all Patriots: let there be mutual pardon and
repentance, restoration, pacification, and if so might any how be, an
end! Which vote ultimately prevails. So the South-West smoulders and
welters again in an 'Amnesty,' or Non-remembrance, which alas cannot
but remember, no Lethe flowing above ground! Jourdan himself remains
unchanged; gets loose again as one not yet gallows-ripe; nay, as we
transciently discern from the distance, is 'carried in triumph through
the cities of the South.' (Deux Amis vii. (Paris, 1797), pp. 59-71.)
What things men carry!
With which transient glimpse, of a Copper-faced Portent faring in this
manner through the cities of the South, we must quit these regions;--and
let them smoulder. They want not their Aristocrats; proud old Nobles,
not yet emigrated. Arles has its 'Chiffonne,' so, in symbolical cant,
they name that Aristocrat Secret-Association; Arles has its pavements
piled up, by and by, into Aristocrat barricades. Against which Rebecqui,
the hot-clear Patriot, must lead Marseilles with cannon. The Bar of
Iron has not yet risen to the top in the Bay of Marseilles; neither
have these hot Sons of the Phoceans submitted to be slaves. By clear
management and hot instance, Rebecqui dissipates that Chiffonne, without
bloodshed; restores the pavement of Arles. He sails in Coast-barks, this
Rebecqui, scrutinising suspicious Martello-towers, with the keen eye of
Patriotism; marches overland with despatch, singly, or in force; to City
after City; dim scouring far and wide; (Barbaroux, p. 21; Hist. Parl.
xiii. 421-4.)--argues, and if it must be, fights. For there is much
to do; Jales itself is looking suspicious. So that Legislator Fauchet,
after debate on it, has to propose Commissioners and a Camp on the Plain
of Beaucaire: with or without result.
Of all which, and much else, let us note only this small consequence,
that young Barbaroux, Advocate, Town-Clerk of Marseilles, being charged
to have these things remedied, arrived at Paris in the month of February
1792. The beautiful and brave: young Spartan, ripe in energy, not ripe
in wisdom; over whose black doom there shall flit nevertheless a certain
ruddy fervour, streaks of bright Southern tint, not wholly swallowed of
Death! Note also that the Rolands of Lyons are again in Paris; for the
second and final time. King's Inspectorship is abrogated at Lyons, as
elsewhere: Roland has his retiring-pension to claim, if attainable; has
Patriot friends to commune with; at lowest, has a book to publish. That
young Barbaroux and the Rolands came together; that elderly Spartan
Roland liked, or even loved the young Spartan, and was loved by him, one
can fancy: and Madame--? Breathe not, thou poison-breath, Evil-speech!
That soul is taintless, clear, as the mirror-sea. And yet if they too
did look into each other's eyes, and each, in silence, in tragical
renunciance, did find that the other was all too lovely? Honi soit!
She calls him 'beautiful as Antinous:' he 'will speak elsewhere of that
astonishing woman.'--A Madame d'Udon (or some such name, for Dumont does
not recollect quite clearly) gives copious Breakfast to the Brissotin
Deputies and us Friends of Freedom, at her house in the Place Vendome;
with temporary celebrity, with graces and wreathed smiles; not without
cost. There, amid wide babble and jingle, our plan of Legislative Debate
is settled for the day, and much counselling held. Strict Roland is seen
there, but does not go often. (Dumont, Souvenirs, p. 374.)
Chapter 2.5.IV.
No Sugar.
Such are our inward troubles; seen in the Cities of the South; extant,
seen or unseen, in all cities and districts, North as well as South. For
in all are Aristocrats, more or less malignant; watched by Patriotism;
which again, being of various shades, from light Fayettist-Feuillant
down to deep-sombre Jacobin, has to watch itself!
Directories of Departments, what we call County Magistracies, being
chosen by Citizens of a too 'active' class, are found to pull one way;
Municipalities, Town Magistracies, to pull the other way. In all places
too are Dissident Priests; whom the Legislative will have to deal
with: contumacious individuals, working on that angriest of passions;
plotting, enlisting for Coblentz; or suspected of plotting: fuel of
a universal unconstitutional heat. What to do with them? They may be
conscientious as well as contumacious: gently they should be dealt with,
and yet it must be speedily. In unilluminated La Vendee the simple are
like to be seduced by them; many a simple peasant, a Cathelineau the
wool-dealer wayfaring meditative with his wool-packs, in these hamlets,
dubiously shakes his head! Two Assembly Commissioners went thither last
Autumn; considerate Gensonne, not yet called to be a Senator; Gallois,
an editorial man. These Two, consulting with General Dumouriez, spake
and worked, softly, with judgment; they have hushed down the irritation,
and produced a soft Report,--for the time.
The General himself doubts not in the least but he can keep peace there;
being an able man. He passes these frosty months among the pleasant
people of Niort, occupies 'tolerably handsome apartments in the Castle
of Niort,' and tempers the minds of men. (Dumouriez, ii. 129.) Why is
there but one Dumouriez? Elsewhere you find South or North, nothing but
untempered obscure jarring; which breaks forth ever and anon into open
clangour of riot. Southern Perpignan has its tocsin, by torch light;
with rushing and onslaught: Northern Caen not less, by daylight; with
Aristocrats ranged in arms at Places of Worship; Departmental compromise
proving impossible; breaking into musketry and a Plot discovered! (Hist.
Parl. xii. 131, 141; xiii. 114, 417.) Add Hunger too: for Bread, always
dear, is getting dearer: not so much as Sugar can be had; for good
reasons. Poor Simoneau, Mayor of Etampes, in this Northern region,
hanging out his Red Flag in some riot of grains, is trampled to death by
a hungry exasperated People. What a trade this of Mayor, in these times!
Mayor of Saint-Denis hung at the Lanterne, by Suspicion and Dyspepsia,
as we saw long since; Mayor of Vaison, as we saw lately, buried before
dead; and now this poor Simoneau, the Tanner, of Etampes,--whom legal
Constitutionalism will not forget.
With factions, suspicions, want of bread and sugar, it is verily what
they call dechire, torn asunder this poor country: France and all that
is French. For, over seas too come bad news. In black Saint-Domingo,
before that variegated Glitter in the Champs Elysees was lit for an
Accepted Constitution, there had risen, and was burning contemporary
with it, quite another variegated Glitter and nocturnal Fulgor, had
we known it: of molasses and ardent-spirits; of sugar-boileries,
plantations, furniture, cattle and men: skyhigh; the Plain of Cap
Francais one huge whirl of smoke and flame!
What a change here, in these two years; since that first 'Box of
Tricolor Cockades' got through the Custom-house, and atrabiliar Creoles
too rejoiced that there was a levelling of Bastilles! Levelling is
comfortable, as we often say: levelling, yet only down to oneself. Your
pale-white Creoles, have their grievances:--and your yellow Quarteroons?
And your dark-yellow Mulattoes? And your Slaves soot-black? Quarteroon
Oge, Friend of our Parisian Brissotin Friends of the Blacks, felt, for
his share too, that Insurrection was the most sacred of duties. So the
tricolor Cockades had fluttered and swashed only some three months on
the Creole hat, when Oge's signal-conflagrations went aloft; with the
voice of rage and terror. Repressed, doomed to die, he took black powder
or seedgrains in the hollow of his hand, this Oge; sprinkled a film
of white ones on the top, and said to his Judges, "Behold they are
white;"--then shook his hand, and said "Where are the Whites, Ou sont
les Blancs?"
So now, in the Autumn of 1791, looking from the sky-windows of Cap
Francais, thick clouds of smoke girdle our horizon, smoke in the day,
in the night fire; preceded by fugitive shrieking white women, by Terror
and Rumour. Black demonised squadrons are massacring and harrying,
with nameless cruelty. They fight and fire 'from behind thickets and
coverts,' for the Black man loves the Bush; they rush to the attack,
thousands strong, with brandished cutlasses and fusils, with caperings,
shoutings and vociferation,--which, if the White Volunteer Company
stands firm, dwindle into staggerings, into quick gabblement, into panic
flight at the first volley, perhaps before it. (Deux Amis, x. 157.) Poor
Oge could be broken on the wheel; this fire-whirlwind too can be abated,
driven up into the Mountains: but Saint-Domingo is shaken, as Oge's
seedgrains were; shaking, writhing in long horrid death-throes, it is
Black without remedy; and remains, as African Haiti, a monition to the
world.
O my Parisian Friends, is not this, as well as Regraters and Feuillant
Plotters, one cause of the astonishing dearth of Sugar! The Grocer,
palpitant, with drooping lip, sees his Sugar taxe; weighed out by Female
Patriotism, in instant retail, at the inadequate rate of twenty-five
sous, or thirteen pence a pound. "Abstain from it?" yes, ye Patriot
Sections, all ye Jacobins, abstain! Louvet and Collot-d'Herbois so
advise; resolute to make the sacrifice: though "how shall literary men
do without coffee?" Abstain, with an oath; that is the surest! (Debats
des Jacobins, &c. Hist. Parl. xiii. 171, 92-98.)
Also, for like reason, must not Brest and the Shipping Interest
languish? Poor Brest languishes, sorrowing, not without spleen;
denounces an Aristocrat Bertrand-Moleville traitorous Aristocrat
Marine-Minister. Do not her Ships and King's Ships lie rotting piecemeal
in harbour; Naval Officers mostly fled, and on furlough too, with pay?
Little stirring there; if it be not the Brest Gallies, whip-driven,
with their Galley-Slaves,--alas, with some Forty of our hapless Swiss
Soldiers of Chateau-Vieux, among others! These Forty Swiss, too mindful
of Nanci, do now, in their red wool caps, tug sorrowfully at the oar;
looking into the Atlantic brine, which reflects only their own sorrowful
shaggy faces; and seem forgotten of Hope.
But, on the whole, may we not say, in fugitive language, that the French
Constitution which shall march is very rheumatic, full of shooting
internal pains, in joint and muscle; and will not march without
difficulty?
Chapter 2.5.V.
Kings and Emigrants.
Extremely rheumatic Constitutions have been known to march, and keep on
their feet, though in a staggering sprawling manner, for long periods,
in virtue of one thing only: that the Head were healthy. But this Head
of the French Constitution! What King Louis is and cannot help being,
Readers already know. A King who cannot take the Constitution, nor
reject the Constitution: nor do anything at all, but miserably ask, What
shall I do? A King environed with endless confusions; in whose own mind
is no germ of order. Haughty implacable remnants of Noblesse struggling
with humiliated repentant Barnave-Lameths: struggling in that obscure
element of fetchers and carriers, of Half-pay braggarts from the Cafe
Valois, of Chambermaids, whisperers, and subaltern officious persons;
fierce Patriotism looking on all the while, more and more suspicious,
from without: what, in such struggle, can they do? At best, cancel
one another, and produce zero. Poor King! Barnave and your Senatorial
Jaucourts speak earnestly into this ear; Bertrand-Moleville, and
Messengers from Coblentz, speak earnestly into that: the poor Royal head
turns to the one side and to the other side; can turn itself fixedly
to no side. Let Decency drop a veil over it: sorrier misery was seldom
enacted in the world. This one small fact, does it not throw the saddest
light on much? The Queen is lamenting to Madam Campan: "What am I to do?
When they, these Barnaves, get us advised to any step which the Noblesse
do not like, then I am pouted at; nobody comes to my card table; the
King's Couchee is solitary." (Campan, ii. 177-202.) In such a case of
dubiety, what is one to do? Go inevitably to the ground!
The King has accepted this Constitution, knowing beforehand that it will
not serve: he studies it, and executes it in the hope mainly that it
will be found inexecutable. King's Ships lie rotting in harbour, their
officers gone; the Armies disorganised; robbers scour the highways,
which wear down unrepaired; all Public Service lies slack and waste: the
Executive makes no effort, or an effort only to throw the blame on the
Constitution. Shamming death, 'faisant le mort!' What Constitution,
use it in this manner, can march? 'Grow to disgust the Nation' it will
truly, (Bertrand-Moleville, i. c. 4.)--unless you first grow to disgust
the Nation! It is Bertrand de Moleville's plan, and his Majesty's; the
best they can form.
Or if, after all, this best-plan proved too slow; proved a failure?
Provident of that too, the Queen, shrouded in deepest mystery, 'writes
all day, in cipher, day after day, to Coblentz;' Engineer Goguelat, he
of the Night of Spurs, whom the Lafayette Amnesty has delivered from
Prison, rides and runs. Now and then, on fit occasion, a Royal familiar
visit can be paid to that Salle de Manege, an affecting encouraging
Royal Speech (sincere, doubt it not, for the moment) can be delivered
there, and the Senators all cheer and almost weep;--at the same time
Mallet du Pan has visibly ceased editing, and invisibly bears abroad
a King's Autograph, soliciting help from the Foreign Potentates.
(Moleville, i. 370.) Unhappy Louis, do this thing or else that
other,--if thou couldst!
The thing which the King's Government did do was to stagger distractedly
from contradiction to contradiction; and wedding Fire to Water, envelope
itself in hissing, and ashy steam! Danton and needy corruptible Patriots
are sopped with presents of cash: they accept the sop: they rise
refreshed by it, and travel their own way. (Ibid. i. c. 17.) Nay, the
King's Government did likewise hire Hand-clappers, or claqueurs, persons
to applaud. Subterranean Rivarol has Fifteen Hundred men in King's pay,
at the rate of some ten thousand pounds sterling, per month; what he
calls 'a staff of genius:' Paragraph-writers, Placard-Journalists; 'two
hundred and eighty Applauders, at three shillings a day:' one of
the strangest Staffs ever commanded by man. The muster-rolls
and account-books of which still exist. (Montgaillard, iii. 41.)
Bertrand-Moleville himself, in a way he thinks very dexterous, contrives
to pack the Galleries of the Legislative; gets Sansculottes hired to go
thither, and applaud at a signal given, they fancying it was Petion that
bid them: a device which was not detected for almost a week. Dexterous
enough; as if a man finding the Day fast decline should determine on
altering the Clockhands: that is a thing possible for him.
Here too let us note an unexpected apparition of Philippe d'Orleans at
Court: his last at the Levee of any King. D'Orleans, sometime in the
winter months seemingly, has been appointed to that old first-coveted
rank of Admiral,--though only over ships rotting in port. The wished-for
comes too late! However, he waits on Bertrand-Moleville to give thanks:
nay to state that he would willingly thank his Majesty in person; that,
in spite of all the horrible things men have said and sung, he is far
from being his Majesty's enemy; at bottom, how far! Bertrand delivers
the message, brings about the royal Interview, which does pass to
the satisfaction of his Majesty; d'Orleans seeming clearly repentant,
determined to turn over a new leaf. And yet, next Sunday, what do we
see? 'Next Sunday,' says Bertrand, 'he came to the King's Levee; but the
Courtiers ignorant of what had passed, the crowd of Royalists who were
accustomed to resort thither on that day specially to pay their court,
gave him the most humiliating reception. They came pressing round him;
managing, as if by mistake, to tread on his toes, to elbow him towards
the door, and not let him enter again. He went downstairs to her
Majesty's Apartments, where cover was laid; so soon as he shewed face,
sounds rose on all sides, "Messieurs, take care of the dishes," as if he
had carried poison in his pockets. The insults which his presence every
where excited forced him to retire without having seen the Royal Family:
the crowd followed him to the Queen's Staircase; in descending, he
received a spitting (crachat) on the head, and some others, on his
clothes. Rage and spite were seen visibly painted on his face:'
(Bertrand-Moleville, i. 177.) as indeed how could they miss to be? He
imputes it all to the King and Queen, who know nothing of it, who are
even much grieved at it; and so descends, to his Chaos again. Bertrand
was there at the Chateau that day himself, and an eye-witness to these
things.
For the rest, Non-jurant Priests, and the repression of them, will
distract the King's conscience; Emigrant Princes and Noblesse will force
him to double-dealing: there must be veto on veto; amid the ever-waxing
indignation of men. For Patriotism, as we said, looks on from without,
more and more suspicious. Waxing tempest, blast after blast, of Patriot
indignation, from without; dim inorganic whirl of Intrigues, Fatuities,
within! Inorganic, fatuous; from which the eye turns away. De Stael
intrigues for her so gallant Narbonne, to get him made War-Minister;
and ceases not, having got him made. The King shall fly to Rouen; shall
there, with the gallant Narbonne, properly 'modify the Constitution.'
This is the same brisk Narbonne, who, last year, cut out from their
entanglement, by force of dragoons, those poor fugitive Royal Aunts:
men say he is at bottom their Brother, or even more, so scandalous is
scandal. He drives now, with his de Stael, rapidly to the Armies, to
the Frontier Towns; produces rose-coloured Reports, not too credible;
perorates, gesticulates; wavers poising himself on the top, for a
moment, seen of men; then tumbles, dismissed, washed away by the
Time-flood.
Also the fair Princess de Lamballe intrigues, bosom friend of her
Majesty: to the angering of Patriotism. Beautiful Unfortunate, why did
she ever return from England? Her small silver-voice, what can it profit
in that piping of the black World-tornado? Which will whirl her, poor
fragile Bird of Paradise, against grim rocks. Lamballe and de Stael
intrigue visibly, apart or together: but who shall reckon how many
others, and in what infinite ways, invisibly! Is there not what one may
call an 'Austrian Committee,' sitting invisible in the Tuileries; centre
of an invisible Anti-National Spiderweb, which, for we sleep among
mysteries, stretches its threads to the ends of the Earth? Journalist
Carra has now the clearest certainty of it: to Brissotin Patriotism, and
France generally, it is growing more and more probable.
O Reader, hast thou no pity for this Constitution? Rheumatic shooting
pains in its members; pressure of hydrocephale and hysteric vapours
on its Brain: a Constitution divided against itself; which will never
march, hardly even stagger? Why were not Drouet and Procureur Sausse in
their beds, that unblessed Varennes Night! Why did they not, in the
name of Heaven, let the Korff Berline go whither it listed! Nameless
incoherency, incompatibility, perhaps prodigies at which the world still
shudders, had been spared.
But now comes the third thing that bodes ill for the marching of this
French Constitution: besides the French People, and the French King,
there is thirdly--the assembled European world? it has become necessary
now to look at that also. Fair France is so luminous: and round and
round it, is troublous Cimmerian Night. Calonnes, Breteuils hover dim,
far-flown; overnetting Europe with intrigues. From Turin to Vienna;
to Berlin, and utmost Petersburg in the frozen North! Great Burke has
raised his great voice long ago; eloquently demonstrating that the end
of an Epoch is come, to all appearance the end of Civilised Time. Him
many answer: Camille Desmoulins, Clootz Speaker of Mankind, Paine the
rebellious Needleman, and honourable Gallic Vindicators in that country
and in this: but the great Burke remains unanswerable; 'The Age of
Chivalry is gone,' and could not but go, having now produced the still
more indomitable Age of Hunger. Altars enough, of the Dubois-Rohan
sort, changing to the Gobel-and-Talleyrand sort, are faring by rapid
transmutation to, shall we say, the right Proprietor of them? French
Game and French Game-Preservers did alight on the Cliffs of Dover, with
cries of distress. Who will say that the end of much is not come? A
set of mortals has risen, who believe that Truth is not a printed
Speculation, but a practical Fact; that Freedom and Brotherhood are
possible in this Earth, supposed always to be Belial's, which 'the
Supreme Quack' was to inherit! Who will say that Church, State, Throne,
Altar are not in danger; that the sacred Strong-box itself, last
Palladium of effete Humanity, may not be blasphemously blown upon, and
its padlocks undone?
The poor Constituent Assembly might act with what delicacy and diplomacy
it would; declare that it abjured meddling with its neighbours,
foreign conquest, and so forth; but from the first this thing was to be
predicted: that old Europe and new France could not subsist together.
A Glorious Revolution, oversetting State-Prisons and Feudalism;
publishing, with outburst of Federative Cannon, in face of all the
Earth, that Appearance is not Reality, how shall it subsist amid
Governments which, if Appearance is not Reality, are--one knows not
what? In death feud, and internecine wrestle and battle, it shall
subsist with them; not otherwise.
Rights of Man, printed on Cotton Handkerchiefs, in various dialects of
human speech, pass over to the Frankfort Fair. (Toulongeon, i. 256.)
What say we, Frankfort Fair? They have crossed Euphrates and the
fabulous Hydaspes; wafted themselves beyond the Ural, Altai, Himmalayah:
struck off from wood stereotypes, in angular Picture-writing, they
are jabbered and jingled of in China and Japan. Where will it stop?
Kien-Lung smells mischief; not the remotest Dalai-Lama shall now knead
his dough-pills in peace.--Hateful to us; as is the Night! Bestir
yourselves, ye Defenders of Order! They do bestir themselves: all Kings
and Kinglets, with their spiritual temporal array, are astir; their
brows clouded with menace. Diplomatic emissaries fly swift; Conventions,
privy Conclaves assemble; and wise wigs wag, taking what counsel they
can.
Also, as we said, the Pamphleteer draws pen, on this side and that:
zealous fists beat the Pulpit-drum. Not without issue! Did not iron
Birmingham, shouting 'Church and King,' itself knew not why, burst out,
last July, into rage, drunkenness, and fire; and your Priestleys, and
the like, dining there on that Bastille day, get the maddest singeing:
scandalous to consider! In which same days, as we can remark, high
Potentates, Austrian and Prussian, with Emigrants, were faring towards
Pilnitz in Saxony; there, on the 27th of August, they, keeping to
themselves what further 'secret Treaty' there might or might not be, did
publish their hopes and their threatenings, their Declaration that it
was 'the common cause of Kings.'
Where a will to quarrel is, there is a way. Our readers remember that
Pentecost-Night, Fourth of August 1789, when Feudalism fell in a few
hours? The National Assembly, in abolishing Feudalism, promised
that 'compensation' should be given; and did endeavour to give it.
Nevertheless the Austrian Kaiser answers that his German Princes, for
their part, cannot be unfeudalised; that they have Possessions in French
Alsace, and Feudal Rights secured to them, for which no conceivable
compensation will suffice. So this of the Possessioned Princes, 'Princes
Possessiones' is bandied from Court to Court; covers acres of diplomatic
paper at this day: a weariness to the world. Kaunitz argues from Vienna;
Delessart responds from Paris, though perhaps not sharply enough. The
Kaiser and his Possessioned Princes will too evidently come and take
compensation--so much as they can get. Nay might one not partition
France, as we have done Poland, and are doing; and so pacify it with a
vengeance?
From South to North! For actually it is 'the common cause of Kings.'
Swedish Gustav, sworn Knight of the Queen of France, will lead Coalised
Armies;--had not Ankarstrom treasonously shot him; for, indeed, there
were griefs nearer home. (30th March 1792 Annual Register, p. 11).
Austria and Prussia speak at Pilnitz; all men intensely listening:
Imperial Rescripts have gone out from Turin; there will be secret
Convention at Vienna. Catherine of Russia beckons approvingly; will
help, were she ready. Spanish Bourbon stirs amid his pillows; from him
too, even from him, shall there come help. Lean Pitt, 'the Minister of
Preparatives,' looks out from his watch-tower in Saint-James's, in a
suspicious manner. Councillors plotting, Calonnes dim-hovering;--alas,
Serjeants rub-a-dubbing openly through all manner of German
market-towns, collecting ragged valour! (Toulongeon, ii. 100-117.) Look
where you will, immeasurable Obscurantism is girdling this fair France;
which, again, will not be girdled by it. Europe is in travail; pang
after pang; what a shriek was that of Pilnitz! The birth will be: WAR.
Nay the worst feature of the business is this last, still to be named;
the Emigrants at Coblentz, so many thousands ranking there, in bitter
hate and menace: King's Brothers, all Princes of the Blood except wicked
d'Orleans; your duelling de Castries, your eloquent Cazales; bull-headed
Malseignes, a wargod Broglie; Distaff Seigneurs, insulted Officers, all
that have ridden across the Rhine-stream;--d'Artois welcoming Abbe
Maury with a kiss, and clasping him publicly to his own royal heart!
Emigration, flowing over the Frontiers, now in drops, now in streams, in
various humours of fear, of petulance, rage and hope, ever since those
first Bastille days when d'Artois went, 'to shame the citizens of
Paris,'--has swollen to the size of a Phenomenon of the world. Coblentz
is become a small extra-national Versailles; a Versailles in partibus:
briguing, intriguing, favouritism, strumpetocracy itself, they say, goes
on there; all the old activities, on a small scale, quickened by hungry
Revenge.
Enthusiasm, of loyalty, of hatred and hope, has risen to a high pitch;
as, in any Coblentz tavern, you may hear, in speech, and in singing.
Maury assists in the interior Council; much is decided on; for one
thing, they keep lists of the dates of your emigrating; a month sooner,
or a month later determines your greater or your less right to
the coming Division of the Spoil. Cazales himself, because he had
occasionally spoken with a Constitutional tone, was looked on coldly at
first: so pure are our principles. (Montgaillard, iii. 517; Toulongeon,
(ubi supra).) And arms are a-hammering at Liege; 'three thousand
horses' ambling hitherward from the Fairs of Germany: Cavalry enrolling;
likewise Foot-soldiers, 'in blue coat, red waistcoat, and nankeen
trousers!' (See Hist. Parl. xiii. 11-38, 41-61, 358, &c.) They have
their secret domestic correspondences, as their open foreign: with
disaffected Crypto-Aristocrats, with contumacious Priests, with Austrian
Committee in the Tuileries. Deserters are spirited over by assiduous
crimps; Royal-Allemand is gone almost wholly. Their route of march,
towards France and the Division of the Spoil, is marked out, were the
Kaiser once ready. "It is said, they mean to poison the sources; but,"
adds Patriotism making Report of it, "they will not poison the source of
Liberty," whereat 'on applaudit,' we cannot but applaud. Also they have
manufactories of False Assignats; and men that circulate in the interior
distributing and disbursing the same; one of these we denounce now to
Legislative Patriotism: 'A man Lebrun by name; about thirty years of
age, with blonde hair and in quantity; has,' only for the time being
surely, 'a black-eye, oeil poche; goes in a wiski with a black horse,'
(Moniteur, Seance du 2 Novembre 1791 (Hist. Parl. xii. 212).)--always
keeping his Gig!
Unhappy Emigrants, it was their lot, and the lot of France! They are
ignorant of much that they should know: of themselves, of what is around
them. A Political Party that knows not when it is beaten, may become one
of the fatallist of things, to itself, and to all. Nothing will convince
these men that they cannot scatter the French Revolution at the first
blast of their war-trumpet; that the French Revolution is other than a
blustering Effervescence, of brawlers and spouters, which, at the flash
of chivalrous broadswords, at the rustle of gallows-ropes, will burrow
itself, in dens the deeper the welcomer. But, alas, what man does know
and measure himself, and the things that are round him;--else where
were the need of physical fighting at all? Never, till they are cleft
asunder, can these heads believe that a Sansculottic arm has any vigour
in it: cleft asunder, it will be too late to believe.
One may say, without spleen against his poor erring brothers of any
side, that above all other mischiefs, this of the Emigrant Nobles acted
fatally on France. Could they have known, could they have understood! In
the beginning of 1789, a splendour and a terror still surrounded them:
the Conflagration of their Chateaus, kindled by months of obstinacy,
went out after the Fourth of August; and might have continued out, had
they at all known what to defend, what to relinquish as indefensible.
They were still a graduated Hierarchy of Authorities, or the accredited
Similitude of such: they sat there, uniting King with Commonalty;
transmitting and translating gradually, from degree to degree, the
command of the one into the obedience of the other; rendering command
and obedience still possible. Had they understood their place, and what
to do in it, this French Revolution, which went forth explosively in
years and in months, might have spread itself over generations; and
not a torture-death but a quiet euthanasia have been provided for many
things.
But they were proud and high, these men; they were not wise to consider.
They spurned all from them; in disdainful hate, they drew the sword
and flung away the scabbard. France has not only no Hierarchy of
Authorities, to translate command into obedience; its Hierarchy of
Authorities has fled to the enemies of France; calls loudly on the
enemies of France to interfere armed, who want but a pretext to do
that. Jealous Kings and Kaisers might have looked on long, meditating
interference, yet afraid and ashamed to interfere: but now do not the
King's Brothers, and all French Nobles, Dignitaries and Authorities that
are free to speak, which the King himself is not,--passionately invite
us, in the name of Right and of Might? Ranked at Coblentz, from Fifteen
to Twenty thousand stand now brandishing their weapons, with the cry:
On, on! Yes, Messieurs, you shall on;--and divide the spoil according to
your dates of emigrating.
Of all which things a poor Legislative Assembly, and Patriot France, is
informed: by denunciant friend, by triumphant foe. Sulleau's Pamphlets,
of the Rivarol Staff of Genius, circulate; heralding supreme hope.
Durosoy's Placards tapestry the walls; Chant du Coq crows day, pecked
at by Tallien's Ami des Citoyens. King's-Friend, Royou, Ami du Roi,
can name, in exact arithmetical ciphers, the contingents of the various
Invading Potentates; in all, Four hundred and nineteen thousand Foreign
fighting men, with Fifteen thousand Emigrants. Not to reckon these your
daily and hourly desertions, which an Editor must daily record, of whole
Companies, and even Regiments, crying Vive le Roi, vive la Reine, and
marching over with banners spread: (Ami du Roi Newspaper in Hist. Parl.
xiii. 175.)--lies all, and wind; yet to Patriotism not wind; nor, alas,
one day, to Royou! Patriotism, therefore, may brawl and babble yet a
little while: but its hours are numbered: Europe is coming with Four
hundred and nineteen thousand and the Chivalry of France; the gallows,
one may hope, will get its own.
Chapter 2.5.VI.
Brigands and Jales.
We shall have War, then; and on what terms! With an Executive
'pretending,' really with less and less deceptiveness now, 'to be dead;'
casting even a wishful eye towards the enemy: on such terms we shall
have War.
Public Functionary in vigorous action there is none; if it be not
Rivarol with his Staff of Genius and Two hundred and eighty Applauders.
The Public Service lies waste: the very tax-gatherer has forgotten
his cunning: in this and the other Provincial Board of Management
(Directoire de Departmente) it is found advisable to retain what Taxes
you can gather, to pay your own inevitable expenditures. Our Revenue is
Assignats; emission on emission of Paper-money. And the Army; our
Three grand Armies, of Rochambeau, of Luckner, of Lafayette? Lean,
disconsolate hover these Three grand Armies, watching the Frontiers
there; three Flights of long-necked Cranes in moulting time;--wretched,
disobedient, disorganised; who never saw fire; the old Generals and
Officers gone across the Rhine. War-minister Narbonne, he of the
rose-coloured Reports, solicits recruitments, equipments, money, always
money; threatens, since he can get none,--to 'take his sword,' which
belongs to himself, and go serve his country with that. (Moniteur,
Seance du 23 Janvier, 1792; Biographie des Ministres para Narbonne.)
The question of questions is: What shall be done? Shall we, with a
desperate defiance which Fortune sometimes favours, draw the sword
at once, in the face of this in-rushing world of Emigration and
Obscurantism; or wait, and temporise and diplomatise, till, if possible,
our resources mature themselves a little? And yet again are our
resources growing towards maturity; or growing the other way? Dubious:
the ablest Patriots are divided; Brissot and his Brissotins, or
Girondins, in the Legislative, cry aloud for the former defiant plan;
Robespierre, in the Jacobins, pleads as loud for the latter dilatory
one: with responses, even with mutual reprimands; distracting the Mother
of Patriotism. Consider also what agitated Breakfasts there may be at
Madame d'Udon's in the Place Vendome! The alarm of all men is great.
Help, ye Patriots; and O at least agree; for the hour presses. Frost was
not yet gone, when in that 'tolerably handsome apartment of the Castle
of Niort,' there arrived a Letter: General Dumouriez must to Paris. It
is War-minister Narbonne that writes; the General shall give counsel
about many things. (Dumouriez, ii. c. 6.) In the month of February 1792,
Brissotin friends welcome their Dumouriez Polymetis,--comparable
really to an antique Ulysses in modern costume; quick, elastic, shifty,
insuppressible, a 'many-counselled man.'
Let the Reader fancy this fair France with a whole Cimmerian Europe
girdling her, rolling in on her; black, to burst in red thunder of War;
fair France herself hand-shackled and foot-shackled in the weltering
complexities of this Social Clothing, or Constitution, which they have
made for her; a France that, in such Constitution, cannot march! And
Hunger too; and plotting Aristocrats, and excommunicating Dissident
Priests: 'The man Lebrun by name' urging his black wiski, visible to the
eye: and, still more terrible in his invisibility, Engineer Goguelat,
with Queen's cipher, riding and running!
The excommunicatory Priests give new trouble in the Maine and Loire; La
Vendee, nor Cathelineau the wool-dealer, has not ceased grumbling
and rumbling. Nay behold Jales itself once more: how often does that
real-imaginary Camp of the Fiend require to be extinguished! For
near two years now, it has waned faint and again waxed bright, in the
bewildered soul of Patriotism: actually, if Patriotism knew it, one
of the most surprising products of Nature working with Art. Royalist
Seigneurs, under this or the other pretext, assemble the simple people
of these Cevennes Mountains; men not unused to revolt, and with heart
for fighting, could their poor heads be got persuaded. The Royalist
Seigneur harangues; harping mainly on the religious string: "True
Priests maltreated, false Priests intruded, Protestants (once dragooned)
now triumphing, things sacred given to the dogs;" and so produces, from
the pious Mountaineer throat, rough growlings. "Shall we not testify,
then, ye brave hearts of the Cevennes; march to the rescue? Holy
Religion; duty to God and King?" "Si fait, si fait, Just so, just so,"
answer the brave hearts always: "Mais il y a de bien bonnes choses
dans la Revolution, But there are many good things in the Revolution
too!"--And so the matter, cajole as we may, will only turn on its axis,
not stir from the spot, and remains theatrical merely. (Dampmartin, i.
201.)
Nevertheless deepen your cajolery, harp quick and quicker, ye Royalist
Seigneurs; with a dead-lift effort you may bring it to that. In
the month of June next, this Camp of Jales will step forth as a
theatricality suddenly become real; Two thousand strong, and with the
boast that it is Seventy thousand: most strange to see; with flags
flying, bayonets fixed; with Proclamation, and d'Artois Commission of
civil war! Let some Rebecqui, or other the like hot-clear Patriot; let
some 'Lieutenant-Colonel Aubry,' if Rebecqui is busy elsewhere, raise
instantaneous National Guards, and disperse and dissolve it; and blow
the Old Castle asunder, (Moniteur, Seance du 15 Juillet 1792.) that so,
if possible, we hear of it no more!
In the Months of February and March, it is recorded, the terror,
especially of rural France, had risen even to the transcendental pitch:
not far from madness. In Town and Hamlet is rumour; of war, massacre:
that Austrians, Aristocrats, above all, that The Brigands are close by.
Men quit their houses and huts; rush fugitive, shrieking, with wife
and child, they know not whither. Such a terror, the eye-witnesses say,
never fell on a Nation; nor shall again fall, even in Reigns of Terror
expressly so-called. The Countries of the Loire, all the Central and
South-East regions, start up distracted, 'simultaneously as by an
electric shock;'--for indeed grain too gets scarcer and scarcer. 'The
people barricade the entrances of Towns, pile stones in the upper
stories, the women prepare boiling water; from moment to moment,
expecting the attack. In the Country, the alarm-bell rings incessant:
troops of peasants, gathered by it, scour the highways, seeking an
imaginary enemy. They are armed mostly with scythes stuck in wood;
and, arriving in wild troops at the barricaded Towns, are themselves
sometimes taken for Brigands.' (Newspapers, &c. in Hist. Parl. xiii.
325.)
So rushes old France: old France is rushing down. What the end will be
is known to no mortal; that the end is near all mortals may know.
Chapter 2.5.VII.
Constitution will not march.
To all which our poor Legislative, tied up by an unmarching
Constitution, can oppose nothing, by way of remedy, but mere bursts of
parliamentary eloquence! They go on, debating, denouncing, objurgating:
loud weltering Chaos, which devours itself.
But their two thousand and odd Decrees? Reader, these happily concern
not thee, nor me. Mere Occasional Decrees, foolish and not foolish;
sufficient for that day was its own evil! Of the whole two thousand
there are not, now half a score, and these mostly blighted in the bud
by royal Veto, that will profit or disprofit us. On the 17th of January,
the Legislative, for one thing, got its High Court, its Haute Cour,
set up at Orleans. The theory had been given by the Constituent, in
May last, but this is the reality: a Court for the trial of Political
Offences; a Court which cannot want work. To this it was decreed that
there needed no royal Acceptance, therefore that there could be no Veto.
Also Priests can now be married; ever since last October. A patriotic
adventurous Priest had made bold to marry himself then; and not thinking
this enough, came to the bar with his new spouse; that the whole world
might hold honey-moon with him, and a Law be obtained.
Less joyful are the Laws against Refractory Priests; and yet no less
needful! Decrees on Priests and Decrees on Emigrants: these are the
two brief Series of Decrees, worked out with endless debate, and then
cancelled by Veto, which mainly concern us here. For an august National
Assembly must needs conquer these Refractories, Clerical or Laic, and
thumbscrew them into obedience; yet, behold, always as you turn your
legislative thumbscrew, and will press and even crush till Refractories
give way,--King's Veto steps in, with magical paralysis; and your
thumbscrew, hardly squeezing, much less crushing, does not act!
Truly a melancholy Set of Decrees, a pair of Sets; paralysed by
Veto! First, under date the 28th of October 1791, we have Legislative
Proclamation, issued by herald and bill-sticker; inviting Monsieur, the
King's Brother to return within two months, under penalties. To which
invitation Monsieur replies nothing; or indeed replies by Newspaper
Parody, inviting the august Legislative 'to return to common sense
within two months,' under penalties. Whereupon the Legislative must take
stronger measures. So, on the 9th of November, we declare all Emigrants
to be 'suspect of conspiracy;' and, in brief, to be 'outlawed,' if
they have not returned at Newyear's-day:--Will the King say Veto? That
'triple impost' shall be levied on these men's Properties, or even their
Properties be 'put in sequestration,' one can understand. But further,
on Newyear's-day itself, not an individual having 'returned,' we
declare, and with fresh emphasis some fortnight later again declare,
That Monsieur is dechu, forfeited of his eventual Heirship to the Crown;
nay more that Conde, Calonne, and a considerable List of others are
accused of high treason; and shall be judged by our High Court of
Orleans: Veto!--Then again as to Nonjurant Priests: it was decreed, in
November last, that they should forfeit what Pensions they had; be 'put
under inspection, under surveillance,' and, if need were, be banished:
Veto! A still sharper turn is coming; but to this also the answer will
be, Veto.
Veto after Veto; your thumbscrew paralysed! Gods and men may see that
the Legislative is in a false position. As, alas, who is in a true one?
Voices already murmur for a 'National Convention.' (December 1791 (Hist.
Parl. xii. 257).) This poor Legislative, spurred and stung into action
by a whole France and a whole Europe, cannot act; can only objurgate
and perorate; with stormy 'motions,' and motion in which is no way: with
effervescence, with noise and fuliginous fury!
What scenes in that National Hall! President jingling his inaudible
bell; or, as utmost signal of distress, clapping on his hat; 'the tumult
subsiding in twenty minutes,' and this or the other indiscreet Member
sent to the Abbaye Prison for three days! Suspected Persons must be
summoned and questioned; old M. de Sombreuil of the Invalides has to
give account of himself, and why he leaves his Gates open. Unusual
smoke rose from the Sevres Pottery, indicating conspiracy; the Potters
explained that it was Necklace-Lamotte's Memoirs, bought up by her
Majesty, which they were endeavouring to suppress by fire, (Moniteur,
Seance du 28 Mai 1792; Campan, ii. 196.)--which nevertheless he that
runs may still read.
Again, it would seem, Duke de Brissac and the King's
Constitutional-Guard are 'making cartridges secretly in the cellars;'
a set of Royalists, pure and impure; black cut-throats many of them,
picked out of gaming houses and sinks; in all Six thousand instead of
Eighteen hundred; who evidently gloom on us every time we enter the
Chateau. (Dumouriez, ii. 168.) Wherefore, with infinite debate, let
Brissac and King's Guard be disbanded. Disbanded accordingly they are;
after only two months of existence, for they did not get on foot till
March of this same year. So ends briefly the King's new Constitutional
Maison Militaire; he must now be guarded by mere Swiss and blue
Nationals again. It seems the lot of Constitutional things. New
Constitutional Maison Civile he would never even establish, much as
Barnave urged it; old resident Duchesses sniffed at it, and held aloof;
on the whole her Majesty thought it not worth while, the Noblesse would
so soon be back triumphant. (Campan, ii. c. 19.)
Or, looking still into this National Hall and its scenes, behold Bishop
Torne, a Constitutional Prelate, not of severe morals, demanding that
'religious costumes and such caricatures' be abolished. Bishop Torne
warms, catches fire; finishes by untying, and indignantly flinging on
the table, as if for gage or bet, his own pontifical cross. Which cross,
at any rate, is instantly covered by the cross of Te-Deum Fauchet, then
by other crosses, and insignia, till all are stripped; this clerical
Senator clutching off his skull-cap, that other his frill-collar,--lest
Fanaticism return on us. (Moniteur, du 7 Avril 1792; Deux Amis, vii.
111.)
Quick is the movement here! And then so confused, unsubstantial, you
might call it almost spectral; pallid, dim, inane, like the Kingdoms
of Dis! Unruly Liguet, shrunk to a kind of spectre for us, pleads here,
some cause that he has: amid rumour and interruption, which excel human
patience; he 'tears his papers, and withdraws,' the irascible adust
little man. Nay honourable members will tear their papers, being
effervescent: Merlin of Thionville tears his papers, crying: "So, the
People cannot be saved by you!" Nor are Deputations wanting: Deputations
of Sections; generally with complaint and denouncement, always with
Patriot fervour of sentiment: Deputation of Women, pleading that they
also may be allowed to take Pikes, and exercise in the Champ-de-Mars.
Why not, ye Amazons, if it be in you? Then occasionally, having done our
message and got answer, we 'defile through the Hall, singing ca-ira;'
or rather roll and whirl through it, 'dancing our ronde patriotique the
while,'--our new Carmagnole, or Pyrrhic war-dance and liberty-dance.
Patriot Huguenin, Ex-Advocate, Ex-Carabineer, Ex-Clerk of the
Barriers, comes deputed, with Saint-Antoine at his heels; denouncing
Anti-patriotism, Famine, Forstalment and Man-eaters; asks an august
Legislative: "Is there not a tocsin in your hearts against these
mangeurs d'hommes!" (See Moniteur, Seances in Hist. Parl. xiii. xiv.)
But above all things, for this is a continual business, the Legislative
has to reprimand the King's Ministers. Of His Majesty's Ministers we
have said hitherto, and say, next to nothing. Still more spectral these!
Sorrowful; of no permanency any of them, none at least since Montmorin
vanished: the 'eldest of the King's Council' is occasionally not ten
days old! (Dumouriez, ii. 137.) Feuillant-Constitutional, as your
respectable Cahier de Gerville, as your respectable unfortunate
Delessarts; or Royalist-Constitutional, as Montmorin last Friend
of Necker; or Aristocrat as Bertrand-Moleville: they flit there
phantom-like, in the huge simmering confusion; poor shadows, dashed in
the racking winds; powerless, without meaning;--whom the human memory
need not charge itself with.
But how often, we say, are these poor Majesty's Ministers summoned over;
to be questioned, tutored; nay, threatened, almost bullied! They answer
what, with adroitest simulation and casuistry, they can: of which a
poor Legislative knows not what to make. One thing only is clear, That
Cimmerian Europe is girdling us in; that France (not actually dead,
surely?) cannot march. Have a care, ye Ministers! Sharp Guadet
transfixes you with cross-questions, with sudden Advocate-conclusions;
the sleeping tempest that is in Vergniaud can be awakened. Restless
Brissot brings up Reports, Accusations, endless thin Logic; it is
the man's highday even now. Condorcet redacts, with his firm pen,
our 'Address of the Legislative Assembly to the French Nation.' (16th
February 1792 (Choix des Rapports, viii. 375-92).) Fiery Max Isnard,
who, for the rest, will "carry not Fire and Sword" on those Cimmerian
Enemies "but Liberty,"--is for declaring "that we hold Ministers
responsible; and that by responsibility we mean death, nous entendons la
mort."
For verily it grows serious: the time presses, and traitors there are.
Bertrand-Moleville has a smooth tongue, the known Aristocrat; gall
in his heart. How his answers and explanations flow ready; jesuitic,
plausible to the ear! But perhaps the notablest is this, which befel
once when Bertrand had done answering and was withdrawn. Scarcely had
the august Assembly begun considering what was to be done with him, when
the Hall fills with smoke. Thick sour smoke: no oratory, only wheezing
and barking;--irremediable; so that the august Assembly has to adjourn!
(Courrier de Paris, 14 Janvier, 1792 (Gorsas's Newspaper), in Hist.
Parl. xiii. 83.) A miracle? Typical miracle? One knows not: only this
one seems to know, that 'the Keeper of the Stoves was appointed by
Bertrand' or by some underling of his!--O fuliginous confused Kingdom
of Dis, with thy Tantalus-Ixion toils, with thy angry Fire-floods, and
Streams named of Lamentation, why hast thou not thy Lethe too, that so
one might finish?
Chapter 2.5.VIII.
The Jacobins.
Nevertheless let not Patriotism despair. Have we not, in Paris at least,
a virtuous Petion, a wholly Patriotic Municipality? Virtuous Petion,
ever since November, is Mayor of Paris: in our Municipality, the Public,
for the Public is now admitted too, may behold an energetic Danton;
further, an epigrammatic slow-sure Manuel; a resolute unrepentant
Billaud-Varennes, of Jesuit breeding; Tallien able-editor; and nothing
but Patriots, better or worse. So ran the November Elections: to the
joy of most citizens; nay the very Court supported Petion rather than
Lafayette. And so Bailly and his Feuillants, long waning like the
Moon, had to withdraw then, making some sorrowful obeisance, into
extinction;--or indeed into worse, into lurid half-light, grimmed by
the shadow of that Red Flag of theirs, and bitter memory of the
Champ-de-Mars. How swift is the progress of things and men! Not now
does Lafayette, as on that Federation-day, when his noon was, 'press his
sword firmly on the Fatherland's Altar,' and swear in sight of
France: ah no; he, waning and setting ever since that hour, hangs now,
disastrous, on the edge of the horizon; commanding one of those Three
moulting Crane-flights of Armies, in a most suspected, unfruitful,
uncomfortable manner!
But, at most, cannot Patriotism, so many thousands strong in this
Metropolis of the Universe, help itself? Has it not right-hands, pikes?
Hammering of pikes, which was not to be prohibited by Mayor Bailly, has
been sanctioned by Mayor Petion; sanctioned by Legislative Assembly.
How not, when the King's so-called Constitutional Guard 'was making
cartridges in secret?' Changes are necessary for the National Guard
itself; this whole Feuillant-Aristocrat Staff of the Guard must be
disbanded. Likewise, citizens without uniform may surely rank in the
Guard, the pike beside the musket, in such a time: the 'active' citizen
and the passive who can fight for us, are they not both welcome?--O
my Patriot friends, indubitably Yes! Nay the truth is, Patriotism
throughout, were it never so white-frilled, logical, respectable, must
either lean itself heartily on Sansculottism, the black, bottomless;
or else vanish, in the frightfullest way, to Limbo! Thus some, with
upturned nose, will altogether sniff and disdain Sansculottism; others
will lean heartily on it; nay others again will lean what we call
heartlessly on it: three sorts; each sort with a destiny corresponding.
(Discours de Bailly, Reponse de Petion (Moniteur du 20 Novembre 1791).)
In such point of view, however, have we not for the present a Volunteer
Ally, stronger than all the rest: namely, Hunger? Hunger; and what
rushing of Panic Terror this and the sum-total of our other miseries may
bring! For Sansculottism grows by what all other things die of. Stupid
Peter Baille almost made an epigram, though unconsciously, and with the
Patriot world laughing not at it but at him, when he wrote 'Tout va
bien ici, le pain manque, All goes well here, victuals not to be had.'
(Barbaroux, p. 94.)
Neither, if you knew it, is Patriotism without her Constitution that can
march; her not impotent Parliament; or call it, Ecumenic Council, and
General-Assembly of the Jean-Jacques Churches: the MOTHER-SOCIETY,
namely! Mother-Society with her three hundred full-grown Daughters; with
what we can call little Granddaughters trying to walk, in every village
of France, numerable, as Burke thinks, by the hundred thousand. This is
the true Constitution; made not by Twelve-Hundred august Senators, but
by Nature herself; and has grown, unconsciously, out of the wants and
the efforts of these Twenty-five Millions of men. They are 'Lords of
the Articles,' our Jacobins; they originate debates for the Legislative;
discuss Peace and War; settle beforehand what the Legislative is to
do. Greatly to the scandal of philosophical men, and of most
Historians;--who do in that judge naturally, and yet not wisely. A
Governing power must exist: your other powers here are simulacra; this
power is it.
Great is the Mother-Society: She has had the honour to be denounced by
Austrian Kaunitz; (Moniteur, Seance du 29 Mars, 1792.) and is all
the dearer to Patriotism. By fortune and valour, she has extinguished
Feuillantism itself, at least the Feuillant Club. This latter, high
as it once carried its head, she, on the 18th of February, has the
satisfaction to see shut, extinct; Patriots having gone thither, with
tumult, to hiss it out of pain. The Mother Society has enlarged her
locality, stretches now over the whole nave of the Church. Let us glance
in, with the worthy Toulongeon, our old Ex-Constituent Friend, who
happily has eyes to see: 'The nave of the Jacobins Church,' says he, 'is
changed into a vast Circus, the seats of which mount up circularly like
an amphitheatre to the very groin of the domed roof. A high Pyramid
of black marble, built against one of the walls, which was formerly a
funeral monument, has alone been left standing: it serves now as back to
the Office-bearers' Bureau. Here on an elevated Platform sit President
and Secretaries, behind and above them the white Busts of Mirabeau, of
Franklin, and various others, nay finally of Marat. Facing this is the
Tribune, raised till it is midway between floor and groin of the dome,
so that the speaker's voice may be in the centre. From that point,
thunder the voices which shake all Europe: down below, in silence, are
forging the thunderbolts and the firebrands. Penetrating into this huge
circuit, where all is out of measure, gigantic, the mind cannot repress
some movement of terror and wonder; the imagination recals those dread
temples which Poetry, of old, had consecrated to the Avenging Deities.'
(Toulongeon, ii. 124.)
Scenes too are in this Jacobin Amphitheatre,--had History time for them.
Flags of the 'Three free Peoples of the Universe,' trinal brotherly
flags of England, America, France, have been waved here in concert; by
London Deputation, of Whigs or Wighs and their Club, on this hand, and
by young French Citizenesses on that; beautiful sweet-tongued Female
Citizens, who solemnly send over salutation and brotherhood, also
Tricolor stitched by their own needle, and finally Ears of Wheat;
while the dome rebellows with Vivent les trois peuples libres! from all
throats:--a most dramatic scene. Demoiselle Theroigne recites, from that
Tribune in mid air, her persecutions in Austria; comes leaning on the
arm of Joseph Chenier, Poet Chenier, to demand Liberty for the hapless
Swiss of Chateau-Vieux. (Debats des Jacobins (Hist. Parl. xiii. 259,
&c.).) Be of hope, ye Forty Swiss; tugging there, in the Brest waters;
not forgotten!
Deputy Brissot perorates from that Tribune; Desmoulins, our wicked
Camille, interjecting audibly from below, "Coquin!" Here, though
oftener in the Cordeliers, reverberates the lion-voice of Danton; grim
Billaud-Varennes is here; Collot d'Herbois, pleading for the Forty
Swiss; tearing a passion to rags. Apophthegmatic Manuel winds up in
this pithy way: "A Minister must perish!"--to which the Amphitheatre
responds: "Tous, Tous, All, All!" But the Chief Priest and Speaker of
this place, as we said, is Robespierre, the long-winded incorruptible
man. What spirit of Patriotism dwelt in men in those times, this one
fact, it seems to us, will evince: that fifteen hundred human creatures,
not bound to it, sat quiet under the oratory of Robespierre; nay,
listened nightly, hour after hour, applausive; and gaped as for the word
of life. More insupportable individual, one would say, seldom opened his
mouth in any Tribune. Acrid, implacable-impotent; dull-drawling, barren
as the Harmattan-wind! He pleads, in endless earnest-shallow speech,
against immediate War, against Woollen Caps or Bonnets Rouges, against
many things; and is the Trismegistus and Dalai-Lama of Patriot men. Whom
nevertheless a shrill-voiced little man, yet with fine eyes, and a broad
beautifully sloping brow, rises respectfully to controvert: he is, say
the Newspaper Reporters, 'M. Louvet, Author of the charming Romance
of Faublas.' Steady, ye Patriots! Pull not yet two ways; with a France
rushing panic-stricken in the rural districts, and a Cimmerian Europe
storming in on you!
Chapter 2.5.IX.
Minister Roland.
About the vernal equinox, however, one unexpected gleam of hope does
burst forth on Patriotism: the appointment of a thoroughly Patriot
Ministry. This also his Majesty, among his innumerable experiments
of wedding fire to water, will try. Quod bonum sit. Madame d'Udon's
Breakfasts have jingled with a new significance; not even Genevese
Dumont but had a word in it. Finally, on the 15th and onwards to the 23d
day of March, 1792, when all is negociated,--this is the blessed issue;
this Patriot Ministry that we see.
General Dumouriez, with the Foreign Portfolio shall ply Kaunitz and the
Kaiser, in another style than did poor Delessarts; whom indeed we have
sent to our High Court of Orleans for his sluggishness. War-minister
Narbonne is washed away by the Time-flood; poor Chevalier de Grave,
chosen by the Court, is fast washing away: then shall austere Servan,
able Engineer-Officer, mount suddenly to the War Department. Genevese
Claviere sees an old omen realized: passing the Finance Hotel, long
years ago, as a poor Genevese Exile, it was borne wondrously on his
mind that he was to be Finance Minister; and now he is it;--and his poor
Wife, given up by the Doctors, rises and walks, not the victim of nerves
but their vanquisher. (Dumont, c. 20, 21.) And above all, our Minister
of the Interior? Roland de la Platriere, he of Lyons! So have the
Brissotins, public or private Opinion, and Breakfasts in the Place
Vendome decided it. Strict Roland, compared to a Quaker endimanche, or
Sunday Quaker, goes to kiss hands at the Tuileries, in round hat and
sleek hair, his shoes tied with mere riband or ferrat! The Supreme
Usher twitches Dumouriez aside: "Quoi, Monsieur! No buckles to his
shoes?"--"Ah, Monsieur," answers Dumouriez, glancing towards the ferrat:
"All is lost, Tout est perdu." (Madame Roland, ii. 80-115.)
And so our fair Roland removes from her upper floor in the Rue
Saint-Jacques, to the sumptuous saloons once occupied by Madame Necker.
Nay still earlier, it was Calonne that did all this gilding; it was he
who ground these lustres, Venetian mirrors; who polished this inlaying,
this veneering and or-moulu; and made it, by rubbing of the proper
lamp, an Aladdin's Palace:--and now behold, he wanders dim-flitting over
Europe, half-drowned in the Rhine-stream, scarcely saving his Papers!
Vos non vobis.--The fair Roland, equal to either fortune, has her public
Dinner on Fridays, the Ministers all there in a body: she withdraws to
her desk (the cloth once removed), and seems busy writing; nevertheless
loses no word: if for example Deputy Brissot and Minister Claviere
get too hot in argument, she, not without timidity, yet with a cunning
gracefulness, will interpose. Deputy Brissot's head, they say, is
getting giddy, in this sudden height: as feeble heads do.
Envious men insinuate that the Wife Roland is Minister, and not the
Husband: it is happily the worst they have to charge her with. For
the rest, let whose head soever be getting giddy, it is not this brave
woman's. Serene and queenly here, as she was of old in her own
hired garret of the Ursulines Convent! She who has quietly shelled
French-beans for her dinner; being led to that, as a young maiden, by
quiet insight and computation; and knowing what that was, and what she
was: such a one will also look quietly on or-moulu and veneering, not
ignorant of these either. Calonne did the veneering: he gave dinners
here, old Besenval diplomatically whispering to him; and was great: yet
Calonne we saw at last 'walk with long strides.' Necker next: and where
now is Necker? Us also a swift change has brought hither; a swift change
will send us hence. Not a Palace but a Caravansera!
So wags and wavers this unrestful World, day after day, month
after month. The Streets of Paris, and all Cities, roll daily their
oscillatory flood of men; which flood does, nightly, disappear, and lie
hidden horizontal in beds and trucklebeds; and awakes on the morrow
to new perpendicularity and movement. Men go their roads, foolish or
wise;--Engineer Goguelat to and fro, bearing Queen's cipher. A Madame
de Stael is busy; cannot clutch her Narbonne from the Time-flood: a
Princess de Lamballe is busy; cannot help her Queen. Barnave, seeing
the Feuillants dispersed, and Coblentz so brisk, begs by way of final
recompence to kiss her Majesty's hand; augurs not well of her new
course; and retires home to Grenoble, to wed an heiress there. The Cafe
Valois and Meot the Restaurateur's hear daily gasconade; loud babble
of Half-pay Royalists, with or without Poniards; remnants of Aristocrat
saloons call the new Ministry Ministere-Sansculotte. A Louvet, of the
Romance Faublas, is busy in the Jacobins. A Cazotte, of the Romance
Diable Amoureux, is busy elsewhere: better wert thou quiet, old Cazotte;
it is a world, this, of magic become real! All men are busy; doing
they only half guess what:--flinging seeds, of tares mostly, into the
"Seed-field of TIME" this, by and by, will declare wholly what.
But Social Explosions have in them something dread, and as it were mad
and magical: which indeed Life always secretly has; thus the dumb Earth
(says Fable), if you pull her mandrake-roots, will give a daemonic
mad-making moan. These Explosions and Revolts ripen, break forth like
dumb dread Forces of Nature; and yet they are Men's forces; and yet we
are part of them: the Daemonic that is in man's life has burst out on
us, will sweep us too away!--One day here is like another, and yet it is
not like but different. How much is growing, silently resistless, at all
moments! Thoughts are growing; forms of Speech are growing, and Customs
and even Costumes; still more visibly are actions and transactions
growing, and that doomed Strife, of France with herself and with the
whole world.
The word Liberty is never named now except in conjunction with another;
Liberty and Equality. In like manner, what, in a reign of Liberty and
Equality, can these words, 'Sir,' 'obedient Servant,' 'Honour to be,'
and such like, signify? Tatters and fibres of old Feudality; which, were
it only in the Grammatical province, ought to be rooted out! The Mother
Society has long since had proposals to that effect: these she could
not entertain, not at the moment. Note too how the Jacobin Brethren are
mounting new symbolical headgear: the Woollen Cap or Nightcap, bonnet de
laine, better known as bonnet rouge, the colour being red. A thing
one wears not only by way of Phrygian Cap-of-Liberty, but also for
convenience' sake, and then also in compliment to the Lower-class
Patriots and Bastille-Heroes; for the Red Nightcap combines all the
three properties. Nay cockades themselves begin to be made of wool, of
tricolor yarn: the riband-cockade, as a symptom of Feuillant Upper-class
temper, is becoming suspicious. Signs of the times.
Still more, note the travail-throes of Europe: or, rather, note the
birth she brings; for the successive throes and shrieks, of Austrian
and Prussian Alliance, of Kaunitz Anti-jacobin Despatch, of French
Ambassadors cast out, and so forth, were long to note. Dumouriez
corresponds with Kaunitz, Metternich, or Cobentzel, in another style
that Delessarts did. Strict becomes stricter; categorical answer, as to
this Coblentz work and much else, shall be given. Failing which? Failing
which, on the 20th day of April 1792, King and Ministers step over to
the Salle de Manege; promulgate how the matter stands; and poor Louis,
'with tears in his eyes,' proposes that the Assembly do now decree War.
After due eloquence, War is decreed that night.
War, indeed! Paris came all crowding, full of expectancy, to the
morning, and still more to the evening session. D'Orleans with his two
sons, is there; looks on, wide-eyed, from the opposite Gallery. (Deux
Amis, vii. 146-66.) Thou canst look, O Philippe: it is a War big with
issues, for thee and for all men. Cimmerian Obscurantism and this thrice
glorious Revolution shall wrestle for it, then: some Four-and-twenty
years; in immeasurable Briareus' wrestle; trampling and tearing; before
they can come to any, not agreement, but compromise, and approximate
ascertainment each of what is in the other.
Let our Three Generals on the Frontiers look to it, therefore; and poor
Chevalier de Grave, the Warminister, consider what he will do. What is
in the three Generals and Armies we may guess. As for poor Chevalier de
Grave, he, in this whirl of things all coming to a press and pinch upon
him, loses head, and merely whirls with them, in a totally distracted
manner; signing himself at last, 'De Grave, Mayor of Paris:' whereupon
he demits, returns over the Channel, to walk in Kensington Gardens;
(Dumont, c. 19, 21.) and austere Servan, the able Engineer-Officer, is
elevated in his stead. To the post of Honour? To that of Difficulty, at
least.
Chapter 2.5.X.
Petion-National-Pique.
And yet, how, on dark bottomless Cataracts there plays the foolishest
fantastic-coloured spray and shadow; hiding the Abyss under vapoury
rainbows! Alongside of this discussion as to Austrian-Prussian War,
there goes on no less but more vehemently a discussion, Whether the
Forty or Two-and-forty Swiss of Chateau-Vieux shall be liberated from
the Brest Gallies? And then, Whether, being liberated, they shall have a
public Festival, or only private ones?
Theroigne, as we saw, spoke; and Collot took up the tale. Has not
Bouille's final display of himself, in that final Night of Spurs,
stamped your so-called 'Revolt of Nanci' into a 'Massacre of Nanci,'
for all Patriot judgments? Hateful is that massacre; hateful the
Lafayette-Feuillant 'public thanks' given for it! For indeed, Jacobin
Patriotism and dispersed Feuillantism are now at death-grips; and do
fight with all weapons, even with scenic shows. The walls of Paris,
accordingly, are covered with Placard and Counter-Placard, on the
subject of Forty Swiss blockheads. Journal responds to Journal; Player
Collot to Poetaster Roucher; Joseph Chenier the Jacobin, squire of
Theroigne, to his Brother Andre the Feuillant; Mayor Petion to Dupont de
Nemours: and for the space of two months, there is nowhere peace for the
thought of man,--till this thing be settled.
Gloria in excelsis! The Forty Swiss are at last got 'amnestied.' Rejoice
ye Forty: doff your greasy wool Bonnets, which shall become Caps of
Liberty. The Brest Daughter-Society welcomes you from on board, with
kisses on each cheek: your iron Handcuffs are disputed as Relics of
Saints; the Brest Society indeed can have one portion, which it will
beat into Pikes, a sort of Sacred Pikes; but the other portion must
belong to Paris, and be suspended from the dome there, along with the
Flags of the Three Free Peoples! Such a goose is man; and cackles over
plush-velvet Grand Monarques and woollen Galley-slaves; over everything
and over nothing,--and will cackle with his whole soul merely if others
cackle!
On the ninth morning of April, these Forty Swiss blockheads arrive.
From Versailles; with vivats heaven-high; with the affluence of men and
women. To the Townhall we conduct them; nay to the Legislative
itself, though not without difficulty. They are harangued, bedinnered,
begifted,--the very Court, not for conscience' sake, contributing
something; and their Public Festival shall be next Sunday. Next Sunday
accordingly it is. (Newspapers of February, March, April, 1792; Iambe
d'Andre Chenier sur la Fete des Suisses; &c., &c. in Hist. Parl. xiii,
xiv.) They are mounted into a 'triumphal Car resembling a ship;' are
carted over Paris, with the clang of cymbals and drums, all mortals
assisting applausive; carted to the Champ-de-Mars and Fatherland's
Altar; and finally carted, for Time always brings deliverance,--into
invisibility for evermore.
Whereupon dispersed Feuillantism, or that Party which loves Liberty yet
not more than Monarchy, will likewise have its Festival: Festival of
Simonneau, unfortunate Mayor of Etampes, who died for the Law; most
surely for the Law, though Jacobinism disputes; being trampled down
with his Red Flag in the riot about grains. At which Festival the Public
again assists, unapplausive: not we.
On the whole, Festivals are not wanting; beautiful rainbow-spray when
all is now rushing treble-quick towards its Niagara Fall. National
repasts there are; countenanced by Mayor Petion; Saint-Antoine, and
the Strong Ones of the Halles defiling through Jacobin Club, "their
felicity," according to Santerre, "not perfect otherwise;" singing
many-voiced their ca-ira, dancing their ronde patriotique. Among whom
one is glad to discern Saint-Huruge, expressly 'in white hat,' the
Saint-Christopher of the Carmagnole. Nay a certain, Tambour or National
Drummer, having just been presented with a little daughter, determines
to have the new Frenchwoman christened on Fatherland's Altar then and
there. Repast once over, he accordingly has her christened; Fauchet the
Te-Deum Bishop acting in chief, Thuriot and honourable persons standing
gossips: by the name, Petion-National-Pique! (Patriote-Francais
(Brissot's Newspaper), in Hist. Parl. xiii. 451.) Does this remarkable
Citizeness, now past the meridian of life, still walk the Earth? Or did
she die perhaps of teething? Universal History is not indifferent.
Chapter 2.5.XI.
The Hereditary Representative.
And yet it is not by carmagnole-dances and singing of ca-ira, that the
work can be done. Duke Brunswick is not dancing carmagnoles, but has his
drill serjeants busy.
On the Frontiers, our Armies, be it treason or not, behave in the worst
way. Troops badly commanded, shall we say? Or troops intrinsically bad?
Unappointed, undisciplined, mutinous; that, in a thirty-years peace,
have never seen fire? In any case, Lafayette's and Rochambeau's little
clutch, which they made at Austrian Flanders, has prospered as badly
as clutch need do: soldiers starting at their own shadow; suddenly
shrieking, "On nous trahit," and flying off in wild panic, at or before
the first shot;--managing only to hang some two or three Prisoners they
had picked up, and massacre their own Commander, poor Theobald Dillon,
driven into a granary by them in the Town of Lille.
And poor Gouvion: he who sat shiftless in that Insurrection of Women!
Gouvion quitted the Legislative Hall and Parliamentary duties, in
disgust and despair, when those Galley-slaves of Chateau-Vieux were
admitted there. He said, "Between the Austrians and the Jacobins there
is nothing but a soldier's death for it;" (Toulongeon, ii. 149.) and so,
'in the dark stormy night,' he has flung himself into the throat of the
Austrian cannon, and perished in the skirmish at Maubeuge on the ninth
of June. Whom Legislative Patriotism shall mourn, with black mortcloths
and melody in the Champ-de-Mars: many a Patriot shiftier, truer none.
Lafayette himself is looking altogether dubious; in place of beating the
Austrians, is about writing to denounce the Jacobins. Rochambeau,
all disconsolate, quits the service: there remains only Luckner, the
babbling old Prussian Grenadier.
Without Armies, without Generals! And the Cimmerian Night, has gathered
itself; Brunswick preparing his Proclamation; just about to march! Let
a Patriot Ministry and Legislative say, what in these circumstances it
will do? Suppress Internal Enemies, for one thing, answers the Patriot
Legislative; and proposes, on the 24th of May, its Decree for the
Banishment of Priests. Collect also some nucleus of determined internal
friends, adds War-minister Servan; and proposes, on the 7th of June, his
Camp of Twenty-thousand. Twenty-thousand National Volunteers; Five out
of each Canton; picked Patriots, for Roland has charge of the Interior:
they shall assemble here in Paris; and be for a defence, cunningly
devised, against foreign Austrians and domestic Austrian Committee
alike. So much can a Patriot Ministry and Legislative do.
Reasonable and cunningly devised as such Camp may, to Servan and
Patriotism, appear, it appears not so to Feuillantism; to that
Feuillant-Aristocrat Staff of the Paris Guard; a Staff, one would say
again, which will need to be dissolved. These men see, in this proposed
Camp of Servan's, an offence; and even, as they pretend to say, an
insult. Petitions there come, in consequence, from blue Feuillants in
epaulettes; ill received. Nay, in the end, there comes one Petition,
called 'of the Eight Thousand National Guards:' so many names are on it;
including women and children. Which famed Petition of the Eight Thousand
is indeed received: and the Petitioners, all under arms, are admitted to
the honours of the sitting,--if honours or even if sitting there be;
for the instant their bayonets appear at the one door, the Assembly
'adjourns,' and begins to flow out at the other. (Moniteur, Seance du 10
Juin 1792.)
Also, in these same days, it is lamentable to see how National Guards,
escorting Fete Dieu or Corpus-Christi ceremonial, do collar and smite
down any Patriot that does not uncover as the Hostie passes. They clap
their bayonets to the breast of Cattle-butcher Legendre, a known Patriot
ever since the Bastille days; and threaten to butcher him; though he sat
quite respectfully, he says, in his Gig, at a distance of fifty paces,
waiting till the thing were by. Nay, orthodox females were shrieking to
have down the Lanterne on him. (Debats des Jacobins in Hist. Parl. xiv.
429.)
To such height has Feuillantism gone in this Corps. For indeed, are not
their Officers creatures of the chief Feuillant, Lafayette? The Court
too has, very naturally, been tampering with them; caressing them,
ever since that dissolution of the so-called Constitutional Guard. Some
Battalions are altogether 'petris, kneaded full' of Feuillantism,
mere Aristocrats at bottom: for instance, the Battalion of the
Filles-Saint-Thomas, made up of your Bankers, Stockbrokers, and other
Full-purses of the Rue Vivienne. Our worthy old Friend Weber, Queen's
Foster-brother Weber, carries a musket in that Battalion,--one may judge
with what degree of Patriotic intention.
Heedless of all which, or rather heedful of all which, the Legislative,
backed by Patriot France and the feeling of Necessity, decrees this Camp
of Twenty thousand. Decisive though conditional Banishment of malign
Priests, it has already decreed.
It will now be seen, therefore, Whether the Hereditary Representative
is for us or against us? Whether or not, to all our other woes, this
intolerablest one is to be added; which renders us not a menaced Nation
in extreme jeopardy and need, but a paralytic Solecism of a Nation;
sitting wrapped as in dead cerements, of a Constitutional-Vesture that
were no other than a winding-sheet; our right hand glued to our left: to
wait there, writhing and wriggling, unable to stir from the spot,
till in Prussian rope we mount to the gallows? Let the Hereditary
Representative consider it well: The Decree of Priests? The Camp of
Twenty Thousand?--By Heaven, he answers, Veto! Veto!--Strict Roland
hands in his Letter to the King; or rather it was Madame's Letter,
who wrote it all at a sitting; one of the plainest-spoken Letters ever
handed in to any King. This plain-spoken Letter King Louis has the
benefit of reading overnight. He reads, inwardly digests; and next
morning, the whole Patriot Ministry finds itself turned out. It is the
13th of June 1792. (Madame Roland, ii. 115.)
Dumouriez the many-counselled, he, with one Duranthon, called Minister
of Justice, does indeed linger for a day or two; in rather suspicious
circumstances; speaks with the Queen, almost weeps with her: but in
the end, he too sets off for the Army; leaving what Un-Patriot or
Semi-Patriot Ministry and Ministries can now accept the helm, to accept
it. Name them not: new quick-changing Phantasms, which shift like
magic-lantern figures; more spectral than ever!
Unhappy Queen, unhappy Louis! The two Vetos were so natural: are not the
Priests martyrs; also friends? This Camp of Twenty Thousand, could it
be other than of stormfullest Sansculottes? Natural; and yet, to France,
unendurable. Priests that co-operate with Coblentz must go elsewhither
with their martyrdom: stormful Sansculottes, these and no other kind of
creatures, will drive back the Austrians. If thou prefer the Austrians,
then for the love of Heaven go join them. If not, join frankly with what
will oppose them to the death. Middle course is none.
Or alas, what extreme course was there left now, for a man like Louis?
Underhand Royalists, Ex-Minister Bertrand-Moleville, Ex-Constituent
Malouet, and all manner of unhelpful individuals, advise and advise.
With face of hope turned now on the Legislative Assembly, and now on
Austria and Coblentz, and round generally on the Chapter of Chances, an
ancient Kingship is reeling and spinning, one knows not whitherward, on
the flood of things.
Chapter 2.5.XII.
Procession of the Black Breeches.
But is there a thinking man in France who, in these circumstances,
can persuade himself that the Constitution will march? Brunswick is
stirring; he, in few days now, will march. Shall France sit still,
wrapped in dead cerements and grave-clothes, its right hand glued to
its left, till the Brunswick Saint-Bartholomew arrive; till France be as
Poland, and its Rights of Man become a Prussian Gibbet?
Verily, it is a moment frightful for all men. National Death; or else
some preternatural convulsive outburst of National Life;--that same,
daemonic outburst! Patriots whose audacity has limits had, in truth,
better retire like Barnave; court private felicity at Grenoble.
Patriots, whose audacity has no limits must sink down into the obscure;
and, daring and defying all things, seek salvation in stratagem, in Plot
of Insurrection. Roland and young Barbaroux have spread out the Map
of France before them, Barbaroux says 'with tears:' they consider what
Rivers, what Mountain ranges are in it: they will retire behind this
Loire-stream, defend these Auvergne stone-labyrinths; save some
little sacred Territory of the Free; die at least in their last ditch.
Lafayette indites his emphatic Letter to the Legislative against
Jacobinism; (Moniteur, Seance du 18 Juin 1792.) which emphatic Letter
will not heal the unhealable.
Forward, ye Patriots whose audacity has no limits; it is you now that
must either do or die! The sections of Paris sit in deep counsel; send
out Deputation after Deputation to the Salle de Manege, to petition and
denounce. Great is their ire against tyrannous Veto, Austrian Committee,
and the combined Cimmerian Kings. What boots it? Legislative listens to
the 'tocsin in our hearts;' grants us honours of the sitting, sees us
defile with jingle and fanfaronade; but the Camp of Twenty Thousand,
the Priest-Decree, be-vetoed by Majesty, are become impossible for
Legislative. Fiery Isnard says, "We will have Equality, should we
descend for it to the tomb." Vergniaud utters, hypothetically, his stern
Ezekiel-visions of the fate of Anti-national Kings. But the question
is: Will hypothetic prophecies, will jingle and fanfaronade demolish
the Veto; or will the Veto, secure in its Tuileries Chateau, remain
undemolishable by these? Barbaroux, dashing away his tears, writes to
the Marseilles Municipality, that they must send him 'Six hundred men
who know how to die, qui savent mourir.' (Barbaroux, p. 40.) No wet-eyed
message this, but a fire-eyed one;--which will be obeyed!
Meanwhile the Twentieth of June is nigh, anniversary of that
world-famous Oath of the Tennis-Court: on which day, it is said,
certain citizens have in view to plant a Mai or Tree of Liberty, in
the Tuileries Terrace of the Feuillants; perhaps also to petition the
Legislative and Hereditary Representative about these Vetos;--with
such demonstration, jingle and evolution, as may seem profitable and
practicable. Sections have gone singly, and jingled and evolved: but if
they all went, or great part of them, and there, planting their Mai in
these alarming circumstances, sounded the tocsin in their hearts?
Among King's Friends there can be but one opinion as to such a step:
among Nation's Friends there may be two. On the one hand, might it not
by possibility scare away these unblessed Vetos? Private Patriots
and even Legislative Deputies may have each his own opinion, or own
no-opinion: but the hardest task falls evidently on Mayor Petion and the
Municipals, at once Patriots and Guardians of the public Tranquillity.
Hushing the matter down with the one hand; tickling it up with
the other! Mayor Petion and Municipality may lean this way;
Department-Directory with Procureur-Syndic Roederer having a Feuillant
tendency, may lean that. On the whole, each man must act according to
his one opinion or to his two opinions; and all manner of influences,
official representations cross one another in the foolishest way.
Perhaps after all, the Project, desirable and yet not desirable, will
dissipate itself, being run athwart by so many complexities; and coming
to nothing?
Not so: on the Twentieth morning of June, a large Tree of Liberty,
Lombardy Poplar by kind, lies visibly tied on its car, in the
Suburb-Antoine. Suburb Saint-Marceau too, in the uttermost South-East,
and all that remote Oriental region, Pikemen and Pikewomen, National
Guards, and the unarmed curious are gathering,--with the peaceablest
intentions in the world. A tricolor Municipal arrives; speaks. Tush,
it is all peaceable, we tell thee, in the way of Law: are not Petitions
allowable, and the Patriotism of Mais? The tricolor Municipal returns
without effect: your Sansculottic rills continue flowing, combining into
brooks: towards noontide, led by tall Santerre in blue uniform, by tall
Saint-Huruge in white hat, it moves Westward, a respectable river, or
complication of still-swelling rivers.
What Processions have we not seen: Corpus-Christi and Legendre waiting
in Gig; Bones of Voltaire with bullock-chariots, and goadsmen in Roman
Costume; Feasts of Chateau-Vieux and Simonneau; Gouvion Funerals,
Rousseau Sham-Funerals, and the Baptism of Petion-National-Pike!
Nevertheless this Procession has a character of its own. Tricolor
ribands streaming aloft from pike-heads; ironshod batons; and emblems
not a few; among which, see specially these two, of the tragic and
the untragic sort: a Bull's Heart transfixed with iron, bearing this
epigraph, 'Coeur d'Aristocrate, Aristocrat's Heart;' and, more striking
still, properly the standard of the host, a pair of old Black Breeches
(silk, they say), extended on cross-staff high overhead, with these
memorable words: 'Tremblez tyrans, voila les Sansculottes, Tremble
tyrants, here are the Sans-indispensables!' Also, the Procession trails
two cannons.
Scarfed tricolor Municipals do now again meet it, in the Quai
Saint-Bernard; and plead earnestly, having called halt. Peaceable, ye
virtuous tricolor Municipals, peaceable are we as the sucking dove.
Behold our Tennis-Court Mai. Petition is legal; and as for arms, did
not an august Legislative receive the so-called Eight Thousand in arms,
Feuillants though they were? Our Pikes, are they not of National iron?
Law is our father and mother, whom we will not dishonour; but Patriotism
is our own soul. Peaceable, ye virtuous Municipals;--and on the whole,
limited as to time! Stop we cannot; march ye with us.--The Black
Breeches agitate themselves, impatient; the cannon-wheels grumble: the
many-footed Host tramps on.
How it reached the Salle de Manege, like an ever-waxing river; got
admittance, after debate; read its Address; and defiled, dancing
and ca-ira-ing, led by tall sonorous Santerre and tall sonorous
Saint-Huruge: how it flowed, not now a waxing river but a shut Caspian
lake, round all Precincts of the Tuileries; the front Patriot squeezed
by the rearward, against barred iron Grates, like to have the life
squeezed out of him, and looking too into the dread throat of cannon,
for National Battalions stand ranked within: how tricolor Municipals ran
assiduous, and Royalists with Tickets of Entry; and both Majesties sat
in the interior surrounded by men in black: all this the human mind
shall fancy for itself, or read in old Newspapers, and Syndic Roederer's
Chronicle of Fifty Days. (Roederer, &c. &c. in Hist. Parl. xv.
98-194.)
Our Mai is planted; if not in the Feuillants Terrace, whither is no
ingate, then in the Garden of the Capuchins, as near as we could get.
National Assembly has adjourned till the Evening Session: perhaps this
shut lake, finding no ingate, will retire to its sources again; and
disappear in peace? Alas, not yet: rearward still presses on; rearward
knows little what pressure is in the front. One would wish at all
events, were it possible, to have a word with his Majesty first!
The shadows fall longer, eastward; it is four o'clock: will his
Majesty not come out? Hardly he! In that case, Commandant Santerre,
Cattle-butcher Legendre, Patriot Huguenin with the tocsin in his heart;
they, and others of authority, will enter in. Petition and request to
wearied uncertain National Guard; louder and louder petition; backed
by the rattle of our two cannons! The reluctant Grate opens: endless
Sansculottic multitudes flood the stairs; knock at the wooden guardian
of your privacy. Knocks, in such case, grow strokes, grow smashings: the
wooden guardian flies in shivers. And now ensues a Scene over which the
world has long wailed; and not unjustly; for a sorrier spectacle, of
Incongruity fronting Incongruity, and as it were recognising themselves
incongruous, and staring stupidly in each other's face, the world seldom
saw.
King Louis, his door being beaten on, opens it; stands with free bosom;
asking, "What do you want?" The Sansculottic flood recoils awestruck;
returns however, the rear pressing on the front, with cries of "Veto!
Patriot Ministers! Remove Veto!"--which things, Louis valiantly answers,
this is not the time to do, nor this the way to ask him to do. Honour
what virtue is in a man. Louis does not want courage; he has even the
higher kind called moral-courage, though only the passive half of that.
His few National Grenadiers shuffle back with him, into the embrasure
of a window: there he stands, with unimpeachable passivity, amid the
shouldering and the braying; a spectacle to men. They hand him a Red
Cap of Liberty; he sets it quietly on his head, forgets it there. He
complains of thirst; half-drunk Rascality offers him a bottle, he drinks
of it. "Sire, do not fear," says one of his Grenadiers. "Fear?" answers
Louis: "feel then," putting the man's hand on his heart. So stands
Majesty in Red woollen Cap; black Sansculottism weltering round him, far
and wide, aimless, with in-articulate dissonance, with cries of "Veto!
Patriot Ministers!"
For the space of three hours or more! The National Assembly is
adjourned; tricolor Municipals avail almost nothing: Mayor Petion
tarries absent; Authority is none. The Queen with her Children and
Sister Elizabeth, in tears and terror not for themselves only, are
sitting behind barricaded tables and Grenadiers in an inner room. The
Men in Black have all wisely disappeared. Blind lake of Sansculottism
welters stagnant through the King's Chateau, for the space of three
hours.
Nevertheless all things do end. Vergniaud arrives with Legislative
Deputation, the Evening Session having now opened. Mayor Petion has
arrived; is haranguing, 'lifted on the shoulders of two Grenadiers.'
In this uneasy attitude and in others, at various places without and
within, Mayor Petion harangues; many men harangue: finally Commandant
Santerre defiles; passes out, with his Sansculottism, by the opposite
side of the Chateau. Passing through the room where the Queen, with
an air of dignity and sorrowful resignation, sat among the tables and
Grenadiers, a woman offers her too a Red Cap; she holds it in her hand,
even puts it on the little Prince Royal. "Madame," said Santerre, "this
People loves you more than you think." (Toulongeon, ii. 173; Campan,
ii. c. 20.)--About eight o'clock the Royal Family fall into each other's
arms amid 'torrents of tears.' Unhappy Family! Who would not weep for
it, were there not a whole world to be wept for?
Thus has the Age of Chivalry gone, and that of Hunger come. Thus does
all-needing Sansculottism look in the face of its Roi, Regulator, King
or Ableman; and find that he has nothing to give it. Thus do the two
Parties, brought face to face after long centuries, stare stupidly at
one another, This am I; but, Good Heaven, is that thou?--and depart,
not knowing what to make of it. And yet, Incongruities having recognised
themselves to be incongruous, something must be made of it. The Fates
know what.
This is the world-famous Twentieth of June, more worthy to be called the
Procession of the Black Breeches. With which, what we had to say of this
First French biennial Parliament, and its products and activities, may
perhaps fitly enough terminate.
BOOK 2.VI.
THE MARSEILLESE
Chapter 2.6.I.
Executive that does not act.
How could your paralytic National Executive be put 'in action,' in any
measure, by such a Twentieth of June as this? Quite contrariwise: a
large sympathy for Majesty so insulted arises every where; expresses
itself in Addresses, Petitions 'Petition of the Twenty Thousand
inhabitants of Paris,' and such like, among all Constitutional persons;
a decided rallying round the Throne.
Of which rallying it was thought King Louis might have made something.
However, he does make nothing of it, or attempt to make; for indeed his
views are lifted beyond domestic sympathy and rallying, over to Coblentz
mainly: neither in itself is the same sympathy worth much. It is
sympathy of men who believe still that the Constitution can march.
Wherefore the old discord and ferment, of Feuillant sympathy for
Royalty, and Jacobin sympathy for Fatherland, acting against each
other from within; with terror of Coblentz and Brunswick acting from
without:--this discord and ferment must hold on its course, till a
catastrophe do ripen and come. One would think, especially as Brunswick
is near marching, such catastrophe cannot now be distant. Busy, ye
Twenty-five French Millions; ye foreign Potentates, minatory Emigrants,
German drill-serjeants; each do what his hand findeth! Thou, O Reader,
at such safe distance, wilt see what they make of it among them.
Consider therefore this pitiable Twentieth of June as a futility; no
catastrophe, rather a catastasis, or heightening. Do not its Black
Breeches wave there, in the Historical Imagination, like a melancholy
flag of distress; soliciting help, which no mortal can give? Soliciting
pity, which thou wert hard-hearted not to give freely, to one and all!
Other such flags, or what are called Occurrences, and black or bright
symbolic Phenomena; will flit through the Historical Imagination: these,
one after one, let us note, with extreme brevity.
The first phenomenon is that of Lafayette at the Bar of the Assembly;
after a week and day. Promptly, on hearing of this scandalous Twentieth
of June, Lafayette has quitted his Command on the North Frontier, in
better or worse order; and got hither, on the 28th, to repress the
Jacobins: not by Letter now; but by oral Petition, and weight
of character, face to face. The august Assembly finds the step
questionable; invites him meanwhile to the honours of the sitting.
(Moniteur, Seance du 28 Juin 1792.) Other honour, or advantage, there
unhappily came almost none; the Galleries all growling; fiery Isnard
glooming; sharp Guadet not wanting in sarcasms.
And out of doors, when the sitting is over, Sieur Resson, keeper of the
Patriot Cafe in these regions, hears in the street a hurly-burly; steps
forth to look, he and his Patriot customers: it is Lafayette's carriage,
with a tumultuous escort of blue Grenadiers, Cannoneers, even Officers
of the Line, hurrahing and capering round it. They make a pause opposite
Sieur Resson's door; wag their plumes at him; nay shake their fists,
bellowing A bas les Jacobins; but happily pass on without onslaught.
They pass on, to plant a Mai before the General's door, and bully
considerably. All which the Sieur Resson cannot but report with sorrow,
that night, in the Mother Society. (Debats des Jacobins Hist. Parl.
xv. 235.) But what no Sieur Resson nor Mother Society can do more than
guess is this, That a council of rank Feuillants, your unabolished
Staff of the Guard and who else has status and weight, is in these very
moments privily deliberating at the General's: Can we not put down the
Jacobins by force? Next day, a Review shall be held, in the Tuileries
Garden, of such as will turn out, and try. Alas, says Toulongeon, hardly
a hundred turned out. Put it off till tomorrow, then, to give better
warning. On the morrow, which is Saturday, there turn out 'some thirty;'
and depart shrugging their shoulders! (Toulongeon, ii. 180. See also
Dampmartin, ii. 161.) Lafayette promptly takes carriage again; returns
musing on my things.
The dust of Paris is hardly off his wheels, the summer Sunday is still
young, when Cordeliers in deputation pluck up that Mai of his: before
sunset, Patriots have burnt him in effigy. Louder doubt and louder
rises, in Section, in National Assembly, as to the legality of such
unbidden Anti-jacobin visit on the part of a General: doubt swelling and
spreading all over France, for six weeks or so: with endless talk about
usurping soldiers, about English Monk, nay about Cromwell: O thou Paris
Grandison-Cromwell!--What boots it? King Louis himself looked coldly on
the enterprize: colossal Hero of two Worlds, having weighed himself
in the balance, finds that he is become a gossamer Colossus, only some
thirty turning out.
In a like sense, and with a like issue, works our Department-Directory
here at Paris; who, on the 6th of July, take upon them to suspend Mayor
Petion and Procureur Manuel from all civic functions, for their conduct,
replete, as is alleged, with omissions and commissions, on that delicate
Twentieth of June. Virtuous Petion sees himself a kind of martyr, or
pseudo-martyr, threatened with several things; drawls out due heroical
lamentation; to which Patriot Paris and Patriot Legislative duly
respond. King Louis and Mayor Petion have already had an interview on
that business of the Twentieth; an interview and dialogue, distinguished
by frankness on both sides; ending on King Louis's side with the words,
"Taisez-vous, Hold your peace."
For the rest, this of suspending our Mayor does seem a mistimed measure.
By ill chance, it came out precisely on the day of that famous Baiser de
l'amourette, or miraculous reconciliatory Delilah-Kiss, which we spoke
of long ago. Which Delilah-Kiss was thereby quite hindered of effect.
For now his Majesty has to write, almost that same night, asking a
reconciled Assembly for advice! The reconciled Assembly will not advise;
will not interfere. The King confirms the suspension; then perhaps, but
not till then will the Assembly interfere, the noise of Patriot Paris
getting loud. Whereby your Delilah-Kiss, such was the destiny of
Parliament First, becomes a Philistine Battle!
Nay there goes a word that as many as Thirty of our chief Patriot
Senators are to be clapped in prison, by mittimus and indictment of
Feuillant Justices, Juges de Paix; who here in Paris were well capable
of such a thing. It was but in May last that Juge de Paix Lariviere, on
complaint of Bertrand-Moleville touching that Austrian Committee,
made bold to launch his mittimus against three heads of the Mountain,
Deputies Bazire, Chabot, Merlin, the Cordelier Trio; summoning them to
appear before him, and shew where that Austrian Committee was, or else
suffer the consequences. Which mittimus the Trio, on their side,
made bold to fling in the fire: and valiantly pleaded privilege of
Parliament. So that, for his zeal without knowledge, poor Justice
Lariviere now sits in the prison of Orleans, waiting trial from the
Haute Cour there. Whose example, may it not deter other rash Justices;
and so this word of the Thirty arrestments continue a word merely?
But on the whole, though Lafayette weighed so light, and has had his Mai
plucked up, Official Feuillantism falters not a whit; but carries its
head high, strong in the letter of the Law. Feuillants all of these men:
a Feuillant Directory; founding on high character, and such like;
with Duke de la Rochefoucault for President,--a thing which may prove
dangerous for him! Dim now is the once bright Anglomania of these
admired Noblemen. Duke de Liancourt offers, out of Normandy where he
is Lord-Lieutenant, not only to receive his Majesty, thinking of flight
thither, but to lend him money to enormous amounts. Sire, it is not
a Revolt, it is a Revolution; and truly no rose-water one! Worthier
Noblemen were not in France nor in Europe than those two: but the Time
is crooked, quick-shifting, perverse; what straightest course will lead
to any goal, in it?
Another phasis which we note, in these early July days, is that of
certain thin streaks of Federate National Volunteers wending from
various points towards Paris, to hold a new Federation-Festival, or
Feast of Pikes, on the Fourteenth there. So has the National Assembly
wished it, so has the Nation willed it. In this way, perhaps, may we
still have our Patriot Camp in spite of Veto. For cannot these Federes,
having celebrated their Feast of Pikes, march on to Soissons; and, there
being drilled and regimented, rush to the Frontiers, or whither we like?
Thus were the one Veto cunningly eluded!
As indeed the other Veto, about Priests, is also like to be eluded;
and without much cunning. For Provincial Assemblies, in Calvados as
one instance, are proceeding on their own strength to judge and banish
Antinational Priests. Or still worse without Provincial Assembly,
a desperate People, as at Bourdeaux, can 'hang two of them on the
Lanterne,' on the way towards judgment. (Hist. Parl. xvi. 259.) Pity for
the spoken Veto, when it cannot become an acted one!
It is true, some ghost of a War-minister, or Home-minister, for the
time being, ghost whom we do not name, does write to Municipalities and
King's Commanders, that they shall, by all conceivable methods, obstruct
this Federation, and even turn back the Federes by force of arms: a
message which scatters mere doubt, paralysis and confusion; irritates
the poor Legislature; reduces the Federes as we see, to thin streaks.
But being questioned, this ghost and the other ghosts, What it is then
that they propose to do for saving the country?--they answer, That
they cannot tell; that indeed they for their part have, this morning,
resigned in a body; and do now merely respectfully take leave of the
helm altogether. With which words they rapidly walk out of the Hall,
sortent brusquement de la salle, the 'Galleries cheering loudly,' the
poor Legislature sitting 'for a good while in silence!' (Moniteur,
Seance du Juillet 1792.) Thus do Cabinet-ministers themselves, in
extreme cases, strike work; one of the strangest omens. Other complete
Cabinet-ministry there will not be; only fragments, and these changeful,
which never get completed; spectral Apparitions that cannot so much as
appear! King Louis writes that he now views this Federation Feast with
approval; and will himself have the pleasure to take part in the same.
And so these thin streaks of Federes wend Parisward through a paralytic
France. Thin grim streaks; not thick joyful ranks, as of old to the
first Feast of Pikes! No: these poor Federates march now towards Austria
and Austrian Committee, towards jeopardy and forlorn hope; men of hard
fortune and temper, not rich in the world's goods. Municipalities,
paralyzed by War-ministers are shy of affording cash: it may be,
your poor Federates cannot arm themselves, cannot march, till the
Daughter-Society of the place open her pocket, and subscribe. There will
not have arrived, at the set day, Three thousand of them in all. And
yet, thin and feeble as these streaks of Federates seem, they are
the only thing one discerns moving with any clearness of aim, in this
strange scene. Angry buz and simmer; uneasy tossing and moaning of a
huge France, all enchanted, spell-bound by unmarching Constitution,
into frightful conscious and unconscious Magnetic-sleep; which frightful
Magnetic-sleep must now issue soon in one of two things: Death or
Madness! The Federes carry mostly in their pocket some earnest cry and
Petition, to have the 'National Executive put in action;' or as a step
towards that, to have the King's Decheance, King's Forfeiture, or
at least his Suspension, pronounced. They shall be welcome to the
Legislative, to the Mother of Patriotism; and Paris will provide for
their lodging.
Decheance, indeed: and, what next? A France spell-free, a Revolution
saved; and any thing, and all things next! so answer grimly Danton and
the unlimited Patriots, down deep in their subterranean region of
Plot, whither they have now dived. Decheance, answers Brissot with the
limited: And if next the little Prince Royal were crowned, and some
Regency of Girondins and recalled Patriot Ministry set over him? Alas,
poor Brissot; looking, as indeed poor man does always, on the nearest
morrow as his peaceable promised land; deciding what must reach to the
world's end, yet with an insight that reaches not beyond his own nose!
Wiser are the unlimited subterranean Patriots, who with light for the
hour itself, leave the rest to the gods.
Or were it not, as we now stand, the probablest issue of all, that
Brunswick, in Coblentz, just gathering his huge limbs towards him to
rise, might arrive first; and stop both Decheance, and theorizing on
it? Brunswick is on the eve of marching; with Eighty Thousand, they
say; fell Prussians, Hessians, feller Emigrants: a General of the Great
Frederick, with such an Army. And our Armies? And our Generals? As for
Lafayette, on whose late visit a Committee is sitting and all France
is jarring and censuring, he seems readier to fight us than fight
Brunswick. Luckner and Lafayette pretend to be interchanging corps, and
are making movements; which Patriotism cannot understand. This only is
very clear, that their corps go marching and shuttling, in the interior
of the country; much nearer Paris than formerly! Luckner has ordered
Dumouriez down to him, down from Maulde, and the Fortified Camp there.
Which order the many-counselled Dumouriez, with the Austrians hanging
close on him, he busy meanwhile training a few thousands to stand fire
and be soldiers, declares that, come of it what will, he cannot obey.
(Dumouriez, ii. 1, 5.) Will a poor Legislative, therefore, sanction
Dumouriez; who applies to it, 'not knowing whether there is any
War-ministry?' Or sanction Luckner and these Lafayette movements?
The poor Legislative knows not what to do. It decrees, however, that
the Staff of the Paris Guard, and indeed all such Staffs, for they are
Feuillants mostly, shall be broken and replaced. It decrees earnestly in
what manner one can declare that the Country is in Danger. And finally,
on the 11th of July, the morrow of that day when the Ministry struck
work, it decrees that the Country be, with all despatch, declared in
Danger. Whereupon let the King sanction; let the Municipality take
measures: if such Declaration will do service, it need not fail.
In Danger, truly, if ever Country was! Arise, O Country; or be trodden
down to ignominious ruin! Nay, are not the chances a hundred to one that
no rising of the Country will save it; Brunswick, the Emigrants, and
Feudal Europe drawing nigh?
Chapter 2.6.II.
Let us march.
But to our minds the notablest of all these moving phenomena, is that of
Barbaroux's 'Six Hundred Marseillese who know how to die.'
Prompt to the request of Barbaroux, the Marseilles Municipality has got
these men together: on the fifth morning of July, the Townhall says,
"Marchez, abatez le Tyran, March, strike down the Tyrant;" (Dampmartin,
ii. 183.) and they, with grim appropriate "Marchons," are marching. Long
journey, doubtful errand; Enfans de la Patrie, may a good genius guide
you! Their own wild heart and what faith it has will guide them: and is
not that the monition of some genius, better or worse? Five Hundred and
Seventeen able men, with Captains of fifties and tens; well armed all,
musket on shoulder, sabre on thigh: nay they drive three pieces of
cannon; for who knows what obstacles may occur? Municipalities there
are, paralyzed by War-minister; Commandants with orders to stop even
Federation Volunteers; good, when sound arguments will not open a
Town-gate, if you have a petard to shiver it! They have left their sunny
Phocean City and Sea-haven, with its bustle and its bloom: the thronging
Course, with high-frondent Avenues, pitchy dockyards, almond and olive
groves, orange trees on house-tops, and white glittering bastides that
crown the hills, are all behind them. They wend on their wild way, from
the extremity of French land, through unknown cities, toward an unknown
destiny; with a purpose that they know.
Much wondering at this phenomenon, and how, in a peaceable trading City,
so many householders or hearth-holders do severally fling down their
crafts and industrial tools; gird themselves with weapons of war,
and set out on a journey of six hundred miles to 'strike down the
tyrant,'--you search in all Historical Books, Pamphlets, and Newspapers,
for some light on it: unhappily without effect. Rumour and Terror
precede this march; which still echo on you; the march itself an unknown
thing. Weber, in the back-stairs of the Tuileries, has understood that
they were Forcats, Galley-slaves and mere scoundrels, these Marseillese;
that, as they marched through Lyons, the people shut their shops;--also
that the number of them was some Four Thousand. Equally vague is Blanc
Gilli, who likewise murmurs about Forcats and danger of plunder. (See
Barbaroux, Memoires Note in p. 40, 41.) Forcats they were not;
neither was there plunder, or danger of it. Men of regular life, or of
the best-filled purse, they could hardly be; the one thing needful in
them was that they 'knew how to die.' Friend Dampmartin saw them, with
his own eyes, march 'gradually' through his quarters at Villefranche in
the Beaujolais: but saw in the vaguest manner; being indeed preoccupied,
and himself minded for matching just then--across the Rhine. Deep
was his astonishment to think of such a march, without appointment or
arrangement, station or ration: for the rest it was 'the same men he had
seen formerly' in the troubles of the South; 'perfectly civil;'
though his soldiers could not be kept from talking a little with them.
(Dampmartin, ubi supra.)
So vague are all these; Moniteur, Histoire Parlementaire are as good as
silent: garrulous History, as is too usual, will say nothing where you
most wish her to speak! If enlightened Curiosity ever get sight of the
Marseilles Council-Books, will it not perhaps explore this strangest
of Municipal procedures; and feel called to fish up what of the
Biographies, creditable or discreditable, of these Five Hundred and
Seventeen, the stream of Time has not yet irrevocably swallowed?
As it is, these Marseillese remain inarticulate, undistinguishable in
feature; a blackbrowed Mass, full of grim fire, who wend there, in the
hot sultry weather: very singular to contemplate. They wend; amid the
infinitude of doubt and dim peril; they not doubtful: Fate and Feudal
Europe, having decided, come girdling in from without: they, having also
decided, do march within. Dusty of face, with frugal refreshment, they
plod onwards; unweariable, not to be turned aside. Such march will
become famous. The Thought, which works voiceless in this blackbrowed
mass, an inspired Tyrtaean Colonel, Rouget de Lille whom the Earth still
holds, (A.D. 1836.) has translated into grim melody and rhythm; into
his Hymn or March of the Marseillese: luckiest musical-composition ever
promulgated. The sound of which will make the blood tingle in men's
veins; and whole Armies and Assemblages will sing it, with eyes weeping
and burning, with hearts defiant of Death, Despot and Devil.
One sees well, these Marseillese will be too late for the Federation
Feast. In fact, it is not Champ-de-Mars Oaths that they have in view.
They have quite another feat to do: a paralytic National Executive
to set in action. They must 'strike down' whatsoever 'Tyrant,' or
Martyr-Faineant, there may be who paralyzes it; strike and be struck;
and on the whole prosper and know how to die.
Chapter 2.6.III.
Some Consolation to Mankind.
Of the Federation Feast itself we shall say almost nothing. There are
Tents pitched in the Champ-de-Mars; tent for National Assembly; tent for
Hereditary Representative,--who indeed is there too early, and has
to wait long in it. There are Eighty-three symbolical Departmental
Trees-of-Liberty; trees and mais enough: beautifullest of all these
is one huge mai, hung round with effete Scutcheons, Emblazonries
and Genealogy-books; nay better still, with Lawyers'-bags, 'sacs de
procedure:' which shall be burnt. The Thirty seat-rows of that famed
Slope are again full; we have a bright Sun; and all is marching,
streamering and blaring: but what avails it? Virtuous Mayor Petion, whom
Feuillantism had suspended, was reinstated only last night, by Decree of
the Assembly. Men's humour is of the sourest. Men's hats have on them,
written in chalk, 'Vive Petion;' and even, 'Petion or Death, Petion ou
la Mort.'
Poor Louis, who has waited till five o'clock before the Assembly would
arrive, swears the National Oath this time, with a quilted cuirass under
his waistcoat which will turn pistol-bullets. (Campan, ii. c. 20; De
Stael, ii. c. 7.) Madame de Stael, from that Royal Tent, stretches out
the neck in a kind of agony, lest the waving multitudes which receive
him may not render him back alive. No cry of Vive le Roi salutes
the ear; cries only of Vive Petion; Petion ou la Mort. The National
Solemnity is as it were huddled by; each cowering off almost before
the evolutions are gone through. The very Mai with its Scutcheons
and Lawyers'-bags is forgotten, stands unburnt; till 'certain Patriot
Deputies,' called by the people, set a torch to it, by way of voluntary
after-piece. Sadder Feast of Pikes no man ever saw.
Mayor Petion, named on hats, is at his zenith in this Federation;
Lafayette again is close upon his nadir. Why does the stormbell of
Saint-Roch speak out, next Saturday; why do the citizens shut their
shops? (Moniteur, Seance du 21 Juillet 1792.) It is Sections defiling,
it is fear of effervescence. Legislative Committee, long deliberating
on Lafayette and that Anti-jacobin Visit of his, reports, this day, that
there is 'not ground for Accusation!' Peace, ye Patriots, nevertheless;
and let that tocsin cease: the Debate is not finished, nor the Report
accepted; but Brissot, Isnard and the Mountain will sift it, and resift
it, perhaps for some three weeks longer.
So many bells, stormbells and noises do ring;--scarcely audible; one
drowning the other. For example: in this same Lafayette tocsin, of
Saturday, was there not withal some faint bob-minor, and Deputation of
Legislative, ringing the Chevalier Paul Jones to his long rest; tocsin
or dirge now all one to him! Not ten days hence Patriot Brissot,
beshouted this day by the Patriot Galleries, shall find himself
begroaned by them, on account of his limited Patriotism; nay pelted at
while perorating, and 'hit with two prunes.' (Hist. Parl. xvi. 185.) It
is a distracted empty-sounding world; of bob-minors and bob-majors, of
triumph and terror, of rise and fall!
The more touching is this other Solemnity, which happens on the morrow
of the Lafayette tocsin: Proclamation that the Country is in Danger. Not
till the present Sunday could such Solemnity be. The Legislative decreed
it almost a fortnight ago; but Royalty and the ghost of a Ministry held
back as they could. Now however, on this Sunday, 22nd day of July 1792,
it will hold back no longer; and the Solemnity in very deed is. Touching
to behold! Municipality and Mayor have on their scarfs; cannon-salvo
booms alarm from the Pont-Neuf, and single-gun at intervals all day.
Guards are mounted, scarfed Notabilities, Halberdiers, and a Cavalcade;
with streamers, emblematic flags; especially with one huge Flag,
flapping mournfully: Citoyens, la Patrie est en Danger. They roll
through the streets, with stern-sounding music, and slow rattle of
hoofs: pausing at set stations, and with doleful blast of trumpet,
singing out through Herald's throat, what the Flag says to the eye:
"Citizens, the Country is in Danger!"
Is there a man's heart that hears it without a thrill? The many-voiced
responsive hum or bellow of these multitudes is not of triumph; and
yet it is a sound deeper than triumph. But when the long Cavalcade
and Proclamation ended; and our huge Flag was fixed on the Pont Neuf,
another like it on the Hotel-de-Ville, to wave there till better days;
and each Municipal sat in the centre of his Section, in a Tent raised
in some open square, Tent surmounted with flags of Patrie en danger, and
topmost of all a Pike and Bonnet Rouge; and, on two drums in front of
him, there lay a plank-table, and on this an open Book, and a Clerk sat,
like recording-angel, ready to write the Lists, or as we say to enlist!
O, then, it seems, the very gods might have looked down on it. Young
Patriotism, Culottic and Sansculottic, rushes forward emulous: That is
my name; name, blood, and life, is all my Country's; why have I nothing
more! Youths of short stature weep that they are below size. Old men
come forward, a son in each hand. Mothers themselves will grant the son
of their travail; send him, though with tears. And the multitude bellows
Vive la Patrie, far reverberating. And fire flashes in the eyes of
men;--and at eventide, your Municipal returns to the Townhall, followed
by his long train of volunteer Valour; hands in his List: says proudly,
looking round. This is my day's harvest. (Tableau de la Revolution, para
Patrie en Danger.) They will march, on the morrow, to Soissons; small
bundle holding all their chattels.
So, with Vive la Patrie, Vive la Liberte, stone Paris reverberates like
Ocean in his caves; day after day, Municipals enlisting in tricolor
Tent; the Flag flapping on Pont Neuf and Townhall, Citoyens, la Patrie
est en Danger. Some Ten thousand fighters, without discipline but full
of heart, are on march in few days. The like is doing in every Town of
France.--Consider therefore whether the Country will want defenders, had
we but a National Executive? Let the Sections and Primary Assemblies,
at any rate, become Permanent, and sit continually in Paris, and over
France, by Legislative Decree dated Wednesday the 25th. (Moniteur,
Seance du 25 Juillet 1792.)
Mark contrariwise how, in these very hours, dated the 25th, Brunswick
shakes himself 's'ebranle,' in Coblentz; and takes the road! Shakes
himself indeed; one spoken word becomes such a shaking. Successive,
simultaneous dirl of thirty thousand muskets shouldered; prance and
jingle of ten-thousand horsemen, fanfaronading Emigrants in the van;
drum, kettle-drum; noise of weeping, swearing; and the immeasurable
lumbering clank of baggage-waggons and camp-kettles that groan into
motion: all this is Brunswick shaking himself; not without all this does
the one man march, 'covering a space of forty miles.' Still less without
his Manifesto, dated, as we say, the 25th; a State-Paper worthy of
attention!
By this Document, it would seem great things are in store for France.
The universal French People shall now have permission to rally round
Brunswick and his Emigrant Seigneurs; tyranny of a Jacobin Faction shall
oppress them no more; but they shall return, and find favour with
their own good King; who, by Royal Declaration (three years ago) of the
Twenty-third of June, said that he would himself make them happy. As for
National Assembly, and other Bodies of Men invested with some temporary
shadow of authority, they are charged to maintain the King's Cities and
Strong Places intact, till Brunswick arrive to take delivery of them.
Indeed, quick submission may extenuate many things; but to this end
it must be quick. Any National Guard or other unmilitary person found
resisting in arms shall be 'treated as a traitor;' that is to say,
hanged with promptitude. For the rest, if Paris, before Brunswick gets
thither, offer any insult to the King: or, for example, suffer a faction
to carry the King away elsewhither; in that case Paris shall be blasted
asunder with cannon-shot and 'military execution.' Likewise all other
Cities, which may witness, and not resist to the uttermost, such
forced-march of his Majesty, shall be blasted asunder; and Paris and
every City of them, starting-place, course and goal of said sacrilegious
forced-march, shall, as rubbish and smoking ruin, lie there for a sign.
Such vengeance were indeed signal, 'an insigne vengeance:'--O Brunswick,
what words thou writest and blusterest! In this Paris, as in old
Nineveh, are so many score thousands that know not the right hand from
the left, and also much cattle. Shall the very milk-cows, hard-living
cadgers'-asses, and poor little canary-birds die?
Nor is Royal and Imperial Prussian-Austrian Declaration wanting: setting
forth, in the amplest manner, their Sanssouci-Schonbrunn version of this
whole French Revolution, since the first beginning of it; and with
what grief these high heads have seen such things done under the Sun:
however, 'as some small consolation to mankind,' (Annual Register
(1792), p. 236.) they do now despatch Brunswick; regardless of expense,
as one might say, of sacrifices on their own part; for is it not the
first duty to console men?
Serene Highnesses, who sit there protocolling and manifestoing, and
consoling mankind! how were it if, for once in the thousand years, your
parchments, formularies, and reasons of state were blown to the four
winds; and Reality Sans-indispensables stared you, even you, in the
face; and Mankind said for itself what the thing was that would console
it?--
Chapter 2.6.IV.
Subterranean.
But judge if there was comfort in this to the Sections all sitting
permanent; deliberating how a National Executive could be put in action!
High rises the response, not of cackling terror, but of crowing
counter-defiance, and Vive la Nation; young Valour streaming towards the
Frontiers; Patrie en Danger mutely beckoning on the Pont Neuf. Sections
are busy, in their permanent Deep; and down, lower still, works
unlimited Patriotism, seeking salvation in plot. Insurrection, you would
say, becomes once more the sacredest of duties? Committee, self-chosen,
is sitting at the Sign of the Golden Sun: Journalist Carra, Camille
Desmoulins, Alsatian Westermann friend of Danton, American Fournier
of Martinique;--a Committee not unknown to Mayor Petion, who, as an
official person, must sleep with one eye open. Not unknown to Procureur
Manuel; least of all to Procureur-Substitute Danton! He, wrapped in
darkness, being also official, bears it on his giant shoulder; cloudy
invisible Atlas of the whole.
Much is invisible; the very Jacobins have their reticences. Insurrection
is to be: but when? This only we can discern, that such Federes as are
not yet gone to Soissons, as indeed are not inclined to go yet, "for
reasons," says the Jacobin President, "which it may be interesting not
to state," have got a Central Committee sitting close by, under the roof
of the Mother Society herself. Also, what in such ferment and danger of
effervescence is surely proper, the Forty-eight Sections have got their
Central Committee; intended 'for prompt communication.' To which Central
Committee the Municipality, anxious to have it at hand, could not refuse
an Apartment in the Hotel-de-Ville.
Singular City! For overhead of all this, there is the customary baking
and brewing; Labour hammers and grinds. Frilled promenaders saunter
under the trees; white-muslin promenaderess, in green parasol, leaning
on your arm. Dogs dance, and shoeblacks polish, on that Pont Neuf
itself, where Fatherland is in danger. So much goes its course; and yet
the course of all things is nigh altering and ending.
Look at that Tuileries and Tuileries Garden. Silent all as Sahara; none
entering save by ticket! They shut their Gates, after the Day of
the Black Breeches; a thing they had the liberty to do. However, the
National Assembly grumbled something about Terrace of the Feuillants,
how said Terrace lay contiguous to the back entrance to their Salle, and
was partly National Property; and so now National Justice has stretched
a Tricolor Riband athwart, by way of boundary-line, respected with
splenetic strictness by all Patriots. It hangs there that Tricolor
boundary-line; carries 'satirical inscriptions on cards,' generally
in verse; and all beyond this is called Coblentz, and remains vacant;
silent, as a fateful Golgotha; sunshine and umbrage alternating on it in
vain. Fateful Circuit; what hope can dwell in it? Mysterious Tickets
of Entry introduce themselves; speak of Insurrection very imminent.
Rivarol's Staff of Genius had better purchase blunderbusses; Grenadier
bonnets, red Swiss uniforms may be useful. Insurrection will come; but
likewise will it not be met? Staved off, one may hope, till Brunswick
arrive?
But consider withal if the Bourne-stones and Portable chairs remain
silent; if the Herald's College of Bill-Stickers sleep! Louvet's
Sentinel warns gratis on all walls; Sulleau is busy: People's-Friend
Marat and King's-Friend Royou croak and counter-croak. For the man
Marat, though long hidden since that Champ-de-Mars Massacre, is still
alive. He has lain, who knows in what Cellars; perhaps in Legendre's;
fed by a steak of Legendre's killing: but, since April, the bull-frog
voice of him sounds again; hoarsest of earthly cries. For the present,
black terror haunts him: O brave Barbaroux wilt thou not smuggle me to
Marseilles, 'disguised as a jockey?' (Barbaroux, p. 60.) In Palais-Royal
and all public places, as we read, there is sharp activity; private
individuals haranguing that Valour may enlist; haranguing that the
Executive may be put in action. Royalist journals ought to be solemnly
burnt: argument thereupon; debates which generally end in single-stick,
coups de cannes. (Newspapers, Narratives and Documents Hist. Parl.
xv. 240; xvi. 399.) Or think of this; the hour midnight; place Salle de
Manege; august Assembly just adjourning: 'Citizens of both sexes
enter in a rush exclaiming, Vengeance: they are poisoning our
Brothers;'--baking brayed-glass among their bread at Soissons! Vergniaud
has to speak soothing words, How Commissioners are already sent to
investigate this brayed-glass, and do what is needful therein: till the
rush of Citizens 'makes profound silence:' and goes home to its bed.
Such is Paris; the heart of a France like to it. Preternatural
suspicion, doubt, disquietude, nameless anticipation, from shore to
shore:--and those blackbrowed Marseillese, marching, dusty, unwearied,
through the midst of it; not doubtful they. Marching to the grim music
of their hearts, they consume continually the long road, these three
weeks and more; heralded by Terror and Rumour. The Brest Federes arrive
on the 26th; through hurrahing streets. Determined men are these also,
bearing or not bearing the Sacred Pikes of Chateau-Vieux; and on the
whole decidedly disinclined for Soissons as yet. Surely the Marseillese
Brethren do draw nigher all days.
Chapter 2.6.V.
At Dinner.
It was a bright day for Charenton, that 29th of the month, when the
Marseillese Brethren actually came in sight. Barbaroux, Santerre and
Patriots have gone out to meet the grim Wayfarers. Patriot clasps dusty
Patriot to his bosom; there is footwashing and refection: 'dinner of
twelve hundred covers at the Blue Dial, Cadran Bleu;' and deep
interior consultation, that one wots not of. (Deux Amis, viii. 90-101.)
Consultation indeed which comes to little; for Santerre, with an open
purse, with a loud voice, has almost no head. Here however we repose
this night: on the morrow is public entry into Paris.
On which public entry the Day-Historians, Diurnalists, or Journalists
as they call themselves, have preserved record enough. How Saint-Antoine
male and female, and Paris generally, gave brotherly welcome, with bravo
and hand-clapping, in crowded streets; and all passed in the peaceablest
manner;--except it might be our Marseillese pointed out here and there
a riband-cockade, and beckoned that it should be snatched away, and
exchanged for a wool one; which was done. How the Mother Society in a
body has come as far as the Bastille-ground, to embrace you. How you
then wend onwards, triumphant, to the Townhall, to be embraced by Mayor
Petion; to put down your muskets in the Barracks of Nouvelle France,
not far off;--then towards the appointed Tavern in the Champs Elysees to
enjoy a frugal Patriot repast. (Hist. Parl. xvi. 196. See Barbaroux, p.
51-5.)
Of all which the indignant Tuileries may, by its Tickets of Entry, have
warning. Red Swiss look doubly sharp to their Chateau-Grates;--though
surely there is no danger? Blue Grenadiers of the Filles-Saint-Thomas
Section are on duty there this day: men of Agio, as we have seen; with
stuffed purses, riband-cockades; among whom serves Weber. A party of
these latter, with Captains, with sundry Feuillant Notabilities, Moreau
de Saint-Mery of the three thousand orders, and others, have been
dining, much more respectably, in a Tavern hard by. They have dined,
and are now drinking Loyal-Patriotic toasts; while the Marseillese,
National-Patriotic merely, are about sitting down to their frugal covers
of delf. How it happened remains to this day undemonstrable: but the
external fact is, certain of these Filles-Saint-Thomas Grenadiers do
issue from their Tavern; perhaps touched, surely not yet muddled
with any liquor they have had;--issue in the professed intention of
testifying to the Marseillese, or to the multitude of Paris Patriots who
stroll in these spaces, That they, the Filles-Saint-Thomas men, if well
seen into, are not a whit less Patriotic than any other class of men
whatever.
It was a rash errand! For how can the strolling multitudes credit such
a thing; or do other indeed than hoot at it, provoking, and
provoked;--till Grenadier sabres stir in the scabbard, and a sharp
shriek rises: "A nous Marseillais, Help Marseillese!" Quick as
lightning, for the frugal repast is not yet served, that Marseillese
Tavern flings itself open: by door, by window; running, bounding,
vault forth the Five hundred and Seventeen undined Patriots; and, sabre
flashing from thigh, are on the scene of controversy. Will ye parley,
ye Grenadier Captains and official Persons; 'with faces grown suddenly
pale,' the Deponents say? (Moniteur, Seances du 30, du 31 Juillet 1792
Hist. Parl. xvi. 197-210.) Advisabler were instant moderately swift
retreat! The Filles-Saint-Thomas retreat, back foremost; then, alas,
face foremost, at treble-quick time; the Marseillese, according to
a Deponent, "clearing the fences and ditches after them like lions:
Messieurs, it was an imposing spectacle."
Thus they retreat, the Marseillese following. Swift and swifter, towards
the Tuileries: where the Drawbridge receives the bulk of the fugitives;
and, then suddenly drawn up, saves them; or else the green mud of the
Ditch does it. The bulk of them; not all; ah, no! Moreau de Saint-Mery
for example, being too fat, could not fly fast; he got a stroke,
flat-stroke only, over the shoulder-blades, and fell prone;--and
disappears there from the History of the Revolution. Cuts also there
were, pricks in the posterior fleshy parts; much rending of skirts,
and other discrepant waste. But poor Sub-lieutenant Duhamel, innocent
Change-broker, what a lot for him! He turned on his pursuer, or
pursuers, with a pistol; he fired and missed; drew a second pistol,
and again fired and missed; then ran: unhappily in vain. In the Rue
Saint-Florentin, they clutched him; thrust him through, in red rage:
that was the end of the New Era, and of all Eras, to poor Duhamel.
Pacific readers can fancy what sort of grace-before-meat this was to
frugal Patriotism. Also how the Battalion of the Filles-Saint-Thomas
'drew out in arms,' luckily without further result; how there was
accusation at the Bar of the Assembly, and counter-accusation and
defence; Marseillese challenging the sentence of free jury court,--which
never got to a decision. We ask rather, What the upshot of all these
distracted wildly accumulating things may, by probability, be? Some
upshot; and the time draws nigh! Busy are Central Committees, of Federes
at the Jacobins Church, of Sections at the Townhall; Reunion of Carra,
Camille and Company at the Golden Sun. Busy: like submarine deities, or
call them mud-gods, working there in the deep murk of waters: till the
thing be ready.
And how your National Assembly, like a ship waterlogged, helmless,
lies tumbling; the Galleries, of shrill Women, of Federes with sabres,
bellowing down on it, not unfrightful;--and waits where the waves
of chance may please to strand it; suspicious, nay on the Left side,
conscious, what submarine Explosion is meanwhile a-charging! Petition
for King's Forfeiture rises often there: Petition from Paris Section,
from Provincial Patriot Towns; From Alencon, Briancon, and 'the Traders
at the Fair of Beaucaire.' Or what of these? On the 3rd of August,
Mayor Petion and the Municipality come petitioning for Forfeiture:
they openly, in their tricolor Municipal scarfs. Forfeiture is what all
Patriots now want and expect. All Brissotins want Forfeiture; with the
little Prince Royal for King, and us for Protector over him. Emphatic
Federes asks the legislature: "Can you save us, or not?" Forty-seven
Seconds have agreed to Forfeiture; only that of the Filles-Saint-Thomas
pretending to disagree. Nay Section Mauconseil declares Forfeiture to
be, properly speaking, come; Mauconseil for one 'does from this day,'
the last of July, 'cease allegiance to Louis,' and take minute of the
same before all men. A thing blamed aloud; but which will be praised
aloud; and the name Mauconseil, of Ill-counsel, be thenceforth changed
to Bonconseil, of Good-counsel.
President Danton, in the Cordeliers Section, does another thing: invites
all Passive Citizens to take place among the Active in Section-business,
one peril threatening all. Thus he, though an official person; cloudy
Atlas of the whole. Likewise he manages to have that blackbrowed
Battalion of Marseillese shifted to new Barracks, in his own region of
the remote South-East. Sleek Chaumette, cruel Billaud, Deputy Chabot
the Disfrocked, Huguenin with the tocsin in his heart, will welcome them
there. Wherefore, again and again: "O Legislators, can you save us or
not?" Poor Legislators; with their Legislature waterlogged, volcanic
Explosion charging under it! Forfeiture shall be debated on the ninth
day of August; that miserable business of Lafayette may be expected to
terminate on the eighth.
Or will the humane Reader glance into the Levee-day of Sunday the fifth?
The last Levee! Not for a long time, 'never,' says Bertrand-Moleville,
had a Levee been so brilliant, at least so crowded. A sad presaging
interest sat on every face; Bertrand's own eyes were filled with tears.
For, indeed, outside of that Tricolor Riband on the Feuillants Terrace,
Legislature is debating, Sections are defiling, all Paris is astir
this very Sunday, demanding Decheance. (Hist. Parl. xvi. 337-9.)
Here, however, within the riband, a grand proposal is on foot, for
the hundredth time, of carrying his Majesty to Rouen and the Castle of
Gaillon. Swiss at Courbevoye are in readiness; much is ready; Majesty
himself seems almost ready. Nevertheless, for the hundredth time,
Majesty, when near the point of action, draws back; writes, after one
has waited, palpitating, an endless summer day, that 'he has reason
to believe the Insurrection is not so ripe as you suppose.' Whereat
Bertrand-Moleville breaks forth 'into extremity at one of spleen and
despair, d'humeur et de desespoir.' (Bertrand-Moleville, Memoires, ii.
129.)
Chapter 2.6.VI.
The Steeples at Midnight.
For, in truth, the Insurrection is just about ripe. Thursday is the
ninth of the month August: if Forfeiture be not pronounced by the
Legislature that day, we must pronounce it ourselves.
Legislature? A poor waterlogged Legislature can pronounce nothing. On
Wednesday the eighth, after endless oratory once again, they cannot
even pronounce Accusation again Lafayette; but absolve him,--hear
it, Patriotism!--by a majority of two to one. Patriotism hears it;
Patriotism, hounded on by Prussian Terror, by Preternatural Suspicion,
roars tumultuous round the Salle de Manege, all day; insults many
leading Deputies, of the absolvent Right-side; nay chases them, collars
them with loud menace: Deputy Vaublanc, and others of the like, are glad
to take refuge in Guardhouses, and escape by the back window. And so,
next day, there is infinite complaint; Letter after Letter from insulted
Deputy; mere complaint, debate and self-cancelling jargon: the sun of
Thursday sets like the others, and no Forfeiture pronounced. Wherefore
in fine, To your tents, O Israel!
The Mother-Society ceases speaking; groups cease haranguing: Patriots,
with closed lips now, 'take one another's arm;' walk off, in rows, two
and two, at a brisk business-pace; and vanish afar in the obscure places
of the East. (Deux Amis, viii. 129-88.) Santerre is ready; or we will
make him ready. Forty-seven of the Forty-eight Sections are ready; nay
Filles-Saint-Thomas itself turns up the Jacobin side of it, turns down
the Feuillant side of it, and is ready too. Let the unlimited Patriot
look to his weapon, be it pike, be it firelock; and the Brest brethren,
above all, the blackbrowed Marseillese prepare themselves for the
extreme hour! Syndic Roederer knows, and laments or not as the issue may
turn, that 'five thousand ball-cartridges, within these few days, have
been distributed to Federes, at the Hotel-de-Ville.' (Roederer a la
Barre, Seance du 9 Aout in Hist. Parl. xvi. 393.)
And ye likewise, gallant gentlemen, defenders of Royalty, crowd ye on
your side to the Tuileries. Not to a Levee: no, to a Couchee: where much
will be put to bed. Your Tickets of Entry are needful; needfuller your
blunderbusses!--They come and crowd, like gallant men who also know how
to die: old Maille the Camp-Marshal has come, his eyes gleaming once
again, though dimmed by the rheum of almost four-score years. Courage,
Brothers! We have a thousand red Swiss; men stanch of heart, steadfast
as the granite of their Alps. National Grenadiers are at least friends
of Order; Commandant Mandat breathes loyal ardour, will "answer for it
on his head." Mandat will, and his Staff; for the Staff, though there
stands a doom and Decree to that effect, is happily never yet dissolved.
Commandant Mandat has corresponded with Mayor Petion; carries a written
Order from him these three days, to repel force by force. A squadron
on the Pont Neuf with cannon shall turn back these Marseillese coming
across the River: a squadron at the Townhall shall cut Saint-Antoine in
two, 'as it issues from the Arcade Saint-Jean;' drive one half back to
the obscure East, drive the other half forward through 'the Wickets of
the Louvre.' Squadrons not a few, and mounted squadrons; squadrons in
the Palais Royal, in the Place Vendome: all these shall charge, at the
right moment; sweep this street, and then sweep that. Some new Twentieth
of June we shall have; only still more ineffectual? Or probably
the Insurrection will not dare to rise at all? Mandat's Squadrons,
Horse-Gendarmerie and blue Guards march, clattering, tramping; Mandat's
Cannoneers rumble. Under cloud of night; to the sound of his generale,
which begins drumming when men should go to bed. It is the 9th night of
August, 1792.
On the other hand, the Forty-eight Sections correspond by swift
messengers; are choosing each their 'three Delegates with full powers.'
Syndic Roederer, Mayor Petion are sent for to the Tuileries: courageous
Legislators, when the drum beats danger, should repair to their
Salle. Demoiselle Theroigne has on her grenadier-bonnet, short-skirted
riding-habit; two pistols garnish her small waist, and sabre hangs in
baldric by her side.
Such a game is playing in this Paris Pandemonium, or City of All the
Devils!--And yet the Night, as Mayor Petion walks here in the Tuileries
Garden, 'is beautiful and calm;' Orion and the Pleiades glitter
down quite serene. Petion has come forth, the 'heat' inside was so
oppressive. (Roederer, Chronique de Cinquante Jours: Recit de Petion.
Townhall Records, &c. in Hist. Parl. xvi. 399-466.) Indeed, his
Majesty's reception of him was of the roughest; as it well might be. And
now there is no outgate; Mandat's blue Squadrons turn you back at every
Grate; nay the Filles-Saint-Thomas Grenadiers give themselves liberties
of tongue, How a virtuous Mayor 'shall pay for it, if there be
mischief,' and the like; though others again are full of civility.
Surely if any man in France is in straights this night, it is Mayor
Petion: bound, under pain of death, one may say, to smile dexterously
with the one side of his face, and weep with the other;--death if he do
it not dexterously enough! Not till four in the morning does a National
Assembly, hearing of his plight, summon him over 'to give account of
Paris;' of which he knows nothing: whereby however he shall get home to
bed, and only his gilt coach be left. Scarcely less delicate is Syndic
Roederer's task; who must wait whether he will lament or not, till he
see the issue. Janus Bifrons, or Mr. Facing-both-ways, as vernacular
Bunyan has it! They walk there, in the meanwhile, these two Januses,
with others of the like double conformation; and 'talk of indifferent
matters.'
Roederer, from time to time, steps in; to listen, to speak; to send for
the Department-Directory itself, he their Procureur Syndic not seeing
how to act. The Apartments are all crowded; some seven hundred gentlemen
in black elbowing, bustling; red Swiss standing like rocks; ghost, or
partial-ghost of a Ministry, with Roederer and advisers, hovering round
their Majesties; old Marshall Maille kneeling at the King's feet, to
say, He and these gallant gentlemen are come to die for him. List!
through the placid midnight; clang of the distant stormbell! So, in very
sooth; steeple after steeple takes up the wondrous tale. Black Courtiers
listen at the windows, opened for air; discriminate the steeple-bells:
(Roederer, ubi supra.) this is the tocsin of Saint-Roch; that again,
is it not Saint-Jacques, named de la Boucherie? Yes, Messieurs! Or even
Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, hear ye it not? The same metal that rang
storm, two hundred and twenty years ago; but by a Majesty's order
then; on Saint-Bartholomew's Eve (24th August, 1572.)--So go the
steeple-bells; which Courtiers can discriminate. Nay, meseems, there is
the Townhall itself; we know it by its sound! Yes, Friends, that is
the Townhall; discoursing so, to the Night. Miraculously; by miraculous
metal-tongue and man's arm: Marat himself, if you knew it, is pulling at
the rope there! Marat is pulling; Robespierre lies deep, invisible for
the next forty hours; and some men have heart, and some have as good as
none, and not even frenzy will give them any.
What struggling confusion, as the issue slowly draws on; and the
doubtful Hour, with pain and blind struggle, brings forth its Certainty,
never to be abolished!--The Full-power Delegates, three from each
Section, a Hundred and forty-four in all, got gathered at the Townhall,
about midnight. Mandat's Squadron, stationed there, did not hinder their
entering: are they not the 'Central Committee of the Sections' who sit
here usually; though in greater number tonight? They are there: presided
by Confusion, Irresolution, and the Clack of Tongues. Swift scouts
fly; Rumour buzzes, of black Courtiers, red Swiss, of Mandat and his
Squadrons that shall charge. Better put off the Insurrection? Yes, put
it off. Ha, hark! Saint-Antoine booming out eloquent tocsin, of its own
accord!--Friends, no: ye cannot put off the Insurrection; but must put
it on, and live with it, or die with it.
Swift now, therefore: let these actual Old Municipals, on sight of the
Full-powers, and mandate of the Sovereign elective People, lay down
their functions; and this New Hundred and forty-four take them up! Will
ye nill ye, worthy Old Municipals, ye must go. Nay is it not a happiness
for many a Municipal that he can wash his hands of such a business; and
sit there paralyzed, unaccountable, till the Hour do bring forth; or
even go home to his night's rest? (Section Documents, Townhall Documents,
Hist. Parl. ubi supra.) Two only of the Old, or at most three, we
retain Mayor Petion, for the present walking in the Tuileries; Procureur
Manuel; Procureur Substitute Danton, invisible Atlas of the whole. And
so, with our Hundred and forty-four, among whom are a Tocsin-Huguenin,
a Billaud, a Chaumette; and Editor-Talliens, and Fabre d'Eglantines,
Sergents, Panises; and in brief, either emergent, or else emerged and
full-blown, the entire Flower of unlimited Patriotism: have we not, as
by magic, made a New Municipality; ready to act in the unlimited manner;
and declare itself roundly, 'in a State of Insurrection!'--First of all,
then, be Commandant Mandat sent for, with that Mayor's-Order of his;
also let the New Municipals visit those Squadrons that were to charge;
and let the stormbell ring its loudest;--and, on the whole, Forward, ye
Hundred and forty-four; retreat is now none for you!
Reader, fancy not, in thy languid way, that Insurrection is easy.
Insurrection is difficult: each individual uncertain even of his next
neighbour; totally uncertain of his distant neighbours, what strength
is with him, what strength is against him; certain only that, in case of
failure, his individual portion is the gallows! Eight hundred thousand
heads, and in each of them a separate estimate of these uncertainties,
a separate theorem of action conformable to that: out of so many
uncertainties, does the certainty, and inevitable net-result never to
be abolished, go on, at all moments, bodying itself forth;--leading thee
also towards civic-crowns or an ignominious noose.
Could the Reader take an Asmodeus's Flight, and waving open all roofs
and privacies, look down from the Tower of Notre Dame, what a Paris were
it! Of treble-voice whimperings or vehemence, of bass-voice growlings,
dubitations; Courage screwing itself to desperate defiance; Cowardice
trembling silent within barred doors;--and all round, Dulness calmly
snoring; for much Dulness, flung on its mattresses, always sleeps. O,
between the clangour of these high-storming tocsins and that snore of
Dulness, what a gamut: of trepidation, excitation, desperation; and
above it mere Doubt, Danger, Atropos and Nox!
Fighters of this section draw out; hear that the next Section does
not; and thereupon draw in. Saint-Antoine, on this side the River, is
uncertain of Saint-Marceau on that. Steady only is the snore of Dulness,
are the Six Hundred Marseillese that know how to die! Mandat, twice
summoned to the Townhall, has not come. Scouts fly incessant, in
distracted haste; and the many-whispering voices of Rumour. Theroigne
and unofficial Patriots flit, dim-visible, exploratory, far and wide;
like Night-birds on the wing. Of Nationals some Three thousand have
followed Mandat and his generale; the rest follow each his own theorem
of the uncertainties: theorem, that one should march rather with
Saint-Antoine; innumerable theorems, that in such a case the wholesomest
were sleep. And so the drums beat, in made fits, and the stormbells
peal. Saint-Antoine itself does but draw out and draw in; Commandant
Santerre, over there, cannot believe that the Marseillese and Saint
Marceau will march. Thou laggard sonorous Beer-vat, with the loud voice
and timber head, is it time now to palter? Alsatian Westermann clutches
him by the throat with drawn sabre: whereupon the Timber-headed
believes. In this manner wanes the slow night; amid fret, uncertainty
and tocsin; all men's humour rising to the hysterical pitch; and nothing
done.
However, Mandat, on the third summons does come;--come, unguarded;
astonished to find the Municipality new. They question him straitly on
that Mayor's-Order to resist force by force; on that strategic scheme of
cutting Saint-Antoine in two halves: he answers what he can: they think
it were right to send this strategic National Commandant to the Abbaye
Prison, and let a Court of Law decide on him. Alas, a Court of Law, not
Book-Law but primeval Club-Law, crowds and jostles out of doors; all
fretted to the hysterical pitch; cruel as Fear, blind as the Night: such
Court of Law, and no other, clutches poor Mandat from his constables;
beats him down, massacres him, on the steps of the Townhall. Look to it,
ye new Municipals; ye People, in a state of Insurrection! Blood is shed,
blood must be answered for;--alas, in such hysterical humour, more blood
will flow: for it is as with the Tiger in that; he has only to begin.
Seventeen Individuals have been seized in the Champs Elysees, by
exploratory Patriotism; they flitting dim-visible, by it flitting
dim-visible. Ye have pistols, rapiers, ye Seventeen? One of those
accursed 'false Patrols;' that go marauding, with Anti-National intent;
seeking what they can spy, what they can spill! The Seventeen are
carried to the nearest Guard-house; eleven of them escape by back
passages. "How is this?" Demoiselle Theroigne appears at the front
entrance, with sabre, pistols, and a train; denounces treasonous
connivance; demands, seizes, the remaining six, that the justice of the
People be not trifled with. Of which six two more escape in the whirl
and debate of the Club-Law Court; the last unhappy Four are massacred,
as Mandat was: Two Ex-Bodyguards; one dissipated Abbe; one Royalist
Pamphleteer, Sulleau, known to us by name, Able Editor, and wit of all
work. Poor Sulleau: his Acts of the Apostles, and brisk Placard-Journals
(for he was an able man) come to Finis, in this manner; and questionable
jesting issues suddenly in horrid earnest! Such doings usher in the dawn
of the Tenth of August, 1792.
Or think what a night the poor National Assembly has had: sitting there,
'in great paucity,' attempting to debate;--quivering and shivering;
pointing towards all the thirty-two azimuths at once, as the
magnet-needle does when thunderstorm is in the air! If the Insurrection
come? If it come, and fail? Alas, in that case, may not black Courtiers,
with blunderbusses, red Swiss with bayonets rush over, flushed with
victory, and ask us: Thou undefinable, waterlogged, self-distractive,
self-destructive Legislative, what dost thou here unsunk?--Or figure
the poor National Guards, bivouacking 'in temporary tents' there; or
standing ranked, shifting from leg to leg, all through the weary night;
New tricolor Municipals ordering one thing, old Mandat Captains ordering
another! Procureur Manuel has ordered the cannons to be withdrawn from
the Pont Neuf; none ventured to disobey him. It seemed certain, then,
the old Staff so long doomed has finally been dissolved, in these
hours; and Mandat is not our Commandant now, but Santerre? Yes, friends:
Santerre henceforth,--surely Mandat no more! The Squadrons that were to
charge see nothing certain, except that they are cold, hungry, worn down
with watching; that it were sad to slay French brothers; sadder to
be slain by them. Without the Tuileries Circuit, and within it, sour
uncertain humour sways these men: only the red Swiss stand steadfast.
Them their officers refresh now with a slight wetting of brandy; wherein
the Nationals, too far gone for brandy, refuse to participate.
King Louis meanwhile had laid him down for a little sleep: his wig when
he reappeared had lost the powder on one side. (Roederer, ubi supra.)
Old Marshal Maille and the gentlemen in black rise always in spirits,
as the Insurrection does not rise: there goes a witty saying now, "Le
tocsin ne rend pas." The tocsin, like a dry milk-cow, does not yield.
For the rest, could one not proclaim Martial Law? Not easily; for
now, it seems, Mayor Petion is gone. On the other hand, our Interim
Commandant, poor Mandat being off, 'to the Hotel-de-Ville,' complains
that so many Courtiers in black encumber the service, are an eyesorrow
to the National Guards. To which her Majesty answers with emphasis, That
they will obey all, will suffer all, that they are sure men these.
And so the yellow lamplight dies out in the gray of morning, in the
King's Palace, over such a scene. Scene of jostling, elbowing, of
confusion, and indeed conclusion, for the thing is about to end.
Roederer and spectral Ministers jostle in the press; consult, in side
cabinets, with one or with both Majesties. Sister Elizabeth takes the
Queen to the window: "Sister, see what a beautiful sunrise," right over
the Jacobins church and that quarter! How happy if the tocsin did not
yield! But Mandat returns not; Petion is gone: much hangs wavering in
the invisible Balance. About five o'clock, there rises from the Garden a
kind of sound; as of a shout to which had become a howl, and instead
of Vive le Roi were ending in Vive la Nation. "Mon Dieu!" ejaculates a
spectral Minister, "what is he doing down there?" For it is his Majesty,
gone down with old Marshal Maille to review the troops; and the nearest
companies of them answer so. Her Majesty bursts into a stream of tears.
Yet on stepping from the cabinet her eyes are dry and calm, her look
is even cheerful. 'The Austrian lip, and the aquiline nose, fuller than
usual, gave to her countenance,' says Peltier, (in Toulongeon, ii. 241.)
'something of Majesty, which they that did not see her in these moments
cannot well have an idea of.' O thou Theresa's Daughter!
King Louis enters, much blown with the fatigue; but for the rest with
his old air of indifference. Of all hopes now surely the joyfullest
were, that the tocsin did not yield.
Chapter 2.6.VII.
The Swiss.
Unhappy Friends, the tocsin does yield, has yielded! Lo ye, how with
the first sun-rays its Ocean-tide, of pikes and fusils, flows glittering
from the far East;--immeasurable; born of the Night! They march there,
the grim host; Saint-Antoine on this side of the River; Saint-Marceau on
that, the blackbrowed Marseillese in the van. With hum, and grim murmur,
far-heard; like the Ocean-tide, as we say: drawn up, as if by Luna and
Influences, from the great Deep of Waters, they roll gleaming on;
no King, Canute or Louis, can bid them roll back. Wide-eddying
side-currents, of onlookers, roll hither and thither, unarmed, not
voiceless; they, the steel host, roll on. New-Commandant Santerre,
indeed, has taken seat at the Townhall; rests there, in his
half-way-house. Alsatian Westermann, with flashing sabre, does not rest;
nor the Sections, nor the Marseillese, nor Demoiselle Theroigne; but
roll continually on.
And now, where are Mandat's Squadrons that were to charge? Not a
Squadron of them stirs: or they stir in the wrong direction, out of the
way; their officers glad that they will even do that. It is to this
hour uncertain whether the Squadron on the Pont Neuf made the shadow
of resistance, or did not make the shadow: enough, the blackbrowed
Marseillese, and Saint-Marceau following them, do cross without let;
do cross, in sure hope now of Saint-Antoine and the rest; do billow on,
towards the Tuileries, where their errand is. The Tuileries, at sound of
them, rustles responsive: the red Swiss look to their priming; Courtiers
in black draw their blunderbusses, rapiers, poniards, some have even
fire-shovels; every man his weapon of war.
Judge if, in these circumstances, Syndic Roederer felt easy! Will the
kind Heavens open no middle-course of refuge for a poor Syndic who
halts between two? If indeed his Majesty would consent to go over to the
Assembly! His Majesty, above all her Majesty, cannot agree to that. Did
her Majesty answer the proposal with a "Fi donc;" did she say even, she
would be nailed to the walls sooner? Apparently not. It is written also
that she offered the King a pistol; saying, Now or else never was the
time to shew himself. Close eye-witnesses did not see it, nor do we.
That saw only that she was queenlike, quiet; that she argued not,
upbraided not, with the Inexorable; but, like Caesar in the Capitol,
wrapped her mantle, as it beseems Queens and Sons of Adam to do. But
thou, O Louis! of what stuff art thou at all? Is there no stroke in
thee, then, for Life and Crown? The silliest hunted deer dies not so.
Art thou the languidest of all mortals; or the mildest-minded? Thou art
the worst-starred.
The tide advances; Syndic Roederer's and all men's straits grow straiter
and straiter. Fremescent clangor comes from the armed Nationals in the
Court; far and wide is the infinite hubbub of tongues. What counsel? And
the tide is now nigh! Messengers, forerunners speak hastily through the
outer Grates; hold parley sitting astride the walls. Syndic Roederer
goes out and comes in. Cannoneers ask him: Are we to fire against the
people? King's Ministers ask him: Shall the King's House be forced?
Syndic Roederer has a hard game to play. He speaks to the Cannoneers
with eloquence, with fervour; such fervour as a man can, who has to blow
hot and cold in one breath. Hot and cold, O Roederer? We, for our part,
cannot live and die! The Cannoneers, by way of answer, fling down their
linstocks.--Think of this answer, O King Louis, and King's Ministers:
and take a poor Syndic's safe middle-course, towards the Salle de
Manege. King Louis sits, his hands leant on knees, body bent forward;
gazes for a space fixedly on Syndic Roederer; then answers, looking
over his shoulder to the Queen: Marchons! They march; King Louis, Queen,
Sister Elizabeth, the two royal children and governess: these, with
Syndic Roederer, and Officials of the Department; amid a double rank of
National Guards. The men with blunderbusses, the steady red Swiss
gaze mournfully, reproachfully; but hear only these words from Syndic
Roederer: "The King is going to the Assembly; make way." It has
struck eight, on all clocks, some minutes ago: the King has left the
Tuileries--for ever.
O ye stanch Swiss, ye gallant gentlemen in black, for what a cause are
ye to spend and be spent! Look out from the western windows, ye may
see King Louis placidly hold on his way; the poor little Prince Royal
'sportfully kicking the fallen leaves.' Fremescent multitude on the
Terrace of the Feuillants whirls parallel to him; one man in it, very
noisy, with a long pole: will they not obstruct the outer Staircase, and
back-entrance of the Salle, when it comes to that? King's Guards can
go no further than the bottom step there. Lo, Deputation of Legislators
come out; he of the long pole is stilled by oratory; Assembly's Guards
join themselves to King's Guards, and all may mount in this case of
necessity; the outer Staircase is free, or passable. See, Royalty
ascends; a blue Grenadier lifts the poor little Prince Royal from the
press; Royalty has entered in. Royalty has vanished for ever from
your eyes.--And ye? Left standing there, amid the yawning abysses,
and earthquake of Insurrection; without course; without command: if ye
perish it must be as more than martyrs, as martyrs who are now without a
cause! The black Courtiers disappear mostly; through such issues as they
can. The poor Swiss know not how to act: one duty only is clear to them,
that of standing by their post; and they will perform that.
But the glittering steel tide has arrived; it beats now against the
Chateau barriers, and eastern Courts; irresistible, loud-surging far
and wide;--breaks in, fills the Court of the Carrousel, blackbrowed
Marseillese in the van. King Louis gone, say you; over to the Assembly!
Well and good: but till the Assembly pronounce Forfeiture of him, what
boots it? Our post is in that Chateau or stronghold of his; there till
then must we continue. Think, ye stanch Swiss, whether it were good
that grim murder began, and brothers blasted one another in pieces for a
stone edifice?--Poor Swiss! they know not how to act: from the southern
windows, some fling cartridges, in sign of brotherhood; on the eastern
outer staircase, and within through long stairs and corridors, they
stand firm-ranked, peaceable and yet refusing to stir. Westermann speaks
to them in Alsatian German; Marseillese plead, in hot Provencal speech
and pantomime; stunning hubbub pleads and threatens, infinite, around.
The Swiss stand fast, peaceable and yet immovable; red granite pier in
that waste-flashing sea of steel.
Who can help the inevitable issue; Marseillese and all France, on this
side; granite Swiss on that? The pantomime grows hotter and hotter;
Marseillese sabres flourishing by way of action; the Swiss brow also
clouding itself, the Swiss thumb bringing its firelock to the cock. And
hark! high-thundering above all the din, three Marseillese cannon from
the Carrousel, pointed by a gunner of bad aim, come rattling over the
roofs! Ye Swiss, therefore: Fire! The Swiss fire; by volley, by platoon,
in rolling-fire: Marseillese men not a few, and 'a tall man that was
louder than any,' lie silent, smashed, upon the pavement;--not a few
Marseillese, after the long dusty march, have made halt here. The
Carrousel is void; the black tide recoiling; 'fugitives rushing as far
as Saint-Antoine before they stop.' The Cannoneers without linstock have
squatted invisible, and left their cannon; which the Swiss seize.
Think what a volley: reverberating doomful to the four corners of
Paris, and through all hearts; like the clang of Bellona's thongs! The
blackbrowed Marseillese, rallying on the instant, have become black
Demons that know how to die. Nor is Brest behind-hand; nor Alsatian
Westermann; Demoiselle Theroigne is Sybil Theroigne: Vengeance
Victoire, ou la mort! From all Patriot artillery, great and small;
from Feuillants Terrace, and all terraces and places of the widespread
Insurrectionary sea, there roars responsive a red whirlwind. Blue
Nationals, ranked in the Garden, cannot help their muskets going off,
against Foreign murderers. For there is a sympathy in muskets, in heaped
masses of men: nay, are not Mankind, in whole, like tuned strings, and
a cunning infinite concordance and unity; you smite one string, and
all strings will begin sounding,--in soft sphere-melody, in deafening
screech of madness! Mounted Gendarmerie gallop distracted; are fired on
merely as a thing running; galloping over the Pont Royal, or one knows
not whither. The brain of Paris, brain-fevered in the centre of it here,
has gone mad; what you call, taken fire.
Behold, the fire slackens not; nor does the Swiss rolling-fire slacken
from within. Nay they clutched cannon, as we saw: and now, from
the other side, they clutch three pieces more; alas, cannon without
linstock; nor will the steel-and-flint answer, though they try it. (Deux
Amis, viii. 179-88.) Had it chanced to answer! Patriot onlookers have
their misgivings; one strangest Patriot onlooker thinks that the Swiss,
had they a commander, would beat. He is a man not unqualified to judge;
the name of him is Napoleon Buonaparte. (See Hist. Parl. (xvii. 56); Las
Cases, &c.) And onlookers, and women, stand gazing, and the witty Dr.
Moore of Glasgow among them, on the other side of the River: cannon
rush rumbling past them; pause on the Pont Royal; belch out their iron
entrails there, against the Tuileries; and at every new belch, the women
and onlookers shout and clap hands. (Moore, Journal during a Residence
in France (Dublin, 1793), i. 26.) City of all the Devils! In remote
streets, men are drinking breakfast-coffee; following their affairs;
with a start now and then, as some dull echo reverberates a note
louder. And here? Marseillese fall wounded; but Barbaroux has surgeons;
Barbaroux is close by, managing, though underhand, and under cover.
Marseillese fall death-struck; bequeath their firelock, specify in which
pocket are the cartridges; and die, murmuring, "Revenge me, Revenge thy
country!" Brest Federe Officers, galloping in red coats, are shot as
Swiss. Lo you, the Carrousel has burst into flame!--Paris Pandemonium!
Nay the poor City, as we said, is in fever-fit and convulsion; such
crisis has lasted for the space of some half hour.
But what is this that, with Legislative Insignia, ventures through the
hubbub and death-hail, from the back-entrance of the Manege? Towards the
Tuileries and Swiss: written Order from his Majesty to cease firing! O
ye hapless Swiss, why was there no order not to begin it? Gladly would
the Swiss cease firing: but who will bid mad Insurrection cease firing?
To Insurrection you cannot speak; neither can it, hydra-headed, hear.
The dead and dying, by the hundred, lie all around; are borne bleeding
through the streets, towards help; the sight of them, like a torch of
the Furies, kindling Madness. Patriot Paris roars; as the bear bereaved
of her whelps. On, ye Patriots: vengeance! victory or death! There are
men seen, who rush on, armed only with walking-sticks. (Hist. Parl. ubi
supra. Rapport du Captaine des Canonniers, Rapport du Commandant, &c.
Ibid. xvii. 300-18.) Terror and Fury rule the hour.
The Swiss, pressed on from without, paralyzed from within, have ceased
to shoot; but not to be shot. What shall they do? Desperate is the
moment. Shelter or instant death: yet How? Where? One party flies out
by the Rue de l'Echelle; is destroyed utterly, 'en entier.' A second, by
the other side, throws itself into the Garden; 'hurrying across a keen
fusillade:' rushes suppliant into the National Assembly; finds pity and
refuge in the back benches there. The third, and largest, darts out in
column, three hundred strong, towards the Champs Elysees: Ah, could we
but reach Courbevoye, where other Swiss are! Wo! see, in such fusillade
the column 'soon breaks itself by diversity of opinion,' into distracted
segments, this way and that;--to escape in holes, to die fighting from
street to street. The firing and murdering will not cease; not yet for
long. The red Porters of Hotels are shot at, be they Suisse by nature,
or Suisse only in name. The very Firemen, who pump and labour on that
smoking Carrousel, are shot at; why should the Carrousel not burn? Some
Swiss take refuge in private houses; find that mercy too does still
dwell in the heart of man. The brave Marseillese are merciful, late so
wroth; and labour to save. Journalist Gorsas pleads hard with enfuriated
groups. Clemence, the Wine-merchant, stumbles forward to the Bar of the
Assembly, a rescued Swiss in his hand; tells passionately how he rescued
him with pain and peril, how he will henceforth support him, being
childless himself; and falls a swoon round the poor Swiss's neck: amid
plaudits. But the most are butchered, and even mangled. Fifty (some
say Fourscore) were marched as prisoners, by National Guards, to the
Hotel-de-Ville: the ferocious people bursts through on them, in the
Place de Greve; massacres them to the last man. 'O Peuple, envy of the
universe!' Peuple, in mad Gaelic effervescence!
Surely few things in the history of carnage are painfuller. What
ineffaceable red streak, flickering so sad in the memory, is that,
of this poor column of red Swiss 'breaking itself in the confusion of
opinions;' dispersing, into blackness and death! Honour to you, brave
men; honourable pity, through long times! Not martyrs were ye; and yet
almost more. He was no King of yours, this Louis; and he forsook you
like a King of shreds and patches; ye were but sold to him for some poor
sixpence a-day; yet would ye work for your wages, keep your plighted
word. The work now was to die; and ye did it. Honour to you, O Kinsmen;
and may the old Deutsch Biederheit and Tapferkeit, and Valour which
is Worth and Truth be they Swiss, be they Saxon, fail in no age! Not
bastards; true-born were these men; sons of the men of Sempach, of
Murten, who knelt, but not to thee, O Burgundy!--Let the traveller,
as he passes through Lucerne, turn aside to look a little at their
monumental Lion; not for Thorwaldsen's sake alone. Hewn out of living
rock, the Figure rests there, by the still Lake-waters, in lullaby of
distant-tinkling rance-des-vaches, the granite Mountains dumbly keeping
watch all round; and, though inanimate, speaks.
Chapter 2.6.VIII.
Constitution burst in Pieces.
Thus is the Tenth of August won and lost. Patriotism reckons its
slain by thousand on thousand, so deadly was the Swiss fire from these
windows; but will finally reduce them to some Twelve hundred. No child's
play was it;--nor is it! Till two in the afternoon the massacring, the
breaking and the burning has not ended; nor the loose Bedlam shut itself
again.
How deluges of frantic Sansculottism roared through all passages of this
Tuileries, ruthless in vengeance, how the Valets were butchered, hewn
down; and Dame Campan saw the Marseilles sabre flash over her head, but
the Blackbrowed said, "Va-t-en, Get thee gone," and flung her from him
unstruck: (Campan, ii. c. 21.) how in the cellars wine-bottles were
broken, wine-butts were staved in and drunk; and, upwards to the very
garrets, all windows tumbled out their precious royal furnitures; and,
with gold mirrors, velvet curtains, down of ript feather-beds, and dead
bodies of men, the Tuileries was like no Garden of the Earth:--all
this let him who has a taste for it see amply in Mercier, in acrid
Montgaillard, or Beaulieu of the Deux Amis. A hundred and eighty
bodies of Swiss lie piled there; naked, unremoved till the second day.
Patriotism has torn their red coats into snips; and marches with them at
the Pike's point: the ghastly bare corpses lie there, under the sun and
under the stars; the curious of both sexes crowding to look. Which
let not us do. Above a hundred carts heaped with Dead fare towards the
Cemetery of Sainte-Madeleine; bewailed, bewept; for all had kindred, all
had mothers, if not here, then there. It is one of those Carnage-fields,
such as you read of by the name 'Glorious Victory,' brought home in this
case to one's own door.
But the blackbrowed Marseillese have struck down the Tyrant of the
Chateau. He is struck down; low, and hardly to rise. What a moment
for an august Legislative was that when the Hereditary Representative
entered, under such circumstances; and the Grenadier, carrying
the little Prince Royal out of the Press, set him down on the
Assembly-table! A moment,--which one had to smooth off with oratory;
waiting what the next would bring! Louis said few words: "He was come
hither to prevent a great crime; he believed himself safer nowhere than
here." President Vergniaud answered briefly, in vague oratory as we say,
about "defence of Constituted Authorities," about dying at our post.
(Moniteur, Seance du 10 Aout 1792.) And so King Louis sat him down;
first here, then there; for a difficulty arose, the Constitution not
permitting us to debate while the King is present: finally he settles
himself with his Family in the 'Loge of the Logographe' in the
Reporter's-Box of a Journalist: which is beyond the enchanted
Constitutional Circuit, separated from it by a rail. To such Lodge of
the Logographe, measuring some ten feet square, with a small closet at
the entrance of it behind, is the King of broad France now limited: here
can he and his sit pent, under the eyes of the world, or retire into
their closet at intervals; for the space of sixteen hours. Such quiet
peculiar moment has the Legislative lived to see.
But also what a moment was that other, few minutes later, when the three
Marseillese cannon went off, and the Swiss rolling-fire and universal
thunder, like the Crack of Doom, began to rattle! Honourable Members
start to their feet; stray bullets singing epicedium even here,
shivering in with window-glass and jingle. "No, this is our post; let us
die here!" They sit therefore, like stone Legislators. But may not the
Lodge of the Logographe be forced from behind? Tear down the railing
that divides it from the enchanted Constitutional Circuit! Ushers tear
and tug; his Majesty himself aiding from within: the railing gives way;
Majesty and Legislative are united in place, unknown Destiny hovering
over both.
Rattle, and again rattle, went the thunder; one breathless wide-eyed
messenger rushing in after another: King's orders to the Swiss went
out. It was a fearful thunder; but, as we know, it ended. Breathless
messengers, fugitive Swiss, denunciatory Patriots, trepidation; finally
tripudiation!--Before four o'clock much has come and gone.
The New Municipals have come and gone; with Three Flags, Liberte,
Egalite, Patrie, and the clang of vivats. Vergniaud, he who as President
few hours ago talked of Dying for Constituted Authorities, has moved,
as Committee-Reporter, that the Hereditary Representative be suspended;
that a NATIONAL CONVENTION do forthwith assemble to say what further!
An able Report: which the President must have had ready in his pocket?
A President, in such cases, must have much ready, and yet not ready; and
Janus-like look before and after.
King Louis listens to all; retires about midnight 'to three little rooms
on the upper floor;' till the Luxembourg be prepared for him, and 'the
safeguard of the Nation.' Safer if Brunswick were once here! Or, alas,
not so safe? Ye hapless discrowned heads! Crowds came, next morning, to
catch a climpse of them, in their three upper rooms. Montgaillard says
the august Captives wore an air of cheerfulness, even of gaiety; that
the Queen and Princess Lamballe, who had joined her over night, looked
out of the open window, 'shook powder from their hair on the people
below, and laughed.' (Montgaillard. ii. 135-167.) He is an acrid
distorted man.
For the rest, one may guess that the Legislative, above all that the New
Municipality continues busy. Messengers, Municipal or Legislative, and
swift despatches rush off to all corners of France; full of triumph,
blended with indignant wail, for Twelve hundred have fallen. France
sends up its blended shout responsive; the Tenth of August shall be
as the Fourteenth of July, only bloodier and greater. The Court has
conspired? Poor Court: the Court has been vanquished; and will have both
the scath to bear and the scorn. How the Statues of Kings do now all
fall! Bronze Henri himself, though he wore a cockade once, jingles down
from the Pont Neuf, where Patrie floats in Danger. Much more does Louis
Fourteenth, from the Place Vendome, jingle down, and even breaks in
falling. The curious can remark, written on his horse's shoe: '12 Aout
1692;' a Century and a Day.
The Tenth of August was Friday. The week is not done, when our old
Patriot Ministry is recalled, what of it can be got: strict Roland,
Genevese Claviere; add heavy Monge the Mathematician, once a
stone-hewer; and, for Minister of Justice,--Danton 'led hither,' as
himself says, in one of his gigantic figures, 'through the breach of
Patriot cannon!' These, under Legislative Committees, must rule
the wreck as they can: confusedly enough; with an old Legislative
waterlogged, with a New Municipality so brisk. But National Convention
will get itself together; and then! Without delay, however, let a New
Jury-Court and Criminal Tribunal be set up in Paris, to try the crimes
and conspiracies of the Tenth. High Court of Orleans is distant, slow:
the blood of the Twelve hundred Patriots, whatever become of other
blood, shall be inquired after. Tremble, ye Criminals and Conspirators;
the Minister of Justice is Danton! Robespierre too, after the victory,
sits in the New Municipality; insurrectionary 'improvised Municipality,'
which calls itself Council General of the Commune.
For three days now, Louis and his Family have heard the Legislative
Debates in the Lodge of the Logographe; and retired nightly to their
small upper rooms. The Luxembourg and safeguard of the Nation could
not be got ready: nay, it seems the Luxembourg has too many cellars and
issues; no Municipality can undertake to watch it. The compact Prison
of the Temple, not so elegant indeed, were much safer. To the Temple,
therefore! On Monday, 13th day of August 1792, in Mayor Petion's
carriage, Louis and his sad suspended Household, fare thither; all
Paris out to look at them. As they pass through the Place Vendome Louis
Fourteenth's Statue lies broken on the ground. Petion is afraid the
Queen's looks may be thought scornful, and produce provocation;
she casts down her eyes, and does not look at all. The 'press is
prodigious,' but quiet: here and there, it shouts Vive la Nation; but
for most part gazes in silence. French Royalty vanishes within the gates
of the Temple: these old peaked Towers, like peaked Extinguisher or
Bonsoir, do cover it up;--from which same Towers, poor Jacques Molay and
his Templars were burnt out, by French Royalty, five centuries since.
Such are the turns of Fate below. Foreign Ambassadors, English Lord
Gower have all demanded passports; are driving indignantly towards their
respective homes.
So, then, the Constitution is over? For ever and a day! Gone is that
wonder of the Universe; First biennial Parliament, waterlogged, waits
only till the Convention come; and will then sink to endless depths.
One can guess the silent rage of Old-Constituents,
Constitution-builders, extinct Feuillants, men who thought the
Constitution would march! Lafayette rises to the altitude of the
situation; at the head of his Army. Legislative Commissioners are
posting towards him and it, on the Northern Frontier, to congratulate
and perorate: he orders the Municipality of Sedan to arrest these
Commissioners, and keep them strictly in ward as Rebels, till he say
further. The Sedan Municipals obey.
The Sedan Municipals obey: but the Soldiers of the Lafayette Army? The
Soldiers of the Lafayette Army have, as all Soldiers have, a kind of dim
feeling that they themselves are Sansculottes in buff belts; that the
victory of the Tenth of August is also a victory for them. They will not
rise and follow Lafayette to Paris; they will rise and send him thither!
On the 18th, which is but next Saturday, Lafayette, with some two or
three indignant Staff-officers, one of whom is Old-Constituent Alexandre
de Lameth, having first put his Lines in what order he could,--rides
swiftly over the Marches, towards Holland. Rides, alas, swiftly into
the claws of Austrians! He, long-wavering, trembling on the verge of the
horizon, has set, in Olmutz Dungeons; this History knows him no more.
Adieu, thou Hero of two worlds; thinnest, but compact honour-worthy man!
Through long rough night of captivity, through other tumults, triumphs
and changes, thou wilt swing well, 'fast-anchored to the Washington
Formula;' and be the Hero and Perfect-character, were it only of one
idea. The Sedan Municipals repent and protest; the Soldiers shout Vive
la Nation. Dumouriez Polymetis, from his Camp at Maulde, sees himself
made Commander in Chief.
And, O Brunswick! what sort of 'military execution' will Paris
merit now? Forward, ye well-drilled exterminatory men; with your
artillery-waggons, and camp kettles jingling. Forward, tall chivalrous
King of Prussia; fanfaronading Emigrants and war-god Broglie, 'for some
consolation to mankind,' which verily is not without need of some.
END OF THE SECOND VOLUME.
VOLUME III.
THE GUILLOTINE
BOOK 3.I.
SEPTEMBER
Chapter 3.1.I.
The Improvised Commune.
Ye have roused her, then, ye Emigrants and Despots of the world; France
is roused; long have ye been lecturing and tutoring this poor Nation,
like cruel uncalled-for pedagogues, shaking over her your ferulas
of fire and steel: it is long that ye have pricked and fillipped and
affrighted her, there as she sat helpless in her dead cerements of
a Constitution, you gathering in on her from all lands, with your
armaments and plots, your invadings and truculent bullyings;--and lo
now, ye have pricked her to the quick, and she is up, and her blood is
up. The dead cerements are rent into cobwebs, and she fronts you in that
terrible strength of Nature, which no man has measured, which goes down
to Madness and Tophet: see now how ye will deal with her!
This month of September, 1792, which has become one of the memorable
months of History, presents itself under two most diverse aspects; all
of black on the one side, all of bright on the other. Whatsoever is
cruel in the panic frenzy of Twenty-five million men, whatsoever is
great in the simultaneous death-defiance of Twenty-five million men,
stand here in abrupt contrast, near by one another. As indeed is usual
when a man, how much more when a Nation of men, is hurled suddenly
beyond the limits. For Nature, as green as she looks, rests everywhere
on dread foundations, were we farther down; and Pan, to whose music the
Nymphs dance, has a cry in him that can drive all men distracted.
Very frightful it is when a Nation, rending asunder its Constitutions
and Regulations which were grown dead cerements for it, becomes
transcendental; and must now seek its wild way through the New,
Chaotic,--where Force is not yet distinguished into Bidden and
Forbidden, but Crime and Virtue welter unseparated,--in that domain
of what is called the Passions; of what we call the Miracles and the
Portents! It is thus that, for some three years to come, we are
to contemplate France, in this final Third Volume of our History.
Sansculottism reigning in all its grandeur and in all its hideousness:
the Gospel (God's Message) of Man's Rights, Man's mights or strengths,
once more preached irrefragably abroad; along with this, and still
louder for the time, and fearfullest Devil's-Message of Man's weaknesses
and sins;--and all on such a scale, and under such aspect: cloudy
'death-birth of a world;' huge smoke-cloud, streaked with rays as of
heaven on one side; girt on the other as with hell-fire! History tells
us many things: but for the last thousand years and more, what thing has
she told us of a sort like this? Which therefore let us two, O Reader,
dwell on willingly, for a little; and from its endless significance
endeavour to extract what may, in present circumstances, be adapted for
us.
It is unfortunate, though very natural, that the history of this Period
has so generally been written in hysterics. Exaggeration abounds,
execration, wailing; and, on the whole, darkness. But thus too, when
foul old Rome had to be swept from the Earth, and those Northmen, and
other horrid sons of Nature, came in, 'swallowing formulas' as the
French now do, foul old Rome screamed execratively her loudest; so that,
the true shape of many things is lost for us. Attila's Huns had arms of
such length that they could lift a stone without stooping. Into the body
of the poor Tatars execrative Roman History intercalated an alphabetic
letter; and so they continue Ta-r-tars, of fell Tartarean nature, to
this day. Here, in like manner, search as we will in these multi-form
innumerable French Records, darkness too frequently covers, or sheer
distraction bewilders. One finds it difficult to imagine that the Sun
shone in this September month, as he does in others. Nevertheless it is
an indisputable fact that the Sun did shine; and there was weather and
work,--nay, as to that, very bad weather for harvest work! An unlucky
Editor may do his utmost; and after all, require allowances.
He had been a wise Frenchman, who, looking, close at hand, on this waste
aspect of a France all stirring and whirling, in ways new, untried, had
been able to discern where the cardinal movement lay; which tendency
it was that had the rule and primary direction of it then! But at
forty-four years' distance, it is different. To all men now, two
cardinal movements or grand tendencies, in the September whirl,
have become discernible enough: that stormful effluence towards the
Frontiers; that frantic crowding towards Townhouses and Council-halls in
the interior. Wild France dashes, in desperate death-defiance, towards
the Frontiers, to defend itself from foreign Despots; crowds towards
Townhalls and Election Committee-rooms, to defend itself from domestic
Aristocrats. Let the Reader conceive well these two cardinal movements;
and what side-currents and endless vortexes might depend on these.
He shall judge too, whether, in such sudden wreckage of all old
Authorities, such a pair of cardinal movements, half-frantic in
themselves, could be of soft nature? As in dry Sahara, when the winds
waken, and lift and winnow the immensity of sand! The air itself
(Travellers say) is a dim sand-air; and dim looming through it, the
wonderfullest uncertain colonnades of Sand-Pillars rush whirling from
this side and from that, like so many mad Spinning-Dervishes, of a
hundred feet in stature; and dance their huge Desert-waltz there!--
Nevertheless in all human movements, were they but a day old, there
is order, or the beginning of order. Consider two things in this
Sahara-waltz of the French Twenty-five millions; or rather one thing,
and one hope of a thing: the Commune (Municipality) of Paris, which is
already here; the National Convention, which shall in few weeks be here.
The Insurrectionary Commune, which improvising itself on the eve of the
Tenth of August, worked this ever-memorable Deliverance by explosion,
must needs rule over it,--till the Convention meet. This Commune, which
they may well call a spontaneous or 'improvised' Commune, is, for the
present, sovereign of France. The Legislative, deriving its authority
from the Old, how can it now have authority when the Old is exploded by
insurrection? As a floating piece of wreck, certain things, persons
and interests may still cleave to it: volunteer defenders, riflemen
or pikemen in green uniform, or red nightcap (of bonnet rouge),
defile before it daily, just on the wing towards Brunswick; with the
brandishing of arms; always with some touch of Leonidas-eloquence, often
with a fire of daring that threatens to outherod Herod,--the Galleries,
'especially the Ladies, never done with applauding.' (Moore's Journal,
i. 85.) Addresses of this or the like sort can be received and answered,
in the hearing of all France: the Salle de Manege is still useful as
a place of proclamation. For which use, indeed, it now chiefly serves.
Vergniaud delivers spirit-stirring orations; but always with a prophetic
sense only, looking towards the coming Convention. "Let our memory
perish," cries Vergniaud, "but let France be free!"--whereupon they
all start to their feet, shouting responsive: "Yes, yes, perisse notre
memoire, pourvu que la France soit libre!" (Hist. Parl. xvii. 467.)
Disfrocked Chabot abjures Heaven that at least we may "have done with
Kings;" and fast as powder under spark, we all blaze up once more, and
with waved hats shout and swear: "Yes, nous le jurons; plus de roi!"
(Ibid. xvii. 437.) All which, as a method of proclamation, is very
convenient.
For the rest, that our busy Brissots, rigorous Rolands, men who once had
authority and now have less and less; men who love law, and will have
even an Explosion explode itself, as far as possible, according to rule,
do find this state of matters most unofficial unsatisfactory,--is not to
be denied. Complaints are made; attempts are made: but without effect.
The attempts even recoil; and must be desisted from, for fear of worse:
the sceptre is departed from this Legislative once and always. A poor
Legislative, so hard was fate, had let itself be hand-gyved, nailed to
the rock like an Andromeda, and could only wail there to the Earth
and Heavens; miraculously a winged Perseus (or Improvised Commune) has
dawned out of the void Blue, and cut her loose: but whether now is
it she, with her softness and musical speech, or is it he, with his
hardness and sharp falchion and aegis, that shall have casting vote?
Melodious agreement of vote; this were the rule! But if otherwise, and
votes diverge, then surely Andromeda's part is to weep,--if possible,
tears of gratitude alone.
Be content, O France, with this Improvised Commune, such as it is! It
has the implements, and has the hands: the time is not long. On Sunday
the twenty-sixth of August, our Primary Assemblies shall meet, begin
electing of Electors; on Sunday the second of September (may the day
prove lucky!) the Electors shall begin electing Deputies; and so an
all-healing National Convention will come together. No marc d'argent, or
distinction of Active and Passive, now insults the French Patriot:
but there is universal suffrage, unlimited liberty to choose.
Old-constituents, Present-Legislators, all France is eligible. Nay, it
may be said, the flower of all the Universe (de l'Univers) is eligible;
for in these very days we, by act of Assembly, 'naturalise' the chief
Foreign Friends of humanity: Priestley, burnt out for us in Birmingham;
Klopstock, a genius of all countries; Jeremy Bentham, useful
Jurisconsult; distinguished Paine, the rebellious Needleman;--some of
whom may be chosen. As is most fit; for a Convention of this kind. In a
word, Seven Hundred and Forty-five unshackled sovereigns, admired of the
universe, shall replace this hapless impotency of a Legislative,--out of
which, it is likely, the best members, and the Mountain in mass, may
be re-elected. Roland is getting ready the Salles des Cent Suisses, as
preliminary rendezvous for them; in that void Palace of the Tuileries,
now void and National, and not a Palace, but a Caravansera.
As for the Spontaneous Commune, one may say that there never was on
Earth a stranger Town-Council. Administration, not of a great City, but
of a great Kingdom in a state of revolt and frenzy, this is the task
that has fallen to it. Enrolling, provisioning, judging; devising,
deciding, doing, endeavouring to do: one wonders the human brain did not
give way under all this, and reel. But happily human brains have such
a talent of taking up simply what they can carry, and ignoring all the
rest; leaving all the rest, as if it were not there! Whereby somewhat is
verily shifted for; and much shifts for itself. This Improvised Commune
walks along, nothing doubting; promptly making front, without fear or
flurry, at what moment soever, to the wants of the moment. Were the
world on fire, one improvised tricolor Municipal has but one life to
lose. They are the elixir and chosen-men of Sansculottic Patriotism;
promoted to the forlorn-hope; unspeakable victory or a high gallows,
this is their meed. They sit there, in the Townhall, these astonishing
tricolor Municipals; in Council General; in Committee of Watchfulness
(de Surveillance, which will even become de Salut Public, of
Public Salvation), or what other Committees and Sub-committees are
needful;--managing infinite Correspondence; passing infinite Decrees:
one hears of a Decree being 'the ninety-eighth of the day.' Ready!
is the word. They carry loaded pistols in their pocket; also some
improvised luncheon by way of meal. Or indeed, by and by, traiteurs
contract for the supply of repasts, to be eaten on the spot,--too
lavishly, as it was afterwards grumbled. Thus they: girt in their
tricolor sashes; Municipal note-paper in the one hand, fire-arms
in other. They have their Agents out all over France; speaking in
townhouses, market-places, highways and byways; agitating, urging to
arm; all hearts tingling to hear. Great is the fire of Anti-Aristocrat
eloquence: nay some, as Bibliopolic Momoro, seem to hint afar off at
something which smells of Agrarian Law, and a surgery of the overswoln
dropsical strong-box itself;--whereat indeed the bold Bookseller runs
risk of being hanged, and Ex-Constituent Buzot has to smuggle him off.
(Memoires de Buzot (Paris, 1823), p. 88.)
Governing Persons, were they never so insignificant intrinsically, have
for most part plenty of Memoir-writers; and the curious, in after-times,
can learn minutely their goings out and comings in: which, as men always
love to know their fellow-men in singular situations, is a comfort, of
its kind. Not so, with these Governing Persons, now in the Townhall!
And yet what most original fellow-man, of the Governing sort,
high-chancellor, king, kaiser, secretary of the home or the foreign
department, ever shewed such a phasis as Clerk Tallien, Procureur
Manuel, future Procureur Chaumette, here in this Sand-waltz of the
Twenty-five millions, now do? O brother mortals,--thou Advocate Panis,
friend of Danton, kinsman of Santerre; Engraver Sergent, since called
Agate Sergent; thou Huguenin, with the tocsin in thy heart! But, as
Horace says, they wanted the sacred memoir-writer (sacro vate); and we
know them not. Men bragged of August and its doings, publishing them in
high places; but of this September none now or afterwards would
brag. The September world remains dark, fuliginous, as Lapland
witch-midnight;--from which, indeed, very strange shapes will evolve
themselves.
Understand this, however: that incorruptible Robespierre is not wanting,
now when the brunt of battle is past; in a stealthy way the seagreen man
sits there, his feline eyes excellent in the twilight. Also understand
this other, a single fact worth many: that Marat is not only there, but
has a seat of honour assigned him, a tribune particuliere. How changed
for Marat; lifted from his dark cellar into this luminous 'peculiar
tribune!' All dogs have their day; even rabid dogs. Sorrowful, incurable
Philoctetes Marat; without whom Troy cannot be taken! Hither, as a main
element of the Governing Power, has Marat been raised. Royalist types,
for we have 'suppressed' innumerable Durosoys, Royous, and even clapt
them in prison,--Royalist types replace the worn types often snatched
from a People's-Friend in old ill days. In our 'peculiar tribune' we
write and redact: Placards, of due monitory terror; Amis-du-Peuple (now
under the name of Journal de la Republique); and sit obeyed of men.
'Marat,' says one, 'is the conscience of the Hotel-de-Ville.' Keeper,
as some call it, of the Sovereign's Conscience;--which surely, in such
hands, will not lie hid in a napkin!
Two great movements, as we said, agitate this distracted National mind:
a rushing against domestic Traitors, a rushing against foreign Despots.
Mad movements both, restrainable by no known rule; strongest passions
of human nature driving them on: love, hatred; vengeful sorrow, braggart
Nationality also vengeful,--and pale Panic over all! Twelve Hundred
slain Patriots, do they not, from their dark catacombs there, in
Death's dumb-shew, plead (O ye Legislators) for vengeance? Such was the
destructive rage of these Aristocrats on the ever-memorable Tenth. Nay,
apart from vengeance, and with an eye to Public Salvation only, are
there not still, in this Paris (in round numbers) 'thirty thousand
Aristocrats,' of the most malignant humour; driven now to their last
trump-card?--Be patient, ye Patriots: our New High Court, 'Tribunal of
the Seventeenth,' sits; each Section has sent Four Jurymen; and Danton,
extinguishing improper judges, improper practices wheresoever found, is
'the same man you have known at the Cordeliers.' With such a Minister
of Justice shall not Justice be done?--Let it be swift then, answers
universal Patriotism; swift and sure!--
One would hope, this Tribunal of the Seventeenth is swifter than most.
Already on the 21st, while our Court is but four days old, Collenot
d'Angremont, 'the Royal enlister' (crimp, embaucheur) dies by
torch-light. For, lo, the great Guillotine, wondrous to behold, now
stands there; the Doctor's Idea has become Oak and Iron; the huge
cyclopean axe 'falls in its grooves like the ram of the Pile-engine,'
swiftly snuffing out the light of men?' 'Mais vous, Gualches, what have
you invented?' This?--Poor old Laporte, Intendant of the Civil List,
follows next; quietly, the mild old man. Then Durosoy, Royalist
Placarder, 'cashier of all the Anti-Revolutionists of the interior:' he
went rejoicing; said that a Royalist like him ought to die, of all days
on this day, the 25th or Saint Louis's Day. All these have been tried,
cast,--the Galleries shouting approval; and handed over to the Realised
Idea, within a week. Besides those whom we have acquitted, the Galleries
murmuring, and have dismissed; or even have personally guarded back
to Prison, as the Galleries took to howling, and even to menacing and
elbowing. (Moore's Journal, i. 159-168.) Languid this Tribunal is not.
Nor does the other movement slacken; the rushing against foreign
Despots. Strong forces shall meet in death-grip; drilled Europe against
mad undrilled France; and singular conclusions will be tried.--Conceive
therefore, in some faint degree, the tumult that whirls in this France,
in this Paris! Placards from Section, from Commune, from Legislative,
from the individual Patriot, flame monitory on all walls. Flags of
Danger to Fatherland wave at the Hotel-de-Ville; on the Pont Neuf--over
the prostrate Statues of Kings. There is universal enlisting, urging to
enlist; there is tearful-boastful leave-taking; irregular marching on
the Great North-Eastern Road. Marseillese sing their wild To Arms, in
chorus; which now all men, all women and children have learnt, and sing
chorally, in Theatres, Boulevards, Streets; and the heart burns in every
bosom: Aux Armes! Marchons!--Or think how your Aristocrats are skulking
into covert; how Bertrand-Moleville lies hidden in some garret 'in
Aubry-le-boucher Street, with a poor surgeon who had known me;' Dame de
Stael has secreted her Narbonne, not knowing what in the world to make
of him. The Barriers are sometimes open, oftenest shut; no passports
to be had; Townhall Emissaries, with the eyes and claws of falcons,
flitting watchful on all points of your horizon! In two words: Tribunal
of the Seventeenth, busy under howling Galleries; Prussian Brunswick,
'over a space of forty miles,' with his war-tumbrils, and sleeping
thunders, and Briarean 'sixty-six thousand' (See Toulongeon, Hist. de
France. ii. c. 5.) right-hands,--coming, coming!
O Heavens, in these latter days of August, he is come! Durosoy was not
yet guillotined when news had come that the Prussians were harrying and
ravaging about Metz; in some four days more, one hears that Longwi, our
first strong-place on the borders, is fallen 'in fifteen hours.' Quick,
therefore, O ye improvised Municipals; quick, and ever quicker!--The
improvised Municipals make front to this also. Enrolment urges itself;
and clothing, and arming. Our very officers have now 'wool epaulettes;'
for it is the reign of Equality, and also of Necessity. Neither do men
now monsieur and sir one another; citoyen (citizen) were suitabler; we
even say thou, as 'the free peoples of Antiquity did:' so have Journals
and the Improvised Commune suggested; which shall be well.
Infinitely better, meantime, could we suggest, where arms are to be
found. For the present, our Citoyens chant chorally To Arms; and have no
arms! Arms are searched for; passionately; there is joy over any musket.
Moreover, entrenchments shall be made round Paris: on the slopes of
Montmartre men dig and shovel; though even the simple suspect this to
be desperate. They dig; Tricolour sashes speak encouragement and
well-speed-ye. Nay finally 'twelve Members of the Legislative go daily,'
not to encourage only, but to bear a hand, and delve: it was decreed
with acclamation. Arms shall either be provided; or else the ingenuity
of man crack itself, and become fatuity. Lean Beaumarchais, thinking
to serve the Fatherland, and do a stroke of trade, in the old way, has
commissioned sixty thousand stand of good arms out of Holland: would
to Heaven, for Fatherland's sake and his, they were come! Meanwhile
railings are torn up; hammered into pikes: chains themselves shall be
welded together, into pikes. The very coffins of the dead are raised;
for melting into balls. All Church-bells must down into the furnace to
make cannon; all Church-plate into the mint to make money. Also behold
the fair swan-bevies of Citoyennes that have alighted in Churches,
and sit there with swan-neck,--sewing tents and regimentals! Nor are
Patriotic Gifts wanting, from those that have aught left; nor stingily
given: the fair Villaumes, mother and daughter, Milliners in the
Rue St.-Martin, give 'a silver thimble, and a coin of fifteen sous
(sevenpence halfpenny),' with other similar effects; and offer, at least
the mother does, to mount guard. Men who have not even a thimble, give
a thimbleful,--were it but of invention. One Citoyen has wrought out the
scheme of a wooden cannon; which France shall exclusively profit by,
in the first instance. It is to be made of staves, by the coopers;--of
almost boundless calibre, but uncertain as to strength! Thus they:
hammering, scheming, stitching, founding, with all their heart and with
all their soul. Two bells only are to remain in each Parish,--for tocsin
and other purposes.
But mark also, precisely while the Prussian batteries were playing their
briskest at Longwi in the North-East, and our dastardly Lavergne saw
nothing for it but surrender,--south-westward, in remote, patriarchal La
Vendee, that sour ferment about Nonjuring Priests, after long working,
is ripe, and explodes: at the wrong moment for us! And so we have 'eight
thousand Peasants at Chatillon-sur-Sevre,' who will not be ballotted
for soldiers; will not have their Curates molested. To whom Bonchamps,
Laroche-jaquelins, and Seigneurs enough, of a Royalist turn, will
join themselves; with Stofflets and Charettes; with Heroes and Chouan
Smugglers; and the loyal warmth of a simple people, blown into flame
and fury by theological and seignorial bellows! So that there shall be
fighting from behind ditches, death-volleys bursting out of thickets and
ravines of rivers; huts burning, feet of the pitiful women hurrying to
refuge with their children on their back; seedfields fallow, whitened
with human bones;--'eighty thousand, of all ages, ranks, sexes, flying
at once across the Loire,' with wail borne far on the winds: and, in
brief, for years coming, such a suite of scenes as glorious war has not
offered in these late ages, not since our Albigenses and Crusadings
were over,--save indeed some chance Palatinate, or so, we might have to
'burn,' by way of exception. The 'eight thousand at Chatillon' will be
got dispelled for the moment; the fire scattered, not extinguished. To
the dints and bruises of outward battle there is to be added henceforth
a deadlier internal gangrene.
This rising in La Vendee reports itself at Paris on Wednesday the 29th
of August;--just as we had got our Electors elected; and, in spite of
Brunswick's and Longwi's teeth, were hoping still to have a National
Convention, if it pleased Heaven. But indeed, otherwise, this Wednesday
is to be regarded as one of the notablest Paris had yet seen: gloomy
tidings come successively, like Job's messengers; are met by gloomy
answers. Of Sardinia rising to invade the South-East, and Spain
threatening the South, we do not speak. But are not the Prussians
masters of Longwi (treacherously yielded, one would say); and preparing
to besiege Verdun? Clairfait and his Austrians are encompassing
Thionville; darkening the North. Not Metz-land now, but the Clermontais
is getting harried; flying hulans and huzzars have been seen on the
Chalons Road, almost as far as Sainte-Menehould. Heart, ye Patriots, if
ye lose heart, ye lose all!
It is not without a dramatic emotion that one reads in the Parliamentary
Debates of this Wednesday evening 'past seven o'clock,' the scene with
the military fugitives from Longwi. Wayworn, dusty, disheartened, these
poor men enter the Legislative, about sunset or after; give the most
pathetic detail of the frightful pass they were in:--Prussians billowing
round by the myriad, volcanically spouting fire for fifteen hours: we,
scattered sparse on the ramparts, hardly a cannoneer to two guns; our
dastard Commandant Lavergne no where shewing face; the priming would
not catch; there was no powder in the bombs,--what could we do? "Mourir!
Die!" answer prompt voices; (Hist. Parl. xvii. 148.) and the dusty
fugitives must shrink elsewhither for comfort.--Yes, Mourir, that is now
the word. Be Longwi a proverb and a hissing among French strong-places:
let it (says the Legislative) be obliterated rather, from the shamed
face of the Earth;--and so there has gone forth Decree, that Longwi
shall, were the Prussians once out of it, 'be rased,' and exist only as
ploughed ground.
Nor are the Jacobins milder; as how could they, the flower of
Patriotism? Poor Dame Lavergne, wife of the poor Commandant, took her
parasol one evening, and escorted by her Father came over to the Hall of
the mighty Mother; and 'reads a memoir tending to justify the Commandant
of Longwi.' Lafarge, President, makes answer: "Citoyenne, the Nation
will judge Lavergne; the Jacobins are bound to tell him the truth. He
would have ended his course there (termine sa carriere), if he had loved
the honour of his country." (Ibid. xix. 300.)
Chapter 3.1.II.
Danton.
But better than raising of Longwi, or rebuking poor dusty soldiers or
soldiers' wives, Danton had come over, last night, and demanded a
Decree to search for arms, since they were not yielded voluntarily. Let
'Domiciliary visits,' with rigour of authority, be made to this end. To
search for arms; for horses,--Aristocratism rolls in its carriage, while
Patriotism cannot trail its cannon. To search generally for munitions of
war, 'in the houses of persons suspect,'--and even, if it seem proper,
to seize and imprison the suspect persons themselves! In the Prisons,
their plots will be harmless; in the Prisons, they will be as hostages
for us, and not without use. This Decree the energetic Minister of
Justice demanded, last night, and got; and this same night it is to be
executed; it is being executed, at the moment when these dusty soldiers
get saluted with Mourir. Two thousand stand of arms, as they count, are
foraged in this way; and some four hundred head of new Prisoners; and,
on the whole, such a terror and damp is struck through the Aristocrat
heart, as all but Patriotism, and even Patriotism were it out of this
agony, might pity. Yes, Messieurs! if Brunswick blast Paris to ashes,
he probably will blast the Prisons of Paris too: pale Terror, if we have
got it, we will also give it, and the depth of horrors that lie in it;
the same leaky bottom, in these wild waters, bears us all.
One can judge what stir there was now among the 'thirty thousand
Royalists:' how the Plotters, or the accused of Plotting, shrank each
closer into his lurking-place,--like Bertrand Moleville, looking eager
towards Longwi, hoping the weather would keep fair. Or how they dressed
themselves in valet's clothes, like Narbonne, and 'got to England as Dr.
Bollman's famulus:' how Dame de Stael bestirred herself, pleading with
Manuel as a Sister in Literature, pleading even with Clerk Tallien; a
pray to nameless chagrins! (De Stael, Considerations sur la Revolution,
ii. 67-81.) Royalist Peltier, the Pamphleteer, gives a touching
Narrative (not deficient in height of colouring) of the terrors of
that night. From five in the afternoon, a great City is struck suddenly
silent; except for the beating of drums, for the tramp of marching
feet; and ever and anon the dread thunder of the knocker at some door, a
Tricolor Commissioner with his blue Guards (black-guards!) arriving.
All Streets are vacant, says Peltier; beset by Guards at each end: all
Citizens are ordered to be within doors. On the River float sentinal
barges, lest we escape by water: the Barriers hermetically closed.
Frightful! The sun shines; serenely westering, in smokeless
mackerel-sky: Paris is as if sleeping, as if dead:--Paris is holding
its breath, to see what stroke will fall on it. Poor Peltier! Acts of
Apostles, and all jocundity of Leading-Articles, are gone out, and it is
become bitter earnest instead; polished satire changed now into coarse
pike-points (hammered out of railing); all logic reduced to this one
primitive thesis, An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth!--Peltier,
dolefully aware of it, ducks low; escapes unscathed to England; to
urge there the inky war anew; to have Trial by Jury, in due season, and
deliverance by young Whig eloquence, world-celebrated for a day.
Of 'thirty thousand,' naturally, great multitudes were left unmolested:
but, as we said, some four hundred, designated as 'persons suspect,'
were seized; and an unspeakable terror fell on all. Wo to him who is
guilty of Plotting, of Anticivism, Royalism, Feuillantism; who, guilty
or not guilty, has an enemy in his Section to call him guilty! Poor old
M. de Cazotte is seized, his young loved Daughter with him, refusing
to quit him. Why, O Cazotte, wouldst thou quit romancing, and Diable
Amoureux, for such reality as this? Poor old M. de Sombreuil, he of the
Invalides, is seized: a man seen askance, by Patriotism ever since the
Bastille days: whom also a fond Daughter will not quit. With young tears
hardly suppressed, and old wavering weakness rousing itself once more--O
my brothers, O my sisters!
The famed and named go; the nameless, if they have an accuser. Necklace
Lamotte's Husband is in these Prisons (she long since squelched on the
London Pavements); but gets delivered. Gross de Morande, of the Courier
de l'Europe, hobbles distractedly to and fro there: but they let him
hobble out; on right nimble crutches;--his hour not being yet come.
Advocate Maton de la Varenne, very weak in health, is snatched off from
mother and kin; Tricolor Rossignol (journeyman goldsmith and scoundrel
lately, a risen man now) remembers an old Pleading of Maton's! Jourgniac
de Saint-Meard goes; the brisk frank soldier: he was in the Mutiny
of Nancy, in that 'effervescent Regiment du Roi,'--on the wrong side.
Saddest of all: Abbe Sicard goes; a Priest who could not take the Oath,
but who could teach the Deaf and Dumb: in his Section one man, he
says, had a grudge at him; one man, at the fit hour, launches an arrest
against him; which hits. In the Arsenal quarter, there are dumb hearts
making wail, with signs, with wild gestures; he their miraculous healer
and speech-bringer is rapt away.
What with the arrestments on this night of the Twenty-ninth, what with
those that have gone on more or less, day and night, ever since the
Tenth, one may fancy what the Prisons now were. Crowding and Confusion;
jostle, hurry, vehemence and terror! Of the poor Queen's Friends, who
had followed her to the Temple and been committed elsewhither to
Prison, some, as Governess de Tourzelle, are to be let go: one, the poor
Princess de Lamballe, is not let go; but waits in the strong-rooms of La
Force there, what will betide further.
Among so many hundreds whom the launched arrest hits, who are rolled
off to Townhall or Section-hall, to preliminary Houses of detention, and
hurled in thither, as into cattle-pens, we must mention one other: Caron
de Beaumarchais, Author of Figaro; vanquisher of Maupeou Parlements and
Goezman helldogs; once numbered among the demigods; and now--? We left
him in his culminant state; what dreadful decline is this, when we again
catch a glimpse of him! 'At midnight' (it was but the 12th of August
yet), 'the servant, in his shirt,' with wide-staring eyes, enters your
room:--Monsieur, rise; all the people are come to seek you; they are
knocking, like to break in the door! 'And they were in fact knocking in
a terrible manner (d'une facon terrible). I fling on my coat, forgetting
even the waistcoat, nothing on my feet but slippers; and say to
him'--And he, alas, answers mere negatory incoherences, panic
interjections. And through the shutters and crevices, in front or
rearward, the dull street-lamps disclose only streetfuls of haggard
countenances; clamorous, bristling with pikes: and you rush distracted
for an outlet, finding none;--and have to take refuge in the
crockery-press, down stairs; and stand there, palpitating in that
imperfect costume, lights dancing past your key-hole, tramp of feet
overhead, and the tumult of Satan, 'for four hours and more!' And old
ladies, of the quarter, started up (as we hear next morning); rang
for their Bonnes and cordial-drops, with shrill interjections: and old
gentlemen, in their shirts, 'leapt garden-walls;' flying, while none
pursued; one of whom unfortunately broke his leg. (Beaumarchais'
Narrative, Memoires sur les Prisons (Paris, 1823), i. 179-90.) Those
sixty thousand stand of Dutch arms (which never arrive), and the bold
stroke of trade, have turned out so ill!--
Beaumarchais escaped for this time; but not for the next time, ten days
after. On the evening of the Twenty-ninth he is still in that chaos of
the Prisons, in saddest, wrestling condition; unable to get justice,
even to get audience; 'Panis scratching his head' when you speak to him,
and making off. Nevertheless let the lover of Figaro know that Procureur
Manuel, a Brother in Literature, found him, and delivered him once more.
But how the lean demigod, now shorn of his splendour, had to lurk in
barns, to roam over harrowed fields, panting for life; and to wait under
eavesdrops, and sit in darkness 'on the Boulevard amid paving-stones and
boulders,' longing for one word of any Minister, or Minister's Clerk,
about those accursed Dutch muskets, and getting none,--with heart fuming
in spleen, and terror, and suppressed canine-madness: alas, how the
swift sharp hound, once fit to be Diana's, breaks his old teeth now,
gnawing mere whinstones; and must 'fly to England;' and, returning
from England, must creep into the corner, and lie quiet, toothless
(moneyless),--all this let the lover of Figaro fancy, and weep for.
We here, without weeping, not without sadness, wave the withered tough
fellow-mortal our farewell. His Figaro has returned to the French stage;
nay is, at this day, sometimes named the best piece there. And indeed,
so long as Man's Life can ground itself only on artificiality and
aridity; each new Revolt and Change of Dynasty turning up only a new
stratum of dry rubbish, and no soil yet coming to view,--may it not
be good to protest against such a Life, in many ways, and even in the
Figaro way?
Chapter 3.1.III.
Dumouriez.
Such are the last days of August, 1792; days gloomy, disastrous, and of
evil omen. What will become of this poor France? Dumouriez rode from
the Camp of Maulde, eastward to Sedan, on Tuesday last, the 28th of the
month; reviewed that so-called Army left forlorn there by Lafayette: the
forlorn soldiers gloomed on him; were heard growling on him, "This
is one of them, ce b--e la, that made War be declared." (Dumouriez,
Memoires, ii. 383.) Unpromising Army! Recruits flow in, filtering
through Depot after Depot; but recruits merely: in want of all; happy if
they have so much as arms. And Longwi has fallen basely; and Brunswick,
and the Prussian King, with his sixty thousand, will beleaguer Verdun;
and Clairfait and Austrians press deeper in, over the Northern marches:
'a hundred and fifty thousand' as fear counts, 'eighty thousand' as
the returns shew, do hem us in; Cimmerian Europe behind them. There is
Castries-and-Broglie chivalry; Royalist foot 'in red facing and nankeen
trousers;' breathing death and the gallows.
And lo, finally! at Verdun on Sunday the 2d of September 1792, Brunswick
is here. With his King and sixty thousand, glittering over the heights,
from beyond the winding Meuse River, he looks down on us, on our 'high
citadel' and all our confectionery-ovens (for we are celebrated for
confectionery) has sent courteous summons, in order to spare the
effusion of blood!--Resist him to the death? Every day of retardation
precious? How, O General Beaurepaire (asks the amazed Municipality)
shall we resist him? We, the Verdun Municipals, see no resistance
possible. Has he not sixty thousand, and artillery without end?
Retardation, Patriotism is good; but so likewise is peaceable baking of
pastry, and sleeping in whole skin.--Hapless Beaurepaire stretches out
his hands, and pleads passionately, in the name of country, honour, of
Heaven and of Earth: to no purpose. The Municipals have, by law,
the power of ordering it;--with an Army officered by Royalism or
Crypto-Royalism, such a Law seemed needful: and they order it, as
pacific Pastrycooks, not as heroic Patriots would,--To surrender!
Beaurepaire strides home, with long steps: his valet, entering the room,
sees him 'writing eagerly,' and withdraws. His valet hears then, in
a few minutes, the report of a pistol: Beaurepaire is lying dead; his
eager writing had been a brief suicidal farewell. In this manner died
Beaurepaire, wept of France; buried in the Pantheon, with honourable
pension to his Widow, and for Epitaph these words, He chose Death rather
than yield to Despots. The Prussians, descending from the heights, are
peaceable masters of Verdun.
And so Brunswick advances, from stage to stage: who shall now stay
him,--covering forty miles of country? Foragers fly far; the villages of
the North-East are harried; your Hessian forager has only 'three sous a
day:' the very Emigrants, it is said, will take silver-plate,--by way
of revenge. Clermont, Sainte-Menehould, Varennes especially, ye Towns of
the Night of Spurs; tremble ye! Procureur Sausse and the Magistracy of
Varennes have fled; brave Boniface Le Blanc of the Bras d'Or is to the
woods: Mrs. Le Blanc, a young woman fair to look upon, with her young
infant, has to live in greenwood, like a beautiful Bessy Bell of Song,
her bower thatched with rushes;--catching premature rheumatism. (Helen
Maria Williams, Letters from France (London, 1791-93), iii. 96.)
Clermont may ring the tocsin now, and illuminate itself! Clermont lies
at the foot of its Cow (or Vache, so they name that Mountain), a prey to
the Hessian spoiler: its fair women, fairer than most, are robbed: not
of life, or what is dearer, yet of all that is cheaper and portable; for
Necessity, on three half-pence a-day, has no law. At Saint-Menehould,
the enemy has been expected more than once,--our Nationals all turning
out in arms; but was not yet seen. Post-master Drouet, he is not in the
woods, but minding his Election; and will sit in the Convention, notable
King-taker, and bold Old-Dragoon as he is.
Thus on the North-East all roams and runs; and on a set day, the date
of which is irrecoverable by History, Brunswick 'has engaged to dine in
Paris,'--the Powers willing. And at Paris, in the centre, it is as we
saw; and in La Vendee, South-West, it is as we saw; and Sardinia is in
the South-East, and Spain is in the South, and Clairfait with Austria
and sieged Thionville is in the North;--and all France leaps distracted,
like the winnowed Sahara waltzing in sand-colonnades! More desperate
posture no country ever stood in. A country, one would say, which the
Majesty of Prussia (if it so pleased him) might partition, and clip
in pieces, like a Poland; flinging the remainder to poor Brother
Louis,--with directions to keep it quiet, or else we will keep it for
him!
Or perhaps the Upper Powers, minded that a new Chapter in Universal
History shall begin here and not further on, may have ordered it all
otherwise? In that case, Brunswick will not dine in Paris on the set
day; nor, indeed, one knows not when!--Verily, amid this wreckage, where
poor France seems grinding itself down to dust and bottomless ruin, who
knows what miraculous salient-point of Deliverance and New-life may have
already come into existence there; and be already working there, though
as yet human eye discern it not! On the night of that same twenty-eighth
of August, the unpromising Review-day in Sedan, Dumouriez assembles a
Council of War at his lodgings there. He spreads out the map of this
forlorn war-district: Prussians here, Austrians there; triumphant both,
with broad highway, and little hinderance, all the way to Paris;
we, scattered helpless, here and here: what to advise? The Generals,
strangers to Dumouriez, look blank enough; know not well what to
advise,--if it be not retreating, and retreating till our recruits
accumulate; till perhaps the chapter of chances turn up some leaf for
us; or Paris, at all events, be sacked at the latest day possible. The
Many-counselled, who 'has not closed an eye for three nights,' listens
with little speech to these long cheerless speeches; merely watching
the speaker that he may know him; then wishes them all good-night;--but
beckons a certain young Thouvenot, the fire of whose looks had pleased
him, to wait a moment. Thouvenot waits: Voila, says Polymetis, pointing
to the map! That is the Forest of Argonne, that long stripe of rocky
Mountain and wild Wood; forty miles long; with but five, or say even
three practicable Passes through it: this, for they have forgotten
it, might one not still seize, though Clairfait sits so nigh?
Once seized;--the Champagne called the Hungry (or worse, Champagne
Pouilleuse) on their side of it; the fat Three Bishoprics, and willing
France, on ours; and the Equinox-rains not far;--this Argonne 'might be
the Thermopylae of France!' (Dumouriez, ii. 391.)
O brisk Dumouriez Polymetis with thy teeming head, may the gods grant
it!--Polymetis, at any rate, folds his map together, and flings himself
on bed; resolved to try, on the morrow morning. With astucity, with
swiftness, with audacity! One had need to be a lion-fox, and have luck
on one's side.
Chapter 3.1.IV.
September in Paris.
At Paris, by lying Rumour which proved prophetic and veridical, the
fall of Verdun was known some hours before it happened. It is Sunday the
second of September; handiwork hinders not the speculations of the mind.
Verdun gone (though some still deny it); the Prussians in full march,
with gallows-ropes, with fire and faggot! Thirty thousand Aristocrats
within our own walls; and but the merest quarter-tithe of them yet put
in Prison! Nay there goes a word that even these will revolt. Sieur Jean
Julien, wagoner of Vaugirard, (Moore, i. 178.) being set in the Pillory
last Friday, took all at once to crying, That he would be well revenged
ere long; that the King's Friends in Prison would burst out; force the
Temple, set the King on horseback; and, joined by the unimprisoned, ride
roughshod over us all. This the unfortunate wagoner of Vaugirard did
bawl, at the top of his lungs: when snatched off to the Townhall, he
persisted in it, still bawling; yesternight, when they guillotined him,
he died with the froth of it on his lips. (Hist. Parl. xvii. 409.) For
a man's mind, padlocked to the Pillory, may go mad; and all men's minds
may go mad; and 'believe him,' as the frenetic will do, 'because it is
impossible.'
So that apparently the knot of the crisis, and last agony of France
is come? Make front to this, thou Improvised Commune, strong Danton,
whatsoever man is strong! Readers can judge whether the Flag of Country
in Danger flapped soothing or distractively on the souls of men, that
day.
But the Improvised Commune, but strong Danton is not wanting, each
after his kind. Huge Placards are getting plastered to the walls; at
two o'clock the stormbell shall be sounded, the alarm-cannon fired;
all Paris shall rush to the Champ-de-Mars, and have itself enrolled.
Unarmed, truly, and undrilled; but desperate, in the strength of frenzy.
Haste, ye men; ye very women, offer to mount guard and shoulder the
brown musket: weak clucking-hens, in a state of desperation, will fly
at the muzzle of the mastiff, and even conquer him,--by vehemence of
character! Terror itself, when once grown transcendental, becomes a kind
of courage; as frost sufficiently intense, according to Poet Milton,
will burn.--Danton, the other night, in the Legislative Committee
of General Defence, when the other Ministers and Legislators had all
opined, said, It would not do to quit Paris, and fly to Saumur; that
they must abide by Paris; and take such attitude as would put their
enemies in fear,--faire peur; a word of his which has been often
repeated, and reprinted--in italics. (Biographie des Ministres
(Bruxelles, 1826), p. 96.)
At two of the clock, Beaurepaire, as we saw, has shot himself at Verdun;
and over Europe, mortals are going in for afternoon sermon. But at
Paris, all steeples are clangouring not for sermon; the alarm-gun
booming from minute to minute; Champ-de-Mars and Fatherland's Altar
boiling with desperate terror-courage: what a miserere going up
to Heaven from this once Capital of the Most Christian King! The
Legislative sits in alternate awe and effervescence; Vergniaud proposing
that Twelve shall go and dig personally on Montmartre; which is decreed
by acclaim.
But better than digging personally with acclaim, see Danton enter;--the
black brows clouded, the colossus-figure tramping heavy; grim energy
looking from all features of the rugged man! Strong is that grim Son of
France, and Son of Earth; a Reality and not a Formula he too; and
surely now if ever, being hurled low enough, it is on the Earth and on
Realities that he rests. "Legislators!" so speaks the stentor-voice, as
the Newspapers yet preserve it for us, "it is not the alarm-cannon that
you hear: it is the pas-de-charge against our enemies. To conquer them,
to hurl them back, what do we require? Il nous faut de l'audace, et
encore de l'audace, et toujours de l'audace, To dare, and again to dare,
and without end to dare!" (Moniteur in Hist. Parl. xvii. 347.)--Right
so, thou brawny Titan; there is nothing left for thee but that. Old men,
who heard it, will still tell you how the reverberating voice made all
hearts swell, in that moment; and braced them to the sticking-place; and
thrilled abroad over France, like electric virtue, as a word spoken in
season.
But the Commune, enrolling in the Champ-de-Mars? But the Committee of
Watchfulness, become now Committee of Public Salvation; whose conscience
is Marat? The Commune enrolling enrolls many; provides Tents for them in
that Mars'-Field, that they may march with dawn on the morrow: praise to
this part of the Commune! To Marat and the Committee of Watchfulness
not praise;--not even blame, such as could be meted out in these
insufficient dialects of ours; expressive silence rather! Lone Marat,
the man forbid, meditating long in his Cellars of refuge, on his
Stylites Pillar, could see salvation in one thing only: in the fall of
'two hundred and sixty thousand Aristocrat heads.' With so many score
of Naples Bravoes, each a dirk in his right-hand, a muff on his left,
he would traverse France, and do it. But the world laughed, mocking the
severe-benevolence of a People's-Friend; and his idea could not become
an action, but only a fixed-idea. Lo, now, however, he has come down
from his Stylites Pillar, to a Tribune particuliere; here now, without
the dirks, without the muffs at least, were it not grown possible,--now
in the knot of the crisis, when salvation or destruction hangs in the
hour!
The Ice-Tower of Avignon was noised of sufficiently, and lives in
all memories; but the authors were not punished: nay we saw Jourdan
Coupe-tete, borne on men's shoulders, like a copper Portent, 'traversing
the cities of the South.'--What phantasms, squalid-horrid, shaking their
dirk and muff, may dance through the brain of a Marat, in this dizzy
pealing of tocsin-miserere, and universal frenzy, seek not to guess,
O Reader! Nor what the cruel Billaud 'in his short brown coat was
thinking;' nor Sergent, not yet Agate-Sergent; nor Panis the confident
of Danton;--nor, in a word, how gloomy Orcus does breed in her gloomy
womb, and fashion her monsters, and prodigies of Events, which thou
seest her visibly bear! Terror is on these streets of Paris; terror and
rage, tears and frenzy: tocsin-miserere pealing through the air; fierce
desperation rushing to battle; mothers, with streaming eyes and wild
hearts, sending forth their sons to die. 'Carriage-horses are seized by
the bridle,' that they may draw cannon; 'the traces cut, the carriages
left standing.' In such tocsin-miserere, and murky bewilderment of
Frenzy, are not Murder, Ate, and all Furies near at hand? On slight
hint, who knows on how slight, may not Murder come; and, with her
snaky-sparkling hand, illuminate this murk!
How it was and went, what part might be premeditated, what was
improvised and accidental, man will never know, till the great Day of
Judgment make it known. But with a Marat for keeper of the Sovereign's
Conscience--And we know what the ultima ratio of Sovereigns, when they
are driven to it, is! In this Paris there are as many wicked men, say a
hundred or more, as exist in all the Earth: to be hired, and set on;
to set on, of their own accord, unhired.--And yet we will remark that
premeditation itself is not performance, is not surety of performance;
that it is perhaps, at most, surety of letting whosoever wills perform.
From the purpose of crime to the act of crime there is an abyss;
wonderful to think of. The finger lies on the pistol; but the man is not
yet a murderer: nay, his whole nature staggering at such consummation,
is there not a confused pause rather,--one last instant of possibility
for him? Not yet a murderer; it is at the mercy of light trifles whether
the most fixed idea may not yet become unfixed. One slight twitch of a
muscle, the death flash bursts; and he is it, and will for Eternity be
it;--and Earth has become a penal Tartarus for him; his horizon girdled
now not with golden hope, but with red flames of remorse; voices from
the depths of Nature sounding, Wo, wo on him!
Of such stuff are we all made; on such powder-mines of bottomless guilt
and criminality, 'if God restrained not; as is well said,--does the
purest of us walk. There are depths in man that go the length of lowest
Hell, as there are heights that reach highest Heaven;--for are not both
Heaven and Hell made out of him, made by him, everlasting Miracle
and Mystery as he is?--But looking on this Champ-de-Mars, with its
tent-buildings, and frantic enrolments; on this murky-simmering
Paris, with its crammed Prisons (supposed about to burst), with
its tocsin-miserere, its mothers' tears, and soldiers' farewell
shoutings,--the pious soul might have prayed, that day, that God's
grace would restrain, and greatly restrain; lest on slight hest or
hint, Madness, Horror and Murder rose, and this Sabbath-day of September
became a Day black in the Annals of Men.--
The tocsin is pealing its loudest, the clocks inaudibly striking Three,
when poor Abbe Sicard, with some thirty other Nonjurant Priests, in
six carriages, fare along the streets, from their preliminary House of
Detention at the Townhall, westward towards the Prison of the Abbaye.
Carriages enough stand deserted on the streets; these six move
on,--through angry multitudes, cursing as they move. Accursed Aristocrat
Tartuffes, this is the pass ye have brought us to! And now ye will break
the Prisons, and set Capet Veto on horseback to ride over us? Out upon
you, Priests of Beelzebub and Moloch; of Tartuffery, Mammon, and the
Prussian Gallows,--which ye name Mother-Church and God! Such reproaches
have the poor Nonjurants to endure, and worse; spoken in on them by
frantic Patriots, who mount even on the carriage-steps; the very
Guards hardly refraining. Pull up your carriage-blinds!--No! answers
Patriotism, clapping its horny paw on the carriage blind, and crushing
it down again. Patience in oppression has limits: we are close on the
Abbaye, it has lasted long: a poor Nonjurant, of quicker temper, smites
the horny paw with his cane; nay, finding solacement in it, smites the
unkempt head, sharply and again more sharply, twice over,--seen clearly
of us and of the world. It is the last that we see clearly. Alas, next
moment, the carriages are locked and blocked in endless raging tumults;
in yells deaf to the cry for mercy, which answer the cry for mercy with
sabre-thrusts through the heart. (Felemhesi (anagram for Mehee Fils), La
Verite tout entiere, sur les vrais auteurs de la journee du 2 Septembre
1792 (reprinted in Hist. Parl. xviii. 156-181), p. 167.) The thirty
Priests are torn out, are massacred about the Prison-Gate, one after
one,--only the poor Abbe Sicard, whom one Moton a watchmaker, knowing
him, heroically tried to save, and secrete in the Prison, escapes to
tell;--and it is Night and Orcus, and Murder's snaky-sparkling head has
risen in the murk!--
From Sunday afternoon (exclusive of intervals, and pauses not final)
till Thursday evening, there follow consecutively a Hundred Hours.
Which hundred hours are to be reckoned with the hours of the Bartholomew
Butchery, of the Armagnac Massacres, Sicilian Vespers, or whatsoever is
savagest in the annals of this world. Horrible the hour when man's soul,
in its paroxysm, spurns asunder the barriers and rules; and shews what
dens and depths are in it! For Night and Orcus, as we say, as was
long prophesied, have burst forth, here in this Paris, from their
subterranean imprisonment: hideous, dim, confused; which it is painful
to look on; and yet which cannot, and indeed which should not, be
forgotten.
The Reader, who looks earnestly through this dim Phantasmagory of the
Pit, will discern few fixed certain objects; and yet still a few. He
will observe, in this Abbaye Prison, the sudden massacre of the Priests
being once over, a strange Court of Justice, or call it Court of Revenge
and Wild-Justice, swiftly fashion itself, and take seat round a table,
with the Prison-Registers spread before it;--Stanislas Maillard,
Bastille-hero, famed Leader of the Menads, presiding. O Stanislas, one
hoped to meet thee elsewhere than here; thou shifty Riding-Usher, with
an inkling of Law! This work also thou hadst to do; and then--to depart
for ever from our eyes. At La Force, at the Chatelet, the Conciergerie,
the like Court forms itself, with the like accompaniments: the thing
that one man does other men can do. There are some Seven Prisons in
Paris, full of Aristocrats with conspiracies;--nay not even Bicetre and
Salpetriere shall escape, with their Forgers of Assignats: and there
are seventy times seven hundred Patriot hearts in a state of frenzy.
Scoundrel hearts also there are; as perfect, say, as the Earth
holds,--if such are needed. To whom, in this mood, law is as no-law; and
killing, by what name soever called, is but work to be done.
So sit these sudden Courts of Wild-Justice, with the Prison-Registers
before them; unwonted wild tumult howling all round: the Prisoners
in dread expectancy within. Swift: a name is called; bolts jingle, a
Prisoner is there. A few questions are put; swiftly this sudden Jury
decides: Royalist Plotter or not? Clearly not; in that case, Let the
Prisoner be enlarged With Vive la Nation. Probably yea; then still, Let
the Prisoner be enlarged, but without Vive la Nation; or else it may
run, Let the prisoner be conducted to La Force. At La Force again their
formula is, Let the Prisoner be conducted to the Abbaye.--"To La Force
then!" Volunteer bailiffs seize the doomed man; he is at the outer gate;
'enlarged,' or 'conducted,'--not into La Force, but into a howling sea;
forth, under an arch of wild sabres, axes and pikes; and sinks, hewn
asunder. And another sinks, and another; and there forms itself a piled
heap of corpses, and the kennels begin to run red. Fancy the yells of
these men, their faces of sweat and blood; the crueller shrieks of these
women, for there are women too; and a fellow-mortal hurled naked into it
all! Jourgniac de Saint Meard has seen battle, has seen an effervescent
Regiment du Roi in mutiny; but the bravest heart may quail at this. The
Swiss Prisoners, remnants of the Tenth of August, 'clasped each other
spasmodically,' and hung back; grey veterans crying: "Mercy Messieurs;
ah, mercy!" But there was no mercy. Suddenly, however, one of these men
steps forward. He had a blue frock coat; he seemed to be about thirty,
his stature was above common, his look noble and martial. "I go first,"
said he, "since it must be so: adieu!" Then dashing his hat sharply
behind him: "Which way?" cried he to the Brigands: "Shew it me, then."
They open the folding gate; he is announced to the multitude. He stands
a moment motionless; then plunges forth among the pikes, and dies of
a thousand wounds.' (Felemhesi, La Verite tout entiere (ut supra), p.
173.)
Man after man is cut down; the sabres need sharpening, the killers
refresh themselves from wine jugs. Onward and onward goes the butchery;
the loud yells wearying down into bass growls. A sombre-faced, shifting
multitude looks on; in dull approval, or dull disapproval; in dull
recognition that it is Necessity. 'An Anglais in drab greatcoat'
was seen, or seemed to be seen, serving liquor from his own
dram-bottle;--for what purpose, 'if not set on by Pitt,' Satan and
himself know best! Witty Dr. Moore grew sick on approaching, and turned
into another street. (Moore's Journal, i. 185-195.)--Quick enough
goes this Jury-Court; and rigorous. The brave are not spared, nor the
beautiful, nor the weak. Old M. de Montmorin, the Minister's Brother,
was acquitted by the Tribunal of the Seventeenth; and conducted back,
elbowed by howling galleries; but is not acquitted here. Princess de
Lamballe has lain down on bed: "Madame, you are to be removed to the
Abbaye." "I do not wish to remove; I am well enough here." There is a
need-be for removing. She will arrange her dress a little, then;
rude voices answer, "You have not far to go." She too is led to the
hell-gate; a manifest Queen's-Friend. She shivers back, at the sight of
bloody sabres; but there is no return: Onwards! That fair hindhead
is cleft with the axe; the neck is severed. That fair body is cut
in fragments; with indignities, and obscene horrors of moustachio
grands-levres, which human nature would fain find incredible,--which
shall be read in the original language only. She was beautiful, she
was good, she had known no happiness. Young hearts, generation after
generation, will think with themselves: O worthy of worship, thou
king-descended, god-descended and poor sister-woman! why was not I
there; and some Sword Balmung, or Thor's Hammer in my hand? Her head is
fixed on a pike; paraded under the windows of the Temple; that a still
more hated, a Marie-Antoinette, may see. One Municipal, in the Temple
with the Royal Prisoners at the moment, said, "Look out." Another
eagerly whispered, "Do not look." The circuit of the Temple is guarded,
in these hours, by a long stretched tricolor riband: terror enters, and
the clangour of infinite tumult: hitherto not regicide, though that too
may come.
But it is more edifying to note what thrillings of affection, what
fragments of wild virtues turn up, in this shaking asunder of man's
existence, for of these too there is a proportion. Note old Marquis
Cazotte: he is doomed to die; but his young Daughter clasps him in her
arms, with an inspiration of eloquence, with a love which is stronger
than very death; the heart of the killers themselves is touched by it;
the old man is spared. Yet he was guilty, if plotting for his King is
guilt: in ten days more, a Court of Law condemned him, and he had to die
elsewhere; bequeathing his Daughter a lock of his old grey hair. Or
note old M. de Sombreuil, who also had a Daughter:--My Father is not an
Aristocrat; O good gentlemen, I will swear it, and testify it, and in
all ways prove it; we are not; we hate Aristocrats! "Wilt thou drink
Aristocrats' blood?" The man lifts blood (if universal Rumour can be
credited (Dulaure: Esquisses Historiques des principaux evenemens de
la Revolution, ii. 206 (cited in Montgaillard, iii. 205.); the poor
maiden does drink. "This Sombreuil is innocent then!" Yes indeed,--and
now note, most of all, how the bloody pikes, at this news, do rattle to
the ground; and the tiger-yells become bursts of jubilee over a brother
saved; and the old man and his daughter are clasped to bloody bosoms,
with hot tears, and borne home in triumph of Vive la Nation, the killers
refusing even money! Does it seem strange, this temper of theirs?
It seems very certain, well proved by Royalist testimony in other
instances; (Bertrand-Moleville, Mem. Particuliers, ii.213, &c. &c.) and
very significant.
Chapter 3.1.V.
A Trilogy.
As all Delineation, in these ages, were it never so Epic, 'speaking
itself and not singing itself,' must either found on Belief and provable
Fact, or have no foundation at all (nor except as floating cobweb any
existence at all),--the Reader will perhaps prefer to take a glance with
the very eyes of eye-witnesses; and see, in that way, for himself, how
it was. Brave Jourgniac, innocent Abbe Sicard, judicious Advocate Maton,
these, greatly compressing themselves, shall speak, each an instant.
Jourgniac's Agony of Thirty-eight hours went through 'above a hundred
editions,' though intrinsically a poor work. Some portion of it may here
go through above the hundred-and-first, for want of a better.
'Towards seven o'clock' (Sunday night, at the Abbaye; for Jourgniac
goes by dates): 'We saw two men enter, their hands bloody and armed with
sabres; a turnkey, with a torch, lighted them; he pointed to the bed of
the unfortunate Swiss, Reding. Reding spoke with a dying voice. One of
them paused; but the other cried Allons donc; lifted the unfortunate
man; carried him out on his back to the street. He was massacred there.
'We all looked at one another in silence, we clasped each other's hands.
Motionless, with fixed eyes, we gazed on the pavement of our prison;
on which lay the moonlight, checkered with the triple stancheons of our
windows.
'Three in the morning: They were breaking-in one of the prison-doors. We
at first thought they were coming to kill us in our room; but heard,
by voices on the staircase, that it was a room where some Prisoners
had barricaded themselves. They were all butchered there, as we shortly
gathered.
'Ten o'clock: The Abbe Lenfant and the Abbe de Chapt-Rastignac appeared
in the pulpit of the Chapel, which was our prison; they had entered by a
door from the stairs. They said to us that our end was at hand; that
we must compose ourselves, and receive their last blessing. An electric
movement, not to be defined, threw us all on our knees, and we received
it. These two whitehaired old men, blessing us from their place above;
death hovering over our heads, on all hands environing us; the moment is
never to be forgotten. Half an hour after, they were both massacred, and
we heard their cries.' (Jourgniac Saint-Meard, Mon Agonie de Trente-huit
heures, reprinted in Hist. Parl. xviii. 103-135.)--Thus Jourgniac in
his Agony in the Abbaye.
But now let the good Maton speak, what he, over in La Force, in the same
hours, is suffering and witnessing. This Resurrection by him is greatly
the best, the least theatrical of these Pamphlets; and stands testing by
documents:
'Towards seven o'clock,' on Sunday night, 'prisoners were called
frequently, and they did not reappear. Each of us reasoned in his own
way, on this singularity: but our ideas became calm, as we persuaded
ourselves that the Memorial I had drawn up for the National Assembly was
producing effect.
'At one in the morning, the grate which led to our quarter opened anew.
Four men in uniform, each with a drawn sabre and blazing torch, came up
to our corridor, preceded by a turnkey; and entered an apartment close
to ours, to investigate a box there, which we heard them break up. This
done, they stept into the gallery, and questioned the man Cuissa, to
know where Lamotte (Necklace's Widower) was. Lamotte, they said, had
some months ago, under pretext of a treasure he knew of, swindled a sum
of three-hundred livres from one of them, inviting him to dinner for
that purpose. The wretched Cuissa, now in their hands, who indeed lost
his life this night, answered trembling, That he remembered the fact
well, but could not tell what was become of Lamotte. Determined to find
Lamotte and confront him with Cuissa, they rummaged, along with this
latter, through various other apartments; but without effect, for we
heard them say: "Come search among the corpses then: for, nom de Dieu!
we must find where he is."
'At this time, I heard Louis Bardy, the Abbe Bardy's name called: he was
brought out; and directly massacred, as I learnt. He had been accused,
along with his concubine, five or six years before, of having murdered
and cut in pieces his own Brother, Auditor of the Chambre des Comptes at
Montpelier; but had by his subtlety, his dexterity, nay his eloquence,
outwitted the judges, and escaped.
'One may fancy what terror these words, "Come search among the corpses
then," had thrown me into. I saw nothing for it now but resigning
myself to die. I wrote my last-will; concluding it by a petition and
adjuration, that the paper should be sent to its address. Scarcely had I
quitted the pen, when there came two other men in uniform; one of them,
whose arm and sleeve up to the very shoulder, as well as the sabre,
were covered with blood, said, He was as weary as a hodman that had been
beating plaster.
'Baudin de la Chenaye was called; sixty years of virtues could not save
him. They said, "A l'Abbaye:" he passed the fatal outer-gate; gave a
cry of terror, at sight of the heaped corpses; covered his eyes with
his hands, and died of innumerable wounds. At every new opening of the
grate, I thought I should hear my own name called, and see Rossignol
enter.
'I flung off my nightgown and cap; I put on a coarse unwashed shirt, a
worn frock without waistcoat, an old round hat; these things I had sent
for, some days ago, in the fear of what might happen.
'The rooms of this corridor had been all emptied but ours. We were four
together; whom they seemed to have forgotten: we addressed our prayers
in common to the Eternal to be delivered from this peril.
'Baptiste the turnkey came up by himself, to see us. I took him by the
hands; I conjured him to save us; promised him a hundred louis, if he
would conduct me home. A noise coming from the grates made him hastily
withdraw.
'It was the noise of some dozen or fifteen men, armed to the teeth; as
we, lying flat to escape being seen, could see from our windows: "Up
stairs!" said they: "Let not one remain." I took out my penknife; I
considered where I should strike myself,'--but reflected 'that the blade
was too short,' and also 'on religion.'
Finally, however, between seven and eight o'clock in the morning, enter
four men with bludgeons and sabres!--'to one of whom Gerard my comrade
whispered, earnestly, apart. During their colloquy I searched every
where for shoes, that I might lay off the Advocate pumps (pantoufles de
Palais) I had on,' but could find none.--'Constant, called le Sauvage,
Gerard, and a third whose name escapes me, they let clear off: as for
me, four sabres were crossed over my breast, and they led me down. I was
brought to their bar; to the Personage with the scarf, who sat as judge
there. He was a lame man, of tall lank stature. He recognised me on the
streets, and spoke to me seven months after. I have been assured that
he was son of a retired attorney, and named Chepy. Crossing the Court
called Des Nourrices, I saw Manuel haranguing in tricolor scarf.' The
trial, as we see, ends in acquittal and resurrection. (Maton de la
Varenne, Ma Resurrection in Hist. Parl. xviii. 135-156.)
Poor Sicard, from the violon of the Abbaye, shall say but a few words;
true-looking, though tremulous. Towards three in the morning, the
killers bethink them of this little violon; and knock from the court. 'I
tapped gently, trembling lest the murderers might hear, on the opposite
door, where the Section Committee was sitting: they answered gruffly
that they had no key. There were three of us in this violon; my
companions thought they perceived a kind of loft overhead. But it was
very high; only one of us could reach it, by mounting on the shoulders
of both the others. One of them said to me, that my life was usefuller
than theirs: I resisted, they insisted: no denial! I fling myself on the
neck of these two deliverers; never was scene more touching. I mount on
the shoulders of the first, then on those of the second, finally on
the loft; and address to my two comrades the expression of a soul
overwhelmed with natural emotions. (Abbe Sicard: Relation adressee a un
de ses amis, Hist. Parl. xviii. 98-103.)
The two generous companions, we rejoice to find, did not perish. But it
is time that Jourgniac de Saint-Meard should speak his last words, and
end this singular trilogy. The night had become day; and the day has
again become night. Jourgniac, worn down with uttermost agitation, has
fallen asleep, and had a cheering dream: he has also contrived to make
acquaintance with one of the volunteer bailiffs, and spoken in native
Provencal with him. On Tuesday, about one in the morning, his Agony is
reaching its crisis.
'By the glare of two torches, I now descried the terrible tribunal,
where lay my life or my death. The President, in grey coats, with a
sabre at his side, stood leaning with his hands against a table, on
which were papers, an inkstand, tobacco-pipes and bottles. Some ten
persons were around, seated or standing; two of whom had jackets and
aprons: others were sleeping stretched on benches. Two men, in bloody
shirts, guarded the door of the place; an old turnkey had his hand on
the lock. In front of the President, three men held a Prisoner, who
might be about sixty' (or seventy: he was old Marshal Maille, of the
Tuileries and August Tenth). 'They stationed me in a corner; my
guards crossed their sabres on my breast. I looked on all sides for my
Provencal: two National Guards, one of them drunk, presented some appeal
from the Section of Croix Rouge in favour of the Prisoner; the Man in
Grey answered: "They are useless, these appeals for traitors." Then the
Prisoner exclaimed: "It is frightful; your judgment is a murder." The
President answered; "My hands are washed of it; take M. Maille away."
They drove him into the street; where, through the opening of the door,
I saw him massacred.
'The President sat down to write; registering, I suppose, the name of
this one whom they had finished; then I heard him say: "Another, A un
autre!"
'Behold me then haled before this swift and bloody judgment-bar, where
the best protection was to have no protection, and all resources of
ingenuity became null if they were not founded on truth. Two of my
guards held me each by a hand, the third by the collar of my coat. "Your
name, your profession?" said the President. "The smallest lie ruins
you," added one of the judges,--"My name is Jourgniac Saint-Meard; I
have served, as an officer, twenty years: and I appear at your tribunal
with the assurance of an innocent man, who therefore will not
lie."--"We shall see that," said the President: "Do you know why you
are arrested?"--"Yes, Monsieur le President; I am accused of editing the
Journal De la Cour et de la Ville. But I hope to prove the falsity"'--
But no; Jourgniac's proof of the falsity, and defence generally, though
of excellent result as a defence, is not interesting to read. It is
long-winded; there is a loose theatricality in the reporting of it,
which does not amount to unveracity, yet which tends that way. We shall
suppose him successful, beyond hope, in proving and disproving; and skip
largely,--to the catastrophe, almost at two steps.
'"But after all," said one of the Judges, "there is no smoke without
kindling; tell us why they accuse you of that."--"I was about to do
so"'--Jourgniac does so; with more and more success.
'"Nay," continued I, "they accuse me even of recruiting for the
Emigrants!" At these words there arose a general murmur. "O Messieurs,
Messieurs," I exclaimed, raising my voice, "it is my turn to speak; I
beg M. le President to have the kindness to maintain it for me; I never
needed it more."--"True enough, true enough," said almost all the judges
with a laugh: "Silence!"
'While they were examining the testimonials I had produced, a new
Prisoner was brought in, and placed before the President. "It was one
Priest more," they said, "whom they had ferreted out of the Chapelle."
After very few questions: "A la Force!" He flung his breviary on
the table: was hurled forth, and massacred. I reappeared before the
tribunal.
'"You tell us always," cried one of the judges, with a tone of
impatience, "that you are not this, that you are not that: what are you
then?"--"I was an open Royalist."--There arose a general murmur; which
was miraculously appeased by another of the men, who had seemed to take
an interest in me: "We are not here to judge opinions," said he, "but
to judge the results of them." Could Rousseau and Voltaire both in one,
pleading for me, have said better?--"Yes, Messieurs," cried I, "always
till the Tenth of August, I was an open Royalist. Ever since the Tenth
of August that cause has been finished. I am a Frenchman, true to my
country. I was always a man of honour."
'"My soldiers never distrusted me. Nay, two days before that business
of Nanci, when their suspicion of their officers was at its height,
they chose me for commander, to lead them to Luneville, to get back the
prisoners of the Regiment Mestre-de-Camp, and seize General Malseigne."'
Which fact there is, most luckily, an individual present who by a
certain token can confirm.
'The President, this cross-questioning being over, took off his hat and
said: "I see nothing to suspect in this man; I am for granting him his
liberty. Is that your vote?" To which all the judges answered: "Oui,
oui; it is just!"'
And there arose vivats within doors and without; 'escort of three,' amid
shoutings and embracings: thus Jourgniac escaped from jury-trial and the
jaws of death. (Mon Agonie (ut supra), Hist. Parl. xviii. 128.) Maton
and Sicard did, either by trial, and no bill found, lank President Chepy
finding 'absolutely nothing;' or else by evasion, and new favour of
Moton the brave watchmaker, likewise escape; and were embraced, and wept
over; weeping in return, as they well might.
Thus they three, in wondrous trilogy, or triple soliloquy;
uttering simultaneously, through the dread night-watches, their
Night-thoughts,--grown audible to us! They Three are become audible: but
the other 'Thousand and Eighty-nine, of whom Two Hundred and Two were
Priests,' who also had Night-thoughts, remain inaudible; choked for ever
in black Death. Heard only of President Chepy and the Man in Grey!--
Chapter 3.1.VI.
The Circular.
But the Constituted Authorities, all this while? The Legislative
Assembly; the Six Ministers; the Townhall; Santerre with the National
Guard?--It is very curious to think what a City is. Theatres, to
the number of some twenty-three, were open every night during these
prodigies: while right-arms here grew weary with slaying, right-arms
there are twiddledeeing on melodious catgut; at the very instant when
Abbe Sicard was clambering up his second pair of shoulders, three-men
high, five hundred thousand human individuals were lying horizontal, as
if nothing were amiss.
As for the poor Legislative, the sceptre had departed from it. The
Legislative did send Deputation to the Prisons, to the Street-Courts;
and poor M. Dusaulx did harangue there; but produced no conviction
whatsoever: nay, at last, as he continued haranguing, the Street-Court
interposed, not without threats; and he had to cease, and withdraw. This
is the same poor worthy old M. Dusaulx who told, or indeed almost
sang (though with cracked voice), the Taking of the Bastille,--to our
satisfaction long since. He was wont to announce himself, on such and
on all occasions, as the Translator of Juvenal. "Good Citizens, you
see before you a man who loves his country, who is the Translator of
Juvenal," said he once.--"Juvenal?" interrupts Sansculottism: "who the
devil is Juvenal? One of your sacres Aristocrates? To the Lanterne!"
From an orator of this kind, conviction was not to be expected. The
Legislative had much ado to save one of its own Members, or
Ex-Members, Deputy Journeau, who chanced to be lying in arrest for mere
Parliamentary delinquencies, in these Prisons. As for poor old Dusaulx
and Company, they returned to the Salle de Manege, saying, "It was dark;
and they could not see well what was going on." (Moniteur, Debate of 2nd
September, 1792.)
Roland writes indignant messages, in the name of Order, Humanity, and
the Law; but there is no Force at his disposal. Santerre's National
Force seems lazy to rise; though he made requisitions, he says,--which
always dispersed again. Nay did not we, with Advocate Maton's eyes,
see 'men in uniform,' too, with their 'sleeves bloody to the shoulder?'
Petion goes in tricolor scarf; speaks "the austere language of the
law:" the killers give up, while he is there; when his back is turned,
recommence. Manuel too in scarf we, with Maton's eyes, transiently saw
haranguing, in the Court called of Nurses, Cour des Nourrices. On the
other hand, cruel Billaud, likewise in scarf, 'with that small puce coat
and black wig we are used to on him,' (Mehee, Fils ut supra, in Hist.
Parl. xviii. p. 189.) audibly delivers, 'standing among corpses,' at
the Abbaye, a short but ever-memorable harangue, reported in various
phraseology, but always to this purpose: "Brave Citizens, you are
extirpating the Enemies of Liberty; you are at your duty. A grateful
Commune, and Country, would wish to recompense you adequately; but
cannot, for you know its want of funds. Whoever shall have worked
(travaille) in a Prison shall receive a draft of one louis, payable
by our cashier. Continue your work." (Montgaillard, iii. 191.)--The
Constituted Authorities are of yesterday; all pulling different ways:
there is properly not Constituted Authority, but every man is his own
King; and all are kinglets, belligerent, allied, or armed-neutral,
without king over them.
'O everlasting infamy,' exclaims Montgaillard, 'that Paris stood looking
on in stupor for four days, and did not interfere!' Very desirable
indeed that Paris had interfered; yet not unnatural that it stood even
so, looking on in stupor. Paris is in death-panic, the enemy and gibbets
at its door: whosoever in Paris has the heart to front death finds it
more pressing to do it fighting the Prussians, than fighting the killers
of Aristocrats. Indignant abhorrence, as in Roland, may be here; gloomy
sanction, premeditation or not, as in Marat and Committee of Salvation,
may be there; dull disapproval, dull approval, and acquiescence in
Necessity and Destiny, is the general temper. The Sons of Darkness, 'two
hundred or so,' risen from their lurking-places, have scope to do
their work. Urged on by fever-frenzy of Patriotism, and the madness of
Terror;--urged on by lucre, and the gold louis of wages? Nay, not lucre:
for the gold watches, rings, money of the Massacred, are punctually
brought to the Townhall, by Killers sans-indispensables, who higgle
afterwards for their twenty shillings of wages; and Sergent sticking an
uncommonly fine agate on his finger ('fully meaning to account for it'),
becomes Agate-Sergent. But the temper, as we say, is dull acquiescence.
Not till the Patriotic or Frenetic part of the work is finished for want
of material; and Sons of Darkness, bent clearly on lucre alone, begin
wrenching watches and purses, brooches from ladies' necks 'to equip
volunteers,' in daylight, on the streets,--does the temper from dull
grow vehement; does the Constable raise his truncheon, and striking
heartily (like a cattle-driver in earnest) beat the 'course of things'
back into its old regulated drove-roads. The Garde-Meuble itself was
surreptitiously plundered, on the 17th of the Month, to Roland's new
horror; who anew bestirs himself, and is, as Sieyes says, 'the veto of
scoundrels,' Roland veto des coquins. (Helen Maria Williams, iii. 27.)--
This is the September Massacre, otherwise called 'Severe Justice of the
People.' These are the Septemberers (Septembriseurs); a name of some
note and lucency,--but lucency of the Nether-fire sort; very different
from that of our Bastille Heroes, who shone, disputable by no Friend of
Freedom, as in heavenly light-radiance: to such phasis of the business
have we advanced since then! The numbers massacred are, in Historical
fantasy, 'between two and three thousand;' or indeed they are 'upwards
of six thousand,' for Peltier (in vision) saw them massacring the very
patients of the Bicetre Madhouse 'with grape-shot;' nay finally they
are 'twelve thousand' and odd hundreds,--not more than that. (See Hist.
Parl. xvii. 421, 422.) In Arithmetical ciphers, and Lists drawn up
by accurate Advocate Maton, the number, including two hundred and
two priests, three 'persons unknown,' and 'one thief killed at the
Bernardins,' is, as above hinted, a Thousand and Eighty-nine,--no less
than that.
A thousand and eighty-nine lie dead, 'two hundred and sixty heaped
carcasses on the Pont au Change' itself;--among which, Robespierre
pleading afterwards will 'nearly weep' to reflect that there was said
to be one slain innocent. (Moniteur of 6th November, Debate of 5th
November, 1793.) One; not two, O thou seagreen Incorruptible? If
so, Themis Sansculotte must be lucky; for she was brief!--In the dim
Registers of the Townhall, which are preserved to this day, men read,
with a certain sickness of heart, items and entries not usual in Town
Books: 'To workers employed in preserving the salubrity of the air in
the Prisons, and persons 'who presided over these dangerous operations,'
so much,--in various items, nearly seven hundred pounds sterling. To
carters employed to 'the Burying-grounds of Clamart, Montrouge, and
Vaugirard,' at so much a journey, per cart; this also is an entry. Then
so many francs and odd sous 'for the necessary quantity of quick-lime!'
(Etat des sommes payees par la Commune de Paris, Hist. Parl. xviii.
231.) Carts go along the streets; full of stript human corpses, thrown
pellmell; limbs sticking up:--seest thou that cold Hand sticking up,
through the heaped embrace of brother corpses, in its yellow paleness,
in its cold rigour; the palm opened towards Heaven, as if in dumb
prayer, in expostulation de profundis, Take pity on the Sons of
Men!--Mercier saw it, as he walked down 'the Rue Saint-Jacques from
Montrouge, on the morrow of the Massacres:' but not a Hand; it was a
Foot,--which he reckons still more significant, one understands not well
why. Or was it as the Foot of one spurning Heaven? Rushing, like a wild
diver, in disgust and despair, towards the depths of Annihilation? Even
there shall His hand find thee, and His right-hand hold thee,--surely
for right not for wrong, for good not evil! 'I saw that Foot,' says
Mercier; 'I shall know it again at the great Day of Judgment, when
the Eternal, throned on his thunders, shall judge both Kings and
Septemberers.' (Mercier, Nouveau Paris, vi. 21.)
That a shriek of inarticulate horror rose over this thing, not only from
French Aristocrats and Moderates, but from all Europe, and has prolonged
itself to the present day, was most natural and right. The thing lay
done, irrevocable; a thing to be counted besides some other things,
which lie very black in our Earth's Annals, yet which will not erase
therefrom. For man, as was remarked, has transcendentalisms in him;
standing, as he does, poor creature, every way 'in the confluence of
Infinitudes;' a mystery to himself and others: in the centre of two
Eternities, of three Immensities,--in the intersection of primeval Light
with the everlasting dark! Thus have there been, especially by vehement
tempers reduced to a state of desperation, very miserable things done.
Sicilian Vespers, and 'eight thousand slaughtered in two hours,' are
a known thing. Kings themselves, not in desperation, but only in
difficulty, have sat hatching, for year and day (nay De Thou says, for
seven years), their Bartholomew Business; and then, at the right moment,
also on an Autumn Sunday, this very Bell (they say it is the identical
metal) of St. Germain l'Auxerrois was set a-pealing--with effect. (9th
to 13th September, 1572, Dulaure, Hist. de Paris, iv. 289.) Nay the same
black boulder-stones of these Paris Prisons have seen Prison-massacres
before now; men massacring countrymen, Burgundies massacring Armagnacs,
whom they had suddenly imprisoned, till as now there are piled heaps
of carcasses, and the streets ran red;--the Mayor Petion of the time
speaking the austere language of the law, and answered by the Killers,
in old French (it is some four hundred years old): "Maugre bieu,
Sire,--Sir, God's malison on your justice, your pity, your right
reason. Cursed be of God whoso shall have pity on these false traitorous
Armagnacs, English; dogs they are; they have destroyed us, wasted this
realm of France, and sold it to the English." (Dulaure, iii. 494.)
And so they slay, and fling aside the slain, to the extent of 'fifteen
hundred and eighteen, among whom are found four Bishops of false and
damnable counsel, and two Presidents of Parlement.' For though it is
not Satan's world this that we live in, Satan always has his place in
it (underground properly); and from time to time bursts up. Well may
mankind shriek, inarticulately anathematising as they can. There are
actions of such emphasis that no shrieking can be too emphatic for them.
Shriek ye; acted have they.
Shriek who might in this France, in this Paris Legislative or Paris
Townhall, there are Ten Men who do not shriek. A Circular goes out from
the Committee of Salut Public, dated 3rd of September 1792; directed to
all Townhalls: a State-paper too remarkable to be overlooked. 'A part of
the ferocious conspirators detained in the Prisons,' it says, 'have been
put to death by the People; and it,' the Circular, 'cannot doubt but
the whole Nation, driven to the edge of ruin by such endless series of
treasons, will make haste to adopt this means of public salvation; and
all Frenchmen will cry as the men of Paris: We go to fight the enemy,
but we will not leave robbers behind us, to butcher our wives and
children.' To which are legibly appended these signatures: Panis,
Sergent; Marat, Friend of the People; (Hist. Parl. xvii. 433.) with
Seven others;--carried down thereby, in a strange way, to the late
remembrance of Antiquarians. We remark, however, that their Circular
rather recoiled on themselves. The Townhalls made no use of it; even the
distracted Sansculottes made little; they only howled and bellowed,
but did not bite. At Rheims 'about eight persons' were killed; and two
afterwards were hanged for doing it. At Lyons, and a few other places,
some attempt was made; but with hardly any effect, being quickly put
down.
Less fortunate were the Prisoners of Orleans; was the good Duke de la
Rochefoucault. He journeying, by quick stages, with his Mother and Wife,
towards the Waters of Forges, or some quieter country, was arrested at
Gisors; conducted along the streets, amid effervescing multitudes,
and killed dead 'by the stroke of a paving-stone hurled through the
coach-window.' Killed as a once Liberal now Aristocrat; Protector
of Priests, Suspender of virtuous Petions, and his unfortunate
Hot-grown-cold, detestable to Patriotism. He dies lamented of Europe;
his blood spattering the cheeks of his old Mother, ninety-three years
old.
As for the Orleans Prisoners, they are State Criminals: Royalist
Ministers, Delessarts, Montmorins; who have been accumulating on the
High Court of Orleans, ever since that Tribunal was set up. Whom now it
seems good that we should get transferred to our new Paris Court of the
Seventeenth; which proceeds far quicker. Accordingly hot Fournier from
Martinique, Fournier l'Americain, is off, missioned by Constituted
Authority; with stanch National Guards, with Lazouski the Pole;
sparingly provided with road-money. These, through bad quarters, through
difficulties, perils, for Authorities cross each other in this time,--do
triumphantly bring off the Fifty or Fifty-three Orleans Prisoners,
towards Paris; where a swifter Court of the Seventeenth will do justice
on them. (Ibid. xvii. 434.) But lo, at Paris, in the interim, a
still swifter and swiftest Court of the Second, and of September, has
instituted itself: enter not Paris, or that will judge you!--What shall
hot Fournier do? It was his duty, as volunteer Constable, had he been a
perfect character, to guard those men's lives never so Aristocratic, at
the expense of his own valuable life never so Sansculottic, till
some Constituted Court had disposed of them. But he was an imperfect
character and Constable; perhaps one of the more imperfect.
Hot Fournier, ordered to turn thither by one Authority, to turn thither
by another Authority, is in a perplexing multiplicity of orders; but
finally he strikes off for Versailles. His Prisoners fare in tumbrils,
or open carts, himself and Guards riding and marching around: and at the
last village, the worthy Mayor of Versailles comes to meet him, anxious
that the arrival and locking up were well over. It is Sunday, the
ninth day of the month. Lo, on entering the Avenue of Versailles,
what multitudes, stirring, swarming in the September sun, under the
dull-green September foliage; the Four-rowed Avenue all humming and
swarming, as if the Town had emptied itself! Our tumbrils roll heavily
through the living sea; the Guards and Fournier making way with ever
more difficulty; the Mayor speaking and gesturing his persuasivest;
amid the inarticulate growling hum, which growls ever the deeper even by
hearing itself growl, not without sharp yelpings here and there:--Would
to God we were out of this strait place, and wind and separation had
cooled the heat, which seems about igniting here!
And yet if the wide Avenue is too strait, what will the Street de
Surintendance be, at leaving of the same? At the corner of Surintendance
Street, the compressed yelpings became a continuous yell: savage figures
spring on the tumbril-shafts; first spray of an endless coming tide! The
Mayor pleads, pushes, half-desperate; is pushed, carried off in men's
arms: the savage tide has entrance, has mastery. Amid horrid noise, and
tumult as of fierce wolves, the Prisoners sink massacred,--all but some
eleven, who escaped into houses, and found mercy. The Prisons, and
what other Prisoners they held, were with difficulty saved. The stript
clothes are burnt in bonfire; the corpses lie heaped in the ditch on
the morrow morning. (Pieces officielles relatives au massacre des
Prisonniers a Versailles in Hist. Parl. xviii. 236-249.) All France,
except it be the Ten Men of the Circular and their people, moans and
rages, inarticulately shrieking; all Europe rings.
But neither did Danton shriek; though, as Minister of Justice, it was
more his part to do so. Brawny Danton is in the breach, as of stormed
Cities and Nations; amid the Sweep of Tenth-of-August cannon, the rustle
of Prussian gallows-ropes, the smiting of September sabres; destruction
all round him, and the rushing-down of worlds: Minister of Justice
is his name; but Titan of the Forlorn Hope, and Enfant Perdu of the
Revolution, is his quality,--and the man acts according to that. "We
must put our enemies in fear!" Deep fear, is it not, as of its own
accord, falling on our enemies? The Titan of the Forlorn Hope, he is not
the man that would swiftest of all prevent its so falling. Forward,
thou lost Titan of an Enfant Perdu; thou must dare, and again dare, and
without end dare; there is nothing left for thee but that! "Que mon nom
soit fletri, Let my name be blighted:" what am I? The Cause alone is
great; and shall live, and not perish.--So, on the whole, here too is a
swallower of Formulas; of still wider gulp than Mirabeau: this Danton,
Mirabeau of the Sansculottes. In the September days, this Minister was
not heard of as co-operating with strict Roland; his business might lie
elsewhere,--with Brunswick and the Hotel-de-Ville. When applied to by an
official person, about the Orleans Prisoners, and the risks they ran,
he answered gloomily, twice over, "Are not these men guilty?"--When
pressed, he 'answered in a terrible voice,' and turned his back.
(Biographie des Ministres, p. 97.) Two Thousand slain in the Prisons;
horrible if you will: but Brunswick is within a day's journey of us;
and there are Five-and twenty Millions yet, to slay or to save. Some
men have tasks,--frightfuller than ours! It seems strange, but is not
strange, that this Minister of Moloch-Justice, when any suppliant for a
friend's life got access to him, was found to have human compassion; and
yielded and granted 'always;' 'neither did one personal enemy of Danton
perish in these days.' (Ibid. p. 103.)
To shriek, we say, when certain things are acted, is proper and
unavoidable. Nevertheless, articulate speech, not shrieking, is the
faculty of man: when speech is not yet possible, let there be, with
the shortest delay, at least--silence. Silence, accordingly, in this
forty-fourth year of the business, and eighteen hundred and thirty-sixth
of an 'Era called Christian as lucus a non,' is the thing we recommend
and practise. Nay, instead of shrieking more, it were perhaps edifying
to remark, on the other side, what a singular thing Customs (in Latin,
Mores) are; and how fitly the Virtue, Vir-tus, Manhood or Worth, that is
in a man, is called his Morality, or Customariness. Fell Slaughter,
one the most authentic products of the Pit you would say, once give
it Customs, becomes War, with Laws of War; and is Customary and Moral
enough; and red individuals carry the tools of it girt round their
haunches, not without an air of pride,--which do thou nowise blame.
While, see! so long as it is but dressed in hodden or russet; and
Revolution, less frequent than War, has not yet got its Laws of
Revolution, but the hodden or russet individuals are Uncustomary--O
shrieking beloved brother blockheads of Mankind, let us close those wide
mouths of ours; let us cease shrieking, and begin considering!
Chapter 3.1.VII.
September in Argonne.
Plain, at any rate, is one thing: that the fear, whatever of fear those
Aristocrat enemies might need, has been brought about. The matter is
getting serious then! Sansculottism too has become a Fact, and seems
minded to assert itself as such? This huge mooncalf of Sansculottism,
staggering about, as young calves do, is not mockable only, and soft
like another calf; but terrible too, if you prick it; and, through its
hideous nostrils, blows fire!--Aristocrats, with pale panic in their
hearts, fly towards covert; and a light rises to them over several
things; or rather a confused transition towards light, whereby for the
moment darkness is only darker than ever. But, What will become of
this France? Here is a question! France is dancing its desert-waltz, as
Sahara does when the winds waken; in whirlblasts twenty-five millions
in number; waltzing towards Townhalls, Aristocrat Prisons, and Election
Committee-rooms; towards Brunswick and the Frontiers;--towards a
New Chapter of Universal History; if indeed it be not the Finis, and
winding-up of that!
In Election Committee-rooms there is now no dubiety; but the work goes
bravely along. The Convention is getting chosen,--really in a decisive
spirit; in the Townhall we already date First year of the Republic.
Some Two hundred of our best Legislators may be re-elected, the Mountain
bodily: Robespierre, with Mayor Petion, Buzot, Curate Gregoire, Rabaut,
some three score Old-Constituents; though we once had only 'thirty
voices.' All these; and along with them, friends long known to
Revolutionary fame: Camille Desmoulins, though he stutters in speech;
Manuel, Tallien and Company; Journalists Gorsas, Carra, Mercier, Louvet
of Faublas; Clootz Speaker of Mankind; Collot d'Herbois, tearing a
passion to rags; Fabre d'Eglantine, speculative Pamphleteer; Legendre
the solid Butcher; nay Marat, though rural France can hardly believe
it, or even believe that there is a Marat except in print. Of Minister
Danton, who will lay down his Ministry for a Membership, we need
not speak. Paris is fervent; nor is the Country wanting to itself.
Barbaroux, Rebecqui, and fervid Patriots are coming from Marseilles.
Seven hundred and forty-five men (or indeed forty-nine, for Avignon now
sends Four) are gathering: so many are to meet; not so many are to part!
Attorney Carrier from Aurillac, Ex-Priest Lebon from Arras, these shall
both gain a name. Mountainous Auvergne re-elects her Romme: hardy tiller
of the soil, once Mathematical Professor; who, unconscious, carries in
petto a remarkable New Calendar, with Messidors, Pluvioses, and such
like;--and having given it well forth, shall depart by the death they
call Roman. Sieyes old-Constituent comes; to make new Constitutions as
many as wanted: for the rest, peering out of his clear cautious eyes,
he will cower low in many an emergency, and find silence safest. Young
Saint-Just is coming, deputed by Aisne in the North; more like a Student
than a Senator: not four-and-twenty yet; who has written Books; a youth
of slight stature, with mild mellow voice, enthusiast olive-complexion,
and long dark hair. Feraud, from the far valley D'Aure in the folds of
the Pyrenees, is coming; an ardent Republican; doomed to fame, at least
in death.
All manner of Patriot men are coming: Teachers, Husbandmen, Priests
and Ex-Priests, Traders, Doctors; above all, Talkers, or the
Attorney-species. Man-midwives, as Levasseur of the Sarthe, are not
wanting. Nor Artists: gross David, with the swoln cheek, has long
painted, with genius in a state of convulsion; and will now legislate.
The swoln cheek, choking his words in the birth, totally disqualifies
him as orator; but his pencil, his head, his gross hot heart, with
genius in a state of convulsion, will be there. A man bodily and
mentally swoln-cheeked, disproportionate; flabby-large, instead of
great; weak withal as in a state of convulsion, not strong in a state of
composure: so let him play his part. Nor are naturalised Benefactors of
the Species forgotten: Priestley, elected by the Orne Department, but
declining: Paine the rebellious Needleman, by the Pas de Calais, who
accepts.
Few Nobles come, and yet not none. Paul Francois Barras, 'noble as
the Barrases, old as the rocks of Provence;' he is one. The reckless,
shipwrecked man: flung ashore on the coast of the Maldives long ago,
while sailing and soldiering as Indian Fighter; flung ashore since then,
as hungry Parisian Pleasure-hunter and Half-pay, on many a Circe Island,
with temporary enchantment, temporary conversion into beasthood and
hoghood;--the remote Var Department has now sent him hither. A man of
heat and haste; defective in utterance; defective indeed in any thing
to utter; yet not without a certain rapidity of glance, a certain swift
transient courage; who, in these times, Fortune favouring, may go far.
He is tall, handsome to the eye, 'only the complexion a little yellow;'
but 'with a robe of purple with a scarlet cloak and plume of tricolor,
on occasions of solemnity,' the man will look well. (Dictionnaire
des Hommes Marquans, para Barras.) Lepelletier Saint-Fargeau,
Old-Constituent, is a kind of noble, and of enormous wealth; he too
has come hither:--to have the Pain of Death abolished? Hapless
Ex-Parlementeer! Nay, among our Sixty Old-Constituents, see Philippe
d'Orleans a Prince of the Blood! Not now d'Orleans: for, Feudalism being
swept from the world, he demands of his worthy friends the Electors of
Paris, to have a new name of their choosing; whereupon Procureur
Manuel, like an antithetic literary man, recommends Equality, Egalite. A
Philippe Egalite therefore will sit; seen of the Earth and Heaven.
Such a Convention is gathering itself together. Mere angry poultry in
moulting season; whom Brunswick's grenadiers and cannoneers will
give short account of. Would the weather only mend a little!
(Bertrand-Moleville, Memoires, ii. 225.)
In vain, O Bertrand! The weather will not mend a whit:--nay even if it
did? Dumouriez Polymetis, though Bertrand knows it not, started from
brief slumber at Sedan, on that morning of the 29th of August; with
stealthiness, with promptitude, audacity. Some three mornings after
that, Brunswick, opening wide eyes, perceives the Passes of the Argonne
all seized; blocked with felled trees, fortified with camps; and that it
is a most shifty swift Dumouriez this, who has outwitted him!
The manoeuvre may cost Brunswick 'a loss of three weeks,' very fatal in
these circumstances. A Mountain-wall of forty miles lying between him
and Paris: which he should have preoccupied;--which how now to get
possession of? Also the rain it raineth every day; and we are in a
hungry Champagne Pouilleuse, a land flowing only with ditch-water. How
to cross this Mountain-wall of the Argonne; or what in the world to do
with it?--there are marchings and wet splashings by steep paths,
with sackerments and guttural interjections; forcings of Argonne
Passes,--which unhappily will not force. Through the woods, volleying
War reverberates, like huge gong-music, or Moloch's kettledrum, borne
by the echoes; swoln torrents boil angrily round the foot of rocks,
floating pale carcasses of men. In vain! Islettes Village, with
its church-steeple, rises intact in the Mountain-pass, between the
embosoming heights; your forced marchings and climbings have become
forced slidings, and tumblings back. From the hill-tops thou seest
nothing but dumb crags, and endless wet moaning woods; the Clermont
Vache (huge Cow that she is) disclosing herself (See Helen Maria
Williams. Letters, iii. 79-81.) at intervals; flinging off her
cloud-blanket, and soon taking it on again, drowned in the pouring
Heaven. The Argonne Passes will not force: by must skirt the Argonne; go
round by the end of it.
But fancy whether the Emigrant Seigneurs have not got their brilliancy
dulled a little; whether that 'Foot Regiment in red-facings with nankeen
trousers' could be in field-day order! In place of gasconading, a sort
of desperation, and hydrophobia from excess of water, is threatening to
supervene. Young Prince de Ligne, son of that brave literary De Ligne
the Thundergod of Dandies, fell backwards; shot dead in Grand-Pre,
the Northmost of the Passes: Brunswick is skirting and rounding,
laboriously, by the extremity of the South. Four days; days of a rain as
of Noah,--without fire, without food! For fire you cut down green trees,
and produce smoke; for food you eat green grapes, and produce colic,
pestilential dysentery, (Greek). And the Peasants assassinate us, they
do not join us; shrill women cry shame on us, threaten to draw
their very scissors on us! O ye hapless dulled-bright Seigneurs,
and hydrophobic splashed Nankeens;--but O, ten times more, ye poor
sackerment-ing ghastly-visaged Hessians and Hulans, fallen on
your backs; who had no call to die there, except compulsion and
three-halfpence a-day! Nor has Mrs. Le Blanc of the Golden Arm a good
time of it, in her bower of dripping rushes. Assassinating Peasants are
hanged; Old-Constituent Honourable members, though of venerable age,
ride in carts with their hands tied; these are the woes of war.
Thus they; sprawling and wriggling, far and wide, on the slopes
and passes of the Argonne;--a loss to Brunswick of five-and-twenty
disastrous days. There is wriggling and struggling; facing, backing, and
right-about facing; as the positions shift, and the Argonne gets partly
rounded, partly forced:--but still Dumouriez, force him, round him as
you will, sticks like a rooted fixture on the ground; fixture with many
hinges; wheeling now this way, now that; shewing always new front, in
the most unexpected manner: nowise consenting to take himself away.
Recruits stream up on him: full of heart; yet rather difficult to
deal with. Behind Grand-Pre, for example, Grand-Pre which is on the
wrong-side of the Argonne, for we are now forced and rounded,--the full
heart, in one of those wheelings and shewings of new front, did as it
were overset itself, as full hearts are liable to do; and there rose a
shriek of sauve qui peut, and a death-panic which had nigh ruined all!
So that the General had to come galloping; and, with thunder-words, with
gesture, stroke of drawn sword even, check and rally, and bring back the
sense of shame; (Dumouriez, Memoires, iii. 29.)--nay to seize the first
shriekers and ringleaders; 'shave their heads and eyebrows,' and pack
them forth into the world as a sign. Thus too (for really the rations
are short, and wet camping with hungry stomach brings bad humour) there
is like to be mutiny. Whereupon again Dumouriez 'arrives at the head of
their line, with his staff, and an escort of a hundred huzzars. He had
placed some squadrons behind them, the artillery in front; he said to
them: "As for you, for I will neither call you citizens, nor soldiers,
nor my men (ni mes enfans), you see before you this artillery, behind
you this cavalry. You have dishonoured yourselves by crimes. If you
amend, and grow to behave like this brave Army which you have the honour
of belonging to, you will find in me a good father. But plunderers and
assassins I do not suffer here. At the smallest mutiny I will have you
shivered in pieces (hacher en pieces). Seek out the scoundrels that
are among you, and dismiss them yourselves; I hold you responsible for
them."' (Ibid., Memoires iii. 55.)
Patience, O Dumouriez! This uncertain heap of shriekers, mutineers, were
they once drilled and inured, will become a phalanxed mass of Fighters;
and wheel and whirl, to order, swiftly like the wind or the whirlwind:
tanned mustachio-figures; often barefoot, even bare-backed; with sinews
of iron; who require only bread and gunpowder: very Sons of Fire, the
adroitest, hastiest, hottest ever seen perhaps since Attila's time. They
may conquer and overrun amazingly, much as that same Attila did;--whose
Attila's-Camp and Battlefield thou now seest, on this very ground;
(Helen Maria Williams, iii. 32.) who, after sweeping bare the world,
was, with difficulty, and days of tough fighting, checked here by
Roman Aetius and Fortune; and his dust-cloud made to vanish in the East
again!--
Strangely enough, in this shrieking Confusion of a Soldiery, which
we saw long since fallen all suicidally out of square in suicidal
collision,--at Nanci, or on the streets of Metz, where brave Bouille
stood with drawn sword; and which has collided and ground itself to
pieces worse and worse ever since, down now to such a state: in this
shrieking Confusion, and not elsewhere, lies the first germ of returning
Order for France! Round which, we say, poor France nearly all ground
down suicidally likewise into rubbish and Chaos, will be glad to rally;
to begin growing, and new-shaping her inorganic dust: very slowly,
through centuries, through Napoleons, Louis Philippes, and other the
like media and phases,--into a new, infinitely preferable France, we can
hope!--
These wheelings and movements in the region of the Argonne, which are
all faithfully described by Dumouriez himself, and more interesting to
us than Hoyle's or Philidor's best Game of Chess, let us, nevertheless,
O Reader, entirely omit;--and hasten to remark two things: the first
a minute private, the second a large public thing. Our minute private
thing is: the presence, in the Prussian host, in that war-game of the
Argonne, of a certain Man, belonging to the sort called Immortal;
who, in days since then, is becoming visible more and more, in that
character, as the Transitory more and more vanishes; for from of old
it was remarked that when the Gods appear among men, it is seldom in
recognisable shape; thus Admetus' neatherds give Apollo a draught of
their goatskin whey-bottle (well if they do not give him strokes with
their ox-rungs), not dreaming that he is the Sungod! This man's name is
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. He is Herzog Weimar's Minister, come with
the small contingent of Weimar; to do insignificant unmilitary duty
here; very irrecognizable to nearly all! He stands at present, with
drawn bridle, on the height near Saint-Menehould, making an experiment
on the 'cannon-fever;' having ridden thither against persuasion, into
the dance and firing of the cannon-balls, with a scientific desire to
understand what that same cannon-fever may be: 'The sound of them,' says
he, 'is curious enough; as if it were compounded of the humming of tops,
the gurgling of water and the whistle of birds. By degrees you get a
very uncommon sensation; which can only be described by similitude. It
seems as if you were in some place extremely hot, and at the same time
were completely penetrated by the heat of it; so that you feel as if you
and this element you are in were perfectly on a par. The eyesight loses
nothing of its strength or distinctness; and yet it is as if all things
had got a kind of brown-red colour, which makes the situation and the
objects still more impressive on you.' (Goethe, Campagne in Frankreich,
Werke, xxx. 73.)
This is the cannon-fever, as a World-Poet feels it.--A man entirely
irrecognisable! In whose irrecognisable head, meanwhile, there verily
is the spiritual counterpart (and call it complement) of this same huge
Death-Birth of the World; which now effectuates itself, outwardly in the
Argonne, in such cannon-thunder; inwardly, in the irrecognisable
head, quite otherwise than by thunder! Mark that man, O Reader, as the
memorablest of all the memorable in this Argonne Campaign. What we say
of him is not dream, nor flourish of rhetoric; but scientific historic
fact; as many men, now at this distance, see or begin to see.
But the large public thing we had to remark is this: That the Twentieth
of September, 1792, was a raw morning covered with mist; that from three
in the morning Sainte-Menehould, and those Villages and homesteads
we know of old were stirred by the rumble of artillery-wagons, by the
clatter of hoofs, and many footed tramp of men: all manner of military,
Patriot and Prussian, taking up positions, on the Heights of La Lune
and other Heights; shifting and shoving,--seemingly in some dread
chess-game; which may the Heavens turn to good! The Miller of Valmy has
fled dusty under ground; his Mill, were it never so windy, will
have rest to-day. At seven in the morning the mist clears off: see
Kellermann, Dumouriez' second in command, with 'eighteen pieces of
cannon,' and deep-serried ranks, drawn up round that same silent
Windmill, on his knoll of strength; Brunswick, also, with serried ranks
and cannon, glooming over to him from the height of La Lune; only the
little brook and its little dell now parting them.
So that the much-longed-for has come at last! Instead of hunger and
dysentery, we shall have sharp shot; and then!--Dumouriez, with force
and firm front, looks on from a neighbouring height; can help only with
his wishes, in silence. Lo, the eighteen pieces do bluster and bark,
responsive to the bluster of La Lune; and thunder-clouds mount into the
air; and echoes roar through all dells, far into the depths of Argonne
Wood (deserted now); and limbs and lives of men fly dissipated, this
way and that. Can Brunswick make an impression on them? The dull-bright
Seigneurs stand biting their thumbs: these Sansculottes seem not to fly
like poultry! Towards noontide a cannon-shot blows Kellermann's horse
from under him; there bursts a powder-cart high into the air, with knell
heard over all: some swagging and swaying observable;--Brunswick will
try! "Camarades," cries Kellermann, "Vive la Patria! Allons vaincre pour
elle, Let us conquer." "Live the Fatherland!" rings responsive, to the
welkin, like rolling-fire from side to side: our ranks are as firm as
rocks; and Brunswick may recross the dell, ineffectual; regain his old
position on La Lune; not unbattered by the way. And so, for the length
of a September day,--with bluster and bark; with bellow far echoing! The
cannonade lasts till sunset; and no impression made. Till an hour after
sunset, the few remaining Clocks of the District striking Seven; at this
late time of day Brunswick tries again. With not a whit better fortune!
He is met by rock-ranks, by shouts of Vive la Patrie; and driven back,
not unbattered. Whereupon he ceases; retires 'to the Tavern of La Lune;'
and sets to raising a redoute lest he be attacked!
Verily so: ye dulled-bright Seigneurs, make of it what ye may. Ah, and
France does not rise round us in mass; and the Peasants do not join us,
but assassinate us: neither hanging nor any persuasion will induce
them! They have lost their old distinguishing love of King, and
King's-cloak,--I fear, altogether; and will even fight to be rid of it:
that seems now their humour. Nor does Austria prosper, nor the siege
of Thionville. The Thionvillers, carrying their insolence to the
epigrammatic pitch, have put a Wooden Horse on their walls, with a
bundle of hay hung from him, and this Inscription: 'When I finish my
hay, you will take Thionville.' (Hist. Parl. xix. 177.) To such height
has the frenzy of mankind risen.
The trenches of Thionville may shut: and what though those of Lille
open? The Earth smiles not on us, nor the Heaven; but weeps and blears
itself, in sour rain, and worse. Our very friends insult us; we are
wounded in the house of our friends: "His Majesty of Prussia had a
greatcoat, when the rain came; and (contrary to all known laws) he put
it on, though our two French Princes, the hope of their country, had
none!" To which indeed, as Goethe admits, what answer could be made?
(Goethe, xxx. 49.)--Cold and Hunger and Affront, Colic and Dysentery
and Death; and we here, cowering redouted, most unredoubtable, amid the
'tattered corn-shocks and deformed stubble,' on the splashy Height of La
Lune, round the mean Tavern de La Lune!--
This is the Cannonade of Valmy; wherein the World-Poet experimented
on the cannon-fever; wherein the French Sansculottes did not fly like
poultry. Precious to France! Every soldier did his duty, and Alsatian
Kellermann (how preferable to old Luckner the dismissed!) began to
become greater; and Egalite Fils, Equality Junior, a light gallant
Field-Officer, distinguished himself by intrepidity:--it is the same
intrepid individual who now, as Louis-Philippe, without the Equality,
struggles, under sad circumstances, to be called King of the French for
a season.
Chapter 3.1.VIII.
Exeunt.
But this Twentieth of September is otherwise a great day. For, observe,
while Kellermann's horse was flying blown from under him at the Mill of
Valmy, our new National Deputies, that shall be a NATIONAL CONVENTION,
are hovering and gathering about the Hall of the Hundred Swiss; with
intent to constitute themselves!
On the morrow, about noontide, Camus the Archivist is busy 'verifying
their powers;' several hundreds of them already here. Whereupon the Old
Legislative comes solemnly over, to merge its old ashes Phoenix-like in
the body of the new;--and so forthwith, returning all solemnly back to
the Salle de Manege, there sits a National Convention, Seven Hundred
and Forty-nine complete, or complete enough; presided by Petion;--which
proceeds directly to do business. Read that reported afternoon's-debate,
O Reader; there are few debates like it: dull reporting Moniteur itself
becomes more dramatic than a very Shakespeare. For epigrammatic Manuel
rises, speaks strange things; how the President shall have a guard of
honour, and lodge in the Tuileries:--rejected. And Danton rises and
speaks; and Collot d'Herbois rises, and Curate Gregoire, and lame
Couthon of the Mountain rises; and in rapid Meliboean stanzas, only a
few lines each, they propose motions not a few: That the corner-stone of
our new Constitution is Sovereignty of the People; that our Constitution
shall be accepted by the People or be null; further that the People
ought to be avenged, and have right Judges; that the Imposts must
continue till new order; that Landed and other Property be sacred
forever; finally that 'Royalty from this day is abolished in
France:'--Decreed all, before four o'clock strike, with acclamation of
the world! (Hist. Parl. xix. 19.) The tree was all so ripe; only shake
it and there fall such yellow cart-loads.
And so over in the Valmy Region, as soon as the news come, what stir
is this, audible, visible from our muddy heights of La Lune? (Williams,
iii. 71.) Universal shouting of the French on their opposite hillside;
caps raised on bayonets; and a sound as of Republique; Vive la
Republique borne dubious on the winds!--On the morrow morning, so to
speak, Brunswick slings his knapsacks before day, lights any fires he
has; and marches without tap of drum. Dumouriez finds ghastly symptoms
in that camp; 'latrines full of blood!' (1st October, 1792; Dumouriez,
iii. 73.) The chivalrous King of Prussia, for he as we saw is here
in person, may long rue the day; may look colder than ever on these
dulled-bright Seigneurs, and French Princes their Country's hope;--and,
on the whole, put on his great-coat without ceremony, happy that he
has one. They retire, all retire with convenient despatch, through a
Champagne trodden into a quagmire, the wild weather pouring on them;
Dumouriez through his Kellermanns and Dillons pricking them a little in
the hinder parts. A little, not much; now pricking, now negotiating: for
Brunswick has his eyes opened; and the Majesty of Prussia is a repentant
Majesty.
Nor has Austria prospered, nor the Wooden Horse of Thionville bitten his
hay; nor Lille City surrendered itself. The Lille trenches opened, on
the 29th of the month; with balls and shells, and redhot balls; as if
not trenches but Vesuvius and the Pit had opened. It was frightful, say
all eye-witnesses; but it is ineffectual. The Lillers have risen to such
temper; especially after these news from Argonne and the East. Not a
Sans-indispensables in Lille that would surrender for a King's ransom.
Redhot balls rain, day and night; 'six-thousand,' or so, and bombs
'filled internally with oil of turpentine which splashes up in
flame;'--mainly on the dwellings of the Sansculottes and Poor; the
streets of the Rich being spared. But the Sansculottes get water-pails;
form quenching-regulations, "The ball is in Peter's house!" "The ball
is in John's!" They divide their lodging and substance with each other;
shout Vive la Republique; and faint not in heart. A ball thunders
through the main chamber of the Hotel-de-Ville, while the Commune is
there assembled: "We are in permanence," says one, coldly, proceeding
with his business; and the ball remains permanent too, sticking in the
wall, probably to this day. (Bombardement de Lille in Hist. Parl. xx.
63-71.)
The Austrian Archduchess (Queen's Sister) will herself see red artillery
fired; in their over-haste to satisfy an Archduchess 'two mortars
explode and kill thirty persons.' It is in vain; Lille, often burning,
is always quenched again; Lille will not yield. The very boys deftly
wrench the matches out of fallen bombs: 'a man clutches a rolling ball
with his hat, which takes fire; when cool, they crown it with a bonnet
rouge.' Memorable also be that nimble Barber, who when the bomb burst
beside him, snatched up a shred of it, introduced soap and lather into
it, crying, "Voila mon plat a barbe, My new shaving-dish!" and shaved
'fourteen people' on the spot. Bravo, thou nimble Shaver; worthy to
shave old spectral Redcloak, and find treasures!--On the eighth day
of this desperate siege, the sixth day of October, Austria finding
it fruitless, draws off, with no pleasurable consciousness; rapidly,
Dumouriez tending thitherward; and Lille too, black with ashes and
smoulder, but jubilant skyhigh, flings its gates open. The Plat a
barbe became fashionable; 'no Patriot of an elegant turn,' says Mercier
several years afterwards, 'but shaves himself out of the splinter of a
Lille bomb.'
Quid multa, Why many words? The Invaders are in flight; Brunswick's
Host, the third part of it gone to death, staggers disastrous along the
deep highways of Champagne; spreading out also into 'the fields, of a
tough spongy red-coloured clay;--like Pharaoh through a Red Sea of
mud,' says Goethe; 'for he also lay broken chariots, and riders and
foot seemed sinking around.' (Campagne in Frankreich, p. 103.) On the
eleventh morning of October, the World-Poet, struggling Northwards out
of Verdun, which he had entered Southwards, some five weeks ago, in
quite other order, discerned the following Phenomenon and formed part of
it:
'Towards three in the morning, without having had any sleep, we were
about mounting our carriage, drawn up at the door; when an insuperable
obstacle disclosed itself: for there rolled on already, between the
pavement-stones which were crushed up into a ridge on each side, an
uninterrupted column of sick-wagons through the Town, and all was
trodden as into a morass. While we stood waiting what could be made
of it, our Landlord the Knight of Saint-Louis pressed past us, without
salutation.' He had been a Calonne's Notable in 1787, an Emigrant since;
had returned to his home, jubilant, with the Prussians; but must now
forth again into the wide world, 'followed by a servant carrying a
little bundle on his stick.
'The activity of our alert Lisieux shone eminent; and, on this occasion
too, brought us on: for he struck into a small gap of the wagon-row; and
held the advancing team back till we, with our six and our four horses,
got intercalated; after which, in my light little coachlet, I could
breathe freer. We were now under way; at a funeral pace, but still under
way. The day broke; we found ourselves at the outlet of the Town, in a
tumult and turmoil without measure. All sorts of vehicles, few horsemen,
innumerable foot-people, were crossing each other on the great esplanade
before the Gate. We turned to the right, with our Column,
towards Estain, on a limited highway, with ditches at each side.
Self-preservation, in so monstrous a press, knew now no pity, no
respect of aught. Not far before us there fell down a horse of an
ammunition-wagon: they cut the traces, and let it lie. And now as the
three others could not bring their load along, they cut them also loose,
tumbled the heavy-packed vehicle into the ditch; and, with the smallest
retardation, we had to drive on, right over the horse, which was just
about to rise; and I saw too clearly how its legs, under the wheels,
went crashing and quivering.
'Horse and foot endeavoured to escape from the narrow laborious highway
into the meadows: but these too were rained to ruin; overflowed by full
ditches, the connexion of the footpaths every where interrupted. Four
gentlemanlike, handsome, well-dressed French soldiers waded for a time
beside our carriage; wonderfully clean and neat: and had such art of
picking their steps, that their foot-gear testified no higher than the
ancle to the muddy pilgrimage these good people found themselves engaged
in.
'That under such circumstances one saw, in ditches, in meadows, in
fields and crofts, dead horses enough, was natural to the case: by and
by, however, you found them also flayed, the fleshy parts even cut away;
sad token of the universal distress.
'Thus we fared on; every moment in danger, at the smallest stoppage
on our own part, of being ourselves tumbled overboard; under which
circumstances, truly, the careful dexterity of our Lisieux could not be
sufficiently praised. The same talent shewed itself at Estain; where we
arrived towards noon; and descried, over the beautiful well-built
little Town, through streets and on squares, around and beside us, one
sense-confusing tumult: the mass rolled this way and that; and, all
struggling forward, each hindered the other. Unexpectedly our carriage
drew up before a stately house in the market-place; master and mistress
of the mansion saluted us in reverent distance.' Dexterous Lisieux,
though we knew it not, had said we were the King of Prussia's Brother!
'But now, from the ground-floor windows, looking over the whole
market-place, we had the endless tumult lying, as it were, palpable. All
sorts of walkers, soldiers in uniform, marauders, stout but sorrowing
citizens and peasants, women and children, crushed and jostled each
other, amid vehicles of all forms: ammunition-wagons, baggage-wagons;
carriages, single, double, and multiplex; such hundredfold miscellany
of teams, requisitioned or lawfully owned, making way, hitting together,
hindering each other, rolled here to right and to left. Horned-cattle
too were struggling on; probably herds that had been put in requisition.
Riders you saw few; but the elegant carriages of the Emigrants,
many-coloured, lackered, gilt and silvered, evidently by the best
builders, caught your eye. (See Hermann and Dorothea (also by Goethe),
Buch Kalliope.)
'The crisis of the strait however arose further on a little; where the
crowded market-place had to introduce itself into a street,--straight
indeed and good, but proportionably far too narrow. I have, in my life,
seen nothing like it: the aspect of it might perhaps be compared to that
of a swoln river which has been raging over meadows and fields, and is
now again obliged to press itself through a narrow bridge, and flow
on in its bounded channel. Down the long street, all visible from
our windows, there swelled continually the strangest tide: a high
double-seated travelling-coach towered visible over the flood of things.
We thought of the fair Frenchwomen we had seen in the morning. It was
not they, however, it was Count Haugwitz; him you could look at, with
a kind of sardonic malice, rocking onwards, step by step, there.'
(Campagne in Frankreich, Goethe's Werke (Stuttgart, 1829), xxx.
133-137.)
In such untriumphant Procession has the Brunswick Manifesto issued! Nay
in worse, 'in Negotiation with these miscreants,'--the first news of
which produced such a revulsion in the Emigrant nature, as put our
scientific World-Poet 'in fear for the wits of several.' There is no
help: they must fare on, these poor Emigrants, angry with all persons
and things, and making all persons angry, in the hapless course they
struck into. Landlord and landlady testify to you, at tables-d'hote, how
insupportable these Frenchmen are: how, in spite of such humiliation,
of poverty and probable beggary, there is ever the same struggle for
precedence, the same forwardness, and want of discretion. High in
honour, at the head of the table, you with your own eyes observe not
a Seigneur but the automaton of a Seigneur, fallen into dotage; still
worshipped, reverently waited on, and fed. In miscellaneous seats, is
a miscellany of soldiers, commissaries, adventurers; consuming silently
their barbarian victuals. 'On all brows is to be read a hard destiny;
all are silent, for each has his own sufferings to bear, and looks forth
into misery without bounds.' One hasty wanderer, coming in, and eating
without ungraciousness what is set before him, the landlord lets off
almost scot-free. "He is," whispered the landlord to me, "the first of
these cursed people I have seen condescend to taste our German black
bread." (Ibid. 152.) (Ibid. 210-12.)
And Dumouriez is in Paris; lauded and feasted; paraded in glittering
saloons, floods of beautifullest blond-dresses and broadcloth-coats
flowing past him, endless, in admiring joy. One night, nevertheless, in
the splendour of one such scene, he sees himself suddenly apostrophised
by a squalid unjoyful Figure, who has come in uninvited, nay despite of
all lackeys; an unjoyful Figure! The Figure is come "in express mission
from the Jacobins," to inquire sharply, better then than later, touching
certain things: "Shaven eyebrows of Volunteer Patriots, for instance?"
Also "your threats of shivering in pieces?" Also, "why you have not
chased Brunswick hotly enough?" Thus, with sharp croak, inquires the
Figure.--"Ah, c'est vous qu'on appelle Marat, You are he they call
Marat!" answers the General, and turns coldly on his heel. (Dumouriez,
iii. 115.--Marat's account, In the Debats des Jacobins and Journal de
la Republique (Hist. Parl. xix. 317-21), agrees to the turning on
the heel, but strives to interpret it differently.)--"Marat!" The
blonde-gowns quiver like aspens; the dress-coats gather round; Actor
Talma (for it is his house), and almost the very chandelier-lights, are
blue: till this obscene Spectrum, or visual Appearance, vanish back into
native Night.
General Dumouriez, in few brief days, is gone again, towards the
Netherlands; will attack the Netherlands, winter though it be. And
General Montesquiou, on the South-East, has driven in the Sardinian
Majesty; nay, almost without a shot fired, has taken Savoy from him,
which longs to become a piece of the Republic. And General Custine, on
the North-East, has dashed forth on Spires and its Arsenal; and then
on Electoral Mentz, not uninvited, wherein are German Democrats and no
shadow of an Elector now:--so that in the last days of October, Frau
Forster, a daughter of Heyne's, somewhat democratic, walking out of the
Gate of Mentz with her Husband, finds French Soldiers playing at bowls
with cannon-balls there. Forster trips cheerfully over one iron bomb,
with "Live the Republic!" A black-bearded National Guard answers: "Elle
vivra bien sans vous, It will probably live independently of you!"
(Johann Georg Forster's Briefwechsel (Leipzig, 1829), i. 88.)
BOOK 3.II.
REGICIDE
Chapter 3.2.I.
The Deliberative.
France therefore has done two things very completely: she has hurled
back her Cimmerian Invaders far over the marches; and likewise she has
shattered her own internal Social Constitution, even to the minutest
fibre of it, into wreck and dissolution. Utterly it is all altered: from
King down to Parish Constable, all Authorities, Magistrates, Judges,
persons that bore rule, have had, on the sudden, to alter themselves, so
far as needful; or else, on the sudden, and not without violence, to
be altered: a Patriot 'Executive Council of Ministers,' with a Patriot
Danton in it, and then a whole Nation and National Convention, have
taken care of that. Not a Parish Constable, in the furthest hamlet, who
has said De Par le Roi, and shewn loyalty, but must retire, making way
for a new improved Parish Constable who can say De par la Republique.
It is a change such as History must beg her readers to imagine,
undescribed. An instantaneous change of the whole body-politic, the
soul-politic being all changed; such a change as few bodies, politic
or other, can experience in this world. Say perhaps, such as poor Nymph
Semele's body did experience, when she would needs, with woman's humour,
see her Olympian Jove as very Jove;--and so stood, poor Nymph, this
moment Semele, next moment not Semele, but Flame and a Statue of red-hot
Ashes! France has looked upon Democracy; seen it face to face.--The
Cimmerian Invaders will rally, in humbler temper, with better or worse
luck: the wreck and dissolution must reshape itself into a social
Arrangement as it can and may. But as for this National Convention,
which is to settle every thing, if it do, as Deputy Paine and France
generally expects, get all finished 'in a few months,' we shall call it
a most deft Convention.
In truth, it is very singular to see how this mercurial French People
plunges suddenly from Vive le Roi to Vive la Republique; and goes
simmering and dancing; shaking off daily (so to speak), and trampling
into the dust, its old social garnitures, ways of thinking, rules of
existing; and cheerfully dances towards the Ruleless, Unknown, with such
hope in its heart, and nothing but Freedom, Equality and Brotherhood
in its mouth. Is it two centuries, or is it only two years, since all
France roared simultaneously to the welkin, bursting forth into sound
and smoke at its Feast of Pikes, "Live the Restorer of French Liberty?"
Three short years ago there was still Versailles and an Oeil-de-Boeuf:
now there is that watched Circuit of the Temple, girt with dragon-eyed
Municipals, where, as in its final limbo, Royalty lies extinct. In
the year 1789, Constituent Deputy Barrere 'wept,' in his Break-of-Day
Newspaper, at sight of a reconciled King Louis; and now in 1792,
Convention Deputy Barrere, perfectly tearless, may be considering,
whether the reconciled King Louis shall be guillotined or not.
Old garnitures and social vestures drop off (we say) so fast, being
indeed quite decayed, and are trodden under the National dance. And
the new vestures, where are they; the new modes and rules? Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity: not vestures but the wish for vestures! The Nation
is for the present, figuratively speaking, naked! It has no rule or
vesture; but is naked,--a Sansculottic Nation.
So far, therefore, in such manner have our Patriot Brissots, Guadets
triumphed. Vergniaud's Ezekiel-visions of the fall of thrones and
crowns, which he spake hypothetically and prophetically in the Spring of
the year, have suddenly come to fulfilment in the Autumn. Our eloquent
Patriots of the Legislative, like strong Conjurors, by the word of their
mouth, have swept Royalism with its old modes and formulas to the winds;
and shall now govern a France free of formulas. Free of formulas! And
yet man lives not except with formulas; with customs, ways of doing and
living: no text truer than this; which will hold true from the Tea-table
and Tailor's shopboard up to the High Senate-houses, Solemn Temples; nay
through all provinces of Mind and Imagination, onwards to the outmost
confines of articulate Being,--Ubi homines sunt modi sunt! There are
modes wherever there are men. It is the deepest law of man's nature;
whereby man is a craftsman and 'tool-using animal;' not the slave of
Impulse, Chance, and Brute Nature, but in some measure their lord.
Twenty-five millions of men, suddenly stript bare of their modi, and
dancing them down in that manner, are a terrible thing to govern!
Eloquent Patriots of the Legislative, meanwhile, have precisely this
problem to solve. Under the name and nickname of 'statesmen, hommes
d'etat,' of 'moderate-men, moderantins,' of Brissotins, Rolandins,
finally of Girondins, they shall become world-famous in solving it. For
the Twenty-five millions are Gallic effervescent too;--filled both with
hope of the unutterable, of universal Fraternity and Golden Age; and
with terror of the unutterable, Cimmerian Europe all rallying on us. It
is a problem like few. Truly, if man, as the Philosophers brag, did to
any extent look before and after, what, one may ask, in many cases would
become of him? What, in this case, would become of these Seven Hundred
and Forty-nine men? The Convention, seeing clearly before and after,
were a paralysed Convention. Seeing clearly to the length of its own
nose, it is not paralysed.
To the Convention itself neither the work nor the method of doing it is
doubtful: To make the Constitution; to defend the Republic till that be
made. Speedily enough, accordingly, there has been a 'Committee of
the Constitution' got together. Sieyes, Old-Constituent,
Constitution-builder by trade; Condorcet, fit for better things; Deputy
Paine, foreign Benefactor of the Species, with that 'red
carbuncled face, and the black beaming eyes;' Herault de Sechelles,
Ex-Parlementeer, one of the handsomest men in France: these, with
inferior guild-brethren, are girt cheerfully to the work; will once more
'make the Constitution;' let us hope, more effectually than last time.
For that the Constitution can be made, who doubts,--unless the Gospel
of Jean Jacques came into the world in vain? True, our last Constitution
did tumble within the year, so lamentably. But what then, except sort
the rubbish and boulders, and build them up again better? 'Widen your
basis,' for one thing,--to Universal Suffrage, if need be; exclude
rotten materials, Royalism and such like, for another thing. And in
brief, build, O unspeakable Sieyes and Company, unwearied! Frequent
perilous downrushing of scaffolding and rubble-work, be that an
irritation, no discouragement. Start ye always again, clearing aside the
wreck; if with broken limbs, yet with whole hearts; and build, we say,
in the name of Heaven,--till either the work do stand; or else mankind
abandon it, and the Constitution-builders be paid off, with laughter and
tears! One good time, in the course of Eternity, it was appointed that
this of Social Contract too should try itself out. And so the Committee
of Constitution shall toil: with hope and faith;--with no disturbance
from any reader of these pages.
To make the Constitution, then, and return home joyfully in a few
months: this is the prophecy our National Convention gives of itself; by
this scientific program shall its operations and events go on. But from
the best scientific program, in such a case, to the actual fulfilment,
what a difference! Every reunion of men, is it not, as we often say,
a reunion of incalculable Influences; every unit of it a microcosm of
Influences;--of which how shall Science calculate or prophesy! Science,
which cannot, with all its calculuses, differential, integral, and of
variations, calculate the Problem of Three gravitating Bodies, ought to
hold her peace here, and say only: In this National Convention there are
Seven Hundred and Forty-nine very singular Bodies, that gravitate and
do much else;--who, probably in an amazing manner, will work the
appointment of Heaven.
Of National Assemblages, Parliaments, Congresses, which have long sat;
which are of saturnine temperament; above all, which are not 'dreadfully
in earnest,' something may be computed or conjectured: yet even these
are a kind of Mystery in progress,--whereby we see the Journalist
Reporter find livelihood: even these jolt madly out of the ruts, from
time to time. How much more a poor National Convention, of French
vehemence; urged on at such velocity; without routine, without rut,
track or landmark; and dreadfully in earnest every man of them! It is
a Parliament literally such as there was never elsewhere in the world.
Themselves are new, unarranged; they are the Heart and presiding centre
of a France fallen wholly into maddest disarrangement. From all cities,
hamlets, from the utmost ends of this France with its Twenty-five
million vehement souls, thick-streaming influences storm in on that
same Heart, in the Salle de Manege, and storm out again: such fiery
venous-arterial circulation is the function of that Heart. Seven Hundred
and Forty-nine human individuals, we say, never sat together on Earth,
under more original circumstances. Common individuals most of them, or
not far from common; yet in virtue of the position they occupied, so
notable. How, in this wild piping of the whirlwind of human passions,
with death, victory, terror, valour, and all height and all depth
pealing and piping, these men, left to their own guidance, will speak
and act?
Readers know well that this French National Convention (quite contrary
to its own Program) became the astonishment and horror of mankind; a
kind of Apocalyptic Convention, or black Dream become real; concerning
which History seldom speaks except in the way of interjection: how it
covered France with woe, delusion, and delirium; and from its bosom
there went forth Death on the pale Horse. To hate this poor National
Convention is easy; to praise and love it has not been found impossible.
It is, as we say, a Parliament in the most original circumstances. To
us, in these pages, be it as a fuliginous fiery mystery, where Upper has
met Nether, and in such alternate glare and blackness of darkness poor
bedazzled mortals know not which is Upper, which is Nether; but rage
and plunge distractedly, as mortals, in that case, will do. A Convention
which has to consume itself, suicidally; and become dead ashes--with its
World! Behoves us, not to enter exploratively its dim embroiled deeps;
yet to stand with unwavering eyes, looking how it welters; what notable
phases and occurrences it will successively throw up.
One general superficial circumstance we remark with praise: the force of
Politeness. To such depth has the sense of civilisation penetrated man's
life; no Drouet, no Legendre, in the maddest tug of war, can altogether
shake it off. Debates of Senates dreadfully in earnest are seldom given
frankly to the world; else perhaps they would surprise it. Did not the
Grand Monarque himself once chase his Louvois with a pair of brandished
tongs? But reading long volumes of these Convention Debates, all in a
foam with furious earnestness, earnest many times to the extent of
life and death, one is struck rather with the degree of continence they
manifest in speech; and how in such wild ebullition, there is still a
kind of polite rule struggling for mastery, and the forms of social life
never altogether disappear. These men, though they menace with clenched
right-hands, do not clench one another by the collar; they draw no
daggers, except for oratorical purposes, and this not often: profane
swearing is almost unknown, though the Reports are frank enough; we find
only one or two oaths, oaths by Marat, reported in all.
For the rest, that there is 'effervescence' who doubts? Effervescence
enough; Decrees passed by acclamation to-day, repealed by vociferation
to-morrow; temper fitful, most rotatory changeful, always headlong! The
'voice of the orator is covered with rumours;' a hundred 'honourable
Members rush with menaces towards the Left side of the Hall;' President
has 'broken three bells in succession,'--claps on his hat, as signal
that the country is near ruined. A fiercely effervescent Old-Gallic
Assemblage!--Ah, how the loud sick sounds of Debate, and of Life, which
is a debate, sink silent one after another: so loud now, and in a little
while so low! Brennus, and those antique Gael Captains, in their way
to Rome, to Galatia, and such places, whither they were in the habit of
marching in the most fiery manner, had Debates as effervescent, doubt it
not; though no Moniteur has reported them. They scolded in Celtic Welsh,
those Brennuses; neither were they Sansculotte; nay rather breeches
(braccae, say of felt or rough-leather) were the only thing they had;
being, as Livy testifies, naked down to the haunches:--and, see, it is
the same sort of work and of men still, now when they have got coats,
and speak nasally a kind of broken Latin! But on the whole does not TIME
envelop this present National Convention; as it did those Brennuses, and
ancient August Senates in felt breeches? Time surely; and also Eternity.
Dim dusk of Time,--or noon which will be dusk; and then there is night,
and silence; and Time with all its sick noises is swallowed in the still
sea. Pity thy brother, O Son of Adam! The angriest frothy jargon that
he utters, is it not properly the whimpering of an infant which cannot
speak what ails it, but is in distress clearly, in the inwards of it;
and so must squall and whimper continually, till its Mother take it, and
it get--to sleep!
This Convention is not four days old, and the melodious Meliboean
stanzas that shook down Royalty are still fresh in our ear, when there
bursts out a new diapason,--unhappily, of Discord, this time. For speech
has been made of a thing difficult to speak of well: the September
Massacres. How deal with these September Massacres; with the Paris
Commune that presided over them? A Paris Commune hateful-terrible;
before which the poor effete Legislative had to quail, and sit quiet.
And now if a young omnipotent Convention will not so quail and sit, what
steps shall it take? Have a Departmental Guard in its pay, answer
the Girondins, and Friends of Order! A Guard of National Volunteers,
missioned from all the Eighty-three or Eighty-five Departments, for that
express end; these will keep Septemberers, tumultuous Communes in a due
state of submissiveness, the Convention in a due state of sovereignty.
So have the Friends of Order answered, sitting in Committee, and
reporting; and even a Decree has been passed of the required tenour. Nay
certain Departments, as the Var or Marseilles, in mere expectation and
assurance of a Decree, have their contingent of Volunteers already on
march: brave Marseillese, foremost on the Tenth of August, will not be
hindmost here; 'fathers gave their sons a musket and twenty-five louis,'
says Barbaroux, 'and bade them march.'
Can any thing be properer? A Republic that will found itself on justice
must needs investigate September Massacres; a Convention calling itself
National, ought it not to be guarded by a National force?--Alas, Reader,
it seems so to the eye: and yet there is much to be said and argued.
Thou beholdest here the small beginning of a Controversy, which mere
logic will not settle. Two small well-springs, September, Departmental
Guard, or rather at bottom they are but one and the same small
well-spring; which will swell and widen into waters of bitterness; all
manner of subsidiary streams and brooks of bitterness flowing in, from
this side and that; till it become a wide river of bitterness, of
rage and separation,--which can subside only into the Catacombs.
This Departmental Guard, decreed by overwhelming majorities, and then
repealed for peace's sake, and not to insult Paris, is again decreed
more than once; nay it is partially executed, and the very men that are
to be of it are seen visibly parading the Paris streets,--shouting once,
being overtaken with liquor: "A bas Marat, Down with Marat!" (Hist.
Parl. xx. 184.) Nevertheless, decreed never so often, it is repealed
just as often; and continues, for some seven months, an angry noisy
Hypothesis only: a fair Possibility struggling to become a Reality, but
which shall never be one; which, after endless struggling, shall, in
February next, sink into sad rest,--dragging much along with it. So
singular are the ways of men and honourable Members.
But on this fourth day of the Convention's existence, as we said, which
is the 25th of September 1792, there comes Committee Report on that
Decree of the Departmental Guard, and speech of repealing it; there
come denunciations of anarchy, of a Dictatorship,--which let the
incorruptible Robespierre consider: there come denunciations of a
certain Journal de la Republique, once called Ami du Peuple; and so
thereupon there comes, visibly stepping up, visibly standing aloft on
the Tribune, ready to speak, the Bodily Spectrum of People's-Friend
Marat! Shriek, ye Seven Hundred and Forty-nine; it is verily Marat,
he and not another. Marat is no phantasm of the brain, or mere lying
impress of Printer's Types; but a thing material, of joint and sinew,
and a certain small stature: ye behold him there, in his blackness in
his dingy squalor, a living fraction of Chaos and Old Night; visibly
incarnate, desirous to speak. "It appears," says Marat to the shrieking
Assembly, "that a great many persons here are enemies of mine." "All!
All!" shriek hundreds of voices: enough to drown any People's-Friend.
But Marat will not drown: he speaks and croaks explanation; croaks with
such reasonableness, air of sincerity, that repentant pity smothers
anger, and the shrieks subside or even become applauses. For this
Convention is unfortunately the crankest of machines: it shall be
pointing eastward, with stiff violence, this moment; and then do but
touch some spring dexterously, the whole machine, clattering and jerking
seven-hundred-fold, will whirl with huge crash, and, next moment, is
pointing westward! Thus Marat, absolved and applauded, victorious in
this turn of fence, is, as the Debate goes on, prickt at again by
some dexterous Girondin; and then and shrieks rise anew, and Decree of
Accusation is on the point of passing; till the dingy People's-Friend
bobs aloft once more; croaks once more persuasive stillness, and the
Decree of Accusation sinks, Whereupon he draws forth--a Pistol; and
setting it to his Head, the seat of such thought and prophecy, says: "If
they had passed their Accusation Decree, he, the People's-Friend, would
have blown his brains out." A People's Friend has that faculty in
him. For the rest, as to this of the two hundred and sixty thousand
Aristocrat Heads, Marat candidly says, "C'est la mon avis, such is my
opinion." Also it is not indisputable: "No power on Earth can prevent
me from seeing into traitors, and unmasking them,"--by my superior
originality of mind? (Moniteur Newspaper, Nos. 271, 280, 294, Annee
premiere; Moore's Journal, ii. 21, 157, &c. which, however, may
perhaps, as in similar cases, be only a copy of the Newspaper.)
An honourable member like this Friend of the People few terrestrial
Parliaments have had.
We observe, however, that this first onslaught by the Friends of Order,
as sharp and prompt as it was, has failed. For neither can Robespierre,
summoned out by talk of Dictatorship, and greeted with the like rumour
on shewing himself, be thrown into Prison, into Accusation;--not though
Barbarous openly bear testimony against him, and sign it on paper. With
such sanctified meekness does the Incorruptible lift his seagreen cheek
to the smiter; lift his thin voice, and with jesuitic dexterity plead,
and prosper: asking at last, in a prosperous manner: "But what witnesses
has the Citoyen Barbaroux to support his testimony?" "Moi!" cries
hot Rebecqui, standing up, striking his breast with both hands,
and answering, "Me!" (Moniteur, ut supra; Seance du 25 Septembre.)
Nevertheless the Seagreen pleads again, and makes it good: the long
hurlyburly, 'personal merely,' while so much public matter lies fallow,
has ended in the order of the day. O Friends of the Gironde, why will
you occupy our august sessions with mere paltry Personalities, while the
grand Nationality lies in such a state?--The Gironde has touched, this
day, on the foul black-spot of its fair Convention Domain; has trodden
on it, and yet not trodden it down. Alas, it is a well-spring, as we
said, this black-spot; and will not tread down!
Chapter 3.2.II.
The Executive.
May we not conjecture therefore that round this grand enterprise
of Making the Constitution there will, as heretofore, very strange
embroilments gather, and questions and interests complicate themselves;
so that after a few or even several months, the Convention will not
have settled every thing? Alas, a whole tide of questions comes rolling,
boiling; growing ever wider, without end! Among which, apart from this
question of September and Anarchy, let us notice those, which emerge
oftener than the others, and promise to become Leading Questions: of the
Armies; of the Subsistences; thirdly, of the Dethroned King.
As to the Armies, Public Defence must evidently be put on a proper
footing; for Europe seems coalising itself again; one is apprehensive
even England will join it. Happily Dumouriez prospers in the North;--nay
what if he should prove too prosperous, and become Liberticide, Murderer
of Freedom!--Dumouriez prospers, through this winter season; yet not
without lamentable complaints. Sleek Pache, the Swiss Schoolmaster,
he that sat frugal in his Alley, the wonder of neighbours, has got
lately--whither thinks the Reader? To be Minister of war! Madame Roland,
struck with his sleek ways, recommended him to her Husband as Clerk: the
sleek Clerk had no need of salary, being of true Patriotic temper; he
would come with a bit of bread in his pocket, to save dinner and time;
and, munching incidentally, do three men's work in a day, punctual,
silent, frugal,--the sleek Tartuffe that he was. Wherefore Roland, in
the late Overturn, recommended him to be War-Minister. And now, it would
seem, he is secretly undermining Roland; playing into the hands of your
hotter Jacobins and September Commune; and cannot, like strict Roland,
be the Veto des Coquins! (Madame Roland, Memoires, ii. 237, &c.)
How the sleek Pache might mine and undermine, one knows not well; this
however one does know: that his War-Office has become a den of thieves
and confusion, such as all men shudder to behold. That the Citizen
Hassenfratz, as Head-Clerk, sits there in bonnet rouge, in rapine,
in violence, and some Mathematical calculation; a most insolent,
red-nightcapped man. That Pache munches his pocket-loaf, amid
head-clerks and sub-clerks, and has spent all the War-Estimates: that
Furnishers scour in gigs, over all districts of France, and drive
bargains;--and lastly that the Army gets next to no furniture. No shoes,
though it is winter; no clothes; some have not even arms: 'In the
Army of the South,' complains an honourable Member, 'there are thirty
thousand pairs of breeches wanting,'--a most scandalous want.
Roland's strict soul is sick to see the course things take: but what can
he do? Keep his own Department strict; rebuke, and repress wheresoever
possible; at lowest, complain. He can complain in Letter after Letter,
to a National Convention, to France, to Posterity, the Universe; grow
ever more querulous indignant;--till at last may he not grow wearisome?
For is not this continual text of his, at bottom a rather barren one:
How astonishing that in a time of Revolt and abrogation of all Law
but Cannon Law, there should be such Unlawfulness? Intrepid
Veto-of-Scoundrels, narrow-faithful, respectable, methodic man, work
thou in that manner, since happily it is thy manner, and wear thyself
away; though ineffectual, not profitless in it--then nor now!--The brave
Dame Roland, bravest of all French women, begins to have misgivings:
the figure of Danton has too much of the 'Sardanapalus character,' at a
Republican Rolandin Dinner-table: Clootz, Speaker of Mankind, proses sad
stuff about a Universal Republic, or union of all Peoples and Kindreds
in one and the same Fraternal Bond; of which Bond, how it is to be tied,
one unhappily sees not.
It is also an indisputable, unaccountable or accountable fact that
Grains are becoming scarcer and scarcer. Riots for grain, tumultuous
Assemblages demanding to have the price of grain fixed abound far and
near. The Mayor of Paris and other poor Mayors are like to have their
difficulties. Petion was re-elected Mayor of Paris; but has declined;
being now a Convention Legislator. Wise surely to decline: for, besides
this of Grains and all the rest, there is in these times an Improvised
insurrectionary Commune passing into an Elected legal one; getting
their accounts settled,--not without irritancy! Petion has declined:
nevertheless many do covet and canvass. After months of scrutinising,
balloting, arguing and jargoning, one Doctor Chambon gets the post of
honour: who will not long keep it; but be, as we shall see, literally
crushed out of it. (Dictionnaire des Hommes Marquans, para Chambon.)
Think also if the private Sansculotte has not his difficulties, in a
time of dearth! Bread, according to the People's-Friend, may be some
'six sous per pound, a day's wages some fifteen;' and grim winter here.
How the Poor Man continues living, and so seldom starves, by miracle!
Happily, in these days, he can enlist, and have himself shot by the
Austrians, in an unusually satisfactory manner: for the Rights of
Man.--But Commandant Santerre, in this so straitened condition of the
flour-market, and state of Equality and Liberty, proposes, through
the Newspapers, two remedies, or at least palliatives: First, that all
classes of men should live, two days of the week, on potatoes; then
second, that every man should hang his dog. Hereby, as the Commandant
thinks, the saving, which indeed he computes to so many sacks, would
be very considerable. A cheerfuller form of inventive-stupidity than
Commandant Santerre's dwells in no human soul. Inventive-stupidity,
imbedded in health, courage and good-nature: much to be commended. "My
whole strength," he tells the Convention once, "is, day and night, at
the service of my fellow-Citizens: if they find me worthless, they will
dismiss me; I will return and brew beer." (Moniteur in Hist. Parl. xx.
412.)
Or figure what correspondences a poor Roland, Minister of the Interior,
must have, on this of Grains alone! Free-trade in Grain, impossibility
to fix the Prices of Grain; on the other hand, clamour and necessity
to fix them: Political Economy lecturing from the Home Office, with
demonstration clear as Scripture;--ineffectual for the empty National
Stomach. The Mayor of Chartres, like to be eaten himself, cries to the
Convention: the Convention sends honourable Members in Deputation; who
endeavour to feed the multitude by miraculous spiritual methods; but
cannot. The multitude, in spite of all Eloquence, come bellowing round;
will have the Grain-Prices fixed, and at a moderate elevation; or
else--the honourable Deputies hanged on the spot! The honourable
Deputies, reporting this business, admit that, on the edge of horrid
death, they did fix, or affect to fix the Price of Grain: for which,
be it also noted, the Convention, a Convention that will not be trifled
with, sees good to reprimand them. (Hist. Parl. xx. 431-440.)
But as to the origin of these Grain Riots, is it not most probably your
secret Royalists again? Glimpses of Priests were discernible in this of
Chartres,--to the eye of Patriotism. Or indeed may not 'the root of it
all lie in the Temple Prison, in the heart of a perjured King,' well as
we guard him? (Ibid. 409.) Unhappy perjured King!--And so there shall
be Baker's Queues, by and by, more sharp-tempered than ever: on every
Baker's door-rabbet an iron ring, and coil of rope; whereon, with
firm grip, on this side and that, we form our Queue: but mischievous
deceitful persons cut the rope, and our Queue becomes a ravelment;
wherefore the coil must be made of iron chain. (Mercier, Nouveau Paris.)
Also there shall be Prices of Grain well fixed; but then no grain
purchasable by them: bread not to be had except by Ticket from the
Mayor, few ounces per mouth daily; after long swaying, with firm grip,
on the chain of the Queue. And Hunger shall stalk direful; and Wrath and
Suspicion, whetted to the Preternatural pitch, shall stalk;--as
those other preternatural 'shapes of Gods in their wrathfulness' were
discerned stalking, 'in glare and gloom of that fire-ocean,' when Troy
Town fell!--
Chapter 3.2.III.
Discrowned.
But the question more pressing than all on the Legislator, as yet, is
this third: What shall be done with King Louis?
King Louis, now King and Majesty to his own family alone, in their own
Prison Apartment alone, has been Louis Capet and the Traitor Veto with
the rest of France. Shut in his Circuit of the Temple, he has heard and
seen the loud whirl of things; yells of September Massacres, Brunswick
war-thunders dying off in disaster and discomfiture; he passive, a
spectator merely;--waiting whither it would please to whirl with him.
From the neighbouring windows, the curious, not without pity, might see
him walk daily, at a certain hour, in the Temple Garden, with his Queen,
Sister and two Children, all that now belongs to him in this Earth.
(Moore, i. 123; ii. 224, &c.) Quietly he walks and waits; for he is not
of lively feelings, and is of a devout heart. The wearied Irresolute
has, at least, no need of resolving now. His daily meals, lessons to his
Son, daily walk in the Garden, daily game at ombre or drafts, fill up
the day: the morrow will provide for itself.
The morrow indeed; and yet How? Louis asks, How? France, with perhaps
still more solicitude, asks, How? A King dethroned by insurrection is
verily not easy to dispose of. Keep him prisoner, he is a secret centre
for the Disaffected, for endless plots, attempts and hopes of theirs.
Banish him, he is an open centre for them; his royal war-standard, with
what of divinity it has, unrolls itself, summoning the world. Put him to
death? A cruel questionable extremity that too: and yet the likeliest in
these extreme circumstances, of insurrectionary men, whose own life and
death lies staked: accordingly it is said, from the last step of the
throne to the first of the scaffold there is short distance.
But, on the whole, we will remark here that this business of Louis
looks altogether different now, as seen over Seas and at the distance
of forty-four years, than it looked then, in France, and struggling,
confused all round one! For indeed it is a most lying thing that same
Past Tense always: so beautiful, sad, almost Elysian-sacred, 'in the
moonlight of Memory,' it seems; and seems only. For observe: always, one
most important element is surreptitiously (we not noticing it) withdrawn
from the Past Time: the haggard element of Fear! Not there does Fear
dwell, nor Uncertainty, nor Anxiety; but it dwells here; haunting us,
tracking us; running like an accursed ground-discord through all the
music-tones of our Existence;--making the Tense a mere Present one! Just
so is it with this of Louis. Why smite the fallen? asks Magnanimity, out
of danger now. He is fallen so low this once-high man; no criminal nor
traitor, how far from it; but the unhappiest of Human Solecisms: whom if
abstract Justice had to pronounce upon, she might well become concrete
Pity, and pronounce only sobs and dismissal!
So argues retrospective Magnanimity: but Pusillanimity, present,
prospective? Reader, thou hast never lived, for months, under the
rustle of Prussian gallows-ropes; never wert thou portion of a
National Sahara-waltz, Twenty-five millions running distracted to
fight Brunswick! Knights Errant themselves, when they conquered Giants,
usually slew the Giants: quarter was only for other Knights Errant,
who knew courtesy and the laws of battle. The French Nation, in
simultaneous, desperate dead-pull, and as if by miracle of madness,
has pulled down the most dread Goliath, huge with the growth of ten
centuries; and cannot believe, though his giant bulk, covering acres,
lies prostrate, bound with peg and packthread, that he will not rise
again, man-devouring; that the victory is not partly a dream. Terror
has its scepticism; miraculous victory its rage of vengeance. Then as to
criminalty, is the prostrated Giant, who will devour us if he rise, an
innocent Giant? Curate Gregoire, who indeed is now Constitutional Bishop
Gregoire, asserts, in the heat of eloquence, that Kingship by the very
nature of it is a crime capital; that Kings' Houses are as wild-beasts'
dens. (Moniteur, Seance du 21 Septembre, Annee 1er, 1792.) Lastly
consider this: that there is on record a Trial of Charles First! This
printed Trial of Charles First is sold and read every where at present:
(Moore's Journal, ii. 165.)--Quelle spectacle! Thus did the English
People judge their Tyrant, and become the first of Free Peoples: which
feat, by the grace of Destiny, may not France now rival? Scepticism
of terror, rage of miraculous victory, sublime spectacle to the
universe,--all things point one fatal way.
Such leading questions, and their endless incidental ones: of September
Anarchists and Departmental Guard; of Grain Riots, plaintiff Interior
Ministers; of Armies, Hassenfratz dilapidations; and what is to be
done with Louis,--beleaguer and embroil this Convention; which would
so gladly make the Constitution rather. All which questions too, as
we often urge of such things, are in growth; they grow in every French
head; and can be seen growing also, very curiously, in this mighty
welter of Parliamentary Debate, of Public Business which the Convention
has to do. A question emerges, so small at first; is put off, submerged;
but always re-emerges bigger than before. It is a curious, indeed an
indescribable sort of growth which such things have.
We perceive, however, both by its frequent re-emergence and by its rapid
enlargement of bulk, that this Question of King Louis will take the lead
of all the rest. And truly, in that case, it will take the lead in a
much deeper sense. For as Aaron's Rod swallowed all the other Serpents;
so will the Foremost Question, whichever may get foremost, absorb all
other questions and interests; and from it and the decision of it will
they all, so to speak, be born, or new-born, and have shape, physiognomy
and destiny corresponding. It was appointed of Fate that, in this
wide-weltering, strangely growing, monstrous stupendous imbroglio
of Convention Business, the grand First-Parent of all the questions,
controversies, measures and enterprises which were to be evolved there
to the world's astonishment, should be this Question of King Louis.
Chapter 3.2.IV.
The Loser pays.
The Sixth of November, 1792, was a great day for the Republic:
outwardly, over the Frontiers; inwardly, in the Salle de Manege.
Outwardly: for Dumouriez, overrunning the Netherlands, did, on that
day, come in contact with Saxe-Teschen and the Austrians; Dumouriez
wide-winged, they wide-winged; at and around the village of Jemappes,
near Mons. And fire-hail is whistling far and wide there, the great guns
playing, and the small; so many green Heights getting fringed and maned
with red Fire. And Dumouriez is swept back on this wing, and swept back
on that, and is like to be swept back utterly; when he rushes up in
person, the prompt Polymetis; speaks a prompt word or two; and then,
with clear tenor-pipe, 'uplifts the Hymn of the Marseillese, entonna la
Marseillaise,' (Dumouriez, Memoires, iii. 174.) ten thousand tenor or
bass pipes joining; or say, some Forty Thousand in all; for every heart
leaps at the sound: and so with rhythmic march-melody, waxing ever
quicker, to double and to treble quick, they rally, they advance,
they rush, death-defying, man-devouring; carry batteries, redoutes,
whatsoever is to be carried; and, like the fire-whirlwind, sweep all
manner of Austrians from the scene of action. Thus, through the hands
of Dumouriez, may Rouget de Lille, in figurative speech, be said to
have gained, miraculously, like another Orpheus, by his Marseillese
fiddle-strings (fidibus canoris) a Victory of Jemappes; and conquered
the Low Countries.
Young General Egalite, it would seem, shone brave among the bravest
on this occasion. Doubtless a brave Egalite;--whom however does not
Dumouriez rather talk of oftener than need were? The Mother Society has
her own thoughts. As for the Elder Egalite he flies low at this time;
appears in the Convention for some half-hour daily, with rubicund,
pre-occupied, or impressive quasi-contemptuous countenance; and then
takes himself away. (Moore, ii. 148.) The Netherlands are conquered, at
least overrun. Jacobin missionaries, your Prolys, Pereiras, follow
in the train of the Armies; also Convention Commissioners, melting
church-plate, revolutionising and remodelling--among whom Danton, in
brief space, does immensities of business; not neglecting his own wages
and trade-profits, it is thought. Hassenfratz dilapidates at home;
Dumouriez grumbles and they dilapidate abroad: within the walls there is
sinning, and without the walls there is sinning.
But in the Hall of the Convention, at the same hour with this victory
of Jemappes, there went another thing forward: Report, of great length,
from the proper appointed Committee, on the Crimes of Louis. The
Galleries listen breathless; take comfort, ye Galleries: Deputy Valaze,
Reporter on this occasion, thinks Louis very criminal; and that, if
convenient, he should be tried;--poor Girondin Valaze, who may be
tried himself, one day! Comfortable so far. Nay here comes a second
Committee-reporter, Deputy Mailhe, with a Legal Argument, very prosy to
read now, very refreshing to hear then, That, by the Law of the Country,
Louis Capet was only called Inviolable by a figure of rhetoric; but at
bottom was perfectly violable, triable; that he can, and even should be
tried. This Question of Louis, emerging so often as an angry confused
possibility, and submerging again, has emerged now in an articulate
shape.
Patriotism growls indignant joy. The so-called reign of Equality is
not to be a mere name, then, but a thing! Try Louis Capet? scornfully
ejaculates Patriotism: Mean criminals go to the gallows for a purse cut;
and this chief criminal, guilty of a France cut; of a France slashed
asunder with Clotho-scissors and Civil war; with his victims 'twelve
hundred on the Tenth of August alone' lying low in the Catacombs,
fattening the passes of Argonne Wood, of Valmy and far Fields; he,
such chief criminal, shall not even come to the bar?--For, alas, O
Patriotism! add we, it was from of old said, The loser pays! It is
he who has to pay all scores, run up by whomsoever; on him must all
breakages and charges fall; and the twelve hundred on the Tenth of
August are not rebel traitors, but victims and martyrs: such is the law
of quarrel.
Patriotism, nothing doubting, watches over this Question of the Trial,
now happily emerged in an articulate shape; and will see it to maturity,
if the gods permit. With a keen solicitude Patriotism watches; getting
ever keener, at every new difficulty, as Girondins and false brothers
interpose delays; till it get a keenness as of fixed-idea, and will have
this Trial and no earthly thing instead of it,--if Equality be not a
name. Love of Equality; then scepticism of terror, rage of victory,
sublime spectacle of the universe: all these things are strong.
But indeed this Question of the Trial, is it not to all persons a most
grave one; filling with dubiety many a Legislative head! Regicide? asks
the Gironde Respectability: To kill a king, and become the horror of
respectable nations and persons? But then also, to save a king; to lose
one's footing with the decided Patriot; and undecided Patriot, though
never so respectable, being mere hypothetic froth and no footing?--The
dilemma presses sore; and between the horns of it you wriggle round and
round. Decision is nowhere, save in the Mother Society and her Sons.
These have decided, and go forward: the others wriggle round uneasily
within their dilemma-horns, and make way nowhither.
Chapter 3.2.V.
Stretching of Formulas.
But how this Question of the Trial grew laboriously, through the weeks
of gestation, now that it has been articulated or conceived, were
superfluous to trace here. It emerged and submerged among the infinite
of questions and embroilments. The Veto of Scoundrels writes plaintive
Letters as to Anarchy; 'concealed Royalists,' aided by Hunger, produce
Riots about Grain. Alas, it is but a week ago, these Girondins made a
new fierce onslaught on the September Massacres!
For, one day, among the last of October, Robespierre, being summoned to
the tribune by some new hint of that old calumny of the Dictatorship,
was speaking and pleading there, with more and more comfort to himself;
till, rising high in heart, he cried out valiantly: Is there any man
here that dare specifically accuse me? "Moi!" exclaimed one. Pause of
deep silence: a lean angry little Figure, with broad bald brow, strode
swiftly towards the tribune, taking papers from its pocket: "I accuse
thee, Robespierre,"--I, Jean Baptiste Louvet! The Seagreen became
tallow-green; shrinking to a corner of the tribune: Danton cried,
"Speak, Robespierre, there are many good citizens that listen;" but the
tongue refused its office. And so Louvet, with a shrill tone, read and
recited crime after crime: dictatorial temper, exclusive popularity,
bullying at elections, mob-retinue, September Massacres;--till all the
Convention shrieked again, and had almost indicted the Incorruptible
there on the spot. Never did the Incorruptible run such a risk. Louvet,
to his dying day, will regret that the Gironde did not take a bolder
attitude, and extinguish him there and then.
Not so, however: the Incorruptible, about to be indicted in this sudden
manner, could not be refused a week of delay. That week, he is not idle;
nor is the Mother Society idle,--fierce-tremulous for her chosen son.
He is ready at the day with his written Speech; smooth as a Jesuit
Doctor's; and convinces some. And now? Why, now lazy Vergniaud does not
rise with Demosthenic thunder; poor Louvet, unprepared, can do little
or nothing: Barrere proposes that these comparatively despicable
'personalities' be dismissed by order of the day! Order of the day it
accordingly is. Barbaroux cannot even get a hearing; not though he rush
down to the Bar, and demand to be heard there as a petitioner. (Louvet,
Memoires (Paris, 1823) p. 52; Moniteur (Seances du 29 Octobre, 5
Novembre, 1792); Moore (ii. 178), &c.) The convention, eager for public
business (with that first articulate emergence of the Trial just coming
on), dismisses these comparative miseres and despicabilities: splenetic
Louvet must digest his spleen, regretfully for ever: Robespierre, dear
to Patriotism, is dearer for the dangers he has run.
This is the second grand attempt by our Girondin Friends of Order, to
extinguish that black-spot in their domain; and we see they have made it
far blacker and wider than before! Anarchy, September Massacre: it is a
thing that lies hideous in the general imagination; very detestable to
the undecided Patriot, of Respectability: a thing to be harped on as
often as need is. Harp on it, denounce it, trample it, ye Girondin
Patriots:--and yet behold, the black-spot will not trample down; it will
only, as we say, trample blacker and wider: fools, it is no black-spot
of the surface, but a well-spring of the deep! Consider rightly, it is
the apex of the everlasting Abyss, this black-spot, looking up as water
through thin ice;--say, as the region of Nether Darkness through your
thin film of Gironde Regulation and Respectability; trample it not, lest
the film break, and then--!
The truth is, if our Gironde Friends had an understanding of it, where
were French Patriotism, with all its eloquence, at this moment, had not
that same great Nether Deep, of Bedlam, Fanaticism and Popular wrath and
madness, risen unfathomable on the Tenth of August? French Patriotism
were an eloquent Reminiscence; swinging on Prussian gibbets. Nay,
where, in few months, were it still, should the same great Nether Deep
subside?--Nay, as readers of Newspapers pretend to recollect, this
hatefulness of the September Massacre is itself partly an after-thought:
readers of Newspapers can quote Gorsas and various Brissotins approving
of the September Massacre, at the time it happened; and calling it a
salutary vengeance! (See Hist. Parl. xvii. 401; Newspapers by Gorsas and
others, cited ibid. 428.) So that the real grief, after all, were not
so much righteous horror, as grief that one's own power was departing?
Unhappy Girondins!
In the Jacobin Society, therefore, the decided Patriot complains that
here are men who with their private ambitions and animosities, will ruin
Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood, all three: they check the spirit of
Patriotism, throw stumbling-blocks in its way; and instead of pushing
on, all shoulders at the wheel, will stand idle there, spitefully
clamouring what foul ruts there are, what rude jolts we give! To which
the Jacobin Society answers with angry roar;--with angry shriek,
for there are Citoyennes too, thick crowded in the galleries here.
Citoyennes who bring their seam with them, or their knitting-needles;
and shriek or knit as the case needs; famed Tricoteuses, Patriot
Knitters;--Mere Duchesse, or the like Deborah and Mother of the
Faubourgs, giving the keynote. It is a changed Jacobin Society; and a
still changing. Where Mother Duchess now sits, authentic Duchesses have
sat. High-rouged dames went once in jewels and spangles; now, instead of
jewels, you may take the knitting-needles and leave the rouge: the
rouge will gradually give place to natural brown, clean washed or even
unwashed; and Demoiselle Theroigne herself get scandalously fustigated.
Strange enough: it is the same tribune raised in mid-air, where a high
Mirabeau, a high Barnave and Aristocrat Lameths once thundered: whom
gradually your Brissots, Guadets, Vergniauds, a hotter style of Patriots
in bonnet rouge, did displace; red heat, as one may say, superseding
light. And now your Brissots in turn, and Brissotins, Rolandins,
Girondins, are becoming supernumerary; must desert the sittings, or
be expelled: the light of the Mighty Mother is burning not red but
blue!--Provincial Daughter-Societies loudly disapprove these things;
loudly demand the swift reinstatement of such eloquent Girondins, the
swift 'erasure of Marat, radiation de Marat.' The Mother Society, so far
as natural reason can predict, seems ruining herself. Nevertheless she
has, at all crises, seemed so; she has a preternatural life in her, and
will not ruin.
But, in a fortnight more, this great Question of the Trial, while the
fit Committee is assiduously but silently working on it, receives
an unexpected stimulus. Our readers remember poor Louis's turn
for smithwork: how, in old happier days, a certain Sieur Gamain
of Versailles was wont to come over, and instruct him in
lock-making;--often scolding him, they say for his numbness. By whom,
nevertheless, the royal Apprentice had learned something of that craft.
Hapless Apprentice; perfidious Master-Smith! For now, on this 20th of
November 1792, dingy Smith Gamain comes over to the Paris Municipality,
over to Minister Roland, with hints that he, Smith Gamain, knows a
thing; that, in May last, when traitorous Correspondence was so brisk,
he and the royal Apprentice fabricated an 'Iron Press, Armoire de Fer,'
cunningly inserting the same in a wall of the royal chamber in the
Tuileries; invisible under the wainscot; where doubtless it still
sticks! Perfidious Gamain, attended by the proper Authorities, finds the
wainscot panel which none else can find; wrenches it up; discloses
the Iron Press,--full of Letters and Papers! Roland clutches them out;
conveys them over in towels to the fit assiduous Committee, which sits
hard by. In towels, we say, and without notarial inventory; an oversight
on the part of Roland.
Here, however, are Letters enough: which disclose to a demonstration the
Correspondence of a traitorous self-preserving Court; and this not with
Traitors only, but even with Patriots, so-called! Barnave's treason, of
Correspondence with the Queen, and friendly advice to her, ever since
that Varennes Business, is hereby manifest: how happy that we have him,
this Barnave, lying safe in the Prison of Grenoble, since September
last, for he had long been suspect! Talleyrand's treason, many a man's
treason, if not manifest hereby, is next to it. Mirabeau's treason:
wherefore his Bust in the Hall of the Convention 'is veiled with gauze,'
till we ascertain. Alas, it is too ascertainable! His Bust in the Hall
of the Jacobins, denounced by Robespierre from the tribune in mid-air,
is not veiled, it is instantly broken to sherds; a Patriot mounting
swiftly with a ladder, and shivering it down on the floor;--it and
others: amid shouts. (Journal des Debats des Jacobins in Hist. Parl.
xxii. 296.) Such is their recompense and amount of wages, at this
date: on the principle of supply and demand! Smith Gamain, inadequately
recompensed for the present, comes, some fifteen months after, with a
humble Petition; setting forth that no sooner was that important Iron
Press finished off by him, than (as he now bethinks himself) Louis gave
him a large glass of wine. Which large glass of wine did produce in
the stomach of Sieur Gamain the terriblest effects, evidently
tending towards death, and was then brought up by an emetic; but has,
notwithstanding, entirely ruined the constitution of Sieur Gamain; so
that he cannot work for his family (as he now bethinks himself).
The recompense of which is 'Pension of Twelve Hundred Francs,' and
'honourable mention.' So different is the ratio of demand and supply at
different times.
Thus, amid obstructions and stimulating furtherances, has the Question
of the Trial to grow; emerging and submerging; fostered by solicitous
Patriotism. Of the Orations that were spoken on it, of the painfully
devised Forms of Process for managing it, the Law Arguments to prove it
lawful, and all the infinite floods of Juridical and other ingenuity and
oratory, be no syllable reported in this History. Lawyer ingenuity is
good: but what can it profit here? If the truth must be spoken, O august
Senators, the only Law in this case is: Vae victis, the loser pays!
Seldom did Robespierre say a wiser word than the hint he gave to that
effect, in his oration, that it was needless to speak of Law, that here,
if never elsewhere, our Right was Might. An oration admired almost to
ecstasy by the Jacobin Patriot: who shall say that Robespierre is not a
thorough-going man; bold in Logic at least? To the like effect, or
still more plainly, spake young Saint-Just, the black-haired, mild-toned
youth. Danton is on mission, in the Netherlands, during this preliminary
work. The rest, far as one reads, welter amid Law of Nations, Social
Contract, Juristics, Syllogistics; to us barren as the East wind. In
fact, what can be more unprofitable than the sight of Seven Hundred
and Forty-nine ingenious men, struggling with their whole force and
industry, for a long course of weeks, to do at bottom this: To stretch
out the old Formula and Law Phraseology, so that it may cover the new,
contradictory, entirely uncoverable Thing? Whereby the poor Formula does
but crack, and one's honesty along with it! The thing that is
palpably hot, burning, wilt thou prove it, by syllogism, to be a
freezing-mixture? This of stretching out Formulas till they crack is,
especially in times of swift change, one of the sorrowfullest tasks poor
Humanity has.
Chapter 3.2.VI.
At the Bar.
Meanwhile, in a space of some five weeks, we have got to another
emerging of the Trial, and a more practical one than ever.
On Tuesday, eleventh of December, the King's Trial has emerged, very
decidedly: into the streets of Paris; in the shape of that green
Carriage of Mayor Chambon, within which sits the King himself, with
attendants, on his way to the Convention Hall! Attended, in that green
Carriage, by Mayors Chambon, Procureurs Chaumette; and outside of it by
Commandants Santerre, with cannon, cavalry and double row of infantry;
all Sections under arms, strong Patrols scouring all streets; so fares
he, slowly through the dull drizzling weather: and about two o'clock
we behold him, 'in walnut-coloured great-coat, redingote noisette,'
descending through the Place Vendome, towards that Salle de Manege; to
be indicted, and judicially interrogated. The mysterious Temple Circuit
has given up its secret; which now, in this walnut-coloured coat, men
behold with eyes. The same bodily Louis who was once Louis the
Desired, fares there: hapless King, he is getting now towards port; his
deplorable farings and voyagings draw to a close. What duty remains to
him henceforth, that of placidly enduring, he is fit to do.
The singular Procession fares on; in silence, says Prudhomme, or amid
growlings of the Marseillese Hymn; in silence, ushers itself into the
Hall of the Convention, Santerre holding Louis's arm with his hand.
Louis looks round him, with composed air, to see what kind of Convention
and Parliament it is. Much changed indeed:--since February gone two
years, when our Constituent, then busy, spread fleur-de-lys velvet for
us; and we came over to say a kind word here, and they all started up
swearing Fidelity; and all France started up swearing, and made it
a Feast of Pikes; which has ended in this! Barrere, who once
'wept' looking up from his Editor's-Desk, looks down now from his
President's-Chair, with a list of Fifty-seven Questions; and says,
dry-eyed: "Louis, you may sit down." Louis sits down: it is the very
seat, they say, same timber and stuffing, from which he accepted the
Constitution, amid dancing and illumination, autumn gone a year. So much
woodwork remains identical; so much else is not identical. Louis sits
and listens, with a composed look and mind.
Of the Fifty-seven Questions we shall not give so much as one. They
are questions captiously embracing all the main Documents seized on the
Tenth of August, or found lately in the Iron Press; embracing all the
main incidents of the Revolution History; and they ask, in substance,
this: Louis, who wert King, art thou not guilty to a certain extent,
by act and written document, of trying to continue King? Neither in the
Answers is there much notable. Mere quiet negations, for most part; an
accused man standing on the simple basis of No: I do not recognise that
document; I did not do that act; or did it according to the law that
then was. Whereupon the Fifty-seven Questions, and Documents to the
number of a Hundred and Sixty-two, being exhausted in this manner,
Barrere finishes, after some three hours, with his: "Louis, I invite you
to withdraw."
Louis withdraws, under Municipal escort, into a neighbouring
Committee-room; having first, in leaving the bar, demanded to have Legal
Counsel. He declines refreshment, in this Committee-room, then, seeing
Chaumette busy with a small loaf which a grenadier had divided with
him, says, he will take a bit of bread. It is five o'clock; and he
had breakfasted but slightly in a morning of such drumming and alarm.
Chaumette breaks his half-loaf: the King eats of the crust; mounts
the green Carriage, eating; asks now what he shall do with the crumb?
Chaumette's clerk takes it from him; flings it out into the street.
Louis says, It is pity to fling out bread, in a time of dearth. "My
grandmother," remarks Chaumette, "used to say to me, Little boy, never
waste a crumb of bread, you cannot make one." "Monsieur Chaumette,"
answers Louis, "your grandmother seems to have been a sensible woman."
(Prudhomme's Newspaper in Hist. Parl. xxi. 314.) Poor innocent mortal:
so quietly he waits the drawing of the lot;--fit to do this at least
well; Passivity alone, without Activity, sufficing for it! He talks
once of travelling over France by and by, to have a geographical and
topographical view of it; being from of old fond of geography.--The
Temple Circuit again receives him, closes on him; gazing Paris may
retire to its hearths and coffee-houses, to its clubs and theatres: the
damp Darkness has sunk, and with it the drumming and patrolling of this
strange Day.
Louis is now separated from his Queen and Family; given up to his simple
reflections and resources. Dull lie these stone walls round him; of his
loved ones none with him. In this state of 'uncertainty,' providing for
the worst, he writes his Will: a Paper which can still be read; full of
placidity, simplicity, pious sweetness. The Convention, after debate,
has granted him Legal Counsel, of his own choosing. Advocate Target
feels himself 'too old,' being turned of fifty-four; and declines. He
had gained great honour once, defending Rohan the Necklace-Cardinal; but
will gain none here. Advocate Tronchet, some ten years older, does not
decline. Nay behold, good old Malesherbes steps forward voluntarily;
to the last of his fields, the good old hero! He is grey with seventy
years: he says, 'I was twice called to the Council of him who was my
Master, when all the world coveted that honour; and I owe him the same
service now, when it has become one which many reckon dangerous.' These
two, with a younger Deseze, whom they will select for pleading, are busy
over that Fifty-and-sevenfold Indictment, over the Hundred and Sixty-two
Documents; Louis aiding them as he can.
A great Thing is now therefore in open progress; all men, in all lands,
watching it. By what Forms and Methods shall the Convention acquit
itself, in such manner that there rest not on it even the suspicion of
blame? Difficult that will be! The Convention, really much at a loss,
discusses and deliberates. All day from morning to night, day after day,
the Tribune drones with oratory on this matter; one must stretch the old
Formula to cover the new Thing. The Patriots of the Mountain, whetted
ever keener, clamour for despatch above all; the only good Form will
be a swift one. Nevertheless the Convention deliberates; the Tribune
drones,--drowned indeed in tenor, and even in treble, from time to time;
the whole Hall shrilling up round it into pretty frequent wrath and
provocation. It has droned and shrilled wellnigh a fortnight, before
we can decide, this shrillness getting ever shriller, That on Wednesday
26th of December, Louis shall appear, and plead. His Advocates complain
that it is fatally soon; which they well might as Advocates: but without
remedy; to Patriotism it seems endlessly late.
On Wednesday, therefore, at the cold dark hour of eight in the morning,
all Senators are at their post. Indeed they warm the cold hour, as we
find, by a violent effervescence, such as is too common now; some Louvet
or Buzot attacking some Tallien, Chabot; and so the whole Mountain
effervescing against the whole Gironde. Scarcely is this done, at nine,
when Louis and his three Advocates, escorted by the clang of arms and
Santerre's National force, enter the Hall.
Deseze unfolds his papers; honourably fulfilling his perilous office,
pleads for the space of three hours. An honourable Pleading, 'composed
almost overnight;' courageous yet discreet; not without ingenuity,
and soft pathetic eloquence: Louis fell on his neck, when they had
withdrawn, and said with tears, Mon pauvre Deseze. Louis himself, before
withdrawing, had added a few words, "perhaps the last he would utter to
them:" how it pained his heart, above all things, to be held guilty of
that bloodshed on the Tenth of August; or of ever shedding or wishing to
shed French blood. So saying, he withdrew from that Hall;--having
indeed finished his work there. Many are the strange errands he has had
thither; but this strange one is the last.
And now, why will the Convention loiter? Here is the Indictment and
Evidence; here is the Pleading: does not the rest follow of itself? The
Mountain, and Patriotism in general, clamours still louder for despatch;
for Permanent-session, till the task be done. Nevertheless a doubting,
apprehensive Convention decides that it will still deliberate first;
that all Members, who desire it, shall have leave to speak.--To your
desks, therefore, ye eloquent Members! Down with your thoughts, your
echoes and hearsays of thoughts: now is the time to shew oneself;
France and the Universe listens! Members are not wanting: Oration
spoken Pamphlet follows spoken Pamphlet, with what eloquence it can:
President's List swells ever higher with names claiming to speak; from
day to day, all days and all hours, the constant Tribune drones;--shrill
Galleries supplying, very variably, the tenor and treble. It were a dull
tune otherwise.
The Patriots, in Mountain and Galleries, or taking counsel nightly in
Section-house, in Mother Society, amid their shrill Tricoteuses, have
to watch lynx-eyed; to give voice when needful; occasionally very loud.
Deputy Thuriot, he who was Advocate Thuriot, who was Elector Thuriot,
and from the top of the Bastille, saw Saint-Antoine rising like the
ocean; this Thuriot can stretch a Formula as heartily as most men. Cruel
Billaud is not silent, if you incite him. Nor is cruel Jean-Bon silent;
a kind of Jesuit he too;--write him not, as the Dictionaries too often
do, Jambon, which signifies mere Ham.
But, on the whole, let no man conceive it possible that Louis is not
guilty. The only question for a reasonable man is, or was: Can the
Convention judge Louis? Or must it be the whole People: in Primary
Assembly, and with delay? Always delay, ye Girondins, false hommes
d'etat! so bellows Patriotism, its patience almost failing.--But indeed,
if we consider it, what shall these poor Girondins do? Speak their
convictions that Louis is a Prisoner of War; and cannot be put to death
without injustice, solecism, peril? Speak such conviction; and lose
utterly your footing with the decided Patriot? Nay properly it is
not even a conviction, but a conjecture and dim puzzle. How many poor
Girondins are sure of but one thing: That a man and Girondin ought to
have footing somewhere, and to stand firmly on it; keeping well with the
Respectable Classes! This is what conviction and assurance of faith
they have. They must wriggle painfully between their dilemma-horns. (See
Extracts from their Newspapers, in Hist. Parl. xxi. 1-38, &c.)
Nor is France idle, nor Europe. It is a Heart this Convention, as we
said, which sends out influences, and receives them. A King's Execution,
call it Martyrdom, call it Punishment, were an influence! Two notable
influences this Convention has already sent forth, over all Nations;
much to its own detriment. On the 19th of November, it emitted a Decree,
and has since confirmed and unfolded the details of it. That any Nation
which might see good to shake off the fetters of Despotism was thereby,
so to speak, the Sister of France, and should have help and countenance.
A Decree much noised of by Diplomatists, Editors, International Lawyers;
such a Decree as no living Fetter of Despotism, nor Person in Authority
anywhere, can approve of! It was Deputy Chambon the Girondin who
propounded this Decree;--at bottom perhaps as a flourish of rhetoric.
The second influence we speak of had a still poorer origin: in the
restless loud-rattling slightly-furnished head of one Jacob Dupont from
the Loire country. The Convention is speculating on a plan of National
Education: Deputy Dupont in his speech says, "I am free to avow, M. le
President, that I for my part am an Atheist," (Moniteur, Seance du 14
Decembre 1792.)--thinking the world might like to know that. The French
world received it without commentary; or with no audible commentary,
so loud was France otherwise. The Foreign world received it with
confutation, with horror and astonishment; (Mrs. Hannah More, Letter to
Jacob Dupont (London, 1793); &c. &c.) a most miserable influence this!
And now if to these two were added a third influence, and sent pulsing
abroad over all the Earth: that of Regicide?
Foreign Courts interfere in this Trial of Louis; Spain, England: not to
be listened to; though they come, as it were, at least Spain comes,
with the olive-branch in one hand, and the sword without scabbard in the
other. But at home too, from out of this circumambient Paris and France,
what influences come thick-pulsing! Petitions flow in; pleading for
equal justice, in a reign of so-called Equality. The living Patriot
pleads;--O ye National Deputies, do not the dead Patriots plead? The
Twelve Hundred that lie in cold obstruction, do not they plead; and
petition, in Death's dumb-show, from their narrow house there, more
eloquently than speech? Crippled Patriots hop on crutches round the
Salle de Manege, demanding justice. The Wounded of the Tenth of August,
the Widows and Orphans of the Killed petition in a body; and hop and
defile, eloquently mute, through the Hall: one wounded Patriot, unable
to hop, is borne on his bed thither, and passes shoulder-high, in the
horizontal posture. (Hist. Parl. xxii. 131; Moore, &c.) The Convention
Tribune, which has paused at such sight, commences again,--droning
mere Juristic Oratory. But out of doors Paris is piping ever higher.
Bull-voiced St. Huruge is heard; and the hysteric eloquence of Mother
Duchesse: 'Varlet, Apostle of Liberty,' with pike and red cap, flies
hastily, carrying his oratorical folding-stool. Justice on the Traitor!
cries all the Patriot world. Consider also this other cry, heard loud
on the streets: "Give us Bread, or else kill us!" Bread and Equality;
Justice on the Traitor, that we may have Bread!
The Limited or undecided Patriot is set against the Decided. Mayor
Chambon heard of dreadful rioting at the Theatre de la Nation: it had
come to rioting, and even to fist-work, between the Decided and the
Undecided, touching a new Drama called Ami des Lois (Friend of the
Laws). One of the poorest Dramas ever written; but which had didactic
applications in it; wherefore powdered wigs of Friends of Order and
black hair of Jacobin heads are flying there; and Mayor Chambon hastens
with Santerre, in hopes to quell it. Far from quelling it, our poor
Mayor gets so 'squeezed,' says the Report, and likewise so blamed
and bullied, say we,--that he, with regret, quits the brief Mayoralty
altogether, 'his lungs being affected.' This miserable Amis des Lois is
debated of in the Convention itself; so violent, mutually-enraged, are
the Limited Patriots and the Unlimited. (Hist. Parl. xxiii. 31, 48, &c.)
Between which two classes, are not Aristocrats enough, and
Crypto-Aristocrats, busy? Spies running over from London with important
Packets; spies pretending to run! One of these latter, Viard was the
name of him, pretended to accuse Roland, and even the Wife of Roland; to
the joy of Chabot and the Mountain. But the Wife of Roland came, being
summoned, on the instant, to the Convention Hall; came, in her high
clearness; and, with few clear words, dissipated this Viard into
despicability and air; all Friends of Order applauding. (Moniteur,
Seance du 7 Decembre 1792.) So, with Theatre-riots, and 'Bread, or else
kill us;' with Rage, Hunger, preternatural Suspicion, does this wild
Paris pipe. Roland grows ever more querulous, in his Messages and
Letters; rising almost to the hysterical pitch. Marat, whom no power
on Earth can prevent seeing into traitors and Rolands, takes to bed
for three days; almost dead, the invaluable People's-Friend, with
heartbreak, with fever and headache: 'O, Peuple babillard, si tu savais
agir, People of Babblers, if thou couldst but act!'
To crown all, victorious Dumouriez, in these New-year's days, is arrived
in Paris;--one fears, for no good. He pretends to be complaining of
Minister Pache, and Hassenfratz dilapidations; to be concerting measures
for the spring campaign: one finds him much in the company of the
Girondins. Plotting with them against Jacobinism, against Equality,
and the Punishment of Louis! We have Letters of his to the Convention
itself. Will he act the old Lafayette part, this new victorious General?
Let him withdraw again; not undenounced. (Dumouriez, Memoires, iii. c.
4.)
And still, in the Convention Tribune, it drones continually, mere
Juristic Eloquence, and Hypothesis without Action; and there are still
fifties on the President's List. Nay these Gironde Presidents give their
own party preference: we suspect they play foul with the List; men of
the Mountain cannot be heard. And still it drones, all through December
into January and a New year; and there is no end! Paris pipes round it;
multitudinous; ever higher, to the note of the whirlwind. Paris
will 'bring cannon from Saint-Denis;' there is talk of 'shutting the
Barriers,'--to Roland's horror.
Whereupon, behold, the Convention Tribune suddenly ceases droning: we
cut short, be on the List who likes; and make end. On Tuesday next, the
Fifteenth of January 1793, it shall go to the Vote, name by name; and,
one way or other, this great game play itself out!
Chapter 3.2.VII.
The Three Votings.
Is Louis Capet guilty of conspiring against Liberty? Shall our Sentence
be itself final, or need ratifying by Appeal to the People? If guilty,
what Punishment? This is the form agreed to, after uproar and 'several
hours of tumultuous indecision:' these are the Three successive
Questions, whereon the Convention shall now pronounce. Paris floods
round their Hall; multitudinous, many sounding. Europe and all Nations
listen for their answer. Deputy after Deputy shall answer to his name:
Guilty or Not guilty?
As to the Guilt, there is, as above hinted, no doubt in the mind of
Patriot man. Overwhelming majority pronounces Guilt; the unanimous
Convention votes for Guilt, only some feeble twenty-eight voting not
Innocence, but refusing to vote at all. Neither does the Second Question
prove doubtful, whatever the Girondins might calculate. Would not Appeal
to the People be another name for civil war? Majority of two to one
answers that there shall be no Appeal: this also is settled. Loud
Patriotism, now at ten o'clock, may hush itself for the night; and
retire to its bed not without hope. Tuesday has gone well. On the morrow
comes, What Punishment? On the morrow is the tug of war.
Consider therefore if, on this Wednesday morning, there is an affluence
of Patriotism; if Paris stands a-tiptoe, and all Deputies are at their
post! Seven Hundred and Forty-nine honourable Deputies; only some twenty
absent on mission, Duchatel and some seven others absent by sickness.
Meanwhile expectant Patriotism and Paris standing a-tiptoe, have need of
patience. For this Wednesday again passes in debate and effervescence;
Girondins proposing that a 'majority of three-fourths' shall be
required; Patriots fiercely resisting them. Danton, who has just got
back from mission in the Netherlands, does obtain 'order of the day'
on this Girondin proposal; nay he obtains further that we decide sans
desemparer, in Permanent-session, till we have done.
And so, finally, at eight in the evening this Third stupendous Voting,
by roll-call or appel nominal, does begin. What Punishment? Girondins
undecided, Patriots decided, men afraid of Royalty, men afraid of
Anarchy, must answer here and now. Infinite Patriotism, dusky in the
lamp-light, floods all corridors, crowds all galleries, sternly waiting
to hear. Shrill-sounding Ushers summon you by Name and Department; you
must rise to the Tribune and say.
Eye-witnesses have represented this scene of the Third Voting, and of
the votings that grew out of it; a scene protracted, like to be
endless, lasting, with few brief intervals, from Wednesday till Sunday
morning,--as one of the strangest seen in the Revolution. Long night
wears itself into day, morning's paleness is spread over all faces; and
again the wintry shadows sink, and the dim lamps are lit: but through
day and night and the vicissitude of hours, Member after Member is
mounting continually those Tribune-steps; pausing aloft there, in the
clearer upper light, to speak his Fate-word; then diving down into
the dusk and throng again. Like Phantoms in the hour of midnight; most
spectral, pandemonial! Never did President Vergniaud, or any terrestrial
President, superintend the like. A King's Life, and so much else that
depends thereon, hangs trembling in the balance. Man after man
mounts; the buzz hushes itself till he have spoken: Death; Banishment:
Imprisonment till the Peace. Many say, Death; with what cautious
well-studied phrases and paragraphs they could devise, of explanation,
of enforcement, of faint recommendation to mercy. Many too say,
Banishment; something short of Death. The balance trembles, none can yet
guess whitherward. Whereat anxious Patriotism bellows; irrepressible by
Ushers.
The poor Girondins, many of them, under such fierce bellowing of
Patriotism, say Death; justifying, motivant, that most miserable word
of theirs by some brief casuistry and jesuitry. Vergniaud himself says,
Death; justifying by jesuitry. Rich Lepelletier Saint-Fargeau had been
of the Noblesse, and then of the Patriot Left Side, in the Constituent;
and had argued and reported, there and elsewhere, not a little, against
Capital Punishment: nevertheless he now says, Death; a word which may
cost him dear. Manuel did surely rank with the Decided in August last;
but he has been sinking and backsliding ever since September, and the
scenes of September. In this Convention, above all, no word he could
speak would find favour; he says now, Banishment; and in mute wrath
quits the place for ever,--much hustled in the corridors. Philippe
Egalite votes in his soul and conscience, Death, at the sound of which,
and of whom, even Patriotism shakes its head; and there runs a groan
and shudder through this Hall of Doom. Robespierre's vote cannot be
doubtful; his speech is long. Men see the figure of shrill Sieyes
ascend; hardly pausing, passing merely, this figure says, "La Mort sans
phrase, Death without phrases;" and fares onward and downward. Most
spectral, pandemonial!
And yet if the Reader fancy it of a funereal, sorrowful or even grave
character, he is far mistaken. 'The Ushers in the Mountain quarter,'
says Mercier, 'had become as Box-openers at the Opera;' opening and
shutting of Galleries for privileged persons, for 'd'Orleans Egalite's
mistresses,' or other high-dizened women of condition, rustling with
laces and tricolor. Gallant Deputies pass and repass thitherward,
treating them with ices, refreshments and small-talk; the high-dizened
heads beck responsive; some have their card and pin, pricking down the
Ayes and Noes, as at a game of Rouge-et-Noir. Further aloft reigns Mere
Duchesse with her unrouged Amazons; she cannot be prevented making
long Hahas, when the vote is not La Mort. In these Galleries there is
refection, drinking of wine and brandy 'as in open tavern, en pleine
tabagie.' Betting goes on in all coffeehouses of the neighbourhood. But
within doors, fatigue, impatience, uttermost weariness sits now on
all visages; lighted up only from time to time, by turns of the game.
Members have fallen asleep; Ushers come and awaken them to vote: other
Members calculate whether they shall not have time to run and dine.
Figures rise, like phantoms, pale in the dusky lamp-light; utter from
this Tribune, only one word: Death. 'Tout est optique,' says Mercier,
'the world is all an optical shadow.' (Mercier, Nouveau Paris, vi.
156-59; Montgaillard, iii. 348-87; Moore, &c.) Deep in the Thursday
night, when the Voting is done, and Secretaries are summing it up, sick
Duchatel, more spectral than another, comes borne on a chair, wrapt in
blankets, 'in nightgown and nightcap,' to vote for Mercy: one vote it is
thought may turn the scale.
Ah no! In profoundest silence, President Vergniaud, with a voice full of
sorrow, has to say: "I declare, in the name of the Convention, that the
Punishment it pronounces on Louis Capet is that of Death." Death by a
small majority of Fifty-three. Nay, if we deduct from the one side, and
add to the other, a certain Twenty-six, who said Death but coupled some
faintest ineffectual surmise of mercy with it, the majority will be but
One.
Death is the sentence: but its execution? It is not executed yet!
Scarcely is the vote declared when Louis's Three Advocates enter; with
Protest in his name, with demand for Delay, for Appeal to the People.
For this do Deseze and Tronchet plead, with brief eloquence: brave old
Malesherbes pleads for it with eloquent want of eloquence, in broken
sentences, in embarrassment and sobs; that brave time-honoured face,
with its grey strength, its broad sagacity and honesty, is mastered with
emotion, melts into dumb tears. (Moniteur in Hist. Parl. xxiii. 210.
See Boissy d'Anglas, Vie de Malesherbes, ii. 139.)--They reject the
Appeal to the People; that having been already settled. But as to the
Delay, what they call Sursis, it shall be considered; shall be voted for
to-morrow: at present we adjourn. Whereupon Patriotism 'hisses' from the
Mountain: but a 'tyrannical majority' has so decided, and adjourns.
There is still this fourth Vote then, growls indignant Patriotism:--this
vote, and who knows what other votes, and adjournments of voting; and
the whole matter still hovering hypothetical! And at every new vote
those Jesuit Girondins, even they who voted for Death, would so fain
find a loophole! Patriotism must watch and rage. Tyrannical adjournments
there have been; one, and now another at midnight on plea of
fatigue,--all Friday wasted in hesitation and higgling; in re-counting
of the votes, which are found correct as they stood! Patriotism bays
fiercer than ever; Patriotism, by long-watching, has become red-eyed,
almost rabid.
"Delay: yes or no?" men do vote it finally, all Saturday, all day and
night. Men's nerves are worn out, men's hearts are desperate; now it
shall end. Vergniaud, spite of the baying, ventures to say Yes, Delay;
though he had voted Death. Philippe Egalite says, in his soul and
conscience, No. The next Member mounting: "Since Philippe says No, I
for my part say Yes, Moi je dis Oui." The balance still trembles. Till
finally, at three o'clock on Sunday morning, we have: No Delay, by a
majority of Seventy; Death within four-and-twenty hours!
Garat Minister of Justice has to go to the Temple, with this stern
message: he ejaculates repeatedly, "Quelle commission affreuse, What a
frightful function!" (Biographie des Ministres, p. 157.) Louis begs for
a Confessor; for yet three days of life, to prepare himself to die. The
Confessor is granted; the three days and all respite are refused.
There is no deliverance, then? Thick stone walls answer, None--Has King
Louis no friends? Men of action, of courage grown desperate, in this his
extreme need? King Louis's friends are feeble and far. Not even a voice
in the coffeehouses rises for him. At Meot the Restaurateur's no Captain
Dampmartin now dines; or sees death-doing whiskerandoes on furlough
exhibit daggers of improved structure! Meot's gallant Royalists on
furlough are far across the Marches; they are wandering distracted over
the world: or their bones lie whitening Argonne Wood. Only some weak
Priests 'leave Pamphlets on all the bournestones,' this night, calling
for a rescue; calling for the pious women to rise; or are taken
distributing Pamphlets, and sent to prison. (See Prudhomme's Newspaper,
Revolutions de Paris in Hist. Parl. xxiii. 318.)
Nay there is one death-doer, of the ancient Meot sort, who, with effort,
has done even less and worse: slain a Deputy, and set all the Patriotism
of Paris on edge! It was five on Saturday evening when Lepelletier St.
Fargeau, having given his vote, No Delay, ran over to Fevrier's in the
Palais Royal to snatch a morsel of dinner. He had dined, and was paying.
A thickset man 'with black hair and blue beard,' in a loose kind of
frock, stept up to him; it was, as Fevrier and the bystanders bethought
them, one Paris of the old King's-Guard. "Are you Lepelletier?"
asks he.--"Yes."--"You voted in the King's Business?"--"I voted
Death."--"Scelerat, take that!" cries Paris, flashing out a sabre from
under his frock, and plunging it deep in Lepelletier's side. Fevrier
clutches him; but he breaks off; is gone.
The voter Lepelletier lies dead; he has expired in great pain, at one
in the morning;--two hours before that Vote of no Delay was fully summed
up! Guardsman Paris is flying over France; cannot be taken; will be
found some months after, self-shot in a remote inn. (Hist. Parl. xxiii.
275, 318; Felix Lepelletier, Vie de Michel Lepelletier son Frere, p.
61. &c. Felix, with due love of the miraculous, will have it that
the Suicide in the inn was not Paris, but some double-ganger of
his.)--Robespierre sees reason to think that Prince d'Artois himself is
privately in Town; that the Convention will be butchered in the lump.
Patriotism sounds mere wail and vengeance: Santerre doubles and trebles
all his patrols. Pity is lost in rage and fear; the Convention has
refused the three days of life and all respite.
Chapter 3.2.VIII.
Place de la Revolution.
To this conclusion, then, hast thou come, O hapless, Louis! The Son of
Sixty Kings is to die on the Scaffold by form of law. Under Sixty Kings
this same form of Law, form of Society, has been fashioning itself
together, these thousand years; and has become, one way and other, a
most strange Machine. Surely, if needful, it is also frightful this
Machine; dead, blind; not what it should be; which, with swift stroke,
or by cold slow torture, has wasted the lives and souls of innumerable
men. And behold now a King himself, or say rather Kinghood in his
person, is to expire here in cruel tortures;--like a Phalaris shut in
the belly of his own red-heated Brazen Bull! It is ever so; and thou
shouldst know it, O haughty tyrannous man: injustice breeds injustice;
curses and falsehoods do verily 'return always home,' wide as they
may wander. Innocent Louis bears the sins of many generations: he too
experiences that man's tribunal is not in this Earth; that if he had no
Higher one, it were not well with him.
A King dying by such violence appeals impressively to the imagination;
as the like must do, and ought to do. And yet at bottom it is not the
King dying, but the Man! Kingship is a coat; the grand loss is of the
skin. The man from whom you take his Life, to him can the whole combined
world do more? Lally went on his hurdle, his mouth filled with a gag.
Miserablest mortals, doomed for picking pockets, have a whole five-act
Tragedy in them, in that dumb pain, as they go to the gallows,
unregarded; they consume the cup of trembling down to the lees. For
Kings and for Beggars, for the justly doomed and the unjustly, it is
a hard thing to die. Pity them all: thy utmost pity with all aids and
appliances and throne-and-scaffold contrasts, how far short is it of the
thing pitied!
A Confessor has come; Abbe Edgeworth, of Irish extraction, whom the King
knew by good report, has come promptly on this solemn mission. Leave
the Earth alone, then, thou hapless King; it with its malice will go
its way, thou also canst go thine. A hard scene yet remains: the parting
with our loved ones. Kind hearts, environed in the same grim peril with
us; to be left here! Let the Reader look with the eyes of Valet Clery,
through these glass-doors, where also the Municipality watches; and see
the cruellest of scenes:
'At half-past eight, the door of the ante-room opened: the Queen
appeared first, leading her Son by the hand; then Madame Royale and
Madame Elizabeth: they all flung themselves into the arms of the King.
Silence reigned for some minutes; interrupted only by sobs. The Queen
made a movement to lead his Majesty towards the inner room, where M.
Edgeworth was waiting unknown to them: "No," said the King, "let us go
into the dining-room, it is there only that I can see you." They entered
there; I shut the door of it, which was of glass. The King sat down,
the Queen on his left hand, Madame Elizabeth on his right, Madame Royale
almost in front; the young Prince remained standing between his Father's
legs. They all leaned towards him, and often held him embraced. This
scene of woe lasted an hour and three-quarters; during which we could
hear nothing; we could see only that always when the King spoke, the
sobbings of the Princesses redoubled, continued for some minutes; and
that then the King began again to speak.' (Clery's Narrative (London,
1798), cited in Weber, iii. 312.)--And so our meetings and our partings
do now end! The sorrows we gave each other; the poor joys we faithfully
shared, and all our lovings and our sufferings, and confused toilings
under the earthly Sun, are over. Thou good soul, I shall never, never
through all ages of Time, see thee any more!--NEVER! O Reader, knowest
thou that hard word?
For nearly two hours this agony lasts; then they tear themselves
asunder. "Promise that you will see us on the morrow." He promises:--Ah
yes, yes; yet once; and go now, ye loved ones; cry to God for yourselves
and me!--It was a hard scene, but it is over. He will not see them on
the morrow. The Queen in passing through the ante-room glanced at the
Cerberus Municipals; and with woman's vehemence, said through her tears,
"Vous etes tous des scelerats."
King Louis slept sound, till five in the morning, when Clery, as he
had been ordered, awoke him. Clery dressed his hair. While this went
forward, Louis took a ring from his watch, and kept trying it on his
finger; it was his wedding-ring, which he is now to return to the
Queen as a mute farewell. At half-past six, he took the Sacrament; and
continued in devotion, and conference with Abbe Edgeworth. He will not
see his Family: it were too hard to bear.
At eight, the Municipals enter: the King gives them his Will and
messages and effects; which they, at first, brutally refuse to
take charge of: he gives them a roll of gold pieces, a hundred and
twenty-five louis; these are to be returned to Malesherbes, who had
lent them. At nine, Santerre says the hour is come. The King begs yet
to retire for three minutes. At the end of three minutes, Santerre again
says the hour is come. 'Stamping on the ground with his right foot,
Louis answers: "Partons, let us go."'--How the rolling of those drums
comes in, through the Temple bastions and bulwarks, on the heart of a
queenly wife; soon to be a widow! He is gone, then, and has not seen
us? A Queen weeps bitterly; a King's Sister and Children. Over all these
Four does Death also hover: all shall perish miserably save one; she, as
Duchesse d'Angouleme, will live,--not happily.
At the Temple Gate were some faint cries, perhaps from voices of pitiful
women: "Grace! Grace!" Through the rest of the streets there is silence
as of the grave. No man not armed is allowed to be there: the armed,
did any even pity, dare not express it, each man overawed by all his
neighbours. All windows are down, none seen looking through them. All
shops are shut. No wheel-carriage rolls this morning, in these streets
but one only. Eighty thousand armed men stand ranked, like armed statues
of men; cannons bristle, cannoneers with match burning, but no word or
movement: it is as a city enchanted into silence and stone; one carriage
with its escort, slowly rumbling, is the only sound. Louis reads, in his
Book of Devotion, the Prayers of the Dying: clatter of this death-march
falls sharp on the ear, in the great silence; but the thought would fain
struggle heavenward, and forget the Earth.
As the clocks strike ten, behold the Place de la Revolution, once Place
de Louis Quinze: the Guillotine, mounted near the old Pedestal where
once stood the Statue of that Louis! Far round, all bristles with
cannons and armed men: spectators crowding in the rear; d'Orleans
Egalite there in cabriolet. Swift messengers, hoquetons, speed to
the Townhall, every three minutes: near by is the Convention
sitting,--vengeful for Lepelletier. Heedless of all, Louis reads his
Prayers of the Dying; not till five minutes yet has he finished; then
the Carriage opens. What temper he is in? Ten different witnesses
will give ten different accounts of it. He is in the collision of all
tempers; arrived now at the black Mahlstrom and descent of Death: in
sorrow, in indignation, in resignation struggling to be resigned. "Take
care of M. Edgeworth," he straitly charges the Lieutenant who is sitting
with them: then they two descend.
The drums are beating: "Taisez-vous, Silence!" he cries 'in a terrible
voice, d'une voix terrible.' He mounts the scaffold, not without delay;
he is in puce coat, breeches of grey, white stockings. He strips off
the coat; stands disclosed in a sleeve-waistcoat of white flannel. The
Executioners approach to bind him: he spurns, resists; Abbe Edgeworth
has to remind him how the Saviour, in whom men trust, submitted to be
bound. His hands are tied, his head bare; the fatal moment is come. He
advances to the edge of the Scaffold, 'his face very red,' and says:
"Frenchmen, I die innocent: it is from the Scaffold and near appearing
before God that I tell you so. I pardon my enemies; I desire that
France--" A General on horseback, Santerre or another, prances out with
uplifted hand: "Tambours!" The drums drown the voice. "Executioners do
your duty!" The Executioners, desperate lest themselves be murdered (for
Santerre and his Armed Ranks will strike, if they do not), seize the
hapless Louis: six of them desperate, him singly desperate, struggling
there; and bind him to their plank. Abbe Edgeworth, stooping, bespeaks
him: "Son of Saint Louis, ascend to Heaven." The Axe clanks down; a
King's Life is shorn away. It is Monday the 21st of January 1793. He was
aged Thirty-eight years four months and twenty-eight days. (Newspapers,
Municipal Records, &c. &c. in Hist. Parl. xxiii. 298-349) Deux Amis
(ix. 369-373), Mercier (Nouveau Paris, iii. 3-8.)
Executioner Samson shews the Head: fierce shout of Vive la Republique
rises, and swells; caps raised on bayonets, hats waving: students of
the College of Four Nations take it up, on the far Quais; fling it over
Paris. Orleans drives off in his cabriolet; the Townhall Councillors
rub their hands, saying, "It is done, It is done." There is dipping of
handkerchiefs, of pike-points in the blood. Headsman Samson, though he
afterwards denied it, (His Letter in the Newspapers, Hist. Parl. ubi
supra.) sells locks of the hair: fractions of the puce coat are long
after worn in rings. (Forster's Briefwechsel, i. 473.)--And so, in some
half-hour it is done; and the multitude has all departed. Pastrycooks,
coffee-sellers, milkmen sing out their trivial quotidian cries: the
world wags on, as if this were a common day. In the coffeehouses that
evening, says Prudhomme, Patriot shook hands with Patriot in a more
cordial manner than usual. Not till some days after, according to
Mercier, did public men see what a grave thing it was.
A grave thing it indisputably is; and will have consequences. On the
morrow morning, Roland, so long steeped to the lips in disgust and
chagrin, sends in his demission. His accounts lie all ready, correct
in black-on-white to the uttermost farthing: these he wants but to have
audited, that he might retire to remote obscurity to the country and
his books. They will never be audited those accounts; he will never get
retired thither.
It was on Tuesday that Roland demitted. On Thursday comes Lepelletier
St. Fargeau's Funeral, and passage to the Pantheon of Great Men. Notable
as the wild pageant of a winter day. The Body is borne aloft, half-bare;
the winding sheet disclosing the death-wound: sabre and bloody
clothes parade themselves; a 'lugubrious music' wailing harsh naeniae.
Oak-crowns shower down from windows; President Vergniaud walks there,
with Convention, with Jacobin Society, and all Patriots of every colour,
all mourning brotherlike.
Notable also for another thing, this Burial of Lepelletier: it was the
last act these men ever did with concert! All Parties and figures of
Opinion, that agitate this distracted France and its Convention, now
stand, as it were, face to face, and dagger to dagger; the King's Life,
round which they all struck and battled, being hurled down. Dumouriez,
conquering Holland, growls ominous discontent, at the head of Armies.
Men say Dumouriez will have a King; that young d'Orleans Egalite shall
be his King. Deputy Fauchet, in the Journal des Amis, curses his day,
more bitterly than Job did; invokes the poniards of Regicides, of 'Arras
Vipers' or Robespierres, of Pluto Dantons, of horrid Butchers Legendre
and Simulacra d'Herbois, to send him swiftly to another world than
theirs. (Hist. Parl. ubi supra.) This is Te-Deum Fauchet, of the
Bastille Victory, of the Cercle Social. Sharp was the death-hail
rattling round one's Flag-of-truce, on that Bastille day: but it was
soft to such wreckage of high Hope as this; one's New Golden Era going
down in leaden dross, and sulphurous black of the Everlasting Darkness!
At home this Killing of a King has divided all friends; and abroad
it has united all enemies. Fraternity of Peoples, Revolutionary
Propagandism; Atheism, Regicide; total destruction of social order in
this world! All Kings, and lovers of Kings, and haters of Anarchy,
rank in coalition; as in a war for life. England signifies to Citizen
Chauvelin, the Ambassador or rather Ambassador's-Cloak, that he must
quit the country in eight days. Ambassador's-Cloak and Ambassador,
Chauvelin and Talleyrand, depart accordingly. (Annual Register of
1793, pp. 114-128.) Talleyrand, implicated in that Iron Press of the
Tuileries, thinks it safest to make for America.
England has cast out the Embassy: England declares war,--being shocked
principally, it would seem, at the condition of the River Scheldt.
Spain declares war; being shocked principally at some other thing;
which doubtless the Manifesto indicates. (23d March, Annual Register, p.
161.) Nay we find it was not England that declared war first, or Spain
first; but that France herself declared war first on both of them; (1st
February; 7th March, Moniteur of these dates.)--a point of immense
Parliamentary and Journalistic interest in those days, but which has
become of no interest whatever in these. They all declare war. The sword
is drawn, the scabbard thrown away. It is even as Danton said, in one of
his all-too gigantic figures: "The coalised Kings threaten us; we hurl
at their feet, as gage of battle, the Head of a King."
BOOK 3.III.
THE GIRONDINS
Chapter 3.3.I.
Cause and Effect.
This huge Insurrectionary Movement, which we liken to a breaking out of
Tophet and the Abyss, has swept away Royalty, Aristocracy, and a King's
life. The question is, What will it next do; how will it henceforth
shape itself? Settle down into a reign of Law and Liberty; according
as the habits, persuasions and endeavours of the educated, monied,
respectable class prescribe? That is to say: the volcanic lava-flood,
bursting up in the manner described, will explode and flow according to
Girondin Formula and pre-established rule of Philosophy? If so, for our
Girondin friends it will be well.
Meanwhile were not the prophecy rather that as no external force, Royal
or other, now remains which could control this Movement, the Movement
will follow a course of its own; probably a very original one? Further,
that whatsoever man or men can best interpret the inward tendencies it
has, and give them voice and activity, will obtain the lead of it? For
the rest, that as a thing without order, a thing proceeding from beyond
and beneath the region of order, it must work and welter, not as a
Regularity but as a Chaos; destructive and self-destructive; always till
something that has order arise, strong enough to bind it into subjection
again? Which something, we may further conjecture, will not be a
Formula, with philosophical propositions and forensic eloquence; but a
Reality, probably with a sword in its hand!
As for the Girondin Formula, of a respectable Republic for the Middle
Classes, all manner of Aristocracies being now sufficiently demolished,
there seems little reason to expect that the business will stop there.
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, these are the words; enunciative and
prophetic. Republic for the respectable washed Middle Classes, how can
that be the fulfilment thereof? Hunger and nakedness, and nightmare
oppression lying heavy on Twenty-five million hearts; this, not
the wounded vanities or contradicted philosophies of philosophical
Advocates, rich Shopkeepers, rural Noblesse, was the prime mover in the
French Revolution; as the like will be in all such Revolutions, in all
countries. Feudal Fleur-de-lys had become an insupportably bad marching
banner, and needed to be torn and trampled: but Moneybag of Mammon (for
that, in these times, is what the respectable Republic for the Middle
Classes will signify) is a still worse, while it lasts. Properly,
indeed, it is the worst and basest of all banners, and symbols of
dominion among men; and indeed is possible only in a time of general
Atheism, and Unbelief in any thing save in brute Force and Sensualism;
pride of birth, pride of office, any known kind of pride being a degree
better than purse-pride. Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood: not in the
Moneybag, but far elsewhere, will Sansculottism seek these things.
We say therefore that an Insurrectionary France, loose of control from
without, destitute of supreme order from within, will form one of the
most tumultuous Activities ever seen on this Earth; such as no Girondin
Formula can regulate. An immeasurable force, made up of forces manifold,
heterogeneous, compatible and incompatible. In plainer words, this
France must needs split into Parties; each of which seeking to make
itself good, contradiction, exasperation will arise; and Parties on
Parties find that they cannot work together, cannot exist together.
As for the number of Parties, there will, strictly counting, be as many
Parties as there are Opinions. According to which rule, in this National
Convention itself, to say nothing of France generally, the number
of Parties ought to be Seven Hundred and Forty-Nine; for every unit
entertains his opinion. But now as every unit has at once an individual
nature, or necessity to follow his own road, and a gregarious nature
or necessity to see himself travelling by the side of others,--what
can there be but dissolutions, precipitations, endless turbulence of
attracting and repelling; till once the master-element get evolved, and
this wild alchemy arrange itself again?
To the length of Seven Hundred and Forty-nine Parties, however, no
Nation was ever yet seen to go. Nor indeed much beyond the length of Two
Parties; two at a time;--so invincible is man's tendency to unite, with
all the invincible divisiveness he has! Two Parties, we say, are the
usual number at one time: let these two fight it out, all minor shades
of party rallying under the shade likest them; when the one has fought
down the other, then it, in its turn, may divide, self-destructive;
and so the process continue, as far as needful. This is the way of
Revolutions, which spring up as the French one has done; when the
so-called Bonds of Society snap asunder; and all Laws that are not Laws
of Nature become naught and Formulas merely.
But quitting these somewhat abstract considerations, let History note
this concrete reality which the streets of Paris exhibit, on Monday the
25th of February 1793. Long before daylight that morning, these streets
are noisy and angry. Petitioning enough there has been; a Convention
often solicited. It was but yesterday there came a Deputation of
Washerwomen with Petition; complaining that not so much as soap could be
had; to say nothing of bread, and condiments of bread. The cry of women,
round the Salle de Manege, was heard plaintive: "Du pain et du savon,
Bread and Soap." (Moniteur &c. Hist. Parl. xxiv. 332-348.)
And now from six o'clock, this Monday morning, one perceives the Baker's
Queues unusually expanded, angrily agitating themselves. Not the Baker
alone, but two Section Commissioners to help him, manage with difficulty
the daily distribution of loaves. Soft-spoken assiduous, in the early
candle-light, are Baker and Commissioners: and yet the pale chill
February sunrise discloses an unpromising scene. Indignant Female
Patriots, partly supplied with bread, rush now to the shops, declaring
that they will have groceries. Groceries enough: sugar-barrels rolled
forth into the street, Patriot Citoyennes weighing it out at a just
rate of eleven-pence a pound; likewise coffee-chests, soap-chests,
nay cinnamon and cloves-chests, with aquavitae and other forms of
alcohol,--at a just rate, which some do not pay; the pale-faced Grocer
silently wringing his hands! What help? The distributive Citoyennes are
of violent speech and gesture, their long Eumenides' hair hanging out of
curl; nay in their girdles pistols are seen sticking: some, it is even
said, have beards,--male Patriots in petticoats and mob-cap. Thus,
in the streets of Lombards, in the street of Five-Diamonds, street of
Pullies, in most streets of Paris does it effervesce, the livelong day;
no Municipality, no Mayor Pache, though he was War-Minister lately,
sends military against it, or aught against it but persuasive-eloquence,
till seven at night, or later.
On Monday gone five weeks, which was the twenty-first of January, we
saw Paris, beheading its King, stand silent, like a petrified City
of Enchantment: and now on this Monday it is so noisy, selling
sugar! Cities, especially Cities in Revolution, are subject to these
alternations; the secret courses of civic business and existence
effervescing and efflorescing, in this manner, as a concrete Phenomenon
to the eye. Of which Phenomenon, when secret existence becoming public
effloresces on the street, the philosophical cause-and-effect is not
so easy to find. What, for example, may be the accurate philosophical
meaning, and meanings, of this sale of sugar? These things that have
become visible in the street of Pullies and over Paris, whence are they,
we say; and whither?--
That Pitt has a hand in it, the gold of Pitt: so much, to all reasonable
Patriot men, may seem clear. But then, through what agents of Pitt?
Varlet, Apostle of Liberty, was discerned again of late, with his pike
and his red nightcap. Deputy Marat published in his journal, this very
day, complaining of the bitter scarcity, and sufferings of the people,
till he seemed to get wroth: 'If your Rights of Man were anything but a
piece of written paper, the plunder of a few shops, and a forestaller
or two hung up at the door-lintels, would put an end to such things.'
(Hist. Parl. xxiv. 353-356.) Are not these, say the Girondins, pregnant
indications? Pitt has bribed the Anarchists; Marat is the agent of Pitt:
hence this sale of sugar. To the Mother Society, again, it is clear that
the scarcity is factitious; is the work of Girondins, and such like; a
set of men sold partly to Pitt; sold wholly to their own ambitions, and
hard-hearted pedantries; who will not fix the grain-prices, but prate
pedantically of free-trade; wishing to starve Paris into violence, and
embroil it with the Departments: hence this sale of sugar.
And, alas, if to these two notabilities, of a Phenomenon and such
Theories of a Phenomenon, we add this third notability, That the French
Nation has believed, for several years now, in the possibility, nay
certainty and near advent, of a universal Millennium, or reign of
Freedom, Equality, Fraternity, wherein man should be the brother of man,
and sorrow and sin flee away? Not bread to eat, nor soap to wish with;
and the reign of perfect Felicity ready to arrive, due always since
the Bastille fell! How did our hearts burn within us, at that Feast
of Pikes, when brother flung himself on brother's bosom; and in sunny
jubilee, Twenty-five millions burst forth into sound and cannon-smoke!
Bright was our Hope then, as sunlight; red-angry is our Hope grown now,
as consuming fire. But, O Heavens, what enchantment is it, or devilish
legerdemain, of such effect, that Perfect Felicity, always within arm's
length, could never be laid hold of, but only in her stead Controversy
and Scarcity? This set of traitors after that set! Tremble, ye traitors;
dread a People which calls itself patient, long-suffering; but which
cannot always submit to have its pocket picked, in this way,--of a
Millennium!
Yes, Reader, here is a miracle. Out of that putrescent rubbish of
Scepticism, Sensualism, Sentimentalism, hollow Machiavelism, such
a Faith has verily risen; flaming in the heart of a People. A whole
People, awakening as it were to consciousness in deep misery, believes
that it is within reach of a Fraternal Heaven-on-Earth. With longing
arms, it struggles to embrace the Unspeakable; cannot embrace it, owing
to certain causes.--Seldom do we find that a whole People can be said
to have any Faith at all; except in things which it can eat and handle.
Whensoever it gets any Faith, its history becomes spirit-stirring,
note-worthy. But since the time when steel Europe shook itself
simultaneously, at the word of Hermit Peter, and rushed towards the
Sepulchre where God had lain, there was no universal impulse of Faith
that one could note. Since Protestantism went silent, no Luther's voice,
no Zisca's drum any longer proclaiming that God's Truth was not the
Devil's Lie; and the last of the Cameronians (Renwick was the name of
him; honour to the name of the brave!) sank, shot, on the Castle Hill
of Edinburgh, there was no partial impulse of Faith among Nations. Till
now, behold, once more this French Nation believes! Herein, we say,
in that astonishing Faith of theirs, lies the miracle. It is a Faith
undoubtedly of the more prodigious sort, even among Faiths; and will
embody itself in prodigies. It is the soul of that world-prodigy named
French Revolution; whereat the world still gazes and shudders.
But, for the rest, let no man ask History to explain by cause-and-effect
how the business proceeded henceforth. This battle of Mountain and
Gironde, and what follows, is the battle of Fanaticisms and Miracles;
unsuitable for cause-and-effect. The sound of it, to the mind, is as a
hubbub of voices in distraction; little of articulate is to be gathered
by long listening and studying; only battle-tumult, shouts of triumph,
shrieks of despair. The Mountain has left no Memoirs; the Girondins
have left Memoirs, which are too often little other than long-drawn
Interjections, of Woe is me and Cursed be ye. So soon as History can
philosophically delineate the conflagration of a kindled Fireship,
she may try this other task. Here lay the bitumen-stratum, there the
brimstone one; so ran the vein of gunpowder, of nitre, terebinth and
foul grease: this, were she inquisitive enough, History might partly
know. But how they acted and reacted below decks, one fire-stratum
playing into the other, by its nature and the art of man, now when all
hands ran raging, and the flames lashed high over shrouds and topmast:
this let not History attempt.
The Fireship is old France, the old French Form of Life; her creed a
Generation of men. Wild are their cries and their ragings there, like
spirits tormented in that flame. But, on the whole, are they not gone,
O Reader? Their Fireship and they, frightening the world, have sailed
away; its flames and its thunders quite away, into the Deep of Time. One
thing therefore History will do: pity them all; for it went hard with
them all. Not even the seagreen Incorruptible but shall have some
pity, some human love, though it takes an effort. And now, so much once
thoroughly attained, the rest will become easier. To the eye of
equal brotherly pity, innumerable perversions dissipate themselves;
exaggerations and execrations fall off, of their own accord. Standing
wistfully on the safe shore, we will look, and see, what is of interest
to us, what is adapted to us.
Chapter 3.3.II.
Culottic and Sansculottic.
Gironde and Mountain are now in full quarrel; their mutual rage, says
Toulongeon, is growing a 'pale' rage. Curious, lamentable: all these men
have the word Republic on their lips; in the heart of every one of them
is a passionate wish for something which he calls Republic: yet see
their death-quarrel! So, however, are men made. Creatures who live
in confusion; who, once thrown together, can readily fall into
that confusion of confusions which quarrel is, simply because their
confusions differ from one another; still more because they seem to
differ! Men's words are a poor exponent of their thought; nay their
thought itself is a poor exponent of the inward unnamed Mystery,
wherefrom both thought and action have their birth. No man can explain
himself, can get himself explained; men see not one another but
distorted phantasms which they call one another; which they hate and go
to battle with: for all battle is well said to be misunderstanding.
But indeed that similitude of the Fireship; of our poor French brethren,
so fiery themselves, working also in an element of fire, was not
insignificant. Consider it well, there is a shade of the truth in
it. For a man, once committed headlong to republican or any other
Transcendentalism, and fighting and fanaticising amid a Nation of
his like, becomes as it were enveloped in an ambient atmosphere of
Transcendentalism and Delirium: his individual self is lost in something
that is not himself, but foreign though inseparable from him. Strange to
think of, the man's cloak still seems to hold the same man: and yet the
man is not there, his volition is not there; nor the source of what he
will do and devise; instead of the man and his volition there is a
piece of Fanaticism and Fatalism incarnated in the shape of him. He, the
hapless incarnated Fanaticism, goes his road; no man can help him, he
himself least of all. It is a wonderful tragical predicament;--such as
human language, unused to deal with these things, being contrived for
the uses of common life, struggles to shadow out in figures. The ambient
element of material fire is not wilder than this of Fanaticism; nor,
though visible to the eye, is it more real. Volition bursts forth
involuntary; rapt along; the movement of free human minds becomes
a raging tornado of fatalism, blind as the winds; and Mountain and
Gironde, when they recover themselves, are alike astounded to see where
it has flung and dropt them. To such height of miracle can men work on
men; the Conscious and the Unconscious blended inscrutably in this our
inscrutable Life; endless Necessity environing Freewill!
The weapons of the Girondins are Political Philosophy, Respectability
and Eloquence. Eloquence, or call it rhetoric, really of a superior
order; Vergniaud, for instance, turns a period as sweetly as any man of
that generation. The weapons of the Mountain are those of mere nature:
Audacity and Impetuosity which may become Ferocity, as of men complete
in their determination, in their conviction; nay of men, in some cases,
who as Septemberers must either prevail or perish. The ground to be
fought for is Popularity: further you may either seek Popularity with
the friends of Freedom and Order, or with the friends of Freedom Simple;
to seek it with both has unhappily become impossible. With the former
sort, and generally with the Authorities of the Departments, and such
as read Parliamentary Debates, and are of Respectability, and of a
peace-loving monied nature, the Girondins carry it. With the extreme
Patriot again, with the indigent millions, especially with the
Population of Paris who do not read so much as hear and see, the
Girondins altogether lose it, and the Mountain carries it.
Egoism, nor meanness of mind, is not wanting on either side. Surely not
on the Girondin side; where in fact the instinct of self-preservation,
too prominently unfolded by circumstances, cuts almost a sorry figure;
where also a certain finesse, to the length even of shuffling
and shamming, now and then shews itself. They are men skilful in
Advocate-fence. They have been called the Jesuits of the Revolution;
(Dumouriez, Memoires, iii. 314.) but that is too hard a name. It must be
owned likewise that this rude blustering Mountain has a sense in it of
what the Revolution means; which these eloquent Girondins are totally
void of. Was the Revolution made, and fought for, against the world,
these four weary years, that a Formula might be substantiated; that
Society might become methodic, demonstrable by logic; and the old
Noblesse with their pretensions vanish? Or ought it not withal to bring
some glimmering of light and alleviation to the Twenty-five Millions,
who sat in darkness, heavy-laden, till they rose with pikes in their
hands? At least and lowest, one would think, it should bring them a
proportion of bread to live on? There is in the Mountain here and there;
in Marat People's-friend; in the incorruptible Seagreen himself, though
otherwise so lean and formularly, a heartfelt knowledge of this latter
fact;--without which knowledge all other knowledge here is naught, and
the choicest forensic eloquence is as sounding brass and a tinkling
cymbal. Most cold, on the other hand, most patronising, unsubstantial is
the tone of the Girondins towards 'our poorer brethren;'--those brethren
whom one often hears of under the collective name of 'the masses,' as
if they were not persons at all, but mounds of combustible explosive
material, for blowing down Bastilles with! In very truth, a
Revolutionist of this kind, is he not a Solecism? Disowned by Nature and
Art; deserving only to be erased, and disappear! Surely, to our poorer
brethren of Paris, all this Girondin patronage sounds deadening and
killing: if fine-spoken and incontrovertible in logic, then all the
falser, all the hatefuller in fact.
Nay doubtless, pleading for Popularity, here among our poorer brethren
of Paris, the Girondin has a hard game to play. If he gain the ear of
the Respectable at a distance, it is by insisting on September and such
like; it is at the expense of this Paris where he dwells and perorates.
Hard to perorate in such an auditory! Wherefore the question arises:
Could we not get ourselves out of this Paris? Twice or oftener such an
attempt is made. If not we ourselves, thinks Guadet, then at least
our Suppleans might do it. For every Deputy has his Suppleant, or
Substitute, who will take his place if need be: might not these
assemble, say at Bourges, which is a quiet episcopal Town, in quiet
Berri, forty good leagues off? In that case, what profit were it for
the Paris Sansculottery to insult us; our Suppleans sitting quiet
in Bourges, to whom we could run? Nay even the Primary electoral
Assemblies, thinks Guadet, might be reconvoked, and a New Convention
got, with new orders from the Sovereign people; and right glad were
Lyons, were Bourdeaux, Rouen, Marseilles, as yet Provincial Towns, to
welcome us in their turn, and become a sort of Capital Towns; and teach
these Parisians reason.
Fond schemes; which all misgo! If decreed, in heat of eloquent
logic, to-day, they are repealed, by clamour, and passionate wider
considerations, on the morrow. (Moniteur, 1793, No. 140, &c.) Will you,
O Girondins, parcel us into separate Republics, then; like the Swiss,
like your Americans; so that there be no Metropolis or indivisible
French Nation any more? Your Departmental Guard seemed to point that
way! Federal Republic? Federalist? Men and Knitting-women repeat
Federaliste, with or without much Dictionary-meaning; but go on
repeating it, as is usual in such cases, till the meaning of it
becomes almost magical, fit to designate all mystery of Iniquity;
and Federaliste has grown a word of Exorcism and Apage-Satanas.
But furthermore, consider what 'poisoning of public opinion' in the
Departments, by these Brissot, Gorsas, Caritat-Condorcet Newspapers!
And then also what counter-poisoning, still feller in quality, by a Pere
Duchesne of Hebert, brutallest Newspaper yet published on Earth; by a
Rougiff of Guffroy; by the 'incendiary leaves of Marat!' More than once,
on complaint given and effervescence rising, it is decreed that a man
cannot both be Legislator and Editor; that he shall choose between the
one function and the other. (Hist. Parl. xxv. 25, &c.) But this too,
which indeed could help little, is revoked or eluded; remains a pious
wish mainly.
Meanwhile, as the sad fruit of such strife, behold, O ye National
Representatives, how between the friends of Law and the friends of
Freedom everywhere, mere heats and jealousies have arisen; fevering the
whole Republic! Department, Provincial Town is set against Metropolis,
Rich against Poor, Culottic against Sansculottic, man against man. From
the Southern Cities come Addresses of an almost inculpatory character;
for Paris has long suffered Newspaper calumny. Bourdeaux demands a
reign of Law and Respectability, meaning Girondism, with emphasis. With
emphasis Marseilles demands the like. Nay from Marseilles there come two
Addresses: one Girondin; one Jacobin Sansculottic. Hot Rebecqui, sick of
this Convention-work, has given place to his Substitute, and gone home;
where also, with such jarrings, there is work to be sick of.
Lyons, a place of Capitalists and Aristocrats, is in still worse state;
almost in revolt. Chalier the Jacobin Town-Councillor has got, too
literally, to daggers-drawn with Nievre-Chol the Moderantin Mayor; one
of your Moderate, perhaps Aristocrat, Royalist or Federalist Mayors!
Chalier, who pilgrimed to Paris 'to behold Marat and the Mountain,' has
verily kindled himself at their sacred urn: for on the 6th of February
last, History or Rumour has seen him haranguing his Lyons Jacobins in
a quite transcendental manner, with a drawn dagger in his hand;
recommending (they say) sheer September-methods, patience being
worn out; and that the Jacobin Brethren should, impromptu, work the
Guillotine themselves! One sees him still, in Engravings: mounted on
a table; foot advanced, body contorted; a bald, rude, slope-browed,
infuriated visage of the canine species, the eyes starting from
their sockets; in his puissant right-hand the brandished dagger, or
horse-pistol, as some give it; other dog-visages kindling under him:--a
man not likely to end well! However, the Guillotine was not got together
impromptu, that day, 'on the Pont Saint-Clair,' or elsewhere; but indeed
continued lying rusty in its loft: (Hist. Parl. xxiv. 385-93; xxvi. 229,
&c.) Nievre-Chol with military went about, rumbling cannon, in the most
confused manner; and the 'nine hundred prisoners' received no hurt.
So distracted is Lyons grown, with its cannon rumbling. Convention
Commissioners must be sent thither forthwith: if even they can appease
it, and keep the Guillotine in its loft?
Consider finally if, on all these mad jarrings of the Southern Cities,
and of France generally, a traitorous Crypto-Royalist class is not
looking and watching; ready to strike in, at the right season! Neither
is there bread; neither is there soap: see the Patriot women selling
out sugar, at a just rate of twenty-two sous per pound! Citizen
Representatives, it were verily well that your quarrels finished, and
the reign of Perfect Felicity began.
Chapter 3.3.III.
Growing shrill.
On the whole, one cannot say that the Girondins are wanting to
themselves, so far as good-will might go. They prick assiduously
into the sore-places of the Mountain; from principle, and also from
jesuitism.
Besides September, of which there is now little to be made except
effervescence, we discern two sore-places where the Mountain often
suffers: Marat and Orleans Egalite. Squalid Marat, for his own sake and
for the Mountain's, is assaulted ever and anon; held up to France, as a
squalid bloodthirsty Portent, inciting to the pillage of shops; of whom
let the Mountain have the credit! The Mountain murmurs, ill at ease:
this 'Maximum of Patriotism,' how shall they either own him or
disown him? As for Marat personally, he, with his fixed-idea, remains
invulnerable to such things: nay the People's-friend is very evidently
rising in importance, as his befriended People rises. No shrieks now,
when he goes to speak; occasional applauses rather, furtherance which
breeds confidence. The day when the Girondins proposed to 'decree him
accused' (decreter d'accusation, as they phrase it) for that February
Paragraph, of 'hanging up a Forestaller or two at the door-lintels,'
Marat proposes to have them 'decreed insane;' and, descending
the Tribune-steps, is heard to articulate these most unsenatorial
ejaculations: "Les Cochons, les imbecilles, Pigs, idiots!" Oftentimes he
croaks harsh sarcasm, having really a rough rasping tongue, and a very
deep fund of contempt for fine outsides; and once or twice, he even
laughs, nay 'explodes into laughter, rit aux eclats,' at the gentilities
and superfine airs of these Girondin "men of statesmanship," with their
pedantries, plausibilities, pusillanimities: "these two years," says he,
"you have been whining about attacks, and plots, and danger from Paris;
and you have not a scratch to shew for yourselves." (Moniteur, Seance du
20 Mai 1793.)--Danton gruffly rebukes him, from time to time: a Maximum
of Patriotism, whom one can neither own nor disown!
But the second sore-place of the Mountain is this anomalous Monseigneur
Equality Prince d'Orleans. Behold these men, says the Gironde; with a
whilom Bourbon Prince among them: they are creatures of the d'Orleans
Faction; they will have Philippe made King; one King no sooner
guillotined than another made in his stead! Girondins have moved, Buzot
moved long ago, from principle and also from jesuitism, that the whole
race of Bourbons should be marched forth from the soil of France; this
Prince Egalite to bring up the rear. Motions which might produce some
effect on the public;--which the Mountain, ill at ease, knows not what
to do with.
And poor Orleans Egalite himself, for one begins to pity even him, what
does he do with them? The disowned of all parties, the rejected and
foolishly be-drifted hither and hither, to what corner of Nature can he
now drift with advantage? Feasible hope remains not for him: unfeasible
hope, in pallid doubtful glimmers, there may still come, bewildering,
not cheering or illuminating,--from the Dumouriez quarter; and how,
if not the timewasted Orleans Egalite, then perhaps the young unworn
Chartres Egalite might rise to be a kind of King? Sheltered, if shelter
it be, in the clefts of the Mountain, poor Egalite will wait: one refuge
in Jacobinism, one in Dumouriez and Counter-Revolution, are there
not two chances? However, the look of him, Dame Genlis says, is grown
gloomy; sad to see. Sillery also, the Genlis's Husband, who hovers
about the Mountain, not on it, is in a bad way. Dame Genlis has come
to Raincy, out of England and Bury St. Edmunds, in these days; being
summoned by Egalite, with her young charge, Mademoiselle Egalite, that
so Mademoiselle might not be counted among Emigrants and hardly dealt
with. But it proves a ravelled business: Genlis and charge find that
they must retire to the Netherlands; must wait on the Frontiers for a
week or two; till Monseigneur, by Jacobin help, get it wound up. 'Next
morning,' says Dame Genlis, 'Monseigneur, gloomier than ever, gave
me his arm, to lead me to the carriage. I was greatly troubled;
Mademoiselle burst into tears; her Father was pale and trembling. After
I had got seated, he stood immovable at the carriage-door, with his
eyes fixed on me; his mournful and painful look seemed to implore
pity;--"Adieu, Madame!" said he. The altered sound of his voice
completely overcame me; not able to utter a word, I held out my hand;
he grasped it close; then turning, and advancing sharply towards the
postillions, he gave them a sign, and we rolled away.' (Genlis, Memoires
(London, 1825), iv. 118.)
Nor are Peace-makers wanting; of whom likewise we mention two; one
fast on the crown of the Mountain, the other not yet alighted anywhere:
Danton and Barrere. Ingenious Barrere, Old-Constituent and Editor
from the slopes of the Pyrenees, is one of the usefullest men of this
Convention, in his way. Truth may lie on both sides, on either side,
or on neither side; my friends, ye must give and take: for the rest,
success to the winning side! This is the motto of Barrere. Ingenious,
almost genial; quick-sighted, supple, graceful; a man that will prosper.
Scarcely Belial in the assembled Pandemonium was plausibler to ear and
eye. An indispensable man: in the great Art of Varnish he may be said
to seek his fellow. Has there an explosion arisen, as many do arise, a
confusion, unsightliness, which no tongue can speak of, nor eye look on;
give it to Barrere; Barrere shall be Committee-Reporter of it; you shall
see it transmute itself into a regularity, into the very beauty and
improvement that was needed. Without one such man, we say, how were
this Convention bested? Call him not, as exaggerative Mercier does, 'the
greatest liar in France:' nay it may be argued there is not truth enough
in him to make a real lie of. Call him, with Burke, Anacreon of the
Guillotine, and a man serviceable to this Convention.
The other Peace-maker whom we name is Danton. Peace, O peace with one
another! cries Danton often enough: Are we not alone against the world;
a little band of brothers? Broad Danton is loved by all the Mountain;
but they think him too easy-tempered, deficient in suspicion: he has
stood between Dumouriez and much censure, anxious not to exasperate our
only General: in the shrill tumult Danton's strong voice reverberates,
for union and pacification. Meetings there are; dinings with the
Girondins: it is so pressingly essential that there be union. But the
Girondins are haughty and respectable; this Titan Danton is not a man of
Formulas, and there rests on him a shadow of September. "Your Girondins
have no confidence in me:" this is the answer a conciliatory Meillan
gets from him; to all the arguments and pleadings this conciliatory
Meillan can bring, the repeated answer is, "Ils n'ont point de
confiance." (Memoires de Meillan, Representant du Peuple (Paris, 1823),
p. 51.)--The tumult will get ever shriller; rage is growing pale.
In fact, what a pang is it to the heart of a Girondin, this first
withering probability that the despicable unphilosophic anarchic
Mountain, after all, may triumph! Brutal Septemberers, a fifth-floor
Tallien, 'a Robespierre without an idea in his head,' as Condorcet says,
'or a feeling in his heart:' and yet we, the flower of France, cannot
stand against them; behold the sceptre departs from us; from us and goes
to them! Eloquence, Philosophism, Respectability avail not: 'against
Stupidity the very gods fight to no purpose,
'Mit der Dummheit kampfen Gotter selbst vergebens!'
Shrill are the plaints of Louvet; his thin existence all acidified into
rage, and preternatural insight of suspicion. Wroth is young Barbaroux;
wroth and scornful. Silent, like a Queen with the aspic on her bosom,
sits the wife of Roland; Roland's Accounts never yet got audited,
his name become a byword. Such is the fortune of war, especially of
revolution. The great gulf of Tophet, and Tenth of August, opened itself
at the magic of your eloquent voice; and lo now, it will not close at
your voice! It is a dangerous thing such magic. The Magician's Famulus
got hold of the forbidden Book, and summoned a goblin: Plait-il, What is
your will? said the Goblin. The Famulus, somewhat struck, bade him fetch
water: the swift goblin fetched it, pail in each hand; but lo, would not
cease fetching it! Desperate, the Famulus shrieks at him, smites at him,
cuts him in two; lo, two goblin water-carriers ply; and the house will
be swum away in Deucalion Deluges.
Chapter 3.3.IV.
Fatherland in Danger.
Or rather we will say, this Senatorial war might have lasted long;
and Party tugging and throttling with Party might have suppressed and
smothered one another, in the ordinary bloodless Parliamentary way;
on one condition: that France had been at least able to exist, all the
while. But this Sovereign People has a digestive faculty, and cannot do
without bread. Also we are at war, and must have victory; at war with
Europe, with Fate and Famine: and behold, in the spring of the year, all
victory deserts us.
Dumouriez had his outposts stretched as far as Aix-la-Chapelle, and the
beautifullest plan for pouncing on Holland, by stratagem, flat-bottomed
boats and rapid intrepidity; wherein too he had prospered so far; but
unhappily could prosper no further. Aix-la-Chapelle is lost; Maestricht
will not surrender to mere smoke and noise: the flat-bottomed boats must
launch themselves again, and return the way they came. Steady now, ye
rapidly intrepid men; retreat with firmness, Parthian-like! Alas, were
it General Miranda's fault; were it the War-minister's fault; or were it
Dumouriez's own fault and that of Fortune: enough, there is nothing
for it but retreat,--well if it be not even flight; for already
terror-stricken cohorts and stragglers pour off, not waiting for order;
flow disastrous, as many as ten thousand of them, without halt till they
see France again. (Dumouriez, iv. 16-73.) Nay worse: Dumouriez himself
is perhaps secretly turning traitor? Very sharp is the tone in which he
writes to our Committees. Commissioners and Jacobin Pillagers have done
such incalculable mischief; Hassenfratz sends neither cartridges nor
clothing; shoes we have, deceptively 'soled with wood and pasteboard.'
Nothing in short is right. Danton and Lacroix, when it was they that
were Commissioners, would needs join Belgium to France;--of which
Dumouriez might have made the prettiest little Duchy for his own secret
behoof! With all these things the General is wroth; and writes to us
in a sharp tone. Who knows what this hot little General is meditating?
Dumouriez Duke of Belgium or Brabant; and say, Egalite the Younger King
of France: there were an end for our Revolution!--Committee of Defence
gazes, and shakes its head: who except Danton, defective in suspicion,
could still struggle to be of hope?
And General Custine is rolling back from the Rhine Country; conquered
Mentz will be reconquered, the Prussians gathering round to bombard
it with shot and shell. Mentz may resist, Commissioner Merlin, the
Thionviller, 'making sallies, at the head of the besieged;'--resist to
the death; but not longer than that. How sad a reverse for Mentz! Brave
Foster, brave Lux planted Liberty-trees, amid ca-ira-ing music, in the
snow-slush of last winter, there: and made Jacobin Societies; and got
the Territory incorporated with France: they came hither to Paris, as
Deputies or Delegates, and have their eighteen francs a-day: but see,
before once the Liberty-Tree is got rightly in leaf, Mentz is changing
into an explosive crater; vomiting fire, bevomited with fire!
Neither of these men shall again see Mentz; they have come hither only
to die. Foster has been round the Globe; he saw Cook perish under Owyhee
clubs; but like this Paris he has yet seen or suffered nothing. Poverty
escorts him: from home there can nothing come, except Job's-news;
the eighteen daily francs, which we here as Deputy or Delegate with
difficulty 'touch,' are in paper assignats, and sink fast in value.
Poverty, disappointment, inaction, obloquy; the brave heart slowly
breaking! Such is Foster's lot. For the rest, Demoiselle Theroigne
smiles on you in the Soirees; 'a beautiful brownlocked face,' of an
exalted temper; and contrives to keep her carriage. Prussian Trenck, the
poor subterranean Baron, jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner.
Thomas Paine's face is red-pustuled, 'but the eyes uncommonly bright.'
Convention Deputies ask you to dinner: very courteous; and 'we all play
at plumsack.' (Forster's Briefwechsel, ii. 514, 460, 631.) 'It is the
Explosion and New-creation of a World,' says Foster; 'and the actors
in it, such small mean objects, buzzing round one like a handful of
flies.'--
Likewise there is war with Spain. Spain will advance through the gorges
of the Pyrenees; rustling with Bourbon banners; jingling with artillery
and menace. And England has donned the red coat; and marches, with Royal
Highness of York,--whom some once spake of inviting to be our King.
Changed that humour now: and ever more changing; till no hatefuller
thing walk this Earth than a denizen of that tyrannous Island; and Pitt
be declared and decreed, with effervescence, 'L'ennemi du genre humain,
The enemy of mankind;' and, very singular to say, you make an order
that no Soldier of Liberty give quarter to an Englishman. Which order
however, the Soldier of Liberty does but partially obey. We will take
no Prisoners then, say the Soldiers of Liberty; they shall all be
'Deserters' that we take. (See Dampmartin, Evenemens, ii. 213-30.) It
is a frantic order; and attended with inconvenience. For surely, if you
give no quarter, the plain issue is that you will get none; and so the
business become as broad as it was long.--Our 'recruitment of Three
Hundred Thousand men,' which was the decreed force for this year, is
like to have work enough laid to its hand.
So many enemies come wending on; penetrating through throats of
Mountains, steering over the salt sea; towards all points of our
territory; rattling chains at us. Nay worst of all: there is an enemy
within our own territory itself. In the early days of March, the Nantes
Postbags do not arrive; there arrive only instead of them Conjecture,
Apprehension, bodeful wind of Rumour. The bodefullest proves true! Those
fanatic Peoples of La Vendee will no longer keep under: their fire of
insurrection, heretofore dissipated with difficulty, blazes out anew,
after the King's Death, as a wide conflagration; not riot, but civil
war. Your Cathelineaus, your Stofflets, Charettes, are other men than
was thought: behold how their Peasants, in mere russet and hodden,
with their rude arms, rude array, with their fanatic Gaelic frenzy and
wild-yelling battle-cry of God and the King, dash at us like a dark
whirlwind; and blow the best-disciplined Nationals we can get into panic
and sauve-qui-peut! Field after field is theirs; one sees not where it
will end. Commandant Santerre may be sent thither; but with non-effect;
he might as well have returned and brewed beer.
It has become peremptorily necessary that a National Convention cease
arguing, and begin acting. Yield one party of you to the other, and do
it swiftly. No theoretic outlook is here, but the close certainty of
ruin; the very day that is passing over must be provided for.
It was Friday the eighth of March when this Job's-post from Dumouriez,
thickly preceded and escorted by so many other Job's-posts, reached the
National Convention. Blank enough are most faces. Little will it avail
whether our Septemberers be punished or go unpunished; if Pitt and
Cobourg are coming in, with one punishment for us all; nothing now
between Paris itself and the Tyrants but a doubtful Dumouriez, and hosts
in loose-flowing loud retreat!--Danton the Titan rises in this hour, as
always in the hour of need. Great is his voice, reverberating from the
domes:--Citizen-Representatives, shall we not, in such crisis of Fate,
lay aside discords? Reputation: O what is the reputation of this man or
of that? Que mon nom soit fletri, que la France soit libre, Let my name
be blighted; let France be free! It is necessary now again that France
rise, in swift vengeance, with her million right-hands, with her heart
as of one man. Instantaneous recruitment in Paris; let every Section
of Paris furnish its thousands; every section of France! Ninety-six
Commissioners of us, two for each Section of the Forty-eight, they must
go forthwith, and tell Paris what the Country needs of her. Let Eighty
more of us be sent, post-haste, over France; to spread the fire-cross,
to call forth the might of men. Let the Eighty also be on the road,
before this sitting rise. Let them go, and think what their errand is.
Speedy Camp of Fifty thousand between Paris and the North Frontier; for
Paris will pour forth her volunteers! Shoulder to shoulder; one strong
universal death-defiant rising and rushing; we shall hurl back these
Sons of Night yet again; and France, in spite of the world, be free!
(Moniteur in Hist. Parl. xxv. 6.)--So sounds the Titan's voice: into
all Section-houses; into all French hearts. Sections sit in Permanence,
for recruitment, enrolment, that very night. Convention Commissioners,
on swift wheels, are carrying the fire-cross from Town to Town, till all
France blaze.
And so there is Flag of Fatherland in Danger waving from the Townhall,
Black Flag from the top of Notre-Dame Cathedral; there is Proclamation,
hot eloquence; Paris rushing out once again to strike its enemies
down. That, in such circumstances, Paris was in no mild humour can be
conjectured. Agitated streets; still more agitated round the Salle de
Manege! Feuillans-Terrace crowds itself with angry Citizens, angrier
Citizenesses; Varlet perambulates with portable-chair: ejaculations of
no measured kind, as to perfidious fine-spoken Hommes d'etat, friends of
Dumouriez, secret-friends of Pitt and Cobourg, burst from the hearts
and lips of men. To fight the enemy? Yes, and even to "freeze him with
terror, glacer d'effroi;" but first to have domestic Traitors punished!
Who are they that, carping and quarrelling, in their jesuitic most
moderate way, seek to shackle the Patriotic movement? That divide France
against Paris, and poison public opinion in the Departments? That when
we ask for bread, and a Maximum fixed-price, treat us with lectures on
Free-trade in grains? Can the human stomach satisfy itself with lectures
on Free-trade; and are we to fight the Austrians in a moderate manner,
or in an immoderate? This Convention must be purged.
"Set up a swift Tribunal for Traitors, a Maximum for Grains:" thus
speak with energy the Patriot Volunteers, as they defile through the
Convention Hall, just on the wing to the Frontiers;--perorating in
that heroical Cambyses' vein of theirs: beshouted by the Galleries and
Mountain; bemurmured by the Right-side and Plain. Nor are prodigies
wanting: lo, while a Captain of the Section Poissonniere perorates with
vehemence about Dumouriez, Maximum, and Crypto-Royalist Traitors, and
his troop beat chorus with him, waving their Banner overhead, the eye of
a Deputy discerns, in this same Banner, that the cravates or streamers
of it have Royal fleurs-de-lys! The Section-Captain shrieks; his troop
shriek, horror-struck, and 'trample the Banner under foot:' seemingly
the work of some Crypto-Royalist Plotter? Most probable; (Choix des
Rapports, xi. 277.)--or perhaps at bottom, only the old Banner of the
Section, manufactured prior to the Tenth of August, when such streamers
were according to rule! (Hist. Parl. xxv. 72.)
History, looking over the Girondin Memoirs, anxious to disentangle the
truth of them from the hysterics, finds these days of March, especially
this Sunday the Tenth of March, play a great part. Plots, plots: a plot
for murdering the Girondin Deputies; Anarchists and Secret-Royalists
plotting, in hellish concert, for that end! The far greater part of
which is hysterics. What we do find indisputable is that Louvet and
certain Girondins were apprehensive they might be murdered on Saturday,
and did not go to the evening sitting: but held council with one
another, each inciting his fellow to do something resolute, and end
these Anarchists: to which, however, Petion, opening the window, and
finding the night very wet, answered only, "Ils ne feront rien," and
'composedly resumed his violin,' says Louvet: (Louvet, Memoires, p. 72.)
thereby, with soft Lydian tweedledeeing, to wrap himself against eating
cares. Also that Louvet felt especially liable to being killed; that
several Girondins went abroad to seek beds: liable to being killed;
but were not. Further that, in very truth, Journalist Deputy Gorsas,
poisoner of the Departments, he and his Printer had their houses broken
into (by a tumult of Patriots, among whom red-capped Varlet, American
Fournier loom forth, in the darkness of the rain and riot); had their
wives put in fear; their presses, types and circumjacent equipments
beaten to ruin; no Mayor interfering in time; Gorsas himself escaping,
pistol in hand, 'along the coping of the back wall.' Further that
Sunday, the morrow, was not a workday; and the streets were more
agitated than ever: Is it a new September, then, that these Anarchists
intend? Finally, that no September came;--and also that hysterics,
not unnaturally, had reached almost their acme. (Meillan, pp. 23, 24;
Louvet, pp. 71-80.)
Vergniaud denounces and deplores; in sweetly turned periods. Section
Bonconseil, Good-counsel so-named, not Mauconseil or Ill-counsel as it
once was,--does a far notabler thing: demands that Vergniaud, Brissot,
Guadet, and other denunciatory fine-spoken Girondins, to the number of
Twenty-two, be put under arrest! Section Good-counsel, so named ever
since the Tenth of August, is sharply rebuked, like a Section of
Ill-counsel; (Moniteur (Seance du 12 Mars), 15 Mars.) but its word is
spoken, and will not fall to the ground.
In fact, one thing strikes us in these poor Girondins; their fatal
shortness of vision; nay fatal poorness of character, for that is the
root of it. They are as strangers to the People they would govern;
to the thing they have come to work in. Formulas, Philosophies,
Respectabilities, what has been written in Books, and admitted by the
Cultivated Classes; this inadequate Scheme of Nature's working is all
that Nature, let her work as she will, can reveal to these men. So
they perorate and speculate; and call on the Friends of Law, when the
question is not Law or No-Law, but Life or No-Life. Pedants of the
Revolution, if not Jesuits of it! Their Formalism is great; great also
is their Egoism. France rising to fight Austria has been raised only by
Plot of the Tenth of March, to kill Twenty-two of them! This Revolution
Prodigy, unfolding itself into terrific stature and articulation, by
its own laws and Nature's, not by the laws of Formula, has become
unintelligible, incredible as an impossibility, the waste chaos of a
Dream.' A Republic founded on what they call the Virtues; on what
we call the Decencies and Respectabilities: this they will have, and
nothing but this. Whatsoever other Republic Nature and Reality send,
shall be considered as not sent; as a kind of Nightmare Vision, and
thing non-extant; disowned by the Laws of Nature, and of Formula. Alas!
Dim for the best eyes is this Reality; and as for these men, they will
not look at it with eyes at all, but only through 'facetted spectacles'
of Pedantry, wounded Vanity; which yield the most portentous fallacious
spectrum. Carping and complaining forever of Plots and Anarchy, they
will do one thing: prove, to demonstration, that the Reality will
not translate into their Formula; that they and their Formula are
incompatible with the Reality: and, in its dark wrath, the Reality will
extinguish it and them! What a man kens he cans. But the beginning of
a man's doom is that vision be withdrawn from him; that he see not the
reality, but a false spectrum of the reality; and, following that, step
darkly, with more or less velocity, downwards to the utter Dark; to
Ruin, which is the great Sea of Darkness, whither all falsehoods,
winding or direct, continually flow!
This Tenth of March we may mark as an epoch in the Girondin destinies;
the rage so exasperated itself, the misconception so darkened itself.
Many desert the sittings; many come to them armed. (Meillan, Memoires,
pp. 85, 24.) An honourable Deputy, setting out after breakfast, must
now, besides taking his Notes, see whether his Priming is in order.
Meanwhile with Dumouriez in Belgium it fares ever worse. Were it again
General Miranda's fault, or some other's fault, there is no doubt
whatever but the 'Battle of Nerwinden,' on the 18th of March, is
lost; and our rapid retreat has become a far too rapid one. Victorious
Cobourg, with his Austrian prickers, hangs like a dark cloud on the
rear of us: Dumouriez never off horseback night or day; engagement every
three hours; our whole discomfited Host rolling rapidly inwards, full
of rage, suspicion, and sauve-qui-peut! And then Dumouriez himself, what
his intents may be? Wicked seemingly and not charitable! His despatches
to Committee openly denounce a factious Convention, for the woes it
has brought on France and him. And his speeches--for the General has no
reticence! The Execution of the Tyrant this Dumouriez calls the Murder
of the King. Danton and Lacroix, flying thither as Commissioners once
more, return very doubtful; even Danton now doubts.
Three Jacobin Missionaries, Proly, Dubuisson, Pereyra, have flown forth;
sped by a wakeful Mother Society: they are struck dumb to hear the
General speak. The Convention, according to this General, consists of
three hundred scoundrels and four hundred imbeciles: France cannot do
without a King. "But we have executed our King." "And what is it to me,"
hastily cries Dumouriez, a General of no reticence, "whether the King's
name be Ludovicus or Jacobus?" "Or Philippus!" rejoins Proly;--and
hastens to report progress. Over the Frontiers such hope is there.
Chapter 3.3.V.
Sansculottism Accoutred.
Let us look, however, at the grand internal Sansculottism and Revolution
Prodigy, whether it stirs and waxes: there and not elsewhere hope may
still be for France. The Revolution Prodigy, as Decree after Decree
issues from the Mountain, like creative fiats, accordant with the nature
of the Thing,--is shaping itself rapidly, in these days, into terrific
stature and articulation, limb after limb. Last March, 1792, we saw all
France flowing in blind terror; shutting town-barriers, boiling pitch
for Brigands: happier, this March, that it is a seeing terror; that a
creative Mountain exists, which can say fiat! Recruitment proceeds with
fierce celerity: nevertheless our Volunteers hesitate to set out, till
Treason be punished at home; they do not fly to the frontiers; but only
fly hither and thither, demanding and denouncing. The Mountain must
speak new fiat, and new fiats.
And does it not speak such? Take, as first example, those Comites
Revolutionnaires for the arrestment of Persons Suspect. Revolutionary
Committee, of Twelve chosen Patriots, sits in every Township of France;
examining the Suspect, seeking arms, making domiciliary visits and
arrestments;--caring, generally, that the Republic suffer no detriment.
Chosen by universal suffrage, each in its Section, they are a kind of
elixir of Jacobinism; some Forty-four Thousand of them awake and alive
over France! In Paris and all Towns, every house-door must have the
names of the inmates legibly printed on it, 'at a height not exceeding
five feet from the ground;' every Citizen must produce his certificatory
Carte de Civisme, signed by Section-President; every man be ready to
give account of the faith that is in him. Persons Suspect had as well
depart this soil of Liberty! And yet departure too is bad: all Emigrants
are declared Traitors, their property become National; they are 'dead in
Law,'--save indeed that for our behoof they shall 'live yet fifty
years in Law,' and what heritages may fall to them in that time become
National too! A mad vitality of Jacobinism, with Forty-four Thousand
centres of activity, circulates through all fibres of France.
Very notable also is the Tribunal Extraordinaire: (Moniteur, No. 70,
(du 11 Mars), No. 76, &c.) decreed by the Mountain; some Girondins
dissenting, for surely such a Court contradicts every formula;--other
Girondins assenting, nay co-operating, for do not we all hate Traitors,
O ye people of Paris?--Tribunal of the Seventeenth in Autumn last was
swift; but this shall be swifter. Five Judges; a standing Jury, which
is named from Paris and the Neighbourhood, that there be not delay in
naming it: they are subject to no Appeal; to hardly any Law-forms, but
must 'get themselves convinced' in all readiest ways; and for security
are bound 'to vote audibly;' audibly, in the hearing of a Paris Public.
This is the Tribunal Extraordinaire; which, in few months, getting
into most lively action, shall be entitled Tribunal Revolutionnaire, as
indeed it from the very first has entitled itself: with a Herman or
a Dumas for Judge President, with a Fouquier-Tinville for
Attorney-General, and a Jury of such as Citizen Leroi, who has surnamed
himself Dix-Aout, 'Leroi August-Tenth,' it will become the wonder of
the world. Herein has Sansculottism fashioned for itself a Sword of
Sharpness: a weapon magical; tempered in the Stygian hell-waters; to the
edge of it all armour, and defence of strength or of cunning shall be
soft; it shall mow down Lives and Brazen-gates; and the waving of it
shed terror through the souls of men.
But speaking of an amorphous Sansculottism taking form, ought we not
above all things to specify how the Amorphous gets itself a Head?
Without metaphor, this Revolution Government continues hitherto in a
very anarchic state. Executive Council of Ministers, Six in number,
there is; but they, especially since Roland's retreat, have hardly known
whether they were Ministers or not. Convention Committees sit supreme
over them; but then each Committee as supreme as the others: Committee
of Twenty-one, of Defence, of General Surety; simultaneous
or successive, for specific purposes. The Convention alone is
all-powerful,--especially if the Commune go with it; but is too numerous
for an administrative body. Wherefore, in this perilous quick-whirling
condition of the Republic, before the end of March, we obtain our small
Comite de Salut Public; (Moniteur, No. 83 (du 24 Mars 1793) Nos. 86, 98,
99, 100.) as it were, for miscellaneous accidental purposes, requiring
despatch;--as it proves, for a sort of universal supervision,
and universal subjection. They are to report weekly, these new
Committee-men; but to deliberate in secret. Their number is Nine, firm
Patriots all, Danton one of them: Renewable every month;--yet why not
reelect them if they turn out well? The flower of the matter is that
they are but nine; that they sit in secret. An insignificant-looking
thing at first, this Committee; but with a principle of growth in it!
Forwarded by fortune, by internal Jacobin energy, it will reduce
all Committees and the Convention itself to mute obedience, the Six
Ministers to Six assiduous Clerks; and work its will on the Earth and
under Heaven, for a season. 'A Committee of Public Salvation,' whereat
the world still shrieks and shudders.
If we call that Revolutionary Tribunal a Sword, which Sansculottism
has provided for itself, then let us call the 'Law of the Maximum,' a
Provender-scrip, or Haversack, wherein better or worse some ration of
bread may be found. It is true, Political Economy, Girondin free-trade,
and all law of supply and demand, are hereby hurled topsyturvy: but what
help? Patriotism must live; the 'cupidity of farmers' seems to have no
bowels. Wherefore this Law of the Maximum, fixing the highest price of
grains, is, with infinite effort, got passed; (Moniteur, du 20 Avril,
&c. to 20 Mai, 1793.) and shall gradually extend itself into a Maximum
for all manner of comestibles and commodities: with such scrambling and
topsyturvying as may be fancied! For now, if, for example, the farmer
will not sell? The farmer shall be forced to sell. An accurate
Account of what grain he has shall be delivered in to the Constituted
Authorities: let him see that he say not too much; for in that case,
his rents, taxes and contributions will rise proportionally: let him
see that he say not too little; for, on or before a set day, we shall
suppose in April, less than one-third of this declared quantity, must
remain in his barns, more than two-thirds of it must have been thrashed
and sold. One can denounce him, and raise penalties.
By such inextricable overturning of all Commercial relation will
Sansculottism keep life in; since not otherwise. On the whole, as
Camille Desmoulins says once, "while the Sansculottes fight, the
Monsieurs must pay." So there come Impots Progressifs, Ascending Taxes;
which consume, with fast-increasing voracity, and 'superfluous-revenue'
of men: beyond fifty-pounds a-year you are not exempt; rising into the
hundreds you bleed freely; into the thousands and tens of thousands, you
bleed gushing. Also there come Requisitions; there comes 'Forced-Loan
of a Milliard,' some Fifty-Millions Sterling; which of course they that
have must lend. Unexampled enough: it has grown to be no country for the
Rich, this; but a country for the Poor! And then if one fly, what steads
it? Dead in Law; nay kept alive fifty years yet, for their
accursed behoof! In this manner, therefore, it goes; topsyturvying,
ca-ira-ing;--and withal there is endless sale of Emigrant
National-Property, there is Cambon with endless cornucopia of Assignats.
The Trade and Finance of Sansculottism; and how, with Maximum and
Bakers'-queues, with Cupidity, Hunger, Denunciation and Paper-money,
it led its galvanic-life, and began and ended,--remains the most
interesting of all Chapters in Political Economy: still to be written.
All which things are they not clean against Formula? O Girondin Friends,
it is not a Republic of the Virtues we are getting; but only a Republic
of the Strengths, virtuous and other!
Chapter 3.3.VI.
The Traitor.
But Dumouriez, with his fugitive Host, with his King Ludovicus or King
Philippus? There lies the crisis; there hangs the question: Revolution
Prodigy, or Counter-Revolution?--One wide shriek covers that North-East
region. Soldiers, full of rage, suspicion and terror, flock hither and
thither; Dumouriez the many-counselled, never off horseback, knows
now no counsel that were not worse than none: the counsel, namely,
of joining himself with Cobourg; marching to Paris, extinguishing
Jacobinism, and, with some new King Ludovicus or King Philippus, resting
the Constitution of 1791! (Dumouriez, Memoires, iv. c. 7-10.)
Is Wisdom quitting Dumouriez; the herald of Fortune quitting him?
Principle, faith political or other, beyond a certain faith of
mess-rooms, and honour of an officer, had him not to quit. At any
rate, his quarters in the Burgh of Saint-Amand; his headquarters in
the Village of Saint-Amand des Boues, a short way off,--have become a
Bedlam. National Representatives, Jacobin Missionaries are riding and
running: of the 'three Towns,' Lille, Valenciennes or even Conde, which
Dumouriez wanted to snatch for himself, not one can be snatched: your
Captain is admitted, but the Town-gate is closed on him, and then the
Prison gate, and 'his men wander about the ramparts.' Couriers
gallop breathless; men wait, or seem waiting, to assassinate, to
be assassinated; Battalions nigh frantic with such suspicion and
uncertainty, with Vive-la-Republique and Sauve-qui-peut, rush this way
and that;--Ruin and Desperation in the shape of Cobourg lying entrenched
close by.
Dame Genlis and her fair Princess d'Orleans find this Burgh of
Saint-Amand no fit place for them; Dumouriez's protection is grown worse
than none. Tough Genlis one of the toughest women; a woman, as it were,
with nine lives in her; whom nothing will beat: she packs her bandboxes;
clear for flight in a private manner. Her beloved Princess she
will--leave here, with the Prince Chartres Egalite her Brother. In the
cold grey of the April morning, we find her accordingly established
in her hired vehicle, on the street of Saint-Amand; postilions just
cracking their whips to go,--when behold the young Princely Brother,
struggling hitherward, hastily calling; bearing the Princess in his
arms! Hastily he has clutched the poor young lady up, in her very
night-gown, nothing saved of her goods except the watch from the pillow:
with brotherly despair he flings her in, among the bandboxes, into
Genlis's chaise, into Genlis's arms: Leave her not, in the name of Mercy
and Heaven! A shrill scene, but a brief one:--the postilions crack and
go. Ah, whither? Through by-roads and broken hill-passes: seeking
their way with lanterns after nightfall; through perils, and Cobourg
Austrians, and suspicious French Nationals; finally, into Switzerland;
safe though nigh moneyless. (Genlis, iv. 139.) The brave young Egalite
has a most wild Morrow to look for; but now only himself to carry
through it.
For indeed over at that Village named of the Mudbaths, Saint-Amand des
Boues, matters are still worse. About four o'clock on Tuesday afternoon,
the 2d of April 1793, two Couriers come galloping as if for life: Mon
General! Four National Representatives, War-Minister at their head, are
posting hitherward, from Valenciennes: are close at hand,--with what
intents one may guess! While the Couriers are yet speaking, War-Minister
and National Representatives, old Camus the Archivist for chief speaker
of them, arrive. Hardly has Mon General had time to order out the Huzzar
Regiment de Berchigny; that it take rank and wait near by, in case of
accident. And so, enter War-Minister Beurnonville, with an embrace of
friendship, for he is an old friend; enter Archivist Camus and the other
three, following him.
They produce Papers, invite the General to the bar of the Convention:
merely to give an explanation or two. The General finds it unsuitable,
not to say impossible, and that "the service will suffer." Then comes
reasoning; the voice of the old Archivist getting loud. Vain to reason
loud with this Dumouriez; he answers mere angry irreverences. And
so, amid plumed staff-officers, very gloomy-looking; in jeopardy and
uncertainty, these poor National messengers debate and consult, retire
and re-enter, for the space of some two hours: without effect. Whereupon
Archivist Camus, getting quite loud, proclaims, in the name of the
National Convention, for he has the power to do it, That General
Dumouriez is arrested: "Will you obey the National Mandate, General!"
"Pas dans ce moment-ci, Not at this particular moment," answers the
General also aloud; then glancing the other way, utters certain unknown
vocables, in a mandatory manner; seemingly a German word-of-command.
(Dumouriez, iv. 159, &c.) Hussars clutch the Four National
Representatives, and Beurnonville the War-minister; pack them out of the
apartment; out of the Village, over the lines to Cobourg, in two chaises
that very night,--as hostages, prisoners; to lie long in Maestricht and
Austrian strongholds! (Their Narrative, written by Camus in Toulongeon,
iii. app. 60-87.) Jacta est alea.
This night Dumouriez prints his 'Proclamation;' this night and the
morrow the Dumouriez Army, in such darkness visible, and rage of
semi-desperation as there is, shall meditate what the General is doing,
what they themselves will do in it. Judge whether this Wednesday was of
halcyon nature, for any one! But, on the Thursday morning, we
discern Dumouriez with small escort, with Chartres Egalite and a few
staff-officers, ambling along the Conde Highway: perhaps they are for
Conde, and trying to persuade the Garrison there; at all events,
they are for an interview with Cobourg, who waits in the woods by
appointment, in that quarter. Nigh the Village of Doumet, three National
Battalions, a set of men always full of Jacobinism, sweep past us;
marching rather swiftly,--seemingly in mistake, by a way we had not
ordered. The General dismounts, steps into a cottage, a little from
the wayside; will give them right order in writing. Hark! what strange
growling is heard: what barkings are heard, loud yells of "Traitors," of
"Arrest:" the National Battalions have wheeled round, are emitting shot!
Mount, Dumouriez, and spring for life! Dumouriez and Staff strike the
spurs in, deep; vault over ditches, into the fields, which prove to be
morasses; sprawl and plunge for life; bewhistled with curses and lead.
Sunk to the middle, with or without horses, several servants killed,
they escape out of shot-range, to General Mack the Austrian's quarters.
Nay they return on the morrow, to Saint-Amand and faithful foreign
Berchigny; but what boots it? The Artillery has all revolted, is
jingling off to Valenciennes: all have revolted, are revolting; except
only foreign Berchigny, to the extent of some poor fifteen hundred,
none will follow Dumouriez against France and Indivisible Republic:
Dumouriez's occupation's gone. (Memoires, iv. 162-180.)
Such an instinct of Frenehhood and Sansculottism dwells in these men:
they will follow no Dumouriez nor Lafayette, nor any mortal on
such errand. Shriek may be of Sauve-qui-peut, but will also be of
Vive-la-Republique. New National Representatives arrive; new General
Dampierre, soon killed in battle; new General Custine; the agitated
Hosts draw back to some Camp of Famars; make head against Cobourg as
they can.
And so Dumouriez is in the Austrian quarters; his drama ended, in this
rather sorry manner. A most shifty, wiry man; one of Heaven's Swiss that
wanted only work. Fifty years of unnoticed toil and valour; one year of
toil and valour, not unnoticed, but seen of all countries and centuries;
then thirty other years again unnoticed, of Memoir-writing, English
Pension, scheming and projecting to no purpose: Adieu thou Swiss of
Heaven, worthy to have been something else!
His Staff go different ways. Brave young Egalite reaches Switzerland and
the Genlis Cottage; with a strong crabstick in his hand, a strong heart
in his body: his Princedom in now reduced to that. Egalite the Father
sat playing whist, in his Palais Egalite, at Paris, on the 6th day of
this same month of April, when a catchpole entered: Citoyen Egalite
is wanted at the Convention Committee! (See Montgaillard, iv. 144.)
Examination, requiring Arrestment; finally requiring Imprisonment,
transference to Marseilles and the Castle of If! Orleansdom has sunk
in the black waters; Palais Egalite, which was Palais Royal, is like to
become Palais National.
Chapter 3.3.VII.
In Fight.
Our Republic, by paper Decree, may be 'One and Indivisible;' but what
profits it while these things are? Federalists in the Senate, renegadoes
in the Army, traitors everywhere! France, all in desperate recruitment
since the Tenth of March, does not fly to the frontier, but only flies
hither and thither. This defection of contemptuous diplomatic Dumouriez
falls heavy on the fine-spoken high-sniffing Hommes d'etat, whom he
consorted with; forms a second epoch in their destinies.
Or perhaps more strictly we might say, the second Girondin epoch,
though little noticed then, began on the day when, in reference to this
defection, the Girondins broke with Danton. It was the first day of
April; Dumouriez had not yet plunged across the morasses to Cobourg, but
was evidently meaning to do it, and our Commissioners were off to arrest
him; when what does the Girondin Lasource see good to do, but rise,
and jesuitically question and insinuate at great length, whether a main
accomplice of Dumouriez had not probably been--Danton? Gironde grins
sardonic assent; Mountain holds its breath. The figure of Danton,
Levasseur says, while this speech went on, was noteworthy. He sat erect,
with a kind of internal convulsion struggling to keep itself motionless;
his eye from time to time flashing wilder, his lip curling in Titanic
scorn. (Memoires de Rene Levasseur (Bruxelles, 1830), i. 164.) Lasource,
in a fine-spoken attorney-manner, proceeds: there is this probability to
his mind, and there is that; probabilities which press painfully on him,
which cast the Patriotism of Danton under a painful shade; which painful
shade he, Lasource, will hope that Danton may find it not impossible to
dispel.
"Les Scelerats!" cries Danton, starting up, with clenched right-hand,
Lasource having done: and descends from the Mountain, like a lava-flood;
his answer not unready. Lasource's probabilities fly like idle dust; but
leave a result behind them. "Ye were right, friends of the Mountain,"
begins Danton, "and I was wrong: there is no peace possible with these
men. Let it be war then! They will not save the Republic with us: it
shall be saved without them; saved in spite of them." Really a burst of
rude Parliamentary eloquence this; which is still worth reading, in
the old Moniteur! With fire-words the exasperated rude Titan rives and
smites these Girondins; at every hit the glad Mountain utters chorus:
Marat, like a musical bis, repeating the last phrase. (Seance du 1er
Avril, 1793 in Hist. Parl. xxv. 24-35.) Lasource's probabilities are
gone: but Danton's pledge of battle remains lying.
A third epoch, or scene in the Girondin Drama, or rather it is but
the completion of this second epoch, we reckon from the day when the
patience of virtuous Petion finally boiled over; and the Girondins,
so to speak, took up this battle-pledge of Danton's and decreed Marat
accused. It was the eleventh of the same month of April, on some
effervescence rising, such as often rose; and President had covered
himself, mere Bedlam now ruling; and Mountain and Gironde were rushing
on one another with clenched right-hands, and even with pistols in them;
when, behold, the Girondin Duperret drew a sword! Shriek of horror
rose, instantly quenching all other effervescence, at sight of the
clear murderous steel; whereupon Duperret returned it to the leather
again;--confessing that he did indeed draw it, being instigated by a
kind of sacred madness, "sainte fureur," and pistols held at him; but
that if he parricidally had chanced to scratch the outmost skin of
National Representation with it, he too carried pistols, and would have
blown his brains out on the spot. (Hist. Parl. xv. 397.)
But now in such posture of affairs, virtuous Petion rose, next morning,
to lament these effervescences, this endless Anarchy invading the
Legislative Sanctuary itself; and here, being growled at and howled at
by the Mountain, his patience, long tried, did, as we say, boil over;
and he spake vehemently, in high key, with foam on his lips; 'whence,'
says Marat, 'I concluded he had got 'la rage,' the rabidity, or
dog-madness. Rabidity smites others rabid: so there rises new
foam-lipped demand to have Anarchists extinguished; and specially
to have Marat put under Accusation. Send a Representative to the
Revolutionary Tribunal? Violate the inviolability of a Representative?
Have a care, O Friends! This poor Marat has faults enough; but against
Liberty or Equality, what fault? That he has loved and fought for it,
not wisely but too well. In dungeons and cellars, in pinching poverty,
under anathema of men; even so, in such fight, has he grown so dingy,
bleared; even so has his head become a Stylites one! Him you will
fling to your Sword of Sharpness; while Cobourg and Pitt advance on us,
fire-spitting?
The Mountain is loud, the Gironde is loud and deaf; all lips are foamy.
With 'Permanent-Session of twenty-four hours,' with vote by rollcall,
and a dead-lift effort, the Gironde carries it: Marat is ordered to
the Revolutionary Tribunal, to answer for that February Paragraph of
Forestallers at the door-lintel, with other offences; and, after a
little hesitation, he obeys. (Moniteur, du 16 Avril 1793, et seqq.)
Thus is Danton's battle-pledge taken up: there is, as he said there
would be, 'war without truce or treaty, ni treve ni composition.'
Wherefore, close now with one another, Formula and Reality, in
death-grips, and wrestle it out; both of you cannot live, but only one!
Chapter 3.3.VIII.
In Death-Grips.
It proves what strength, were it only of inertia, there is in
established Formulas, what weakness in nascent Realities, and
illustrates several things, that this death-wrestle should still have
lasted some six weeks or more. National business, discussion of the
Constitutional Act, for our Constitution should decidedly be got ready,
proceeds along with it. We even change our Locality; we shift, on the
Tenth of May, from the old Salle de Manege, into our new Hall, in the
Palace, once a King's but now the Republic's, of the Tuileries. Hope and
ruth, flickering against despair and rage, still struggles in the minds
of men.
It is a most dark confused death-wrestle, this of the six weeks.
Formalist frenzy against Realist frenzy; Patriotism, Egoism, Pride,
Anger, Vanity, Hope and Despair, all raised to the frenetic pitch:
Frenzy meets Frenzy, like dark clashing whirlwinds; neither understands
the other; the weaker, one day, will understand that it is verily swept
down! Girondism is strong as established Formula and Respectability: do
not as many as Seventy-two of the Departments, or say respectable Heads
of Departments, declare for us? Calvados, which loves its Buzot, will
even rise in revolt, so hint the Addresses; Marseilles, cradle of
Patriotism, will rise; Bourdeaux will rise, and the Gironde Department,
as one man; in a word, who will not rise, were our Representation
Nationale to be insulted, or one hair of a Deputy's head harmed! The
Mountain, again, is strong as Reality and Audacity. To the Reality of
the Mountain are not all furthersome things possible? A new Tenth of
August, if needful; nay a new Second of September!--
But, on Wednesday afternoon, twenty-fourth day of April, year 1793,
what tumult as of fierce jubilee is this? It is Marat returning from
Revolutionary Tribunal! A week or more of death-peril: and now there
is triumphant acquittal; Revolutionary Tribunal can find no accusation
against this man. And so the eye of History beholds Patriotism, which
had gloomed unutterable things all week, break into loud jubilee,
embrace its Marat; lift him into a chair of triumph, bear him
shoulder-high through the streets. Shoulder-high is the injured
People's-friend, crowned with an oak-garland; amid the wavy sea of red
nightcaps, carmagnole jackets, grenadier bonnets and female mob-caps;
far-sounding like a sea! The injured People's-friend has here reached
his culminating-point; he too strikes the stars with his sublime head.
But the Reader can judge with what face President Lasource, he of the
'painful probabilities,' who presides in this Convention Hall, might
welcome such jubilee-tide, when it got thither, and the Decreed of
Accusation floating on the top of it! A National Sapper, spokesman on
the occasion, says, the People know their Friend, and love his life as
their own; "whosoever wants Marat's head must get the Sapper's first."
(Seance in Moniteur, No. 116, du 26 Avril, An 1er.) Lasource answered
with some vague painful mumblement,--which, says Levasseur, one could
not help tittering at. (Levasseur, Memoires, i. c. 6.) Patriot Sections,
Volunteers not yet gone to the Frontiers, come demanding the "purgation
of traitors from your own bosom;" the expulsion, or even the trial and
sentence, of a factious Twenty-two.
Nevertheless the Gironde has got its Commission of Twelve; a Commission
specially appointed for investigating these troubles of the Legislative
Sanctuary: let Sansculottism say what it will, Law shall triumph.
Old-Constituent Rabaut Saint-Etienne presides over this Commission:
"it is the last plank whereon a wrecked Republic may perhaps still save
herself." Rabaut and they therefore sit, intent; examining
witnesses; launching arrestments; looking out into a waste dim sea of
troubles.--the womb of Formula, or perhaps her grave! Enter not that
sea, O Reader! There are dim desolation and confusion; raging women and
raging men. Sections come demanding Twenty-two; for the number first
given by Section Bonconseil still holds, though the names should even
vary. Other Sections, of the wealthier kind, come denouncing such
demand; nay the same Section will demand to-day, and denounce the demand
to-morrow, according as the wealthier sit, or the poorer. Wherefore,
indeed, the Girondins decree that all Sections shall close 'at ten
in the evening;' before the working people come: which Decree remains
without effect. And nightly the Mother of Patriotism wails doleful;
doleful, but her eye kindling! And Fournier l'Americain is busy, and
the two Banker Freys, and Varlet Apostle of Liberty; the bull-voice
of Marquis Saint-Huruge is heard. And shrill women vociferate from all
Galleries, the Convention ones and downwards. Nay a 'Central Committee'
of all the Forty-eight Sections, looms forth huge and dubious; sitting
dim in the Archeveche, sending Resolutions, receiving them: a Centre of
the Sections; in dread deliberation as to a New Tenth of August!
One thing we will specify to throw light on many: the aspect under
which, seen through the eyes of these Girondin Twelve, or even seen
through one's own eyes, the Patriotism of the softer sex presents
itself. There are Female Patriots, whom the Girondins call Megaeras,
and count to the extent of eight thousand; with serpent-hair, all out
of curl; who have changed the distaff for the dagger. They are of 'the
Society called Brotherly,' Fraternelle, say Sisterly, which meets under
the roof of the Jacobins. 'Two thousand daggers,' or so, have been
ordered,--doubtless, for them. They rush to Versailles, to raise more
women; but the Versailles women will not rise. (Buzot, Memoires, pp. 69,
84; Meillan, Memoires, pp. 192, 195, 196. See Commission des Douze in
Choix des Rapports, xii. 69-131.)
Nay, behold, in National Garden of Tuileries,--Demoiselle Theroigne
herself is become as a brownlocked Diana (were that possible) attacked
by her own dogs, or she-dogs! The Demoiselle, keeping her carriage, is
for Liberty indeed, as she has full well shewn; but then for Liberty
with Respectability: whereupon these serpent-haired Extreme She-Patriots
now do fasten on her, tatter her, shamefully fustigate her, in their
shameful way; almost fling her into the Garden-ponds, had not help
intervened. Help, alas, to small purpose. The poor Demoiselle's head and
nervous-system, none of the soundest, is so tattered and fluttered that
it will never recover; but flutter worse and worse, till it crack; and
within year and day we hear of her in madhouse, and straitwaistcoat,
which proves permanent!--Such brownlocked Figure did flutter, and
inarticulately jabber and gesticulate, little able to speak the obscure
meaning it had, through some segment of that Eighteenth Century of
Time. She disappears here from the Revolution and Public History, for
evermore. (Deux Amis, vii. 77-80; Forster, i. 514; Moore, i. 70. She
did not die till 1817; in the Salpetriere, in the most abject state of
insanity; see Esquirol, Des Maladies Mentales (Paris, 1838), i. 445-50.)
Another thing we will not again specify, yet again beseech the Reader
to imagine: the reign of Fraternity and Perfection. Imagine, we say, O
Reader, that the Millennium were struggling on the threshold, and yet
not so much as groceries could be had,--owing to traitors. With what
impetus would a man strike traitors, in that case? Ah, thou canst not
imagine it: thou hast thy groceries safe in the shops, and little or no
hope of a Millennium ever coming!--But, indeed, as to the temper there
was in men and women, does not this one fact say enough: the height
SUSPICION had risen to? Preternatural we often called it; seemingly
in the language of exaggeration: but listen to the cold deposition of
witnesses. Not a musical Patriot can blow himself a snatch of melody
from the French Horn, sitting mildly pensive on the housetop, but
Mercier will recognise it to be a signal which one Plotting Committee is
making to another. Distraction has possessed Harmony herself; lurks in
the sound of Marseillese and ca-ira. (Mercier, Nouveau Paris, vi. 63.)
Louvet, who can see as deep into a millstone as the most, discerns that
we shall be invited back to our old Hall of the Manege, by a Deputation;
and then the Anarchists will massacre Twenty-two of us, as we walk over.
It is Pitt and Cobourg; the gold of Pitt.--Poor Pitt! They little
know what work he has with his own Friends of the People; getting them
bespied, beheaded, their habeas-corpuses suspended, and his own Social
Order and strong-boxes kept tight,--to fancy him raising mobs among his
neighbours!
But the strangest fact connected with French or indeed with human
Suspicion, is perhaps this of Camille Desmoulins. Camille's head, one of
the clearest in France, has got itself so saturated through every fibre
with Preternaturalism of Suspicion, that looking back on that Twelfth of
July 1789, when the thousands rose round him, yelling responsive at
his word in the Palais Royal Garden, and took cockades, he finds it
explicable only on this hypothesis, That they were all hired to do it,
and set on by the Foreign and other Plotters. 'It was not for nothing,'
says Camille with insight, 'that this multitude burst up round me when
I spoke!' No, not for nothing. Behind, around, before, it is one
huge Preternatural Puppet-play of Plots; Pitt pulling the wires.
(See Histoire des Brissotins, par Camille Desmoulins, a Pamphlet of
Camille's, Paris, 1793.) Almost I conjecture that I Camille myself am a
Plot, and wooden with wires.--The force of insight could no further go.
Be this as it will, History remarks that the Commission of Twelve, now
clear enough as to the Plots; and luckily having 'got the threads of
them all by the end,' as they say,--are launching Mandates of Arrest
rapidly in these May days; and carrying matters with a high hand;
resolute that the sea of troubles shall be restrained. What chief
Patriot, Section-President even, is safe? They can arrest him; tear him
from his warm bed, because he has made irregular Section Arrestments!
They arrest Varlet Apostle of Liberty. They arrest Procureur-Substitute
Hebert, Pere Duchesne; a Magistrate of the People, sitting in Townhall;
who, with high solemnity of martyrdom, takes leave of his colleagues;
prompt he, to obey the Law; and solemnly acquiescent, disappears into
prison.
The swifter fly the Sections, energetically demanding him back;
demanding not arrestment of Popular Magistrates, but of a traitorous
Twenty-two. Section comes flying after Section;--defiling energetic,
with their Cambyses' vein of oratory: nay the Commune itself comes,
with Mayor Pache at its head; and with question not of Hebert and the
Twenty-two alone, but with this ominous old question made new, "Can you
save the Republic, or must we do it?" To whom President Max Isnard makes
fiery answer: If by fatal chance, in any of those tumults which since
the Tenth of March are ever returning, Paris were to lift a sacrilegious
finger against the National Representation, France would rise as one
man, in never-imagined vengeance, and shortly "the traveller would ask,
on which side of the Seine Paris had stood!" (Moniteur, Seance du 25
Mai, 1793.) Whereat the Mountain bellows only louder, and every Gallery;
Patriot Paris boiling round.
And Girondin Valaze has nightly conclaves at his house; sends billets;
'Come punctually, and well armed, for there is to be business.' And
Megaera women perambulate the streets, with flags, with lamentable
alleleu. (Meillan, Memoires, p. 195; Buzot, pp. 69, 84.) And the
Convention-doors are obstructed by roaring multitudes: find-spoken
hommes d'etat are hustled, maltreated, as they pass; Marat will
apostrophise you, in such death-peril, and say, Thou too art of them.
If Roland ask leave to quit Paris, there is order of the day. What help?
Substitute Hebert, Apostle Varlet, must be given back; to be crowned
with oak-garlands. The Commission of Twelve, in a Convention overwhelmed
with roaring Sections, is broken; then on the morrow, in a Convention of
rallied Girondins, is reinstated. Dim Chaos, or the sea of troubles, is
struggling through all its elements; writhing and chafing towards some
creation.
Chapter 3.3.IX.
Extinct.
Accordingly, on Friday, the Thirty-first of May 1793, there comes forth
into the summer sunlight one of the strangest scenes. Mayor Pache with
Municipality arrives at the Tuileries Hall of Convention; sent for,
Paris being in visible ferment; and gives the strangest news.
How, in the grey of this morning, while we sat Permanent in Townhall,
watchful for the commonweal, there entered, precisely as on a Tenth of
August, some Ninety-six extraneous persons; who declared themselves to
be in a state of Insurrection; to be plenipotentiary Commissioners from
the Forty-eight Sections, sections or members of the Sovereign People,
all in a state of Insurrection; and further that we, in the name of said
Sovereign in Insurrection, were dismissed from office. How we thereupon
laid off our sashes, and withdrew into the adjacent Saloon of Liberty.
How in a moment or two, we were called back; and reinstated; the
Sovereign pleasing to think us still worthy of confidence. Whereby,
having taken new oath of office, we on a sudden find ourselves
Insurrectionary Magistrates, with extraneous Committee of Ninety-six
sitting by us; and a Citoyen Henriot, one whom some accuse of
Septemberism, is made Generalissimo of the National Guard; and, since
six o'clock, the tocsins ring and the drums beat:--Under which peculiar
circumstances, what would an august National Convention please to direct
us to do? (Compare Debats de la Convention (Paris, 1828), iv. 187-223;
Moniteur, Nos. 152, 3, 4, An 1er.)
Yes, there is the question! "Break the Insurrectionary Authorities,"
answers some with vehemence. Vergniaud at least will have "the National
Representatives all die at their post;" this is sworn to, with ready
loud acclaim. But as to breaking the Insurrectionary Authorities,--alas,
while we yet debate, what sound is that? Sound of the Alarm-Cannon on
the Pont Neuf; which it is death by the Law to fire without order from
us!
It does boom off there, nevertheless; sending a sound through all
hearts. And the tocsins discourse stern music; and Henriot with his
Armed Force has enveloped us! And Section succeeds Section, the livelong
day; demanding with Cambyses'-oratory, with the rattle of muskets, That
traitors, Twenty-two or more, be punished; that the Commission of
Twelve be irrecoverably broken. The heart of the Gironde dies within
it; distant are the Seventy-two respectable Departments, this fiery
Municipality is near! Barrere is for a middle course; granting
something. The Commission of Twelve declares that, not waiting to be
broken, it hereby breaks itself, and is no more. Fain would Reporter
Rabaut speak his and its last-words; but he is bellowed off. Too happy
that the Twenty-two are still left unviolated!--Vergniaud, carrying the
laws of refinement to a great length, moves, to the amazement of some,
that 'the Sections of Paris have deserved well of their country.'
Whereupon, at a late hour of the evening, the deserving Sections retire
to their respective places of abode. Barrere shall report on it. With
busy quill and brain he sits, secluded; for him no sleep to-night.
Friday the last of May has ended in this manner.
The Sections have deserved well: but ought they not to deserve better?
Faction and Girondism is struck down for the moment, and consents to be
a nullity; but will it not, at another favourabler moment rise, still
feller; and the Republic have to be saved in spite of it? So reasons
Patriotism, still Permanent; so reasons the Figure of Marat, visible in
the dim Section-world, on the morrow. To the conviction of men!--And so
at eventide of Saturday, when Barrere had just got it all varnished in
the course of the day, and his Report was setting off in the evening
mail-bags, tocsin peals out again! Generale is beating; armed men taking
station in the Place Vendome and elsewhere for the night; supplied with
provisions and liquor. There under the summer stars will they wait, this
night, what is to be seen and to be done, Henriot and Townhall giving
due signal.
The Convention, at sound of generale, hastens back to its Hall; but
to the number only of a Hundred; and does little business, puts off
business till the morrow. The Girondins do not stir out thither, the
Girondins are abroad seeking beds. Poor Rabaut, on the morrow morning,
returning to his post, with Louvet and some others, through streets all
in ferment, wrings his hands, ejaculating, "Illa suprema dies!" (Louvet,
Memoires, p. 89.) It has become Sunday, the second day of June, year
1793, by the old style; by the new style, year One of Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity. We have got to the last scene of all, that ends this history
of the Girondin Senatorship.
It seems doubtful whether any terrestrial Convention had ever met in
such circumstances as this National one now does. Tocsin is pealing;
Barriers shut; all Paris is on the gaze, or under arms. As many as a
Hundred Thousand under arms they count: National Force; and the Armed
Volunteers, who should have flown to the Frontiers and La Vendee; but
would not, treason being unpunished; and only flew hither and thither!
So many, steady under arms, environ the National Tuileries and Garden.
There are horse, foot, artillery, sappers with beards: the artillery
one can see with their camp-furnaces in this National Garden, heating
bullets red, and their match is lighted. Henriot in plumes rides, amid a
plumed Staff: all posts and issues are safe; reserves lie out, as far as
the Wood of Boulogne; the choicest Patriots nearest the scene. One
other circumstance we will note: that a careful Municipality, liberal
of camp-furnaces, has not forgotten provision-carts. No member of the
Sovereign need now go home to dinner; but can keep rank,--plentiful
victual circulating unsought. Does not this People understand
Insurrection? Ye, not uninventive, Gualches!--
Therefore let a National Representation, 'mandatories of the Sovereign,'
take thought of it. Expulsion of your Twenty-two, and your Commission of
Twelve: we stand here till it be done! Deputation after Deputation,
in ever stronger language, comes with that message. Barrere proposes
a middle course:--Will not perhaps the inculpated Deputies consent to
withdraw voluntarily; to make a generous demission, and self-sacrifice
for the sake of one's country? Isnard, repentant of that search on which
river-bank Paris stood, declares himself ready to demit. Ready also
is Te-Deum Fauchet; old Dusaulx of the Bastille, 'vieux radoteur,
old dotard,' as Marat calls him, is still readier. On the contrary,
Lanjuinais the Breton declares that there is one man who never will
demit voluntarily; but will protest to the uttermost, while a voice is
left him. And he accordingly goes on protesting; amid rage and clangor;
Legendre crying at last: "Lanjuinais, come down from the Tribune, or I
will fling thee down, ou je te jette en bas!" For matters are come
to extremity. Nay they do clutch hold of Lanjuinais, certain zealous
Mountain-men; but cannot fling him down, for he 'cramps himself on the
railing;' and 'his clothes get torn.' Brave Senator, worthy of pity!
Neither will Barbaroux demit; he "has sworn to die at his post, and
will keep that oath." Whereupon the Galleries all rise with explosion;
brandishing weapons, some of them; and rush out saying: "Allons, then;
we must save our country!" Such a Session is this of Sunday the second
of June.
Churches fill, over Christian Europe, and then empty themselves; but
this Convention empties not, the while: a day of shrieking contention,
of agony, humiliation and tearing of coatskirts; illa suprema dies!
Round stand Henriot and his Hundred Thousand, copiously refreshed
from tray and basket: nay he is 'distributing five francs a-piece;' we
Girondins saw it with our eyes; five francs to keep them in heart! And
distraction of armed riot encumbers our borders, jangles at our Bar; we
are prisoners in our own Hall: Bishop Gregoire could not get out for
a besoin actuel without four gendarmes to wait on him! What is the
character of a National Representative become? And now the sunlight
falls yellower on western windows, and the chimney-tops are flinging
longer shadows; the refreshed Hundred Thousand, nor their shadows, stir
not! What to resolve on? Motion rises, superfluous one would think, That
the Convention go forth in a body; ascertain with its own eyes
whether it is free or not. Lo, therefore, from the Eastern Gate of the
Tuileries, a distressed Convention issuing; handsome Herault Sechelles
at their head; he with hat on, in sign of public calamity, the rest
bareheaded,--towards the Gate of the Carrousel; wondrous to see: towards
Henriot and his plumed staff. "In the name of the National Convention,
make way!" Not an inch of the way does Henriot make: "I receive no
orders, till the Sovereign, yours and mine, has been obeyed." The
Convention presses on; Henriot prances back, with his staff, some
fifteen paces, "To arms! Cannoneers to your guns!"--flashes out his
puissant sword, as the Staff all do, and the Hussars all do. Cannoneers
brandish the lit match; Infantry present arms,--alas, in the level way,
as if for firing! Hatted Herault leads his distressed flock, through
their pinfold of a Tuileries again; across the Garden, to the Gate on
the opposite side. Here is Feuillans Terrace, alas, there is our old
Salle de Manege; but neither at this Gate of the Pont Tournant is there
egress. Try the other; and the other: no egress! We wander disconsolate
through armed ranks; who indeed salute with Live the Republic, but also
with Die the Gironde. Other such sight, in the year One of Liberty, the
westering sun never saw.
And now behold Marat meets us; for he lagged in this Suppliant
Procession of ours: he has got some hundred elect Patriots at his heels:
he orders us in the Sovereign's name to return to our place, and do
as we are bidden and bound. The Convention returns. "Does not the
Convention," says Couthon with a singular power of face, "see that it
is free?"--none but friends round it? The Convention, overflowing with
friends and armed Sectioners, proceeds to vote as bidden. Many will not
vote, but remain silent; some one or two protest, in words: the
Mountain has a clear unanimity. Commission of Twelve, and the denounced
Twenty-two, to whom we add Ex-Ministers Claviere and Lebrun: these, with
some slight extempore alterations (this or that orator proposing,
but Marat disposing), are voted to be under 'Arrestment in their own
houses.' Brissot, Buzot, Vergniaud, Guadet, Louvet, Gensonne, Barbaroux,
Lasource, Lanjuinais, Rabaut,--Thirty-two, by the tale; all that we
have known as Girondins, and more than we have known. They, 'under the
safeguard of the French People;' by and by, under the safeguard of
two Gendarmes each, shall dwell peaceably in their own houses; as
Non-Senators; till further order. Herewith ends Seance of Sunday the
second of June 1793.
At ten o'clock, under mild stars, the Hundred Thousand, their work well
finished, turn homewards. This same day, Central Insurrection Committee
has arrested Madame Roland; imprisoned her in the Abbaye. Roland has
fled, no one knows whither.
Thus fell the Girondins, by Insurrection; and became extinct as a Party:
not without a sigh from most Historians. The men were men of parts, of
Philosophic culture, decent behaviour; not condemnable in that they were
Pedants and had not better parts; not condemnable, but most unfortunate.
They wanted a Republic of the Virtues, wherein themselves should be
head; and they could only get a Republic of the Strengths, wherein
others than they were head.
For the rest, Barrere shall make Report of it. The night concludes with
a 'civic promenade by torchlight:' (Buzot, Memoires, p. 310. See Pieces
Justificatives, of Narratives, Commentaries, &c. in Buzot, Louvet,
Meillan: Documens Complementaires, in Hist. Parl. xxviii. 1-78.) surely
the true reign of Fraternity is now not far?
BOOK 3.IV.
TERROR
Chapter 3.4.I.
Charlotte Corday.
In the leafy months of June and July, several French Departments
germinate a set of rebellious paper-leaves, named Proclamations,
Resolutions, Journals, or Diurnals 'of the Union for Resistance to
Oppression.' In particular, the Town of Caen, in Calvados, sees its
paper-leaf of Bulletin de Caen suddenly bud, suddenly establish
itself as Newspaper there; under the Editorship of Girondin National
Representatives!
For among the proscribed Girondins are certain of a more desperate
humour. Some, as Vergniaud, Valaze, Gensonne, 'arrested in their own
houses' will await with stoical resignation what the issue may be. Some,
as Brissot, Rabaut, will take to flight, to concealment; which, as the
Paris Barriers are opened again in a day or two, is not yet difficult.
But others there are who will rush, with Buzot, to Calvados; or far over
France, to Lyons, Toulon, Nantes and elsewhither, and then rendezvous
at Caen: to awaken as with war-trumpet the respectable Departments; and
strike down an anarchic Mountain Faction; at least not yield without a
stroke at it. Of this latter temper we count some score or more, of the
Arrested, and of the Not-yet-arrested; a Buzot, a Barbaroux, Louvet,
Guadet, Petion, who have escaped from Arrestment in their own homes;
a Salles, a Pythagorean Valady, a Duchatel, the Duchatel that came in
blanket and nightcap to vote for the life of Louis, who have escaped
from danger and likelihood of Arrestment. These, to the number at one
time of Twenty-seven, do accordingly lodge here, at the 'Intendance,
or Departmental Mansion,' of the Town of Caen; welcomed by Persons in
Authority; welcomed and defrayed, having no money of their own. And the
Bulletin de Caen comes forth, with the most animating paragraphs: How
the Bourdeaux Department, the Lyons Department, this Department after
the other is declaring itself; sixty, or say sixty-nine, or seventy-two
(Meillan, p. 72, 73; Louvet, p. 129.) respectable Departments either
declaring, or ready to declare. Nay Marseilles, it seems, will march on
Paris by itself, if need be. So has Marseilles Town said, That she
will march. But on the other hand, that Montelimart Town has said, No
thoroughfare; and means even to 'bury herself' under her own stone and
mortar first--of this be no mention in Bulletin of Caen.
Such animating paragraphs we read in this Newspaper; and fervours, and
eloquent sarcasm: tirades against the Mountain, frame pen of Deputy
Salles; which resemble, say friends, Pascal's Provincials. What is
more to the purpose, these Girondins have got a General in chief, one
Wimpfen, formerly under Dumouriez; also a secondary questionable General
Puisaye, and others; and are doing their best to raise a force for war.
National Volunteers, whosoever is of right heart: gather in, ye National
Volunteers, friends of Liberty; from our Calvados Townships, from the
Eure, from Brittany, from far and near; forward to Paris, and extinguish
Anarchy! Thus at Caen, in the early July days, there is a drumming and
parading, a perorating and consulting: Staff and Army; Council; Club of
Carabots, Anti-jacobin friends of Freedom, to denounce atrocious Marat.
With all which, and the editing of Bulletins, a National Representative
has his hands full.
At Caen it is most animated; and, as one hopes, more or less animated in
the 'Seventy-two Departments that adhere to us.' And in a France begirt
with Cimmerian invading Coalitions, and torn with an internal La Vendee,
this is the conclusion we have arrived at: to put down Anarchy by Civil
War! Durum et durum, the Proverb says, non faciunt murum. La Vendee
burns: Santerre can do nothing there; he may return home and brew beer.
Cimmerian bombshells fly all along the North. That Siege of Mentz is
become famed;--lovers of the Picturesque (as Goethe will testify),
washed country-people of both sexes, stroll thither on Sundays, to see
the artillery work and counterwork; 'you only duck a little while
the shot whizzes past.' (Belagerung von Mainz, Goethe's Werke, xxx.
278-334.) Conde is capitulating to the Austrians; Royal Highness of
York, these several weeks, fiercely batters Valenciennes. For, alas,
our fortified Camp of Famars was stormed; General Dampierre was killed;
General Custine was blamed,--and indeed is now come to Paris to give
'explanations.'
Against all which the Mountain and atrocious Marat must even make head
as they can. They, anarchic Convention as they are, publish Decrees,
expostulatory, explanatory, yet not without severity; they ray forth
Commissioners, singly or in pairs, the olive-branch in one hand, yet the
sword in the other. Commissioners come even to Caen; but without
effect. Mathematical Romme, and Prieur named of the Cote d'Or, venturing
thither, with their olive and sword, are packed into prison: there may
Romme lie, under lock and key, 'for fifty days;' and meditate his New
Calendar, if he please. Cimmeria and Civil War! Never was Republic One
and Indivisible at a lower ebb.--
Amid which dim ferment of Caen and the World, History specially notices
one thing: in the lobby of the Mansion de l'Intendance, where busy
Deputies are coming and going, a young Lady with an aged valet, taking
grave graceful leave of Deputy Barbaroux. (Meillan, p.75; Louvet, p.
114.) She is of stately Norman figure; in her twenty-fifth year; of
beautiful still countenance: her name is Charlotte Corday, heretofore
styled d'Armans, while Nobility still was. Barbaroux has given her
a Note to Deputy Duperret,--him who once drew his sword in the
effervescence. Apparently she will to Paris on some errand? 'She was
a Republican before the Revolution, and never wanted energy.' A
completeness, a decision is in this fair female Figure: 'by energy
she means the spirit that will prompt one to sacrifice himself for his
country.' What if she, this fair young Charlotte, had emerged from
her secluded stillness, suddenly like a Star; cruel-lovely, with
half-angelic, half-demonic splendour; to gleam for a moment, and in a
moment be extinguished: to be held in memory, so bright complete was
she, through long centuries!--Quitting Cimmerian Coalitions without, and
the dim-simmering Twenty-five millions within, History will look fixedly
at this one fair Apparition of a Charlotte Corday; will note whither
Charlotte moves, how the little Life burns forth so radiant, then
vanishes swallowed of the Night.
With Barbaroux's Note of Introduction, and slight stock of luggage,
we see Charlotte, on Tuesday the ninth of July, seated in the Caen
Diligence, with a place for Paris. None takes farewell of her, wishes
her Good-journey: her Father will find a line left, signifying that she
is gone to England, that he must pardon her and forget her. The drowsy
Diligence lumbers along; amid drowsy talk of Politics, and praise of the
Mountain; in which she mingles not; all night, all day, and again
all night. On Thursday, not long before none, we are at the Bridge of
Neuilly; here is Paris with her thousand black domes,--the goal and
purpose of thy journey! Arrived at the Inn de la Providence in the Rue
des Vieux Augustins, Charlotte demands a room; hastens to bed; sleeps
all afternoon and night, till the morrow morning.
On the morrow morning, she delivers her Note to Duperret. It relates to
certain Family Papers which are in the Minister of the Interior's hand;
which a Nun at Caen, an old Convent-friend of Charlotte's, has need of;
which Duperret shall assist her in getting: this then was Charlotte's
errand to Paris? She has finished this, in the course of Friday;--yet
says nothing of returning. She has seen and silently investigated
several things. The Convention, in bodily reality, she has seen; what
the Mountain is like. The living physiognomy of Marat she could not see;
he is sick at present, and confined to home.
About eight on the Saturday morning, she purchases a large sheath-knife
in the Palais Royal; then straightway, in the Place des Victoires, takes
a hackney-coach: "To the Rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, No. 44." It is the
residence of the Citoyen Marat!--The Citoyen Marat is ill, and cannot
be seen; which seems to disappoint her much. Her business is with Marat,
then? Hapless beautiful Charlotte; hapless squalid Marat! From Caen in
the utmost West, from Neuchatel in the utmost East, they two are
drawing nigh each other; they two have, very strangely, business
together.--Charlotte, returning to her Inn, despatches a short Note to
Marat; signifying that she is from Caen, the seat of rebellion; that she
desires earnestly to see him, and 'will put it in his power to do France
a great service.' No answer. Charlotte writes another Note, still
more pressing; sets out with it by coach, about seven in the evening,
herself. Tired day-labourers have again finished their Week; huge Paris
is circling and simmering, manifold, according to its vague wont: this
one fair Figure has decision in it; drives straight,--towards a purpose.
It is yellow July evening, we say, the thirteenth of the month; eve of
the Bastille day,--when 'M. Marat,' four years ago, in the crowd of the
Pont Neuf, shrewdly required of that Besenval Hussar-party, which had
such friendly dispositions, "to dismount, and give up their arms, then;"
and became notable among Patriot men! Four years: what a road he has
travelled;--and sits now, about half-past seven of the clock, stewing
in slipper-bath; sore afflicted; ill of Revolution Fever,--of what other
malady this History had rather not name. Excessively sick and worn, poor
man: with precisely elevenpence-halfpenny of ready money, in paper; with
slipper-bath; strong three-footed stool for writing on, the while; and a
squalid--Washerwoman, one may call her: that is his civic establishment
in Medical-School Street; thither and not elsewhither has his road led
him. Not to the reign of Brotherhood and Perfect Felicity; yet surely
on the way towards that?--Hark, a rap again! A musical woman's-voice,
refusing to be rejected: it is the Citoyenne who would do France a
service. Marat, recognising from within, cries, Admit her. Charlotte
Corday is admitted.
Citoyen Marat, I am from Caen the seat of rebellion, and wished to speak
with you.--Be seated, mon enfant. Now what are the Traitors doing at
Caen? What Deputies are at Caen?--Charlotte names some Deputies. "Their
heads shall fall within a fortnight," croaks the eager People's-Friend,
clutching his tablets to write: Barbaroux, Petion, writes he with
bare shrunk arm, turning aside in the bath: Petion, and Louvet,
and--Charlotte has drawn her knife from the sheath; plunges it, with one
sure stroke, into the writer's heart. "A moi, chere amie, Help, dear!"
No more could the Death-choked say or shriek. The helpful Washerwoman
running in, there is no Friend of the People, or Friend of the
Washerwoman, left; but his life with a groan gushes out, indignant, to
the shades below. (Moniteur, Nos. 197, 198, 199; Hist. Parl. xxviii.
301-5; Deux Amis, x. 368-374.)
And so Marat People's-Friend is ended; the lone Stylites has got hurled
down suddenly from his Pillar,--whither He that made him does know.
Patriot Paris may sound triple and tenfold, in dole and wail; re-echoed
by Patriot France; and the Convention, 'Chabot pale with terror
declaring that they are to be all assassinated,' may decree him Pantheon
Honours, Public Funeral, Mirabeau's dust making way for him; and Jacobin
Societies, in lamentable oratory, summing up his character, parallel him
to One, whom they think it honour to call 'the good Sansculotte,'--whom
we name not here. (See Eloge funebre de Jean-Paul Marat, prononce a
Strasbourg in Barbaroux, p. 125-131; Mercier, &c.) Also a Chapel may
be made, for the urn that holds his Heart, in the Place du Carrousel;
and new-born children be named Marat; and Lago-de-Como Hawkers bake
mountains of stucco into unbeautiful Busts; and David paint his Picture,
or Death-scene; and such other Apotheosis take place as the human
genius, in these circumstances, can devise: but Marat returns no more
to the light of this Sun. One sole circumstance we have read with clear
sympathy, in the old Moniteur Newspaper: how Marat's brother comes from
Neuchatel to ask of the Convention 'that the deceased Jean-Paul Marat's
musket be given him.' (Seance du 16 Septembre 1793.) For Marat too had
a brother, and natural affections; and was wrapt once in
swaddling-clothes, and slept safe in a cradle like the rest of us. Ye
children of men!--A sister of his, they say, lives still to this day in
Paris.
As for Charlotte Corday her work is accomplished; the recompense of it
is near and sure. The chere amie, and neighbours of the house, flying
at her, she 'overturns some movables,' entrenches herself till the
gendarmes arrive; then quietly surrenders; goes quietly to the Abbaye
Prison: she alone quiet, all Paris sounding in wonder, in rage or
admiration, round her. Duperret is put in arrest, on account of her; his
Papers sealed,--which may lead to consequences. Fauchet, in like manner;
though Fauchet had not so much as heard of her. Charlotte, confronted
with these two Deputies, praises the grave firmness of Duperret,
censures the dejection of Fauchet.
On Wednesday morning, the thronged Palais de Justice and Revolutionary
Tribunal can see her face; beautiful and calm: she dates it 'fourth day
of the Preparation of Peace.' A strange murmur ran through the Hall, at
sight of her; you could not say of what character. (Proces de Charlotte
Corday, &c. Hist. Parl. xxviii. 311-338.) Tinville has his indictments
and tape-papers the cutler of the Palais Royal will testify that he
sold her the sheath-knife; "all these details are needless," interrupted
Charlotte; "it is I that killed Marat." By whose instigation?--"By no
one's." What tempted you, then? His crimes. "I killed one man," added
she, raising her voice extremely (extremement), as they went on with
their questions, "I killed one man to save a hundred thousand; a villain
to save innocents; a savage wild-beast to give repose to my country. I
was a Republican before the Revolution; I never wanted energy." There
is therefore nothing to be said. The public gazes astonished: the hasty
limners sketch her features, Charlotte not disapproving; the men of law
proceed with their formalities. The doom is Death as a murderess. To
her Advocate she gives thanks; in gentle phrase, in high-flown classical
spirit. To the Priest they send her she gives thanks; but needs not any
shriving, or ghostly or other aid from him.
On this same evening, therefore, about half-past seven o'clock, from
the gate of the Conciergerie, to a City all on tiptoe, the fatal Cart
issues: seated on it a fair young creature, sheeted in red smock of
Murderess; so beautiful, serene, so full of life; journeying towards
death,--alone amid the world. Many take off their hats, saluting
reverently; for what heart but must be touched? (Deux Amis, x. 374-384.)
Others growl and howl. Adam Lux, of Mentz, declares that she is greater
than Brutus; that it were beautiful to die with her: the head of this
young man seems turned. At the Place de la Revolution, the countenance
of Charlotte wears the same still smile. The executioners proceed to
bind her feet; she resists, thinking it meant as an insult; on a word
of explanation, she submits with cheerful apology. As the last act, all
being now ready, they take the neckerchief from her neck: a blush of
maidenly shame overspreads that fair face and neck; the cheeks were
still tinged with it, when the executioner lifted the severed head, to
shew it to the people. 'It is most true,' says Foster, 'that he struck
the cheek insultingly; for I saw it with my eyes: the Police imprisoned
him for it.' (Briefwechsel, i. 508.)
In this manner have the Beautifullest and the Squalidest come in
collision, and extinguished one another. Jean-Paul Marat and Marie-Anne
Charlotte Corday both, suddenly, are no more. 'Day of the Preparation of
Peace?' Alas, how were peace possible or preparable, while, for example,
the hearts of lovely Maidens, in their convent-stillness, are dreaming
not of Love-paradises, and the light of Life; but of Codrus'-sacrifices,
and death well earned? That Twenty-five million hearts have got to such
temper, this is the Anarchy; the soul of it lies in this: whereof
not peace can be the embodyment! The death of Marat, whetting old
animosities tenfold, will be worse than any life. O ye hapless Two,
mutually extinctive, the Beautiful and the Squalid, sleep ye well,--in
the Mother's bosom that bore you both!
This was the History of Charlotte Corday; most definite, most complete;
angelic-demonic: like a Star! Adam Lux goes home, half-delirious; to
pour forth his Apotheosis of her, in paper and print; to propose that
she have a statue with this inscription, Greater than Brutus. Friends
represent his danger; Lux is reckless; thinks it were beautiful to die
with her.
Chapter 3.4.II.
In Civil War.
But during these same hours, another guillotine is at work, on another:
Charlotte, for the Girondins, dies at Paris to-day; Chalier, by the
Girondins, dies at Lyons to-morrow.
From rumbling of cannon along the streets of that City, it has come
to firing of them, to rabid fighting: Nievre-Chol and the Girondins
triumph;--behind whom there is, as everywhere, a Royalist Faction
waiting to strike in. Trouble enough at Lyons; and the dominant party
carrying it with a high hand! For indeed, the whole South is astir;
incarcerating Jacobins; arming for Girondins: wherefore we have got
a 'Congress of Lyons;' also a 'Revolutionary Tribunal of Lyons,'
and Anarchists shall tremble. So Chalier was soon found guilty, of
Jacobinism, of murderous Plot, 'address with drawn dagger on the sixth
of February last;' and, on the morrow, he also travels his final road,
along the streets of Lyons, 'by the side of an ecclesiastic, with whom
he seems to speak earnestly,'--the axe now glittering high. He could
weep, in old years, this man, and 'fall on his knees on the pavement,'
blessing Heaven at sight of Federation Programs or like; then he
pilgrimed to Paris, to worship Marat and the Mountain: now Marat and
he are both gone;--we said he could not end well. Jacobinism groans
inwardly, at Lyons; but dare not outwardly. Chalier, when the Tribunal
sentenced him, made answer: "My death will cost this City dear."
Montelimart Town is not buried under its ruins; yet Marseilles is
actually marching, under order of a 'Lyons Congress;' is incarcerating
Patriots; the very Royalists now shewing face. Against which a General
Cartaux fights, though in small force; and with him an Artillery Major,
of the name of--Napoleon Buonaparte. This Napoleon, to prove that the
Marseillese have no chance ultimately, not only fights but writes;
publishes his Supper of Beaucaire, a Dialogue which has become curious.
(See Hazlitt, ii. 529-41.) Unfortunate Cities, with their actions and
their reactions! Violence to be paid with violence in geometrical ratio;
Royalism and Anarchism both striking in;--the final net-amount of which
geometrical series, what man shall sum?
The Bar of Iron has never yet floated in Marseilles Harbour; but the
Body of Rebecqui was found floating, self-drowned there. Hot Rebecqui
seeing how confusion deepened, and Respectability grew poisoned with
Royalism, felt that there was no refuge for a Republican but death.
Rebecqui disappeared: no one knew whither; till, one morning, they found
the empty case or body of him risen to the top, tumbling on the salt
waves; (Barbaroux, p. 29.) and perceived that Rebecqui had withdrawn
forever.--Toulon likewise is incarcerating Patriots; sending delegates
to Congress; intriguing, in case of necessity, with the Royalists and
English. Montpellier, Bourdeaux, Nantes: all France, that is not under
the swoop of Austria and Cimmeria, seems rushing into madness, and
suicidal ruin. The Mountain labours; like a volcano in a burning
volcanic Land. Convention Committees, of Surety, of Salvation, are busy
night and day: Convention Commissioners whirl on all highways; bearing
olive-branch and sword, or now perhaps sword only. Chaumette and
Municipals come daily to the Tuileries demanding a Constitution: it is
some weeks now since he resolved, in Townhall, that a Deputation 'should
go every day' and demand a Constitution, till one were got; (Deux Amis,
x. 345.) whereby suicidal France might rally and pacify itself; a thing
inexpressibly desirable.
This then is the fruit your Anti-anarchic Girondins have got from
that Levying of War in Calvados? This fruit, we may say; and no other
whatsoever. For indeed, before either Charlotte's or Chalier's head had
fallen, the Calvados War itself had, as it were, vanished, dreamlike, in
a shriek! With 'seventy-two Departments' on one's side, one might have
hoped better things. But it turns out that Respectabilities, though they
will vote, will not fight. Possession is always nine points in Law; but
in Lawsuits of this kind, one may say, it is ninety-and-nine points. Men
do what they were wont to do; and have immense irresolution and inertia:
they obey him who has the symbols that claim obedience. Consider what,
in modern society, this one fact means: the Metropolis is with our
enemies! Metropolis, Mother-city; rightly so named: all the rest are but
as her children, her nurselings. Why, there is not a leathern Diligence,
with its post-bags and luggage-boots, that lumbers out from her, but
is as a huge life-pulse; she is the heart of all. Cut short that one
leathern Diligence, how much is cut short!--General Wimpfen, looking
practically into the matter, can see nothing for it but that one should
fall back on Royalism; get into communication with Pitt! Dark innuendoes
he flings out, to that effect: whereat we Girondins start, horrorstruck.
He produces as his Second in command a certain 'Ci-devant,' one Comte
Puisaye; entirely unknown to Louvet; greatly suspected by him.
Few wars, accordingly, were ever levied of a more insufficient character
than this of Calvados. He that is curious in such things may read
the details of it in the Memoirs of that same Ci-devant Puisaye, the
much-enduring man and Royalist: How our Girondin National Forces,
marching off with plenty of wind-music, were drawn out about the old
Chateau of Brecourt, in the wood-country near Vernon, to meet the
Mountain National forces advancing from Paris. How on the fifteenth
afternoon of July, they did meet,--and, as it were, shrieked mutually,
and took mutually to flight without loss. How Puisaye thereafter,
for the Mountain Nationals fled first, and we thought ourselves the
victors,--was roused from his warm bed in the Castle of Brecourt; and
had to gallop without boots; our Nationals, in the night-watches, having
fallen unexpectedly into sauve qui peut:--and in brief the Calvados War
had burnt priming; and the only question now was, Whitherward to vanish,
in what hole to hide oneself! (Memoires de Puisaye (London, 1803), ii.
142-67.)
The National Volunteers rush homewards, faster than they came. The
Seventy-two Respectable Departments, says Meillan, 'all turned round,
and forsook us, in the space of four-and-twenty hours.' Unhappy those
who, as at Lyons for instance, have gone too far for turning! 'One
morning,' we find placarded on our Intendance Mansion, the Decree of
Convention which casts us Hors la loi, into Outlawry: placarded by
our Caen Magistrates;--clear hint that we also are to vanish. Vanish,
indeed: but whitherward? Gorsas has friends in Rennes; he will hide
there,--unhappily will not lie hid. Guadet, Lanjuinais are on cross
roads; making for Bourdeaux. To Bourdeaux! cries the general voice, of
Valour alike and of Despair. Some flag of Respectability still floats
there, or is thought to float.
Thitherward therefore; each as he can! Eleven of these ill-fated
Deputies, among whom we may count, as twelfth, Friend Riouffe the Man of
Letters, do an original thing. Take the uniform of National Volunteers,
and retreat southward with the Breton Battalion, as private soldiers of
that corps. These brave Bretons had stood truer by us than any other.
Nevertheless, at the end of a day or two, they also do now get dubious,
self-divided; we must part from them; and, with some half-dozen as
convoy or guide, retreat by ourselves,--a solitary marching detachment,
through waste regions of the West. (Louvet, pp. 101-37; Meillan, pp. 81,
241-70.)
Chapter 3.4.III.
Retreat of the Eleven.
It is one of the notablest Retreats, this of the Eleven, that History
presents: The handful of forlorn Legislators retreating there,
continually, with shouldered firelock and well-filled cartridge-box, in
the yellow autumn; long hundreds of miles between them and Bourdeaux;
the country all getting hostile, suspicious of the truth; simmering and
buzzing on all sides, more and more. Louvet has preserved the Itinerary
of it; a piece worth all the rest he ever wrote.
O virtuous Petion, with thy early-white head, O brave young Barbaroux,
has it come to this? Weary ways, worn shoes, light purse;--encompassed
with perils as with a sea! Revolutionary Committees are in every
Township; of Jacobin temper; our friends all cowed, our cause the losing
one. In the Borough of Moncontour, by ill chance, it is market-day:
to the gaping public such transit of a solitary Marching Detachment
is suspicious; we have need of energy, of promptitude and luck, to be
allowed to march through. Hasten, ye weary pilgrims! The country is
getting up; noise of you is bruited day after day, a solitary Twelve
retreating in this mysterious manner: with every new day, a wider wave
of inquisitive pursuing tumult is stirred up till the whole West will
be in motion. 'Cussy is tormented with gout, Buzot is too fat for
marching.' Riouffe, blistered, bleeding, marching only on tiptoe;
Barbaroux limps with sprained ancle, yet ever cheery, full of hope and
valour. Light Louvet glances hare-eyed, not hare-hearted: only virtuous
Petion's serenity 'was but once seen ruffled.' (Meillan, pp. 119-137.)
They lie in straw-lofts, in woody brakes; rudest paillasse on the floor
of a secret friend is luxury. They are seized in the dead of night by
Jacobin mayors and tap of drum; get off by firm countenance, rattle of
muskets, and ready wit.
Of Bourdeaux, through fiery La Vendee and the long geographical spaces
that remain, it were madness to think: well, if you can get to Quimper
on the sea-coast, and take shipping there. Faster, ever faster!
Before the end of the march, so hot has the country grown, it is found
advisable to march all night. They do it; under the still night-canopy
they plod along;--and yet behold, Rumour has outplodded them. In
the paltry Village of Carhaix (be its thatched huts, and bottomless
peat-bogs, long notable to the Traveller), one is astonished to find
light still glimmering: citizens are awake, with rush-lights burning, in
that nook of the terrestrial Planet; as we traverse swiftly the one
poor street, a voice is heard saying, "There they are, Les voila qui
passent!" (Louvet, pp. 138-164.) Swifter, ye doomed lame Twelve: speed
ere they can arm; gain the Woods of Quimper before day, and lie squatted
there!
The doomed Twelve do it; though with difficulty, with loss of road, with
peril, and the mistakes of a night. In Quimper are Girondin friends, who
perhaps will harbour the homeless, till a Bourdeaux ship weigh. Wayworn,
heartworn, in agony of suspense, till Quimper friendship get warning,
they lie there, squatted under the thick wet boscage; suspicious of the
face of man. Some pity to the brave; to the unhappy! Unhappiest of all
Legislators, O when ye packed your luggage, some score, or two-score
months ago; and mounted this or the other leathern vehicle, to
be Conscript Fathers of a regenerated France, and reap deathless
laurels,--did ye think your journey was to lead hither? The Quimper
Samaritans find them squatted; lift them up to help and comfort; will
hide them in sure places. Thence let them dissipate gradually; or there
they can lie quiet, and write Memoirs, till a Bourdeaux ship sail.
And thus, in Calvados all is dissipated; Romme is out of prison,
meditating his Calendar; ringleaders are locked in his room. At Caen
the Corday family mourns in silence; Buzot's House is a heap of dust
and demolition; and amid the rubbish sticks a Gallows, with this
inscription, Here dwelt the Traitor Buzot who conspired against the
Republic. Buzot and the other vanished Deputies are hors la loi, as we
saw; their lives free to take where they can be found. The worse fares
it with the poor Arrested visible Deputies at Paris. 'Arrestment at
home' threatens to become 'Confinement in the Luxembourg;' to end:
where? For example, what pale-visaged thin man is this, journeying
towards Switzerland as a Merchant of Neuchatel, whom they arrest in
the town of Moulins? To Revolutionary Committee he is suspect. To
Revolutionary Committee, on probing the matter, he is evidently: Deputy
Brissot! Back to thy Arrestment, poor Brissot; or indeed to strait
confinement,--whither others are fared to follow. Rabaut has built
himself a false-partition, in a friend's house; lives, in invisible
darkness, between two walls. It will end, this same Arrestment business,
in Prison, and the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Nor must we forget Duperret, and the seal put on his papers by reason of
Charlotte. One Paper is there, fit to breed woe enough: A secret solemn
Protest against that suprema dies of the Second of June! This Secret
Protest our poor Duperret had drawn up, the same week, in all plainness
of speech; waiting the time for publishing it: to which Secret Protest
his signature, and that of other honourable Deputies not a few, stands
legibly appended. And now, if the seals were once broken, the
Mountain still victorious? Such Protestors, your Merciers, Bailleuls,
Seventy-three by the tale, what yet remains of Respectable Girondism in
the Convention, may tremble to think!--These are the fruits of levying
civil war.
Also we find, that, in these last days of July, the famed Siege of Mentz
is finished; the Garrison to march out with honours of war; not to serve
against the Coalition for a year! Lovers of the Picturesque, and
Goethe standing on the Chaussee of Mentz, saw, with due interest, the
Procession issuing forth, in all solemnity:
'Escorted by Prussian horse came first the French Garrison. Nothing
could look stranger than this latter: a column of Marseillese, slight,
swarthy, party-coloured, in patched clothes, came tripping on;--as if
King Edwin had opened the Dwarf Hill, and sent out his nimble Host
of Dwarfs. Next followed regular troops; serious, sullen; not as if
downcast or ashamed. But the remarkablest appearance, which struck every
one, was that of the Chasers (Chasseurs) coming out mounted: they had
advanced quite silent to where we stood, when their Band struck up
the Marseillaise. This Revolutionary Te-Deum has in itself something
mournful and bodeful, however briskly played; but at present they gave
it in altogether slow time, proportionate to the creeping step they rode
at. It was piercing and fearful, and a most serious-looking thing, as
these cavaliers, long, lean men, of a certain age, with mien suitable
to the music, came pacing on: singly you might have likened them to Don
Quixote; in mass, they were highly dignified.
'But now a single troop became notable: that of the Commissioners or
Representans. Merlin of Thionville, in hussar uniform, distinguishing
himself by wild beard and look, had another person in similar costume on
his left; the crowd shouted out, with rage, at sight of this latter, the
name of a Jacobin Townsman and Clubbist; and shook itself to seize him.
Merlin drew bridle; referred to his dignity as French Representative, to
the vengeance that should follow any injury done; he would advise every
one to compose himself, for this was not the last time they would see
him here. (Belagerung von Maintz, Goethe's Werke, xxx. 315.) Thus rode
Merlin; threatening in defeat. But what now shall stem that tide of
Prussians setting in through the open North-East?' Lucky, if fortified
Lines of Weissembourg, and impassibilities of Vosges Mountains, confine
it to French Alsace, keep it from submerging the very heart of the
country!
Furthermore, precisely in the same days, Valenciennes Siege is finished,
in the North-West:--fallen, under the red hail of York! Conde fell some
fortnight since. Cimmerian Coalition presses on. What seems very notable
too, on all these captured French Towns there flies not the Royalist
fleur-de-lys, in the name of a new Louis the Pretender; but the Austrian
flag flies; as if Austria meant to keep them for herself! Perhaps
General Custines, still in Paris, can give some explanation of the fall
of these strong-places? Mother Society, from tribune and gallery, growls
loud that he ought to do it;--remarks, however, in a splenetic manner
that 'the Monsieurs of the Palais Royal' are calling, Long-life to this
General.
The Mother Society, purged now, by successive 'scrutinies or
epurations,' from all taint of Girondism, has become a great Authority:
what we can call shield-bearer, or bottle-holder, nay call it fugleman,
to the purged National Convention itself. The Jacobins Debates are
reported in the Moniteur, like Parliamentary ones.
Chapter 3.4.IV.
O Nature.
But looking more specially into Paris City, what is this that History,
on the 10th of August, Year One of Liberty, 'by old-style, year 1793,'
discerns there? Praised be the Heavens, a new Feast of Pikes!
For Chaumette's 'Deputation every day' has worked out its result:
a Constitution. It was one of the rapidest Constitutions ever put
together; made, some say in eight days, by Herault Sechelles and others:
probably a workmanlike, roadworthy Constitution enough;--on which point,
however, we are, for some reasons, little called to form a judgment.
Workmanlike or not, the Forty-four Thousand Communes of France,
by overwhelming majorities, did hasten to accept it; glad of any
Constitution whatsoever. Nay Departmental Deputies have come, the
venerablest Republicans of each Department, with solemn message of
Acceptance; and now what remains but that our new Final Constitution be
proclaimed, and sworn to, in Feast of Pikes? The Departmental Deputies,
we say, are come some time ago;--Chaumette very anxious about them, lest
Girondin Monsieurs, Agio-jobbers, or were it even Filles de joie of a
Girondin temper, corrupt their morals. (Deux Amis, xi. 73.) Tenth of
August, immortal Anniversary, greater almost than Bastille July, is the
Day.
Painter David has not been idle. Thanks to David and the French genius,
there steps forth into the sunlight, this day, a Scenic Phantasmagory
unexampled:--whereof History, so occupied with Real-Phantasmagories,
will say but little.
For one thing, History can notice with satisfaction, on the ruins of
the Bastille, a Statue of Nature; gigantic, spouting water from her two
mammelles. Not a Dream this; but a Fact, palpable visible. There she
spouts, great Nature; dim, before daybreak. But as the coming Sun
ruddies the East, come countless Multitudes, regulated and unregulated;
come Departmental Deputies, come Mother Society and Daughters; comes
National Convention, led on by handsome Herault; soft wind-music
breathing note of expectation. Lo, as great Sol scatters his first
fire-handful, tipping the hills and chimney-heads with gold, Herault is
at great Nature's feet (she is Plaster of Paris merely); Herault lifts,
in an iron saucer, water spouted from the sacred breasts; drinks of
it, with an eloquent Pagan Prayer, beginning, "O Nature!" and all the
Departmental Deputies drink, each with what best suitable ejaculation or
prophetic-utterance is in him;--amid breathings, which become blasts,
of wind-music; and the roar of artillery and human throats: finishing
well the first act of this solemnity.
Next are processionings along the Boulevards: Deputies or Officials
bound together by long indivisible tricolor riband; general 'members
of the Sovereign' walking pellmell, with pikes, with hammers, with the
tools and emblems of their crafts; among which we notice a Plough,
and ancient Baucis and Philemon seated on it, drawn by their children.
Many-voiced harmony and dissonance filling the air. Through Triumphal
Arches enough: at the basis of the first of which, we descry--whom
thinkest thou?--the Heroines of the Insurrection of Women. Strong Dames
of the Market, they sit there (Theroigne too ill to attend, one fears),
with oak-branches, tricolor bedizenment; firm-seated on their Cannons.
To whom handsome Herault, making pause of admiration, addresses soothing
eloquence; whereupon they rise and fall into the march.
And now mark, in the Place de la Revolution, what other August Statue
may this be; veiled in canvas,--which swiftly we shear off by pulley and
cord? The Statue of Liberty! She too is of plaster, hoping to become of
metal; stands where a Tyrant Louis Quinze once stood. 'Three thousand
birds' are let loose, into the whole world, with labels round their
neck, We are free; imitate us. Holocaust of Royalist and ci-devant
trumpery, such as one could still gather, is burnt; pontifical eloquence
must be uttered, by handsome Herault, and Pagan orisons offered up.
And then forward across the River; where is new enormous Statuary;
enormous plaster Mountain; Hercules-Peuple, with uplifted all-conquering
club; 'many-headed Dragon of Girondin Federalism rising from fetid
marsh;'--needing new eloquence from Herault. To say nothing of
Champ-de-Mars, and Fatherland's Altar there; with urn of slain
Defenders, Carpenter's-level of the Law; and such exploding,
gesticulating and perorating, that Herault's lips must be growing white,
and his tongue cleaving to the roof of his mouth. (Choix des Rapports,
xii. 432-42.)
Towards six-o'clock let the wearied President, let Paris Patriotism
generally sit down to what repast, and social repasts, can be had; and
with flowing tankard or light-mantling glass, usher in this New and
Newest Era. In fact, is not Romme's New Calendar getting ready? On all
housetops flicker little tricolor Flags, their flagstaff a Pike and
Liberty-Cap. On all house-walls, for no Patriot, not suspect, will
be behind another, there stand printed these words: Republic one and
indivisible, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, or Death.
As to the New Calendar, we may say here rather than elsewhere that
speculative men have long been struck with the inequalities and
incongruities of the Old Calendar; that a New one has long been as good
as determined on. Marechal the Atheist, almost ten years ago, proposed
a New Calendar, free at least from superstition: this the Paris
Municipality would now adopt, in defect of a better; at all events, let
us have either this of Marechal's or a better,--the New Era being come.
Petitions, more than once, have been sent to that effect; and indeed,
for a year past, all Public Bodies, Journalists, and Patriots in
general, have dated First Year of the Republic. It is a subject not
without difficulties. But the Convention has taken it up; and Romme,
as we say, has been meditating it; not Marechal's New Calendar, but
a better New one of Romme's and our own. Romme, aided by a Monge, a
Lagrange and others, furnishes mathematics; Fabre d'Eglantine furnishes
poetic nomenclature: and so, on the 5th of October 1793, after trouble
enough, they bring forth this New Republican Calendar of theirs, in a
complete state; and by Law, get it put in action.
Four equal Seasons, Twelve equal Months of thirty days each: this makes
three hundred and sixty days; and five odd days remain to be disposed
of. The five odd days we will make Festivals, and name the five
Sansculottides, or Days without Breeches. Festival of Genius; Festival
of Labour; of Actions; of Rewards; of Opinion: these are the five
Sansculottides. Whereby the great Circle, or Year, is made complete:
solely every fourth year, whilom called Leap-year, we introduce a sixth
Sansculottide; and name it Festival of the Revolution. Now as to the
day of commencement, which offers difficulties, is it not one of the
luckiest coincidences that the Republic herself commenced on the 21st of
September; close on the Vernal Equinox? Vernal Equinox, at midnight
for the meridian of Paris, in the year whilom Christian 1792, from that
moment shall the New Era reckon itself to begin. Vendemiaire, Brumaire,
Frimaire; or as one might say, in mixed English, Vintagearious,
Fogarious, Frostarious: these are our three Autumn months. Nivose,
Pluviose, Ventose, or say Snowous, Rainous, Windous, make our Winter
season. Germinal, Floreal, Prairial, or Buddal, Floweral, Meadowal, are
our Spring season. Messidor, Thermidor, Fructidor, that is to say (dor
being Greek for gift) Reapidor, Heatidor, Fruitidor, are Republican
Summer. These Twelve, in a singular manner, divide the Republican
Year. Then as to minuter subdivisions, let us venture at once on a bold
stroke: adopt your decimal subdivision; and instead of world-old Week,
or Se'ennight, make it a Tennight or Decade;--not without results. There
are three Decades, then, in each of the months; which is very regular;
and the Decadi, or Tenth-day, shall always be 'the Day of Rest.' And the
Christian Sabbath, in that case? Shall shift for itself!
This, in brief, in this New Calendar of Romme and the Convention;
calculated for the meridian of Paris, and Gospel of Jean-Jacques: not
one of the least afflicting occurrences for the actual British reader of
French History;--confusing the soul with Messidors, Meadowals; till at
last, in self-defence, one is forced to construct some ground-scheme,
or rule of Commutation from New-style to Old-style, and have it lying
by him. Such ground-scheme, almost worn out in our service, but still
legible and printable, we shall now, in a Note, present to the reader.
For the Romme Calendar, in so many Newspapers, Memoirs, Public Acts, has
stamped itself deep into that section of Time: a New Era that lasts some
Twelve years and odd is not to be despised. Let the reader, therefore,
with such ground-scheme, help himself, where needful, out of New-style
into Old-style, called also 'slave-style, stile-esclave;'--whereof we,
in these pages, shall as much as possible use the latter only.
September 22nd of 1792 is Vendemiaire 1st of Year One, and the new
months are all of 30 days each; therefore:
To the number of the We have the number of the
day in Add day in Days
Vendemiaire 21 September 30
Brumaire 21 October 31
Frimaire 20 November 30
Nivose 20 December 31
Pluviose 19 January 31
Ventose 18 February 28
Germinal 20 March 31
Floreal 19 April 30
Prairial 19 May 31
Messidor 18 June 30
Thermidor 18 July 31
Fructidor 17 August 31
There are 5 Sansculottides, and in leap-year a sixth, to be added at the
end of Fructidor.
The New Calendar ceased on the 1st of January 1806. (See Choix des
Rapports, xiii. 83-99; xix. 199.)
Thus with new Feast of Pikes, and New Era or New Calendar, did France
accept her New Constitution: the most Democratic Constitution ever
committed to paper. How it will work in practice? Patriot Deputations
from time to time solicit fruition of it; that it be set a-going.
Always, however, this seems questionable; for the moment, unsuitable.
Till, in some weeks, Salut Public, through the organ of Saint-Just,
makes report, that, in the present alarming circumstances, the state of
France is Revolutionary; that her 'Government must be Revolutionary till
the Peace!' Solely as Paper, then, and as a Hope, must this poor New
Constitution exist;--in which shape we may conceive it lying; even now,
with an infinity of other things, in that Limbo near the Moon. Further
than paper it never got, nor ever will get.
Chapter 3.4.V.
Sword of Sharpness.
In fact it is something quite other than paper theorems, it is iron and
audacity that France now needs.
Is not La Vendee still blazing;--alas too literally; rogue Rossignol
burning the very corn-mills? General Santerre could do nothing there;
General Rossignol, in blind fury, often in liquor, can do less than
nothing. Rebellion spreads, grows ever madder. Happily those lean
Quixote-figures, whom we saw retreating out of Mentz, 'bound not to
serve against the Coalition for a year,' have got to Paris. National
Convention packs them into post-vehicles and conveyances; sends them
swiftly, by post, into La Vendee! There valiantly struggling, in obscure
battle and skirmish, under rogue Rossignol, let them, unlaurelled, save
the Republic, and 'be cut down gradually to the last man.' (Deux Amis,
xi. 147; xiii. 160-92, &c.)
Does not the Coalition, like a fire-tide, pour in; Prussia through the
opened North-East; Austria, England through the North-West? General
Houchard prospers no better there than General Custine did: let him look
to it! Through the Eastern and the Western Pyrenees Spain has deployed
itself; spreads, rustling with Bourbon banners, over the face of the
South. Ashes and embers of confused Girondin civil war covered that
region already. Marseilles is damped down, not quenched; to be quenched
in blood. Toulon, terrorstruck, too far gone for turning, has flung
itself, ye righteous Powers,--into the hands of the English! On Toulon
Arsenal there flies a Flag,--nay not even the Fleur-de-lys of a Louis
Pretender; there flies that accursed St. George's Cross of the English
and Admiral Hood! What remnants of sea-craft, arsenals, roperies,
war-navy France had, has given itself to these enemies of human nature,
'ennemis du genre humain.' Beleaguer it, bombard it, ye Commissioners
Barras, Freron, Robespierre Junior; thou General Cartaux, General
Dugommier; above all, thou remarkable Artillery-Major, Napoleon
Buonaparte! Hood is fortifying himself, victualling himself; means,
apparently, to make a new Gibraltar of it.
But lo, in the Autumn night, late night, among the last of August, what
sudden red sunblaze is this that has risen over Lyons City; with a noise
to deafen the world? It is the Powder-tower of Lyons, nay the Arsenal
with four Powder-towers, which has caught fire in the Bombardment; and
sprung into the air, carrying 'a hundred and seventeen houses' after it.
With a light, one fancies, as of the noon sun; with a roar second only
to the Last Trumpet! All living sleepers far and wide it has awakened.
What a sight was that, which the eye of History saw, in the sudden
nocturnal sunblaze! The roofs of hapless Lyons, and all its domes
and steeples made momentarily clear; Rhone and Saone streams flashing
suddenly visible; and height and hollow, hamlet and smooth
stubblefield, and all the region round;--heights, alas, all scarped and
counterscarped, into trenches, curtains, redouts; blue Artillery-men,
little Powder-devilkins, plying their hell-trade there, through the not
ambrosial night! Let the darkness cover it again; for it pains the
eye. Of a truth, Chalier's death is costing this City dear. Convention
Commissioners, Lyons Congresses have come and gone; and action there
was and reaction; bad ever growing worse; till it has come to this:
Commissioner Dubois-Crance, 'with seventy thousand men, and all the
Artillery of several Provinces,' bombarding Lyons day and night.
Worse things still are in store. Famine is in Lyons, and ruin, and fire.
Desperate are the sallies of the besieged; brave Precy, their National
Colonel and Commandant, doing what is in man: desperate but ineffectual.
Provisions cut off; nothing entering our city but shot and shells! The
Arsenal has roared aloft; the very Hospital will be battered down, and
the sick buried alive. A Black Flag hung on this latter noble Edifice,
appealing to the pity of the beseigers; for though maddened, were they
not still our brethren? In their blind wrath, they took it for a flag
of defiance, and aimed thitherward the more. Bad is growing ever worse
here: and how will the worse stop, till it have grown worst of all?
Commissioner Dubois will listen to no pleading, to no speech, save
this only, 'We surrender at discretion.' Lyons contains in it subdued
Jacobins; dominant Girondins; secret Royalists. And now, mere deaf
madness and cannon-shot enveloping them, will not the desperate
Municipality fly, at last, into the arms of Royalism itself? Majesty of
Sardinia was to bring help, but it failed. Emigrant Autichamp, in name
of the Two Pretender Royal Highnesses, is coming through Switzerland
with help; coming, not yet come: Precy hoists the Fleur-de-lys!
At sight of which, all true Girondins sorrowfully fling down their
arms:--Let our Tricolor brethren storm us, then, and slay us in their
wrath: with you we conquer not. The famishing women and children
are sent forth: deaf Dubois sends them back;--rains in mere fire and
madness. Our 'redouts of cotton-bags' are taken, retaken; Precy under
his Fleur-de-lys is valiant as Despair. What will become of Lyons? It is
a siege of seventy days. (Deux Amis, xi. 80-143.)
Or see, in these same weeks, far in the Western waters: breasting
through the Bay of Biscay, a greasy dingy little Merchantship, with
Scotch skipper; under hatches whereof sit, disconsolate,--the last
forlorn nucleus of Girondism, the Deputies from Quimper! Several have
dissipated themselves, whithersoever they could. Poor Riouffe fell into
the talons of Revolutionary Committee, and Paris Prison. The rest sit
here under hatches; reverend Petion with his grey hair, angry Buzot,
suspicious Louvet, brave young Barbaroux, and others. They have escaped
from Quimper, in this sad craft; are now tacking and struggling; in
danger from the waves, in danger from the English, in still worse danger
from the French;--banished by Heaven and Earth to the greasy belly of
this Scotch skipper's Merchant-vessel, unfruitful Atlantic raving round.
They are for Bourdeaux, if peradventure hope yet linger there. Enter
not Bourdeaux, O Friends! Bloody Convention Representatives, Tallien and
such like, with their Edicts, with their Guillotine, have arrived there;
Respectability is driven under ground; Jacobinism lords it on high.
From that Reole landingplace, or Beak of Ambes, as it were, Pale Death,
waving his Revolutionary Sword of sharpness, waves you elsewhither!
On one side or the other of that Bec d'Ambes, the Scotch Skipper with
difficulty moors, a dexterous greasy man; with difficulty lands his
Girondins;--who, after reconnoitring, must rapidly burrow in the Earth;
and so, in subterranean ways, in friends' back-closets, in cellars,
barn-lofts, in Caves of Saint-Emilion and Libourne, stave off cruel
Death. (Louvet, p. 180-199.) Unhappiest of all Senators!
Chapter 3.4.VI.
Risen against Tyrants.
Against all which incalculable impediments, horrors and disasters, what
can a Jacobin Convention oppose? The uncalculating Spirit of Jacobinism,
and Sansculottic sans-formulistic Frenzy! Our Enemies press in on us,
says Danton, but they shall not conquer us, "we will burn France to
ashes rather, nous brulerons la France."
Committees, of Surete or Salut, have raised themselves 'a la hauteur,
to the height of circumstances.' Let all mortals raise themselves a la
hauteur. Let the Forty-four thousand Sections and their Revolutionary
Committees stir every fibre of the Republic; and every Frenchman feel
that he is to do or die. They are the life-circulation of Jacobinism,
these Sections and Committees: Danton, through the organ of Barrere and
Salut Public, gets decreed, That there be in Paris, by law, two meetings
of Section weekly; also, that the Poorer Citizen be paid for attending,
and have his day's-wages of Forty Sous. (Moniteur, Seance du 5
Septembre, 1793.) This is the celebrated 'Law of the Forty Sous;'
fiercely stimulant to Sansculottism, to the life-circulation of
Jacobinism.
On the twenty-third of August, Committee of Public Salvation, as usual
through Barrere, had promulgated, in words not unworthy of remembering,
their Report, which is soon made into a Law, of Levy in Mass. 'All
France, and whatsoever it contains of men or resources, is put under
requisition,' says Barrere; really in Tyrtaean words, the best we know
of his. 'The Republic is one vast besieged city.' Two hundred and fifty
Forges shall, in these days, be set up in the Luxembourg Garden, and
round the outer wall of the Tuileries; to make gun-barrels; in sight
of Earth and Heaven! From all hamlets, towards their Departmental Town;
from all their Departmental Towns, towards the appointed Camp and seat
of war, the Sons of Freedom shall march; their banner is to bear: 'Le
Peuple Francais debout contres les Tyrans, The French People risen
against Tyrants.' 'The young men shall go to the battle; it is their
task to conquer: the married men shall forge arms, transport baggage
and artillery; provide subsistence: the women shall work at soldiers'
clothes, make tents; serve in the hospitals. The children shall scrape
old-linen into surgeon's-lint: the aged men shall have themselves
carried into public places; and there, by their words, excite the
courage of the young; preach hatred to Kings and unity to the Republic.'
(Debats, Seance du 23 Aout 1793.) Tyrtaean words, which tingle through
all French hearts.
In this humour, then, since no other serves, will France rush against
its enemies. Headlong, reckoning no cost or consequence; heeding no law
or rule but that supreme law, Salvation of the People! The weapons are
all the iron that is in France; the strength is that of all the men,
women and children that are in France. There, in their two hundred and
fifty shed-smithies, in Garden of Luxembourg or Tuileries, let them
forge gun-barrels, in sight of Heaven and Earth.
Nor with heroic daring against the Foreign foe, can black vengeance
against the Domestic be wanting. Life-circulation of the Revolutionary
Committees being quickened by that Law of the Forty Sous, Deputy Merlin,
not the Thionviller, whom we saw ride out of Mentz, but Merlin of Douai,
named subsequently Merlin Suspect,--comes, about a week after, with
his world-famous Law of the Suspect: ordering all Sections, by their
Committees, instantly to arrest all Persons Suspect; and explaining
withal who the Arrestable and Suspect specially are. "Are Suspect," says
he, "all who by their actions, by their connexions, speakings, writings
have"--in short become Suspect. (Moniteur, Seance du 17 Septembre 1793.)
Nay Chaumette, illuminating the matter still further, in his Municipal
Placards and Proclamations, will bring it about that you may almost
recognise a Suspect on the streets, and clutch him there,--off to
Committee, and Prison. Watch well your words, watch well your looks: if
Suspect of nothing else, you may grow, as came to be a saying, 'Suspect
of being Suspect!' For are we not in a State of Revolution?
No frightfuller Law ever ruled in a Nation of men. All Prisons and
Houses of Arrest in French land are getting crowded to the ridge-tile:
Forty-four thousand Committees, like as many companies of reapers or
gleaners, gleaning France, are gathering their harvest, and storing it
in these Houses. Harvest of Aristocrat tares! Nay, lest the Forty-four
thousand, each on its own harvest-field, prove insufficient, we are to
have an ambulant 'Revolutionary Army:' six thousand strong, under right
captains, this shall perambulate the country at large, and strike in
wherever it finds such harvest-work slack. So have Municipality and
Mother Society petitioned; so has Convention decreed. (Ibid. Seances du
5, 9, 11 Septembre.) Let Aristocrats, Federalists, Monsieurs vanish,
and all men tremble: 'The Soil of Liberty shall be purged,'--with a
vengeance!
Neither hitherto has the Revolutionary Tribunal been keeping holyday.
Blanchelande, for losing Saint-Domingo; 'Conspirators of Orleans,' for
'assassinating,' for assaulting the sacred Deputy Leonard-Bourdon: these
with many Nameless, to whom life was sweet, have died. Daily the great
Guillotine has its due. Like a black Spectre, daily at eventide,
glides the Death-tumbril through the variegated throng of things. The
variegated street shudders at it, for the moment; next moment forgets
it: The Aristocrats! They were guilty against the Republic; their death,
were it only that their goods are confiscated, will be useful to the
Republic; Vive la Republique!
In the last days of August, fell a notabler head: General Custine's.
Custine was accused of harshness, of unskilfulness, perfidiousness;
accused of many things: found guilty, we may say, of one thing,
unsuccessfulness. Hearing his unexpected Sentence, 'Custine fell down
before the Crucifix,' silent for the space of two hours: he fared, with
moist eyes and a book of prayer, towards the Place de la Revolution;
glanced upwards at the clear suspended axe; then mounted swiftly aloft,
(Deux Amis, xi. 148-188.) swiftly was struck away from the lists of the
Living. He had fought in America; he was a proud, brave man; and his
fortune led him hither.
On the 2nd of this same month, at three in the morning, a vehicle rolled
off, with closed blinds, from the Temple to the Conciergerie. Within it
were two Municipals; and Marie-Antoinette, once Queen of France! There
in that Conciergerie, in ignominious dreary cell, she, cut off from
children, kindred, friend and hope, sits long weeks; expecting when the
end will be. (See Memoires particuliers de la Captivite a la Tour du
Temple, by the Duchesse d'Angouleme, Paris, 21 Janvier 1817.)
The Guillotine, we find, gets always a quicker motion, as other things
are quickening. The Guillotine, by its speed of going, will give index
of the general velocity of the Republic. The clanking of its huge axe,
rising and falling there, in horrid systole-diastole, is portion of
the whole enormous Life-movement and pulsation of the Sansculottic
System!--'Orleans Conspirators' and Assaulters had to die, in spite of
much weeping and entreating; so sacred is the person of a Deputy. Yet
the sacred can become desecrated: your very Deputy is not greater
than the Guillotine. Poor Deputy Journalist Gorsas: we saw him hide at
Rennes, when the Calvados War burnt priming. He stole afterwards, in
August, to Paris; lurked several weeks about the Palais ci-devant Royal;
was seen there, one day; was clutched, identified, and without ceremony,
being already 'out of the Law,' was sent to the Place de la Revolution.
He died, recommending his wife and children to the pity of the Republic.
It is the ninth day of October 1793. Gorsas is the first Deputy that
dies on the scaffold; he will not be the last.
Ex-Mayor Bailly is in prison; Ex-Procureur Manuel. Brissot and our
poor Arrested Girondins have become Incarcerated Indicted Girondins;
universal Jacobinism clamouring for their punishment. Duperret's Seals
are broken! Those Seventy-three Secret Protesters, suddenly one day,
are reported upon, are decreed accused; the Convention-doors being
'previously shut,' that none implicated might escape. They were marched,
in a very rough manner, to Prison that evening. Happy those of them who
chanced to be absent! Condorcet has vanished into darkness; perhaps,
like Rabaut, sits between two walls, in the house of a friend.
Chapter 3.4.VII.
Marie-Antoinette.
On Monday the Fourteenth of October, 1793, a Cause is pending in the
Palais de Justice, in the new Revolutionary Court, such as these old
stone-walls never witnessed: the Trial of Marie-Antoinette. The once
brightest of Queens, now tarnished, defaced, forsaken, stands here at
Fouquier Tinville's Judgment-bar; answering for her life! The Indictment
was delivered her last night. (Proces de la Reine, Deux Amis, xi.
251-381.) To such changes of human fortune what words are adequate?
Silence alone is adequate.
There are few Printed things one meets with, of such tragic almost
ghastly significance as those bald Pages of the Bulletin du Tribunal
Revolutionnaire, which bear title, Trial of the Widow Capet. Dim, dim,
as if in disastrous eclipse; like the pale kingdoms of Dis! Plutonic
Judges, Plutonic Tinville; encircled, nine times, with Styx and
Lethe, with Fire-Phlegethon and Cocytus named of Lamentation! The very
witnesses summoned are like Ghosts: exculpatory, inculpatory, they
themselves are all hovering over death and doom; they are known, in
our imagination, as the prey of the Guillotine. Tall ci-devant Count
d'Estaing, anxious to shew himself Patriot, cannot escape; nor Bailly,
who, when asked If he knows the Accused, answers with a reverent
inclination towards her, "Ah, yes, I know Madame." Ex-Patriots are here,
sharply dealt with, as Procureur Manuel; Ex-Ministers, shorn of their
splendour. We have cold Aristocratic impassivity, faithful to itself
even in Tartarus; rabid stupidity, of Patriot Corporals, Patriot
Washerwomen, who have much to say of Plots, Treasons, August Tenth, old
Insurrection of Women. For all now has become a crime, in her who has
lost.
Marie-Antoinette, in this her utter abandonment and hour of extreme
need, is not wanting to herself, the imperial woman. Her look, they
say, as that hideous Indictment was reading, continued calm; 'she was
sometimes observed moving her fingers, as when one plays on the Piano.'
You discern, not without interest, across that dim Revolutionary
Bulletin itself, how she bears herself queenlike. Her answers are
prompt, clear, often of Laconic brevity; resolution, which has grown
contemptuous without ceasing to be dignified, veils itself in calm
words. "You persist then in denial?"--"My plan is not denial: it is the
truth I have said, and I persist in that." Scandalous Hebert has
borne his testimony as to many things: as to one thing, concerning
Marie-Antoinette and her little Son,--wherewith Human Speech had better
not further be soiled. She has answered Hebert; a Juryman begs to
observe that she has not answered as to this. "I have not answered," she
exclaims with noble emotion, "because Nature refuses to answer such a
charge brought against a Mother. I appeal to all the Mothers that are
here." Robespierre, when he heard of it, broke out into something almost
like swearing at the brutish blockheadism of this Hebert; (Vilate,
Causes secretes de la Revolution de Thermidor (Paris, 1825), p. 179.) on
whose foul head his foul lie has recoiled. At four o'clock on Wednesday
morning, after two days and two nights of interrogating, jury-charging,
and other darkening of counsel, the result comes out: Sentence of Death.
"Have you anything to say?" The Accused shook her head, without speech.
Night's candles are burning out; and with her too Time is finishing,
and it will be Eternity and Day. This Hall of Tinville's is dark,
ill-lighted except where she stands. Silently she withdraws from it, to
die.
Two Processions, or Royal Progresses, three-and-twenty years apart, have
often struck us with a strange feeling of contrast. The first is of a
beautiful Archduchess and Dauphiness, quitting her Mother's City, at the
age of Fifteen; towards hopes such as no other Daughter of Eve then had:
'On the morrow,' says Weber an eye witness, 'the Dauphiness left Vienna.
The whole City crowded out; at first with a sorrow which was silent. She
appeared: you saw her sunk back into her carriage; her face bathed in
tears; hiding her eyes now with her handkerchief, now with her hands;
several times putting out her head to see yet again this Palace of her
Fathers, whither she was to return no more. She motioned her regret,
her gratitude to the good Nation, which was crowding here to bid her
farewell. Then arose not only tears; but piercing cries, on all sides.
Men and women alike abandoned themselves to such expression of their
sorrow. It was an audible sound of wail, in the streets and avenues of
Vienna. The last Courier that followed her disappeared, and the crowd
melted away.' (Weber, i. 6.)
The young imperial Maiden of Fifteen has now become a worn discrowned
Widow of Thirty-eight; grey before her time: this is the last
Procession: 'Few minutes after the Trial ended, the drums were beating
to arms in all Sections; at sunrise the armed force was on foot, cannons
getting placed at the extremities of the Bridges, in the Squares,
Crossways, all along from the Palais de Justice to the Place de la
Revolution. By ten o'clock, numerous patrols were circulating in the
Streets; thirty thousand foot and horse drawn up under arms. At eleven,
Marie-Antoinette was brought out. She had on an undress of pique blanc:
she was led to the place of execution, in the same manner as an ordinary
criminal; bound, on a Cart; accompanied by a Constitutional Priest in
Lay dress; escorted by numerous detachments of infantry and cavalry.
These, and the double row of troops all along her road, she appeared to
regard with indifference. On her countenance there was visible neither
abashment nor pride. To the cries of Vive la Republique and Down with
Tyranny, which attended her all the way, she seemed to pay no heed. She
spoke little to her Confessor. The tricolor Streamers on the housetops
occupied her attention, in the Streets du Roule and Saint-Honore; she
also noticed the Inscriptions on the house-fronts. On reaching the Place
de la Revolution, her looks turned towards the Jardin National, whilom
Tuileries; her face at that moment gave signs of lively emotion. She
mounted the Scaffold with courage enough; at a quarter past Twelve,
her head fell; the Executioner shewed it to the people, amid universal
long-continued cries of 'Vive la Republique.' (Deux Amis, xi. 301.)
Chapter 3.4.VIII.
The Twenty-two.
Whom next, O Tinville? The next are of a different colour: our poor
Arrested Girondin Deputies. What of them could still be laid hold of;
our Vergniaud, Brissot, Fauchet, Valaze, Gensonne; the once flower of
French Patriotism, Twenty-two by the tale: hither, at Tinville's Bar,
onward from 'safeguard of the French People,' from confinement in the
Luxembourg, imprisonment in the Conciergerie, have they now, by the
course of things, arrived. Fouquier Tinville must give what account of
them he can.
Undoubtedly this Trial of the Girondins is the greatest that Fouquier
has yet had to do. Twenty-two, all chief Republicans, ranged in a line
there; the most eloquent in France; Lawyers too; not without friends
in the auditory. How will Tinville prove these men guilty of Royalism,
Federalism, Conspiracy against the Republic? Vergniaud's eloquence
awakes once more; 'draws tears,' they say. And Journalists report,
and the Trial lengthens itself out day after day; 'threatens to become
eternal,' murmur many. Jacobinism and Municipality rise to the aid of
Fouquier. On the 28th of the month, Hebert and others come in deputation
to inform a Patriot Convention that the Revolutionary Tribunal is quite
'shackled by forms of Law;' that a Patriot Jury ought to have 'the power
of cutting short, of terminer les debats, when they feel themselves
convinced.' Which pregnant suggestion, of cutting short, passes itself,
with all despatch, into a Decree.
Accordingly, at ten o'clock on the night of the 30th of October, the
Twenty-two, summoned back once more, receive this information, That the
Jury feeling themselves convinced have cut short, have brought in their
verdict; that the Accused are found guilty, and the Sentence on one and
all of them is Death with confiscation of goods.
Loud natural clamour rises among the poor Girondins; tumult; which can
only be repressed by the gendarmes. Valaze stabs himself; falls down
dead on the spot. The rest, amid loud clamour and confusion, are driven
back to their Conciergerie; Lasource exclaiming, "I die on the day when
the People have lost their reason; ye will die when they recover it."
(Greek,--Plut. Opp. t. iv. p. 310. ed. Reiske, 1776.) No help! Yielding
to violence, the Doomed uplift the Hymn of the Marseillese; return
singing to their dungeon.
Riouffe, who was their Prison-mate in these last days, has lovingly
recorded what death they made. To our notions, it is not an edifying
death. Gay satirical Pot-pourri by Ducos; rhymed Scenes of Tragedy,
wherein Barrere and Robespierre discourse with Satan; death's eve spent
in 'singing' and 'sallies of gaiety,' with 'discourses on the happiness
of peoples:' these things, and the like of these, we have to accept for
what they are worth. It is the manner in which the Girondins make their
Last Supper. Valaze, with bloody breast, sleeps cold in death; hears not
their singing. Vergniaud has his dose of poison; but it is not enough
for his friends, it is enough only for himself; wherefore he flings
it from him; presides at this Last Supper of the Girondins, with
wild coruscations of eloquence, with song and mirth. Poor human Will
struggles to assert itself; if not in this way, then in that. (Memoires
de Riouffe in Memoires sur les Prisons, Paris, 1823, p. 48-55.)
But on the morrow morning all Paris is out; such a crowd as no man had
seen. The Death-carts, Valaze's cold corpse stretched among the yet
living Twenty-one, roll along. Bareheaded, hands bound; in their
shirt-sleeves, coat flung loosely round the neck: so fare the eloquent
of France; bemurmured, beshouted. To the shouts of Vive la Republique,
some of them keep answering with counter-shouts of Vive la Republique.
Others, as Brissot, sit sunk in silence. At the foot of the scaffold
they again strike up, with appropriate variations, the Hymn of the
Marseillese. Such an act of music; conceive it well! The yet Living
chant there; the chorus so rapidly wearing weak! Samson's axe is rapid;
one head per minute, or little less. The chorus is worn out; farewell
for evermore ye Girondins. Te-Deum Fauchet has become silent; Valaze's
dead head is lopped: the sickle of the Guillotine has reaped the
Girondins all away. 'The eloquent, the young, the beautiful and brave!'
exclaims Riouffe. O Death, what feast is toward in thy ghastly Halls?
Nor alas, in the far Bourdeaux region, will Girondism fare better. In
caves of Saint-Emilion, in loft and cellar, the weariest months, roll
on; apparel worn, purse empty; wintry November come; under Tallien
and his Guillotine, all hope now gone. Danger drawing ever nigher,
difficulty pressing ever straiter, they determine to separate. Not
unpathetic the farewell; tall Barbaroux, cheeriest of brave men, stoops
to clasp his Louvet: "In what place soever thou findest my mother,"
cries he, "try to be instead of a son to her: no resource of mine but
I will share with thy Wife, should chance ever lead me where she is."
(Louvet, p. 213.)
Louvet went with Guadet, with Salles and Valady; Barbaroux with Buzot
and Petion. Valady soon went southward, on a way of his own. The two
friends and Louvet had a miserable day and night; the 14th of November
month, 1793. Sunk in wet, weariness and hunger, they knock, on the
morrow, for help, at a friend's country-house; the fainthearted friend
refuses to admit them. They stood therefore under trees, in the pouring
rain. Flying desperate, Louvet thereupon will to Paris. He sets forth,
there and then, splashing the mud on each side of him, with a fresh
strength gathered from fury or frenzy. He passes villages, finding 'the
sentry asleep in his box in the thick rain;' he is gone, before the
man can call after him. He bilks Revolutionary Committees; rides in
carriers' carts, covered carts and open; lies hidden in one, under
knapsacks and cloaks of soldiers' wives on the Street of Orleans,
while men search for him: has hairbreadth escapes that would fill
three romances: finally he gets to Paris to his fair Helpmate; gets to
Switzerland, and waits better days.
Poor Guadet and Salles were both taken, ere long; they died by the
Guillotine in Bourdeaux; drums beating to drown their voice. Valady also
is caught, and guillotined. Barbaroux and his two comrades weathered it
longer, into the summer of 1794; but not long enough. One July morning,
changing their hiding place, as they have often to do, 'about a league
from Saint-Emilion, they observe a great crowd of country-people;'
doubtless Jacobins come to take them? Barbaroux draws a pistol, shoots
himself dead. Alas, and it was not Jacobins; it was harmless villagers
going to a village wake. Two days afterwards, Buzot and Petion were
found in a Cornfield, their bodies half-eaten with dogs. (Recherches
Historiques sur les Girondins in Memoires de Buzot, p. 107.)
Such was the end of Girondism. They arose to regenerate France, these
men; and have accomplished this. Alas, whatever quarrel we had with
them, has not their cruel fate abolished it? Pity only survives. So many
excellent souls of heroes sent down to Hades; they themselves given as
a prey of dogs and all manner of birds! But, here too, the will of the
Supreme Power was accomplished. As Vergniaud said: 'The Revolution, like
Saturn, is devouring its own children.'
BOOK 3.V.
TERROR THE ORDER OF THE DAY
Chapter 3.5.I.
Rushing down.
We are now, therefore, got to that black precipitous Abyss; whither all
things have long been tending; where, having now arrived on the giddy
verge, they hurl down, in confused ruin; headlong, pellmell, down,
down;--till Sansculottism have consummated itself; and in this wondrous
French Revolution, as in a Doomsday, a World have been rapidly, if not
born again, yet destroyed and engulphed. Terror has long been terrible:
but to the actors themselves it has now become manifest that their
appointed course is one of Terror; and they say, Be it so. "Que la
Terreur soit a l'ordre du jour."
So many centuries, say only from Hugh Capet downwards, had been adding
together, century transmitting it with increase to century, the sum of
Wickedness, of Falsehood, Oppression of man by man. Kings were
sinners, and Priests were, and People. Open-Scoundrels rode triumphant,
bediademed, becoronetted, bemitred; or the still fataller species
of Secret-Scoundrels, in their fair-sounding formulas, speciosities,
respectabilities, hollow within: the race of Quacks was grown many
as the sands of the sea. Till at length such a sum of Quackery had
accumulated itself as, in brief, the Earth and the Heavens were weary
of. Slow seemed the Day of Settlement: coming on, all imperceptible,
across the bluster and fanfaronade of Courtierisms, Conquering-Heroisms,
Most-Christian Grand Monarque-isms. Well-beloved Pompadourisms: yet
behold it was always coming; behold it has come, suddenly, unlooked for
by any man! The harvest of long centuries was ripening and whitening so
rapidly of late; and now it is grown white, and is reaped rapidly, as it
were, in one day. Reaped, in this Reign of Terror; and carried home, to
Hades and the Pit!--Unhappy Sons of Adam: it is ever so; and never
do they know it, nor will they know it. With cheerfully smoothed
countenances, day after day, and generation after generation, they,
calling cheerfully to one another, "Well-speed-ye," are at work, sowing
the wind. And yet, as God lives, they shall reap the whirlwind: no other
thing, we say, is possible,--since God is a Truth and His World is a
Truth.
History, however, in dealing with this Reign of Terror, has had her own
difficulties. While the Phenomenon continued in its primary state, as
mere 'Horrors of the French Revolution,' there was abundance to be said
and shrieked. With and also without profit. Heaven knows there were
terrors and horrors enough: yet that was not all the Phenomenon; nay,
more properly, that was not the Phenomenon at all, but rather was the
shadow of it, the negative part of it. And now, in a new stage of the
business, when History, ceasing to shriek, would try rather to include
under her old Forms of speech or speculation this new amazing Thing;
that so some accredited scientific Law of Nature might suffice for
the unexpected Product of Nature, and History might get to speak of it
articulately, and draw inferences and profit from it; in this new
stage, History, we must say, babbles and flounders perhaps in a still
painfuller manner. Take, for example, the latest Form of speech we
have seen propounded on the subject as adequate to it, almost in these
months, by our worthy M. Roux, in his Histoire Parlementaire. The latest
and the strangest: that the French Revolution was a dead-lift effort,
after eighteen hundred years of preparation, to realise--the Christian
Religion! (Hist. Parl. Introd., i. 1 et seqq.) Unity, Indivisibility,
Brotherhood or Death did indeed stand printed on all Houses of the
Living; also, on Cemeteries, or Houses of the Dead, stood printed, by
order of Procureur Chaumette, Here is eternal Sleep: (Deux Amis,
xii. 78.) but a Christian Religion realised by the Guillotine and
Death-Eternal, 'is suspect to me,' as Robespierre was wont to say,
'm'est suspecte.'
Alas, no, M. Roux! A Gospel of Brotherhood, not according to any of the
Four old Evangelists, and calling on men to repent, and amend each his
own wicked existence, that they might be saved; but a Gospel rather, as
we often hint, according to a new Fifth Evangelist Jean-Jacques, calling
on men to amend each the whole world's wicked existence, and be saved
by making the Constitution. A thing different and distant toto coelo, as
they say: the whole breadth of the sky, and further if possible!--It is
thus, however, that History, and indeed all human Speech and Reason does
yet, what Father Adam began life by doing: strive to name the new Things
it sees of Nature's producing,--often helplessly enough.
But what if History were to admit, for once, that all the Names and
Theorems yet known to her fall short? That this grand Product of Nature
was even grand, and new, in that it came not to range itself under old
recorded Laws-of-Nature at all; but to disclose new ones? In that case,
History renouncing the pretention to name it at present, will look
honestly at it, and name what she can of it! Any approximation to the
right Name has value: were the right name itself once here, the Thing is
known thenceforth; the Thing is then ours, and can be dealt with.
Now surely not realization, of Christianity, or of aught earthly, do we
discern in this Reign of Terror, in this French Revolution of which
it is the consummating. Destruction rather we discern--of all that was
destructible. It is as if Twenty-five millions, risen at length into
the Pythian mood, had stood up simultaneously to say, with a sound which
goes through far lands and times, that this Untruth of an Existence had
become insupportable. O ye Hypocrisies and Speciosities, Royal
mantles, Cardinal plushcloaks, ye Credos, Formulas, Respectabilities,
fair-painted Sepulchres full of dead men's bones,--behold, ye appear to
us to be altogether a Lie. Yet our Life is not a Lie; yet our Hunger
and Misery is not a Lie! Behold we lift up, one and all, our Twenty-five
million right-hands; and take the Heavens, and the Earth and also the
Pit of Tophet to witness, that either ye shall be abolished, or else we
shall be abolished!
No inconsiderable Oath, truly; forming, as has been often said, the most
remarkable transaction in these last thousand years. Wherefrom likewise
there follow, and will follow, results. The fulfilment of this Oath;
that is to say, the black desperate battle of Men against their whole
Condition and Environment,--a battle, alas, withal, against the Sin
and Darkness that was in themselves as in others: this is the Reign
of Terror. Transcendental despair was the purport of it, though not
consciously so. False hopes, of Fraternity, Political Millennium, and
what not, we have always seen: but the unseen heart of the whole, the
transcendental despair, was not false; neither has it been of no effect.
Despair, pushed far enough, completes the circle, so to speak; and
becomes a kind of genuine productive hope again.
Doctrine of Fraternity, out of old Catholicism, does, it is true, very
strangely in the vehicle of a Jean-Jacques Evangel, suddenly plump down
out of its cloud-firmament; and from a theorem determine to make itself
a practice. But just so do all creeds, intentions, customs, knowledges,
thoughts and things, which the French have, suddenly plump down;
Catholicism, Classicism, Sentimentalism, Cannibalism: all isms that make
up Man in France, are rushing and roaring in that gulf; and the theorem
has become a practice, and whatsoever cannot swim sinks. Not Evangelist
Jean-Jacques alone; there is not a Village Schoolmaster but has
contributed his quota: do we not 'thou' one another, according to the
Free Peoples of Antiquity? The French Patriot, in red phrygian nightcap
of Liberty, christens his poor little red infant Cato,--Censor, or
else of Utica. Gracchus has become Baboeuf and edits Newspapers;
Mutius Scaevola, Cordwainer of that ilk, presides in the Section
Mutius-Scaevola: and in brief, there is a world wholly jumbling itself,
to try what will swim!
Wherefore we will, at all events, call this Reign of Terror a very
strange one. Dominant Sansculottism makes, as it were, free arena; one
of the strangest temporary states Humanity was ever seen in. A nation of
men, full of wants and void of habits! The old habits are gone to wreck
because they were old: men, driven forward by Necessity and fierce
Pythian Madness, have, on the spur of the instant, to devise for the
want the way of satisfying it. The wonted tumbles down; by imitation,
by invention, the Unwonted hastily builds itself up. What the French
National head has in it comes out: if not a great result, surely one of
the strangest.
Neither shall the reader fancy that it was all blank, this Reign of
Terror: far from it. How many hammermen and squaremen, bakers and
brewers, washers and wringers, over this France, must ply their old
daily work, let the Government be one of Terror or one of Joy! In this
Paris there are Twenty-three Theatres nightly; some count as many
as Sixty Places of Dancing. (Mercier. ii. 124.) The Playwright
manufactures: pieces of a strictly Republican character. Ever fresh
Novelgarbage, as of old, fodders the Circulating Libraries. (Moniteur of
these months, passim.) The 'Cesspool of Agio,' now in the time of Paper
Money, works with a vivacity unexampled, unimagined; exhales from itself
'sudden fortunes,' like Alladin-Palaces: really a kind of miraculous
Fata-Morganas, since you can live in them, for a time. Terror is as a
sable ground, on which the most variegated of scenes paints itself.
In startling transitions, in colours all intensated, the sublime, the
ludicrous, the horrible succeed one another; or rather, in crowding
tumult, accompany one another.
Here, accordingly, if anywhere, the 'hundred tongues,' which the old
Poets often clamour for, were of supreme service! In defect of any such
organ on our part, let the Reader stir up his own imaginative organ: let
us snatch for him this or the other significant glimpse of things, in
the fittest sequence we can.
Chapter 3.5.II.
Death.
In the early days of November, there is one transient glimpse of things
that is to be noted: the last transit to his long home of Philippe
d'Orleans Egalite. Philippe was 'decreed accused,' along with the
Girondins, much to his and their surprise; but not tried along with
them. They are doomed and dead, some three days, when Philippe, after
his long half-year of durance at Marseilles, arrives in Paris. It is, as
we calculate, the third of November 1793.
On which same day, two notable Female Prisoners are also put in ward
there: Dame Dubarry and Josephine Beauharnais! Dame whilom Countess
Dubarry, Unfortunate-female, had returned from London; they snatched
her, not only as Ex-harlot of a whilom Majesty, and therefore suspect;
but as having 'furnished the Emigrants with money.' Contemporaneously
with whom, there comes the wife of Beauharnais, soon to be the widow:
she that is Josephine Tascher Beauharnais; that shall be Josephine
Empress Buonaparte, for a black Divineress of the Tropics prophesied
long since that she should be a Queen and more. Likewise, in the same
hours, poor Adam Lux, nigh turned in the head, who, according to Foster,
'has taken no food these three weeks,' marches to the Guillotine for his
Pamphlet on Charlotte Corday: he 'sprang to the scaffold;' said he
'died for her with great joy.' Amid such fellow-travellers does Philippe
arrive. For, be the month named Brumaire year 2 of Liberty, or November
year 1793 of Slavery, the Guillotine goes always, Guillotine va
toujours.
Enough, Philippe's indictment is soon drawn, his jury soon convinced. He
finds himself made guilty of Royalism, Conspiracy and much else; nay,
it is a guilt in him that he voted Louis's Death, though he answers, "I
voted in my soul and conscience." The doom he finds is death forthwith;
this present sixth dim day of November is the last day that Philippe
is to see. Philippe, says Montgaillard, thereupon called for breakfast:
sufficiency of 'oysters, two cutlets, best part of an excellent bottle
of claret;' and consumed the same with apparent relish. A Revolutionary
Judge, or some official Convention Emissary, then arrived, to signify
that he might still do the State some service by revealing the truth
about a plot or two. Philippe answered that, on him, in the pass things
had come to, the State had, he thought, small claim; that nevertheless,
in the interest of Liberty, he, having still some leisure on his hands,
was willing, were a reasonable question asked him, to give reasonable
answer. And so, says Montgaillard, he lent his elbow on the
mantel-piece, and conversed in an under-tone, with great seeming
composure; till the leisure was done, or the Emissary went his ways.
At the door of the Conciergerie, Philippe's attitude was erect and easy,
almost commanding. It is five years, all but a few days, since Philippe,
within these same stone walls, stood up with an air of graciosity, and
asked King Louis, "Whether it was a Royal Session, then, or a Bed of
Justice?" O Heaven!--Three poor blackguards were to ride and die with
him: some say, they objected to such company, and had to be flung in,
neck and heels; (Foster, ii. 628; Montgaillard, iv. 141-57.) but it
seems not true. Objecting or not objecting, the gallows-vehicle gets
under way. Philippe's dress is remarked for its elegance; greenfrock,
waistcoat of white pique, yellow buckskins, boots clear as Warren:
his air, as before, entirely composed, impassive, not to say easy
and Brummellean-polite. Through street after street; slowly, amid
execrations;--past the Palais Egalite whilom Palais-Royal! The cruel
Populace stopped him there, some minutes: Dame de Buffon, it is said,
looked out on him, in Jezebel head-tire; along the ashlar Wall, there
ran these words in huge tricolor print, REPUBLIC ONE AND INDIVISIBLE;
LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY OR DEATH: National Property. Philippe's
eyes flashed hellfire, one instant; but the next instant it was gone,
and he sat impassive, Brummellean-polite. On the scaffold, Samson was
for drawing of his boots: "tush," said Philippe, "they will come better
off after; let us have done, depechons-nous!"
So Philippe was not without virtue, then? God forbid that there should
be any living man without it! He had the virtue to keep living for
five-and-forty years;--other virtues perhaps more than we know of.
Probably no mortal ever had such things recorded of him: such facts, and
also such lies. For he was a Jacobin Prince of the Blood; consider what
a combination! Also, unlike any Nero, any Borgia, he lived in the Age of
Pamphlets. Enough for us: Chaos has reabsorbed him; may it late or never
bear his like again!--Brave young Orleans Egalite, deprived of all, only
not deprived of himself, is gone to Coire in the Grisons, under the name
of Corby, to teach Mathematics. The Egalite Family is at the darkest
depths of the Nadir.
A far nobler Victim follows; one who will claim remembrance from several
centuries: Jeanne-Marie Phlipon, the Wife of Roland. Queenly, sublime
in her uncomplaining sorrow, seemed she to Riouffe in her Prison.
'Something more than is usually found in the looks of women painted
itself,' says Riouffe, (Memoires, Sur les Prisons, i., pp. 55-7.) 'in
those large black eyes of hers, full of expression and sweetness. She
spoke to me often, at the Grate: we were all attentive round her, in
a sort of admiration and astonishment; she expressed herself with a
purity, with a harmony and prosody that made her language like music, of
which the ear could never have enough. Her conversation was serious,
not cold; coming from the mouth of a beautiful woman, it was frank and
courageous as that of a great men.' 'And yet her maid said: "Before you,
she collects her strength; but in her own room, she will sit three hours
sometimes, leaning on the window, and weeping."' She had been in Prison,
liberated once, but recaptured the same hour, ever since the first of
June: in agitation and uncertainty; which has gradually settled down
into the last stern certainty, that of death. In the Abbaye Prison, she
occupied Charlotte Corday's apartment. Here in the Conciergerie, she
speaks with Riouffe, with Ex-Minister Claviere; calls the beheaded
Twenty-two "Nos amis, our Friends,"--whom we are soon to follow. During
these five months, those Memoirs of hers were written, which all the
world still reads.
But now, on the 8th of November, 'clad in white,' says Riouffe, 'with
her long black hair hanging down to her girdle,' she is gone to the
Judgment Bar. She returned with a quick step; lifted her finger, to
signify to us that she was doomed: her eyes seemed to have been wet.
Fouquier-Tinville's questions had been 'brutal;' offended female honour
flung them back on him, with scorn, not without tears. And now, short
preparation soon done, she shall go her last road. There went with her
a certain Lamarche, 'Director of Assignat printing;' whose dejection she
endeavoured to cheer. Arrived at the foot of the scaffold, she asked for
pen and paper, "to write the strange thoughts that were rising in her;"
(Memoires de Madame Roland introd., i. 68.) a remarkable request;
which was refused. Looking at the Statue of Liberty which stands there,
she says bitterly: "O Liberty, what things are done in thy name!" For
Lamarche's sake, she will die first; shew him how easy it is to die:
"Contrary to the order" said Samson.--"Pshaw, you cannot refuse the last
request of a Lady;" and Samson yielded.
Noble white Vision, with its high queenly face, its soft proud eyes,
long black hair flowing down to the girdle; and as brave a heart as ever
beat in woman's bosom! Like a white Grecian Statue, serenely complete,
she shines in that black wreck of things;--long memorable. Honour to
great Nature who, in Paris City, in the Era of Noble-Sentiment and
Pompadourism, can make a Jeanne Phlipon, and nourish her to clear
perennial Womanhood, though but on Logics, Encyclopedies, and the Gospel
according to Jean-Jacques! Biography will long remember that trait of
asking for a pen "to write the strange thoughts that were rising in
her." It is as a little light-beam, shedding softness, and a kind
of sacredness, over all that preceded: so in her too there was an
Unnameable; she too was a Daughter of the Infinite; there were mysteries
which Philosophism had not dreamt of!--She left long written counsels to
her little Girl; she said her Husband would not survive her.
Still crueller was the fate of poor Bailly, First National President,
First Mayor of Paris: doomed now for Royalism, Fayettism; for that
Red-Flag Business of the Champ-de-Mars;--one may say in general, for
leaving his Astronomy to meddle with Revolution. It is the 10th of
November 1793, a cold bitter drizzling rain, as poor Bailly is led
through the streets; howling Populace covering him with curses, with
mud; waving over his face a burning or smoking mockery of a Red Flag.
Silent, unpitied, sits the innocent old man. Slow faring through
the sleety drizzle, they have got to the Champ-de-Mars: Not there!
vociferates the cursing Populace; Such blood ought not to stain an Altar
of the Fatherland; not there; but on that dungheap by the River-side!
So vociferates the cursing Populace; Officiality gives ear to them.
The Guillotine is taken down, though with hands numbed by the sleety
drizzle; is carried to the River-side, is there set up again, with slow
numbness; pulse after pulse still counting itself out in the old man's
weary heart. For hours long; amid curses and bitter frost-rain! "Bailly,
thou tremblest," said one. "Mon ami, it is for cold," said Bailly,
"c'est de froid." Crueller end had no mortal. (Vie de Bailly in
Memoires, i., p. 29.)
Some days afterwards, Roland hearing the news of what happened on the
8th, embraces his kind Friends at Rouen, leaves their kind house which
had given him refuge; goes forth, with farewell too sad for tears. On
the morrow morning, 16th of the month, 'some four leagues from Rouen,
Paris-ward, near Bourg-Baudoin, in M. Normand's Avenue,' there is seen
sitting leant against a tree, the figure of rigorous wrinkled man; stiff
now in the rigour of death; a cane-sword run through his heart; and at
his feet this writing: 'Whoever thou art that findest me lying, respect
my remains: they are those of a man who consecrated all his life to
being useful; and who has died as he lived, virtuous and honest.' 'Not
fear, but indignation, made me quit my retreat, on learning that my Wife
had been murdered. I wished not to remain longer on an Earth polluted
with crimes.' (Memoires de Madame Roland introd., i. 88.)
Barnave's appearance at the Revolutionary Tribunal was of the bravest;
but it could not stead him. They have sent for him from Grenoble; to pay
the common smart, Vain is eloquence, forensic or other, against the dumb
Clotho-shears of Tinville. He is still but two-and-thirty, this Barnave,
and has known such changes. Short while ago, we saw him at the top of
Fortune's Wheel, his word a law to all Patriots: and now surely he is
at the bottom of the Wheel; in stormful altercation with a Tinville
Tribunal, which is dooming him to die! (Foster, ii. 629.) And Petion,
once also of the Extreme Left, and named Petion Virtue, where is he?
Civilly dead; in the Caves of Saint-Emilion; to be devoured of dogs. And
Robespierre, who rode along with him on the shoulders of the people, is
in Committee of Salut; civilly alive: not to live always. So giddy-swift
whirls and spins this immeasurable tormentum of a Revolution;
wild-booming; not to be followed by the eye. Barnave, on the Scaffold,
stamped his foot; and looking upwards was heard to ejaculate, "This then
is my reward?"
Deputy Ex-Procureur Manuel is already gone; and Deputy Osselin, famed
also in August and September, is about to go: and Rabaut, discovered
treacherously between his two walls, and the Brother of Rabaut. National
Deputies not a few! And Generals: the memory of General Custine cannot
be defended by his Son; his Son is already guillotined. Custine the
Ex-Noble was replaced by Houchard the Plebeian: he too could not prosper
in the North; for him too there was no mercy; he has perished in the
Place de la Revolution, after attempting suicide in Prison. And Generals
Biron, Beauharnais, Brunet, whatsoever General prospers not; tough old
Luckner, with his eyes grown rheumy; Alsatian Westermann, valiant and
diligent in La Vendee: none of them can, as the Psalmist sings, his soul
from death deliver.
How busy are the Revolutionary Committees; Sections with their Forty
Halfpence a-day! Arrestment on arrestment falls quick, continual;
followed by death. Ex-Minister Claviere has killed himself in Prison.
Ex-Minister Lebrun, seized in a hayloft, under the disguise of a
working man, is instantly conducted to death. (Moniteur, 11 Decembre,
30 Decembre, 1793; Louvet, p. 287.) Nay, withal, is it not what Barrere
calls 'coining money on the Place de la Revolution?' For always the
'property of the guilty, if property he have,' is confiscated. To avoid
accidents, we even make a Law that suicide shall not defraud us; that a
criminal who kills himself does not the less incur forfeiture of goods.
Let the guilty tremble, therefore, and the suspect, and the rich, and in
a word all manner of culottic men! Luxembourg Palace, once Monsieur's,
has become a huge loathsome Prison; Chantilly Palace too, once
Conde's:--and their Landlords are at Blankenberg, on the wrong side
of the Rhine. In Paris are now some Twelve Prisons; in France some
Forty-four Thousand: thitherward, thick as brown leaves in Autumn,
rustle and travel the suspect; shaken down by Revolutionary Committees,
they are swept thitherward, as into their storehouse,--to be consumed by
Samson and Tinville. 'The Guillotine goes not ill, ne va pas mal.'
Chapter 3.5.III.
Destruction.
The suspect may well tremble; but how much more the open rebels;--the
Girondin Cities of the South! Revolutionary Army is gone forth, under
Ronsin the Playwright; six thousand strong; in 'red nightcap, in
tricolor waistcoat, in black-shag trousers, black-shag spencer, with
enormous moustachioes, enormous sabre,--in carmagnole complete;' (See
Louvet, p. 301.) and has portable guillotines. Representative Carrier
has got to Nantes, by the edge of blazing La Vendee, which Rossignol
has literally set on fire: Carrier will try what captives you make, what
accomplices they have, Royalist or Girondin: his guillotine goes always,
va toujours; and his wool-capped 'Company of Marat.' Little children are
guillotined, and aged men. Swift as the machine is, it will not serve;
the Headsman and all his valets sink, worn down with work; declare that
the human muscles can no more. (Deux Amis, xii. 249-51.) Whereupon you
must try fusillading; to which perhaps still frightfuller methods may
succeed.
In Brest, to like purpose, rules Jean-Bon Saint-Andre; with an Army
of Red Nightcaps. In Bourdeaux rules Tallien, with his Isabeau and
henchmen: Guadets, Cussys, Salleses, may fall; the bloody Pike and
Nightcap bearing supreme sway; the Guillotine coining money. Bristly
fox-haired Tallien, once Able Editor, still young in years, is now
become most gloomy, potent; a Pluto on Earth, and has the keys of
Tartarus. One remarks, however, that a certain Senhorina Cabarus, or
call her rather Senhora and wedded not yet widowed Dame de Fontenai,
brown beautiful woman, daughter of Cabarus the Spanish merchant,--has
softened the red bristly countenance; pleading for herself and friends;
and prevailing. The keys of Tartarus, or any kind of power, are
something to a woman; gloomy Pluto himself is not insensible to love.
Like a new Proserpine, she, by this red gloomy Dis, is gathered; and,
they say, softens his stone heart a little.
Maignet, at Orange in the South; Lebon, at Arras in the North,
become world's wonders. Jacobin Popular Tribunal, with its National
Representative, perhaps where Girondin Popular Tribunal had lately
been, rises here and rises there; wheresoever needed. Fouches, Maignets,
Barrases, Frerons scour the Southern Departments; like reapers, with
their guillotine-sickle. Many are the labourers, great is the harvest.
By the hundred and the thousand, men's lives are cropt; cast like brands
into the burning.
Marseilles is taken, and put under martial law: lo, at Marseilles, what
one besmutted red-bearded corn-ear is this which they cut;--one
gross Man, we mean, with copper-studded face; plenteous beard, or
beard-stubble, of a tile-colour? By Nemesis and the Fatal Sisters, it
is Jourdan Coupe-tete! Him they have clutched, in these martial-law
districts; him too, with their 'national razor,' their rasoir national,
they sternly shave away. Low now is Jourdan the Headsman's own
head;--low as Deshuttes's and Varigny's, which he sent on pikes, in the
Insurrection of Women! No more shall he, as a copper Portent, be seen
gyrating through the Cities of the South; no more sit judging, with
pipes and brandy, in the Ice-tower of Avignon. The all-hiding Earth has
received him, the bloated Tilebeard: may we never look upon his like
again!--Jourdan one names; the other Hundreds are not named. Alas,
they, like confused faggots, lie massed together for us; counted by the
cartload: and yet not an individual faggot-twig of them but had a Life
and History; and was cut, not without pangs as when a Kaiser dies!
Least of all cities can Lyons escape. Lyons, which we saw in dread
sunblaze, that Autumn night when the Powder-tower sprang aloft, was
clearly verging towards a sad end. Inevitable: what could desperate
valour and Precy do; Dubois-Crance, deaf as Destiny, stern as Doom,
capturing their 'redouts of cotton-bags;' hemming them in, ever closer,
with his Artillery-lava? Never would that Ci-devant d'Autichamp arrive;
never any help from Blankenberg. The Lyons Jacobins were hidden in
cellars; the Girondin Municipality waxed pale, in famine, treason and
red fire. Precy drew his sword, and some Fifteen Hundred with him;
sprang to saddle, to cut their way to Switzerland. They cut fiercely;
and were fiercely cut, and cut down; not hundreds, hardly units of
them ever saw Switzerland. (Deux Amis, xi. 145.) Lyons, on the 9th of
October, surrenders at discretion; it is become a devoted Town. Abbe
Lamourette, now Bishop Lamourette, whilom Legislator, he of the old
Baiser-l'Amourette or Delilah-Kiss, is seized here, is sent to Paris to
be guillotined: 'he made the sign of the cross,' they say when
Tinville intimated his death-sentence to him; and died as an eloquent
Constitutional Bishop. But wo now to all Bishops, Priests, Aristocrats
and Federalists that are in Lyons! The manes of Chalier are to be
appeased; the Republic, maddened to the Sibylline pitch, has bared her
right arm. Behold! Representative Fouche, it is Fouche of Nantes, a name
to become well known; he with a Patriot company goes duly, in wondrous
Procession, to raise the corpse of Chalier. An Ass, housed in Priest's
cloak, with a mitre on its head, and trailing the Mass-Books, some say
the very Bible, at its tail, paces through Lyons streets; escorted by
multitudinous Patriotism, by clangour as of the Pit; towards the grave
of Martyr Chalier. The body is dug up and burnt: the ashes are collected
in an Urn; to be worshipped of Paris Patriotism. The Holy Books were
part of the funeral pile; their ashes are scattered to the wind.
Amid cries of "Vengeance! Vengeance!"--which, writes Fouche, shall be
satisfied. (Moniteur (du 17 Novembre 1793), &c.)
Lyons in fact is a Town to be abolished; not Lyons henceforth but
'Commune Affranchie, Township Freed;' the very name of it shall perish.
It is to be razed, this once great City, if Jacobinism prophesy right;
and a Pillar to be erected on the ruins, with this Inscription, Lyons
rebelled against the Republic; Lyons is no more. Fouche, Couthon,
Collot, Convention Representatives succeed one another: there is work
for the hangman; work for the hammerman, not in building. The very
Houses of Aristocrats, we say, are doomed. Paralytic Couthon, borne in
a chair, taps on the wall, with emblematic mallet, saying, "La Loi te
frappe, The Law strikes thee;" masons, with wedge and crowbar, begin
demolition. Crash of downfall, dim ruin and dust-clouds fly in the
winter wind. Had Lyons been of soft stuff, it had all vanished in those
weeks, and the Jacobin prophecy had been fulfilled. But Towns are not
built of soap-froth; Lyons Town is built of stone. Lyons, though it
rebelled against the Republic, is to this day.
Neither have the Lyons Girondins all one neck, that you could despatch
it at one swoop. Revolutionary Tribunal here, and Military Commission,
guillotining, fusillading, do what they can: the kennels of the Place
des Terreaux run red; mangled corpses roll down the Rhone. Collot
d'Herbois, they say, was once hissed on the Lyons stage: but with what
sibilation, of world-catcall or hoarse Tartarean Trumpet, will ye hiss
him now, in this his new character of Convention Representative,--not to
be repeated! Two hundred and nine men are marched forth over the River,
to be shot in mass, by musket and cannon, in the Promenade of the
Brotteaux. It is the second of such scenes; the first was of some
Seventy. The corpses of the first were flung into the Rhone, but the
Rhone stranded some; so these now, of the second lot, are to be buried
on land. Their one long grave is dug; they stand ranked, by the loose
mould-ridge; the younger of them singing the Marseillaise. Jacobin
National Guards give fire; but have again to give fire, and again; and
to take the bayonet and the spade, for though the doomed all fall, they
do not all die;--and it becomes a butchery too horrible for speech. So
that the very Nationals, as they fire, turn away their faces. Collot,
snatching the musket from one such National, and levelling it with
unmoved countenance, says "It is thus a Republican ought to fire."
This is the second Fusillade, and happily the last: it is found too
hideous; even inconvenient. They were Two hundred and nine marched out;
one escaped at the end of the Bridge: yet behold, when you count the
corpses, they are Two hundred and ten. Rede us this riddle, O Collot?
After long guessing, it is called to mind that two individuals, here
in the Brotteaux ground, did attempt to leave the rank, protesting
with agony that they were not condemned men, that they were Police
Commissaries: which two we repulsed, and disbelieved, and shot with
the rest! (Deux Amis, xii. 251-62.) Such is the vengeance of an enraged
Republic. Surely this, according to Barrere's phrase, is Justice 'under
rough forms, sous des formes acerbes.' But the Republic, as Fouche says,
must "march to Liberty over corpses." Or again as Barrere has it: "None
but the dead do not come back, Il n'y a que les morts qui ne reviennent
pas." Terror hovers far and wide: 'The Guillotine goes not ill.'
But before quitting those Southern regions, over which History can cast
only glances from aloft, she will alight for a moment, and look fixedly
at one point: the Siege of Toulon. Much battering and bombarding,
heating of balls in furnaces or farm-houses, serving of artillery well
and ill, attacking of Ollioules Passes, Forts Malbosquet, there has
been: as yet to small purpose. We have had General Cartaux here, a
whilom Painter elevated in the troubles of Marseilles; General Doppet,
a whilom Medical man elevated in the troubles of Piemont, who, under
Crance, took Lyons, but cannot take Toulon. Finally we have General
Dugommier, a pupil of Washington. Convention Representans also we have
had; Barrases, Salicettis, Robespierres the Younger:--also an Artillery
Chef de brigade, of extreme diligence, who often takes his nap of sleep
among the guns; a short taciturn, olive-complexioned young man, not
unknown to us, by name Buonaparte: one of the best Artillery-officers
yet met with. And still Toulon is not taken. It is the fourth month now;
December, in slave-style; Frostarious or Frimaire, in new-style: and
still their cursed Red-Blue Flag flies there. They are provisioned from
the Sea; they have seized all heights, felling wood, and fortifying
themselves; like the coney, they have built their nest in the rocks.
Meanwhile, Frostarious is not yet become Snowous or Nivose, when a
Council of War is called; Instructions have just arrived from Government
and Salut Public. Carnot, in Salut Public, has sent us a plan of siege:
on which plan General Dugommier has this criticism to make, Commissioner
Salicetti has that; and criticisms and plans are very various; when
that young Artillery Officer ventures to speak; the same whom we saw
snatching sleep among the guns, who has emerged several times in this
History,--the name of him Napoleon Buonaparte. It is his humble opinion,
for he has been gliding about with spy-glasses, with thoughts, That a
certain Fort l'Eguillette can be clutched, as with lion-spring, on the
sudden; wherefrom, were it once ours, the very heart of Toulon might be
battered, the English Lines were, so to speak, turned inside out, and
Hood and our Natural Enemies must next day either put to sea, or be
burnt to ashes. Commissioners arch their eyebrows, with negatory sniff:
who is this young gentleman with more wit than we all? Brave veteran
Dugommier, however, thinks the idea worth a word; questions the young
gentleman; becomes convinced; and there is for issue, Try it.
On the taciturn bronze-countenance, therefore, things being now all
ready, there sits a grimmer gravity than ever, compressing a hotter
central-fire than ever. Yonder, thou seest, is Fort l'Eguillette; a
desperate lion-spring, yet a possible one; this day to be tried!--Tried
it is; and found good. By stratagem and valour, stealing through
ravines, plunging fiery through the fire-tempest, Fort l'Eguillette is
clutched at, is carried; the smoke having cleared, wiser the Tricolor
fly on it: the bronze-complexioned young man was right. Next morning,
Hood, finding the interior of his lines exposed, his defences turned
inside out, makes for his shipping. Taking such Royalists as wished
it on board with him, he weighs anchor: on this 19th of December 1793,
Toulon is once more the Republic's!
Cannonading has ceased at Toulon; and now the guillotining and
fusillading may begin. Civil horrors, truly: but at least that infamy
of an English domination is purged away. Let there be Civic Feast
universally over France: so reports Barrere, or Painter David; and the
Convention assist in a body. (Moniteur, 1793, Nos. 101 (31 Decembre),
95, 96, 98, &c.) Nay, it is said, these infamous English (with an
attention rather to their own interests than to ours) set fire to our
store-houses, arsenals, warships in Toulon Harbour, before weighing;
some score of brave warships, the only ones we now had! However, it did
not prosper, though the flame spread far and high; some two ships were
burnt, not more; the very galley-slaves ran with buckets to quench.
These same proud Ships, Ships l'Orient and the rest, have to carry this
same young Man to Egypt first: not yet can they be changed to ashes, or
to Sea-Nymphs; not yet to sky-rockets, O Ship l'Orient, nor became the
prey of England,--before their time!
And so, over France universally, there is Civic Feast and high-tide:
and Toulon sees fusillading, grape-shotting in mass, as Lyons saw; and
'death is poured out in great floods, vomie a grands flots' and Twelve
thousand Masons are requisitioned from the neighbouring country, to raze
Toulon from the face of the Earth. For it is to be razed, so reports
Barrere; all but the National Shipping Establishments; and to be
called henceforth not Toulon, but Port of the Mountain. There in black
death-cloud we must leave it;--hoping only that Toulon too is built of
stone; that perhaps even Twelve thousand Masons cannot pull it down,
till the fit pass.
One begins to be sick of 'death vomited in great floods.' Nevertheless
hearest thou not, O reader (for the sound reaches through centuries),
in the dead December and January nights, over Nantes Town,--confused
noises, as of musketry and tumult, as of rage and lamentation; mingling
with the everlasting moan of the Loire waters there? Nantes Town is
sunk in sleep; but Representant Carrier is not sleeping, the wool-capped
Company of Marat is not sleeping. Why unmoors that flatbottomed craft,
that gabarre; about eleven at night; with Ninety Priests under hatches?
They are going to Belle Isle? In the middle of the Loire stream, on
signal given, the gabarre is scuttled; she sinks with all her cargo.
'Sentence of Deportation,' writes Carrier, 'was executed vertically.'
The Ninety Priests, with their gabarre-coffin, lie deep! It is the
first of the Noyades, what we may call Drownages, of Carrier; which have
become famous forever.
Guillotining there was at Nantes, till the Headsman sank worn out: then
fusillading 'in the Plain of Saint-Mauve;' little children fusilladed,
and women with children at the breast; children and women, by the
hundred and twenty; and by the five hundred, so hot is La Vendee: till
the very Jacobins grew sick, and all but the Company of Marat cried,
Hold! Wherefore now we have got Noyading; and on the 24th night of
Frostarious year 2, which is 14th of December 1793, we have a second
Noyade: consisting of 'a Hundred and Thirty-eight persons.' (Deux Amis,
xii. 266-72; Moniteur, du 2 Janvier 1794.)
Or why waste a gabarre, sinking it with them? Fling them out; fling them
out, with their hands tied: pour a continual hail of lead over all the
space, till the last struggler of them be sunk! Unsound sleepers of
Nantes, and the Sea-Villages thereabouts, hear the musketry amid the
night-winds; wonder what the meaning of it is. And women were in that
gabarre; whom the Red Nightcaps were stripping naked; who begged, in
their agony, that their smocks might not be stript from them. And young
children were thrown in, their mothers vainly pleading: "Wolflings,"
answered the Company of Marat, "who would grow to be wolves."
By degrees, daylight itself witnesses Noyades: women and men are tied
together, feet and feet, hands and hands: and flung in: this they call
Mariage Republicain, Republican Marriage. Cruel is the panther of the
woods, the she-bear bereaved of her whelps: but there is in man a hatred
crueller than that. Dumb, out of suffering now, as pale swoln corpses,
the victims tumble confusedly seaward along the Loire stream; the tide
rolling them back: clouds of ravens darken the River; wolves prowl on
the shoal-places: Carrier writes, 'Quel torrent revolutionnaire, What
a torrent of Revolution!' For the man is rabid; and the Time is rabid.
These are the Noyades of Carrier; twenty-five by the tale, for what
is done in darkness comes to be investigated in sunlight: (Proces de
Carrier, 4 tomes, Paris, 1795.) not to be forgotten for centuries,--We
will turn to another aspect of the Consummation of Sansculottism;
leaving this as the blackest.
But indeed men are all rabid; as the Time is. Representative Lebon,
at Arras, dashes his sword into the blood flowing from the Guillotine;
exclaims, "How I like it!" Mothers, they say, by his order, have to
stand by while the Guillotine devours their children: a band of music is
stationed near; and, at the fall of every head, strikes up its ca-ira.
(Les Horreures des Prisons d'Arras, Paris, 1823.) In the Burgh of
Bedouin, in the Orange region, the Liberty-tree has been cut down over
night. Representative Maignet, at Orange, hears of it; burns Bedouin
Burgh to the last dog-hutch; guillotines the inhabitants, or drives
them into the caves and hills. (Montgaillard, iv. 200.) Republic One and
Indivisible! She is the newest Birth of Nature's waste inorganic Deep,
which men name Orcus, Chaos, primeval Night; and knows one law, that of
self-preservation. Tigresse Nationale: meddle not with a whisker of her!
Swift-crushing is her stroke; look what a paw she spreads;--pity has not
entered her heart.
Prudhomme, the dull-blustering Printer and Able Editor, as yet a Jacobin
Editor, will become a renegade one, and publish large volumes on these
matters, Crimes of the Revolution; adding innumerable lies withal, as if
the truth were not sufficient. We, for our part, find it more edifying
to know, one good time, that this Republic and National Tigress is a New
Birth; a Fact of Nature among Formulas, in an Age of Formulas; and to
look, oftenest in silence, how the so genuine Nature-Fact will demean
itself among these. For the Formulas are partly genuine, partly
delusive, supposititious: we call them, in the language of metaphor,
regulated modelled shapes; some of which have bodies and life still in
them; most of which, according to a German Writer, have only emptiness,
'glass-eyes glaring on you with a ghastly affectation of life, and in
their interior unclean accumulation of beetles and spiders!' But the
Fact, let all men observe, is a genuine and sincere one; the sincerest
of Facts: terrible in its sincerity, as very Death. Whatsoever is
equally sincere may front it, and beard it; but whatsoever is not?--
Chapter 3.5.IV.
Carmagnole complete.
Simultaneously with this Tophet-black aspect, there unfolds itself
another aspect, which one may call a Tophet-red aspect: the Destruction
of the Catholic Religion; and indeed, for the time being of Religion
itself. We saw Romme's New Calendar establish its Tenth Day of Rest;
and asked, what would become of the Christian Sabbath? The Calendar
is hardly a month old, till all this is set at rest. Very singular, as
Mercier observes: last Corpus-Christi Day 1792, the whole world, and
Sovereign Authority itself, walked in religious gala, with a quite
devout air;--Butcher Legendre, supposed to be irreverent, was like to
be massacred in his Gig, as the thing went by. A Gallican Hierarchy, and
Church, and Church Formulas seemed to flourish, a little brown-leaved or
so, but not browner than of late years or decades; to flourish, far
and wide, in the sympathies of an unsophisticated People; defying
Philosophism, Legislature and the Encyclopedie. Far and wide, alas,
like a brown-leaved Vallombrosa; which waits but one whirlblast of the
November wind, and in an hour stands bare! Since that Corpus-Christi
Day, Brunswick has come, and the Emigrants, and La Vendee, and
eighteen months of Time: to all flourishing, especially to brown-leaved
flourishing, there comes, were it never so slowly, an end.
On the 7th of November, a certain Citoyen Parens, Curate of
Boissise-le-Bertrand, writes to the Convention that he has all his life
been preaching a lie, and is grown weary of doing it; wherefore he will
now lay down his Curacy and stipend, and begs that an august Convention
would give him something else to live upon. 'Mention honorable,' shall
we give him? Or 'reference to Committee of Finances?' Hardly is this
got decided, when goose Gobel, Constitutional Bishop of Paris, with his
Chapter, with Municipal and Departmental escort in red nightcaps,
makes his appearance, to do as Parens has done. Goose Gobel will
now acknowledge 'no Religion but Liberty;' therefore he doffs his
Priest-gear, and receives the Fraternal embrace. To the joy of
Departmental Momoro, of Municipal Chaumettes and Heberts, of Vincent
and the Revolutionary Army! Chaumette asks, Ought there not, in these
circumstances, to be among our intercalary Days Sans-breeches, a Feast
of Reason? (Moniteur, Seance du 17 Brumaire (7th November), 1793.)
Proper surely! Let Atheist Marechal, Lalande, and little Atheist Naigeon
rejoice; let Clootz, Speaker of Mankind, present to the Convention his
Evidences of the Mahometan Religion, 'a work evincing the nullity of all
Religions,'--with thanks. There shall be Universal Republic now, thinks
Clootz; and 'one God only, Le Peuple.'
The French Nation is of gregarious imitative nature; it needed but a
fugle-motion in this matter; and goose Gobel, driven by Municipality and
force of circumstances, has given one. What Cure will be behind him
of Boissise; what Bishop behind him of Paris? Bishop Gregoire, indeed,
courageously declines; to the sound of "We force no one; let Gregoire
consult his conscience;" but Protestant and Romish by the hundred
volunteer and assent. From far and near, all through November into
December, till the work is accomplished, come Letters of renegation,
come Curates who are 'learning to be Carpenters,' Curates with their
new-wedded Nuns: has not the Day of Reason dawned, very swiftly,
and become noon? From sequestered Townships comes Addresses, stating
plainly, though in Patois dialect, That 'they will have no more to
do with the black animal called Curay, animal noir, appelle Curay.'
(Analyse du Moniteur (Paris, 1801), ii. 280.)
Above all things there come Patriotic Gifts, of Church-furniture. The
remnant of bells, except for tocsin, descend from their belfries, into
the National meltingpot, to make cannon. Censers and all sacred vessels
are beaten broad; of silver, they are fit for the poverty-stricken Mint;
of pewter, let them become bullets to shoot the 'enemies of du genre
humain.' Dalmatics of plush make breeches for him who has none;
linen stoles will clip into shirts for the Defenders of the Country:
old-clothesmen, Jew or Heathen, drive the briskest trade. Chalier's
Ass Procession, at Lyons, was but a type of what went on, in those
same days, in all Towns. In all Towns and Townships as quick as the
guillotine may go, so quick goes the axe and the wrench: sacristies,
lutrins, altar-rails are pulled down; the Mass Books torn into cartridge
papers: men dance the Carmagnole all night about the bonfire. All
highways jingle with metallic Priest-tackle, beaten broad; sent to the
Convention, to the poverty-stricken Mint. Good Sainte Genevieve's Chasse
is let down: alas, to be burst open, this time, and burnt on the Place
de Greve. Saint Louis's shirt is burnt;--might not a Defender of the
Country have had it? At Saint-Denis Town, no longer Saint-Denis but
Franciade, Patriotism has been down among the Tombs, rummaging; the
Revolutionary Army has taken spoil. This, accordingly, is what the
streets of Paris saw:
'Most of these persons were still drunk, with the brandy they had
swallowed out of chalices;--eating mackerel on the patenas! Mounted on
Asses, which were housed with Priests' cloaks, they reined them with
Priests' stoles: they held clutched with the same hand communion-cup
and sacred wafer. They stopped at the doors of Dramshops; held out
ciboriums: and the landlord, stoop in hand, had to fill them thrice.
Next came Mules high-laden with crosses, chandeliers, censers,
holy-water vessels, hyssops;--recalling to mind the Priests of Cybele,
whose panniers, filled with the instruments of their worship, served
at once as storehouse, sacristy and temple. In such equipage did these
profaners advance towards the Convention. They enter there, in an
immense train, ranged in two rows; all masked like mummers in
fantastic sacerdotal vestments; bearing on hand-barrows their heaped
plunder,--ciboriums, suns, candelabras, plates of gold and silver.'
(Mercier, iv. 134. See Moniteur, Seance du 10 Novembre.)
The Address we do not give; for indeed it was in strophes, sung viva
voce, with all the parts;--Danton glooming considerably, in his place;
and demanding that there be prose and decency in future. (See also
Moniteur, Seance du 26 Novembre.) Nevertheless the captors of such
spolia opima crave, not untouched with liquor, permission to dance the
Carmagnole also on the spot: whereto an exhilarated Convention cannot
but accede. Nay, 'several Members,' continues the exaggerative Mercier,
who was not there to witness, being in Limbo now, as one of Duperret's
Seventy-three, 'several Members, quitting their curule chairs, took the
hand of girls flaunting in Priest's vestures, and danced the Carmagnole
along with them.' Such Old-Hallow-tide have they, in this year, once
named of Grace, 1793.
Out of which strange fall of Formulas, tumbling there in confused
welter, betrampled by the Patriotic dance, is it not passing strange to
see a new Formula arise? For the human tongue is not adequate to
speak what 'triviality run distracted' there is in human nature. Black
Mumbo-Jumbo of the woods, and most Indian Wau-waus, one can understand:
but this of Procureur Anaxagoras whilom John-Peter Chaumette? We
will say only: Man is a born idol-worshipper, sight-worshipper, so
sensuous-imaginative is he; and also partakes much of the nature of the
ape.
For the same day, while this brave Carmagnole dance has hardly jigged
itself out, there arrive Procureur Chaumette and Municipals and
Departmentals, and with them the strangest freightage: a New Religion!
Demoiselle Candeille, of the Opera; a woman fair to look upon, when well
rouged: she, borne on palanquin shoulder-high; with red woolen nightcap;
in azure mantle; garlanded with oak; holding in her hand the Pike of
the Jupiter-Peuple, sails in; heralded by white young women girt in
tricolor. Let the world consider it! This, O National Convention wonder
of the universe, is our New Divinity; Goddess of Reason, worthy, and
alone worthy of revering. Nay, were it too much to ask of an august
National Representation that it also went with us to the ci-devant
Cathedral called of Notre-Dame, and executed a few strophes in worship
of her?
President and Secretaries give Goddess Candeille, borne at due height
round their platform, successively the fraternal kiss; whereupon she, by
decree, sails to the right-hand of the President and there alights.
And now, after due pause and flourishes of oratory, the Convention,
gathering its limbs, does get under way in the required procession
towards Notre-Dame;--Reason, again in her litter, sitting in the van
of them, borne, as one judges, by men in the Roman costume; escorted
by wind-music, red nightcaps, and the madness of the world. And so
straightway, Reason taking seat on the high-altar of Notre-Dame, the
requisite worship or quasi-worship is, say the Newspapers, executed;
National Convention chanting 'the Hymn to Liberty, words by Chenier,
music by Gossec.' It is the first of the Feasts of Reason; first
communion-service of the New Religion of Chaumette.
'The corresponding Festival in the Church of Saint-Eustache,' says
Mercier, 'offered the spectacle of a great tavern. The interior of the
choir represented a landscape decorated with cottages and boskets of
trees. Round the choir stood tables over-loaded with bottles, with
sausages, pork-puddings, pastries and other meats. The guests flowed in
and out through all doors: whosoever presented himself took part of
the good things: children of eight, girls as well as boys, put hand to
plate, in sign of Liberty; they drank also of the bottles, and their
prompt intoxication created laughter. Reason sat in azure mantle aloft,
in a serene manner; Cannoneers, pipe in mouth, serving her as acolytes.
And out of doors,' continues the exaggerative man, 'were mad multitudes
dancing round the bonfire of Chapel-balustrades, of Priests' and Canons'
stalls; and the dancers, I exaggerate nothing, the dancers nigh bare
of breeches, neck and breast naked, stockings down, went whirling
and spinning, like those Dust-vortexes, forerunners of Tempest and
Destruction.' (Mercier, iv. 127-146.) At Saint-Gervais Church again
there was a terrible 'smell of herrings;' Section or Municipality having
provided no food, no condiment, but left it to chance. Other mysteries,
seemingly of a Cabiric or even Paphian character, we heave under the
Veil, which appropriately stretches itself 'along the pillars of the
aisles,'--not to be lifted aside by the hand of History.
But there is one thing we should like almost better to understand
than any other: what Reason herself thought of it, all the while. What
articulate words poor Mrs. Momoro, for example, uttered; when she had
become ungoddessed again, and the Bibliopolist and she sat quiet at
home, at supper? For he was an earnest man, Bookseller Momoro; and had
notions of Agrarian Law. Mrs. Momoro, it is admitted, made one of the
best Goddesses of Reason; though her teeth were a little defective. And
now if the reader will represent to himself that such visible Adoration
of Reason went on 'all over the Republic,' through these November and
December weeks, till the Church woodwork was burnt out, and the business
otherwise completed, he will feel sufficiently what an adoring Republic
it was, and without reluctance quit this part of the subject.
Such gifts of Church-spoil are chiefly the work of the Armee
Revolutionnaire; raised, as we said, some time ago. It is an Army
with portable guillotine: commanded by Playwright Ronsin in terrible
moustachioes; and even by some uncertain shadow of Usher Maillard, the
old Bastille Hero, Leader of the Menads, September Man in Grey! Clerk
Vincent of the War-Office, one of Pache's old Clerks, 'with a head
heated by the ancient orators,' had a main hand in the appointments, at
least in the staff-appointments.
But of the marchings and retreatings of these Six Thousand no Xenophon
exists. Nothing, but an inarticulate hum, of cursing and sooty frenzy,
surviving dubious in the memory of ages! They scour the country round
Paris; seeking Prisoners; raising Requisitions; seeing that Edicts
are executed, that the Farmers have thrashed sufficiently; lowering
Church-bells or metallic Virgins. Detachments shoot forth dim, towards
remote parts of France; nay new Provincial Revolutionary Armies rise
dim, here and there, as Carrier's Company of Marat, as Tallien's
Bourdeaux Troop; like sympathetic clouds in an atmosphere all electric.
Ronsin, they say, admitted, in candid moments, that his troops were
the elixir of the Rascality of the Earth. One sees them drawn up in
market-places; travel-plashed, rough-bearded, in carmagnole complete:
the first exploit is to prostrate what Royal or Ecclesiastical monument,
crucifix or the like, there may be; to plant a cannon at the steeple,
fetch down the bell without climbing for it, bell and belfry together.
This, however, it is said, depends somewhat on the size of the town:
if the town contains much population, and these perhaps of a dubious
choleric aspect, the Revolutionary Army will do its work gently, by
ladder and wrench; nay perhaps will take its billet without work at all;
and, refreshing itself with a little liquor and sleep, pass on to the
next stage. (Deux Amis, xii. 62-5.) Pipe in cheek, sabre on thigh; in
carmagnole complete!
Such things have been; and may again be. Charles Second sent out his
Highland Host over the Western Scotch Whigs; Jamaica Planters got
Dogs from the Spanish Main to hunt their Maroons with: France too is
bescoured with a Devil's Pack, the baying of which, at this distance of
half a century, still sounds in the mind's ear.
Chapter 3.5.V.
Like a Thunder-Cloud.
But the grand, and indeed substantially primary and generic aspect of
the Consummation of Terror remains still to be looked at; nay blinkard
History has for most part all but overlooked this aspect, the soul of
the whole: that which makes it terrible to the Enemies of France. Let
Despotism and Cimmerian Coalitions consider. All French men and French
things are in a State of Requisition; Fourteen Armies are got on foot;
Patriotism, with all that it has of faculty in heart or in head, in soul
or body or breeches-pocket, is rushing to the frontiers, to prevail
or die! Busy sits Carnot, in Salut Public; busy for his share, in
'organising victory.' Not swifter pulses that Guillotine, in dread
systole-diastole in the Place de la Revolution, than smites the Sword
of Patriotism, smiting Cimmeria back to its own borders, from the sacred
soil.
In fact the Government is what we can call Revolutionary; and some men
are 'a la hauteur,' on a level with the circumstances; and others are
not a la hauteur,--so much the worse for them. But the Anarchy, we may
say, has organised itself: Society is literally overset; its old forces
working with mad activity, but in the inverse order; destructive and
self-destructive.
Curious to see how all still refers itself to some head and fountain;
not even an Anarchy but must have a centre to revolve round. It is now
some six months since the Committee of Salut Public came into existence:
some three months since Danton proposed that all power should be given
it and 'a sum of fifty millions,' and the 'Government be declared
Revolutionary.' He himself, since that day, would take no hand in it,
though again and again solicited; but sits private in his place on
the Mountain. Since that day, the Nine, or if they should even rise to
Twelve have become permanent, always re-elected when their term runs
out; Salut Public, Surete Generale have assumed their ulterior form and
mode of operating.
Committee of Public Salvation, as supreme; of General Surety, as
subaltern: these like a Lesser and Greater Council, most harmonious
hitherto, have become the centre of all things. They ride this
Whirlwind; they, raised by force of circumstances, insensibly, very
strangely, thither to that dread height;--and guide it, and seem to
guide it. Stranger set of Cloud-Compellers the Earth never saw. A
Robespierre, a Billaud, a Collot, Couthon, Saint-Just; not to mention
still meaner Amars, Vadiers, in Surete Generale: these are your
Cloud-Compellers. Small intellectual talent is necessary: indeed where
among them, except in the head of Carnot, busied organising victory,
would you find any? The talent is one of instinct rather. It is that of
divining aright what this great dumb Whirlwind wishes and wills; that
of willing, with more frenzy than any one, what all the world wills.
To stand at no obstacles; to heed no considerations human or divine; to
know well that, of divine or human, there is one thing needful, Triumph
of the Republic, Destruction of the Enemies of the Republic! With this
one spiritual endowment, and so few others, it is strange to see how a
dumb inarticulately storming Whirlwind of things puts, as it were, its
reins into your hand, and invites and compels you to be leader of it.
Hard by, sits a Municipality of Paris; all in red nightcaps since
the fourth of November last: a set of men fully 'on a level with
circumstances,' or even beyond it. Sleek Mayor Pache, studious to be
safe in the middle; Chaumettes, Heberts, Varlets, and Henriot their
great Commandant; not to speak of Vincent the War-clerk, of Momoros,
Dobsents, and such like: all intent to have Churches plundered, to have
Reason adored, Suspects cut down, and the Revolution triumph. Perhaps
carrying the matter too far? Danton was heard to grumble at the civic
strophes; and to recommend prose and decency. Robespierre also grumbles
that in overturning Superstition we did not mean to make a religion
of Atheism. In fact, your Chaumette and Company constitute a kind
of Hyper-Jacobinism, or rabid 'Faction des Enrages;' which has given
orthodox Patriotism some umbrage, of late months. To 'know a Suspect on
the streets:' what is this but bringing the Law of the Suspect itself
into ill odour? Men half-frantic, men zealous overmuch,--they toil
there, in their red nightcaps, restlessly, rapidly, accomplishing what
of Life is allotted them.
And the Forty-four Thousand other Townships, each with revolutionary
Committee, based on Jacobin Daughter Society; enlightened by the
spirit of Jacobinism; quickened by the Forty Sous a-day!--The French
Constitution spurned always at any thing like Two Chambers; and yet
behold, has it not verily got Two Chambers? National Convention, elected
for one; Mother of Patriotism, self-elected, for another! Mother of
Patriotism has her Debates reported in the Moniteur, as important
state-procedures; which indisputably they are. A Second Chamber of
Legislature we call this Mother Society;--if perhaps it were not rather
comparable to that old Scotch Body named Lords of the Articles, without
whose origination, and signal given, the so-called Parliament could
introduce no bill, could do no work? Robespierre himself, whose words
are a law, opens his incorruptible lips copiously in the Jacobins Hall.
Smaller Council of Salut Public, Greater Council of Surete Generale, all
active Parties, come here to plead; to shape beforehand what decision
they must arrive at, what destiny they have to expect. Now if a
question arose, Which of those Two Chambers, Convention, or Lords of the
Articles, was the stronger? Happily they as yet go hand in hand.
As for the National Convention, truly it has become a most composed
Body. Quenched now the old effervescence; the Seventy-three locked in
ward; once noisy Friends of the Girondins sunk all into silent men
of the Plain, called even 'Frogs of the Marsh,' Crapauds du Marais!
Addresses come, Revolutionary Church-plunder comes; Deputations, with
prose, or strophes: these the Convention receives. But beyond this,
the Convention has one thing mainly to do: to listen what Salut Public
proposes, and say, Yea.
Bazire followed by Chabot, with some impetuosity, declared, one morning,
that this was not the way of a Free Assembly. "There ought to be an
Opposition side, a Cote Droit," cried Chabot; "if none else will form
it, I will: people say to me, You will all get guillotined in your turn,
first you and Bazire, then Danton, then Robespierre himself." (Debats,
du 10 Novembre, 1723.) So spake the Disfrocked, with a loud voice: next
week, Bazire and he lie in the Abbaye; wending, one may fear, towards
Tinville and the Axe; and 'people say to me'--what seems to be proving
true! Bazire's blood was all inflamed with Revolution fever; with
coffee and spasmodic dreams. (Dictionnaire des Hommes Marquans, i. 115.)
Chabot, again, how happy with his rich Jew-Austrian wife, late Fraulein
Frey! But he lies in Prison; and his two Jew-Austrian Brothers-in-Law,
the Bankers Frey, lie with him; waiting the urn of doom. Let a National
Convention, therefore, take warning, and know its function. Let the
Convention, all as one man, set its shoulder to the work; not with
bursts of Parliamentary eloquence, but in quite other and serviceable
ways!
Convention Commissioners, what we ought to call Representatives,
'Representans on mission,' fly, like the Herald Mercury, to all points
of the Territory; carrying your behests far and wide. In their 'round
hat plumed with tricolor feathers, girt with flowing tricolor taffeta;
in close frock, tricolor sash, sword and jack-boots,' these men are
powerfuller than King or Kaiser. They say to whomso they meet, Do; and
he must do it: all men's goods are at their disposal; for France is as
one huge City in Siege. They smite with Requisitions, and Forced-loan;
they have the power of life and death. Saint-Just and Lebas order the
rich classes of Strasburg to 'strip off their shoes,' and send them to
the Armies where as many as 'ten thousand pairs' are needed. Also, that
within four and twenty hours, 'a thousand beds' are to be got ready;
(Moniteur, du 27 Novembre 1793.) wrapt in matting, and sent under way.
For the time presses!--Like swift bolts, issuing from the fuliginous
Olympus of Salut Public rush these men, oftenest in pairs; scatter
your thunder-orders over France; make France one enormous Revolutionary
thunder-cloud.
Chapter 3.5.VI.
Do thy Duty.
Accordingly alongside of these bonfires of Church balustrades, and
sounds of fusillading and noyading, there rise quite another sort of
fires and sounds: Smithy-fires and Proof-volleys for the manufacture of
arms.
Cut off from Sweden and the world, the Republic must learn to make steel
for itself; and, by aid of Chemists, she has learnt it. Towns that
knew only iron, now know steel: from their new dungeons at Chantilly,
Aristocrats may hear the rustle of our new steel furnace there. Do
not bells transmute themselves into cannon; iron stancheons into the
white-weapon (arme blanche), by sword-cutlery? The wheels of Langres
scream, amid their sputtering fire halo; grinding mere swords. The
stithies of Charleville ring with gun-making. What say we, Charleville?
Two hundred and fifty-eight Forges stand in the open spaces of Paris
itself; a hundred and forty of them in the Esplanade of the Invalides,
fifty-four in the Luxembourg Garden: so many Forges stand; grim Smiths
beating and forging at lock and barrel there. The Clockmakers have come,
requisitioned, to do the touch-holes, the hard-solder and filework. Five
great Barges swing at anchor on the Seine Stream, loud with boring; the
great press-drills grating harsh thunder to the general ear and heart.
And deft Stock-makers do gouge and rasp; and all men bestir themselves,
according to their cunning:--in the language of hope, it is reckoned
that a 'thousand finished muskets can be delivered daily.' (Choix des
Rapports, xiii. 189.) Chemists of the Republic have taught us
miracles of swift tanning; (Ibid. xv. 360.) the cordwainer bores and
stitches;--not of 'wood and pasteboard,' or he shall answer it
to Tinville! The women sew tents and coats, the children scrape
surgeon's-lint, the old men sit in the market-places; able men are
on march; all men in requisition: from Town to Town flutters, on the
Heaven's winds, this Banner, THE FRENCH PEOPLE RISEN AGAINST TYRANTS.
All which is well. But now arises the question: What is to be done for
saltpetre? Interrupted Commerce and the English Navy shut us out from
saltpetre; and without saltpetre there is no gunpowder. Republican
Science again sits meditative; discovers that saltpetre exists here and
there, though in attenuated quantity: that old plaster of walls holds
a sprinkling of it;--that the earth of the Paris Cellars holds a
sprinkling of it, diffused through the common rubbish; that were these
dug up and washed, saltpetre might be had. Whereupon swiftly, see! the
Citoyens, with upshoved bonnet rouge, or with doffed bonnet, and hair
toil-wetted; digging fiercely, each in his own cellar, for saltpetre.
The Earth-heap rises at every door; the Citoyennes with hod and bucket
carrying it up; the Citoyens, pith in every muscle, shovelling and
digging: for life and saltpetre. Dig my braves; and right well speed ye.
What of saltpetre is essential the Republic shall not want.
Consummation of Sansculottism has many aspects and tints: but the
brightest tint, really of a solar or stellar brightness, is this which
the Armies give it. That same fervour of Jacobinism which internally
fills France with hatred, suspicions, scaffolds and Reason-worship,
does, on the Frontiers, shew itself as a glorious Pro patria mori. Ever
since Dumouriez's defection, three Convention Representatives attend
every General. Committee of Salut has sent them, often with this Laconic
order only: "Do thy duty, Fais ton devoir." It is strange, under what
impediments the fire of Jacobinism, like other such fires, will burn.
These Soldiers have shoes of wood and pasteboard, or go booted in
hayropes, in dead of winter; they skewer a bass mat round their
shoulders, and are destitute of most things. What then? It is for Rights
of Frenchhood, of Manhood, that they fight: the unquenchable spirit,
here as elsewhere, works miracles. "With steel and bread," says the
Convention Representative, "one may get to China." The Generals go fast
to the guillotine; justly and unjustly. From which what inference? This
among others: That ill-success is death; that in victory alone is life!
To conquer or die is no theatrical palabra, in these circumstances: but
a practical truth and necessity. All Girondism, Halfness, Compromise is
swept away. Forward, ye Soldiers of the Republic, captain and man!
Dash with your Gaelic impetuosity, on Austria, England, Prussia, Spain,
Sardinia; Pitt, Cobourg, York, and the Devil and the World! Behind us
is but the Guillotine; before us is Victory, Apotheosis and Millennium
without end!
See accordingly, on all Frontiers, how the Sons of Night, astonished
after short triumph, do recoil;--the Sons of the Republic flying at
them, with wild ca-ira or Marseillese Aux armes, with the temper of
cat-o'-mountain, or demon incarnate; which no Son of Night can stand!
Spain, which came bursting through the Pyrenees, rustling with Bourbon
banners, and went conquering here and there for a season, falters at
such cat-o'-mountain welcome; draws itself in again; too happy now were
the Pyrenees impassable. Not only does Dugommier, conqueror of Toulon,
drive Spain back; he invades Spain. General Dugommier invades it by the
Eastern Pyrenees; General Dugommier invades it by the Eastern Pyrenees;
General Muller shall invade it by the Western. Shall, that is the word:
Committee of Salut Public has said it; Representative Cavaignac, on
mission there, must see it done. Impossible! cries Muller,--Infallible!
answers Cavaignac. Difficulty, impossibility, is to no purpose.
"The Committee is deaf on that side of its head," answers Cavaignac,
"n'entend pas de cette oreille la. How many wantest thou, of men, of
horses, cannons? Thou shalt have them. Conquerors, conquered or hanged,
forward we must." (There is, in Prudhomme, an atrocity a la Captain-Kirk
reported of this Cavaignac; which has been copied into Dictionaries of
Hommes Marquans, of Biographie Universelle, &c.; which not only has no
truth in it, but, much more singular, is still capable of being proved
to have none.) Which things also, even as the Representative spake them,
were done. The Spring of the new Year sees Spain invaded: and redoubts
are carried, and Passes and Heights of the most scarped description;
Spanish Field-officerism struck mute at such cat-o'-mountain spirit, the
cannon forgetting to fire. (Deux Amis, xiii. 205-30; Toulongeon, &c.)
Swept are the Pyrenees; Town after Town flies up, burst by terror or
the petard. In the course of another year, Spain will crave Peace;
acknowledge its sins and the Republic; nay, in Madrid, there will be joy
as for a victory, that even Peace is got.
Few things, we repeat, can be notabler than these Convention
Representatives, with their power more than kingly. Nay at bottom are
they not Kings, Ablemen, of a sort; chosen from the Seven Hundred and
Forty-nine French Kings; with this order, Do thy duty? Representative
Levasseur, of small stature, by trade a mere pacific Surgeon-Accoucheur,
has mutinies to quell; mad hosts (mad at the Doom of Custine) bellowing
far and wide; he alone amid them, the one small Representative,--small,
but as hard as flint, which also carries fire in it! So too, at
Hondschooten, far in the afternoon, he declares that the battle is
not lost; that it must be gained; and fights, himself, with his own
obstetric hand;--horse shot under him, or say on foot, 'up to the
haunches in tide-water;' cutting stoccado and passado there, in defiance
of Water, Earth, Air and Fire, the choleric little Representative
that he was! Whereby, as natural, Royal Highness of York had to
withdraw,--occasionally at full gallop; like to be swallowed by the
tide: and his Siege of Dunkirk became a dream, realising only much loss
of beautiful siege-artillery and of brave lives. (Levasseur, Memoires,
ii. c. 2-7.)
General Houchard, it would appear, stood behind a hedge, on this
Hondschooten occasion; wherefore they have since guillotined him. A new
General Jourdan, late Serjeant Jourdan, commands in his stead: he,
in long-winded Battles of Watigny, 'murderous artillery-fire mingling
itself with sound of Revolutionary battle-hymns,' forces Austria behind
the Sambre again; has hopes of purging the soil of Liberty. With hard
wrestling, with artillerying and ca-ira-ing, it shall be done. In the
course of a new Summer, Valenciennes will see itself beleaguered; Conde
beleaguered; whatsoever is yet in the hands of Austria beleaguered and
bombarded: nay, by Convention Decree, we even summon them all 'either
to surrender in twenty-four hours, or else be put to the sword;'--a high
saying, which, though it remains unfulfilled, may shew what spirit one
is of.
Representative Drouet, as an Old-Dragoon, could fight by a kind of
second nature; but he was unlucky. Him, in a night-foray at Maubeuge,
the Austrians took alive, in October last. They stript him almost naked,
he says; making a shew of him, as King-taker of Varennes. They flung him
into carts; sent him far into the interior of Cimmeria, to 'a Fortress
called Spitzberg' on the Danube River; and left him there, at an
elevation of perhaps a hundred and fifty feet, to his own bitter
reflections. Reflections; and also devices! For the indomitable
Old-dragoon constructs wing-machinery, of Paperkite; saws window-bars:
determines to fly down. He will seize a boat, will follow the
River's course: land somewhere in Crim Tartary, in the Black Sea or
Constantinople region: a la Sindbad! Authentic History, accordingly,
looking far into Cimmeria, discerns dimly a phenomenon. In the dead
night-watches, the Spitzberg sentry is near fainting with terror: Is
it a huge vague Portent descending through the night air? It is a
huge National Representative Old-dragoon, descending by Paperkite; too
rapidly, alas! For Drouet had taken with him 'a small provision-store,
twenty pounds weight or thereby;' which proved accelerative: so he fell,
fracturing his leg; and lay there, moaning, till day dawned, till you
could discern clearly that he was not a Portent but a Representative!
(His narrative in Deux Amis, xiv. 177-86.)
Or see Saint-Just, in the Lines of Weissembourg, though physically of
a timid apprehensive nature, how he charges with his 'Alsatian Peasants
armed hastily' for the nonce; the solemn face of him blazing into flame;
his black hair and tricolor hat-taffeta flowing in the breeze; These our
Lines of Weissembourg were indeed forced, and Prussia and the Emigrants
rolled through: but we re-force the Lines of Weissembourg; and Prussia
and the Emigrants roll back again still faster,--hurled with bayonet
charges and fiery ca-ira-ing.
Ci-devant Serjeant Pichegru, ci-devant Serjeant Hoche, risen now to
be Generals, have done wonders here. Tall Pichegru was meant for
the Church; was Teacher of Mathematics once, in Brienne School,--his
remarkablest Pupil there was the Boy Napoleon Buonaparte. He then, not
in the sweetest humour, enlisted exchanging ferula for musket; and had
got the length of the halberd, beyond which nothing could be hoped;
when the Bastille barriers falling made passage for him, and he is here.
Hoche bore a hand at the literal overturn of the Bastille; he was, as we
saw, a Serjeant of the Gardes Francaises, spending his pay in rushlights
and cheap editions of books. How the Mountains are burst, and many an
Enceladus is disemprisoned: and Captains founding on Four parchments of
Nobility, are blown with their parchments across the Rhine, into Lunar
Limbo!
What high feats of arms, therefore, were done in these Fourteen Armies;
and how, for love of Liberty and hope of Promotion, low-born valour cut
its desperate way to Generalship; and, from the central Carnot in Salut
Public to the outmost drummer on the Frontiers, men strove for their
Republic, let readers fancy. The snows of Winter, the flowers of Summer
continue to be stained with warlike blood. Gaelic impetuosity mounts
ever higher with victory; spirit of Jacobinism weds itself to national
vanity: the Soldiers of the Republic are becoming, as we prophesied,
very Sons of Fire. Barefooted, barebacked: but with bread and iron you
can get to China! It is one Nation against the whole world; but the
Nation has that within her which the whole world will not conquer.
Cimmeria, astonished, recoils faster or slower; all round the Republic
there rises fiery, as it were, a magic ring of musket-volleying and
ca-ira-ing. Majesty of Prussia, as Majesty of Spain, will by and by
acknowledge his sins and the Republic: and make a Peace of Bale.
Foreign Commerce, Colonies, Factories in the East and in the West, are
fallen or falling into the hands of sea-ruling Pitt, enemy of human
nature. Nevertheless what sound is this that we hear, on the first of
June, 1794; sound of as war-thunder borne from the Ocean too; of tone
most piercing? War-thunder from off the Brest waters: Villaret-Joyeuse
and English Howe, after long manoeuvring have ranked themselves there;
and are belching fire. The enemies of human nature are on their own
element; cannot be conquered; cannot be kept from conquering. Twelve
hours of raging cannonade; sun now sinking westward through the
battle-smoke: six French Ships taken, the Battle lost; what Ship soever
can still sail, making off! But how is it, then, with that Vengeur Ship,
she neither strikes nor makes off? She is lamed, she cannot make off;
strike she will not. Fire rakes her fore and aft, from victorious
enemies; the Vengeur is sinking. Strong are ye, Tyrants of the Sea;
yet we also, are we weak? Lo! all flags, streamers, jacks, every rag of
tricolor that will yet run on rope, fly rustling aloft: the whole crew
crowds to the upper deck; and, with universal soul-maddening yell,
shouts Vive la Republique,--sinking, sinking. She staggers, she lurches,
her last drunk whirl; Ocean yawns abysmal: down rushes the Vengeur,
carrying Vive la Republique along with her, unconquerable, into
Eternity! (Compare Barrere (Chois des Rapports, xiv. 416-21); Lord Howe
(Annual Register of 1794, p. 86), &c.) Let foreign Despots think of
that. There is an Unconquerable in man, when he stands on his Rights of
Man: let Despots and Slaves and all people know this, and only them that
stand on the Wrongs of Man tremble to know it.
Chapter 3.5.VII.
Flame-Picture.
In this manner, mad-blazing with flame of all imaginable tints, from
the red of Tophet to the stellar-bright, blazes off this Consummation of
Sansculottism.
But the hundredth part of the things that were done, and the thousandth
part of the things that were projected and decreed to be done, would
tire the tongue of History. Statue of the Peuple Souverain, high as
Strasburg Steeple; which shall fling its shadow from the Pont Neuf over
Jardin National and Convention Hall;--enormous, in Painter David's
head! With other the like enormous Statues not a few: realised in paper
Decree. For, indeed, the Statue of Liberty herself is still but
Plaster in the Place de la Revolution! Then Equalisation of Weights
and Measures, with decimal division; Institutions, of Music and of much
else; Institute in general; School of Arts, School of Mars, Eleves de
la Patrie, Normal Schools: amid such Gun-boring, Altar-burning,
Saltpetre-digging, and miraculous improvements in Tannery!
What, for example, is this that Engineer Chappe is doing, in the Park of
Vincennes? In the Park of Vincennes; and onwards, they say, in the Park
of Lepelletier Saint-Fargeau the assassinated Deputy; and still onwards
to the Heights of Ecouen and further, he has scaffolding set up, has
posts driven in; wooden arms with elbow joints are jerking and fugling
in the air, in the most rapid mysterious manner! Citoyens ran up
suspicious. Yes, O Citoyens, we are signaling: it is a device this,
worthy of the Republic; a thing for what we will call Far-writing
without the aid of postbags; in Greek, it shall be named
Telegraph.--Telegraphe sacre! answers Citoyenism: For writing to
Traitors, to Austria?--and tears it down. Chappe had to escape, and
get a new Legislative Decree. Nevertheless he has accomplished it,
the indefatigable Chappe: this Far-writer, with its wooden arms and
elbow-joints, can intelligibly signal; and lines of them are set up, to
the North Frontiers and elsewhither. On an Autumn evening of the Year
Two, Far-writer having just written that Conde Town has surrendered to
us, we send from Tuileries Convention Hall this response in the shape
of Decree: 'The name of Conde is changed to Nord-Libre, North-Free.
The Army of the North ceases not to merit well of the country.'--To the
admiration of men! For lo, in some half hour, while the Convention yet
debates, there arrives this new answer: 'I inform thee, je t'annonce,
Citizen President, that the decree of Convention, ordering change of the
name Conde into North-Free; and the other declaring that the Army of
the North ceases not to merit well of the country, are transmitted and
acknowledged by Telegraph. I have instructed my Officer at Lille to
forward them to North-Free by express. Signed, CHAPPE.' (Choix des
Rapports, xv. 378, 384.)
Or see, over Fleurus in the Netherlands, where General Jourdan, having
now swept the soil of Liberty, and advanced thus far, is just about to
fight, and sweep or be swept, things there not in the Heaven's Vault,
some Prodigy, seen by Austrian eyes and spyglasses: in the similitude of
an enormous Windbag, with netting and enormous Saucer depending from it?
A Jove's Balance, O ye Austrian spyglasses? One saucer-hole of a Jove's
Balance; your poor Austrian scale having kicked itself quite aloft,
out of sight? By Heaven, answer the spyglasses, it is a Montgolfier, a
Balloon, and they are making signals! Austrian cannon-battery barks at
this Montgolfier; harmless as dog at the Moon: the Montgolfier makes its
signals; detects what Austrian ambuscade there may be, and descends
at its ease. (26th June, 1794, see Rapport de Guyton-Morveau sur les
aerostats, in Moniteur du 6 Vendemiaire, An 2.) What will not these
devils incarnate contrive?
On the whole, is it not, O Reader, one of the strangest Flame-Pictures
that ever painted itself; flaming off there, on its ground of
Guillotine-black? And the nightly Theatres are Twenty-three; and
the Salons de danse are sixty: full of mere Egalite, Fraternite and
Carmagnole. And Section Committee-rooms are Forty-eight; redolent of
tobacco and brandy: vigorous with twenty-pence a-day, coercing the
suspect. And the Houses of Arrest are Twelve for Paris alone; crowded
and even crammed. And at all turns, you need your 'Certificate of
Civism;' be it for going out, or for coming in; nay without it you
cannot, for money, get your daily ounces of bread. Dusky red-capped
Baker's-queues; wagging themselves; not in silence! For we still live by
Maximum, in all things; waited on by these two, Scarcity and Confusion.
The faces of men are darkened with suspicion; with suspecting, or being
suspect. The streets lie unswept; the ways unmended. Law has shut her
Books; speaks little, save impromptu, through the throat of Tinville.
Crimes go unpunished: not crimes against the Revolution. (Mercier, v.
25; Deux Amis, xii. 142-199.) 'The number of foundling children,' as
some compute, 'is doubled.'
How silent now sits Royalism; sits all Aristocratism; Respectability
that kept its Gig! The honour now, and the safety, is to Poverty, not to
Wealth. Your Citizen, who would be fashionable, walks abroad, with
his Wife on his arm, in red wool nightcap, black shag spencer, and
carmagnole complete. Aristocratism crouches low, in what shelter is
still left; submitting to all requisitions, vexations; too happy
to escape with life. Ghastly chateaus stare on you by the wayside;
disroofed, diswindowed; which the National House-broker is peeling for
the lead and ashlar. The old tenants hover disconsolate, over the Rhine
with Conde; a spectacle to men. Ci-devant Seigneur, exquisite in palate,
will become an exquisite Restaurateur Cook in Hamburg; Ci-devant Madame,
exquisite in dress, a successful Marchande des Modes in London. In
Newgate-Street, you meet M. le Marquis, with a rough deal on his
shoulder, adze and jack-plane under arm; he has taken to the joiner
trade; it being necessary to live (faut vivre). (See Deux Amis, xv.
189-192; Memoires de Genlis; Founders of the French Republic,
&c. &c.)--Higher than all Frenchmen the domestic Stock-jobber
flourishes,--in a day of Paper-money. The Farmer also flourishes:
'Farmers' houses,' says Mercier, 'have become like Pawn-brokers' shops;'
all manner of furniture, apparel, vessels of gold and silver accumulate
themselves there: bread is precious. The Farmer's rent is Paper-money,
and he alone of men has bread: Farmer is better than Landlord, and will
himself become Landlord.
And daily, we say, like a black Spectre, silently through that
Life-tumult, passes the Revolution Cart; writing on the walls its MENE,
MENE, Thou art weighed, and found wanting! A Spectre with which one has
grown familiar. Men have adjusted themselves: complaint issues not from
that Death-tumbril. Weak women and ci-devants, their plumage and finery
all tarnished, sit there; with a silent gaze, as if looking into the
Infinite Black. The once light lip wears a curl of irony, uttering no
word; and the Tumbril fares along. They may be guilty before Heaven, or
not; they are guilty, we suppose, before the Revolution. Then, does not
the Republic 'coin money' of them, with its great axe? Red Nightcaps
howl dire approval: the rest of Paris looks on; if with a sigh, that is
much; Fellow-creatures whom sighing cannot help; whom black Necessity
and Tinville have clutched.
One other thing, or rather two other things, we will still mention;
and no more: The Blond Perukes; the Tannery at Meudon. Great talk is
of these Perruques blondes: O Reader, they are made from the Heads of
Guillotined women! The locks of a Duchess, in this way, may come to
cover the scalp of a Cordwainer: her blond German Frankism his black
Gaelic poll, if it be bald. Or they may be worn affectionately, as
relics; rendering one suspect? (Mercier, ii. 134.) Citizens use them,
not without mockery; of a rather cannibal sort.
Still deeper into one's heart goes that Tannery at Meudon; not mentioned
among the other miracles of tanning! 'At Meudon,' says Montgaillard with
considerable calmness, 'there was a Tannery of Human Skins; such of
the Guillotined as seemed worth flaying: of which perfectly good
wash-leather was made:' for breeches, and other uses. The skin of the
men, he remarks, was superior in toughness (consistance) and quality
to shamoy; that of women was good for almost nothing, being so soft
in texture! (Montgaillard, iv. 290.)--History looking back over
Cannibalism, through Purchas's Pilgrims and all early and late Records,
will perhaps find no terrestrial Cannibalism of a sort on the whole so
detestable. It is a manufactured, soft-feeling, quietly elegant sort; a
sort perfide! Alas then, is man's civilisation only a wrappage, through
which the savage nature of him can still burst, infernal as ever? Nature
still makes him; and has an Infernal in her as well as a Celestial.
BOOK 3.VI.
THERMIDOR
Chapter 3.6.I.
The Gods are athirst.
What then is this Thing, called La Revolution, which, like an Angel of
Death, hangs over France, noyading, fusillading, fighting, gun-boring,
tanning human skins? La Revolution is but so many Alphabetic Letters; a
thing nowhere to be laid hands on, to be clapt under lock and key: where
is it? what is it? It is the Madness that dwells in the hearts of men.
In this man it is, and in that man; as a rage or as a terror, it is
in all men. Invisible, impalpable; and yet no black Azrael, with wings
spread over half a continent, with sword sweeping from sea to sea, could
be a truer Reality.
To explain, what is called explaining, the march of this Revolutionary
Government, be no task of ours. Men cannot explain it. A paralytic
Couthon, asking in the Jacobins, 'what hast thou done to be hanged if
the Counter-Revolution should arrive;' a sombre Saint-Just, not yet
six-and-twenty, declaring that 'for Revolutionists there is no rest but
in the tomb;' a seagreen Robespierre converted into vinegar and gall;
much more an Amar and Vadier, a Collot and Billaud: to inquire what
thoughts, predetermination or prevision, might be in the head of these
men! Record of their thought remains not; Death and Darkness have swept
it out utterly. Nay if we even had their thought, all they could have
articulately spoken to us, how insignificant a fraction were that of the
Thing which realised itself, which decreed itself, on signal given by
them! As has been said more than once, this Revolutionary Government is
not a self-conscious but a blind fatal one. Each man, enveloped in his
ambient-atmosphere of revolutionary fanatic Madness, rushes on, impelled
and impelling; and has become a blind brute Force; no rest for him but
in the grave! Darkness and the mystery of horrid cruelty cover it for
us, in History; as they did in Nature. The chaotic Thunder-cloud, with
its pitchy black, and its tumult of dazzling jagged fire, in a world
all electric: thou wilt not undertake to shew how that comported
itself,--what the secrets of its dark womb were; from what sources, with
what specialities, the lightning it held did, in confused brightness of
terror, strike forth, destructive and self-destructive, till it ended?
Like a Blackness naturally of Erebus, which by will of Providence
had for once mounted itself into dominion and the Azure: is not this
properly the nature of Sansculottism consummating itself? Of which
Erebus Blackness be it enough to discern that this and the other
dazzling fire-bolt, dazzling fire-torrent, does by small Volition and
great Necessity, verily issue,--in such and such succession; destructive
so and so, self-destructive so and so: till it end.
Royalism is extinct, 'sunk,' as they say, 'in the mud of the Loire;'
Republicanism dominates without and within: what, therefore, on the 15th
day of March, 1794, is this? Arrestment, sudden really as a bolt out
of the Blue, has hit strange victims: Hebert Pere Duchene, Bibliopolist
Momoro, Clerk Vincent, General Ronsin; high Cordelier Patriots,
redcapped Magistrates of Paris, Worshippers of Reason, Commanders of
Revolutionary Army! Eight short days ago, their Cordelier Club was loud,
and louder than ever, with Patriot denunciations. Hebert Pere Duchene
had "held his tongue and his heart these two months, at sight of
Moderates, Crypto-Aristocrats, Camilles, Scelerats in the Convention
itself: but could not do it any longer; would, if other remedy were not,
invoke the Sacred right of Insurrection." So spake Hebert in Cordelier
Session; with vivats, till the roofs rang again. (Moniteur, du 17
Ventose (7th March) 1794.) Eight short days ago; and now already! They
rub their eyes: it is no dream; they find themselves in the Luxembourg.
Goose Gobel too; and they that burnt Churches! Chaumette himself, potent
Procureur, Agent National as they now call it, who could 'recognise the
Suspect by the very face of them,' he lingers but three days; on
the third day he too is hurled in. Most chopfallen, blue, enters the
National Agent this Limbo whither he has sent so many. Prisoners crowd
round, jibing and jeering: "Sublime National Agent," says one, "in
virtue of thy immortal Proclamation, lo there! I am suspect, thou
art suspect, he is suspect, we are suspect, ye are suspect, they are
suspect!"
The meaning of these things? Meaning! It is a Plot; Plot of the most
extensive ramifications; which, however, Barrere holds the threads of.
Such Church-burning and scandalous masquerades of Atheism, fit to make
the Revolution odious: where indeed could they originate but in the gold
of Pitt? Pitt indubitably, as Preternatural Insight will teach one, did
hire this Faction of Enrages, to play their fantastic tricks; to roar
in their Cordeliers Club about Moderatism; to print their Pere Duchene;
worship skyblue Reason in red nightcap; rob all Altars,--and bring the
spoil to us!--
Still more indubitable, visible to the mere bodily sight, is this: that
the Cordeliers Club sits pale, with anger and terror; and has 'veiled
the Rights of Man,'--without effect. Likewise that the Jacobins are in
considerable confusion; busy 'purging themselves, 's'epurant,' as, in
times of Plot and public Calamity, they have repeatedly had to do. Not
even Camille Desmoulins but has given offence: nay there have risen
murmurs against Danton himself; though he bellowed them down, and
Robespierre finished the matter by 'embracing him in the Tribune.'
Whom shall the Republic and a jealous Mother Society trust? In these
times of temptation, of Preternatural Insight! For there are Factions
of the Stranger, 'de l'etranger,' Factions of Moderates, of Enraged; all
manner of Factions: we walk in a world of Plots; strings, universally
spread, of deadly gins and falltraps, baited by the gold of Pitt!
Clootz, Speaker of Mankind so-called, with his Evidences of Mahometan
Religion, and babble of Universal Republic, him an incorruptible
Robespierre has purged away. Baron Clootz, and Paine rebellious
Needleman lie, these two months, in the Luxembourg; limbs of the Faction
de l'etranger. Representative Phelippeaux is purged out: he came back
from La Vendee with an ill report in his mouth against rogue Rossignol,
and our method of warfare there. Recant it, O Phelippeaux, we entreat
thee! Phelippeaux will not recant; and is purged out. Representative
Fabre d'Eglantine, famed Nomenclator of Romme's Calendar, is purged out;
nay, is cast into the Luxembourg: accused of Legislative Swindling 'in
regard to monies of the India Company.' There with his Chabots, Bazires,
guilty of the like, let Fabre wait his destiny. And Westermann friend
of Danton, he who led the Marseillese on the Tenth of August, and fought
well in La Vendee, but spoke not well of rogue Rossignol, is purged out.
Lucky, if he too go not to the Luxembourg. And your Prolys, Guzmans, of
the Faction of the Stranger, they have gone; Peyreyra, though he fled is
gone, 'taken in the disguise of a Tavern Cook.' I am suspect, thou art
suspect, he is suspect!--
The great heart of Danton is weary of it. Danton is gone to native
Arcis, for a little breathing time of peace: Away, black Arachne-webs,
thou world of Fury, Terror, and Suspicion; welcome, thou everlasting
Mother, with thy spring greenness, thy kind household loves and
memories; true art thou, were all else untrue! The great Titan walks
silent, by the banks of the murmuring Aube, in young native haunts that
knew him when a boy; wonders what the end of these things may be.
But strangest of all, Camille Desmoulins is purged out. Couthon gave as
a test in regard to Jacobin purgation the question, 'What hast thou
done to be hanged if Counter-Revolution should arrive?' Yet Camille,
who could so well answer this question, is purged out! The truth is,
Camille, early in December last, began publishing a new Journal, or
Series of Pamphlets, entitled the Vieux Cordelier, Old Cordelier.
Camille, not afraid at one time to 'embrace Liberty on a heap of
dead bodies,' begins to ask now, Whether among so many arresting and
punishing Committees there ought not to be a 'Committee of Mercy?'
Saint-Just, he observes, is an extremely solemn young Republican, who
'carries his head as if it were a Saint-Sacrement; adorable Hostie, or
divine Real-Presence! Sharply enough, this old Cordelier, Danton and
he were of the earliest primary Cordeliers,--shoots his glittering
war-shafts into your new Cordeliers, your Heberts, Momoros, with their
brawling brutalities and despicabilities: say, as the Sun-god (for poor
Camille is a Poet) shot into that Python Serpent sprung of mud.
Whereat, as was natural, the Hebertist Python did hiss and writhe
amazingly; and threaten 'sacred right of Insurrection;'--and, as we saw,
get cast into Prison. Nay, with all the old wit, dexterity, and light
graceful poignancy, Camille, translating 'out of Tacitus, from the
Reign of Tiberius,' pricks into the Law of the Suspect itself; making it
odious! Twice, in the Decade, his wild Leaves issue; full of wit, nay
of humour, of harmonious ingenuity and insight,--one of the strangest
phenomenon of that dark time; and smite, in their wild-sparkling way, at
various monstrosities, Saint-Sacrament heads, and Juggernaut idols, in
a rather reckless manner. To the great joy of Josephine Beauharnais, and
the other Five Thousand and odd Suspect, who fill the Twelve Houses of
Arrest; on whom a ray of hope dawns! Robespierre, at first approbatory,
knew not at last what to think; then thought, with his Jacobins, that
Camille must be expelled. A man of true Revolutionary spirit, this
Camille; but with the unwisest sallies; whom Aristocrats and Moderates
have the art to corrupt! Jacobinism is in uttermost crisis and struggle:
enmeshed wholly in plots, corruptibilities, neck-gins and baited
falltraps of Pitt Ennemi du Genre Humain. Camille's First Number begins
with 'O Pitt!'--his last is dated 15 Pluviose Year 2, 3d February 1794;
and ends with these words of Montezuma's, 'Les dieux ont soif, The gods
are athirst.'
Be this as it may, the Hebertists lie in Prison only some nine days. On
the 24th of March, therefore, the Revolution Tumbrils carry through that
Life-tumult a new cargo: Hebert, Vincent, Momoro, Ronsin, Nineteen of
them in all; with whom, curious enough, sits Clootz Speaker of
Mankind. They have been massed swiftly into a lump, this miscellany of
Nondescripts; and travel now their last road. No help. They too must
'look through the little window;' they too 'must sneeze into the sack,'
eternuer dans le sac; as they have done to others so is it done to
them. Sainte-Guillotine, meseems, is worse than the old Saints of
Superstition; a man-devouring Saint? Clootz, still with an air of
polished sarcasm, endeavours to jest, to offer cheering 'arguments of
Materialism;' he requested to be executed last, 'in order to establish
certain principles,'--which Philosophy has not retained. General Ronsin
too, he still looks forth with some air of defiance, eye of command: the
rest are sunk in a stony paleness of despair. Momoro, poor Bibliopolist,
no Agrarian Law yet realised,--they might as well have hanged thee at
Evreux, twenty months ago, when Girondin Buzot hindered them. Hebert
Pere Duchene shall never in this world rise in sacred right of
insurrection; he sits there low enough, head sunk on breast; Red
Nightcaps shouting round him, in frightful parody of his Newspaper
Articles, "Grand choler of the Pere Duchene!" Thus perish they; the
sack receives all their heads. Through some section of History, Nineteen
spectre-chimeras shall flit, speaking and gibbering; till Oblivion
swallow them.
In the course of a week, the Revolutionary Army itself is disbanded; the
General having become spectral. This Faction of Rabids, therefore, is
also purged from the Republican soil; here also the baited falltraps of
that Pitt have been wrenched up harmless; and anew there is joy over
a Plot Discovered. The Revolution then is verily devouring its own
children. All Anarchy, by the nature of it, is not only destructive but
self-destructive.
Chapter 3.6.II.
Danton, No weakness.
Danton, meanwhile, has been pressingly sent for from Arcis: he must
return instantly, cried Camille, cried Phelippeaux and Friends, who
scented danger in the wind. Danger enough! A Danton, a Robespierre,
chief-products of a victorious Revolution, are now arrived in immediate
front of one another; must ascertain how they will live together, rule
together. One conceives easily the deep mutual incompatibility that
divided these two: with what terror of feminine hatred the poor seagreen
Formula looked at the monstrous colossal Reality, and grew greener
to behold him;--the Reality, again, struggling to think no ill of
a chief-product of the Revolution; yet feeling at bottom that such
chief-product was little other than a chief wind-bag, blown large by
Popular air; not a man with the heart of a man, but a poor spasmodic
incorruptible pedant, with a logic-formula instead of heart; of Jesuit
or Methodist-Parson nature; full of sincere-cant, incorruptibility, of
virulence, poltroonery; barren as the east-wind! Two such chief-products
are too much for one Revolution.
Friends, trembling at the results of a quarrel on their part, brought
them to meet. "It is right," said Danton, swallowing much indignation,
"to repress the Royalists: but we should not strike except where it
is useful to the Republic; we should not confound the innocent and the
guilty."--"And who told you," replied Robespierre with a poisonous look,
"that one innocent person had perished?"--"Quoi," said Danton, turning
round to Friend Paris self-named Fabricius, Juryman in the Revolutionary
Tribunal: "Quoi, not one innocent? What sayest thou of it, Fabricius!"
(Biographie de Ministres, para Danton.)--Friends, Westermann, this Paris
and others urged him to shew himself, to ascend the Tribune and act. The
man Danton was not prone to shew himself; to act, or uproar for his own
safety. A man of careless, large, hoping nature; a large nature that
could rest: he would sit whole hours, they say, hearing Camille talk,
and liked nothing so well. Friends urged him to fly; his Wife urged him:
"Whither fly?" answered he: "If freed France cast me out, there are only
dungeons for me elsewhere. One carries not his country with him at the
sole of his shoe!" The man Danton sat still. Not even the arrestment
of Friend Herault, a member of Salut, yet arrested by Salut, can rouse
Danton.--On the night of the 30th of March, Juryman Paris came rushing
in; haste looking through his eyes: A clerk of the Salut Committee had
told him Danton's warrant was made out, he is to be arrested this very
night! Entreaties there are and trepidation, of poor Wife, of Paris and
Friends: Danton sat silent for a while; then answered, "Ils n'oseraient,
They dare not;" and would take no measures. Murmuring "They dare not,"
he goes to sleep as usual.
And yet, on the morrow morning, strange rumour spreads over Paris City:
Danton, Camille, Phelippeaux, Lacroix have been arrested overnight!
It is verily so: the corridors of the Luxembourg were all crowded,
Prisoners crowding forth to see this giant of the Revolution among them.
"Messieurs," said Danton politely, "I hoped soon to have got you all
out of this: but here I am myself; and one sees not where it will
end."--Rumour may spread over Paris: the Convention clusters itself
into groups; wide-eyed, whispering, "Danton arrested!" Who then is safe?
Legendre, mounting the Tribune, utters, at his own peril, a feeble word
for him; moving that he be heard at that Bar before indictment; but
Robespierre frowns him down: "Did you hear Chabot, or Bazire? Would you
have two weights and measures?" Legendre cowers low; Danton, like the
others, must take his doom.
Danton's Prison-thoughts were curious to have; but are not given in any
quantity: indeed few such remarkable men have been left so obscure to us
as this Titan of the Revolution. He was heard to ejaculate: "This
time twelvemonth, I was moving the creation of that same Revolutionary
Tribunal. I crave pardon for it of God and man. They are all Brothers
Cain: Brissot would have had me guillotined as Robespierre now will. I
leave the whole business in a frightful welter (gachis epouvantable):
not one of them understands anything of government. Robespierre will
follow me; I drag down Robespierre. O, it were better to be a poor
fisherman than to meddle with governing of men."--Camille's young
beautiful Wife, who had made him rich not in money alone, hovers round
the Luxembourg, like a disembodied spirit, day and night. Camille's
stolen letters to her still exist; stained with the mark of his tears.
(Apercus sur Camille Desmoulins in Vieux Cordelier, Paris, 1825, pp.
1-29.) "I carry my head like a Saint-Sacrament?" so Saint-Just was heard
to mutter: "Perhaps he will carry his like a Saint-Dennis."
Unhappy Danton, thou still unhappier light Camille, once light Procureur
de la Lanterne, ye also have arrived, then, at the Bourne of Creation,
where, like Ulysses Polytlas at the limit and utmost Gades of his
voyage, gazing into that dim Waste beyond Creation, a man does see the
Shade of his Mother, pale, ineffectual;--and days when his Mother nursed
and wrapped him are all-too sternly contrasted with this day! Danton,
Camille, Herault, Westermann, and the others, very strangely massed up
with Bazires, Swindler Chabots, Fabre d'Eglantines, Banker Freys, a most
motley Batch, 'Fournee' as such things will be called, stand ranked
at the Bar of Tinville. It is the 2d of April 1794. Danton has had but
three days to lie in Prison; for the time presses.
What is your name? place of abode? and the like, Fouquier asks;
according to formality. "My name is Danton," answers he; "a name
tolerably known in the Revolution: my abode will soon be Annihilation
(dans le Neant); but I shall live in the Pantheon of History." A man
will endeavour to say something forcible, be it by nature or not!
Herault mentions epigrammatically that he "sat in this Hall, and was
detested of Parlementeers." Camille makes answer, "My age is that of
the bon Sansculotte Jesus; an age fatal to Revolutionists." O Camille,
Camille! And yet in that Divine Transaction, let us say, there did lie,
among other things, the fatallest Reproof ever uttered here below to
Worldly Right-honourableness; 'the highest Fact,' so devout Novalis
calls it, 'in the Rights of Man.' Camille's real age, it would seem, is
thirty-four. Danton is one year older.
Some five months ago, the Trial of the Twenty-two Girondins was the
greatest that Fouquier had then done. But here is a still greater to do;
a thing which tasks the whole faculty of Fouquier; which makes the very
heart of him waver. For it is the voice of Danton that reverberates
now from these domes; in passionate words, piercing with their wild
sincerity, winged with wrath. Your best Witnesses he shivers into ruin
at one stroke. He demands that the Committee-men themselves come as
Witnesses, as Accusers; he "will cover them with ignominy." He raises
his huge stature, he shakes his huge black head, fire flashes from
the eyes of him,--piercing to all Republican hearts: so that the very
Galleries, though we filled them by ticket, murmur sympathy; and are
like to burst down, and raise the People, and deliver him! He complains
loudly that he is classed with Chabots, with swindling Stockjobbers;
that his Indictment is a list of platitudes and horrors. "Danton hidden
on the Tenth of August?" reverberates he, with the roar of a lion in the
toils: "Where are the men that had to press Danton to shew himself, that
day? Where are these high-gifted souls of whom he borrowed energy? Let
them appear, these Accusers of mine: I have all the clearness of my
self-possession when I demand them. I will unmask the three shallow
scoundrels," les trois plats coquins, Saint-Just, Couthon, Lebas, "who
fawn on Robespierre, and lead him towards his destruction. Let them
produce themselves here; I will plunge them into Nothingness, out of
which they ought never to have risen." The agitated President agitates
his bell; enjoins calmness, in a vehement manner: "What is it to thee
how I defend myself?" cries the other: "the right of dooming me is thine
always. The voice of a man speaking for his honour and his life may well
drown the jingling of thy bell!" Thus Danton, higher and higher; till
the lion voice of him 'dies away in his throat:' speech will not utter
what is in that man. The Galleries murmur ominously; the first day's
Session is over.
O Tinville, President Herman, what will ye do? They have two days more
of it, by strictest Revolutionary Law. The Galleries already murmur.
If this Danton were to burst your mesh-work!--Very curious indeed to
consider. It turns on a hair: and what a Hoitytoity were there, Justice
and Culprit changing places; and the whole History of France running
changed! For in France there is this Danton only that could still try
to govern France. He only, the wild amorphous Titan;--and perhaps that
other olive-complexioned individual, the Artillery Officer at Toulon,
whom we left pushing his fortune in the South?
On the evening of the second day, matters looking not better but worse
and worse, Fouquier and Herman, distraction in their aspect, rush over
to Salut Public. What is to be done? Salut Public rapidly concocts a new
Decree; whereby if men 'insult Justice,' they may be 'thrown out of the
Debates.' For indeed, withal, is there not 'a Plot in the Luxembourg
Prison?' Ci-devant General Dillon, and others of the Suspect, plotting
with Camille's Wife to distribute assignats; to force the Prisons,
overset the Republic? Citizen Laflotte, himself Suspect but desiring
enfranchisement, has reported said Plot for us:--a report that may bear
fruit! Enough, on the morrow morning, an obedient Convention passes this
Decree. Salut rushes off with it to the aid of Tinville, reduced now
almost to extremities. And so, Hors des Debats, Out of the Debates,
ye insolents! Policemen do your duty! In such manner, with a deadlift
effort, Salut, Tinville Herman, Leroi Dix-Aout, and all stanch jurymen
setting heart and shoulder to it, the Jury becomes 'sufficiently
instructed;' Sentence is passed, is sent by an Official, and torn and
trampled on: Death this day. It is the 5th of April, 1794. Camille's
poor Wife may cease hovering about this Prison. Nay let her kiss her
poor children; and prepare to enter it, and to follow!--
Danton carried a high look in the Death-cart. Not so Camille: it is but
one week, and all is so topsy-turvied; angel Wife left weeping; love,
riches, Revolutionary fame, left all at the Prison-gate; carnivorous
Rabble now howling round. Palpable, and yet incredible; like a madman's
dream! Camille struggles and writhes; his shoulders shuffle the loose
coat off them, which hangs knotted, the hands tied: "Calm my friend,"
said Danton; "heed not that vile canaille (laissez la cette vile
canaille)." At the foot of the Scaffold, Danton was heard to ejaculate:
"O my Wife, my well-beloved, I shall never see thee more
then!"--but, interrupting himself: "Danton, no weakness!" He said to
Herault-Sechelles stepping forward to embrace him: "Our heads will
meet there," in the Headsman's sack. His last words were to Samson the
Headsman himself: "Thou wilt shew my head to the people; it is worth
shewing."
So passes, like a gigantic mass, of valour, ostentation, fury, affection
and wild revolutionary manhood, this Danton, to his unknown home. He was
of Arcis-sur-Aube; born of 'good farmer-people' there. He had many
sins; but one worst sin he had not, that of Cant. No hollow Formalist,
deceptive and self-deceptive, ghastly to the natural sense, was this;
but a very Man: with all his dross he was a Man; fiery-real, from the
great fire-bosom of Nature herself. He saved France from Brunswick; he
walked straight his own wild road, whither it led him. He may live for
some generations in the memory of men.
Chapter 3.6.III.
The Tumbrils.
Next week, it is still but the 10th of April, there comes a new
Nineteen; Chaumette, Gobel, Hebert's Widow, the Widow of Camille: these
also roll their fated journey; black Death devours them. Mean Hebert's
Widow was weeping, Camille's Widow tried to speak comfort to her. O
ye kind Heavens, azure, beautiful, eternal behind your tempests and
Time-clouds, is there not pity for all! Gobel, it seems, was repentant;
he begged absolution of a Priest; did as a Gobel best could. For
Anaxagoras Chaumette, the sleek head now stript of its bonnet rouge,
what hope is there? Unless Death were 'an eternal sleep?' Wretched
Anaxagoras, God shall judge thee, not I.
Hebert, therefore, is gone, and the Hebertists; they that robbed
Churches, and adored blue Reason in red nightcap. Great Danton, and the
Dantonists; they also are gone. Down to the catacombs; they are become
silent men! Let no Paris Municipality, no Sect or Party of this hue or
that, resist the will of Robespierre and Salut. Mayor Pache, not prompt
enough in denouncing these Pitts Plots, may congratulate about them
now. Never so heartily; it skills not! His course likewise is to the
Luxembourg. We appoint one Fleuriot-Lescot Interim-Mayor in his stead:
an 'architect from Belgium,' they say, this Fleuriot; he is a man one
can depend on. Our new Agent-National is Payan, lately Juryman; whose
cynosure also is Robespierre.
Thus then, we perceive, this confusedly electric Erebus-cloud of
Revolutionary Government has altered its shape somewhat. Two masses, or
wings, belonging to it; an over-electric mass of Cordelier Rabids, and
an under-electric of Dantonist Moderates and Clemency-men,--these two
masses, shooting bolts at one another, so to speak, have annihilated
one another. For the Erebus-cloud, as we often remark, is of suicidal
nature; and, in jagged irregularity, darts its lightning withal into
itself. But now these two discrepant masses being mutually annihilated,
it is as if the Erebus-cloud had got to internal composure; and did only
pour its hellfire lightning on the World that lay under it. In plain
words, Terror of the Guillotine was never terrible till now. Systole,
diastole, swift and ever swifter goes the Axe of Samson. Indictments
cease by degrees to have so much as plausibility: Fouquier chooses from
the Twelve houses of Arrest what he calls Batches, 'Fournees,' a
score or more at a time; his Jurymen are charged to make feu de file,
fire-filing till the ground be clear. Citizen Laflotte's report of Plot
in the Luxembourg is verily bearing fruit! If no speakable charge exist
against a man, or Batch of men, Fouquier has always this: a Plot in the
Prison. Swift and ever swifter goes Samson; up, finally, to three score
and more at a Batch! It is the highday of Death: none but the Dead
return not.
O dusky d'Espremenil, what a day is this, the 22d of April, thy last
day! The Palais Hall here is the same stone Hall, where thou, five years
ago, stoodest perorating, amid endless pathos of rebellious Parlement,
in the grey of the morning; bound to march with d'Agoust to the Isles
of Hieres. The stones are the same stones: but the rest, Men, Rebellion,
Pathos, Peroration, see! it has all fled, like a gibbering troop of
ghosts, like the phantasms of a dying brain! With d'Espremenil, in the
same line of Tumbrils, goes the mournfullest medley. Chapelier goes,
ci-devant popular President of the Constituent; whom the Menads and
Maillard met in his carriage, on the Versailles Road. Thouret likewise,
ci-devant President, father of Constitutional Law-acts; he whom we heard
saying, long since, with a loud voice, "The Constituent Assembly has
fulfilled its mission!" And the noble old Malesherbes, who defended
Louis and could not speak, like a grey old rock dissolving into sudden
water: he journeys here now, with his kindred, daughters, sons and
grandsons, his Lamoignons, Chateaubriands; silent, towards Death.--One
young Chateaubriand alone is wandering amid the Natchez, by the roar of
Niagara Falls, the moan of endless forests: Welcome thou great Nature,
savage, but not false, not unkind, unmotherly; no Formula thou, or rapid
jangle of Hypothesis, Parliamentary Eloquence, Constitution-building and
the Guillotine; speak thou to me, O Mother, and sing my sick heart thy
mystic everlasting lullaby-song, and let all the rest be far!--
Another row of Tumbrils we must notice: that which holds Elizabeth, the
Sister of Louis. Her Trial was like the rest; for Plots, for Plots. She
was among the kindliest, most innocent of women. There sat with her,
amid four-and-twenty others, a once timorous Marchioness de Crussol;
courageous now; expressing towards her the liveliest loyalty. At the
foot of the Scaffold, Elizabeth with tears in her eyes, thanked this
Marchioness; said she was grieved she could not reward her. "Ah,
Madame, would your Royal Highness deign to embrace me, my wishes were
complete!"--"Right willingly, Marquise de Crussol, and with my whole
heart." (Montgaillard, iv. 200.) Thus they: at the foot of the Scaffold.
The Royal Family is now reduced to two: a girl and a little boy. The
boy, once named Dauphin, was taken from his Mother while she yet lived;
and given to one Simon, by trade a Cordwainer, on service then about
the Temple-Prison, to bring him up in principles of Sansculottism. Simon
taught him to drink, to swear, to sing the carmagnole. Simon is now gone
to the Municipality: and the poor boy, hidden in a tower of the Temple,
from which in his fright and bewilderment and early decrepitude he
wishes not to stir out, lies perishing, 'his shirt not changed for six
months;' amid squalor and darkness, lamentably, (Duchesse d'Angouleme,
Captivite a la Tour du Temple, pp. 37-71.)--so as none but poor Factory
Children and the like are wont to perish, unlamented!
The Spring sends its green leaves and bright weather, bright May
brighter than ever: Death pauses not. Lavoisier famed Chemist, shall die
and not live: Chemist Lavoisier was Farmer-General Lavoisier too, and
now 'all the Farmers-General are arrested;' all, and shall give an
account of their monies and incomings; and die for 'putting water in the
tobacco' they sold. (Tribunal Revolutionnaire, du 8 Mai 1794, Moniteur,
No. 231.) Lavoisier begged a fortnight more of life, to finish some
experiments: but "the Republic does not need such;" the axe must do
its work. Cynic Chamfort, reading these Inscriptions of Brotherhood or
Death, says "it is a Brotherhood of Cain:" arrested, then liberated;
then about to be arrested again, this Chamfort cuts and slashes himself
with frantic uncertain hand; gains, not without difficulty, the refuge
of death. Condorcet has lurked deep, these many months; Argus-eyes
watching and searching for him. His concealment is become dangerous
to others and himself; he has to fly again, to skulk, round Paris,
in thickets and stone-quarries. And so at the Village of Clamars, one
bleared May morning, there enters a Figure, ragged, rough-bearded,
hunger-stricken; asks breakfast in the tavern there. Suspect, by the
look of him! "Servant out of place, sayest thou?" Committee-President
of Forty-Sous finds a Latin Horace on him: "Art thou not one of those
Ci-devants that were wont to keep servants? Suspect!" He is haled
forthwith, breakfast unfinished, towards Bourg-la-Reine, on foot: he
faints with exhaustion; is set on a peasant's horse; is flung into his
damp prison-cell: on the morrow, recollecting him, you enter; Condorcet
lies dead on the floor. They die fast, and disappear: the Notabilities
of France disappear, one after one, like lights in a Theatre, which you
are snuffing out.
Under which circumstances, is it not singular, and almost touching, to
see Paris City drawn out, in the meek May nights, in civic ceremony,
which they call 'Souper Fraternel, Brotherly Supper? Spontaneous, or
partially spontaneous, in the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth nights of
this May month, it is seen. Along the Rue Saint-Honore, and main Streets
and Spaces, each Citoyen brings forth what of supper the stingy Maximum
has yielded him, to the open air; joins it to his neighbour's supper;
and with common table, cheerful light burning frequent, and what due
modicum of cut-glasses and other garnish and relish is convenient, they
eat frugally together, under the kind stars. (Tableaux de la Revolution,
para Soupers Fraternels; Mercier, ii. 150.) See it O Night! With
cheerfully pledged wine-cup, hobnobbing to the Reign of Liberty,
Equality, Brotherhood, with their wives in best ribands, with their
little ones romping round, the Citoyens, in frugal Love-feast, sit
there. Night in her wide empire sees nothing similar. O my brothers, why
is the reign of Brotherhood not come! It is come, it shall come, say the
Citoyens frugally hobnobbing.--Ah me! these everlasting stars, do they
not look down 'like glistening eyes, bright with immortal pity, over the
lot of man!'--
One lamentable thing, however, is, that individuals will attempt
assassination--of Representatives of the People. Representative Collot,
Member even of Salut, returning home, 'about one in the morning,'
probably touched with liquor, as he is apt to be, meets on the stairs,
the cry "Scelerat!" and also the snap of a pistol: which latter
flashes in the pan; disclosing to him, momentarily, a pair of truculent
saucer-eyes, swart grim-clenched countenance; recognisable as that
of our little fellow-lodger, Citoyen Amiral, formerly 'a clerk in the
Lotteries!; Collot shouts Murder, with lungs fit to awaken all the Rue
Favart; Amiral snaps a second time; a second time flashes in the pan;
then darts up into his apartment; and, after there firing, still with
inadequate effect, one musket at himself and another at his captor,
is clutched and locked in Prison. (Riouffe, p. 73; Deux Amis, xii.
298-302.) An indignant little man this Amiral, of Southern temper and
complexion, of 'considerable muscular force.' He denies not that he
meant to "purge France of a tyrant;" nay avows that he had an eye to the
Incorruptible himself, but took Collot as more convenient!
Rumour enough hereupon; heaven-high congratulation of Collot, fraternal
embracing, at the Jacobins, and elsewhere. And yet, it would seem the
assassin-mood proves catching. Two days more, it is still but the 23d
of May, and towards nine in the evening, Cecile Renault, Paper-dealer's
daughter, a young woman of soft blooming look, presents herself at the
Cabinet-maker's in the Rue Saint-Honore; desires to see Robespierre.
Robespierre cannot be seen: she grumbles irreverently. They lay hold of
her. She has left a basket in a shop hard by: in the basket are female
change of raiment and two knives! Poor Cecile, examined by Committee,
declares she "wanted to see what a tyrant was like:" the change of
raiment was "for my own use in the place I am surely going to."--"What
place?"--"Prison; and then the Guillotine," answered she.--Such things
come of Charlotte Corday; in a people prone to imitation, and monomania!
Swart choleric men try Charlotte's feat, and their pistols miss fire;
soft blooming young women try it, and, only half-resolute, leave their
knives in a shop.
O Pitt, and ye Faction of the Stranger, shall the Republic never have
rest; but be torn continually by baited springs, by wires of explosive
spring-guns? Swart Amiral, fair young Cecile, and all that knew them,
and many that did not know them, lie locked, waiting the scrutiny of
Tinville.
Chapter 3.6.IV.
Mumbo-Jumbo.
But on the day they call Decadi, New-Sabbath, 20 Prairial, 8th June by
old style, what thing is this going forward, in the Jardin National,
whilom Tuileries Garden?
All the world is there, in holydays clothes: (Vilate, Causes Secretes de
la Revolution de 9 Thermidor.) foul linen went out with the Hebertists;
nay Robespierre, for one, would never once countenance that; but went
always elegant and frizzled, not without vanity even,--and had his room
hung round with seagreen Portraits and Busts. In holyday clothes, we
say, are the innumerable Citoyens and Citoyennes: the weather is of the
brightest; cheerful expectation lights all countenances. Juryman Vilate
gives breakfast to many a Deputy, in his official Apartment, in the
Pavillon ci-devant of Flora; rejoices in the bright-looking multitudes,
in the brightness of leafy June, in the auspicious Decadi, or
New-Sabbath. This day, if it please Heaven, we are to have, on improved
Anti-Chaumette principles: a New Religion.
Catholicism being burned out, and Reason-worship guillotined, was there
not need of one? Incorruptible Robespierre, not unlike the Ancients, as
Legislator of a free people will now also be Priest and Prophet. He has
donned his sky-blue coat, made for the occasion; white silk waistcoat
broidered with silver, black silk breeches, white stockings,
shoe-buckles of gold. He is President of the Convention; he has made
the Convention decree, so they name it, decreter the 'Existence of the
Supreme Being,' and likewise 'ce principe consolateur of the Immortality
of the Soul.' These consolatory principles, the basis of rational
Republican Religion, are getting decreed; and here, on this blessed
Decadi, by help of Heaven and Painter David, is to be our first act of
worship.
See, accordingly, how after Decree passed, and what has been called
'the scraggiest Prophetic Discourse ever uttered by man,'--Mahomet
Robespierre, in sky-blue coat and black breeches, frizzled and powdered
to perfection, bearing in his hand a bouquet of flowers and wheat-ears,
issues proudly from the Convention Hall; Convention following him, yet,
as is remarked, with an interval. Amphitheatre has been raised, or at
least Monticule or Elevation; hideous Statues of Atheism, Anarchy and
such like, thanks to Heaven and Painter David, strike abhorrence into
the heart. Unluckily however, our Monticule is too small. On the top of
it not half of us can stand; wherefore there arises indecent shoving,
nay treasonous irreverent growling. Peace, thou Bourdon de l'Oise;
peace, or it may be worse for thee!
The seagreen Pontiff takes a torch, Painter David handing it; mouths
some other froth-rant of vocables, which happily one cannot hear;
strides resolutely forward, in sight of expectant France; sets his torch
to Atheism and Company, which are but made of pasteboard steeped in
turpentine. They burn up rapidly; and, from within, there rises 'by
machinery' an incombustible Statue of Wisdom, which, by ill hap, gets
besmoked a little; but does stand there visible in as serene attitude as
it can.
And then? Why, then, there is other Processioning, scraggy Discoursing,
and--this is our Feast of the Etre Supreme; our new Religion, better or
worse, is come!--Look at it one moment, O Reader, not two. The Shabbiest
page of Human Annals: or is there, that thou wottest of, one shabbier?
Mumbo-Jumbo of the African woods to me seems venerable beside this new
Deity of Robespierre; for this is a conscious Mumbo-Jumbo, and knows
that he is machinery. O seagreen Prophet, unhappiest of windbags blown
nigh to bursting, what distracted Chimera among realities are thou
growing to! This then, this common pitch-link for artificial fireworks
of turpentine and pasteboard; this is the miraculous Aaron's Rod thou
wilt stretch over a hag-ridden hell-ridden France, and bid her plagues
cease? Vanish, thou and it!--"Avec ton Etre Supreme," said Billaud, "tu
commences m'embeter: With thy Etre Supreme thou beginnest to be a
bore to me." (See Vilate, Causes Secretes. Vilate's Narrative is very
curious; but is not to be taken as true, without sifting; being, at
bottom, in spite of its title, not a Narrative but a Pleading.)
Catherine Theot, on the other hand, 'an ancient serving-maid
seventy-nine years of age,' inured to Prophecy and the Bastille from of
old, sits, in an upper room in the Rue-de-Contrescarpe, poring over
the Book of Revelations, with an eye to Robespierre; finds that this
astonishing thrice-potent Maximilien really is the Man spoken of by
Prophets, who is to make the Earth young again. With her sit devout old
Marchionesses, ci-devant honourable women; among whom Old-Constituent
Dom Gerle, with his addle head, cannot be wanting. They sit there, in
the Rue-de-Contrescarpe; in mysterious adoration: Mumbo is Mumbo, and
Robespierre is his Prophet. A conspicuous man this Robespierre. He has
his volunteer Bodyguard of Tappe-durs, let us say Strike-sharps, fierce
Patriots with feruled sticks; and Jacobins kissing the hem of his
garment. He enjoys the admiration of many, the worship of some; and is
well worth the wonder of one and all.
The grand question and hope, however, is: Will not this Feast of the
Tuileries Mumbo-Jumbo be a sign perhaps that the Guillotine is to abate?
Far enough from that! Precisely on the second day after it, Couthon, one
of the 'three shallow scoundrels,' gets himself lifted into the Tribune;
produces a bundle of papers. Couthon proposes that, as Plots still
abound, the Law of the Suspect shall have extension, and Arrestment new
vigour and facility. Further that, as in such case business is like
to be heavy, our Revolutionary Tribunal too shall have extension; be
divided, say, into Four Tribunals, each with its President, each with
its Fouquier or Substitute of Fouquier, all labouring at once, and any
remnant of shackle or dilatory formality be struck off: in this way it
may perhaps still overtake the work. Such is Couthon's Decree of the
Twenty-second Prairial, famed in those times. At hearing of which Decree
the very Mountain gasped, awestruck; and one Ruamps ventured to say
that if it passed without adjournment and discussion, he, as one
Representative, "would blow his brains out." Vain saying! The
Incorruptible knit his brows; spoke a prophetic fateful word or two: the
Law of Prairial is Law; Ruamps glad to leave his rash brains where they
are. Death, then, and always Death! Even so. Fouquier is enlarging
his borders; making room for Batches of a Hundred and fifty at
once;--getting a Guillotine set up, of improved velocity, and to work
under cover, in the apartment close by. So that Salut itself has to
intervene, and forbid him: "Wilt thou demoralise the Guillotine," asks
Collot, reproachfully, "demoraliser le supplice!"
There is indeed danger of that; were not the Republican faith great, it
were already done. See, for example, on the 17th of June, what a Batch,
Fifty-four at once! Swart Amiral is here, he of the pistol that missed
fire; young Cecile Renault, with her father, family, entire kith and
kin; the widow of d'Espremenil; old M. de Sombreuil of the Invalides,
with his Son,--poor old Sombreuil, seventy-three years old, his
Daughter saved him in September, and it was but for this. Faction of the
Stranger, fifty-four of them! In red shirts and smocks, as Assassins
and Faction of the Stranger, they flit along there; red baleful
Phantasmagory, towards the land of Phantoms.
Meanwhile will not the people of the Place de la Revolution, the
inhabitants along the Rue Saint-Honore, as these continual Tumbrils
pass, begin to look gloomy? Republicans too have bowels. The Guillotine
is shifted, then again shifted; finally set up at the remote extremity
of the South-East: (Montgaillard, iv. 237.) Suburbs Saint-Antoine and
Saint-Marceau it is to be hoped, if they have bowels, have very tough
ones.
Chapter 3.6.V.
The Prisons.
It is time now, however, to cast a glance into the Prisons. When
Desmoulins moved for his Committee of Mercy, these Twelve Houses of
Arrest held five thousand persons. Continually arriving since then,
there have now accumulated twelve thousand. They are Ci-devants,
Royalists; in far greater part, they are Republicans, of various
Girondin, Fayettish, Un-Jacobin colour. Perhaps no human Habitation or
Prison ever equalled in squalor, in noisome horror, these Twelve Houses
of Arrest. There exist records of personal experience in them Memoires
sur les Prisons; one of the strangest Chapters in the Biography of Man.
Very singular to look into it: how a kind of order rises up in all
conditions of human existence; and wherever two or three are gathered
together, there are formed modes of existing together, habitudes,
observances, nay gracefulnesses, joys! Citoyen Coitant will explain
fully how our lean dinner, of herbs and carrion, was consumed not
without politeness and place-aux-dames: how Seigneur and Shoeblack,
Duchess and Doll-Tearsheet, flung pellmell into a heap, ranked
themselves according to method: at what hour 'the Citoyennes took to
their needlework;' and we, yielding the chairs to them, endeavoured to
talk gallantly in a standing posture, or even to sing and harp more
or less. Jealousies, enmities are not wanting; nor flirtations, of an
effective character.
Alas, by degrees, even needlework must cease: Plot in the Prison rises,
by Citoyen Laflotte and Preternatural Suspicion. Suspicious Municipality
snatches from us all implements; all money and possession, of means or
metal, is ruthlessly searched for, in pocket, in pillow and paillasse,
and snatched away; red-capped Commissaries entering every cell!
Indignation, temporary desperation, at robbery of its very thimble,
fills the gentle heart. Old Nuns shriek shrill discord; demand to be
killed forthwith. No help from shrieking! Better was that of the two
shifty male Citizens, who, eager to preserve an implement or two, were
it but a pipe-picker, or needle to darn hose with, determined to defend
themselves: by tobacco. Swift then, as your fell Red Caps are heard in
the Corridor rummaging and slamming, the two Citoyens light their pipes
and begin smoking. Thick darkness envelops them. The Red Nightcaps,
opening the cell, breathe but one mouthful; burst forth into chorus
of barking and coughing. "Quoi, Messieurs," cry the two Citoyens, "You
don't smoke? Is the pipe disagreeable! Est-ce que vous ne fumez pas?"
But the Red Nightcaps have fled, with slight search: "Vous n'aimez
pas la pipe?" cry the Citoyens, as their door slams-to again. (Maison
d'Arret de Port-Libre, par Coittant, &c. Memoires sur les Prisons, ii.)
My poor brother Citoyens, O surely, in a reign of Brotherhood, you are
not the two I would guillotine!
Rigour grows, stiffens into horrid tyranny; Plot in the Prison getting
ever riper. This Plot in the Prison, as we said, is now the stereotype
formula of Tinville: against whomsoever he knows no crime, this is a
ready-made crime. His Judgment-bar has become unspeakable; a recognised
mockery; known only as the wicket one passes through, towards Death. His
Indictments are drawn out in blank; you insert the Names after. He has
his moutons, detestable traitor jackalls, who report and bear witness;
that they themselves may be allowed to live,--for a time. His Fournees,
says the reproachful Collot, 'shall in no case exceed three-score;' that
is his maximum. Nightly come his Tumbrils to the Luxembourg, with the
fatal Roll-call; list of the Fournee of to-morrow. Men rush towards the
Grate; listen, if their name be in it? One deep-drawn breath, when the
name is not in: we live still one day! And yet some score or scores of
names were in. Quick these; they clasp their loved ones to their heart,
one last time; with brief adieu, wet-eyed or dry-eyed, they mount, and
are away. This night to the Conciergerie; through the Palais misnamed of
Justice, to the Guillotine to-morrow.
Recklessness, defiant levity, the Stoicism if not of strength yet of
weakness, has possessed all hearts. Weak women and Ci-devants, their
locks not yet made into blond perukes, their skins not yet tanned into
breeches, are accustomed to 'act the Guillotine' by way of pastime. In
fantastic mummery, with towel-turbans, blanket-ermine, a mock Sanhedrim
of Judges sits, a mock Tinville pleads; a culprit is doomed, is
guillotined by the oversetting of two chairs. Sometimes we carry it
farther: Tinville himself, in his turn, is doomed, and not to the
Guillotine alone. With blackened face, hirsute, horned, a shaggy Satan
snatches him not unshrieking; shews him, with outstretched arm and
voice, the fire that is not quenched, the worm that dies not; the
monotony of Hell-pain, and the What hour? answered by, It is Eternity!
(Montgaillard, iv. 218; Riouffe, p. 273.)
And still the Prisons fill fuller, and still the Guillotine goes faster.
On all high roads march flights of Prisoners, wending towards Paris.
Not Ci-devants now; they, the noisy of them, are mown down; it is
Republicans now. Chained two and two they march; in exasperated moments,
singing their Marseillaise. A hundred and thirty-two men of Nantes for
instance, march towards Paris, in these same days: Republicans, or
say even Jacobins to the marrow of the bone; but Jacobins who had not
approved Noyading. (Voyage de Cent Trente-deux Nantais, Prisons, ii.
288-335.) Vive la Republique rises from them in all streets of towns:
they rest by night, in unutterable noisome dens, crowded to choking; one
or two dead on the morrow. They are wayworn, weary of heart; can only
shout: Live the Republic; we, as under horrid enchantment, dying in this
way for it!
Some Four Hundred Priests, of whom also there is record, ride at anchor,
'in the roads of the Isle of Aix,' long months; looking out on misery,
vacuity, waste Sands of Oleron and the ever-moaning brine. Ragged,
sordid, hungry; wasted to shadows: eating their unclean ration on deck,
circularly, in parties of a dozen, with finger and thumb; beating their
scandalous clothes between two stones; choked in horrible miasmata,
closed under hatches, seventy of them in a berth, through night; so that
the 'aged Priest is found lying dead in the morning, in the attitude of
prayer!' (Relation de ce qu'ont souffert pour la Religion les
Pretres deportes en 1794, dans la rade de l'ile d'Aix, Prisons, ii.
387-485.)--How long, O Lord!
Not forever; no. All Anarchy, all Evil, Injustice, is, by the nature of
it, dragon's-teeth; suicidal, and cannot endure.
Chapter 3.6.VI.
To finish the Terror.
It is very remarkable, indeed, that since the Etre-Supreme Feast, and
the sublime continued harangues on it, which Billaud feared would
become a bore to him, Robespierre has gone little to Committee; but held
himself apart, as if in a kind of pet. Nay they have made a Report on
that old Catherine Theot, and her Regenerative Man spoken of by the
Prophets; not in the best spirit. This Theot mystery they affect to
regard as a Plot; but have evidently introduced a vein of satire, of
irreverent banter, not against the Spinster alone, but obliquely against
her Regenerative Man! Barrere's light pen was perhaps at the bottom of
it: read through the solemn snuffling organs of old Vadier of the
Surete Generale, the Theot Report had its effect; wrinkling the general
Republican visage into an iron grin. Ought these things to be?
We note further that among the Prisoners in the Twelve Houses of Arrest,
there is one whom we have seen before. Senhora Fontenai, born Cabarus,
the fair Proserpine whom Representative Tallien Pluto-like did gather
at Bourdeaux, not without effect on himself! Tallien is home, by recall,
long since, from Bourdeaux; and in the most alarming position. Vain that
he sounded, louder even than ever, the note of Jacobinism, to hide past
shortcomings: the Jacobins purged him out; two times has Robespierre
growled at him words of omen from the Convention Tribune. And now his
fair Cabarus, hit by denunciation, lies Arrested, Suspect, in spite of
all he could do!--Shut in horrid pinfold of death, the Senhora
smuggles out to her red-gloomy Tallien the most pressing entreaties and
conjurings: Save me; save thyself. Seest thou not that thy own head is
doomed; thou with a too fiery audacity; a Dantonist withal; against whom
lie grudges? Are ye not all doomed, as in the Polyphemus Cavern; the
fawningest slave of you will be but eaten last!--Tallien feels with a
shudder that it is true. Tallien has had words of omen, Bourdon has had
words, Freron is hated and Barras: each man 'feels his head if it yet
stick on his shoulders.'
Meanwhile Robespierre, we still observe, goes little to Convention,
not at all to Committee; speaks nothing except to his Jacobin House of
Lords, amid his bodyguard of Tappe-durs. These 'forty-days,' for we are
now far in July, he has not shewed face in Committee; could only work
there by his three shallow scoundrels, and the terror there was of him.
The Incorruptible himself sits apart; or is seen stalking in solitary
places in the fields, with an intensely meditative air; some say, 'with
eyes red-spotted,' (Deux Amis, xii. 347-73.) fruit of extreme bile: the
lamentablest seagreen Chimera that walks the Earth that July! O hapless
Chimera; for thou too hadst a life, and a heart of flesh,--what is this
the stern gods, seeming to smile all the way, have led and let thee to!
Art not thou he who, few years ago, was a young Advocate of promise; and
gave up the Arras Judgeship rather than sentence one man to die?--
What his thoughts might be? His plans for finishing the Terror? One
knows not. Dim vestiges there flit of Agrarian Law; a victorious
Sansculottism become Landed Proprietor; old Soldiers sitting in National
Mansions, in Hospital Palaces of Chambord and Chantilly; peace bought by
victory; breaches healed by Feast of Etre Supreme;--and so, through seas
of blood, to Equality, Frugality, worksome Blessedness, Fraternity,
and Republic of the virtues! Blessed shore, of such a sea of Aristocrat
blood: but how to land on it? Through one last wave: blood of corrupt
Sansculottists; traitorous or semi-traitorous Conventionals, rebellious
Talliens, Billauds, to whom with my Etre Supreme I have become a bore;
with my Apocalyptic Old Woman a laughing-stock!--So stalks he, this poor
Robespierre, like a seagreen ghost through the blooming July. Vestiges
of schemes flit dim. But what his schemes or his thoughts were will
never be known to man.
New Catacombs, some say, are digging for a huge simultaneous butchery.
Convention to be butchered, down to the right pitch, by General Henriot
and Company: Jacobin House of Lords made dominant; and Robespierre
Dictator. (Deux Amis, xii. 350-8.) There is actually, or else there is
not actually, a List made out; which the Hairdresser has got eye on, as
he frizzled the Incorruptible locks. Each man asks himself, Is it I?
Nay, as Tradition and rumour of Anecdote still convey it, there was a
remarkable bachelor's dinner one hot day at Barrere's. For doubt not, O
Reader, this Barrere and others of them gave dinners; had 'country-house
at Clichy,' with elegant enough sumptuosities, and pleasures
high-rouged! (See Vilate.) But at this dinner we speak of, the day being
so hot, it is said, the guests all stript their coats, and left them in
the drawing-room: whereupon Carnot glided out; groped in Robespierre's
pocket; found a list of Forty, his own name among them; and tarried not
at the wine-cup that day!--Ye must bestir yourselves, O Friends; ye dull
Frogs of the Marsh, mute ever since Girondism sank under, even ye now
must croak or die! Councils are held, with word and beck; nocturnal,
mysterious as death. Does not a feline Maximilien stalk there; voiceless
as yet; his green eyes red-spotted; back bent, and hair up? Rash
Tallien, with his rash temper and audacity of tongue; he shall bell the
cat. Fix a day; and be it soon, lest never!
Lo, before the fixed day, on the day which they call Eighth of
Thermidor, 26th July 1794, Robespierre himself reappears in Convention;
mounts to the Tribune! The biliary face seems clouded with new gloom;
judge whether your Talliens, Bourdons listened with interest. It is
a voice bodeful of death or of life. Long-winded, unmelodious as the
screech-owl's, sounds that prophetic voice: Degenerate condition
of Republican spirit; corrupt moderatism; Surete, Salut Committees
themselves infected; back-sliding on this hand and on that; I,
Maximilien, alone left incorruptible, ready to die at a moment's
warning. For all which what remedy is there? The Guillotine; new vigour
to the all-healing Guillotine: death to traitors of every hue! So sings
the prophetic voice; into its Convention sounding-board. The old song
this: but to-day, O Heavens! has the sounding-board ceased to act? There
is not resonance in this Convention; there is, so to speak, a gasp of
silence; nay a certain grating of one knows not what!--Lecointre, our
old Draper of Versailles, in these questionable circumstances, sees
nothing he can do so safe as rise, 'insidiously' or not insidiously,
and move, according to established wont, that the Robespierre Speech
be 'printed and sent to the Departments.' Hark: gratings, even of
dissonance! Honourable Members hint dissonance; Committee-Members,
inculpated in the Speech, utter dissonance; demand 'delay in printing.'
Ever higher rises the note of dissonance; inquiry is even made by Editor
Freron: "What has become of the Liberty of Opinions in this Convention?"
The Order to print and transmit, which had got passed, is rescinded.
Robespierre, greener than ever before, has to retire, foiled; discerning
that it is mutiny, that evil is nigh.
Mutiny is a thing of the fatallest nature in all enterprises whatsoever;
a thing so incalculable, swift-frightful; not to be dealt with in
fright. But mutiny in a Robespierre Convention, above all,--it is like
fire seen sputtering in the ship's powder-room! One death-defiant plunge
at it, this moment, and you may still tread it out: hesitate till next
moment,--ship and ship's captain, crew and cargo are shivered far; the
ship's voyage has suddenly ended between sea and sky. If Robespierre
can, to-night, produce his Henriot and Company, and get his work done by
them, he and Sansculottism may still subsist some time; if not, probably
not. Oliver Cromwell, when that Agitator Serjeant stept forth from
the ranks, with plea of grievances, and began gesticulating
and demonstrating, as the mouthpiece of Thousands expectant
there,--discerned, with those truculent eyes of his, how the matter
lay; plucked a pistol from his holsters; blew Agitator and Agitation
instantly out. Noll was a man fit for such things.
Robespierre, for his part, glides over at evening to his Jacobin House
of Lords; unfolds there, instead of some adequate resolution, his woes,
his uncommon virtues, incorruptibilities; then, secondly, his rejected
screech-owl Oration;--reads this latter over again; and declares that
he is ready to die at a moment's warning. Thou shalt not die! shouts
Jacobinism from its thousand throats. "Robespierre, I will drink the
hemlock with thee," cries Painter David, "Je boirai la cigue avec
toi;"--a thing not essential to do, but which, in the fire of the
moment, can be said.
Our Jacobin sounding-board, therefore, does act! Applauses heaven-high
cover the rejected Oration; fire-eyed fury lights all Jacobin features:
Insurrection a sacred duty; the Convention to be purged; Sovereign
People under Henriot and Municipality; we will make a new June-Second
of it: to your tents, O Israel! In this key pipes Jacobinism; in sheer
tumult of revolt. Let Tallien and all Opposition men make off. Collot
d'Herbois, though of the supreme Salut, and so lately near shot, is
elbowed, bullied; is glad to escape alive. Entering Committee-room of
Salut, all dishevelled, he finds sleek sombre Saint-Just there,
among the rest; who in his sleek way asks, "What is passing at the
Jacobins?"--"What is passing?" repeats Collot, in the unhistrionic
Cambyses' vein: "What is passing? Nothing but revolt and horrors are
passing. Ye want our lives; ye shall not have them." Saint-Just stutters
at such Cambyses'-oratory; takes his hat to withdraw. That report he
had been speaking of, Report on Republican Things in General we may say,
which is to be read in Convention on the morrow, he cannot shew it them
this moment: a friend has it; he, Saint-Just, will get it, and send it,
were he once home. Once home, he sends not it, but an answer that he
will not send it; that they will hear it from the Tribune to-morrow.
Let every man, therefore, according to a well-known good-advice, 'pray
to Heaven, and keep his powder dry!' Paris, on the morrow, will see a
thing. Swift scouts fly dim or invisible, all night, from Surete and
Salut; from conclave to conclave; from Mother Society to Townhall.
Sleep, can it fall on the eyes of Talliens, Frerons, Collots? Puissant
Henriot, Mayor Fleuriot, Judge Coffinhal, Procureur Payan, Robespierre
and all the Jacobins are getting ready.
Chapter 3.6.VII.
Go down to.
Tallien's eyes beamed bright, on the morrow, Ninth of Thermidor 'about
nine o'clock,' to see that the Convention had actually met. Paris is in
rumour: but at least we are met, in Legal Convention here; we have
not been snatched seriatim; treated with a Pride's Purge at the door.
"Allons, brave men of the Plain," late Frogs of the Marsh! cried Tallien
with a squeeze of the hand, as he passed in; Saint-Just's sonorous organ
being now audible from the Tribune, and the game of games begun.
Saint-Just is verily reading that Report of his; green Vengeance, in
the shape of Robespierre, watching nigh. Behold, however, Saint-Just has
read but few sentences, when interruption rises, rapid crescendo;
when Tallien starts to his feet, and Billaud, and this man starts and
that,--and Tallien, a second time, with his: "Citoyens, at the Jacobins
last night, I trembled for the Republic. I said to myself, if the
Convention dare not strike the Tyrant, then I myself dare; and with
this I will do it, if need be," said he, whisking out a clear-gleaming
Dagger, and brandishing it there: the Steel of Brutus, as we call
it. Whereat we all bellow, and brandish, impetuous acclaim. "Tyranny;
Dictatorship! Triumvirat!" And the Salut Committee-men accuse, and
all men accuse, and uproar, and impetuously acclaim. And Saint-Just is
standing motionless, pale of face; Couthon ejaculating, "Triumvir?" with
a look at his paralytic legs. And Robespierre is struggling to speak,
but President Thuriot is jingling the bell against him, but the Hall is
sounding against him like an Aeolus-Hall: and Robespierre is mounting
the Tribune-steps and descending again; going and coming, like to choke
with rage, terror, desperation:--and mutiny is the order of the day!
(Moniteur, Nos. 311, 312; Debats, iv. 421-42; Deux Amis, xii. 390-411.)
O President Thuriot, thou that wert Elector Thuriot, and from the
Bastille battlements sawest Saint-Antoine rising like the Ocean-tide,
and hast seen much since, sawest thou ever the like of this? Jingle of
bell, which thou jinglest against Robespierre, is hardly audible amid
the Bedlam-storm; and men rage for life. "President of Assassins,"
shrieks Robespierre, "I demand speech of thee for the last time!" It
cannot be had. "To you, O virtuous men of the Plain," cries he, finding
audience one moment, "I appeal to you!" The virtuous men of the Plain
sit silent as stones. And Thuriot's bell jingles, and the Hall sounds
like Aeolus's Hall. Robespierre's frothing lips are grown 'blue;' his
tongue dry, cleaving to the roof of his mouth. "The blood of Danton
chokes him," cry they. "Accusation! Decree of Accusation!" Thuriot
swiftly puts that question. Accusation passes; the incorruptible
Maximilien is decreed Accused.
"I demand to share my Brother's fate, as I have striven to share his
virtues," cries Augustin, the Younger Robespierre: Augustin also is
decreed. And Couthon, and Saint-Just, and Lebas, they are all decreed;
and packed forth,--not without difficulty, the Ushers almost
trembling to obey. Triumvirat and Company are packed forth, into Salut
Committee-room; their tongue cleaving to the roof of their mouth. You
have but to summon the Municipality; to cashier Commandant Henriot, and
launch Arrest at him; to regular formalities; hand Tinville his victims.
It is noon: the Aeolus-Hall has delivered itself; blows now victorious,
harmonious, as one irresistible wind.
And so the work is finished? One thinks so; and yet it is not so. Alas,
there is yet but the first-act finished; three or four other acts still
to come; and an uncertain catastrophe! A huge City holds in it so many
confusions: seven hundred thousand human heads; not one of which
knows what its neighbour is doing, nay not what itself is doing.--See,
accordingly, about three in the afternoon, Commandant Henriot, how
instead of sitting cashiered, arrested, he gallops along the Quais,
followed by Municipal Gendarmes, 'trampling down several persons!' For
the Townhall sits deliberating, openly insurgent: Barriers to be shut;
no Gaoler to admit any Prisoner this day;--and Henriot is galloping
towards the Tuileries, to deliver Robespierre. On the Quai de la
Ferraillerie, a young Citoyen, walking with his wife, says aloud:
"Gendarmes, that man is not your Commandant; he is under arrest." The
Gendarmes strike down the young Citoyen with the flat of their swords.
(Precis des evenemens du Neuf Thermidor, par C.A. Meda, ancien Gendarme,
Paris, 1825.)
Representatives themselves (as Merlin the Thionviller) who accost him,
this puissant Henriot flings into guardhouses. He bursts towards the
Tuileries Committee-room, "to speak with Robespierre:" with difficulty,
the Ushers and Tuileries Gendarmes, earnestly pleading and drawing
sabre, seize this Henriot; get the Henriot Gendarmes persuaded not to
fight; get Robespierre and Company packed into hackney-coaches, sent off
under escort, to the Luxembourg and other Prisons. This then is the end?
May not an exhausted Convention adjourn now, for a little repose and
sustenance, 'at five o'clock?'
An exhausted Convention did it; and repented it. The end was not come;
only the end of the second-act. Hark, while exhausted Representatives
sit at victuals,--tocsin bursting from all steeples, drums rolling, in
the summer evening: Judge Coffinhal is galloping with new Gendarmes to
deliver Henriot from Tuileries Committee-room; and does deliver him!
Puissant Henriot vaults on horseback; sets to haranguing the Tuileries
Gendarmes; corrupts the Tuileries Gendarmes too; trots off with them to
Townhall. Alas, and Robespierre is not in Prison: the Gaoler shewed his
Municipal order, durst not on pain of his life, admit any Prisoner; the
Robespierre Hackney-coaches, in confused jangle and whirl of uncertain
Gendarmes, have floated safe--into the Townhall! There sit Robespierre
and Company, embraced by Municipals and Jacobins, in sacred right of
Insurrection; redacting Proclamations; sounding tocsins; corresponding
with Sections and Mother Society. Is not here a pretty enough third-act
of a natural Greek Drama; catastrophe more uncertain than ever?
The hasty Convention rushes together again, in the ominous nightfall:
President Collot, for the chair is his, enters with long strides,
paleness on his face; claps on his hat; says with solemn tone:
"Citoyens, armed Villains have beset the Committee-rooms, and got
possession of them. The hour is come, to die at our post!" "Oui," answer
one and all: "We swear it!" It is no rhodomontade, this time, but a sad
fact and necessity; unless we do at our posts, we must verily die! Swift
therefore, Robespierre, Henriot, the Municipality, are declared Rebels;
put Hors la Loi, Out of Law. Better still, we appoint Barras Commandant
of what Armed-Force is to be had; send Missionary Representatives to
all Sections and quarters, to preach, and raise force; will die at least
with harness on our back.
What a distracted City; men riding and running, reporting and
hearsaying; the Hour clearly in travail,--child not to be named till
born! The poor Prisoners in the Luxembourg hear the rumour; tremble for
a new September. They see men making signals to them, on skylights and
roofs, apparently signals of hope; cannot in the least make out what
it is. (Memoires sur les Prisons, ii. 277.) We observe however, in the
eventide, as usual, the Death-tumbrils faring South-eastward, through
Saint-Antoine, towards their Barrier du Trone. Saint-Antoine's tough
bowels melt; Saint-Antoine surrounds the Tumbrils; says, It shall
not be. O Heavens, why should it! Henriot and Gendarmes, scouring the
streets that way, bellow, with waved sabres, that it must. Quit hope, ye
poor Doomed! The Tumbrils move on.
But in this set of Tumbrils there are two other things notable: one
notable person; and one want of a notable person. The notable person
is Lieutenant-General Loiserolles, a nobleman by birth, and by nature;
laying down his life here for his son. In the Prison of Saint-Lazare,
the night before last, hurrying to the Grate to hear the Death-list
read, he caught the name of his son. The son was asleep at the moment.
"I am Loiserolles," cried the old man: at Tinville's bar, an error in
the Christian name is little; small objection was made. The want of the
notable person, again, is that of Deputy Paine! Paine has sat in the
Luxembourg since January; and seemed forgotten; but Fouquier had pricked
him at last. The Turnkey, List in hand, is marking with chalk the outer
doors of to-morrow's Fournee. Paine's outer door happened to be open,
turned back on the wall; the Turnkey marked it on the side next him,
and hurried on: another Turnkey came, and shut it; no chalk-mark now
visible, the Fournee went without Paine. Paine's life lay not there.--
Our fifth-act, of this natural Greek Drama, with its natural unities,
can only be painted in gross; somewhat as that antique Painter, driven
desperate, did the foam! For through this blessed July night, there is
clangour, confusion very great, of marching troops; of Sections going
this way, Sections going that; of Missionary Representatives reading
Proclamations by torchlight; Missionary Legendre, who has raised force
somewhere, emptying out the Jacobins, and flinging their key on the
Convention table: "I have locked their door; it shall be Virtue that
re-opens it." Paris, we say, is set against itself, rushing confused,
as Ocean-currents do; a huge Mahlstrom, sounding there, under cloud
of night. Convention sits permanent on this hand; Municipality most
permanent on that. The poor Prisoners hear tocsin and rumour; strive to
bethink them of the signals apparently of hope. Meek continual Twilight
streaming up, which will be Dawn and a To-morrow, silvers the Northern
hem of Night; it wends and wends there, that meek brightness, like a
silent prophecy, along the great Ring-Dial of the Heaven. So still,
eternal! And on Earth all is confused shadow and conflict; dissidence,
tumultuous gloom and glare; and Destiny as yet shakes her doubtful urn.
About three in the morning, the dissident Armed-Forces have met.
Henriot's Armed Force stood ranked in the Place de Greve; and now
Barras's, which he has recruited, arrives there; and they front each
other, cannon bristling against cannon. Citoyens! cries the voice
of Discretion, loudly enough, Before coming to bloodshed, to endless
civil-war, hear the Convention Decree read: 'Robespierre and all rebels
Out of Law!'--Out of Law? There is terror in the sound: unarmed Citoyens
disperse rapidly home; Municipal Cannoneers range themselves on the
Convention side, with shouting. At which shout, Henriot descends from
his upper room, far gone in drink as some say; finds his Place de Greve
empty; the cannons' mouth turned towards him; and, on the whole,--that
it is now the catastrophe!
Stumbling in again, the wretched drunk-sobered Henriot announces: "All
is lost!" "Miserable! it is thou that hast lost it," cry they: and fling
him, or else he flings himself, out of window: far enough down; into
masonwork and horror of cesspool; not into death but worse. Augustin
Robespierre follows him; with the like fate. Saint-Just called on Lebas
to kill him: who would not. Couthon crept under a table; attempting to
kill himself; not doing it.--On entering that Sanhedrim of Insurrection,
we find all as good as extinct; undone, ready for seizure. Robespierre
was sitting on a chair, with pistol shot blown through, not his head,
but his under jaw; the suicidal hand had failed. (Meda. p. 384.)
Meda asserts that it was he who, with infinite courage, though in a
lefthanded manner, shot Robespierre. Meda got promoted for his services
of this night; and died General and Baron. Few credited Meda (in what
was otherwise incredible.) With prompt zeal, not without trouble, we
gather these wretched Conspirators; fish up even Henriot and Augustin,
bleeding and foul; pack them all, rudely enough, into carts; and shall,
before sunrise, have them safe under lock and key. Amid shoutings and
embracings.
Robespierre lay in an anteroom of the Convention Hall, while his
Prison-escort was getting ready; the mangled jaw bound up rudely with
bloody linen: a spectacle to men. He lies stretched on a table,
a deal-box his pillow; the sheath of the pistol is still clenched
convulsively in his hand. Men bully him, insult him: his eyes still
indicate intelligence; he speaks no word. 'He had on the sky-blue coat
he had got made for the Feast of the Etre Supreme'--O reader, can
thy hard heart hold out against that? His trousers were nankeen; the
stockings had fallen down over the ankles. He spake no word more in this
world.
And so, at six in the morning, a victorious Convention adjourns. Report
flies over Paris as on golden wings; penetrates the Prisons; irradiates
the faces of those that were ready to perish: turnkeys and moutons,
fallen from their high estate, look mute and blue. It is the 28th day of
July, called 10th of Thermidor, year 1794.
Fouquier had but to identify; his Prisoners being already Out of Law.
At four in the afternoon, never before were the streets of Paris seen so
crowded. From the Palais de Justice to the Place de la Revolution, for
thither again go the Tumbrils this time, it is one dense stirring mass;
all windows crammed; the very roofs and ridge-tiles budding forth human
Curiosity, in strange gladness. The Death-tumbrils, with their motley
Batch of Outlaws, some Twenty-three or so, from Maximilien to
Mayor Fleuriot and Simon the Cordwainer, roll on. All eyes are on
Robespierre's Tumbril, where he, his jaw bound in dirty linen, with
his half-dead Brother, and half-dead Henriot, lie shattered; their
'seventeen hours' of agony about to end. The Gendarmes point their
swords at him, to shew the people which is he. A woman springs on
the Tumbril; clutching the side of it with one hand; waving the other
Sibyl-like; and exclaims: "The death of thee gladdens my very heart,
m'enivre de joie;" Robespierre opened his eyes; "Scelerat, go down to
Hell, with the curses of all wives and mothers!"--At the foot of the
scaffold, they stretched him on the ground till his turn came. Lifted
aloft, his eyes again opened; caught the bloody axe. Samson wrenched
the coat off him; wrenched the dirty linen from his jaw: the jaw fell
powerless, there burst from him a cry;--hideous to hear and see. Samson,
thou canst not be too quick!
Samson's work done, there burst forth shout on shout of applause. Shout,
which prolongs itself not only over Paris, but over France, but over
Europe, and down to this Generation. Deservedly, and also undeservedly.
O unhappiest Advocate of Arras, wert thou worse than other Advocates?
Stricter man, according to his Formula, to his Credo and his Cant, of
probities, benevolences, pleasures-of-virtue, and such like, lived not
in that age. A man fitted, in some luckier settled age, to have
become one of those incorruptible barren Pattern-Figures, and have had
marble-tablets and funeral-sermons! His poor landlord, the Cabinetmaker
in the Rue Saint-Honore, loved him; his Brother died for him. May God be
merciful to him, and to us.
This is end of the Reign of Terror; new glorious Revolution named of
Thermidor; of Thermidor 9th, year 2; which being interpreted into old
slave-style means 27th of July, 1794. Terror is ended; and death in the
Place de la Revolution, were the 'Tail of Robespierre' once executed;
which service Fouquier in large Batches is swiftly managing.
BOOK 3.VII.
VENDEMIAIRE
Chapter 3.7.I.
Decadent.
How little did any one suppose that here was the end not of Robespierre
only, but of the Revolution System itself! Least of all did the
mutinying Committee-men suppose it; who had mutinied with no view
whatever except to continue the National Regeneration with their own
heads on their shoulders. And yet so it verily was. The insignificant
stone they had struck out, so insignificant anywhere else, proved to be
the Keystone: the whole arch-work and edifice of Sansculottism began
to loosen, to crack, to yawn; and tumbled, piecemeal, with considerable
rapidity, plunge after plunge; till the Abyss had swallowed it all, and
in this upper world Sansculottism was no more.
For despicable as Robespierre himself might be, the death of Robespierre
was a signal at which great multitudes of men, struck dumb with terror
heretofore, rose out of their hiding places: and, as it were, saw
one another, how multitudinous they were; and began speaking and
complaining. They are countable by the thousand and the million; who
have suffered cruel wrong. Ever louder rises the plaint of such a
multitude; into a universal sound, into a universal continuous peal,
of what they call Public Opinion. Camille had demanded a 'Committee of
Mercy,' and could not get it; but now the whole nation resolves itself
into a Committee of Mercy: the Nation has tried Sansculottism, and
is weary of it. Force of Public Opinion! What King or Convention can
withstand it? You in vain struggle: the thing that is rejected as
'calumnious' to-day must pass as veracious with triumph another day:
gods and men have declared that Sansculottism cannot be. Sansculottism,
on that Ninth night of Thermidor suicidally 'fractured its under jaw;'
and lies writhing, never to rise more.
Through the next fifteenth months, it is what we may call the
death-agony of Sansculottism. Sansculottism, Anarchy of the Jean-Jacques
Evangel, having now got deep enough, is to perish in a new singular
system of Culottism and Arrangement. For Arrangement is indispensable to
man; Arrangement, were it grounded only on that old primary Evangel of
Force, with Sceptre in the shape of Hammer. Be there method, be there
order, cry all men; were it that of the Drill-serjeant! More
tolerable is the drilled Bayonet-rank, than that undrilled Guillotine,
incalculable as the wind.--How Sansculottism, writhing in death-throes,
strove some twice, or even three times, to get on its feet again; but
fell always, and was flung resupine, the next instant; and finally
breathed out the life of it, and stirred no more: this we are now,
from a due distance, with due brevity, to glance at; and then--O
Reader!--Courage, I see land!
Two of the first acts of the Convention, very natural for it after
this Thermidor, are to be specified here: the first is renewal of the
Governing Committees. Both Surete Generale and Salut Public, thinned
by the Guillotine, need filling up: we naturally fill them up with
Talliens, Frerons, victorious Thermidorian men. Still more to the
purpose, we appoint that they shall, as Law directs, not in name only
but in deed, be renewed and changed from period to period; a fourth part
of them going out monthly. The Convention will no more lie under bondage
of Committees, under terror of death; but be a free Convention; free
to follow its own judgment, and the Force of Public Opinion. Not less
natural is it to enact that Prisoners and Persons under Accusation shall
have right to demand some 'Writ of Accusation,' and see clearly what
they are accused of. Very natural acts: the harbingers of hundreds not
less so.
For now Fouquier's trade, shackled by Writ of Accusation, and legal
proof, is as good as gone; effectual only against Robespierre's Tail.
The Prisons give up their Suspects; emit them faster and faster. The
Committees see themselves besieged with Prisoners' friends; complain
that they are hindered in their work: it is as with men rushing out of
a crowded place; and obstructing one another. Turned are the tables:
Prisoners pouring out in floods; Jailors, Moutons and the Tail of
Robespierre going now whither they were wont to send!--The Hundred and
thirty-two Nantese Republicans, whom we saw marching in irons, have
arrived; shrunk to Ninety-four, the fifth man of them choked by the
road. They arrive: and suddenly find themselves not pleaders for life,
but denouncers to death. Their Trial is for acquittal, and more. As the
voice of a trumpet, their testimony sounds far and wide, mere atrocities
of a Reign of Terror. For a space of nineteen days; with all solemnity
and publicity. Representative Carrier, Company of Marat; Noyadings,
Loire Marriages, things done in darkness, come forth into light: clear
is the voice of these poor resuscitated Nantese; and Journals and Speech
and universal Committee of Mercy reverberate it loud enough, into
all ears and hearts. Deputation arrives from Arras; denouncing the
atrocities of Representative Lebon. A tamed Convention loves its own
life: yet what help? Representative Lebon, Representative Carrier must
wend towards the Revolutionary Tribunal; struggle and delay as we will,
the cry of a Nation pursues them louder and louder. Them also Tinville
must abolish;--if indeed Tinville himself be not abolished.
We must note moreover the decrepit condition into which a once
omnipotent Mother Society has fallen. Legendre flung her keys on the
Convention table, that Thermidor night; her President was guillotined
with Robespierre. The once mighty Mother came, some time after, with a
subdued countenance, begging back her keys: the keys were restored her;
but the strength could not be restored her; the strength had departed
forever. Alas, one's day is done. Vain that the Tribune in mid air
sounds as of old: to the general ear it has become a horror, and even a
weariness. By and by, Affiliation is prohibited: the mighty Mother sees
herself suddenly childless; mourns, as so hoarse a Rachel may.
The Revolutionary Committees, without Suspects to prey upon, perish
fast; as it were of famine. In Paris the whole Forty-eight of them are
reduced to Twelve, their Forty sous are abolished: yet a little while,
and Revolutionary Committees are no more. Maximum will be abolished; let
Sansculottism find food where it can. (24th December 1794, Moniteur, No.
97.) Neither is there now any Municipality; any centre at the Townhall.
Mayor Fleuriot and Company perished; whom we shall not be in haste to
replace. The Townhall remains in a broken submissive state; knows not
well what it is growing to; knows only that it is grown weak, and
must obey. What if we should split Paris into, say, a Dozen separate
Municipalities; incapable of concert! The Sections were thus rendered
safe to act with:--or indeed might not the Sections themselves be
abolished? You had then merely your Twelve manageable pacific Townships,
without centre or subdivision; (October 1795, Dulaure, viii. 454-6.)
and sacred right of Insurrection fell into abeyance!
So much is getting abolished; fleeting swiftly into the Inane. For
the Press speaks, and the human tongue; Journals, heavy and light, in
Philippic and Burlesque: a renegade Freron, a renegade Prudhomme, loud
they as ever, only the contrary way. And Ci-devants shew themselves,
almost parade themselves; resuscitated as from death-sleep; publish
what death-pains they have had. The very Frogs of the Marsh croak with
emphasis. Your protesting Seventy-three shall, with a struggle, be
emitted out of Prison, back to their seats; your Louvets, Isnards,
Lanjuinais, and wrecks of Girondism, recalled from their haylofts, and
caves in Switzerland, will resume their place in the Convention: (Deux
Amis, xiii. 3-39.) natural foes of Terror!
Thermidorian Talliens, and mere foes of Terror, rule in this Convention,
and out of it. The compressed Mountain shrinks silent more and more.
Moderatism rises louder and louder: not as a tempest, with threatenings;
say rather, as the rushing of a mighty organ-blast, and melodious
deafening Force of Public Opinion, from the Twenty-five million
windpipes of a Nation all in Committee of Mercy: which how shall any
detached body of individuals withstand?
Chapter 3.7.II.
La Cabarus.
How, above all, shall a poor National Convention, withstand it? In
this poor National Convention, broken, bewildered by long terror,
perturbations, and guillotinement, there is no Pilot, there is not now
even a Danton, who could undertake to steer you anywhither, in such
press of weather. The utmost a bewildered Convention can do, is to veer,
and trim, and try to keep itself steady: and rush, undrowned, before the
wind. Needless to struggle; to fling helm a-lee, and make 'bout ship! A
bewildered Convention sails not in the teeth of the wind; but is rapidly
blown round again. So strong is the wind, we say; and so changed;
blowing fresher and fresher, as from the sweet South-West; your
devastating North-Easters, and wild tornado-gusts of Terror, blown
utterly out! All Sansculottic things are passing away; all things are
becoming Culottic.
Do but look at the cut of clothes; that light visible Result,
significant of a thousand things which are not so visible. In winter
1793, men went in red nightcaps; Municipals themselves in sabots: the
very Citoyennes had to petition against such headgear. But now in this
winter 1794, where is the red nightcap? With the thing beyond the Flood.
Your monied Citoyen ponders in what elegantest style he shall dress
himself: whether he shall not even dress himself as the Free Peoples of
Antiquity. The more adventurous Citoyenne has already done it. Behold
her, that beautiful adventurous Citoyenne: in costume of the Ancient
Greeks, such Greek as Painter David could teach; her sweeping tresses
snooded by glittering antique fillet; bright-eyed tunic of the Greek
women; her little feet naked, as in Antique Statues, with mere sandals,
and winding-strings of riband,--defying the frost!
There is such an effervescence of Luxury. For your Emigrant Ci-devants
carried not their mansions and furnitures out of the country with them;
but left them standing here: and in the swift changes of property,
what with money coined on the Place de la Revolution, what with
Army-furnishings, sales of Emigrant Domain and Church Lands and
King's Lands, and then with the Aladdin's-lamp of Agio in a time of
Paper-money, such mansions have found new occupants. Old wine, drawn
from Ci-devant bottles, descends new throats. Paris has swept herself,
relighted herself; Salons, Soupers not Fraternal, beam once more with
suitable effulgence, very singular in colour. The fair Cabarus is come
out of Prison; wedded to her red-gloomy Dis, whom they say she treats
too loftily: fair Cabarus gives the most brilliant soirees. Round her is
gathered a new Republican Army, of Citoyennes in sandals; Ci-devants or
other: what remnants soever of the old grace survive, are rallied there.
At her right-hand, in this cause, labours fair Josephine the Widow
Beauharnais, though in straitened circumstances: intent, both of them,
to blandish down the grimness of Republican austerity, and recivilise
mankind.
Recivilise, as of old they were civilised: by witchery of the Orphic
fiddle-bow, and Euterpean rhythm; by the Graces, by the Smiles!
Thermidorian Deputies are there in those soirees; Editor Freron, Orateur
du Peuple; Barras, who has known other dances than the Carmagnole. Grim
Generals of the Republic are there; in enormous horse-collar neckcloth,
good against sabre-cuts; the hair gathered all into one knot, 'flowing
down behind, fixed with a comb.' Among which latter do we not recognise,
once more, the little bronzed-complexioned Artillery-Officer of Toulon,
home from the Italian Wars! Grim enough; of lean, almost cruel aspect:
for he has been in trouble, in ill health; also in ill favour, as a man
promoted, deservingly or not, by the Terrorists and Robespierre Junior.
But does not Barras know him? Will not Barras speak a word for him?
Yes,--if at any time it will serve Barras so to do. Somewhat forlorn
of fortune, for the present, stands that Artillery-Officer; looks, with
those deep earnest eyes of his, into a future as waste as the most.
Taciturn; yet with the strangest utterances in him, if you awaken
him, which smite home, like light or lightning:--on the whole, rather
dangerous? A 'dissociable' man? Dissociable enough; a natural terror and
horror to all Phantasms, being himself of the genus Reality! He stands
here, without work or outlook, in this forsaken manner;--glances
nevertheless, it would seem, at the kind glance of Josephine
Beauharnais; and, for the rest, with severe countenance, with open eyes
and closed lips, waits what will betide.
That the Balls, therefore, have a new figure this winter, we can see.
Not Carmagnoles, rude 'whirlblasts of rags,' as Mercier called them
'precursors of storm and destruction:' no, soft Ionic motions; fit for
the light sandal, and antique Grecian tunic! Efflorescence of Luxury has
come out: for men have wealth; nay new-got wealth; and under the Terror
you durst not dance except in rags. Among the innumerable kinds of
Balls, let the hasty reader mark only this single one: the kind they
call Victim Balls, Bals a Victime. The dancers, in choice costume, have
all crape round the left arm: to be admitted, it needs that you be a
Victime; that you have lost a relative under the Terror. Peace to the
Dead; let us dance to their memory! For in all ways one must dance.
It is very remarkable, according to Mercier, under what varieties of
figure this great business of dancing goes on. 'The women,' says he,
'are Nymphs, Sultanas; sometimes Minervas, Junos, even Dianas. In
light-unerring gyrations they swim there; with such earnestness of
purpose; with perfect silence, so absorbed are they. What is singular,'
continues he, 'the onlookers are as it were mingled with the
dancers; form as it were a circumambient element round the different
contre-dances, yet without deranging them. It is rare, in fact, that
a Sultana in such circumstances experience the smallest collision. Her
pretty foot darts down, an inch from mine; she is off again; she is as
a flash of light: but soon the measure recalls her to the point she set
out from. Like a glittering comet she travels her eclipse, revolving on
herself, as by a double effect of gravitation and attraction.' (Mercier,
Nouveau Paris, iii. 138, 153.) Looking forward a little way, into Time,
the same Mercier discerns Merveilleuses in 'flesh-coloured drawers' with
gold circlets; mere dancing Houris of an artificial Mahomet's-Paradise:
much too Mahometan. Montgaillard, with his splenetic eye, notes a no
less strange thing; that every fashionable Citoyenne you meet is in an
interesting situation. Good Heavens, every! Mere pillows and stuffing!
adds the acrid man;--such, in a time of depopulation by war and
guillotine, being the fashion. (Montgaillard, iv. 436-42.) No further
seek its merits to disclose.
Behold also instead of the old grim Tappe-durs of Robespierre, what new
street-groups are these? Young men habited not in black-shag Carmagnole
spencer, but in superfine habit carre or spencer with rectangular tail
appended to it; 'square-tailed coat,' with elegant antiguillotinish
specialty of collar; 'the hair plaited at the temples,' and knotted
back, long-flowing, in military wise: young men of what they call the
Muscadin or Dandy species! Freron, in his fondness names them Jeunesse
doree, Golden, or Gilt Youth. They have come out, these Gilt Youths, in
a kind of resuscitated state; they wear crape round the left arm, such
of them as were Victims. More they carry clubs loaded with lead; in an
angry manner: any Tappe-dur or remnant of Jacobinism they may fall
in with, shall fare the worse. They have suffered much: their friends
guillotined; their pleasures, frolics, superfine collars ruthlessly
repressed: 'ware now the base Red Nightcaps who did it! Fair Cabarus and
the Army of Greek sandals smile approval. In the Theatre Feydeau, young
Valour in square-tailed coat eyes Beauty in Greek sandals, and kindles
by her glances: Down with Jacobinism! No Jacobin hymn or demonstration,
only Thermidorian ones, shall be permitted here: we beat down Jacobinism
with clubs loaded with lead.
But let any one who has examined the Dandy nature, how petulant it is,
especially in the gregarious state, think what an element, in sacred
right of insurrection, this Gilt Youth was! Broils and battery; war
without truce or measure! Hateful is Sansculottism, as Death and Night.
For indeed is not the Dandy culottic, habilatory, by law of existence;
'a cloth-animal: one that lives, moves, and has his being in cloth?'--
So goes it, waltzing, bickering; fair Cabarus, by Orphic witchery,
struggling to recivilise mankind. Not unsuccessfully, we hear. What
utmost Republican grimness can resist Greek sandals, in Ionic motion,
the very toes covered with gold rings? (Ibid. Mercier, ubi supra.) By
degrees the indisputablest new-politeness rises; grows, with vigour. And
yet, whether, even to this day, that inexpressible tone of society known
under the old Kings, when Sin had 'lost all its deformity' (with or
without advantage to us), and airy Nothing had obtained such a local
habitation and establishment as she never had,--be recovered? Or even,
whether it be not lost beyond recovery? (De Stael, Considerations iii.
c. 10, &c.)--Either way, the world must contrive to struggle on.
Chapter 3.7.III.
Quiberon.
But indeed do not these long-flowing hair-queues of a Jeunesse Doree
in semi-military costume betoken, unconsciously, another still more
important tendency? The Republic, abhorrent of her Guillotine, loves her
Army.
And with cause. For, surely, if good fighting be a kind of honour, as it
is, in its season; and be with the vulgar of men, even the chief kind of
honour, then here is good fighting, in good season, if there ever was.
These Sons of the Republic, they rose, in mad wrath, to deliver her from
Slavery and Cimmeria. And have they not done it? Through Maritime Alps,
through gorges of Pyrenees, through Low Countries, Northward along the
Rhine-valley, far is Cimmeria hurled back from the sacred Motherland.
Fierce as fire, they have carried her Tricolor over the faces of all her
enemies;--over scarped heights, over cannon-batteries; down, as with
the Vengeur, into the dead deep sea. She has 'Eleven hundred thousand
fighters on foot,' this Republic: 'At one particular moment she had,' or
supposed she had, 'seventeen hundred thousand.' (Toulongeon, iii. c.
7; v. c. 10, p. 194.) Like a ring of lightning, they, volleying and
ca-ira-ing, begirdle her from shore to shore. Cimmerian Coalition of
Despots recoils; smitten with astonishment, and strange pangs.
Such a fire is in these Gaelic Republican men; high-blazing; which no
Coalition can withstand! Not scutcheons, with four degrees of nobility;
but ci-devant Serjeants, who have had to clutch Generalship out of the
cannon's throat, a Pichegru, a Jourdan, a Hoche, lead them on. They have
bread, they have iron; 'with bread and iron you can get to China.'--See
Pichegru's soldiers, this hard winter, in their looped and windowed
destitution, in their 'straw-rope shoes and cloaks of bass-mat,' how
they overrun Holland, like a demon-host, the ice having bridged all
waters; and rush shouting from victory to victory! Ships in the
Texel are taken by huzzars on horseback: fled is York; fled is the
Stadtholder, glad to escape to England, and leave Holland to fraternise.
(19th January, 1795, Montgaillard, iv. 287-311.) Such a Gaelic fire,
we say, blazes in this People, like the conflagration of grass and
dry-jungle; which no mortal can withstand--for the moment.
And even so it will blaze and run, scorching all things; and, from Cadiz
to Archangel, mad Sansculottism, drilled now into Soldiership, led on
by some 'armed Soldier of Democracy' (say, that Monosyllabic
Artillery-Officer), will set its foot cruelly on the necks of
its enemies; and its shouting and their shrieking shall fill the
world!--Rash Coalised Kings, such a fire have ye kindled; yourselves
fireless, your fighters animated only by drill-serjeants, messroom
moralities, and the drummer's cat! However, it is begun, and will
not end: not for a matter of twenty years. So long, this Gaelic fire,
through its successive changes of colour and character, will blaze over
the face of Europe, and afflict the scorch all men:--till it provoke all
men; till it kindle another kind of fire, the Teutonic kind, namely; and
be swallowed up, so to speak, in a day! For there is a fire comparable
to the burning of dry-jungle and grass; most sudden, high-blazing:
and another fire which we liken to the burning of coal, or even of
anthracite coal; difficult to kindle, but then which nothing will put
out. The ready Gaelic fire, we can remark further, and remark not in
Pichegrus only, but in innumerable Voltaires, Racines, Laplaces, no
less; for a man, whether he fight, or sing, or think, will remain
the same unity of a man,--is admirable for roasting eggs, in every
conceivable sense. The Teutonic anthracite again, as we see in Luthers,
Leibnitzes, Shakespeares, is preferable for smelting metals. How happy
is our Europe that has both kinds!--
But be this as it may, the Republic is clearly triumphing. In the spring
of the year Mentz Town again sees itself besieged; will again change
master: did not Merlin the Thionviller, 'with wild beard and look,' say
it was not for the last time they saw him there? The Elector of Mentz
circulates among his brother Potentates this pertinent query, Were it
not advisable to treat of Peace? Yes! answers many an Elector from the
bottom of his heart. But, on the other hand, Austria hesitates; finally
refuses, being subsidied by Pitt. As to Pitt, whoever hesitate, he,
suspending his Habeas-corpus, suspending his Cash-payments, stands
inflexible,--spite of foreign reverses; spite of domestic obstacles, of
Scotch National Conventions and English Friends of the People, whom he
is obliged to arraign, to hang, or even to see acquitted with jubilee: a
lean inflexible man. The Majesty of Spain, as we predicted, makes Peace;
also the Majesty of Prussia: and there is a Treaty of Bale. (5th
April, 1795, Montgaillard, iv. 319.) Treaty with black Anarchists and
Regicides! Alas, what help? You cannot hang this Anarchy; it is like to
hang you: you must needs treat with it.
Likewise, General Hoche has even succeeded in pacificating La Vendee.
Rogue Rossignol and his 'Infernal Columns' have vanished: by firmness
and justice, by sagacity and industry, General Hoche has done it. Taking
'Movable Columns,' not infernal; girdling-in the Country; pardoning the
submissive, cutting down the resistive, limb after limb of the Revolt
is brought under. La Rochejacquelin, last of our Nobles, fell in battle;
Stofflet himself makes terms; Georges-Cadoudal is back to Brittany,
among his Chouans: the frightful gangrene of La Vendee seems veritably
extirpated. It has cost, as they reckon in round numbers, the lives of
a Hundred Thousand fellow-mortals; with noyadings, conflagratings by
infernal column, which defy arithmetic. This is the La Vendee War.
(Histoire de la Guerre de la Vendee, par M. le Comte de Vauban, Memoires
de Madame de la Rochejacquelin, &c.)
Nay in few months, it does burst up once more, but once only:--blown
upon by Pitt, by our Ci-devant Puisaye of Calvados, and others. In the
month of July 1795, English Ships will ride in Quiberon roads.
There will be debarkation of chivalrous Ci-devants, of volunteer
Prisoners-of-war--eager to desert; of fire-arms, Proclamations,
clothes-chests, Royalists and specie. Whereupon also, on the Republican
side, there will be rapid stand-to-arms; with ambuscade marchings by
Quiberon beach, at midnight; storming of Fort Penthievre; war-thunder
mingling with the roar of the nightly main; and such a morning light as
has seldom dawned; debarkation hurled back into its boats, or into
the devouring billows, with wreck and wail;--in one word, a Ci-devant
Puisaye as totally ineffectual here as he was in Calvados, when he rode
from Vernon Castle without boots. (Deux Amis, xiv. 94-106; Puisaye,
Memoires, iii-vii.)
Again, therefore, it has cost the lives of many a brave man. Among whom
the whole world laments the brave Son of Sombreuil. Ill-fated family!
The father and younger son went to the guillotine; the heroic daughter
languishes, reduced to want, hides her woes from History: the elder son
perishes here; shot by military tribunal as an Emigrant; Hoche himself
cannot save him. If all wars, civil and other, are misunderstandings,
what a thing must right-understanding be!
Chapter 3.7.IV.
Lion not dead.
The Convention, borne on the tide of Fortune towards foreign Victory,
and driven by the strong wind of Public Opinion towards Clemency and
Luxury, is rushing fast; all skill of pilotage is needed, and more than
all, in such a velocity.
Curious to see, how we veer and whirl, yet must ever whirl round
again, and scud before the wind. If, on the one hand, we re-admit the
Protesting Seventy-Three, we, on the other hand, agree to consummate
the Apotheosis of Marat; lift his body from the Cordeliers Church, and
transport it to the Pantheon of Great Men,--flinging out Mirabeau to
make room for him. To no purpose: so strong blows Public Opinion! A
Gilt Youthhood, in plaited hair-tresses, tears down his Busts from
the Theatre Feydeau; tramples them under foot; scatters them, with
vociferation into the Cesspool of Montmartre. (Moniteur, du 25 Septembre
1794, du 4 Fevrier 1795.) Swept is his Chapel from the Place du
Carrousel; the Cesspool of Montmartre will receive his very dust.
Shorter godhood had no divine man. Some four months in this Pantheon,
Temple of All the Immortals; then to the Cesspool, grand Cloaca of
Paris and the World! 'His Busts at one time amounted to four thousand.'
Between Temple of All the Immortals and Cloaca of the World, how are
poor human creatures whirled!
Furthermore the question arises, When will the Constitution of
Ninety-three, of 1793, come into action? Considerate heads surmise, in
all privacy, that the Constitution of Ninety-three will never come into
action. Let them busy themselves to get ready a better.
Or, again, where now are the Jacobins? Childless, most decrepit, as we
saw, sat the mighty Mother; gnashing not teeth, but empty gums, against
a traitorous Thermidorian Convention and the current of things. Twice
were Billaud, Collot and Company accused in Convention, by a Lecointre,
by a Legendre; and the second time, it was not voted calumnious.
Billaud from the Jacobin tribune says, "The lion is not dead, he is only
sleeping." They ask him in Convention, What he means by the awakening
of the lion? And bickerings, of an extensive sort, arose in the
Palais-Egalite between Tappe-durs and the Gilt Youthhood; cries of "Down
with the Jacobins, the Jacoquins," coquin meaning scoundrel! The Tribune
in mid-air gave battle-sound; answered only by silence and uncertain
gasps. Talk was, in Government Committees, of 'suspending' the Jacobin
Sessions. Hark, there!--it is in Allhallow-time, or on the Hallow-eve
itself, month ci-devant November, year once named of Grace 1794, sad
eve for Jacobinism,--volley of stones dashing through our windows,
with jingle and execration! The female Jacobins, famed Tricoteuses with
knitting-needles, take flight; are met at the doors by a Gilt Youthhood
and 'mob of four thousand persons;' are hooted, flouted, hustled;
fustigated, in a scandalous manner, cotillons retrousses;--and vanish in
mere hysterics. Sally out ye male Jacobins! The male Jacobins sally out;
but only to battle, disaster and confusion. So that armed Authority
has to intervene: and again on the morrow to intervene; and suspend the
Jacobin Sessions forever and a day. (Moniteur, Seances du 10-12 Novembre
1794: Deux Amis, xiii. 43-49.) Gone are the Jacobins; into invisibility;
in a storm of laughter and howls. Their place is made a Normal School,
the first of the kind seen; it then vanishes into a 'Market of Thermidor
Ninth;' into a Market of Saint-Honore, where is now peaceable chaffering
for poultry and greens. The solemn temples, the great globe itself; the
baseless fabric! Are not we such stuff, we and this world of ours, as
Dreams are made of?
Maximum being abrogated, Trade was to take its own free course. Alas,
Trade, shackled, topsyturvied in the way we saw, and now suddenly let
go again, can for the present take no course at all; but only reel and
stagger. There is, so to speak, no Trade whatever for the time being.
Assignats, long sinking, emitted in such quantities, sink now with an
alacrity beyond parallel. "Combien?" said one, to a Hackney-coachman,
"What fare?" "Six thousand livres," answered he: some three hundred
pounds sterling, in Paper-money. (Mercier, ii. 94. '1st February, 1796:
at the Bourse of Paris, the gold louis,' of 20 francs in silver, 'costs
5,300 francs in assignats.' Montgaillard, iv. 419.) Pressure of Maximum
withdrawn, the things it compressed likewise withdraw. 'Two ounces of
bread per day' in the modicum allotted: wide-waving, doleful are the
Bakers' Queues; Farmers' houses are become pawnbrokers' shops.
One can imagine, in these circumstances, with what humour Sansculottism
growled in its throat, "La Cabarus;" beheld Ci-devants return dancing,
the Thermidor effulgence of recivilisation, and Balls in flesh-coloured
drawers. Greek tunics and sandals; hosts of Muscadins parading, with
their clubs loaded with lead;--and we here, cast out, abhorred, 'picking
offals from the street;' (Fantin Desodoards, Histoire de la Revolution,
vii. c. 4.) agitating in Baker's Queue for our two ounces of bread! Will
the Jacobin lion, which they say is meeting secretly 'at the Acheveche,
in bonnet rouge with loaded pistols,' not awaken? Seemingly not. Our
Collot, our Billaud, Barrere, Vadier, in these last days of March 1795,
are found worthy of Deportation, of Banishment beyond seas; and shall,
for the present, be trundled off to the Castle of Ham. The lion is
dead;--or writhing in death-throes!
Behold, accordingly, on the day they call Twelfth of Germinal (which
is also called First of April, not a lucky day), how lively are these
streets of Paris once more! Floods of hungry women, of squalid hungry
men; ejaculating: "Bread, Bread and the Constitution of Ninety-three!"
Paris has risen, once again, like the Ocean-tide; is flowing towards
the Tuileries, for Bread and a Constitution. Tuileries Sentries do their
best; but it serves not: the Ocean-tide sweeps them away; inundates the
Convention Hall itself; howling, "Bread, and the Constitution!"
Unhappy Senators, unhappy People, there is yet, after all toils and
broils, no Bread, no Constitution. "Du pain, pas tant de longs discours,
Bread, not bursts of Parliamentary eloquence!" so wailed the Menads
of Maillard, five years ago and more; so wail ye to this hour. The
Convention, with unalterable countenance, with what thought one knows
not, keeps its seat in this waste howling chaos; rings its stormbell
from the Pavilion of Unity. Section Lepelletier, old Filles
Saint-Thomas, who are of the money-changing species; these and Gilt
Youthhood fly to the rescue; sweep chaos forth again, with levelled
bayonets. Paris is declared 'in a state of siege.' Pichegru, Conqueror
of Holland, who happens to be here, is named Commandant, till the
disturbance end. He, in one day, so to speak, ends it. He accomplishes
the transfer of Billaud, Collot and Company; dissipating all opposition
'by two cannon-shots,' blank cannon-shots, and the terror of his name;
and thereupon announcing, with a Laconicism which should be imitated,
"Representatives, your decrees are executed," (Moniteur, Seance du 13
Germinal (2d April) 1795.) lays down his Commandantship.
This Revolt of Germinal, therefore, has passed, like a vain cry. The
Prisoners rest safe in Ham, waiting for ships; some nine hundred 'chief
Terrorists of Paris' are disarmed. Sansculottism, swept forth with
bayonets, has vanished, with its misery, to the bottom of Saint-Antoine
and Saint-Marceau.--Time was when Usher Maillard with Menads could alter
the course of Legislation; but that time is not. Legislation seems to
have got bayonets; Section Lepelletier takes its firelock, not for us!
We retire to our dark dens; our cry of hunger is called a Plot of Pitt;
the Saloons glitter, the flesh-coloured Drawers gyrate as before. It was
for "The Cabarus" then, and her Muscadins and Money-changers, that
we fought? It was for Balls in flesh-coloured drawers that we took
Feudalism by the beard, and did, and dared, shedding our blood like
water? Expressive Silence, muse thou their praise!--
Chapter 3.7.V.
Lion sprawling its last.
Representative Carrier went to the Guillotine, in December last;
protesting that he acted by orders. The Revolutionary Tribunal, after
all it has devoured, has now only, as Anarchic things do, to devour
itself. In the early days of May, men see a remarkable thing:
Fouquier-Tinville pleading at the Bar once his own. He and his chief
Jurymen, Leroi August-Tenth, Juryman Vilate, a Batch of Sixteen;
pleading hard, protesting that they acted by orders: but pleading in
vain. Thus men break the axe with which they have done hateful things;
the axe itself having grown hateful. For the rest, Fouquier died hard
enough: "Where are thy Batches?" howled the People.--"Hungry canaille,"
asked Fouquier, "is thy Bread cheaper, wanting them?"
Remarkable Fouquier; once but as other Attorneys and Law-beagles, which
hunt ravenous on this Earth, a well-known phasis of human nature; and
now thou art and remainest the most remarkable Attorney that ever lived
and hunted in the Upper Air! For, in this terrestrial Course of Time,
there was to be an Avatar of Attorneyism; the Heavens had said, Let
there be an Incarnation, not divine, of the venatory Attorney-spirit
which keeps its eye on the bond only;--and lo, this was it; and they
have attorneyed it in its turn. Vanish, then, thou rat-eyed Incarnation
of Attorneyism; who at bottom wert but as other Attorneys, and too
hungry Sons of Adam! Juryman Vilate had striven hard for life, and
published, from his Prison, an ingenious Book, not unknown to us; but it
would not stead: he also had to vanish; and this his Book of the
Secret Causes of Thermidor, full of lies, with particles of truth in it
undiscoverable otherwise, is all that remains of him.
Revolutionary Tribunal has done; but vengeance has not done.
Representative Lebon, after long struggling, is handed over to the
ordinary Law Courts, and by them guillotined. Nay, at Lyons and
elsewhere, resuscitated Moderatism, in its vengeance, will not wait
the slow process of Law; but bursts into the Prisons, sets fire to the
prisons; burns some three score imprisoned Jacobins to dire death,
or chokes them 'with the smoke of straw.' There go vengeful truculent
'Companies of Jesus,' 'Companies of the Sun;' slaying Jacobinism
wherever they meet with it; flinging it into the Rhone-stream; which,
once more, bears seaward a horrid cargo. (Moniteur, du 27 Juin, du 31
Aout, 1795; Deux Amis, xiii. 121-9.) Whereupon, at Toulon, Jacobinism
rises in revolt; and is like to hang the National Representatives.--With
such action and reaction, is not a poor National Convention hard
bested? It is like the settlement of winds and waters, of seas long
tornado-beaten; and goes on with jumble and with jangle. Now flung
aloft, now sunk in trough of the sea, your Vessel of the Republic has
need of all pilotage and more.
What Parliament that ever sat under the Moon had such a series of
destinies, as this National Convention of France? It came together to
make the Constitution; and instead of that, it has had to make nothing
but destruction and confusion: to burn up Catholicisms, Aristocratisms,
to worship Reason and dig Saltpetre, to fight Titanically with itself
and with the whole world. A Convention decimated by the Guillotine;
above the tenth man has bowed his neck to the axe. Which has seen
Carmagnoles danced before it, and patriotic strophes sung amid
Church-spoils; the wounded of the Tenth of August defile in handbarrows;
and, in the Pandemonial Midnight, Egalite's dames in tricolor drink
lemonade, and spectrum of Sieyes mount, saying, Death sans phrase. A
Convention which has effervesced, and which has congealed; which has
been red with rage, and also pale with rage: sitting with pistols in its
pocket, drawing sword (in a moment of effervescence): now storming to
the four winds, through a Danton-voice, Awake, O France, and smite
the tyrants; now frozen mute under its Robespierre, and answering his
dirge-voice by a dubious gasp. Assassinated, decimated; stabbed at, shot
at, in baths, on streets and staircases; which has been the nucleus
of Chaos. Has it not heard the chimes at midnight? It has deliberated,
beset by a Hundred thousand armed men with artillery-furnaces and
provision-carts. It has been betocsined, bestormed; over-flooded by
black deluges of Sansculottism; and has heard the shrill cry, Bread and
Soap. For, as we say, its the nucleus of Chaos; it sat as the centre of
Sansculottism; and had spread its pavilion on the waste Deep, where
is neither path nor landmark, neither bottom nor shore. In intrinsic
valour, ingenuity, fidelity, and general force and manhood, it has
perhaps not far surpassed the average of Parliaments: but in frankness
of purpose, in singularity of position, it seeks its fellow. One other
Sansculottic submersion, or at most two, and this wearied vessel of a
Convention reaches land.
Revolt of Germinal Twelfth ended as a vain cry; moribund Sansculottism
was swept back into invisibility. There it has lain moaning, these six
weeks: moaning, and also scheming. Jacobins disarmed, flung forth from
their Tribune in mid air, must needs try to help themselves, in secret
conclave under ground. Lo, therefore, on the First day of the Month
Prairial, 20th of May 1795, sound of the generale once more; beating
sharp, ran-tan, To arms, To arms!
Sansculottism has risen, yet again, from its death-lair; waste
wild-flowing, as the unfruitful Sea. Saint-Antoine is a-foot: "Bread and
the Constitution of Ninety-three," so sounds it; so stands it written
with chalk on the hats of men. They have their pikes, their firelocks;
Paper of Grievances; standards; printed Proclamation, drawn up in quite
official manner,--considering this, and also considering that, they, a
much-enduring Sovereign People, are in Insurrection; will have Bread and
the Constitution of Ninety-three. And so the Barriers are seized,
and the generale beats, and tocsins discourse discord. Black deluges
overflow the Tuileries; spite of sentries, the Sanctuary itself is
invaded: enter, to our Order of the Day, a torrent of dishevelled women,
wailing, "Bread! Bread!" President may well cover himself; and have his
own tocsin rung in 'the Pavilion of Unity;' the ship of the State again
labours and leaks; overwashed, near to swamping, with unfruitful brine.
What a day, once more! Women are driven out: men storm irresistibly in;
choke all corridors, thunder at all gates. Deputies, putting forth head,
obtest, conjure; Saint-Antoine rages, "Bread and Constitution." Report
has risen that the 'Convention is assassinating the women:' crushing
and rushing, clangor and furor! The oak doors have become as oak
tambourines, sounding under the axe of Saint-Antoine; plaster-work
crackles, woodwork booms and jingles; door starts up;--bursts-in
Saint-Antoine with frenzy and vociferation, Rag-standards, printed
Proclamation, drum-music: astonishment to eye and ear. Gendarmes, loyal
Sectioners charge through the other door; they are recharged; musketry
exploding: Saint-Antoine cannot be expelled. Obtesting Deputies obtest
vainly; Respect the President; approach not the President! Deputy
Feraud, stretching out his hands, baring his bosom scarred in the
Spanish wars, obtests vainly: threatens and resists vainly. Rebellious
Deputy of the Sovereign, if thou have fought, have not we too? We have
no bread, no Constitution! They wrench poor Feraud; they tumble him,
trample him, wrath waxing to see itself work: they drag him into the
corridor, dead or near it; sever his head, and fix it on a pike. Ah,
did an unexampled Convention want this variety of destiny too, then?
Feraud's bloody head goes on a pike. Such a game has begun; Paris and
the Earth may wait how it will end.
And so it billows free though all Corridors; within, and without, far
as the eye reaches, nothing but Bedlam, and the great Deep broken loose!
President Boissy d'Anglas sits like a rock: the rest of the Convention
is floated 'to the upper benches;' Sectioners and Gendarmes still
ranking there to form a kind of wall for them. And Insurrection rages;
rolls its drums; will read its Paper of Grievances, will have this
decreed, will have that. Covered sits President Boissy, unyielding; like
a rock in the beating of seas. They menace him, level muskets at him, he
yields not; they hold up Feraud's bloody head to him, with grave stern
air he bows to it, and yields not.
And the Paper of Grievances cannot get itself read for uproar; and the
drums roll, and the throats bawl; and Insurrection, like sphere-music,
is inaudible for very noise: Decree us this, Decree us that. One man we
discern bawling 'for the space of an hour at all intervals,' "Je
demande l'arrestation des coquins et des laches." Really one of the
most comprehensive Petitions ever put up: which indeed, to this hour,
includes all that you can reasonably ask Constitution of the Year One,
Rotten-Borough, Ballot-Box, or other miraculous Political Ark of the
Covenant to do for you to the end of the world! I also demand arrestment
of the Knaves and Dastards, and nothing more whatever. National
Representation, deluged with black Sansculottism glides out; for help
elsewhere, for safety elsewhere: here is no help.
About four in the afternoon, there remain hardly more than some
Sixty Members: mere friends, or even secret-leaders; a remnant of the
Mountain-crest, held in silence by Thermidorian thraldom. Now is the
time for them; now or never let them descend, and speak! They descend,
these Sixty, invited by Sansculottism: Romme of the New Calendar, Ruhl
of the Sacred Phial, Goujon, Duquesnoy, Soubrany, and the rest. Glad
Sansculottism forms a ring for them; Romme takes the President's chair;
they begin resolving and decreeing. Fast enough now comes Decree after
Decree, in alternate brief strains, or strophe and antistrophe,--what
will cheapen bread, what will awaken the dormant lion. And at every new
Decree, Sansculottism shouts, Decreed, Decreed; and rolls its drums.
Fast enough; the work of months in hours,--when see, a Figure enters,
whom in the lamp-light we recognise to be Legendre; and utters words:
fit to be hissed out! And then see, Section Lepelletier or other
Muscadin Section enters, and Gilt Youth, with levelled bayonets,
countenances screwed to the sticking-place! Tramp, tramp, with bayonets
gleaming in the lamp-light: what can one do, worn down with long riot,
grown heartless, dark, hungry, but roll back, but rush back, and escape
who can? The very windows need to be thrown up, that Sansculottism may
escape fast enough. Money-changer Sections and Gilt Youth sweep them
forth, with steel besom, far into the depths of Saint-Antoine. Triumph
once more! The Decrees of that Sixty are not so much as rescinded;
they are declared null and non-extant. Romme, Ruhl, Goujon and
the ringleaders, some thirteen in all, are decreed Accused.
Permanent-session ends at three in the morning. (Deux Amis, xiii.
129-46.) Sansculottism, once more flung resupine, lies sprawling;
sprawling its last.
Such was the First of Prairial, 20th May, 1795. Second and Third of
Prairial, during which Sansculottism still sprawled, and unexpectedly
rang its tocsin, and assembled in arms, availed Sansculottism nothing.
What though with our Rommes and Ruhls, accused but not yet arrested, we
make a new 'True National Convention' of our own, over in the East; and
put the others Out of Law? What though we rank in arms and march? Armed
Force and Muscadin Sections, some thirty thousand men, environ that
old False Convention: we can but bully one another: bandying nicknames,
"Muscadins," against "Blooddrinkers, Buveurs de Sang." Feraud's
Assassin, taken with the red hand, and sentenced, and now near to
Guillotine and Place de Greve, is retaken; is carried back into
Saint-Antoine: to no purpose. Convention Sectionaries and Gilt Youth
come, according to Decree, to seek him; nay to disarm Saint-Antoine!
And they do disarm it: by rolling of cannon, by springing upon enemy's
cannon; by military audacity, and terror of the Law. Saint-Antoine
surrenders its arms; Santerre even advising it, anxious for life and
brewhouse. Feraud's Assassin flings himself from a high roof: and all is
lost. (Toulongeon, v. 297; Moniteur, Nos. 244, 5, 6.)
Discerning which things, old Ruhl shot a pistol through his old white
head; dashed his life in pieces, as he had done the Sacred Phial
of Rheims. Romme, Goujon and the others stand ranked before a
swiftly-appointed, swift Military Tribunal. Hearing the sentence, Goujon
drew a knife, struck it into his breast, passed it to his neighbour
Romme; and fell dead. Romme did the like; and another all but did it;
Roman-death rushing on there, as in electric-chain, before your Bailiffs
could intervene! The Guillotine had the rest.
They were the Ultimi Romanorum. Billaud, Collot and Company are now
ordered to be tried for life; but are found to be already off, shipped
for Sinamarri, and the hot mud of Surinam. There let Billaud surround
himself with flocks of tame parrots; Collot take the yellow fever, and
drinking a whole bottle of brandy, burn up his entrails. (Dictionnaire
des Hommes Marquans, paras Billaud, Collot.) Sansculottism spraws no
more. The dormant lion has become a dead one; and now, as we see, any
hoof may smite him.
Chapter 3.7.VI.
Grilled Herrings.
So dies Sansculottism, the body of Sansculottism, or is changed. Its
ragged Pythian Carmagnole-dance has transformed itself into a Pyrrhic,
into a dance of Cabarus Balls. Sansculottism is dead; extinguished
by new isms of that kind, which were its own natural progeny; and is
buried, we may say, with such deafening jubilation and disharmony of
funeral-knell on their part, that only after some half century or so
does one begin to learn clearly why it ever was alive.
And yet a meaning lay in it: Sansculottism verily was alive, a New-Birth
of TIME; nay it still lives, and is not dead, but changed. The soul of
it still lives; still works far and wide, through one bodily shape
into another less amorphous, as is the way of cunning Time with his
New-Births:--till, in some perfected shape, it embrace the whole
circuit of the world! For the wise man may now everywhere discern that
he must found on his manhood, not on the garnitures of his manhood.
He who, in these Epochs of our Europe, founds on garnitures, formulas,
culottisms of what sort soever, is founding on old cloth and sheep-skin,
and cannot endure. But as for the body of Sansculottism, that is dead
and buried,--and, one hopes, need not reappear, in primary amorphous
shape, for another thousand years!
It was the frightfullest thing ever borne of Time? One of the
frightfullest. This Convention, now grown Anti-Jacobin, did, with an eye
to justify and fortify itself, publish Lists of what the Reign of
Terror had perpetrated: Lists of Persons Guillotined. The Lists, cries
splenetic Abbe Montgaillard, were not complete. They contain the names
of, How many persons thinks the reader?--Two Thousand all but a few.
There were above Four Thousand, cries Montgaillard: so many were
guillotined, fusilladed, noyaded, done to dire death; of whom Nine
Hundred were women. (Montgaillard, iv. 241.) It is a horrible sum of
human lives, M. l'Abbe:--some ten times as many shot rightly on a field
of battle, and one might have had his Glorious-Victory with Te-Deum. It
is not far from the two-hundredth part of what perished in the entire
Seven Years War. By which Seven Years War, did not the great Fritz
wrench Silesia from the great Theresa; and a Pompadour, stung by
epigrams, satisfy herself that she could not be an Agnes Sorel? The head
of man is a strange vacant sounding-shell, M. l'Abbe; and studies Cocker
to small purpose.
But what if History, somewhere on this Planet, were to hear of a Nation,
the third soul of whom had not for thirty weeks each year as many
third-rate potatoes as would sustain him? (Report of the Irish Poor-Law
Commission, 1836.) History, in that case, feels bound to consider that
starvation is starvation; that starvation from age to age presupposes
much: History ventures to assert that the French Sansculotte of
Ninety-three, who, roused from long death-sleep, could rush at once
to the frontiers, and die fighting for an immortal Hope and Faith of
Deliverance for him and his, was but the second-miserablest of men! The
Irish Sans-potato, had he not senses then, nay a soul? In his frozen
darkness, it was bitter for him to die famishing; bitter to see his
children famish. It was bitter for him to be a beggar, a liar and a
knave. Nay, if that dreary Greenland-wind of benighted Want, perennial
from sire to son, had frozen him into a kind of torpor and numb
callosity, so that he saw not, felt not, was this, for a creature with a
soul in it, some assuagement; or the cruellest wretchedness of all?
Such things were, such things are; and they go on in silence peaceably:
and Sansculottisms follow them. History, looking back over this France
through long times, back to Turgot's time for instance, when dumb
Drudgery staggered up to its King's Palace, and in wide expanse of
sallow faces, squalor and winged raggedness, presented hieroglyphically
its Petition of Grievances; and for answer got hanged on a 'new gallows
forty feet high,'--confesses mournfully that there is no period to be
met with, in which the general Twenty-five Millions of France suffered
less than in this period which they name Reign of Terror! But it was not
the Dumb Millions that suffered here; it was the Speaking Thousands, and
Hundreds, and Units; who shrieked and published, and made the world
ring with their wail, as they could and should: that is the
grand peculiarity. The frightfullest Births of Time are never the
loud-speaking ones, for these soon die; they are the silent ones,
which can live from century to century! Anarchy, hateful as Death, is
abhorrent to the whole nature of man; and must itself soon die.
Wherefore let all men know what of depth and of height is still
revealed in man; and, with fear and wonder, with just sympathy and just
antipathy, with clear eye and open heart, contemplate it and appropriate
it; and draw innumerable inferences from it. This inference, for
example, among the first: 'That if the gods of this lower world will sit
on their glittering thrones, indolent as Epicurus' gods, with the living
Chaos of Ignorance and Hunger weltering uncared for at their feet, and
smooth Parasites preaching, Peace, peace, when there is no peace,' then
the dark Chaos, it would seem, will rise; has risen, and O Heavens! has
it not tanned their skins into breeches for itself? That there be
no second Sansculottism in our Earth for a thousand years, let us
understand well what the first was; and let Rich and Poor of us go and
do otherwise.--But to our tale.
The Muscadin Sections greatly rejoice; Cabarus Balls gyrate: the
well-nigh insoluble problem Republic without Anarchy, have we not solved
it?--Law of Fraternity or Death is gone: chimerical Obtain-who-need has
become practical Hold-who-have. To anarchic Republic of the Poverties
there has succeeded orderly Republic of the Luxuries; which will
continue as long as it can.
On the Pont au Change, on the Place de Greve, in long sheds, Mercier, in
these summer evenings, saw working men at their repast. One's allotment
of daily bread has sunk to an ounce and a half. 'Plates containing
each three grilled herrings, sprinkled with shorn onions, wetted with
a little vinegar; to this add some morsel of boiled prunes, and lentils
swimming in a clear sauce: at these frugal tables, the cook's gridiron
hissing near by, and the pot simmering on a fire between two stones, I
have seen them ranged by the hundred; consuming, without bread, their
scant messes, far too moderate for the keenness of their appetite, and
the extent of their stomach.' (Nouveau Paris, iv. 118.) Seine water,
rushing plenteous by, will supply the deficiency.
O man of Toil, thy struggling and thy daring, these six long years of
insurrection and tribulation, thou hast profited nothing by it, then?
Thou consumest thy herring and water, in the blessed gold-red evening.
O why was the Earth so beautiful, becrimsoned with dawn and twilight,
if man's dealings with man were to make it a vale of scarcity, of
tears, not even soft tears? Destroying of Bastilles, discomfiting of
Brunswicks, fronting of Principalities and Powers, of Earth and Tophet,
all that thou hast dared and endured,--it was for a Republic of the
Cabarus Saloons? Patience; thou must have patience: the end is not yet.
Chapter 3.7.VII.
The Whiff of Grapeshot.
In fact, what can be more natural, one may say inevitable, as a
Post-Sansculottic transitionary state, than even this? Confused wreck
of a Republic of the Poverties, which ended in Reign of Terror, is
arranging itself into such composure as it can. Evangel of Jean-Jacques,
and most other Evangels, becoming incredible, what is there for it but
return to the old Evangel of Mammon? Contrat-Social is true or untrue,
Brotherhood is Brotherhood or Death; but money always will buy money's
worth: in the wreck of human dubitations, this remains indubitable, that
Pleasure is pleasant. Aristocracy of Feudal Parchment has passed away
with a mighty rushing; and now, by a natural course, we arrive at
Aristocracy of the Moneybag. It is the course through which all European
Societies are at this hour travelling. Apparently a still baser sort of
Aristocracy? An infinitely baser; the basest yet known!
In which however there is this advantage, that, like Anarchy itself,
it cannot continue. Hast thou considered how Thought is stronger than
Artillery-parks, and (were it fifty years after death and martyrdom,
or were it two thousand years) writes and unwrites Acts of Parliament,
removes mountains; models the World like soft clay? Also how the
beginning of all Thought, worth the name, is Love; and the wise head
never yet was, without first the generous heart? The Heavens cease not
their bounty: they send us generous hearts into every generation. And
now what generous heart can pretend to itself, or be hoodwinked into
believing, that Loyalty to the Moneybag is a noble Loyalty? Mammon,
cries the generous heart out of all ages and countries, is the basest
of known Gods, even of known Devils. In him what glory is there, that
ye should worship him? No glory discernable; not even terror: at
best, detestability, ill-matched with despicability!--Generous hearts,
discerning, on this hand, widespread Wretchedness, dark without and
within, moistening its ounce-and-half of bread with tears; and on that
hand, mere Balls in fleshcoloured drawers, and inane or foul glitter
of such sort,--cannot but ejaculate, cannot but announce: Too much, O
divine Mammon; somewhat too much!--The voice of these, once announcing
itself, carries fiat and pereat in it, for all things here below.
Meanwhile, we will hate Anarchy as Death, which it is; and the things
worse than Anarchy shall be hated more! Surely Peace alone is
fruitful. Anarchy is destruction: a burning up, say, of Shams and
Insupportabilities; but which leaves Vacancy behind. Know this also,
that out of a world of Unwise nothing but an Unwisdom can be made.
Arrange it, Constitution-build it, sift it through Ballot-Boxes as thou
wilt, it is and remains an Unwisdom,--the new prey of new quacks and
unclean things, the latter end of it slightly better than the beginning.
Who can bring a wise thing out of men unwise? Not one. And so Vacancy
and general Abolition having come for this France, what can Anarchy do
more? Let there be Order, were it under the Soldier's Sword; let there
be Peace, that the bounty of the Heavens be not spilt; that what of
Wisdom they do send us bring fruit in its season!--It remains to be seen
how the quellers of Sansculottism were themselves quelled, and sacred
right of Insurrection was blown away by gunpowder: wherewith this
singular eventful History called French Revolution ends.
The Convention, driven such a course by wild wind, wild tide, and
steerage and non-steerage, these three years, has become weary of its
own existence, sees all men weary of it; and wishes heartily to finish.
To the last, it has to strive with contradictions: it is now getting
fast ready with a Constitution, yet knows no peace. Sieyes, we say, is
making the Constitution once more; has as good as made it. Warned by
experience, the great Architect alters much, admits much. Distinction of
Active and Passive Citizen, that is, Money-qualification for Electors:
nay Two Chambers, 'Council of Ancients,' as well as 'Council of Five
Hundred;' to that conclusion have we come! In a like spirit, eschewing
that fatal self-denying ordinance of your Old Constituents, we enact not
only that actual Convention Members are re-eligible, but that Two-thirds
of them must be re-elected. The Active Citizen Electors shall for this
time have free choice of only One-third of their National Assembly.
Such enactment, of Two-thirds to be re-elected, we append to our
Constitution; we submit our Constitution to the Townships of France, and
say, Accept both, or reject both. Unsavoury as this appendix may be, the
Townships, by overwhelming majority, accept and ratify. With Directory
of Five; with Two good Chambers, double-majority of them nominated by
ourselves, one hopes this Constitution may prove final. March it will;
for the legs of it, the re-elected Two-thirds, are already there, able
to march. Sieyes looks at his Paper Fabric with just pride.
But now see how the contumacious Sections, Lepelletier foremost, kick
against the pricks! Is it not manifest infraction of one's Elective
Franchise, Rights of Man, and Sovereignty of the People, this appendix
of re-electing your Two-thirds? Greedy tyrants who would perpetuate
yourselves!--For the truth is, victory over Saint-Antoine, and long
right of Insurrection, has spoiled these men. Nay spoiled all men.
Consider too how each man was free to hope what he liked; and now there
is to be no hope, there is to be fruition, fruition of this.
In men spoiled by long right of Insurrection, what confused ferments
will rise, tongues once begun wagging! Journalists declaim, your
Lacretelles, Laharpes; Orators spout. There is Royalism traceable in it,
and Jacobinism. On the West Frontier, in deep secrecy, Pichegru, durst
he trust his Army, is treating with Conde: in these Sections, there
spout wolves in sheep's clothing, masked Emigrants and Royalists!
(Napoleon, Las Cases, Choix des Rapports, xvii. 398-411.) All men, as
we say, had hoped, each that the Election would do something for his own
side: and now there is no Election, or only the third of one. Black is
united with white against this clause of the Two-thirds; all the Unruly
of France, who see their trade thereby near ending.
Section Lepelletier, after Addresses enough, finds that such clause is
a manifest infraction; that it, Lepelletier, for one, will simply not
conform thereto; and invites all other free Sections to join it, 'in
central Committee,' in resistance to oppression. (Deux Amis, xiii.
375-406.) The Sections join it, nearly all; strong with their Forty
Thousand fighting men. The Convention therefore may look to itself!
Lepelletier, on this 12th day of Vendemiaire, 4th of October 1795, is
sitting in open contravention, in its Convent of Filles Saint-Thomas,
Rue Vivienne, with guns primed. The Convention has some Five Thousand
regular troops at hand; Generals in abundance; and a Fifteen Hundred
of miscellaneous persecuted Ultra-Jacobins, whom in this crisis it has
hastily got together and armed, under the title Patriots of Eighty-nine.
Strong in Law, it sends its General Menou to disarm Lepelletier.
General Menou marches accordingly, with due summons and demonstration;
with no result. General Menou, about eight in the evening, finds that
he is standing ranked in the Rue Vivienne, emitting vain summonses;
with primed guns pointed out of every window at him; and that he cannot
disarm Lepelletier. He has to return, with whole skin, but without
success; and be thrown into arrest as 'a traitor.' Whereupon the whole
Forty Thousand join this Lepelletier which cannot be vanquished: to what
hand shall a quaking Convention now turn? Our poor Convention, after
such voyaging, just entering harbour, so to speak, has struck on the
bar;--and labours there frightfully, with breakers roaring round it,
Forty thousand of them, like to wash it, and its Sieyes Cargo and the
whole future of France, into the deep! Yet one last time, it struggles,
ready to perish.
Some call for Barras to be made Commandant; he conquered in Thermidor.
Some, what is more to the purpose, bethink them of the Citizen
Buonaparte, unemployed Artillery Officer, who took Toulon. A man of
head, a man of action: Barras is named Commandant's-Cloak; this young
Artillery Officer is named Commandant. He was in the Gallery at the
moment, and heard it; he withdrew, some half hour, to consider with
himself: after a half hour of grim compressed considering, to be or not
to be, he answers Yea.
And now, a man of head being at the centre of it, the whole matter gets
vital. Swift, to Camp of Sablons; to secure the Artillery, there are
not twenty men guarding it! A swift Adjutant, Murat is the name of him,
gallops; gets thither some minutes within time, for Lepelletier was also
on march that way: the Cannon are ours. And now beset this post, and
beset that; rapid and firm: at Wicket of the Louvre, in Cul de Sac
Dauphin, in Rue Saint-Honore, from Pont Neuf all along the north Quays,
southward to Pont ci-devant Royal,--rank round the Sanctuary of the
Tuileries, a ring of steel discipline; let every gunner have his match
burning, and all men stand to their arms!
Thus there is Permanent-session through night; and thus at sunrise of
the morrow, there is seen sacred Insurrection once again: vessel of
State labouring on the bar; and tumultuous sea all round her, beating
generale, arming and sounding,--not ringing tocsin, for we have left
no tocsin but our own in the Pavilion of Unity. It is an imminence of
shipwreck, for the whole world to gaze at. Frightfully she labours, that
poor ship, within cable-length of port; huge peril for her. However, she
has a man at the helm. Insurgent messages, received, and not received;
messenger admitted blindfolded; counsel and counter-counsel: the poor
ship labours!--Vendemiaire 13th, year 4: curious enough, of all days, it
is the Fifth day of October, anniversary of that Menad-march, six years
ago; by sacred right of Insurrection we are got thus far.
Lepelletier has seized the Church of Saint-Roch; has seized the Pont
Neuf, our piquet there retreating without fire. Stray shots fall from
Lepelletier; rattle down on the very Tuileries staircase. On the other
hand, women advance dishevelled, shrieking, Peace; Lepelletier behind
them waving its hat in sign that we shall fraternise. Steady! The
Artillery Officer is steady as bronze; can be quick as lightning. He
sends eight hundred muskets with ball-cartridges to the Convention
itself; honourable Members shall act with these in case of extremity:
whereat they look grave enough. Four of the afternoon is struck.
(Moniteur, Seance du 5 Octobre 1795.) Lepelletier, making nothing by
messengers, by fraternity or hat-waving, bursts out, along the Southern
Quai Voltaire, along streets, and passages, treble-quick, in huge
veritable onslaught! Whereupon, thou bronze Artillery Officer--? "Fire!"
say the bronze lips. Roar and again roar, continual, volcano-like,
goes his great gun, in the Cul de Sac Dauphin against the Church of
Saint-Roch; go his great guns on the Pont Royal; go all his great
guns;--blow to air some two hundred men, mainly about the Church of
Saint-Roch! Lepelletier cannot stand such horse-play; no Sectioner can
stand it; the Forty-thousand yield on all sides, scour towards covert.
'Some hundred or so of them gathered both Theatre de la Republique;
but,' says he, 'a few shells dislodged them. It was all finished at
six.'
The Ship is over the bar, then; free she bounds shoreward,--amid
shouting and vivats! Citoyen Buonaparte is 'named General of the
Interior, by acclamation;' quelled Sections have to disarm in such
humour as they may; sacred right of Insurrection is gone for ever!
The Sieyes Constitution can disembark itself, and begin marching. The
miraculous Convention Ship has got to land;--and is there, shall we
figuratively say, changed, as Epic Ships are wont, into a kind of
Sea Nymph, never to sail more; to roam the waste Azure, a Miracle in
History!
'It is false,' says Napoleon, 'that we fired first with blank charge;
it had been a waste of life to do that.' Most false: the firing was with
sharp and sharpest shot: to all men it was plain that here was no sport;
the rabbets and plinths of Saint-Roch Church show splintered by it, to
this hour.--Singular: in old Broglie's time, six years ago, this Whiff
of Grapeshot was promised; but it could not be given then, could not
have profited then. Now, however, the time is come for it, and the
man; and behold, you have it; and the thing we specifically call French
Revolution is blown into space by it, and become a thing that was!--
Homer's Epos, it is remarked, is like a Bas-relief sculpture: it does
not conclude, but merely ceases. Such, indeed, is the Epos of Universal
History itself. Directorates, Consulates, Emperorships, Restorations,
Citizen-Kingships succeed this Business in due series, in due genesis
one out of the other. Nevertheless the First-parent of all these may be
said to have gone to air in the way we see. A Baboeuf Insurrection,
next year, will die in the birth; stifled by the Soldiery. A Senate, if
tinged with Royalism, can be purged by the Soldiery; and an Eighteenth
of Fructidor transacted by the mere shew of bayonets. (Moniteur, du 5
Septembre 1797.) Nay Soldiers' bayonets can be used a posteriori on a
Senate, and make it leap out of window,--still bloodless; and produce
an Eighteenth of Brumaire. (9th November 1799, Choix des Rapports, xvii.
1-96.) Such changes must happen: but they are managed by intriguings,
caballings, and then by orderly word of command; almost like mere
changes of Ministry. Not in general by sacred right of Insurrection,
but by milder methods growing ever milder, shall the Events of French
history be henceforth brought to pass.
It is admitted that this Directorate, which owned, at its starting,
these three things, an 'old table, a sheet of paper, and an ink-bottle,'
and no visible money or arrangement whatever, (Bailleul, Examen critique
des Considerations de Madame de Stael, ii. 275.) did wonders: that
France, since the Reign of Terror hushed itself, has been a new France,
awakened like a giant out of torpor; and has gone on, in the Internal
Life of it, with continual progress. As for the External form and forms
of Life,--what can we say except that out of the Eater there comes
Strength; out of the Unwise there comes not Wisdom! Shams are burnt up;
nay, what as yet is the peculiarity of France, the very Cant of them
is burnt up. The new Realities are not yet come: ah no, only Phantasms,
Paper models, tentative Prefigurements of such! In France there are now
Four Million Landed Properties; that black portent of an Agrarian Law is
as it were realised! What is still stranger, we understand all Frenchmen
have 'the right of duel;' the Hackney-coachman with the Peer, if insult
be given: such is the law of Public Opinion. Equality at least in death!
The Form of Government is by Citizen King, frequently shot at, not yet
shot.
On the whole, therefore, has it not been fulfilled what was prophesied,
ex-postfacto indeed, by the Archquack Cagliostro, or another? He, as
he looked in rapt vision and amazement into these things, thus spake:
(Diamond Necklace, p. 35.) 'Ha! What is this? Angels, Uriel, Anachiel,
and the other Five; Pentagon of Rejuvenescence; Power that destroyed
Original Sin; Earth, Heaven, and thou Outer Limbo, which men name
Hell! Does the EMPIRE Of IMPOSTURE waver? Burst there, in starry sheen
updarting, Light-rays from out its dark foundations; as it rocks and
heaves, not in travail-throes, but in death-throes? Yea, Light-rays,
piercing, clear, that salute the Heavens,--lo, they kindle it; their
starry clearness becomes as red Hellfire!
'IMPOSTURE is burnt up: one Red-sea of Fire, wild-billowing enwraps the
World; with its fire-tongue, licks at the very Stars. Thrones are hurled
into it, and Dubois mitres, and Prebendal Stalls that drop fatness,
and--ha! what see I?--all the Gigs of Creation; all, all! Wo is me!
Never since Pharaoh's Chariots, in the Red-sea of water, was there wreck
of Wheel-vehicles like this in the Sea of Fire. Desolate, as ashes,
as gases, shall they wander in the wind. Higher, higher yet flames the
Fire-Sea; crackling with new dislocated timber; hissing with leather
and prunella. The metal Images are molten; the marble Images become
mortar-lime; the stone Mountains sulkily explode. RESPECTABILITY, with
all her collected Gigs inflamed for funeral pyre, wailing, leaves the
earth: not to return save under new Avatar. Imposture, how it burns,
through generations: how it is burnt up; for a time. The World is black
ashes; which, ah, when will they grow green? The Images all run into
amorphous Corinthian brass; all Dwellings of men destroyed; the very
mountains peeled and riven, the valleys black and dead: it is an empty
World! Wo to them that shall be born then!--A King, a Queen (ah
me!) were hurled in; did rustle once; flew aloft, crackling, like
paper-scroll. Iscariot Egalite was hurled in; thou grim De Launay, with
thy grim Bastille; whole kindreds and peoples; five millions of mutually
destroying Men. For it is the End of the Dominion of IMPOSTURE (which
is Darkness and opaque Firedamp); and the burning up, with unquenchable
fire, of all the Gigs that are in the Earth.' This Prophecy, we say, has
it not been fulfilled, is it not fulfilling?
And so here, O Reader, has the time come for us two to part. Toilsome
was our journeying together; not without offence; but it is done. To me
thou wert as a beloved shade, the disembodied or not yet embodied spirit
of a Brother. To thee I was but as a Voice. Yet was our relation a kind
of sacred one; doubt not that! Whatsoever once sacred things become
hollow jargons, yet while the Voice of Man speaks with Man, hast thou
not there the living fountain out of which all sacrednesses sprang,
and will yet spring? Man, by the nature of him, is definable as 'an
incarnated Word.' Ill stands it with me if I have spoken falsely: thine
also it was to hear truly. Farewell.
THE END.
INDEX.
ABBAYE, massacres, Jourgniac, Sicard, and Maton's account of.
ACCEPTATION, grande, by Louis XVI.
AGOUST, Captain d', seizes two Parlementeers.
AIGUILLON, d', at Quiberon, account of, in favour, at death of Louis XV.
AINTRIGUES, Count d'.
ALTAR of Fatherland in Champ-de-Mars, scene at, christening at.
AMIRAL, assassin, guillotined.
ANGLAS, Boissy d', President, First of Prairial.
ANGOULEME, Duchesse d', parts from her father.
ANGREMONT, Collenot d', guillotined.
ANTOINETTE, Marie, splendour of, applauded, compromised by Diamond
Necklace, griefs of, weeps, unpopular, at Dinner of Guards, courage
of, Fifth October, at Versailles, shows herself to people, and Louis at
Tuileries, and the Lorrainer, and Mirabeau, previous to flight, flight
from Tuileries, captured, and Barnave, Coblentz intrigues, and Lamotte's
Memoires, during Twentieth June, during Tenth August, as captive, and
Princess de Lamballe, in Temple Prison, parting scene with King, to the
Conciergerie, trial of, guillotined.
ARGONNE Forest, occupied by Dumouriez, Brunswick at.
ARISTOCRATS, officers in French army, number in Paris, seized, condition
in 1794.
ARLES, state of.
ARMS, smiths making, search for, at Charleville, manufacture, in 1794,
scarcity in 1792, Danton's search for.
ARMY, French, after Bastille, officered by aristocrats, to be disbanded,
demands arrears, general mutiny of, outbreak of, Nanci military
executions, Royalists leave, state of, in want, recruited,
Revolutionary, fourteen armies on foot.
ARRAS, guillotine at.
ARRESTS in August 1792.
ARSENAL, attempted destruction of.
ARTOIS, M. d', ways of, unpopularity of, memorial by, flies, at
Coblentz, refusal to return.
ASSEMBLIES, Primary and Secondary.
ASSEMBLY, National, Third Estate becomes, to be extruded, stands grouped
in the rain, occupies Tennis-Court, scene there, joined by clergy,
doings on King's speech, ratified by King, cannon pointed at, regrets
Necker, after Bastille.
ASSEMBLY, Constituent, National, becomes, pedantic, Irregular Verbs,
what it can do, Night of Pentecost, Left and Right side, raises money,
on the Veto, Fifth October, women, in Paris Riding-Hall, on deficit,
assignats, on clergy, and riot, prepares for Louis's visit, on
Federation, Anacharsis Clootz, eldest of men, on Franklin's death, on
state of army, thanks Bouille, on Nanci affair, on Emigrants, on
death of Mirabeau, on escape of King, after capture of King, completes
Constitution, dissolves itself, what it has done.
ASSEMBLY, Legislative, First French Parliament, book of law, dispute
with King, Baiser de Lamourette, High Court, decrees vetoed, scenes in,
reprimands King's ministers, declares war, declares France in danger,
reinstates Petion, nonplused, Lafayette, King and Swiss, August Tenth,
becoming defunct, September massacres, dissolved.
ASSIGNATS, origin of, false Royalist, forgers of, coach-fare in.
AUBRIOT, Sieur, after King's capture.
AUBRY, Colonel, at Jales.
AUCH, M. Martin d', in Versailles Court.
AUSTRIA quarrels with France.
AUSTRIAN Committee, at Tuileries.
AUSTRIAN Army, invades France, defeated at Jemappes, Dumouriez escapes
to, repulsed, Watigny.
AVIGNON, Union of, described, state of, riot in church at, occupied by
Jourdan, massacre at.
BACHAUMONT, his thirty volumes.
BAILLE, involuntary epigram of.
BAILLY, Astronomer, account of, President of National Assembly, Mayor
of Paris, receives Louis in Paris, and Paris Parlement, on Petition
for Deposition, decline of, in prison, at Queen's trial, guillotined
cruelly.
BAKERS', French in tail at.
BARBAROUX and Marat, Marseilles Deputy, and the Rolands, on Map of
France, demand of, to Marseilles, meets Marseillese, in National
Convention, against Robespierre, cannot be heard, the Girondins
declining, arrested, and Charlotte Corday, retreats to Bourdeaux,
farewell of, shoots himself.
BARDY, Abbe, massacred.
BARENTIN, Keeper of Seals.
BARNAVE, at Grenoble, member of Assembly, one of a trio, Jacobin, duel
with Cazales, escorts the King from Varennes, conciliates Queen, becomes
Constitutional, retires to Grenoble, treason, in prison, guillotined.
BARRAS, Paul-Francois, in National Convention, commands in Thermidor,
appoints Napoleon in Vendemiaire.
BARRERE, Editor, at King's trial, peace-maker, levy in mass, plot,
banished.
BARTHOLOMEW massacre.
BASTILLE, Linguet's Book on, meaning of, shots fired at, summoned by
insurgents, besieged, capitulates, treatment of captured, Queret-Demery,
demolished, key sent to Washington, Heroes.
BAZIRE, of Mountain, imprisoned.
BEARN, riot at.
BEAUHARNAIS in Champ-de-Mars, Josephine, imprisoned, and Napoleon, at La
Cabarus's.
BEAUMARCHAIS, Caron, his lawsuit, his 'Mariage de Figaro,' commissions
arms from Holland, his distress.
BEAUMONT, Archbishop, notice of.
BEAUREPAIRE, Governor of Verdun, shoots himself.
BENTHAM, Jeremy, naturalised.
BERLINE, towards Varennes.
BERTHIER, Intendant, fled, arrested and massacred.
BERTHIER, Commandant, at Versailles.
BESENVAL, Baron, Commandant of Paris, on French Finance, in riot of Rue
St. Antoine, on corruption of Guards, at Champ-de-Mars, apparition to,
decamps, and Louis XVI.
BETHUNE, riot at.
BEURNONVILLE, with Dumouriez, imprisoned.
BILLAUD-VARENNES, Jacobin, cruel, at massacres, September 1792, in Salut
Committee, and Robespierre's Etre Supreme, accuses Robespierre, accused,
banished.
BLANC, Le, landlord at Varennes, escape of family.
BLOOD, baths of.
BONCHAMPS, in La Vendee War.
BONNEMERE, Aubin, at Siege of Bastille.
BOUILLE, at Metz, account of, character of, troops mutinous, and Salm
regiment, intrepidity of, marches on Nanci, quells Nanci mutineers,
at Mirabeau's funeral, expects fugitive King, would liberate King,
emigrates.
BOUILLE, Junior, asleep at Varennes, flies to father.
BOURDEAUX, priests hanged at, for Girondism.
BOYER, duellist.
BREST, sailors revolt, state of, in 1791, Federes in Paris, in 1793.
BRETEUIL, Home-Secretary.
BRETON Club, germ of Jacobins.
BRETONS, deputations of, Girondins.
BREZE, Marquis de, his mode of ushering, and National Assembly,
extraordinary etiquette.
BRIENNE, Lomenie, anti-protestant, in Notables, incapacity of, failure
of, arrests Paris Parlement, secret scheme, scheme discovered, arrests
two Parlementeers, bewildered, desperate shifts by, wishes for Necker,
dismissed, and provided for, his effigy burnt.
BRISSAC, Duke de, commands Constitutional Guard, disbanded.
BRISSOT, edits 'Moniteur,' friend of Blacks, in First Parliament,
plans in 1792, active in Assembly, in Jacobins, at Roland's, pelted in
Assembly, arrested, trial of, guillotined.
BRITTANY, disturbances in.
BROGLIE, Marshal, against Plenary Court, in command, in office,
dismissed.
BRUNSWICK, Duke, marches on France, advances, Proclamation, at Verdun,
at Argonne, retreats.
BUFFON, Mme. de, and Duke d'Orleans, at d'Orleans execution.
BUTTAFUOCO, Napoleon's letter to.
BUZOT, in National Convention, arrested, retreats to Bourdeaux, end of.
CABANIS, Physician to Mirabeau.
CABARUS, Mlle., and Tallien, imprisoned.
CAEN, Girondins at.
CALENDAR, Romme's new, comparative ground-scheme of.
CALONNE, M. de, Financier, character of, suavity and genius of, his
difficulties, dismissed, marriage and after-course.
CALVADOS, for Girondism.
CAMUS, Archivist, in National Convention, with Dumouriez, imprisoned.
CANNON, Siamese, wooden, fever, Goethe on.
CARMAGNOLE, costume, what, dances in Convention.
CARNOT, Hippolyte, notice of, plan for Toulon, discovery in
Robespierre's pocket.
CARPENTRAS, against Avignon.
CARRA, on plots for King's flight, in National Convention.
CARRIER, a Revolutionist, in National Assembly, Nantes noyades,
guillotined.
CARTAUX, General, fights Girondins, at Toulon.
CASTRIES, Duke de, duel with Lameth.
CATHELINEAU, of La Vendee.
CAVAIGNAC, Convention Representative.
CAZALES, Royalist, in Constituent Assembly.
CAZOTTE, author of 'Diable Amoureux,' seized, saved for a time by his
daughter.
CERCLE, Social, of Fauchet.
CERUTTI, his funeral oration on Mirabeau.
CEVENNES, revolt of.
CHABOT, of Mountain, against Kings, imprisoned.
CHABRAY, Louison, at Versailles, October Fifth.
CHALIER, Jacobin, Lyons, executed, body raised.
CHAMBON, Dr., Mayor of Paris, retires.
CHAMFORT, Cynic, arrested, suicide.
CHAMP-DE-MARS, Federation, preparations for, accelerated by patriots,
anecdotes of, Federation-scene at, funeral-service, Nanci, riot, Patriot
petition, 1791, new Federation, 1792.
CHAMPS Elysees, Menads at, festivities in.
CHANTILLY Palace, a prison.
CHAPT-RASTIGNAC, Abbe de, massacred.
CHARENTON, Marseillese at.
CHARLES I., Trial of, sold in Paris.
CHARLEVILLE Artillery.
CHARTRES, grain-riot at.
CHATEAUBRIANDS in French Revolution.
CHATELET, Achille de, advises Republic.
CHATILLON-SUR-SEVRE, insurrection at.
CHAUMETTE, notice of, signs petition, in governing committee, at King's
trial, demands constitution, arrest and death of.
CHAUVELIN, Marquis de, in London, dismissed.
CHENAYE, Baudin de la, massacred.
CHENIER, Poet, and Mlle. Theroigne.
CHEPY, at La Force in September.
CHOISEUL, Duke, why dismissed.
CHOISEUL, Colonel Duke, assists Louis's flight, too late at Varennes.
CHOISI, General, at Avignon.
CHURCH, spiritual guidance, of Rome, decay of.
CITIZENS, French, demeanour of.
CLAIRFAIT, Commander of Austrians.
CLAVIERE, edits 'Moniteur,' account of, Finance Minister, arrested,
suicide of.
CLERGY, French, in States-General, conciliators of orders, joins Third
Estate, lands, national, power of, &c.
CLERMONT, flight of King through, Prussians near.
CLERY, on Louis's last scene.
CLOOTZ, Anacharsis, Baron de, account of, disparagement of, in National
Convention, universal republic of, on nullity of religion, purged from
the Jacobins, guillotined.
CLOVIS, in the Champ-de-Mars.
CLUB, Electoral, at Paris, becomes Provisional Municipality, permanent.
CLUGNY, M., as Finance Minister.
COBLENTZ, Emigrants at.
COBOURG and Dumouriez.
COCKADES, green, tricolor, black, national, trampled, white.
COFFINHAL, Judge, delivers Henriot.
COIGNY, Duke de, a sinecurist.
COMMISSIONERS, Convention, like Kings.
COMMITTEE of Defence, Central, of Watchfulness, of Public Salvation,
Circular of, of the Constitution, Revolutionary.
COMMUNE, Council-General of the, Sovereign of France, enlisting.
CONDE, Prince de, attends Louis XV., departure of.
CONDE, Town, surrender of.
CONDORCET, Marquis, edits 'Moniteur,' Girondist, prepares Address, on
Robespierre, death of.
CONSTITUTION, French, completed, will not march, burst in pieces, new,
of 1793.
CONVENTION, National, in what case to be summoned, demanded by some,
determined on, Deputies elected, constituted, motions in, work to be
done, hated, politeness, effervescence of, on September Massacres, guard
for, try the King, debate on trial, invite to revolt, condemn Louis,
armed Girondins in, power of, removes to Tuileries, besieged, June 2nd,
1793, extinction of Girondins, Jacobins and, on forfeited property,
Carmagnole, Goddess of Reason, Representatives, at Feast of Etre
Supreme, end of Robespierre, retrospect of, Feraud, Germinal, Prairial,
termination, its successor.
CORDAY, Charlotte, account of, in Paris, assissinates Marat, examined,
executed.
CORDELIERS, Club, Hebert in.
COURT, Chevalier de.
COUTHON, of Mountain, in Legislative, in National Convention, at Lyons,
in Salut Committee, his question in Jacobins, decree of, arrest and
execution.
COVENANT, Scotch, French.
CRUSSOL, Marquise de, executed.
CUISSA, massacre of, at La Force.
CUSSY, Girondin, retreats to Bourdeaux.
CUSTINE, General, takes Mentz, retreats, censured, guillotined, his son
guillotined.
CUSTOMS and morals.
DAMAS, Colonel Comte de, at Clermont, at Varennes.
DAMPIERRE, General, killed.
DAMPMARTIN, Captain, at riot in Rue St. Antoine, on condition of army,
on state of France, at Avignon, on Marseillese.
DANDOINS, Captain, Flight to Varennes.
DANTON, notice of, President of Cordeliers, and Marat, served with
writs, in Cordeliers Club, elected Councillor, Mirabeau of Sansculottes,
in Jacobins, for Deposition, of Committee, August Tenth, Minister of
Justice, after September massacre, after Jemappes, and Robespierre, in
Netherlands, at King's trial, on war, rebukes Marat, peace-maker, and
Dumouriez, in Salut Committee, breaks with Girondins, his law of Forty
sous, and Revolutionary Government, and Paris Municipality, retires to
Arcis, and Robespierre, arrested, tried, and guillotined.
DAVID, Painter, in National Convention, works by, hemlock with
Robespierre.
DEMOCRACY, on Bunker Hill, spread of, in France.
DEPARTMENTS, France divided into.
DESEZE, Pleader for Louis.
DESHUTTES massacred, Fifth October.
DESILLES, Captain, in Nanci.
DESLONS, Captain, at Varennes, would liberate the King.
DESMOULINS, Camille, notice of, in arms at Cafe de Foy, on Insurrection
of Women, in Cordeliers Club, and Brissot, in National Convention, on
Sansculottism, on plots, suspect, for a committee of mercy, ridicules
law of the suspect, his Journal, trial of, guillotined, widow
guillotined.
DIDEROT, prisoner in Vincennes.
DINNERS, defined.
DOPPET, General, at Lyons.
DROUET, Jean B., notice of, discovers Royalty in flight, raises
Varennes, blocks the bridge, defends his prize, rewarded, to be in
Convention, captured by Austrians.
DUBARRY, Dame, and Louis XV., flight of, imprisoned.
DUBOIS Crance bombards and captures Lyons.
DUCHATEL votes, wrapped in blankets, at Caen.
DUCOS, Girondin.
DUGOMMIER, General, at Toulon.
DUHAMEL, killed by Marseillese.
DUMONT, on Mirabeau.
DUMOURIEZ, notice by, account of him, in Brittany, at Nantes, in
La Vendee, sent for to Paris, Foreign Minister, dismissed, to Army,
disobeys Luckner, Commander-in-Chief, his army, Council of War, seizes
Argonne Forest, Grand Pre, and mutineers, and Marat in Paris, to
Netherlands, at Jemappes, in Paris, discontented, retreats, beaten, will
join the enemy, arrests his arresters, escapes to Austrians.
DUPONT, Deputy, Atheist.
DUPORT, Adrien, in Paris Parlement, in Constituent Assembly, one of a
trio, law-reformer.
DUPORTAIL, in office.
DUROSOY, Royalist, guillotined.
DUSAULX, M., on taking of Bastille, notice of.
DUTERTRE, in office.
EDGEWORTH, Abbe, attends Louis, at execution of Louis.
EGLANTINE, Fabre d', in National Convention, assists in New Calendar,
imprisoned.
ELIE, Capt., at Siege of Bastille, after victory.
ELIZABETH, Princess, flight to Varennes, August 10th, in Temple Prison,
guillotined.
ENGLAND declares war on France, captures Toulon.
ENRAGED Club, the.
EQUALITY, reign of.
ESCUYER, Patriot l', at Avignon.
ESPREMENIL, Duval d', notice of, patriot, speaker in Paris Parlement,
with crucifix, discovers Brienne's plot, arrest and speech of, turncoat,
in Constituent Assembly, beaten by populace, guillotined, widow
guillotined.
ESTAING, Count d', notice of, National Colonel, Royalist, at Queen's
Trial.
ESTATE, Fourth, of Editors.
ETOILE, beginning of Federation at.
FAMINE, in France, in 1788-1792, Louis and Assembly try to relieve, in
1792, and remedy, remedy by maximum, &c.
FAUCHET, Abbe, at siege of Bastille, his Te-Deums, his harangue on
Franklin, his Cercle Social, in First Parliament, motion by, doffs his
insignia, King's death, lamentation, will demit, trial of.
FAUSSIGNY, sword in hand.
FAVRAS, Chevalier, execution of.
FEDERATION, spread of, of Champ-de-Mars, deputies to, human species at,
ceremonies of, a new, 1792.
FERAUD, in National Convention, massacred there.
FERSEN, Count, gets Berline built, acts coachman in King's flight.
FEUILLANS, Club, denounce Jacobins, decline, extinguished, Battalion,
Justices and Patriotism.
FINANCES, serious state of, how to be improved.
FLANDERS, how Louis XV. conquers.
FLANDRE, regiment de, at Versailles.
FLESSELLES, Paris Provost, shot.
FLEURIOT, Mayor, guillotined.
FLEURY, Joly de, Controller of Finance.
FONTENAI, Mme.
FORSTER (FOSTER), and French soldier, account of.
FOUCHE, at Lyons.
FOULON, bad repute of, sobriquet, funeral of, alive, judged, massacred.
FOURNIER, and Orleans Prisoners.
FOY, Cafe de, revolutionary.
FRANCE, abject, under Louis XV., Kings of, early history of, decay of
Kingship in, on accession of Louis XVI., and Philosophy, famine in,
1775, state of, prior Revolution, aids America, in 1788, inflammable,
July 1789, gibbets, general overturn, how to reform, riotousness of,
Mirabeau and, after King's flight, petitions against Royalty, warfare of
towns in, European league against, terror of, in Spring 1792, decree of
war, France in danger, general enlisting, rage of, Autumn 1792, Marat's
Circular, September, Sansculottic, declaration of war, Mountain and
Girondins divide, communes of, coalition against, levy in mass.
FRANKLIN, Ambassador to France, his death lamented, bust in Jacobins.
FRENCH Anglomania, character of the, literature, in 1784, Parlements,
nature of, Mirabeau, type of the, mob, character of.
FRERON, notice of, renegade, Gilt Youth of.
FRETEAU, at Royal Session, arrested, liberated.
FREYS, the Jew brokers, imprisoned.
GALLOIS, to La Vendee.
GAMAIN, Sieur, informer.
GARAT, Minister of Justice.
GENLIS, Mme., account of, and D'Orleans, to Switzerland.
GENSONNE, Girondist, to La Vendee, arrested, trial of.
GEORGES-CADOUDAL, in La Vendee.
GEORGET, at taking of Bastille.
GERARD, Farmer, Rennes deputy.
GERLE, Dom, at Theot's.
GERMINAL Twelfth, First of April 1795.
GIRONDINS, origin of term, in National Convention, against Robespierre,
on King's trial, and Jacobins, formula of, favourers of, schemes of,
to be seized? break with Danton, armed against Mountain, accuse
Marat, departments, commission of twelve, commission broken, arrested,
dispersed, war by, retreat of eleven, trial and death of.
GOBEL, Archbishop to be, renounces religion, arrested, guillotined.
GOETHE, at Argonne, in Prussian retreat, at Mentz.
GOGUELAT, Engineer, assists Louis's flight, intrigues.
GONDRAN, captain of Guard.
GORSAS, Journalist, pleads for Swiss, in National Convention, his house
broken into, guillotined.
GOUJON, Member of Convention, in riot of Prairial, suicide of.
GOUPIL, on extreme left.
GOUVION, Major-General, at Paris, flight to Varennes, death of.
GOVERNMENT, Maurepas's, bad state of French, French revolutionary,
Danton on.
GRAVE, Chev. de, War Minister, loses head.
GREGOIRE, Cure, notice of, in National Convention, detained in
Convention, and destruction of religion.
GUADET, Girondin, cross-questions Ministers, arrested, guillotined.
GUARDS, Swiss, and French, at Reveillon riot, French refuse to fire,
come to Palais-Royal, fire on Royal-Allemand, to Bastille, name changed,
National origin of, number of, Body at Versailles, October Fifth, fight,
fly in Chateau, Body, and French, at Versailles, National, at
Nanci, French, last appearance of, National, how commanded, 1791,
Constitutional, dismissed, Filles-St.-Thomas, routed, Swiss, at
Tuileries, ordered to cease, destroyed, eulogy of, Departmental, for
National Convention.
GUILLAUME, Clerk, pursues King.
GUILLOTIN, Doctor, summoned by Paris Parlement, invents the guillotine,
deputed to King.
GUILLOTINE invented, described, in action, to be improved, number of
sufferers by.
HASSENFRATZ, in War-office.
HEBERT, Editor of 'Pere Duchene,' signs petition, arrested, at Queen's
trial, quickens Revolutionary Tribunal, arrested, and guillotined, widow
guillotined.
HENAULT, President, on Surnames.
HENRIOT, General of National Guard, and the Convention, to deliver
Robespierre, seized, rescued, end of.
HERBOIS, Collot d', notice of, in National Convention, at Lyons
massacre, in Salut Committee, attempt to assassinate, bullied at
Jacobins, President, night of Thermidor, accused, banished.
HERITIER, Jerome l', shot at Versailles.
HOCHE, Sergeant Lazare, General against Prussia, pacifies La Vendee,
HONDSCHOOTEN, Battle of.
HOTEL des Invalides, plundered.
HOTEL de Ville, after Bastille taken, harangues at.
HOUCHARD, General, unsuccessful.
HOWE, Lord, defeats French.
HUGUENIN, Patriot, tocsin in heart, 20th June 1792.
HULIN, half-pay, at siege of Bastille.
INISDAL'S, Count d', plot.
INSURRECTION, most sacred of duties, of Women, of August Tenth,
difficult, of Paris, against Girondins, sacred right of, last
Sansculottic, of Baboeuf.
ISNARD, Max, notice of, in First Parliament, on Ministers, to demolish
Paris.
JACOB, Jean Claude, father of men.
JACOBINS, Society, beginning of, Hall, described, and members, Journal
&c., of, daughters of, at Nanci, suppressed, Club increases, and
Mirabeau, prospers, 'Lords of the Articles,' extinguishes Feuillans,
Hall enlarged, described, and Marseillese, and Lavergne, message to
Dumouriez, missionaries in Army, on King's trial, on accusation of
Robespierre, against Girondins, National Convention and, Popular
Tribunals of, purges members, to become dominant, locked out by
Legendre, begs back its keys, decline of, mobbed, suspended, hunted
down.
JALES, Camp of, Royalists at, destroyed.
JAUCOURT, Chevalier, and Liberty.
JAY, Dame le.
JONES, Paul, equipped for America, at Paris, account of, burial of.
JOUNNEAU, Deputy, in danger in September.
JOURDAN, General, repels Austria.
JOURDAN, Coupe-tete, at Versailles, leader of Brigands, supreme in
Avignon, massacre by, flight of, guillotined.
JULIEN, Sieur Jean, guillotined.
KAUNITZ, Prince, denounces Jacobins.
KELLERMANN, at Valmy.
KLOPSTOCK, naturalised.
KNOX, John, and the Virgin.
KORFF, Baroness de, in flight to Varennes.
LAFARGE, President of Jacobins, Madame Lavergne and.
LAFAYETTE, bust of, erected, against Calonne, demands by, in Notables,
Cromwell-Grandison, Bastille time, Vice-President of National Assembly,
General of National Guard, resigns and reaccepts, Scipio-Americanus,
thanked, rewarded, French Guards and, to Versailles, Fifth October, at
Versailles, swears the Guards, Feuillant, on abolition of Titles, at
Champ-de-Mars Federation, at De Castries' riot, character of, in Day of
Poniards, difficult position of, at King's going to St. Cloud, resigns
and reaccepts, at flight from Tuileries, after escape of King, moves
for amnesty, resigns, decline of, doubtful against Jacobins, journey to
Paris, to be accused, flies to Holland.
LAFLOTTE, poison-plot, informer.
LAIS, Sieur, Jacobin, with Louis Philippe.
LALLY, death of.
LAMARCHE, guillotined.
LAMARCK'S, illness of Mirabeau at.
LAMBALLE, Princess de, to England, intrigues for Royalists, at La Force,
massacred.
LAMETH, in Constituent Assembly, one of a trio, brothers, notice of,
Jacobins, Charles, Duke de Castries, brothers become constitutional,
Theodore, in First Parliament.
LAMOIGNON, Keeper of Seals, dismissed, effigy burned, and death of.
LAMOTTE, Countess de, and Diamond Necklace, in the Salpetriere,
'Memoirs' burned, in London, M. de, in prison.
LAMOURETTE, Abbe, kiss of, guillotined.
LANJUINAIS, Girondin, clothes torn, arrested, recalled.
LAPORTE, Intendant, guillotined.
LARIVIERE, Justice, imprisoned.
LA ROCHEJACQUELIN, in La Vendee, death of.
LASOURCE, accuses Danton, president, and Marat, arrested, condemned.
LATOUR-MAUBOURG, notice of.
LAUNAY, Marquis de, Governor of Bastille, besieged, unassisted, to blow
up Bastille, massacred.
LAVERGNE, surrenders Longwi.
LAVOISIER, Chemist, guillotined.
LAW, Martial, in Paris, Book of the.
LAWYERS, their influence on the Revolution, number of, in Tiers Etat, in
Parliament First.
LAZARE, Maison de St., plundered.
LEBAS at Strasburg, arrested,
LEBON, Priest, in National Convention, at Arras, guillotined.
LECHAPELIER, Deputy, and Insurrection of Women.
LECOINTRE, National Major, will not fight, active, in First Parliament.
LEFEVRE, Abbe, distributes powder.
LEGENDRE, in danger, at Tuileries riot, in National Convention, against
Girondins, for Danton, locks out Jacobins, in First of Prairial.
LENFANT, Abbe, on Protestant claims, massacred.
LEPELLETIER, Section for Convention, revolt of, in Vendemiaire.
LETTRES-DE-CACHET, and Parlement of Paris.
LEVASSEUR, in National Convention, Convention Representative.
LIANCOURT, Duke de, Liberal, not a revolt, but a revolution.
LIES, Philosophism on, to be extinguished, how.
LIGNE, Prince de, death of.
LILLE, Colonel Rouget de, Marseillese Hymn.
LILLE, besieged.
LINGUET, his 'Bastille Unveiled,' returns.
LOISEROLLES, General, guillotined for his son.
LONGWI, surrender of, fugitives at Paris.
LORDS of the Articles, Jacobins as.
LORRAINE Federes and the Queen, state of, in 1790.
LOUIS XIV., l'etat c'est moi, booted in Parlement, pursues Louvois.
LOUIS XV., origin of his surname, last illness of, dismisses Dame
Dubarry, Choiseul, wounded, has small-pox, his mode of conquest,
impoverishes France, his daughters, on death, on ministerial capacity,
death and burial of.
LOUIS XVI., at his accession, good measures of, temper and pursuits of,
difficulties of, commences governing, and Notables, holds Royal Session,
receives States-General Deputies, in States-General procession, speech
to States-General, National Assembly, unwise policy of, dismisses
Necker, apprised of the Revolution, conciliatory, visits Assembly,
Bastille, visits Paris, deserted, will fly, languid, at Dinner of
Guards, deposition of, proposed, October Fifth, women deputies, to fly
or not? grants the acceptance, Paris propositions to, in the Chateau
tumult, appears to mob, will go to Paris, his wisest course, procession
to Paris, review of his position, lodged at Tuileries, Restorer of
French Liberty, no hunting, locksmith, schemes, visits Assembly,
Federation, Hereditary Representative, will fly, and D'Inisdal's plot,
Mirabeau, useless, indecision of, ill of catarrh, prepares for St.
Cloud, hindered by populace, effect, should he escape, prepares for
flight, his circular, flies, letter to Assembly, manner of flight,
loiters by the way, detected by Drouet, captured at Varennes, indecision
there, return to Paris, reception there, to be deposed? reinstated,
reception of Legislative, position of, proposes war, with tears,
vetoes, dissolves Roland Ministry, in riot of, June 20, and Petion,
at Federation, with cuirass, declared forfeited, last levee of, Tenth
August, quits Tuileries for Assembly, in Assembly, sent to Temple
prison, in Temple, to be tried, and the Locksmith Gamain, at the bar,
his will, condemned, parting scene, and execution of, his son.
LOUIS-PHILIPPE, King of the French, Jacobin door-keeper, at Valmy,
bravery at Jemappes, and sister, with Dumouriez to Austrians, to
Switzerland.
LOUSTALOT, Editor.
LOUVET, his 'Chevalier de Faublas,' his 'Sentinelles,' and Robespierre,
in National Convention, Girondin accuses Robespierre, arrested, retreats
to Bourdeaux, escape of, recalled.
LUCKNER, Supreme General, and Dumouriez, guillotined.
LUNEVILLE, Inspector Malseigne at.
LUX, Adam, guillotined.
LYONS, Federation at, disorders in, Chalier, Jacobin, executed at,
capture of magazine, massacres at.
MAILHE, Deputy, on trial of Louis.
MAILLARD, Usher, at siege of Bastille, Insurrection of Women, drum,
Champs Elysees, entering Versailles, addresses National Assembly there,
signs Decheance petition, in September Massacres.
MAILLE, Camp-Marshal, at Tuileries, massacred at La Force.
MAILLY, Marshal, one of Four Generals.
MALESHERBES, M. de, in King's Council, defends Louis.
MALSEIGNE, Army Inspector, at Nanci, imprisoned, liberated.
MANDAT, Commander of Guards, August, 1792.
MANUEL, Jacobin, slow-sure, in August Tenth, in Governing Committee,
haranguing at La Force, in National Convention, motions in, vote at
King's trial, in prison, guillotined.
MARAT, Jean Paul, horseleech to D'Artois, notice of, against violence,
at siege of Bastille, summoned by Constituent, not to be gagged, astir,
how to regenerate France, police and, on abolition of titles, would
gibbet Mirabeau, bust in Jacobins, concealed in cellars, in seat of
honour, signs circular, elected to Convention, and Dumouriez, oaths by,
in Convention, on sufferings of People, and Girondins, arrested, returns
in triumph, fall of Girondins.
MARECHAL, Atheist, Calendar by.
MARECHALE, the Lady, on nobility.
MARSEILLES, Brigands at, on Decheance, the bar of iron, for Girondism.
MARSEILLESE, March and Hymn of, at Charenton, at Paris,
Filles-St.-Thomas and, barracks.
MASSACRE, Avignon, September, number slain in, compared to Bartholomew.
MATON, Advocate, his 'Resurrection.'
MAUPEOU, under Louis XV., and Dame Dubarry.
MAUREPAS, Prime Minister, character of, government of, death of.
MAURY, Abbe, character of, in Constituent Assembly, seized emigrating,
dogmatic, efforts fruitless, made Cardinal.
MEMMAY, M., of Quincey, explosion of rustics.
MENOU, General, arrest of.
MENTZ, occupied by French, siege of, surrender of.
MERCIER, on Paris revolting, Editor, the September Massacre, in National
Convention, King's trial.
MERLIN of Thionville in Mountain, irascible, at Mentz.
MERLIN of Douai, Law of Suspect.
METZ, Bouille at, troops mutinous at.
MEUDON tannery.
MIOMANDRE de Ste. Marie, Bodyguard, October Fifth, left for dead,
revives, rewarded.
MIRABEAU, Marquis, on the state of France in 1775, and his son, his
death.
MIRABEAU, Count, his pamphlets, the Notables, Lettres-de-Cachet against,
expelled by the Provence Noblesse, cloth-shop, is Deputy for Aix, king
of Frenchmen, family of, wanderings of, his future course, groaned
at, in Assembly, his newspaper suppressed, silences Usher de Breze, at
Bastille ruins, on Robespierre, fame of, on French deficit, populace, on
veto, Mounier, October Fifth, insight of, defends veto, courage, revenue
of, saleable? and Danton, on Constitution, at Jacobins, his courtship,
on state of Army, Marat would gibbet, his power in France, on D'Orleans,
on duelling, interview with Queen, speech on emigrants, the 'trente
voix,' in Council, his plans for France, probable career of, last
appearance in Assembly, anxiety of populace for, last sayings of, death
and funeral of, burial-place of, character of, last of Mirabeaus, bust
in Jacobins, bust demolished.
MIRABEAU the younger, nicknamed Tonneau, in Constituent Assembly, breaks
his sword.
MIRANDA, General, attempts Holland.
MIROMENIL, Keeper of Seals.
MOLEVILLE, Bertrand de, Historian, minister, his plan, frivolous policy
of, and D'Orleans, Jesuitic, concealed.
MOMORO, Bookseller, agrarian, arrested, guillotined, his Wife, 'Goddess
of Reason.'
MONGE, Mathematician, in office, assists in new Calendar.
MONSABERT, G. de, President of Paris Parlement, arrested.
MONTELIMART, covenant sworn at.
MONTESQUIOU, General, takes Savoy.
MONTGAILLARD, on captive Queen, on September Massacres.
MONTMARTRE, trenches at.
MONTMORIN, War-Secretary.
MOORE, Doctor, at attack of Tuileries, at La Force.
MORANDE, De, newspaper by, will return, in prison.
MORELLET, Philosophe.
MOUCHETON, M. de, of King's Bodyguard.
MOUDON, Abbe, confessor to Louis XV.
MOUNIER, at Grenoble, proposes Tennis-Court oath, October Fifth,
President of Constituent Assembly, deputed to King, dilemma of.
MOUNTAIN, members of the, re-elected in National Convention, Gironde
and, favourers of the, vulnerable points of, prevails, Danton, Duperret,
after Gironde dispersed, in labour.
MULLER, General, expedition to Spain.
MURAT, in Vendemiaire revolt.
NANCI, revolt at, description of town, deputation imprisoned, deputation
of mutineers, state of mutineers in, Bouille's fight, Paris thereupon,
military executions at, Assembly Commissioners.
NANTES, after King's flight, massacres at.
NAPOLEON Bonaparte (Buonaparte) studying mathematics, pamphlet by,
democratic, in Corsica, August Tenth, under General Cartaux, at Toulon,
Josephine and, at La Cabarus's, Vendemiaire.
NARBONNE, Louis de, assists flight of King's Aunts, to be War-Minister,
demands by, secreted, escapes.
NAVY, Louis XV. on French.
NECKER, and finance, account of, dismissed, refuses Brienne, recalled,
difficulty as to States-General, reconvokes Notables, opinion of
himself, popular, dismissed, recalled, returns in glory, his plans,
becoming unpopular, departs, with difficulty.
NECKLACE, Diamond.
NERWINDEN, battle of.
NIEVRE-CHOL, Mayor of Lyons.
NOBLES, state of the, under Louis XV., new, join Third Estate.
NOTABLES, Calonne's convocation of, assembled 22nd February 1787,
members of, effects of dismissal of, reconvoked, 6th November 1788,
dismissed again.
NOYADES, Nantes.
OCTOBER Fifth, 1789
OGE, condemned.
ORLEANS, High Court at, prisoners massacred at Versailles.
ORLEANS, a Duke d', in Louis XV.'s sick-room.
ORLEANS, Philippe (Egalite), Duc d', Duke de Chartres (till 1785), waits
on Dauphin, Father, with Louis XV., not Admiral, wealth, debauchery,
Palais-Royal buildings, in Notables (Duke d'Orleans now), looks of,
Bed-of-Justice, 1787, arrested, liberated, in States-General Procession,
joins Third Estate, his party, in Constituent Assembly, Fifth October
and, shunned in England, Mirabeau, cash deficiency, use of, in
Revolution, accused by Royalists, at Court, insulted, in National
Convention, decline of, in Convention, vote on King's trial, at King's
execution, arrested, imprisoned, condemned, and executed.
ORMESSON, d', Controller of Finance.
PACHE, Swiss, account of, Minister of War, Mayor, dismissed, reinstated,
imprisoned.
PAN, Mallet du, solicits for Louis.
PANIS, Advocate, in Governing Committee, and Beaumarchais, confidant of
Danton.
PANTHEON, first occupant of.
PARENS, Curate, renounces religion.
PARIS, origin of city, police in 1750, ship Ville-de-Paris, riot at
Palais-de-Justice, beautified, in 1788, election, 1789, troops called
to, military preparations in, July Fourteenth, cry for arms, search for
arms, Bailly, mayor of, trade-strikes in, Lafayette patrols, October
Fifth, propositions to Louis, Louis in, Journals, bill-stickers,
undermined, after Champ-de-Mars Federation, on Nanci affair, on death
of Mirabeau, on flight to Varennes, on King's return, Directory suspends
Petion, enlisting, 1792, on forfeiture of King, Sections, rising of,
August Tenth, prepares for insurrection, Municipality supplanted,
statues destroyed, King and Queen to prison, September, 1792,
names printed on house-door, in insurrection, Girondins, May 1793,
Municipality in red caps, brotherly supper, Sections to be abolished.
PARIS, Guardsman, assassinates Lepelletier.
PARIS, friend of Danton.
PARLEMENT, patriotic, against Taxation, remonstrates, at Versailles,
arrested, origin of, nature of, corrupt, at Troyes, yields, Royal
Session in, how to be tamed, oath and declaration of, firmness of, scene
in, and dismissal of, reinstated, unpopular, summons Dr. Guillotin,
abolished.
PARLEMENTS, Provincial, adhere to Paris, rebellious, exiled, grand
deputations of, reinstated, abolished.
PELTIER, Royalist Pamphleteer, 'Pere Duchene,' Editor of.
PEREYRA (Peyreyra), Walloon, account of, imprisoned.
PETION, account of, Dutch-built, and D'Espremenil, to be mayor,
Varennes, meets King, and Royalty, at close of Assembly, in London,
Mayor of Paris, in Twentieth June, suspended, reinstated, welcomes
Marseillese, August Tenth, in Tuileries, rebukes Septemberers, in
National Convention, declines mayorship, against Mountain, retreat to
Bourdeaux, end of.
PETION, National-Pique, christening of.
PETITION of famishing French, at Fatherland's altar, of the Eight
Thousand.
PETITIONS, on capture of King, for deposition, &c.
PHELIPPEAUX, purged out of the Jacobins.
PHILOSOPHISM, influence of, on Revolution, what it has done with Church,
with Religion.
PICHEGRU, General, account of, in Germinal.
PILNITZ, Convention at.
PIN, Latour du, War-Minister, dismissed.
PITT, against France, and Girondins, inflexible.
PLOTS, of King's flight, various, of Aristocrats, October Fifth,
Royalist, of Favras and others, cartels, Twelve bullies from
Switzerland, D'Inisdal, will-o'-wisp, Mirabeau and Queen, poniards,
Mallet du Pan, Narbonne's, traces of, in Armoire-de-Fer, against
Girondins, Desmoulins on, prison.
POLIGNAC, Duke de, a sinecurist, dismissed, at Bale, younger, in Ham.
POMPIGNAN, President of National Assembly.
POPE PIUS VI., excommunicates Talleyrand, his effigy burned.
PRAIRIAL First to Third, May 20-22, 1795.
PRECY, siege of, Lyons.
PRIESTHOOD, disrobing of, costumes in Carmagnole.
PRIESTLEY, Dr., riot against, naturalised, elected to National
Convention.
PRIESTS, dissident, marry in France, Anti-national, hanged, many killed
near the Abbaye, number slain in September Massacre, to rescue Louis,
drowned at Nantes.
PRISONS, Paris, in Bastille time, full, August 1792, number of, in
France, state of, in Terror, thinned after Terror.
PRISON, Abbaye, refractory Members sent to, Temple, Louis sent to,
Abbaye, Priests killed near, massacres at La Force, Chatelet, and
Conciergerie.
PROCESSION, of States-General Deputies, of Necker and D'Orleans
busts, of Louis to Paris, again, after Varennes, of Louis to trial, at
Constitution of 1793.
PROVENCE Noblesse, expel Mirabeau.
PRUDHOMME, Editor, on assassins, on Cavaignac.
PRUSSIA, Fritz of, against France, army of, ravages France, King of, and
French Princes.
PUISAYE, Girondin General, at Quiberon.
QUERET-DEMERY, in Bastille.
QUIBERON, debarkation at.
RABAUT, St. Etienne, French Reformer, in National Convention, in
Commission of Twelve, arrested, between two walls, guillotined.
RAYNAL, Abbe, Philosophe, his letter to Constituent Assembly.
REBECQUI, of Marseilles, in National Convention, against Robespierre,
retires, drowns himself.
REDING, Swiss, massacred.
RELIGION, Christian, and French Revolution, abolished, Clootz on, a new.
REMY, Cornet, at Clermont.
RENAULT, Cecile, to assassinate Robespierre, guillotined.
RENE, King, bequeathed Avignon to Pope.
RENNES, riot in.
RENWICK, last of Cameronians.
REPAIRE, Tardivet du, Bodyguard, Fifth October, rewarded.
REPRESENTATIVES, Paris, Town.
REPUBLIC, French, first mention of, first year of, established,
universal, Clootz's, Girondin, one and indivisible, its triumphs.
RESSON, Sieur, reports Lafayette to Jacobins.
REVEILLON, house destroyed.
REVOLT, Paris, in, of Gardes Francaises, becomes Revolution, military,
what, of Lepelletier section.
REVOLUTION, French, causes of the, Lord Chesterfield on the, not a
revolt, meaning of the term, whence it grew, general commencement of,
prosperous characters in, Philosophes and, state of army in, progress
of, duelling in, Republic decided on, European powers and, Royalist
opinion of, cardinal movements in, Danton and the, changes produced by
the, effect of King's death on, Girondin idea of, suspicion in, Terror
and, and Christian religion, Revolutionary Committees, Government doings
in, Robespierre essential to, end of.
RHEIMS, in September massacre.
RICHELIEU, at death of Louis XV., death of.
RIOT, Paris, in May 1750, Cornlaw (in 1775), at Palais de Justice
(1787), triumph, of Rue St. Antoine, of July Fourteenth (1789), and
Bastille, at Strasburg, Paris, on the veto, Versailles Chateau, October
Fifth (1789), uses of, to National Assembly, Paris, on Nanci affair, at
De Castries' Hotel, on flight of King's Aunts, at Vincennes, on King's
proposed journey to St. Cloud, in Champ-de-Mars, with sharp shot, Paris,
Twentieth June, 1792, August Tenth, 1792, Grain, Paris, at Theatre de
la Nation, selling sugar, of Thermidor, 1794, of Germinal, 1795, of
Prairial, final, of Vendemiaire.
RIOUFFE, Girondin, to Bourdeaux, in prison, on death of Girondins, on
Mme. Roland.
ROBESPIERRE, Maximilien, account of, derided in Constituent Assembly,
Jacobin, incorruptible, on tip of left, elected public accuser, after
King's flight, at close of Assembly, at Arras, position of, plans in
1792, chief priest of Jacobins, invisible on August Tenth, reappears,
on September Massacre, in National Convention, accused by Girondins,
accused by Louvet, acquitted, King's trial, Condorcet on, at Queen's
trial, in Salut Committee, and Paris Municipality, embraces Danton,
Desmoulins and, and Danton, Danton on, at trial, his three scoundrels,
supreme, to be assassinated, at Feast of Etre Supreme, apocalyptic,
Theot, on Couthon's plot-decree, reserved, his schemes, fails in
Convention, applauded at Jacobins, accused, rescued, at Townhall,
declared out of law, half-killed, guillotined, essential to Revolution.
ROBESPIERRE, Augustin, decreed accused, guillotined.
ROCHAMBEAU, one of Four Generals, retires.
ROCHE-AYMON, Grand Almoner of Louis XV.
ROCHEFOUCAULT, Duke de la, Liberal, President of Directory, killed.
ROEDERER, Syndic, Feuillant, 'Chronicle of Fifty Days,' on Federes
Ammunition, dilemma at Tuileries, August 10th.
ROHAN, Cardinal, Diamond Necklace.
ROLAND, Madame, notice of, at Lyons, narrative by, in Paris, after
King's flight, and Barbaroux, public dinners and business, character
of, misgivings of, accused, Girondin declining, arrested, condemned and
guillotined.
ROLAND, M., notice of, in Paris, Minister, letter, and dismissal of,
recalled, decline of, on September Massacres, and Pache, doings of,
resigns, flies, suicide of.
ROMME, in National Convention, in Caen prison, his new Calendar, in riot
of Prairial, 1795, suicide.
ROMOEUF, pursues King.
RONSIN, General of Revolutionary Army, arrested and guillotined.
ROSIERE, Thuriot de la, summons Bastille, in First Parliament, in
National Convention, President at Robespierre's fall.
ROSSIGNOL, in September Massacre, in La Vendee.
ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques, Contrat Social of, Gospel according to,
burial-place of, statue decreed to.
ROUX, M., 'Histoire Parlementaire.'
ROYALTY, signs of demolished, abolition of.
RUAMPS, Deputy, against Couthon.
RUHL, notice of, in riot of Prairial, suicide.
SABATIER de Cabre, at Royal Session, arrested, liberated.
ST. ANTOINE to Versailles, Warhorse supper, Nanci affair, at Vincennes,
at Jacobins, and Marseillese, August Tenth.
ST. CLOUD, Louis prohibited from.
ST. DENIS, Mayor of, hanged.
ST. FARGEAU, Lepelletier, in National Convention, at King's trial,
assassinated, burial of.
ST. HURUGE, Marquis, bull-voice, imprisoned, at Versailles, and Pope's
effigy, at Jacobins, on King's trial.
ST. JUST in National Convention, on King's trial, in Salut Committee,
at Strasburg, repels Prussians, on Revolution, in Committee-room,
Thermidor, his report, arrested.
ST. LOUIS Church, States-General procession from.
ST. MEARD, Jourgniac de, in prison, his 'Agony' at La Force.
ST. MERY, Moreau de, prostrated.
SALLES, Deputy, guillotined.
SANSCULOTTISM, apparition of, effects of, growth of, at work, origin of
term, and Royalty, above theft, a fact, French Nation and, Revolutionary
Tribunal and, how it lives, consummated, fall of, last rising of, death
of.
SANTERRE, Brewer, notice of, at siege of Bastille, at Tuileries, June
Twentieth, meets Marseillese, Commander of Guards, how to relieve
famine, at King's trial, at King's execution, fails in La Vendee, St.
Antoine disarmed.
SAPPER, Fraternal.
SAUSSE, M., Procureur of Varennes, scene at his house, flies from
Prussians.
SAVONNIERES, M., de, Bodyguard, October Fifth, loses temper.
SAVOY, occupied by French.
SECHELLES, Herault de, in National Convention, leads Convention out,
arrested and guillotined.
SECTIONS, of Paris, denounce Girondins, Committee of.
SEIGNEURS, French, compelled to fly.
SERGENT, Agate, Engraver, in Committee, nicknamed 'Agate,' signs
circular.
SERVAN, War-Minister, proposals of.
SEVRES, Potteries, Lamotte's 'Memoires' burnt at.
SICARD, Abbe, imprisoned, in danger near the Abbaye, account of massacre
there.
SIDE, Right and Left, of Constituent Assembly, Right and Left, tip of
Left, popular, Right after King's flight, Right quits Assembly, Right
and Left in First Parliament.
SIEYES, Abbe, account of, Constitution-builder, in Champ-de-Mars, in
National Convention, of Constitution Committee, 1790, vote at King's
trial, making fresh Constitution.
SILLERY, Marquis.
SIMON, Cordwainer, Dauphin committed to, guillotined.
SIMONEAU, Mayor of Etampes, death of, festival for.
SOMBREUIL, Governor of Hotel des Invalides, examined, seized, saved by
his daughter, guillotined, his son shot.
SPAIN, at war with France, invaded by France.
STAAL, Dame de, on liberty.
STAEL, Mme. de, at States-General procession, intrigue for Narbonne,
secretes Narbonne.
STANHOPE and Price, their club and Paris.
STATES-GENERAL, first suggested, meeting announced, how constituted,
orders in, Representatives to, Parlements against, Deputies to, in
Paris, number of Deputies, place of Assembly, procession of, installed,
union of orders.
STRASBURG, riot at, in 1789.
SUFFREN, Admiral, notice of.
SULLEAU, Royalist, editor, massacred.
SUSPECT, Law of the, Chaumette jeered on.
SWEDEN, King of, to assist Marie Antoinette, shot by Ankarstrom.
SWISS Guards at Brest, prisoners at La Force.
TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD, Bishop, notice of, at fatherland's altar, his
blessing, excommunicated, in London, to America.
TALLIEN, notice of, editor of 'Ami des Citoyens,' in Committee of
Townhall, August 1792, in National Convention, at Bourdeaux, and Madame
Cabarus, recalled, suspect, accuses Robespierre, Thermidorian.
TALMA, actor, his soiree.
TANNERY of human skins, improvements in.
TARGET, Advocate, declines King's defence.
TASSIN, M., and black cockade.
TENNIS-COURT, National Assembly in, Club of, and procession to, master
of, rewarded.
TERROR, consummation of, reign of, designated, number guillotined in.
THEATINS Church, granted to Dissidents.
THEOT, Prophetess, on Robespierre.
THERMIDOR, Ninth and Tenth, July 27 and 28, 1794.
THEROIGNE, Mlle., notice of, in Insurrection of Women, at Versailles
(October Fifth), in Austrian prison, in Jacobin tribune, armed for
insurrection (August Tenth), keeps her carriage, fustigated, insane.
THIONVILLE besieged, siege raised.
THOURET, Law-reformer, dissolves Assembly, guillotined.
THOUVENOT and Dumouriez.
TINVILLE, Fouquier, revolutionist, Jacobin, Attorney-General in Tribunal
Revolutionnaire, at Queen's trial, at trial of Girondins, at trial of
Mme. Roland, at trial of Danton, and Salut Public, his prison-plots,
his batches, the prisons under, mock doom of, at trial of Robespierre,
accused, guillotined.
TOLLENDAL, Lally, pleads for father, in States-General, popular,
crowned.
TORNE, Bishop.
TOULON, Girondin, occupied by English, besieged, surrenders.
TOULONGEON, Marquis, notice of, on Barnave triumvirate, describes
Jacobins Hall.
TOURNAY, Louis, at siege of Bastille.
TOURZELLE, Dame de, escape of.
TRONCHET, Advocate, defends King.
TUILERIES, Louis XVI. lodged at, a tile-field, Twentieth June at,
tickets of entry, 'Coblentz,' Marseillese chase Filles-Saint-Thomas
to, August Tenth, King quits, attacked, captured, occupied by National
Convention.
TURGOT, Controller of France, on Corn-law, dismissed, death of.
TYRANTS, French people rise against.
UNITED STATES, declaration of Liberty, embassy to Louis XVI., aided by
France, of Congress in.
USHANT, battle off.
VALADI, Marquis, Gardes Francaises and, guillotined.
VALAZE, Girondin, on trial of Louis, plots at his house, trial of, kills
himself.
VALENCIENNES, besieged, surrendered.
VARENNE, Maton de la, his experiences in September.
VARIGNY, Bodyguard, massacred.
VARLET, 'Apostle of Liberty,' arrested.
VENDEE, La, Commissioners to, state of, in 1792, insurrection in, war,
after King's death, on fire, pacificated.
VENDEMIAIRE, Thirteenth, October 4, 1795.
VERDUN, to be besieged, surrendered.
VERGENNES, M. de, Prime Minister, death of.
VERGNIAUD, notice of, August Tenth, orations of, President at King's
condemnation, in fall of Girondins, trial of, at last supper of
Girondins.
VERMOND, Abbe de.
VERSAILLES, death of Louis XV. at, in Bastille time, National Assembly
at, troops to, march of women on, of French Guards on, insurrection
scene at, the Chateau forced, prisoners massacred at.
VIARD, Spy.
VILATE, Juryman, guillotined, book by.
VILLARET-JOYEUSE, Admiral, defeated by Howe.
VILLEQUIER, Duke de, emigrates.
VINCENNES, riot at, saved by Lafayette.
VINCENT, of War-Office, arrested, guillotined.
VOLTAIRE, at Paris, described, burial-place of.
WAR, civil, becomes general.
WASHINGTON, key of Bastille sent to, formula for Lafayette.
WATIGNY, Battle of.
WEBER, in Insurrection of Women, Queen leaving Vienna.
WESTERMANN, August Tenth, purged out of the Jacobins, tried and
guillotined.
WIMPFEN, Girondin General.
YORK, Duke of, besieges Valenciennes and Dunkirk.
YOUNG, Arthur, at French Revolution.
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