Title: The Continental Monthly, Vol 6, No 5, November 1864 - Devoted To Literature And National Policy
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Language: English
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  THE

  CONTINENTAL MONTHLY:

  DEVOTED TO

  LITERATURE AND NATIONAL POLICY.



  VOL. VI.--NOVEMBER, 1864--No. V.



THE PROGRESS OF LIBERTY IN THE UNITED STATES.


There are three classes of persons in the loyal States of this Union who
proclaim the present civil war unnecessary, and clamor for peace at any
price: first, a multitude of people, so ignorant of the history of the
country that they do not know what the conflict is about; secondly, a
smaller class of better-informed citizens, who have no moral
comprehension of the inevitable opposition of democracy and aristocracy,
free society and slave society, and who believe sincerely that a
permanent compromise or trade can be negotiated between these opposing
forces in human affairs; thirdly, a clique of demagogues, who are trying
to use these two classes of people to paralyze the Government, and force
it into a surrender to the rebels on such terms as they choose to
dictate: their separation from the United States or recall to their old
power in a restored and reconstructed Union.

It will be my purpose, in this article, to show the complete fallacy of
this notion, by presenting the facts concerning the progress of the
different portions of our country in the American idea of liberty during
the years preceding this war. The census of 1860, if honestly studied,
must convince any unprejudiced man, at home or abroad, that the Slave
Power deliberately brought this war upon the United States, to save
itself from destruction by the irresistible and powerful growth of free
society in the Union. This war had the same origin and necessity of
every great conflict between the people and the aristocracy since the
world began.

Every war of this kind in history has been the result of the advancement
of the people in liberty. Now the people have inaugurated the conflict
against the aristocracy, either in the interest of self-government, or
an imperial rule which should virtually rest upon their suffrage. Now
the aristocracy has risen upon the people, who were becoming too strong
and free, to conquer and govern them through republican or monarchical
forms of society. There has always been an irrepressible conflict
between aristocracy and democracy; in times of peace carried on by all
the agencies of popular advancement; but in every nation finally
bursting into civil war. And every such war, however slow its progress,
or uncertain its immediate consequence, has finally left the mass of
the people nearer liberty than it found them.

The northern Grecian states represented the cause of the people; and the
oriental empires the cause of the few. These little states grew so
rapidly that the despots of Asia became alarmed, and organized gigantic
expeditions to destroy them. At Marathon and Salamis, the people's cause
met and drove back the mighty invasion; and two hundred years later,
under the lead of Alexander, dissolved every Asiatic empire, from the
Mediterranean to the Euphrates, to its original elements.

Julius Cæsar destroyed the power of the old Roman aristocracy in the
interest of the people of the Roman empire. Under the name of 'The
Republic,' that patrician class had oppressed the people of Rome and her
provinces for years as never was people oppressed before. After fifty
years of civil war, Julius and Augustus Cæsar organized the masses of
this world-wide empire, and established a government under which the
aristocracy was fearfully worried, but which administered such, justice
to the world as had never before been possible.

The religious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which
involved the whole of Europe for eighty years, were begun by the civil
and religious aristocracy of Europe to crush the progress of religious
and civil liberty among the people. These wars continued until religious
freedom was established in Germany, Holland, and Great Britain, and
those seeds of political liberty sown that afterward sprang up in the
American republic.

The English civil wars of the seventeenth century were begun by the king
and great nobles to suppress the rising power of the commons, and
continued till constitutional liberty was practically secured to all the
subjects of the British empire.

The French Revolution was the revolt of the people of France against one
of the most cruel and tyrannical aristocracies that ever reigned; and
continued, with brief interruptions, till the people of both France and
Italy had vindicated the right to choose their emperors by popular
suffrage.

During the half century between the years 1775 and 1825, every people in
North America had thrown off the power of a foreign aristocracy by war,
and established a republican form of government, except the Canadas,
which secured the same practical results by more peaceful methods.

The historian perceives that each of these great wars was an inevitable
condition of liberty for the people, and has exalted their condition. In
all these struggles there were the same kinds of opponents to the war:
the ignorant, who knew nothing about it; the morally indifferent, who
could not see why freemen and tyrants could not agree to live together
in amity; and the demagogues, who were willing to ruin the country to
exalt themselves. But we now understand that only through these red
gates of war could the peoples of the world have marched up to their
present enjoyment of liberty; that each naming portal is a triumphal
arch, on which is inscribed some great conquest for mankind.

The present civil war in the United States is the last frantic attempt
of this dying feudal aristocracy to save itself from inevitable
dissolution. The election of Mr. Lincoln as President of the United
States, in 1860, by the vote of every Free State, was the announcement
to the world that the people of the United States had finally and
decisively conquered the feudal aristocracy of the republic after a
civil contest of eighty years. With no weapons but those placed in their
hands by the Constitution of the United States, the freemen of the
republic had practically put this great slave aristocracy under their
feet forever. That portion of the Union which was controlled by the will
of the whole people had become so decidedly superior in every attribute
of power and civilization, that the slave aristocracy despaired of
further peaceful resistance to the march of liberty through the land.
Like every other aristocracy that has lived, it drew the sword on the
people, either to subdue the whole country, or carry off a portion of
it, to be governed in the interests of an oligarchy.

This great people was not plunged into civil war by unfriendly talking,
or by the unfriendly legislation of the Northern people, or by the
accidental election of Abraham Lincoln as President. Nations do not go
to war for hard words or trifling acts of unfriendliness or accidental
political changes; although these may be the ostensible causes of
war--the sparks that finally explode the magazine. There was a real
cause for this rebellion--_the peaceful, constitutional triumph of the
people over the aristocracy of the republic, after a struggle of eighty
years_. If ever a great oligarchy had good reason to fight, it was the
Slave Power in 1860. It found itself defeated and condemned to a
secondary position in the republic, with the assurance that its death
was only a question of time. It is always a good cause of war to an
aristocracy that its power is abridged; for an aristocracy cares only
for itself, and honestly regards its own supremacy as the chief interest
on earth. This Slave Power has only done what every such power has done
since the foundation of the world. It has drawn the sword against the
inevitable progress of mankind, and will be conquered by mankind. It is
waging this terrible war, not against Northern Abolitionists, or the
present Administration, _but against the United States census tables of
1860_; against the mighty realities of the progress of free society in
the republic, which have startled us all; but with which no class of men
were so well acquainted as Mr. Jefferson Davis and his associates in
rebellion.

There has always been a conflict in our country between this old slave
aristocracy and the people. The first great victory of the people was in
the war of the Revolution. That war was inaugurated and forced upon the
country by the masses of the people of the New England and Middle
States. The aristocracy of the South, with their associates in the
North, resisted the movement to separate the people from the crown of
Great Britain, till resistance was impossible, and then came in, to some
extent, to lead the movement and appropriate the rewards of success. But
the free people of the North brought on and sustained the war.
Massachusetts was then the fourth province in population; but she sent
eight thousand more soldiers to the field during those bloody eight
years than all the Southern States united. Virginia was then the empire
State of the Union, and Rhode Island the least; but great, aristocratic
Virginia furnished only seven hundred more soldiers than little,
democratic Rhode Island. New England furnished more than half the troops
raised during the Revolution; and the great centres of aristocracy in
the Middle and Southern States were the stronghold of Toryism during the
war. Indeed, a glance at the map of the Eastern and Middle States
reveals the fact that the headquarters of the 'peace party' in the
Revolutionary and the present war are in precisely the same localities.
The 'Copperhead' districts of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania are
the old Tory districts of the Revolution. The Tories of that day, with
the mass of the Southern aristocracy, tried to 'stop the war' which was
to lay the foundations of the freedom of all men. The Tories of to-day
are engaged in the same infamous enterprise, and their fate will be the
same.

Had the Slave Power been united in 1776, we should never have gained our
independence. But it was divided. Every State was nominally a Slave
State; but slaveholders were divided into two classes. The first was led
by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and other illustrious aristocrats,
North and South; and, like the Liberal lords of Great Britain, threw
their influence on the side of the people. This party, very strong in
Virginia, very weak in the Carolinas, dragged the South through the war
by the hair of its head; and compelled it to come into the Union. It
also resolved to abolish the Slave Power, and succeeded in consecrating
the whole Northwestern territory to freedom as early as 1790. The
opposition party had its headquarters at Charleston, was treasonable or
luke-warm during the war, and refused to come into the Union without
guarantees for slavery.

The result of the whole struggle was, that the people of the thirteen
colonies, with the help of a portion of their aristocracy, severed the
country from Great Britain, and established a Government by which they,
the people, believed themselves able, in time, to control the whole
Union, and secure personal liberty in every State. For 'the compromises
of the Constitution' mean just this: that our National Government was a
great arena on which aristocracy and democracy could have a free fight.
If the aristocracy beat, that Government would be made as despotic as
South Carolina; if the democracy triumphed, it would become as free as
Massachusetts. That was what the people had never before achieved: _a
free field to work for a Christian democracy_. God bless the sturdy
people of New England and the Middle States for this! God bless George
Washington and Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall and the liberal gentlemen
of the Old Dominion, for helping the people do it. They did not win the
victory, as many have supposed; but they bravely helped to lead the
people of the Free States to this great military and civil achievement.
Virginia was richly paid for the service of her aristocracy. But history
tells us who did the work, and how nobly it was done.

The republic was now established, with a Constitution which might be
made to uphold a democratic or an aristocratic government, as either
party should triumph. The Slave Power, forced half reluctantly into the
Union, now began to conspire to rule it for its own uses. All that was
necessary, it thought, was to unite the aristocracy against the people.
And this work was at once well begun. The first census was taken in
1790, and the last in 1860. This period divides itself, historically,
into two portions. The thirty years from 1780 may be regarded as the
period of the _consolidation of the Slave Power, and its first distinct
appearance as a great sectional aristocracy in 1820, in the struggle
that resulted in the 'Missouri Compromise_.' The forty years succeeding
1820 may be called the period of the _consolidation of freedom to resist
this assault, and the final triumph of democracy in 1860, by the
election of a President_.

The first thirty years was a period of incessant activity by the slave
aristocracy. It incurred a nominal loss in the abolition of slavery in
eight Eastern and Middle States, and the consecration of the great
Northwestern territory to freedom; out of which three great Free States
had already been carved; making, in 1820, eleven Free States. But it had
gained by the concentration of its power below the line of the Ohio and
Pennsylvania boundary, the division of the territory belonging to the
Carolinas, and the Louisiana purchase; whereby it had gained five new
Slave States; making the number of Slave States equal to the
Free--eleven. It put forward the liberal aristocracy of Virginia to
occupy the Presidential chair during thirty-two of the thirty-six years
between 1789 and 1825; thus compelling Virginia and Maryland to a firm
alliance with itself. It had man[oe]uvred the country through a great
political struggle and a foreign war, both of which were chiefly
engineered to secure the consolidation of the slave aristocracy. In
1820 its power was extended in eleven States, containing four hundred
and twenty-four thousand square miles, with one hundred and seventy-nine
thousand square miles of territory sure to come in as Slave States; and
the remainder of the Louisiana purchase not secure to liberty. It had a
white population only seven hundred thousand less, while its white and
black population was a million more than all the Free States.

The North was barely half as large in area of States: two hundred and
seventy thousand square miles, with only one hundred thousand square
miles in reserve of the territory dedicated to liberty. With an equality
of representation in the Senate of the United States, and a firm hold of
all the branches of the Government, the prospect of the oligarchy for
success was brilliant. In every nation the aristocracy first gets
possession, organizes first, and proceeds deliberately to seize and
administer the government. The people are always unsuspicious, slow,
late in organizing, and seem to blunder into success or be led to it by
a Providence higher than themselves. In this Government the slave
aristocracy first consolidated, and in 1820 appeared boldly on the
arena, claiming the superiority, and threatening ruin to the republic in
the event of the failure of their plans. It had managed so well that
there was now no division in its ranks, and for the last forty years has
moved forward in solid column to repeated assaults on liberty.

The people, as usual, did not suspect the existence of this concentrated
power till 1820. They made a brave militia fight then against the
aristocracy, and compelled it to acknowledge a drawn battle by the
admission of Maine to balance Missouri, and the establishment of a line
of compromise, which would leave all territory north of 36° 30'
consecrated to freedom. The Slave Power submitted with anger, intending
to break the bargain as soon as it was strong enough, and continued on
its relentless struggle for power. It determined to gain possession of
the Senate of the United States; make it a house of nobles; control
through it the foreign policy, the Executive, and the Supreme Court;
and, with this advantage, reckoned it could always manage the House of
Representatives and govern the nation. The key to all the political
policy of the Slave Power through these last forty years is this
endeavor to capture the Senate of the United States, and hold it, by
bringing in a superior _number_ of Slave States. So well did it play
this card that, till 1850, it maintained an equality of senatorial
representation, and, by the help of Northern allies and the superior
political dexterity of the aristocracy, controlled our foreign policy;
kept its own representatives in all the great courts of Europe; made
peace or war at will; managed the Executive through a veto on his
appointments; and endeavored to fill the Supreme Court with men in favor
of its policy, while the House of Representatives never was able to pass
a measure without its consent. Under the past forty years' reign of the
Slave Power, the Senate of the United States has been a greater farce in
the republic than the crown and House of Lords in the British empire.
Indeed, so well did this aristocracy play its part, _that it was
supposed by the whole world to be the American Government_; and the news
that the people of the United States had refused, in 1860, to register
its behests, was received abroad with the same astonishment and
indignation as if there had been a revolt of the subjects of any
European nation against their anointed rulers.

But spite of these great advantages at the outset--spite of its
incredible political activity and admirable concentration, the slave
aristocracy was finally defeated by the people. How this was done is the
most interesting narrative in modern history. Never has the intrinsic
superiority of a democratic over an aristocratic order of society been
so magnificently vindicated as during the last forty years of our
national career. During that period the free portion of this Union has
grown to an overwhelming superiority over the slave portion, and
compelled the slaveholders to draw the sword to save themselves from
material and providential destruction.

This period of forty years may be regarded as that of the _consolidation
of the people_. The first thirty years of it was the era of their
_industrial and social consolidation_; the last ten years has been the
period of their _political union against the Slave Power_.

An aristocracy always exhibits the uttermost pitch of human policy in
its career, and amazes and outwits society by its marvellous display of
executive ability. But the people are always moved by great supernatural
forces that are beyond their comprehension, often disowned or scorned by
them, but which mould their destiny and lead them to a victory spite of
themselves. The people always grow without conscious plan or method, and
rarely know their own strength. But there are always a few great men who
represent their destiny, and, often against their will, direct them in
the path to liberty. History will record the names of three great men
who, during the last forty years, have been the most notable figures in
this consolidation of the people in this republic; three men that the
implacable hatred of the Slave Power has singled out from all other
Northern men as special objects of infamy; men who represent the
industrial, moral, and political phases of the people's growth to
supremacy. Each came when he was wanted, and faithfully did his work;
and their history is the chronicle of this advance of liberty in the
republic.

The first of these men was De Witt Clinton, of New York. No Northern man
so early discovered the deep game of the Slave Power as he. He was the
ablest statesman of the North in the days when the aristocracy of the
South was just effecting its consolidation. He was a prominent candidate
for the Presidency, and was scornfully put down by the power that ruled
at Richmond. The slaveholders knew him for their clear-headed enemy, and
drove him out of the arena of national politics. Never was political
defeat so auspicious. Cured of the political ambition of his youth, Mr.
Clinton turned the energies of his massive genius to the _industrial
consolidation of the North_. He saw that all future political triumph of
liberty must rest on the triumph of free labor. He anticipated the
coming greatness of the Northwest, and boldly devoted his life to the
inauguration of that system of internal improvements which has made the
Northern States the mighty, free industrial empire it now is. Within the
period of ten years lying nearest 1820, the people, under the lead of
Clinton and his associates, had brought into active operation the three
great agencies of free labor--the steamer, the canal, the railroad;
while our manufacturing industry dates from the same period.

This was the providential movement of a great people, organizing a
method of labor which should overthrow the American aristocracy. Of
course the people did not know what all this meant; thousands of the men
who were foremost in organizing Northern industry did not suspect the
end; but De Witt Clinton knew. The wiseacres of the city of New York
nicknamed his canal 'Clinton's Ditch.' It was the first ditch in that
series of continental 'parallels' by which the people of the North have
approached the citadel of the Slave Power. They have dug in those vast
intrenchments for forty years, to such purpose that in 1860 the great
guns of free labor commanded every plantation in the Union. Pardon them,
then, O lieutenant-generals of the slavery forces, if they still think
well of the spade that has dug their highway to power. The Northern
spade is a slow machine--but it will yet shovel the slave aristocracy
into the Gulf of Mexico as sure as God lives!

Glance over this field of industrial and material growth in the free
portion of the Union, as it appeared in 1860.

At that time the Free States had increased to nineteen, while the Slave
States were fifteen, containing eight hundred and seventy-five thousand
square miles. The people had nine hundred and fifty thousand square
miles organized into free-labor States, with eight vast Territories,
containing one million square miles, an area equal to twenty-four States
as large as New York. In this vast extent of States and Territories,
including two thirds the land of the Union, there were not a hundred
slaves. _The Government holds all those States and Territories to-day._

Look at the position and value of these possessions of freedom. In 1850
liberty secured the great State of California, and in 1860 the State of
Kansas. These States insure the possession of the whole Pacific coast,
the entire mineral wealth of the mountains, the Indian Territory, and
the vast spaces of Northwestern Texas to freedom, and open Mexico to
Northern occupation. In the East, freedom had already secured the best
harbors for commerce; in the Northwest, the granary of the world; the
inexhaustible mineral wealth of Lake Superior, and the navigation of
thousands of miles upon the great inland seas that separate the republic
from the Canadas. From the Northern Atlantic and the Pacific it
commanded the trade of Europe and Asia. This region embraces the best
climates of the continent for the habitation of a vigorous race of men,
and contains all the elements of imperial power.

Freedom had secured, in 1860, a population of twenty millions, while the
Slave Power had reached but twelve millions, one third of whom were
slaves. From 1850 to 1860 the Union _gained_ almost as much in
population as the entire census of 1820; and of that gain the North
secured forty-one and the South but twenty-seven per cent. The slave
population increased but twenty-three per cent. At this rate of increase
the year 1900 will see a population of one hundred millions in the
Union, of whom nine millions will be negroes, and a vast majority of the
white population located in territory now free. Between 1820 and 1860
five million emigrants reënforced the Union, of which the North received
the greater portion. Between the war of 1814 and 1860, Great Britain and
Ireland sent to us more people than inhabited the thirteen States that
formed the Union, and of this immigrant population there was an excess
of nine hundred and fifty thousand _men_--a nation poured in upon the
great, free North, to reënforce the people.

Already was this increase of free population telling upon slave labor in
Slave States. Even in the Gulf cities Sambo was fast receding before the
brawny arms of Hans and Patrick. Northwestern Texan was becoming a new
Germany. Western Virginia, Maryland, Missouri, and Delaware were rapidly
losing in slave labor; while along the border had grown up a line of ten
cities in Slave States, containing six hundred thousand people, of whom
less than ten thousand were slaves. This line of cities, from Wilmington
Delaware, to St. Louis, Missouri, was becoming a great cordon of
free-labor citadels; supported in the rear by another line of Free
Border-State cities, stretching from Philadelphia to Leavenworth,
containing nine hundred thousand; thus _massing a free population of one
million five hundred thousand in border cities that overlooked the land
of despotism_.

Then consider the growth of free agriculture. In 1860 the South had a
cotton and rice crop as her exclusive possession. Already the Northwest
was encroaching upon her sugar cultivation. Against her agriculture,
mainly supported by one great staple, which can also be cultivated all
round the globe, the free North could oppose every variety of crop;
several of greater value than the boasted cotton. In all the grains, in
cattle and the products of the dairy, in hay, in fruits; in the superior
cultivation of land; in the vastly superior value of land; in
agricultural machinery, probably representing a labor force equal to all
the slaves--the superiority of freedom was too evident for discussion.
_The value of agricultural machinery in the Free States had trebled
between 1850 and 1860_. The Homestead Law was the fit result of this
vast advance of free labor, and has sealed the destiny of every present
and future Territory of the Union.

Then contemplate the vast expansion of manufacturing industry, of which
nine tenths belong to the Free States. _In ten years from 1850 to 1860,
this branch of labor had increased eighty-six per cent._, reaching the
enormous sum of $2,000,000,000; $60 for every inhabitant of the Union. A
million and a half of people were engaged as operatives therein,
supporting nearly five millions--one sixth the whole population of the
Union; while fully one third our population may be said to directly and
indirectly live by manufactures.

The increase of iron manufactures in ten years was forty-four per cent.;
the coal mines reached a treble yield in ten years; $10,000,000, of
clothing were produced in 1860. The lumber trade had increased
sixty-four percent, in ten years, reaching $100,000,000. Flouring mills
showed sixty-five per cent, increase, reaching $225,000,000; spirits,
$24,000,000; cotton manufactures had increased seventy-six per cent, in
ten years, reaching $115,000,000; woollens had increased sixty-seven per
cent.; boots and shoes walked up to $76,000,000, and leather to
$63,000,000. The fishermen of New England increased mightily. The gold
of California, copper of the Northwest, the salt of New York and
Michigan had reached colossal proportions. Whoever studies the
manufacturing statistics of the North for the past ten years will be at
no loss to know why the manufacturers of Great Britain are willing to
sever the Slave States from the Union, to gain a customer it was thus
supplying in 1860.

Now add to this array of agriculture, manufactures, extent of territory,
and excess of population, the superiority of the Free States in
commerce. The tonnage of the Union was twenty-six millions in 1860, the
fourth of which was the growth of the ten years previous. Out of the one
thousand and seventy-one ships built in 1860, the 'nation' of South
Carolina produced one steamer and one schooner! Contemplate the money
power of the city of New York, the vast capital invested in trade, in
banks, insurance, and the like, in the North. The slave aristocracy was
becoming imprisoned in a vast web of financial dependence--a web that
war and wholesale repudiation of debts alone could break through.

In 1860 there were in the Union 30,- 600 miles of railroad, costing
$1,134,- 452,909, four times the extent of 1850. In 1850 only one line
of railroad connected the Atlantic with the Mississippi. Now, of the
eight great railroad and canal routes connecting the sea coast with this
valley, six run through the Free States; transportation on these avenues
costs but one tenth the old methods. Governor Letcher declares the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has 'abolitionized' Northern and Western
Virginia, and the Southern rebellion has been especially savage on
railroads. Whoever would understand one secret of the consolidation of
the people should study the railroad map of the Northern States, and
contrast it with the South. It was a fine tribute to the value of the
railroad that the first use the people made of their new political
supremacy in 1860 was to pass the bill for connecting the Atlantic and
Pacific by the iron rail and the telegraphic wire.

This vast advancement in free labor, from 1820 to 1850, was fitly closed
in 1850 by the annexation of California to the roll of the Free States,
securing to liberty the gold mines and the Pacific coast. It is
impossible to comprehend all the consequences of this step. It was the
decisive industrial triumph of the people over the slave aristocracy.
The Slave Power went mad over the defeat, _and for the last ten years
has virtually abandoned the rivalry of industries, and turned to
violence_, breaking of compromises, forcible seizure of the ballot box,
repudiation of debts, stealing of arms, and finally cruel war, as if
lying and robbing, in the long run, could upset free and honest
industry. After the loss of California and the Pacific coast, the
struggle for the Territories was but a, preliminary skirmish of the war
for the conquest and desolation of the Union. The people had _waged the
battle of liberty with the gigantic agencies of material prosperity for
forty years, and the aristocracy was completely in their power_.

For this material superiority of the free-labor States inevitably inured
to the advantage of liberty. In vain did every new Free State, year
after year, vote with the Slave Power; in vain did every great railroad
and manufacturing corporation of the North obey the political behests of
the lords of the plantations; in vain was the mercantile aristocracy of
all the great cities the fast friend of the slave aristocracy; and
vainly did almost the entire immigrant population fall politically into
its control. All this was as nothing _against the irresistible natural
tendency of free labor_. The Irishman who voted against the negro was
breaking his chain with every blow of his pick. The Wall-street banker,
the great railroad king, the cotton manufacturer, who railed against
abolitionism like mad, were condemning the slave aristocracy every day
they lived. There is a divine law by which the work of freemen shall
root out the work of slaves; and no law enacted by the will of Northern
doughfaces could repeal this statute of nature. These Northern friends
of the aristocracy supposed themselves to be helping their ambitious
allies by their political support. But the slaveholders knew how
fallacious was this aid. They saw that the North was gaining a huge
superiority to the South; that the people were slowly consolidating;
that when the free-labour interest did finally concentrate, it would
carry every Northern interest with it, and, when the pinch came, no
Northern party or statesman could or would help them do their will. They
carefully sifted all offers of aid from such quarters, and having used
every Northern interest and institution and party till it was squeezed
dry of all its black blood, they turned their backs haughtily on the
white sections of the Union, plundered friend and foe alike, and flew
into civil war, out of spite and rage at the census of 1860; in other
words, _declared war against the providence of God as manifested in the
progress of free society_. They have fought well; at first, perhaps,
better than we; but when General Lee 'flanks' the industrial decrees of
the Almighty, and Stuart 'cuts the communications' between free labor
and imperial power, they will destroy this republic--and not till then.

But was this great material gain of the people to be accompanied by a
corresponding spiritual advancement? _Was man to become the chief object
of reverence in this wonderfully expanding industrial empire?_ If not,
all this progress was deceptive, and nobody could predict how soon our
very superiority should be turned to the advantage of that aristocracy
which had perverted so many things in the republic.

It could not be denied that the Free States were making wonderful
strides, during these forty years, in mental cultivation and power. The
free industry of the North was an education to the people, and nowhere
has so much popular intelligence been carried into the business of life
as here. This period also witnessed the organization of the free school
everywhere outside of New England, its home; the daily press, the public
lecture, the creation of an American literature, all Northern; the
growth of all institutions of learning and means of intellectual and
artistic cultivation unparalleled in any other age or land. No
well-informed person could also deny the astonishing progress in
furnishing the means of religious instruction, the multiplication of
churches, great ecclesiastical organizations, and philanthropic leagues.
Notwithstanding the apparent absorption of the North in its material
prosperity, no people ever was so busy in furnishing itself with the
means of spiritual improvement; and though a population of several
millions of ignorant and superstitious foreigners was thrown in upon it
during these eventful years, it came out at the end the most intelligent
people, the best provided with the apparatus of religion, that was ever
known.

But there was one element yet wanting to assure the right usage of all
this wealth of material, intellectual, and ecclesiastical power. This
was what the slaveholding aristocracy saw at once to be the fatal omen
for their cause, and nicknamed 'Abolitionism.' _Abolitionism, as
recognized by the Slave Power, is nothing more nor less than the
religious reverence for man and his natural rights._ This moral respect
for the nature and rights of all men has always encountered the peculiar
scorn of aristocracies, and no men have been so bitterly persecuted in
history as those who represented the religious opposition to despotism.
The Hebrew aristocracy in old Palestine called this sentiment 'atheism'
in Jesus Christ, and crucified Him. The pagan aristocracy called it a
'devilish superstition' in the early Christians, and slaughtered them
like cattle. The priestly and civil absolutism of the sixteenth century
called it 'fanaticism' in the Dutch and German reformers, and fought it
eighty years with fire and rack and sword. The church and crown
nicknamed it 'Puritanism,' and persecuted it till it turned and cut off
the head of Charles the First, and secured religious liberty. The slave
aristocracy stigmatized it 'Abolitionism,' and let loose upon it every
infernal agency in its power.

One great man, yet alive, but not yet recognized as he will be, was the
representative of this religious reverence for the rights of man. Lloyd
Garrison has been, for the last twenty-five years, the best-hated man in
these Northern States, not because he failed to see just how a Union of
Free and Slave States could endure; not because of any visionary theory
of political action or the structure of society he cherished; but,
strangely enough, because _he stood-up for man and his divine right to
freedom_. This was what the aristocracy hated in him, and this is what,
with inexpressible rage, it saw gaining in the North. It truly said that
our education, our arts, our literature, our press, our churches, our
benevolent organizations, our families, all that was best in Northern
society, even our politics, were being consolidated by this
'fanaticism,' Puritanism,' 'Abolitionism'--otherwise, by _reverence for
man and his right to freedom_.

It grew, however, almost as fast as the material power of the
North--this moral conviction of the divine right of man to liberty; grew
so fast, that in 1860, South Carolina glanced over the November election
returns, saw the name of Abraham Lincoln at the head, shrieked, '_The
North is abolitionized!_' and rushed out of the Union, with ten other
Slave States at her heels, while four more were held back by the strong
arm of the national power. The North is not yet 'abolitionized,' but
every volley fired at liberty by the Slave Power these last three years,
has killed a lover of slavery, and made an Abolitionist; as the juggler
fires his pistol at your old black hat, and, when the smoke clears up, a
white dove flutters in its place. If the Slave Power shoots at us long
enough, we shall all become Abolitionists, and all learn to love our
fellow man and protect him in the enjoyment of every right given him by
God!

Thus had the Free States, the people's part of the Union, gone up
steadily to overshadowing material, intellectual, moral power. But up to
1850 this mighty growth had got no fit expression in State or national
politics. All the great parties had mildly tried to remonstrate with the
slave aristocracy, but quickly recoiled as from the mouth of a furnace.
A few attempts had been made to organize a party for freedom, but
nothing could gain foothold at Washington. A few noble men had lifted
their voices against the rampant tyranny of the slaveholders: chief
among these was John Quincy Adams, the John the Baptist crying in the
desert of American partisan politics the coming of the kingdom of
Heaven! But when the people had come up to a consciousness of their
consolidated power, and the reverence for human right was changing and
polarizing every Northern institution--in the fierce struggle that
ushered in and succeeded the admission of California, between 1848 and
1856--this Northern superiority culminated in a great political movement
against slavery. _This movement assumed a double form-positive, in the
assertion that the Slave Power should be arrested; negative, in the
assertion that the people should have their own way with it._ The
Republican party said: _The slave aristocracy shall go no farther._ The
'Popular Sovereignty' party, or Douglas Democracy, said: _The people
shall do what they choose about this matter._ Now the people were
already the superior power in the republic, and were rapidly growing to
hate the Slave Power; so the slaveholders, saw that the Northern
Democracy, with their war cry of _popular sovereignty_, might in time be
just as dangerous to them as their more open enemies. They repudiated
both forms of Northern politics, and tied the executive, under James
Buchanan, and the Supreme Court, under Judge Taney, to their dogma: _The
right of the aristocracy is supreme. Slavery, not liberty, is the law of
the republic._

The great leaders of these Northern parties were Stephen H. Douglas and
William H. Seward. Mr. Douglas was the best practical politician,
popular debater, and magnetizer of the masses, the North has yet
produced. _He was the representative of the blind power of the North_,
and stood up all his life, in his better hours, for the right of the
people to make the republic what they would. But the representative
statesman of the era is the Secretary of State. The whole career of Mr.
Seward is so interwoven with the history of the political consolidation
of the people against the Slave Power, that the two must be studied
together to be understood. Nowhere so clearly and eloquently as in the
pages of this great philosophical statesman can be read the rapid growth
of that political movement that in twelve years captured every Free
State, placed a President in the chair, and then, with a splendid
generosity, invited the whole loyal people to unite in a party of the
Union, _knowing that henceforth the Union meant the people and liberty
against the aristocracy and slavery_. And only in the light of this view
can the course of this man and his great seeming opponent, but real
associate, be fitly displayed. _Douglas had taught the people of the
North that their will should be the law of the republic. Seward had told
them that will should be in accordance with the 'higher law' of justice
and freedom._ Like men fighting in the dark, they supposed themselves
each other's enemies, while they were only commanders of the front and
rear of the army of the people. Both appeared on the national arena in
the struggle of 1850, and soon strode to the first place. The Slave
Power repudiated Seward and his 'higher law' of justice and liberty at
once. They tolerated Douglas and his 'popular sovereignty ' ten years
longer, when they found it even a more dangerous heresy, and threw him
overboard.

In the election of 1860 there were but two parties--the two wings of the
people's army, under the patriots Lincoln and Douglas; the two wings of
the slave host, under the traitors Breckinridge and Bell. Of course the
people triumphed. Had Douglas been elected instead of Lincoln, the Slave
Power would not have stayed in the Union one hour longer. _It was not
Lincoln, but the political supremacy of the people they resisted._ The
Free States had at last consolidated, never to recede, and that was
enough. Henceforth no party could live in the North that espoused the
cause of this rebel aristocracy. Whoever was Governor or President,
Democrat, Republican, Union, what not, the people's party was henceforth
supreme, and the aristocracy, with all its works of darkness, was second
best.

The political victory of 1860 was virtually complete. For the first time
in eighty years had the people concentrated against the Slave Power. The
executive was gained, placing the army, navy, appointments, and
patronage in the hands of the President, the people's representative by
birth and choice. The North had a majority of eight in the Senate and
sixty-five in the House of Representatives, insuring a control of the
foreign policy and the financial affairs of the republic; while the
Supreme Court, the last bulwark of despotism, could be reconstructed in
the interest of the Constitution. It is true the people did not
appreciate the magnitude of the victory, or realize what it implied.
They would probably have made no special use of it at once, and the
aristocracy might have outwitted them again, as they had for three
quarters of a century past. But the slaveholders knew that now was just
the time to strike. If they waited till the people understood themselves
better, and learned how to administer the Government for liberty, it
would be too late. They still had possession of the executive, with all
the departments, the Supreme Court, army, and navy, for four precious
months. This was improved in inflicting as much damage on the Government
as possible, and organizing a confederacy of revolted States. The people
did not believe they would fight, and offered them various compromises,
_everything except the thing they desired--unlimited power to control
the republic_. The aristocracy knew that no compromises would do them
good which proposed anything less than a reconstruction of the Union
which would insure their perpetual supremacy. They even doubted if this
could be effectually accomplished in a peaceful way. The people must
first be subdued by arms, their Union destroyed, and brought to the
verge of anarchy by this mighty power, backed by the whole despotism of
Europe; then might they be compelled to accept such terms as it chose to
dictate. It waited no longer than was necessary to complete its
preparations, and opened ed its guns in Charleston harbor. When the
smoke of that cannonade drifted away, the people beheld with
consternation the Slave Powers arrayed in arms, from Baltimore and St.
Louis to New Orleans and the Rio Grande, advancing to seize their
capital and overthrow the republic.

Having conquered the aristocracy by its industry, education, religion,
and politics--driven it from every position on the great field of
American society in an era of peace--the people slowly awoke to the
conviction that they must now conquer it on the field of arms. They were
slow to come to that conviction. Their ablest leaders were not
war-statesmen, and did not comprehend at once the full meaning of the
war. They called it a 'conspiracy,' a 'rebellion,' an 'insurrection,' a
'summer madness,' anything but what it was--_the American stave
aristocracy in arms to subdue the people of the United States with every
other aristocracy on earth wishing it success_. But the people did not
refuse the challenge. In April, 1861, they rushed to the capital, saved
their Government from immediate capture or dispersion, and then began to
prepare, after their way, for--they hardly knew what--to suppress a riot
or wage a civil war.

In every such conflict as this the aristocracy has a great advantage,
especially if it can choose its own time to begin the war. Never was an
oligarchy more favored in its preparations than ours. Since 1820 it had
contemplated and prepared for this very hour. It had almost unlimited
control over fifteen States of the Union. Society was constructed in all
these States on a military basis, the laboring class being held in place
by the power of the sword. An aristocracy is always preceded by military
ambition; for all subordinate orders of its people have acquired the
habit of respect for rank and implicit obedience to superiors, so
essential to success in war. When the war broke out, the Slave Power was
ready. Its arms and ammunition and forts were stolen; its military
organizations had been perfected in secret societies; its generals were
selected--its president perhaps the best general of all; its military
surveys were made, every Southern State mapped, and every strategical
point marked; its subordinate officers, in which the real efficiency of
an army consists, had been educated in military schools kept by such
teachers as Hill and Stonewall Jackson. It had a full crop of cotton as
a basis for finance. Its government was practically such a despotism as
does not exist in the world. At the sound of the first gun in
Charleston, the aristocracy sprang to arms; in a fortnight every
strategical point in fifteen States was practically in its possession,
and Washington tottered to its fall.

The people, as the people always are, were unprepared for war. Their
entire energies had been concentrated for forty years in organizing the
gigantic victory of peace which they had just achieved. When they woke
up to the idea that there was yet another battle to be fought before the
aristocracy would subside, they _began to learn the art of war_. And
never did the people begin a great war so unprepared. The people of
Europe have always had military traditions and cultivation to fall back
upon in their civil wars. The North had no military traditions later
than the Revolution, for no war since that day had really called forth
their hearty efforts. Three generations of peace had destroyed even
respect for war as an employment fit for civilized men. There were not
ten thousand trained soldiers in all the nineteen States in April, 1861.
There were not good arms to furnish fifty thousand troops in the
possession of the National or loyal State Governments. Most of the
ablest military men of the North had left the army, and were engaged in
peaceful occupations. Halleck was in the law; McClellan, Burnside,
Banks, on the railroad; Mitchel and Sigel teaching schoolboys; Hooker,
Kearny, McCall, Dix, retired gentlemen; Fremont digging gold; Rosecrans
manufacturing oil, and Grant in a tanyard; and so on to the end of the
chapter; while Scott, the patriot hero, who was but once defeated in
fifty years' service, was passing over into the helplessness of old age.
Of course such a people did not realize the value of military education,
and fell into the natural delusion that a multitude of men carrying guns
and wearing blue coats is an army; and any 'smart man' can make a
colonel in three months. There was not even a corporal in the Cabinet,
and Mr, Lincoln's military exploits were confined to one campaign, in
the war of 1812, and one challenge to fight a duel. There were not ten
Northern men in Congress who could take a company into action. In short,
we had the art of war to learn; even did not know it was necessary to
learn to fight as to do anything else; especially to fight against an
aristocracy that had been studying war for forty years.

For more than three years have the people of the United States waged
this gigantic war thus precipitated upon them by their aristocracy to
arrest the irresistible growth of modern society in the republic. Every
year has been a period of great success, though our peaceful population,
unacquainted with war, and often ignorant of the vast issues of this
conflict, have often inclined to despondency. Of course the aristocracy
fought best, at first, as every aristocracy in the world has done. With
half our number of better disciplined troops, better commanded and
man[oe]uvred, and the great advantage of interior lines, supported by
railroad communications, and possessing in Virginia, perhaps, the most
defensible region in the Union, they held our Army of the Potomac at bay
for two years; have thrice overrun Maryland and the Pennsylvania border,
and yet hold their fortified capital; while every step of our victorious
progress in the Southwest has been bitterly contested. Yet this war of
martial forces has been strangely like the long, varied war of material,
moral, and political forces of which it is the logical sequel.

The Union navy won the earliest laurels in the war. The navy has been
the right arm of the people in all ages. The Athenian navy repelled the
invasion of Greece by the Persian empire. Antony, Pompey, Cæsar, the
people's leaders in Rome, built up their youthful power upon the sea.
The Dutch and English navies saved religious and civil liberty in the
sixteenth century; and all the constitutional Governments that now exist
in Europe came out of the hold of a British man-of-war. The United
States, in 1812, extemporized a navy that gained us the freedom of the
seas. And now the navy has led the way in the war for the freedom of the
continent. The aristocracy felt, intuitively, the danger of this arm of
defence, and discouraged, scattered, and almost annihilated our naval
power before they entered upon the war. When we learn that our active
navy, in April, 1861, consisted of one frigate, too large to sail over
the bar of Charleston harbor, and one two-gun supply ship; and that in
the three successive years it has shot up into a force of five hundred
vessels; that our new ironclads and guns have revolutionized the art of
naval warfare; that we have established the most effective blockade ever
known along two thousand miles of dangerous coast; have captured Port
Royal and New Orleans, aided in the opening of the Mississippi and all
its dependencies which we now patrol, penetrated to the cotton fields of
Alabama, occupied the inland waters of North Carolina and Virginia,
seized every important rebel port and navy yard save four, and destroyed
every war ship of the enemy that has ventured in range of our cannon, we
are pronouncing a eulogy of which any people may be proud. One year more
will swell this maritime power to a force amply sufficient to protect
the coast of the whole republic from all assault of traitors at home or
their friends abroad.

But the army of the Union has not been content to remain permanently
behind the navy. Even in the first year of the conflict, when it was
only a crowd of seventy-five thousand undisciplined militia, contending
against a solid body of well-disciplined and commanded forces, it
wrested two States from the foe, and baffled his intentions for the
capture of all our great border cities. But since the opening of the
campaign of 1802, the real beginning of war by the North, we have
conquered from the aristocracy and now hold fast in Slave States an
area of two hundred thousand square miles, inhabited by four millions of
people--a district larger than France. Three years ago, every Slave
State was virtually in the grasp of the rebels, and the Union was really
put upon the defensive to protect freedom in the Free States and the
national capital. Now, by a masterly series of campaigns in the West and
Southwest, ranging from the Alleghanies to the Gulf, in which we have
never lost a decisive battle, we have saved all the Territories of the
United States, cut the 'Confederacy' in two equal parts, holding the
western division at our mercy, opened the Mississippi and all its
tributaries, and crowded the rebellion into the five States nearest the
Atlantic coast. In the east we have fought a score of battles with the
most formidable army ever marshalled on this continent, composed of the
flower of the rebel soldiery led by their best generalship, and, spite
of frequent repulses, have forced it from the Potomac and below the
Rappahannock to the James, away from the smell of salt water, holding
firmly every seaport from Washington to Wilmington, North Carolina, and
a belt of land and water commanding the approach to the interior of
every Atlantic State. The military force of the rebellion is rapidly
being crowded into one army, not exceeding two hundred and fifty
thousand men, against which the mighty power of the Union can be
marshalled in overwhelming array. I know well enough that the decisive
moment will really come when we confront that desperate and veteran
host, on which the fate of aristocratic government upon this continent
depends. But we shall then have a great army of veterans, marshalled
under commanders fit to lead them in the name of liberty and the people.

It is not strange it has taken us three years to find who can fight
among us. The Germans fought fifty years against religious despotism
before they found Gustavus Adolphus to lead them to victory. The English
fought ten years before Cromwell took command of his Ironsides. The
French blundered ten years before the 'little corporal' led the army of
the republic over the Alps to dethrone half the monarchs of Europe. The
people had but one great general in the Revolutionary War. Until 1860
the aristocracy had furnished the only great American commander. But
great generals have now appeared among the people; and if we fight
stoutly and treat men fairly, our commander will appear when his army of
veterans is ready.

The aristocracy at first moved armies faster than the people, for the
same reason that the Tartars, the Cossacks, the Arabs, the Indians, and
all semi-barbarians move more rapidly in war than a civilized people. A
semi-barbarous oligarchy fights because it loves war; a civilized people
fights to _establish civilization and peace_. The Southern army carries
little along, lives on the food and wears the dress of the semi-savage,
and overruns vast spaces, leaving a smoking desolation and a ruined
society. The Northern army moves slowly, because it carries American
civilization in its knapsack and baggage wagons, organizes republican
society as it goes, and prepares to hold for liberty all it has gained.
The people's army has paved the way for liberty and a democratic order
of society over two hundred thousand square miles, among four millions
of people, in three years. New Orleans, Nashville, Memphis, Beaufort,
Alexandria, every slave city in our possession, is being made over into
a free city.

The army goes slow because it is only the people's pioneer to level the
mountains and fill up the valleys, and construct the highway of liberty
from the Potomac to the Rio Grande. The Secretary of State has well
said: '_The war means the dissolution of slave society._' It was entered
into with the distinct understanding that it was the last expedient to
save the negro oligarchy from ruin, and every day it goes on its
thundering course it more emphatically pronounces its doom. The war for
the Union is the people's final contest for liberty, a contest in which
they will be victorious, as in the strife of industry, morals, and
politics. The people, like John Brown's soul, are 'marching on' to
dissolve the slave oligarchy and establish democracy. The people now
possess three fourths the territory, population, and wealth of the
republic. There are yet some six million black and white people in the
South to rescue from their masters, who now use them against us. They
are being prepared for Union with us by this war. The poor white man
will be made better, more intelligent, more ambitious even, by service
in the rebel army, and on the return of peace will become the small
farmer of a free soil. The black men will be raised, in due time made
freemen, and start as a free peasantry on a new career. A hundred
thousand slaveholders, with their families, not more than one million of
people in all, will hate the Union permanently. They will be defeated,
we hope and believe, and disorganized as a social and political power,
and the people rule in every State they have cursed by their ambition
for the last fifty years.

We do not prophesy just when or how the people will triumph. The
victory, we believe, will come; but whether all at once, or through
temporary revulsions of purpose and alternate truce and war, whether
finished by arms or yet cast again into the arena of polities, whether
by occupying all this three millions of square miles of territory or
gaining on despotism year by year, nobody knows. The Slave Power has not
yet played its trump card. It has a hundred devilish resources yet to
foil us. It may yet try to use the negroes it still holds against us by
emancipation. It may yet drag us into a war with Europe, and Saratoga
and Lake Erie and Plattsburg, and Long Island and Trenton and Bunker
Hill, and Detroit and New Orleans may yet be fought over again. But we
have seen how, for the last forty years, the people of the United States
have strode on toward supremacy, led by a Power they did not always
recognize, and sometimes scorned, but led to victory spite of
themselves.

There has indeed been a Divine Intelligence guiding the destiny of our
republic by the 'higher law' of the progress of free society toward a
Christian democracy. We do not think the Peace Party will be able to
abolish that 'higher law,' as certain of our politicians expect. We
believe God Almighty is shaping a free and exalted civilized nation out
of this republic, by a law of progress which we did not make and cannot
repeal. We may postpone that nation by our folly and sins, but it must
be made. Through labor and education, and religion and arts, and
politics and war, 'it marches' on to supremacy--_the people's nation_.
And when it is established it will be the controlling nation of this
continent, one of the firmest powers on the earth, the terror of every
aristocracy, and the joy and hope of every people on the round globe.



THE UNDIVINE COMEDY-A POLISH DRAMA.

Dedicated to Mary


PART III.

     'Il fut administé, parceque le niais demandait un prètre, puis
     pende à la satisfaction generale,' etc, etc.--_Rapport du citoyen
     Gaillot, commissaire de la sixième chambre, an III., 5 prairial._

     'The sacraments were administered to him, because the fool demanded
     a priest; he was hung to the general satisfaction.'--_Report of
     citizen Gaillot, commissary of the sixth session, 3d year, 5th
     prairial._


A song! a new song!

Who will begin it? Who will end it?

Give me the Past, clad in steel, barbed with iron, floating in knightly
plumes! With magic power I would invoke before you gothic towers and
castellated turrets, bristling barbacans and mighty arches, baronial
halls and clustered shafts; I would throw around you the giant shadows
of vaulted domes and of revered cathedrals: but it may not be; all that
is with the Past: the Past is never to return!

       *       *       *       *       *

Speak, whosoever thou mayst be, and tell me in what thou believest! It
is easier to lose thy life than to invent a faith; to awaken any belief
in it!

Shame upon you all, great and small, for all things pursue their own
course in defiance of your schemes! You may be mean and wretched,
without hearts and without brains, yet the world hastens to its allotted
destiny; it hurries you on whether you will or no, throws you in the
dust, tosses you into wild confusion, or whirls you in resistless
circles, which cease not until they grow into dances of Death! But the
world rolls on--on; clouds and storms arise and vanish; then it grows
slippery--new couples join the dance of Death--they totter--fall--lost
in an abyss of blood--for it is slippery-blood-human blood is gushing
everywhere, as if the path to peace led through a charnel house!

       *       *       *       *       *

Behold the crowds of people thronging the gates of the cities, the
hills, the valleys, and resting beneath the shadows of the trees! Tents
are spread about, long boards are placed on the trunks of fallen trees
or on pikes and sticks to serve as tables; they are covered with meat
and drink, the full cups pass from hand to hand, and, as they touch the
eager mouth, threats, oaths, and curses press forth from the hot lips.
Faster and faster fly the cups from hand to hand, beaded, bubbling,
glittering, always filling, striking, tinkling, ringing, as they circle
among the millions: Hurrah! hurrah! Long live the cup of drunkenness and
joy!

       *       *       *       *       *

How fiercely they are agitated; how impatiently they wait! They murmur,
they break into riotous noise!

Poor wretches! scarcely covered with their miserable rags, the seal of
weary labors deeply stamped upon their sunburnt faces set with uncombed,
bristling hair, the sweat starting from their rugged brows, their strong
and horny hands armed with scythes, axes, hammers, hatchets, spades!

Look at that broad youth with the pickaxe; at the slight one with the
sword. Here is one who holds aloft a glittering pike; another who
brandishes a massive club with his brawny arm! There under the willows a
boy crams cherries into his mouth with the one hand, and with the other
punches the tree with a long, sharp awl. Women are also there, wives,
mothers, daughters, poor and hungry as the men, Not a single trace of
womanly beauty, of healthful freshness upon them; their hair is
disordered and sprinkled with the dust of the highways, their tawny
bodies scarcely covered with unsightly rags, their gloomy eyes seem
fading into their sockets, only half open as if gluing together in very
weariness: but they will soon be quickened, for the full cup flies from
lip to lip, they quaff long draughts: Hurrah! hurrah! Long live the cup
of drunkenness and joy!

       *       *       *       *       *

Hark! a noise and rustling among the masses! Is it joy, or is it grief?
Who can read the meaning of a thing so monstrously multiform!

A man arrives, mounts a table, harangues and sways the multitude. His
voice drags and grates upon the ear, but hacks itself into sharp, strong
words, clearly heard and easily understood; his gestures are slow and
light, accompanying his words as music, song. His brow is high and
strong, his head is entirely bald; thought has uprooted its last hair.
His skin is dull and tawny, the blood never tinges its dingy pallor, no
emotion ever paints its secrets there, yellow wrinkles form and cross
between the bones and muscles of his face, and a dark beard, like a
black wreath, encircles it from temple to temple. He fastens a steady
gaze upon his hearers, no doubt or hesitation ever clouds his clear,
cold eye. When he raises his arm and stretches it out toward the people,
they bow before him, as if to receive, prostrate, the blessing of a
_great intellect_, not that of a _great heart_! Down, down with the
great hearts! Away, away with old prejudices! Hurrah! hurrah! for the
words of consolation! Hurrah for the license to murder!

       *       *       *       *       *

This man is the idol of the people, their passion, the ruler of their
souls, the stimulator of their enthusiasm. He promises them bread and
money, and their cries rise like the rushing of a storm, widening and
deepening in every direction: 'Long live Pancratius! Hurrah! Bread and
money! Bread for us, our wives, our children! Hurrah! hurrah!'

       *       *       *       *       *

At the feet of the speaker, leaning against the table on which he
stands, rests his friend, companion, and disciple. His eye is dark and
oriental, shadowed by long and gloomy lashes, his arms hang down, his
limbs bend under him, his body is badly formed and distorted, his mouth
is sensual and voluptuous, his expression is sharp and malicious, his
fingers are laden with rings of gold--he joins the tumult, crying with a
rough, hoarse voice: 'Long live Pancratius!' The speaker looks at him
carelessly for a moment, and says: 'Citizen, Baptized, hand me a
handkerchief!'

       *       *       *       *       *

Meantime the uproar continues; the cries become more and more
tumultuous: 'Bread for us! Bread! bread! Long live Pancratius! Death to
the nobles! to the merchants! to the rich! Bread! bread! Bread and
blood! Hurrah! hurrah!'

       *       *       *       *       *

     A tabernacle. Lamps. An open book lies on a table. Baptized Jews.

THE BAPTIZED. My wretched brethren; my revenge-seeking, beloved
brethren! let us suck nourishment from the pages of the Talmud, as from
the breast of our mother; it is the breast of life from which strength
and honey flow for us, bitterness and poison for our enemies.

CHORUS OF BAPTIZED JEWS. Jehovah is our God, and ours alone; therefore
has He scattered us in every land!

Like the coiled folds of an enormous serpent, He has wreathed us
everywhere round and through the adorers of the cross; our lithe and
subtile rings pass round and through our foolish, proud, unclean
rulers.

Let us thrice spew them forth to destruction! Threefold curses light
upon them!

THE BAPTIZED. Rejoice, my brethren! the Cross of our Great Enemy is
already more than half hewn down; it is rotting to its fall; it is only
standing on a root of blood: if it once plunge into the abyss it will
never rise again. Hitherto the nobles have been its sole defence, but
they are ours! ours!

CHORUS OF BAPTIZED JEWS. Our work, our long, long work of centuries, our
sad, ardent, painful work is almost done!

Death to the nobles--let us thrice spew them forth to destruction!
Threefold curses light upon them!

THE BAPTIZED. The might of Israel shall be built upon a liberty without
law or order, upon a slaughter without end, upon the _pride_ of the
nobility, the _folly_ of the masses. The nobles are almost destroyed; we
must drive the few still left into the abyss of death, and scatter over
their livid corpses the ruins of the shattered cross in which they
trusted!

CHORUS OF BAPTIZED JEWS. The cross is now our holy symbol; the water of
baptism has reunited us with men; the scorning repose upon the love of
the scorned!

The freedom of men is our cry; the welfare of the people our aim; ha!
ha! the eons of Christ trust the sons of Caiaphas!

Centuries ago our fathers tortured our Great Enemy to death; we will
again torture him to death this very day--but He will never rise more
from the grave which we prepare for Him!

THE BAPTIZED. Yet a little space, a little time, a few drops of poison,
and the whole world will be our own, my brethren!

CHORUS OF BAPTIZED JEWS. Jehovah is the God of Israel, and of it alone.

Let us thrice spew forth the nations to destruction! Threefold curses
light upon them!

  Knocking is heard at the door.

THE BAPTIZED. Take up your work, brethren! And thou, Holy Book, away
from sight--no unclean look shall soil thy spotless leaves! Who is
there?

  Hides the Talmud.

VOICE (_without_). A friend. Open in the name of freedom.

THE BAPTIZED. Quick to your hammers and looms, my brethren!

  He opens the door.

  Enter Leonard.

LEONARD. Well done, citizens. You watch, I see, and whet your swords for
to-morrow.--(_Approaching one of the men:_) What are you making here in
this corner?

ONE OF THE BAPTIZED. Ropes.

LEONARD. You are right, citizen, for he who falls not by iron must hang!

THE BAPTIZED. Citizen Leonard, is the thing really to come off
to-morrow?

LEONARD. He who thinks, feels, and acts with the most force among us,
has sent me to you to appoint an interview. He will himself answer your
question.

THE BAPTIZED. I go to meet him. Brethren, remain at work. Look well to
them, citizen Yankel.

  Exit with Leonard.

CHORUS OF BAPTIZED JEWS. Ye ropes and daggers, ye clubs and bills, the
works of our hands, ye wilt go forth to destroy them!

The people will kill the nobles upon the plains, will hang them in the
forests, and then, having none to defend them, we will kill and hang the
people! The Despised will arise in their anger, will array themselves in
the might of Jehovah: His Word is Redemption and Love for His people
Israel, but scorn and fury for their enemies!

Let us thrice spew them forth to destruction: threefold curses fall upon
them!

       *       *       *       *       *

  A tent. A profusion of flasks, cups, and
  flagons. Pancratius alone.

PANCRATIUS. The mob howled in applause but a moment ago, shouted in loud
hurrahs at every word I uttered. But is there a single man among them
all who really understands my ideas, or who comprehends the end and aim
of that path upon which we have entered, or where the reforms will
terminate which have been so loudly inaugurated within the last hour?
'Ah! fervidum imitatorum pecus!'

  Enter Leonard and the Baptized Jew.

Do you know Count Henry?

THE BAPTIZED. I know him well by sight, great citizen, but I am not
personally acquainted with him. I remember once when I was approaching
the Lord's Supper, he cried to me, '_Out of the way!_' and looked down
upon me with the arrogant look peculiar to the nobles--for which I vowed
him a rope in my soul.

PANCRATIUS. Prepare to visit him early to-morrow morning, and announce
to him that it is my wish to confer with him alone.

THE BAPTIZED. How many men will you send with me on this embassy? I do
not think it would be safe to undertake it without a guard.

PANCRATIUS. You must go alone, my name will be sufficient guard, and the
gallows on which you hung the baron yesterday, your shield.

THE BAPTIZED. Woe is me!

PANCRATIUS. Tell him I will visit him to-morrow night.

THE BAPTIZED. And if he should put me in chains or order me to be hung?

PANCRATIUS. You would die a martyr for the freedom of the people!

THE BAPTIZED. I will sacrifice all for the freedom of the
people.--(_Aside_.) Woe is me!--(_Aloud._) Good night, citizen.

  Exit the Baptized.

LEONARD. Pancratius, why this delay, these half measures, these
contracts, this strange interview? When I swore to honor and obey you,
it was because I believed you to be a hero of extremes, an eagle flying
even in the face of the sun directly to its aim; a brave man ready to
venture all upon the cast of a die.

PANCRATIUS. Silence, child!

LEONARD. Everything is ready; the baptized Jews have forged arms and
woven ropes; the masses clamor for immediate orders. Speak but the word
now, and the electric sparks will fly, the millions flash into forked
lightnings, kindle into flame, and consume our enemies!

PANCRATIUS. You are young, and the blood mounts rapidly into your brain;
but will the hour of combat find you more resolute than myself?

LEONARD. Think well what you are doing. The nobles, weak and exhausted,
have fled for refuge to the famous fortress of the Holy Trinity,[1] and
await our arrival, as men wait the knife of the guillotine.

[Footnote 1: A renowned fort in Polish history. It stood on the old
battlefield between Turkey and Poland, between Europe and Asia.]

Forward, citizen, attack them without delay, and it is over with them
forever!

PANCRATIUS. It can make no difference; they have lost the old energy of
their caste in luxury and idleness. To-morrow or the next day they must
fall, what matter which?

LEONARD. What and whom do you fear, and why do you delay?

PANCRATIUS. I fear nothing. I act but in accordance with my own will.

LEONARD. And am I to trust it blindly?

PANCRATIUS. Yes. Blindly.

LEONARD. You may betray us, citizen!

PANCRATIUS. Betrayal rings forever from your lips like the refrain of an
old song.

But hush! not so loud--if any one should hear us ...

LEONARD. There are no spies here; and what if some one should hear us?

PANCRATIUS. Nothing; only five balls in your heart for having ventured
to raise your voice a tone too high in my presence. (_Approaching close
to him_.) Leonard, trust me, and be tranquil!

LEONARD. I confess I have been too hasty, but I fear no punishment. If
my death could help the cause of the down-trodden masses, I would
cheerfully die.

PANCRATIUS. You are full of life, hope, faith. Happiest of men, I will
not rob you of the bliss of existence.

LEONARD. What do you say, citizen?

PANCRATIUS. Think more; speak less; the time will come when you will
fully understand me!

Have you collected the provisions for the carousal of the millions?

LEONARD. They have all been sent to the arsenal under guard.

PANCRATIUS. Has the contribution from the shoemakers been received?

LEONARD. It has. Every one gave with the greatest eagerness; it amounts
to a hundred thousand.

PANCRATIUS. They must all be invited to a general festival to-morrow.

Have you heard nothing of Count Henry?

LEONARD. I despise the nobles too deeply to credit what I hear of him.
The dying race have no energy left; it is impossible they should dare or
venture aught.

PANCRATIUS. And yet it is true that he is collecting and training his
serfs and peasants, and, confiding in their devotion and attachment to
himself, intends leading them to the relief of the fortress of the Holy
Trinity.

LEONARD. Who can oppose us? _The ideas of our century stand incorporated
in us!_

PANCRATIUS. I am determined to see Count Henry, to gaze into his eyes,
to read the very depths of his brave spirit, to win him over to the
glorious cause of the people.

LEONARD. An aristocrat, body and soul!

PANCRATIUS. True: but also a Poet!

Good night, Leonard, I would be alone.

LEONARD. Have you forgiven me, citizen?

PANCRATIUS. Sleep in peace: if I had not forgiven you, you would ere
this have slept the eternal sleep.

LEONARD. And will nothing take place to-morrow?

PANCRATIUS. Good night, and pleasant dreams!

  Leonard is retiring.

Ho, Leonard!

LEONARD. Citizen general?


PANCRATIUS. You will accompany me day after morrow on my visit to Count
Henry.

LEONARD. I will obey.

  Exit Leonard.

PANCRATIUS. How is it that this man, Count Henry, still dares to resist
and defy _me_, the ruler of millions? His forces will bear no comparison
with mine; indeed he stands almost alone, although it is true that some
hundred or two of peasants, confiding blindly in his word and clinging
to him as the dog clings to his master, still cluster round him--but
that is all folly, and can amount to nothing. Why, then, do I long to
see him, long to win him to our side? Has my spirit for the first time
encountered its equal? Can it progress no farther in the path in which
he stands to oppose me? His resistance is the last obstacle to be
overcome--he must be overthrown--and then? ... and then! ...

O my cunning intellect! Canst thou not deceive _thyself_ as thou hast
deceived others?...

Shame! thou shouldst know thine own might! Thou art _thought_, the
intelligence and reason of the people--the ruler of the masses--thou
controllest the millions, so that their will and giant force is _one_
with _thine_--all authority and government are incarnated and
concentrated in thee alone--all that would be crime in others is in thee
fame and glory--thou hast given name and place to unknown and obscure
men--thou hast given faith and eloquence to beings who had been almost
robbed of moral sentiment--thou hast created a new world in thine own
image, and _art thyself its god_! and yet ... and yet ... thou art
wandering in unknown wastes, and fearest to be lost thyself--to go
astray!

Thou knowest not thyself, nor of what thou art capable; thou rulest
others, yet doubt'st thyself--thou knowest not what thou art--whither
thou goest--nor whence thou earnest! No ... no.... Thou art sublime!

  Sinks upon a chair in silent thought.

       *       *       *       *       *

     A forest, with a cleared hill in its midst, upon which stands a
     gallows; huts, tents, watchfires, barrels, tables, and crowds of
     men. The Man disguised in a dark cloak and red liberty cap, and
     holding the Baptized Jew by the hand.

THE MAN. Remember!

THE BAPTIZED (_in a whisper_). Upon my honor, I will lead your
excellency aright, I will not betray you.

THE MAN. Give but one suspicious wink, raise but a finger, and my bullet
finds its way to your heart! You may readily imagine that I attach no
great value to your life when I thus lightly risk my own.

THE BAPTIZED. Oh woe! You press my hand like a vice of steel. What is it
you wish me to do?

THE MAN. Appear to the crowd as if I were an acquaintance--treat me as a
newly arrived friend.

What kind of a dance is that?

THE BAPTIZED. The dance of a free people.

     Men and woman dance, leap, and sing round the gallows.

THEIR CHORUS. Bread! meat! work! wood in winter, rest in summer! Hurrah!
hurrah!

God had no compassion upon us: Hurrah! hurrah!

Kings had no compassion upon us: Hurrah! hurrah!

The nobles had no compassion upon us: Hurrah! hurrah!

We renounce God, kings, and nobles: Hurrah! hurrah! hurrah!

THE MAN (_to a maiden_). I am glad to see you look so gay, so blooming.

THE MAIDEN. I am sure we have waited quite long enough for such a day as
this! I have washed dishes and cleaned knives and forks all my life,
without ever having heard a kind word spoken to me: it is high time I
too should begin to eat, to dance, to make merry. Hurrah! hurrah!

THE MAN. Dance, citizeness!

THE BAPTIZED. For God's sake, be cautious, count! You may be recognized;
let us go!

THE MAN. If any one should recognize me, you are lost. We will mingle
with the throng.

THE BAPTIZED. A crowd of servants are sitting under the shade of this
oak.

THE MAN. Let us approach them.

FIRST SERVANT. I have just killed my first master.

SECOND SERVANT. And I am on the search for my baron. Your health,
citizens!

VALET DE CHAMBRE. In the sweat of our brows, in the depths of
humiliation, licking the dust from the boots of our masters, and
prostrate before them, we have yet always felt our rights as men: let us
drink the health of our present society!

CHORUS OF SERVANTS. Here's to the health of our citizen President! one
of ourselves, he will lead us to glory!

VALET DE CHAMBRE. Thanks, citizens, thanks!

CHORUS OF SERVANTS. Out of dark kitchens, dressing rooms, and
antechambers, our prisons of old, we rush together into freedom: Hurrah!

We know the ridiculous follies, peevishness, and perversity of our
masters; we have been behind the shows and shams of glittering halls:
Hurrah!

THE MAN. Whose voices are those I hear so harsh and wild from that
little mound on our left?

THE BAPTIZED. The butchers are singing a chorus.

CHORUS OF THE BUTCHERS. The cleaver and axe are our weapons; our life is
in the slaughter house; we know the hue of blood, and care not if we
kill _cattle_ or _nobles_!

Children of blood and strength, we look with indifference upon the pale
and weak; he who needs us, has us; we slaughter beeves for the nobles;
the nobles for the people!

The cleaver and axe are our arms; our life is in the slaughter house:
Hurrah for the slaughter house! the slaughter house! the slaughter
house! the slaughter house!

THE MAN. Come! I like the next group better; honor and philosophy are at
least named in it. Good evening, madame!

THE BAPTIZED. It would be better if your excellency should say,
'citizeness,' or 'woman of freedom.'

WOMAN. What do you mean by the title, 'madame?' From whence did it come?
Fie! fie! you smell of mould!

THE MAN. Pardon my mistake!

WOMAN. I am as free as you, I am a free woman; I give my love freely to
the community, because they have acknowledged my right to lavish it
where I will!

THE MAN. And have the community given you for it these jewelled rings,
these chains of violet amethysts?... O thrice beneficent community!

THE WOMAN. No, the community did not give them to me; but at my
emancipation I took these things secretly from the casket of my husband,
for he was my enemy, the enemy of freedom, and had long held me
enslaved!

THE MAN. Citizeness, I wish you a most agreeable promenade!

     They pass on.

Who is this marvellous-looking warrior leaning upon a two-edged sword,
with a death's head upon his cap, another upon his badge, and a third
upon his breast? Is he not the famous Bianchetti, a condottiere employed
by the people, as the condottieri once were by the kings and nobles?

THE BAPTIZED. Yes, it is Bianchetti; he has been with us for the last
eight or ten days.

THE MAN (_to Bianchetti_). What is General Bianchetti considering with
so much attention?

BIANCHETTI. Look through this opening in the woods, citizen, and you
will see a castle upon a hill: with my glass I can see the walls,
ramparts, bastions, etc.

THE MAN. It will be hard to take, will it not?

BIANCHETTI. Kings and devils! it can be surrounded by subterranean
passages, undermined, and....

THE BAPTIZED (_winking at Bianchetti_). Citizen general....

THE MAN (_in a whisper to the Baptized_). Look under my cloak how the
cock of my pistol is raised!

THE BAPTIZED (_aside_). Oh woe!--(_Aloud._) How do you mean to conduct
the siege, citizen general?

BIANCHETTI. Although you are my brother in freedom, you are not my
confidant in strategy. After the capitulation of the castle, my plans
will be made public.

THE MAN (_to the Baptized_). Take my advice, Jew, and strike him dead,
for such is the beginning of all aristocracies.

A WEAVER. Curses! curses! curses!

THE MAN. Poor fellow! what are you doing under this tree, and why do you
look so pale and wild?

THE WEAVER. Curses upon the merchants and manufacturers! All the best
years of my life, years in which other men love maidens, meet in wide
plains, or sail upon vast seas, with free air and open space around
them, I have spent in a narrow, dark, gloomy room, chained like a galley
slave to a silk loom!

THE MAN. Take some food! Empty the full cup which you hold in your hand!

WEAVER. I have not strength enough left to carry it to my lips! I am so
tired; I could scarcely crawl up here--it is the day of freedom! but a
day of freedom is not for me--it comes too late, too late!--(_He falls,
and gasps out_:) Curses upon the manufacturers who make silks! upon the
merchants, who buy them! upon the nobles, who wear them! Curses! curses!
curses!

     He writhes on the ground and dies.

THE BAPTIZED. What a ghastly corpse!

THE MAN. Baptized Jew, citizen, poltroon of freedom, look upon this
lifeless head, shining in the blood-red rays of the setting sun! Where
are now your words and promises; the equality, perfectibility, and
universal happiness of the human race?

THE BAPTIZED (_aside_). May you soon fall into a like ruin, and the dogs
tear the flesh from your rotting corpse!--(_Aloud._) I beg that your
excellency will now permit me to return, that I may give an account of
my embassy!

THE MAN. You may say that, believing you to be a spy, I forcibly
detained you.--(_Looking around him._) The tumult and noise of the
carousal is dying away behind us; before us there is nothing to be seen
but fir and pine trees bathed in the crimson rays of sunset.

THE BAPTIZED. Clouds are gathering thick and fast over the tops of the
trees: had you not better return to your people, Count Henry, who have
been waiting so long for you in the vault of St. Ignatius?

THE MAN. Thank you for your exceeding care of me, Sir Jew! But back! I
will return and take another look at the festival of the citizens.

VOICES (_under the trees_). The children of Ham bid good night to thee,
old Sun!

VOICE (_on the right_). Here's to thy health, old enemy! Thou hast long
driven us on to unpaid work, and awaked us early to unheeded pain! Ha!
ha! When thou risest upon us to-morrow, thou wilt find us with fish and
flesh: now off to the devil, empty glass!

THE BAPTIZED. The bands of peasants are coming this way.

THE MAN. You shall not leave me. Place yourself behind this tree trunk,
and be silent!

CHORUS OF PEASANTS. Forward, forward, under the white tents to meet our
brethren! Forward, forward, under the green shade of the beeches, to
rest, to sleep, to pleasant sunset greetings!

Our maidens there await us; there await us our slaughtered oxen, the
old teams of our ploughs!

A VOICE. I am pulling and dragging him on with all my strength--now he
turns and defends himself--down! down among the dead!

VOICE OF THE DYING NOBLE. My children, pity! pity!

SECOND VOICE. Chain me to your land and make me work without pay
again--will you!

THIRD VOICE. My only son fell under the blows of your lash, old lord;
either wake him from the dead, or die to join him!

FOURTH VOICE. The children of Ham drink thy health, old lord! they beg
thee for forgiveness, lord!

CHORUS OF PEASANTS (_passing on out of sight_). A vampire sucked our
blood, and lived upon our strength:

We have caught the vampire, he shall escape no more!

By Satan, thou shalt hang as high as a great lord should!

By Satan, thou shalt die high, high above us all!

Death to the nobles; tyrants were they all!

Drink, food, and rest for us; poor, weary, hungry, thirsty, naked!

Your bodies shall lie like sheaves upon our fields; the ruins of your
castles fly like chaff beneath the flail of the thresher!

VOICE. The children of Ham will dance merrily round their bonfires!

THE MAN. I cannot see the face of the murdered noble, they throng so
thickly round him.

THE BAPTIZED. It is in all probability a friend or relation of your
excellency!

THE MAN. I despise him, and hate you!

Poetry will sweeten all this horror hereafter. Forward, Jew, forward!

     They disappear among the trees.

       *       *       *       *       *

     Another part of the forest. A mound upon which watchfires are
     burning. A procession of people bearing torches.

THE MAN (_appearing among them with the Baptized_). These drooping
branches have torn my liberty cap into tatters.

Ha! what hell of flame is this throwing its crimson light into the
gloom, and leaping through these heavily fringed walls of the forest?

THE BAPTIZED. We have wandered from our way while seeking the pass of
St. Ignatius. We must retrace our steps immediately, for this is the
spot in which Leonard celebrates the solemnities of the New Faith!

THE MAN. Forward, in the name of God! I must see these solemnities. Fear
nothing, Jew, no one will recognize us.

THE BAPTIZED. Be prudent; our lives hang on a breath!

THE MAN. What enormous ruins are these scattered around us! This
ponderous pile must have lasted centuries before it fell!

Pillars, pedestals, capitals, fallen arches--ha! I am treading upon the
broken remnants of an escutcheon. Bas-reliefs of exquisite sculpture are
scattered about upon the earth! Heavens! that is the sweet face of the
Virgin Mother shining through the heart of the darkness! The light
flickers, I can see it no more. Here are the slight-fluted shafts of a
shrine, panes of colored glass with cherub heads, a carved railing of
bronze, and now, in the light of yonder torch, I see the half of a
monumental figure of a reclining knight in armor thrown upon the burnt
and withered grass: Where am I, Jew?

THE BAPTIZED. You are passing through the graveyard of the last church
of the Old Faith; our people labored forty days and forty nights without
intermission to destroy it; it seemed built for eternal ages.

THE MAN. Your songs and hymns, ye new men, grate harshly on my ears!

Dark forms are moving forward in every direction, from before us, behind
us, and from either side; lights and shadows, driven to and fro by the
wind, float like living spirits through the throng.

A PASSER-BY. I greet you, citizens, in the name of freedom!

SECOND PASSER-BY. I greet you in the name of the slaughter of the
nobles!

THIRD PASSER-BY. The priests chant the praise of freedom; why do you not
hasten forward?

THE BAPTIZED. We cannot resist the pressure of the throng; they drive us
on from every side.

THE MAN. Who is this young man standing in front of us, mounted upon the
ruins of the shrine? Three flames burn beneath him, his face shines from
the midst of fire and smoke, his voice rings like the shriek of a
maniac; and his gestures are rapid and eager?

THE BAPTIZED. That is Leonard, the inspired and enthusiastic prophet of
freedom. Our priests, our philosophers, our poets, our artists, with
their daughters and loved ones, are standing round him.

THE MAN. Ha, I understand; your aristocracy! Point out to me the man who
sent you to seek an interview with me.

THE BAPTIZED. He is not here.

LEONARD. Fly to my arms; cling to my lips; come to me, my beautiful
bride! Independent, free, stripped of the veils of hypocrisy, full of
love, untrammelled from the chilling fetters of prejudice, come to me,
thou chosen one of the lovely daughters of freedom!

VOICE OF A MAIDEN. I fly to thee, beloved one!

SECOND MAIDEN. Look upon me! I stretch forth my arms to thee, but have
sunk fainting among the ruins; I cannot rise, and have only strength
left to turn to thee, beloved!

THIRD MAIDEN. I have outstripped them all; through cinders and ashes,
flame and smoke, I fly to thee, beloved!

THE MAN. With long, dishevelled hair far floating on the wind, with
snowy bosom panting with wild excitement, she clambers up the smoking
ruins to his arms!

THE BAPTIZED. Thus is it every night.

LEONARD. To me! to me! my bliss, my rapture! Lovely daughter of freedom,
thou tremblest with delicious, god-like madness!

Inspiration, flood my soul! Listen to me, all ye people, for now will I
prophesy unto you!

THE MAN. Her head sinks on his bosom; she faints in his arms.

LEONARD. Look upon us, ye people! we offer you an image of the human
race, freed from trammels, and risen into new life from the death of
forms. We stand upon the ruins of old dogmas, of old gods; yea, glory
unto us, for we have torn the old gods limb from limb!

They have rotted into dust; our spirits have conquered theirs; their
very souls have fallen into the abyss of nothingness!

CHORUS OF WOMEN. Happy among women is the bride of the prophet: we stand
below and envy her glory!

LEONARD. I announce to you a new world; to a new god I have given the
heavens; to the god of freedom and of bliss, the god of the people;
every offering of their vengeance, the piled corpses of their
oppressors, be his fitting altar! The old tears and agonies of humanity
will be forever swept away in an ocean of blood!

We now inaugurate the perpetual happiness of men; freedom and equality
belong of right to all!

Damnation and the gallows to him who would reorganize the Past; to him
who would conspire against the common fraternity!

CHORUS OF MEN. The towers of superstition, of tyranny, of pride, have
fallen, have fallen! To him who would save one stone from the old
buildings--damnation and death!

THE BAPTIZED (_aside_). Ye blasphemers of Jehovah, I thrice spew you
forth to destruction!

THE MAN. Keep but thy promise, Eagle, and I will build on this very spot
and upon their bowed necks a new temple to the Son of God, the Merciful!

A CONFUSED CRY FROM MINGLING VOICES. Freedom! Equality! Bliss! Hurrah!
hurrah!

CHORUS OF THE NEW PRIESTS. Where are the lords, where are the kings, who
lately walked the earth with crown and sceptre, ruled with pride and
scorn?

FIRST MURDERER. I killed King Alexander.

SECOND MURDERER. I stabbed King Henry.

THIRD MURDERER. I murdered King Immanuel!

LEONARD. Go on without fear; murder without a sting of conscience!

Remember that you are the Elect of the Elect; the Holy among the Holy;
the brave heroes and blessed martyrs of equality and freedom!

CHORUS OF MURDERERS. We go in the darkness of night; we move in the
gloom of the shadow! With the dagger firmly clutched in our unsparing
hands, we go, we go!

LEONARD (_to the Maiden_). Arouse thee, my beautiful and free!

     A loud clap of thunder is heard.

Reply to the living god of thunder: raise high the hymn of strength!
Follow me all, all! Let us once more trample under our feet the ruined
temple of the dead God!

THE MAIDEN. I glow with love to thee and to thy god! I will share my
love with the whole world: I glow! I glow!

THE MAN. Some one blocks the way; he falls upon his knees, raises his
joined hands, struggles, sighs, sobs....

THE BAPTIZED. He is the son of a famous philosopher.

LEONARD. What do you demand, Herman?

HERMAN. High priest, give me the Sacrament of Murder!

LEONARD (_to the Priests_). Give me the oil, the dagger, and the
poison!--(To Herman.) With the sacred oil once used to anoint kings, I
now anoint thee to their destruction!

The arm once used by knights and nobles, I give thee now for their
destruction!

I hang upon thy breast this flask of poison, that where the sword cannot
reach, it may gnaw, corrode, and burn the bowels of the tyrants!

Go, and destroy the old race in all parts of the world!

THE MAN. He is gone! I see him, at the head of a band of assassins,
crossing the crest of the nearest hill.

THE BAPTIZED. They turn, they approach us, we must move out of their
way!

THE MAN. No. I will dream this dream to its end!

THE BAPTIZED (_aside_). I thrice spew thee forth to destruction!--(_To
the Man_). Leonard might recognize me, your excellency. Do you not see
the knife glittering upon his breast?

THE MAN. Wrap yourself up in my cloak. What ladies are those dancing
before him you call Leonard?

THE BAPTIZED. Princesses and countesses who have forsaken their
husbands.

THE MAN. Once my angels!!

The people now surround him on every side, I can see him no longer, I
only know by the retreating music that he is going farther from us.
Follow me, Jew, we can see him better up here!

     He clambers up the parapet of a wall.

THE BAPTIZED. Woe! woe! We will certainly be discovered.

THE MAN. There, now I can see him again! Ha! other women are with him
now, pale, confused, trembling, following him convulsively; the son of
the philosopher foams and brandishes his dagger; they are stopping by
the ruins of the North Tower.

They remain standing for a moment, they climb upon the ruins, they tear
them down, they pull the shrine apart, they throw coals upon the
prostrate altars, the votive wreaths, the holy pictures; the fire
kindles, columns of smoke darken all before me: Woe to the destroyers!
Woe!

LEONARD. Woe to the men who still bow down before the dead God!

THE MAN. Dark masses of the people turn and drive upon us.

THE BAPTIZED. O Father Abraham!

THE MAN. Old Eagle of glory, is it not true that my hour is not yet
come?

THE BAPTIZED. We are lost!

LEONARD (_stopping immediately in front of Count Henry_). Who are you
with that haughty face, citizen, and why do you not join in the
solemnities?

THE MAN. I hastened here when I heard of the revolution; I am a murderer
of the Spanish league, and have only arrived to-day.

LEONARD. Who is that man hiding himself in the folds of your mantle?

THE MAN. He is my younger brother. He has taken an oath to show his face
to no one, until he has at least killed a baron.

LEONARD. Of whose murder can you yourself boast?

THE MAN. My elder brothers consecrated me only two days before my
departure, and....

LEONARD. Whom do you think of killing?

THE MAN. You in the first place, if you should prove false to us!


LEONARD. For this use, brother, take my dagger!

     Hands it to him.

THE MAN. For such use my own will suffice me, brother!

MANY VOICES. Long live Leonard! Long live the Spanish murderer!

LEONARD. Meet me to-morrow in the tent of Pancratius, our citizen
general.

CHORUS OF PRIESTS. We greet thee, stranger, in the name of the Spirit of
Liberty: we intrust to thy hand a share of our emancipation!

To men who combat without cessation, who kill without pity or weakness,
who work for freedom by day, and dream of it by night, will be at last
the victory!

     They pass on out of sight.

CHORUS OF PHILOSOPHERS. We have wakened the human race, and torn them
away from the days of childhood! We have found truth, and brought it to
light from the womb of darkness! Combat, murder, and die for it,
brethren!

THE SON OF THE PHILOSOPHER (_to the Man_). Brother and friend, I drink
your health out of the skull of an old saint! May we soon meet again!

A MAIDEN (_dancing_). Kill Prince John for me!

SECOND MAIDEN. Count Henry for me!

CHILDREN. Bring us back the head of a noble for a ball.

OTHER VOICES. Good fortune guide your daggers home!

CHORUS OF ARTISTS. On these sublime old ruins we build no temples more;
we paint no pictures, mould no statues for forgotten shrines; our arches
shall be formed of pointed pikes and naked blades; our pillars built of
ghastly piles of human skulls; the capitals of human hair dyed in
gushing streams of crimson blood; our altar shall be white as snow, our
god will rest upon it, the cap of liberty: Hurrah! hurrah!

OTHER VOICES. On! on! the morning dawn already breaks!

THE BAPTIZED. They will soon catch and hang us; we are but one step from
the gallows.

THE MAN. Fear nothing, Jew, they follow Leonard, and observe us no
longer. I see with my own eyes, I understand with my own mind, and for
the last time before it engulfs me, the chaos now generating in the
abyss of Time, in the womb of Darkness, for my own destruction, for the
annihilation of my brethren!

Driven on by madness, stung by despair, my thoughts awake in all their
strength....

O God! give me again the power which Thou didst not of old deny me, and
I will condense this new and fearful world, which does not understand
itself, into _one_ burning word, but which one word will be the Poetry
of the entire Past!

VOICE IN THE AIR. Poet, thou chant'st a drama!

THE MAN. Thanks for thy good counsel!

Revenge for the desecrated ashes of my fathers--malediction upon the new
races! their whirlpool is around me, but it shall not draw me into the
giddying and increasing circles of its abyss! Keep but thy promise,
Eagle; Eagle of glory!

Jew, I am ready now for the vault of St. Ignatius!

THE BAPTIZED. The day dawns; I can go no farther.

THE MAN. Lead me on until we strike the right path; I will then release
you!

THE BAPTIZED. Why do you drag me on through mist, through thorns and
briers, through ashes and embers, over heaps of ruins? Let me go, I
entreat!

THE MAN. Forward! forward! and descend with me!

The last songs of the people are dying away behind us; a few torches
here and there just glimmer through the gloom!

Ha! under those hoary trees drooping with the night dew, and through
this curdling, whitening vapor, see you not the giant shadow of the dead
Past? Hark! hear you not that wailing chant?

THE BAPTIZED. Everything is shrouded in the thickening mist; at every
step we descend, deeper, deeper!

CHORUS OF WOOD SPIRITS. Let us weep for Christ, the persecuted, martyred
Jesus!

Where is our God; where is His church?

THE MAN. Unsheathe the sword--to arms! to arms!

I will restore Him to you; upon thousands and thousands of crosses will
I crucify His enemies!

CHORUS OF SPIRITS. We kept guard by day and night around the altar and
the holy graves; upon untiring wings we bore the matin chime and vesper
bell to the ear of the believer; our voices floated on the organ's peal!
In the glitter of the stained and rainbow panes, the shadows of the
vaulted domes, the light of the holy chalice, the blessed consecration
of the Body of our Lord--was our whole life centred!

Woe! woe! what will become of us?

THE MAN. It is growing lighter; their dim forms fade and melt into the
red of morn!

THE BAPTIZED. Here lies your way: this is the entrance to the Pass.

THE MAN. Hail! Christ Jesus and my sword! (_He tears off the liberty
cap, throws it upon the ground, and casts pieces of silver upon it.)_
Take together the Thing and the Image for a remembrance!


THE BAPTIZED. You pledge your word to me for the honorable treatment of
him who will visit you at midnight?

THE MAN. An old noble never repeats or breaks a promise!

Hail! Christ Jesus and our swords!

VOICES (_from the depths of the Pass_). Mary and our swords! Long live
our lord, Count Henry!

THE MAN. My faithful followers, to me--to me!

Aid me, Mary, and Christ Jesus!

       *       *       *       *       *

     Night. Trees and shrubbery. Pancratius, Leonard, and attendants.

PANCRATIUS (_to his attendants_). Lie upon this spot with your faces to
the turf, remain perfectly still, kindle no fires, beat no signals, and,
unless you hear the report of firearms, stir not until the dawn of day!

LEONARD. I once more conjure you, citizen!

PANCRATIUS. Lean against this tall pine, Leonard, and pass the night in
reflection.

LEONARD. I pray you, Pancratius, take me with you! Remember, you are
about to intrust yourself alone with an aristocrat, a betrayer, an
oppressor....

PANCRATIUS (_interrupting him, and impatiently gesturing to him to
remain behind_). The old nobles seldom broke a plighted promise!

       *       *       *       *       *

     A vast feudal hall in the castle of Count Henry. Pictures of
     knights and ladies hang upon the walls. A pillar is seen in the
     background bearing the arms and escutcheons of the family. The
     Count is seated at a marble table upon which are placed an antique
     lamp of wrought silver, a jewel-hilted sword, a pair of pistols, an
     hourglass, and clock. Another table stands on the opposite side,
     with silver pitchers, decanters, and massive goblets.

THE MAN. At the same hour, surrounded by appalling perils, agitated by
foreboding thoughts, the last Brutus met his Evil Genius.

I await a like apparition. A man without a name, without ancestors,
without a faith or guardian angel; a man who is destroying the Past, and
who will, in all probability, establish a new era, though himself sprung
from the very dust, if I cannot succeed in casting him back into his
original nothingness--is now to appear before me!

Spirit of my forefathers! inspire me with that haughty energy which once
rendered you the rulers of the world! Give me the lion heart which erst
throbbed in your dauntless breasts! Give me your peerless dignity, your
noble and chivalric courtesy!

Rekindle in my wavering soul your blind, undoubting, earnest faith in
Christ and in His church: at once the source of your noblest deeds on
earth, your brightest hopes in heaven! Oh, let it open for me, as it was
wont to do for you; and I will struggle with fire and sword against its
enemies! Hear me, the son of countless generations, the sole heir of
your thoughts, your courage, your virtues, and your faults!

     The castle bell sounds twelve.

It is the appointed hour: I am prepared!

     An old and faithful servant, Jacob, enters, fully armed.

JACOB. My lord, the person whom your excellency expects is in the
castle.

THE MAN. Admit him here.

     Exit Jacob.

     He reappears, announcing Pancratius, and again retires.

PANCRATIUS. Count Henry, I salute you! The word 'count' sounds strangely
on my lips.

     He seats himself, throws off his cloak and liberty cap, and fastens
     his eyes on the pillar on which hang the arms and shield.

THE MAN. Thanks, guest, that you have confided in the honor of my house!
Faithful to our ancient forms, I pledge you in a glass of wine. Your
good health, guest!

     He takes a goblet, fills, tastes, and hands it to Pancratius.

PANCRATIUS. If I am not mistaken, this red and blue shield was called a
coat of arms in the language of the Dead; but such trifles have vanished
from the face of the earth.

     He drinks.

THE MAN. Vanished? With the aid of God, you will soon look upon them by
thousands!

PANCRATIUS. Commend me to the old noble! always confident in himself,
though without money, arms, or soldiers; proud, obstinate, and hoping
against all hope; like the corpse in the fable, threatening the driver
of the hearse at the very door of the charnel house, and confiding in
God, or at least pretending to confide in Him, when confidence in
himself is no longer even possible!

Pray, Count Henry, give me but one little glimpse of the lightning which
is to be sent from heaven, for your especial benefit, to blast me and my
millions; or show me at least one angel of the thousands of the heavenly
hosts, who are to encamp on your side, and whose prowess is so speedily
to decide the combat in your favor!

     He empties the goblet.

THE MAN. You are pleased to jest, leader of the people; but atheism is
quite an old formula, and I looked for something _new_ from the _new
men_!

PANCRATIUS. Laugh, if you will, at your own wit, but my faith is wider,
deeper, and more firmly based than your own. Its central dogma is the
emancipation of humanity. It has its source in the cries of despair
which rise unceasingly to heaven from the hearts of tortured millions,
in the famine of the operatives, the grinding poverty of the peasants,
the desecration of their wives and daughters, the degradation of the
race through unjust laws and debasing and brutal prejudices--from all
this agony spring my new formulas, the creed which I am determined to
establish: _'Man has a birthright of happiness_.' These thoughts are my
god, a god which will give bread, rest, bliss, glory to man!

     He fills, drinks, and casts and goblet from him.

THE MAN. I place my trust in that God who gave power and rule, into the
hands of my forefathers!

PANCRATIUS. You trust Him still, and yet through your whole life you
have been but a plaything in the hands of the Devil!

But let us leave such discussions to the theologians, if any such still
linger upon earth:--to business, Count Henry, to stern facts!

THE MAN. What do you seek from me, redeemer of the people, citizen-god?

PANCRATIUS. I sought you, in the first place, because I wished to know
you; in the second, because I desire to save you.

THE MAN. For the first, receive my thanks; for the second, trust my
sword!

PANCRATIUS. Your God! your sword! vain phantoms of the brain! Look at
the dread realities of your situation! The curses of the millions are
upon you; myriads of brawny arms are already raised to hurl you to
destruction! Of all the vaunted Past nothing remains to you save a few
feet of earth, scarcely enough to offer you a grave. Even your last
fortress, the castle of the Holy Trinity, can hold out but a few days
longer. Where is your artillery? Where are the arms and provisions for
your soldiers? Where are your soldiers? and what dependence can you
place on the few you still retain? You must surely know there is
nothing left you on which to hang a single hope!

If I were in your place, Count Henry, I know what I would do!

THE MAN. Speak! you see how patiently I listen!

PANCRATIUS. Were I Count Henry, I would say to Pancratius: 'I will
dismiss my troops, my few retainers; I will not go to the relief of the
Holy Trinity--and for this I will retain my title and my estates; and
you, Pancratius, will pledge your own honor to guarantee me the
possession of the things I require.'

How old are you, Count Henry?

THE MAN. I am thirty-six years old, citizen.

PANCRATIUS. Then you have but about fifteen years of life to expect, for
men of your temperament die young; your son is nearer to the grave than
to maturity. A single exception, such as yours, can do no harm to the
great whole. Remain, then, where you are, the last of the counts. Rule,
as long as you shall live, in the house of your fathers; have your
family portraits retouched, your armorial bearings renewed, and think no
more of the wretched remnant of your fallen order. Let the justice of
the long-injured people be fulfilled upon them! (_He fills for himself
another cup._) Your good health, Henry, the last of the counts!

THE MAN. Every word you utter is a new insult to me! Do you really
believe that, to save a dishonored life, I would suffer myself to be
enslaved and dragged about, chained to your car of triumph?

Cease! cease! I can endure no longer! I cannot answer as my spirit
dictates, for you are my guest, sheltered from all insult while under my
roof by my plighted honor!

PANCRATIUS. Plighted honor and knightly faith have, ere this, swung from
a gallows! You unfurl a tattered banner whose faded rags seem strangely
out of place among the brilliant flags and joyous symbols of universal
humanitarian progress. Oh, I know you, and protest against your course!
Full of life and generous vigor, you bind to your heart a putrefying
corpse! You court your own destruction, clinging to a vain belief in
privileged orders, in worn-out relics, in the bones of dead men, in
mouldering escutcheons and forgotten coats of arms--and yet in your
inmost heart you are forced to acknowledge that your brother nobles have
deserved their punishment, that forgetfulness were mercy for them!

THE MAN. You, Pancratius, and your followers, what do you deserve?


PANCRATIUS. Victory and life! I acknowledge but one right, I bow to but
one law, the law of perpetual progress, and this law is your death
warrant. It cries to you through my lips: 'Worm-eaten, mouldering
aristocracy! full of rottenness, crammed with meat and wine, satiated
with luxury--give place to the young, the strong, the hungry!'

But I will save you, and you alone!

THE MAN. Cease! I will not brook your arrogant pity!

I know you, and your new world; I have visited your camp at night, and
looked upon the restless swarms upon whose necks you ride to power! I
saw all: I detected the _old_ crimes peering through the thin veils of
_new_ draperies, shining under new shams, whirling to new tunes,
circling in new dances--but the end was ever the same which it has been
for centuries, which it will forever be: adultery, license, theft, gold,
blood!

But I saw you not there; you were not with your guilty children; you
know you despise them in the depths of your soul; and if you do not go
mad yourself in the mad dances of the blood-thirsty and blood-drunken
people, you will soon scorn and despise yourself!

Torture me no more!

     He rises, moves hurriedly to and fro, then seats himself under his
     escutcheon.

PANCRATIUS. It is true my world is in its infancy, unformed and
undeveloped; it requires food, ease, material gratifications; but
it is growing, and the time will come--(_He rises from his chair,
approaches the count, and leans against the pillar supporting the
escutcheons_)--the time will come when my world will arrive at maturity,
will attain the consciousness of its own strength, when it will say, I
AM; and there will be no other voice on earth able to reply, 'I ALSO
AM!'

THE MAN. And then?

PANCRATIUS. A race will spring from the generation I am now quickening
and elevating, stronger, higher, and nobler than any the world has yet
produced; the earth has never yet seen such men upon her bosom. They
will be free, lords of the globe from pole to pole; the earth will be a
blooming garden, every part of her surface under the highest culture;
the sea will be covered with floating palaces and argosies of wealth and
commerce; a universal exchange of commodities will carry civilization,
mutual recognition, and comfort to every clime; prosperous cities will
crown every height, and expand their blessings of refinement and culture
o'er every plain; earth will then offer happy and tranquil homes to all
her children, she will be one vast and united house of blissful industry
and highest art!

THE MAN. Your words and voice dissemble well, but your pale and rigid
features in vain struggle to assume the generous glow of a noble
enthusiasm, which your soul cannot feel.

PANCRATIUS. Interrupt me not! Men have begged on bended knees before me
for such prophecies.

The world of the Future will possess a god whose highest fact will not
be his own defeat and death upon a cross; a god whom the people, by
their own power and skill, _will force_ to unveil his face to them; a
god who will be torn by the very children whom he once scattered over
the face of the earth in his anger, from the infinite recesses of the
distant heavens in which he loves to hide! Babel will be no more, all
tribes and nations will meet and understand their mutual wants, and,
united by a _universal language_, his scattered children, having
attained their majority, assert their _right_ to know their creator, and
claim their just inheritance from a common father: '_the full possession
of all truth_!'

The god of humanity at last reveals himself to man!

THE MAN. Yes, He revealed Himself some centuries ago; through Him is
humanity already redeemed.

PANCRATIUS. Alas! let the redeemed delight in the sweetness of such
redemption! let them rejoice in the multiplied agonies which have in
vain cried to a Redeemer for relief during the three thousand years
which have elapsed since His defeat and death!

THE MAN. Blasphemer, cease! I have seen the Cross, the holy symbol of
His mystic love, standing in the heart of the eternal city, Rome; the
ruins of a power far greater than thine were crumbling into dust around
It; hundreds of gods such as those you trust in, were lying prostrate on
the ground, trampled under careless feet, not even daring to raise their
crushed and wounded heads to gaze upon the Crucified. It stood upon the
seven hills, stretching its mighty arms to the east and to the west, its
holy brow glittering in the golden sunshine; men wistfully gazed upon
its perfect lesson of self-abnegating Love; it won all hearts, it RULED
THE WORLD!

PANCRATIUS. An old wife's tale, hollow as the rattling of these vain
escutcheons! (_He strikes the shield._) These discussions are in vain,
for I have read all the secrets of your yearning heart! If you really
wish to find the _infinite_ which has so long baffled your search; if
you love the _truth_, and are willing to suffer for it; if you are a
_man_, created in the image of our common humanity, and not the
impossible hero of an old nursery song--listen to me! Oh, let not these
rapidly fleeting moments, the last in which you can possibly be saved,
pass in vain! The race renews itself, man of the Past; and _of the blood
we shed to-day, no trace will be found to-morrow_! For the last time I
conjure you, if you are what you once appeared to be, A MAN, rise in
your former might, aid the down-trodden and oppressed people, help to
emancipate and enlighten your fellow men, work for the common good,
forsake your false ideas of a personal glory, quit these tottering ruins
which all your pride and power cannot prevent from crumbling o'er you,
desert your falling house, and follow me!

THE MAN. O youngest born of Satan's brood!--(_He paces up and down the
hall, speaking to himself_:) Dreams, dreams, beautiful dreams--but their
realization is impossible! Who could achieve them? Adam died in the
desert--the flaming sword still guards the gates--we are never more to
enter Paradise! In vain we dream!

PANCRATIUS (_aside_). I have driven the probe to the core of his heart;
I have struck the electric nerve of Poetry, which quivers through the
very base of his complicated being!

THE MAN. Progress of humanity; universal happiness; I once believed them
possible! There--there--take my head--my life--if that were possi--....
(_He sighs, and is silent for a moment._) It is past! two centuries ago
it might have been--but now.... But now I have seen and know there will
be nothing but assassination and murder--murder on either side--nothing
can satisfy now but an unceasing war of mutual extermination!

PANCRATIUS. Woe then to the vanquished! Falter not, seeker of universal
happiness! Cry but once with us: '_Woe to the oppressors of the
people_!' and stand preëminent o'er all, the First among the Victors!

THE MAN. Have you already explored all the paths in the dark and unknown
country of the Future? Did Destiny, withdrawing at midnight the curtains
of your tent, stand visibly before you, and, placing her giant hand upon
your scheming brain, impress upon it the mystic seal of victory? or in
the heat of midday, when the world slept, and you alone were watching,
did she glide pale, pitiless, and stern before you, and promise
conquest, that you thus threaten me with defeat and ruin? You are but a
man of clay as fragile as my own, and may be the victim of the first
well-aimed ball, the first sharp thrust of the sword! Your life, like
mine, hangs on a single thread, and you have no immunity from death!

PANCRATIUS. Dreams! idle dreams! Oh do not deceive yourself with hopes
so vain, for no bullet aimed by man will reach me, no sword will pierce
me, while a single member of your haughty caste remains capable of
resisting the task which it is my destiny to fulfil. And what doom
soever may befall me, after its completion, count, will be too late to
offer you the least advantage. (_The clock strikes._) Hark! time
flies--and scorns us both!

If you are weary of your own life, save at least your unfortunate son!

THE MAN. His pure soul is already saved in heaven: on earth he must
share the fate of his father.

     His head sinks heavily, and remains for some time buried in his
     hands.

PANCRATIUS. You reject too all hope for him?... (_Pauses._) Nay--you are
silent--you reflect--it is well: reflection becomes him who stands upon
the brink of the grave!

THE MAN. Away! away! Back from the passionate mysteries now surging
through the depths of my soul! Profane them not with a word; they lie
beyond your sphere!

The rough, wide world belongs to you; feed it with meat; flood it with
wine; but press not into the holy secrets of my heart! Away! away from
me, framer of material bliss!

PANCRATIUS. Shame upon you, warrior, scholar, poet, and yet the slave of
one idea and its dying forms! Thought and form are wax beneath my
plastic fingers!

THE MAN. In vain would you seek to follow my thoughts; you will never
understand me, for all your forefathers were buried in a common ditch,
as dead things, not as men of individual character and bold distinctive
spirit. (_He points to the portraits of his ancestors._) Look upon these
pictures! Love of country, of family, of the home hearth, feelings at
war with all your ideas, are written in every line of their firm
brows--their spirit lives entire in me, their last heir and
representative. Tell me, O man without ancestors, where is your natal
soil? You spread your wandering tent each coming eve Upon the ruins of
another's home, every morning roll it up again that it may be unrolled
anew at night to blight and spoil! Yon have not yet found a _home_, a
_hearth_, and you will never find one as long as a hundred men live to
cry with me: '_Glory to our fathers_!'

PANCRATIUS. Yes, glory to your fathers in heaven and upon earth; but it
will repay us to look at them a little more closely. (_He points to one
of the portraits._) This gentleman was a famous Starost; he shot old
women in the woods, and roasted the Jews alive: this one with the
inscription, 'Chancellor,' and the great seal in his right hand,
falsified and forged acts, burned archives, stabbed knights, and sullied
the inheritance with poison; through him came your villages, your
income, your power. That dark man played at adultery with the wife of
his friend. This one, with the golden fleece on his Spanish cloak,
served in a foreign land, when his own country was in danger.

This pale lady with the raven ringlets carried on an intrigue with a
handsome page. That one with the lustrous braids is reading a letter
from her gallant; she smiles, as well she may, for night approaches, and
love is bold.

This timid beauty with the deep blue eyes and golden curls, clasping a
Roman hound in her braceleted arm, was the mistress of a king, and
soothed his softer hours.

Such is the true history of your unbroken, ancient, and unsullied line!
But I like this jolly fellow in the green riding jacket; he drank and
hunted with the nobles, and employed the peasants to run down the tall
deer with the hounds. Indeed, the ignorance, stupidity, and wretchedness
of the serf were the strength of the noble, and give convincing proof of
his own intellect.

But the Day of Judgment is approaching: I promise you that none of your
vaunted ancestors, that nought of their fame shall be forgotten in the
dark award.

THE MAN. You deceive yourself, son of the people! Neither you nor your
brethren could have preserved existence, had not our noble ancestors
nourished you with their bread, and defended you with their blood. In
times of famine, they gave you grain, and when the plague swept over you
with its hot breath of death, they built hospitals to receive you, found
nurses to take care of you, and educated physicians to save you from the
grave. When from a herd of unformed brutes they had nurtured you into
human beings, they built schools and churches for you, sharing
everything with you save the dangers of the battle field, for war they
knew you were not formed to bear. As the sharp lance of the pagan was
wont to recoil, shattered and riven, from the glittering armor of my
fathers, so recoil your vain words as they strike the dazzling record
of their long-consecrated glory. They disturb not the repose of their
sacred ashes. Like the howlings of a mad dog, who froths, bites, and
snaps as he runs, until he is driven out of the pale of humanity, so
fall your accusations, dying out in their own insanity.

But it is almost dawn, and time you should depart from the halls of my
ancestors! Pass in safety and in freedom from their home, my guest!

PANCRATIUS. Farewell then, until we meet again upon the ramparts of the
Holy Trinity. And when your powder and ball shall be utterly exhausted?

THE MAN. _We will then approach within the length of our swords._
Farewell!

PANCRATIUS. We are twin Eagles, but your nest is shattered by the
lightning! (_He takes up his cloak and liberty cap._) In passing from
your threshold, I leave the curse, due to decrepitude, behind me. I
devote you and your son to destruction!

THE MAN. Ho! Jacob!

     Enter Jacob.

Conduct this man in safety through my last post on the hill!

JACOB. So help me God the Lord!

     Exit Jacob with Pancratius.



DEATH IN LIFE.


  In some dull hour of doubt or pain,
  Who has not felt that life is slain--
  And while there yet remain

  Long years, perhaps, of joyless mirth,
  Ere earth shall claim its kindred earth,
  Such years were nothing worth

  But that some duty still demands
  The sweating brow, the weary hands?
  And so Existence stands

  With an appeal we cannot shun,
  To make complete what Life begun,
  With toil from sun to sun.

  And so we keep the sorry tryst,
  With all its fancied sweetness missed--
  Consenting to exist

  When Life has fled beyond recall,
  And left us to its heir in thrall,
  With chains that will not fall.

  Belated stars were waning fast
  As through an open gate I passed,
  And crossed a meadow vast--

  And, still descending, followed still
  The path that wound adown the hill
  And by the ruined mill--

  Till in its garden I espied
  The cottage by the river side
  Where dwelt my promised bride.

  Beneath the porch no lantern flared,
  No watch dog kept his faithful ward,
  The window blinds were barred.

  Entering with eager eye and ear,
  And ushered by the phantom Fear,
  I stood beside the bier

  Of one who, passing hence away,
  Left something more than lifeless clay,
  As twilight lingers after day,

  The pulseless heart, the pallid lips,
  The eyes just closed in death's eclipse,
  The fairy finger tips

  So lightly locked across the breast,
  Seemed to obey the sweet behest
  By angels whispered--Rest!

  That beauty had been mine alone,
  Those hands had fondly pressed my own,
  Those eyes in mine had shone.

  The open door was banged about,
  As wailing winds went in and out
  With sigh and groan and shout.

  And darkly ran the river cold,
  Whose swollen waters, as they rolled,
  A tale of sorrow told.

  I could not choose but seek that stream,
  Whose sympathetic moan did seem
  The music of a dream.

  O River, that unceasing lay
  Charms each fair tree along thy way,
  Until it falls thy prey!

  O endless moan within my heart,
  Thy constancy has made me part
  Of what thou wert and art!

  And while I stood upon the brink,
  And tried to think, but could not think,
  Nor sight with reason link--

  A form I had not seen before
  Came slowly down the dismal shore;
  A sombre robe she wore,

  And in her air and on her face
  There was a sterner kind of grace,
  Heightened by time and place--

  A sort of conscious power and pride,
  A soul to substance more allied--
  Than that of her who died.

  With scarce a semblance of design,
  Toward me her steps she did incline,
  And raised her eyes to mine

  So sweetly, so imploringly,
  I scarcely wished, and did not try,
  To put their pleading by,

  And, ere a movement I had made,
  Her hand upon my arm she laid,
  And whispered: I obeyed.

  While one into the darkness sped,
  I followed where the other led;
  Yet often turned my head,

  As one who fancies that he hears
  His own name ringing in his ears
  Shouted from far-off spheres.

  Oh! bliss misplaced is misery!
  I love the life I've lost, but, see!
  The life that's here loves me.

  And while I seem her willing slave,
  My heart is hid in weeds that wave
  Above a distant grave.



ÆNONE:

A TALE OF SLAVE LIFE IN ROME.


CHAPTER XIV.

In an hour from that time the banqueting hall of the palace was prepared
for its guests. Silken couches had been drawn up around the table. Upon
it glittered a rich array of gold and silver. Between the dishes stood
flasks of rare wines. Upon the buffet near by were other wines cooling
in Apennine snow. Tall candelabras in worked and twisted bronze stood at
the ends and sides of the table, and stretched overhead their arms hung
with lamps. From the walls were suspended other lamps, lighting up the
tapestries and frescoes. At one end of the hall, richly scented spices
burned upon a tripod. With a readiness and celerity for which the Vanno
palace was famous, a feast fit for the emperor had been improvised in a
few minutes, and nothing was now wanting except the guests.

These now began to drop in one by one. The poet Emilius--the comedian
Bassus--the proconsul Sardesus--others of lesser note; but not one who
had not a claim to be present, by reason of intimate acquaintance or
else some peculiarly valuable trait of conviviality. In collecting
these, the armor bearer had made no mistake; and knowing his master's
tastes and intimates, he had made up the roll of guests as discreetly as
though their names had been given him. One he had met in the
street--others he had found at their homes. None to whom he gave the
invitation was backward in accepting it upon the spot, for there were
few places in Rome where equal festal gratification could be obtained.
To have been called to the house of Sergius Vanno and not to have gone
there, was to have lost a day to be forever regretted. None, therefore,
who had been spoken to, among that club of congenial spirits, was
absent. Of those who did not come, one was sick and two were at their
country villas. These, however, were lesser lights, valuable by
themselves, perhaps, but of no account in comparison with others who had
come; and therefore their absence was scarcely noticed.

Sergius stood at the door receiving his guests as each arrived. He had
arrayed himself in his most festive costume, and had evidently resolved
that whatever might happen on the morrow, that night at least should be
passed in forgetfulness and unbridled enjoyment. Even now his face was
flushed with the wine he had taken in anticipation, in the hope of
giving an artificial elation to his spirits. But it seemed as though for
that time the wine had lost its accustomed charm. Although at each
greeting he strove to wreathe his face in smiles, yet it was but a
feeble mask, and could not hide the more natural appearances of care and
gloom which rested upon his features; and while his voice seemed to
retain its old ring of joyous welcome, there was an undertone of sad
discordance. As the guests entered and exchanged greetings with their
host, each, after the first moment, looked askant at him, with the dim
perception that, in some way, he was not as he was wont to be; and so,
in a little while, they sank, one by one, into a troubled and
apprehensive silence. He, too, upon his part, looked furtively at them,
wondering whether they had yet heard the thing that had befallen him. It
was but a short time ago, indeed, and yet in how few minutes might the
unrestrained gossip of a slave have spread the ill tidings! For the
moment, Sergius recoiled from the difficult task of entertainment which
he had taken upon himself. Why, indeed, had he called these men around
him? How could he sit and pledge them in deep draughts, and all the time
suspect that each one knew his secret, and was laughing about it in his
sleeve? And if they knew it not, so much the worse, for then he must
tell the tale himself. Was it not partly for this purpose that he had
assembled them? Far better to speak of it himself--to let them see how
little he regarded the misfortune and the scandal--to treat it as a
brave jest--to give his own version of it--than to have the matter leak
out in the ordinary way, with all conceivable distortions and
exaggerations. But how, in fact, could he tell it? Was there one among
them who would not, while openly commiserating him, laugh at him in the
heart? Did there not now sit before him the lieutenant Plautus, who,
only a month before, had met with a like disgrace, and about whom he had
composed derisive verses? Would not the lieutenant Plautus now rejoice
to make retaliatory odes? Would it not b e better, then, after all, to
forbear any mention of the matter, and, letting its announcement take
the usual chance course, to devote this night, at least, to unbroken
festivity? But what if they already knew it?

Thus wandering in his mind from one debate to another, and ever, in a
moment, coming back to his original suspicion, he sat, essaying
complimentary speeches and convivial jests, and moodily gazing from face
to face, in a vain attempt to read their secret thoughts. He was wrong
in his suspicions. Not one of them knew the reason of the burden upon
his mind. All, however, perceived that something had occurred to disturb
him, and his moody spirit shed its influence around, until the
conversation once again flagged, and there was not one of the party who
did not wish himself elsewhere. The costliest viands and wines spread
out before them were ineffective to produce that festive gayety upon
which they had calculated.

'By Parnassus!' exclaimed the poet Emilius, at length, pushing aside his
plate of turbot, and draining his goblet 'Are we to sit here, hour after
hour, winking and blinking at each other like owls over their mice? Was
it merely to eat and drink that we have assembled? Hearken! I will read
that to you which will raise your spirits, to a certainty. To-morrow the
games and combats commence in the arena of the new amphitheatre. Well;
and is it known to you that I am appointed to read a dedicatory ode
before the emperor and in honor of that occasion? I will give you a
pleasure, now. I will forestall your joy, and let you hear what I have
written. And be assured that this is no small compliment to your
intelligence, since no eye hath yet looked upon a single verse thereof.'

With that the poet dragged from his breast his silken bundle, and
carefully began to unwind the covering.

'You will observe,' he said, as he brought the precious parchment to
light, and smoothed it out upon the table before him, 'you will observe
that I commence with an invocation to the emperor, whom I call the most
illustrious of all the Cæsars, and liken to Jove. I then congratulate
the spectators, not only upon the joy of living in his time, but also
upon being there to bask in the effulgence of--'

'A truce to such mummery!' cried Sergius, suddenly arousing from his
spiritual stupor and bursting into a shrill laugh. 'Do we care to listen
to your miserable dactyls? Is it not a standing jest through Rome that,
for the past month, you have daily read your verses to one person after
another, with the same wretched pretence of exclusive favoritism? And do
we not know that no warrant has ever been given to you to recite a
single line before the emperor, either in or out of the arena? We are
here to revel, not to listen to your stale aphorisms upon death and
immortality. Ho, there, more wine! Take off these viands, which already
pall upon us! Bring wine-more wine!'

The guests were not slow to respond to the altered mood of their host;
for it was merely the reflection of his sullen gravity that had eclipsed
their own vivacity. The instant, therefore, that he led the way, the
hall began to resound with jest and laughter. The poet, with some
humiliation, which he endeavored to conceal beneath an affectation of
wounded dignity, commenced rolling up his manuscript, not before a
splash of wine from a carelessly filled flagon had soiled the
fair-written characters. More flasks were placed upon the table by ready
and obedient hands--and from that moment the real entertainment of the
evening commenced.

Faster than any of his guests, as though care could be the better
drowned by frequent libations, Sergius now filled and refilled his
flagon; and though the repeated draughts may not have brought
forgetfulness, yet, what was the nearest thing, they produced reckless
indifference. No longer should the cloud which he had thus suddenly
swept away from his brow be suffered to remain. Was he not master in his
own house? If woman deceives, was that a reason why man should mourn and
grow gray with melancholy? What though a random thought might at times
intrude, of one who, in the next room, with her head against the wall,
lay in a half stupor, listening to the ring of goblets and the loud
laugh and jest? Had she not brought it all upon herself? He would fill
up again, and think no more about it! And still, obedient to his
directing tone, the guests followed him with more and more unbridled
license, until the hall rang with merriment as it had never rung before.

Then, of course, came the throwing of dice, which, at that time, were as
essential a concomitant of a roystering party as, in later centuries,
cards became. Nor were these the least attraction of the feasts of
Sergius; for though the excellence of his viands and wines was
proverbial, the ease with which he could be despoiled at the gambling
table was not less so. Already he was known to have seriously crippled
his heritage by continued reverses, springing from united ill luck and
want of skill; but it was as well understood that much still remained.
And then, as now, the morality of gambling was of a most questionable
character--invited guests not thinking it discreditable to unite in any
combinations for the purpose of better pillaging their host. This seemed
now the general purpose; for, leaving each other in comparative freedom
from attack, they came forward one by one and pitted their purses, great
and small, against Sergius, who sat pouring down wine and shaking the
dicebox, while he called each by name, and contended against him. The
usual result followed; for, whether owing to secret signs among the
players, or to superior skill, the current of gold flowed but one way,
from the host to his guests. For a while he bore the continued ill luck
with undiminished gayety, deeming that in meeting their united prowess
he was doing a brave thing, and that, whatever befell him, he should
remember that in character of host, he must consent to suffer. But at
length he began to realize that his losses had been carried far enough.
He had never suffered so severely in any one evening before. Even his
duty to them as their host did not demand that he should completely ruin
himself, and he began to suspect that he had half done so already. With
a hoarse laugh he pushed the dice away, and arose.

'Enough--quite enough for one night,' he exclaimed. 'I have no more
gold, nor, if I had, could I dare to continue, with this ill run against
me. Perhaps after another campaign I may meet you again, and take my
revenge; which, if the Fates are just, must one day or another be
allotted me. But not now.'

He thought that he was firm in his refusal, but his guests had not yet
done with him. It needed but gentle violence to push him back again upon
his seat, and to replace the dicebox in his hand.

'Art weary, or afraid to continue?' said the prætorian captain. 'Well,
let there be one more main between us, and then we will end it all.
Listen! I have won this night two hundred sestertia. What is the worth
of that quarry of yours to the south of the Porta Triumphalis?'

'Three hundred sestertia--not less,' responded Sergius.

'Nay, as much as that?' rejoined the captain, carelessly throwing down
his own dice. 'Then it is useless to propose what I was about to. I had
thought that as the quarry had been well worked already, and was now
overrun with fugitive slaves and Nazarenes, and the like, to ferret out
whom would require half a legion, I could offer to put the two hundred
sestertia against it, so that you might chance to win them back. But it
is of little consequence.'

Sergius sat for the moment nervously drumming upon the table. He knew
that the other was purposely disparaging the property and trying to
tempt him into an equal stake; and yet he suffered himself to be
tempted. The luck might this time be with him. It were worth while to
try it, at least. If he lost, it would be but one more buffet of
fortune. And if he won, how easily would those two hundred sestertia
have been regained, and what a triumph over the one who had enticed him!
And therefore they threw--five times a piece; and after a moment of
breathless excitement, the play was decided in favor of the captain.

'The quarry is mine, therefore,' he said, endeavoring to assume a
nonchalant air of indifference. 'Would you still win it back, Sergius?
And the sesteria also? Well, there is that vineyard of yours on the
slope of Tivoli, which--'

'Stay!' exclaimed the proconsul Sardesus, who, of all the party had not
as yet touched the dicebox. 'Let this be enough. Will you plunder him
entirely? Have you no regard for my rights over him? Do you not know
that to-morrow, at the amphitheatre, Sergius and I are to match
gladiators against each other for a heavy wager, and that I expect to
win? How, then will I get this money, if you now strip him of all that
he owns?'

Probably the proconsul felt no fear about collecting what he might win,
and spoke jestingly, and with the sole intention of putting a stop to a
system of pillage which seemed to him already too flagrant and
unscrupulous. But his words were too plainly spoken not to give offence
at any time, more particularly now that all present were heated with
excitement; and the usual consequence of disinterested interference
ensued. The other guests in no measured language, began to mutter their
displeasure at the insinuations against themselves; while the host, for
whose benefit the interruption had been intended, resented it most
strongly of all. He needed no counsel, but was well able to take care of
himself, he intimated. And he remembered that he had entered into some
sort of a wager about the result of a gladiatorial combat, and he had
supposed that no one would have doubted his ability to pay all that he
might lose therein. It was proper, at least, to wait until there had
been some precedent of the kind proved against him. No one, so far, had
found him wanting. And the like.

'And yet,' he continued, as after a moment of reflection he began to
realise the value of the wager, and how inconvenient it would be to
lose, and that he had not yet succeeded in making any preparation for
the contest, 'when I tell you that I have not yet found a gladiator to
my mind, you will not force this match upon me to-morrow? You will
forbear that advantage, and will consent to postpone our trial to
another time?'

The proconsul shrugged his shoulders.

'Was it in the bond,' he said, 'that one should await the convenience of
the other? Has there not been time enough for each to procure his man?
This wager was made between us mouths ago, Sergius--before even you went
into the East.'

'And it was while I was there,' exclaimed Sergius eagerly, 'that I found
my man--a Rhodian, with the forehead, neck, and sinews of a bull. He
could have hugged a bull to death almost. Having him, I felt safe, for
who could you obtain to stand up against him? But in an evil hour, not
over a month ago, this play actor here--this Bassus--by a stupid trick
gained him from me. What, then, have I been able to do for myself since?
I have sought far and near to replace him, but without success; and had
made up my mind, if you would not postpone the trial, to pay up the
forfeit for not appearing, and think no more about it. But by the gods!
I will, even at this late hour, make one more attempt. Harkee, Bassus!
Whenever I have asked you about this Rhodian, you have said that you
have sold him; and, for some low reason, you have refused to tell who
owns him now. Tell me, now, to whom you sold him, so that I can purchase
him at once! Tell me, I say; or there will be blood between us!'

'What can he say,' interrupted the proconsul, 'but that he sold his
Rhodian to me, the day thereafter? You do well to praise him, Sergius.
Never have I seen such a creature of brawn and muscle. And with the
training I have given him, who, indeed, could overcome him? You will see
him to-morrow, in the arena. You will see how he will crush in the ribs
of your gladiator, like an egg shell.'

Sergius gave vent to a groan of mingled rage and despair.

'And you will not postpone this trial?' he said. 'Will you, then, take
up with an offer to play off that Rhodian against ten of my slaves? No?
Against twenty, then? What else will tempt you? Ah, you may think that I
have but little to offer to play against you, but it is not so. I have
no gold left, and my last quarry is gone. But I have my vineyards and
slaves in plenty. What say you, therefore?'

'Tush! Beseech him not!' interrupted Emilius, to whom the mention of
vineyards and slaves gave intimation of further spoils. 'Do you not see
that he shakes his head? And do you not know his obstinacy? You could
not move him now were you to pay him in full the amount of the forfeit.
It is not the gold that he longer cares for, but the chance to
distinguish himself by the exhibition of the slave of greatest strength
and prowess. So let that matter go for settled. Rather strive, in some
other manner, to win the money with which to pay your forfeit. This,
with good luck, you may do--a little here and a little there--who knows?
Perhaps even I can help you. Have I not won fifty sestertia from you? I
will now wager it back against a slave.'

'Against any slave?'

'By Bacchus, no! I have enough of ordinary captives to suit me, and care
but little for any accession to the rabble of them. But you have one
whom I covet--a Greek of fair appearance and pleasing manners--fit not
for the camp or the quarries, but of some value as a page or cupbearer.
It was but lately that I saw him, writing at your lady's dictation, and
I wished for him at once. Shall we play for him?'

'No! a thousand times, no!' exclaimed Sergius, striking the table so
heavily with his open hand that the dice danced and the flagons shook.
'Were you to offer me thrice his value--to pay off my forfeit to
Sardesus to the last sestertium--to gain me back my quarry and my
vineyards--all that I have lost--I would not give up that slave. My
purpose is sweeter to me than all the gold you could offer, and I will
not be cheated out of it. That slave dies to-morrow in the
amphitheatre--between the lion's jaws!'

'Dies? In the arena?' was the astonished exclamation.

'Is there aught wonderful in that?' Sergius fiercely cried. 'Have you
never before known such a thing as a master giving up his slave for the
public amusement? And let no man ask me why I do it. It may be that I
wish revenge, hating him too much to let him live. It may be that I seek
to be a benefactor like others, and furnish entertainment to the
populace at my own expense. It is sufficient that I choose it. Will not
any other slave answer, Emilius?'

'Nay, no other will do,' remarked the poet, throwing himself carelessly
back, with the air of one dismissing a fruitless subject from his mind.
'This was the only one whom I coveted. For any other I would not care to
shake the dicebox three times, though I might feel sure to win.'

'Will you offer the same to me, Sergius?' eagerly cried the comedian. 'I
also have won heavily from you. Will you play any other slave than this
page against fifty sestertia?'

For his only answer, Sergius seized the dice, and began impatiently to
rattle them. The eyes of Bassus sparkled with anticipated victory.

'You hear?' he cried, to all around him. 'Against my fifty sestertia he
will stake any of his slaves excepting this Greek page?'

'They all hear the terms,' retorted Sergius. 'Now throw!'

'Whether male or female?' continued Bassus, still looking around to see
that all understood.

'Are they fools? Can they not hear? Will you throw or not?' shouted
Sergius.

In a wild delirium of excitement, the comedian began the game, and in a
few minutes it was concluded. Then he leaped from his seat, crying out:

'I have won! And there can be no dispute now! You all heard that he gave
the choice of his slaves, whether male or female?'

'Fool!' sneered Sergius, throwing himself back. 'What dispute can there
be? Do you think that I would deny my word? And do you suppose I did not
know your aims, cunningly as you may think you veiled them? Would I have
given up Leta to you, if she had been of any further value to myself? By
the gods! had you waited a while, I do not know but what I would have
made her a present to you; not however, to oblige you, but to punish
her!'

The comedian listened in chopfallen amazement. Already it seemed to him
that his prize had lost half its value.

'Be at rest, though,' Sergius continued, in a contemptuous tone. 'I have
merely tired of her, that is all. Her eyes are as bright and her voice
as silvery as ever. She may not ever come to love you much, but she will
have the wit to pretend that she does; and if she makes you believe
her--as you doubtless will--it will be all the same thing to you. Who
knows, too, with what zeal she may worm herself into your affection,
under the guidance of her ambition? For, that she has ambition, you will
soon discover. By Bacchus! since you have no wife or household to fetter
your fancies, it would not surprise me were you to succumb to her wiles,
and to make of her your wife. You may recline there and smile with
incredulity; but such things have been done before this, and by men who
would not condescend to look upon one in your poor station. Yes, I will
wager that, in the end, you will make of her your wife. Well, it would
be no harm to you. She will then deceive you, of course; but what of
that? Have not better men submitted to that inevitable lot? Yes, she
will deceive you; and then will smile upon you, and you will believe her
word, and be again deceived. But you will have only yourself to blame
for it. I have warned you in advance.'


CHAPTER XV.

As the shouts of laughter elicited by the host's remark rang through the
hall, drowning the muttered response of the comedian, Leta glided softly
and rapidly from behind the screen of tapestry which veiled the open
doorway. There, crouching out of sight, she had remained concealed for
the last hour--watching the revellers through a crevice in the
needlework, and vainly hoping, either in the words or face of Sergius,
to detect some tone or expression indicative of regretful thought or
recollection of herself. When at last her name had been mentioned, for a
moment she had eagerly held her breath, lest she might lose one syllable
from which an augury of her fate could be drawn. Then, repressing, with
a violent effort, the cry of despair which rose to her lips, upon
hearing herself thus coolly and disdainfully surrendered as the stake of
a game of dice, and with less apparent regret than would have been felt
for the loss of a single gold piece, she drew the folds of her dress
closely about her and passed out.

Out through the antechamber--down the stairway--and into the central
court; no other purpose guiding her footsteps than that of finding some
place where she could reflect, without disturbance, upon the fate before
her. In that heated hall she must have died; but it might be that in the
cool, open air, she could conquer the delirium which threatened to
overwhelm her, and could thus regain her self-control. If only for five
minutes, it might be well. With her quick energy and power of decision,
even five minutes of cool, deliberate counsel with herself might suffice
to shape and direct her whole future life.

Hardly realizing how she had come there, she found herself sitting upon
the coping of the courtyard fountain. The night was dark, for thick
clouds shut out the gleam of moon and stars. No one could see her, nor
was it an hour when any one was likely to be near. From one end to the
other the court was deserted, except by herself. No light, other than
the faint glow from the windows of the banquet hall upon the story above
her. No sound beyond the sullen splash of the water falling into the
marble basin of the fountain. There was now but little to interfere with
deliberate reflection.

What demon had possessed the Fates that they should have brought this
lot upon her? It could not be the destiny which had been marked out for
her from the first. That had been a different one, she was sure. Her
instinct had whispered peace and success to her. Such were the blessings
which should have been unravelled for her from off the twirling spindle;
but some malignant spirit must have substituted another person's
deserved condemnation in place of her more kindly lot.

That she had failed in attaining the grand end of her desires was not,
of itself, the utmost of her misfortune. She had aimed high, because it
was as easy to do that as to accept a lower object of ambition. She had
taken her course, believing that all things are possible to the
energetic and daring, but, at the same time, fully realizing the chances
of failure. But to fail had simply seemed to her to remain where she
was, instead of ascending higher--to miss becoming the wife of the
imperator, but to continue, as before, the main guide and direction of
his thoughts, impulses, and affections.

And now, without previous token or warning, had come upon her the
terrible realization that she had not only gained nothing, but had lost
all, and that the fatal chance which had fettered her schemes, had also
led to her further degradation. Thrown aside like a broken toy-with a
jeering confession that she had wearied her possessor--with a cool,
heartless criticism upon her character, and with cruel prophecies about
her future--gambled for with one whose sight filled her with
abhorrence--and, when won, made over to him as a bone is tossed to a
dog--what more bitterness could be heaped upon her?

But there was now no use in mourning about the past. What had been done
could not be altered. Nor could she disguise from herself the
impossibility of ever regaining her former position and influence. Those
had passed away forever. She must now look to the future alone, and
endeavor so to shape its course as to afford herself some relief from
its terrors. Possibly there might yet be found a way of escape.

Should she try to fly? That, she knew, could not be done--at least,
alone. The world was wide, but the arm of the imperial police was long;
and though she might, for a little while, wander purposelessly hither
and thither, yet before many hours the well-directed efforts of a
pursuer would be sure to arrest her. She could die--for in every place
death is within reach of the resolute; but she did not wish to die. For
one instant, indeed, she thought of the Tiber, and the peace which might
be found beneath its flow--but only for an instant. And she almost
thanked the gods in her heart that it had not yet gone so far with her
as that.

Burying her face in her hands, she sat for a moment, endeavoring to
abstract her thoughts from all outward objects, so as the more readily
to determine what course to adopt. But for a while it seemed as though
it was impossible for her to fix her mind aright. Each instant some
intruding trifle interfered to distract her attention from the only
great object which now should claim it. A long-forgotten incident of the
past would come into her mind--or perhaps some queer conceit which at
the time had caused laughter. She did not laugh now, but none the less
would she find herself revolving the merits of the speech or action.
Then, the soft fall of the water into the fountain basin annoyed her,
and it occurred to her that it might be this--which prevented undivided
reflection. Stooping over, therefore, and feeling along the edge of the
basin, she found the vent of the pipes, and stopped the flow. At once
the light stream began to diminish and die away, until in a moment the
water was at rest, except for the few laggard drops which one by one
rolled off the polished shoulders of the bronze figures. These gradually
all trickled down, and then it seemed as though at last there must be
silence. But the murmur of the evening breeze among the trees
intervened; and, far more exasperating than all, she could now hear the
bursts of merriment which rang out from the banqueting room overhead.
Therefore, once more putting her hand into the basin, she turned on the
flow, and the gentle stream again sprang from the outstretched cup and
fell down, deadening all lesser sounds.

Then Leta looked up at the sky, overspread with its thick pall of
clouds, and wondered vacantly whether there would be rain upon the
morrow, and if so, whether the games appointed for the new amphitheatre
would take place. But she recovered herself with a start, and again
buried her face in her hands. What were games and combats of that kind
to her? She was to enter upon a different kind of struggle. She must
reflect--reflect!--and when she had reflected, must act!

For ten minutes she thus remained; and now, indeed, seemed to have
gained the required concentration of thought. No outward sound disturbed
her. Once a Nubian slave, who had heard the stoppage of the fountain's
flow, emerged from beneath an archway, as though to examine into the
difficulty. Finding that the water was still playing as usual, he
imagined that he must have been mistaken, gave utterance to an oath in
condemnation of his own stupidity, slowly walked around the basin,
looked inquiringly at Leta, and, for the moment, made as though he would
have accosted her--and then, changing his mind, withdrew and walked back
silently into the house. Still she did not move.

At length, however, she raised her head and stood upright. Her eyes now
shone with deep intensity of purpose, and her lips were firmly set.
Something akin to a smile flickered around the corners of her mouth,
betraying not pleasure, but satisfaction. She had evidently reflected to
some purpose, and now the trial for action had arrived.

'Strange that I should not have thought of it before,' she murmured to
herself. Then stepping under the archway which led from the courtyard
into the palace, she reached up against the wall and took down two keys
which hung there. Holding them tightly, so that they might not clink
together, she glided along, past the fountain--through the clump of
plane trees--keeping as much as possible in the deeper shadows of arch
and shrubbery--and so on along the whole length of the court, until she
stood by the range of lower erections which bounded its farther
extremity. Then, fitting one of the keys into an iron door, she softly
unlocked it.

Entering, she stood within a low stone cell. It was the prison house of
the palace, used for the reception of new slaves, and for the punishment
of such others as gave offence. It was a long, narrow apartment, paved
with stone and lighted by a single grated aperture set high in the wall
upon the courtyard side. The place was of sufficient dimensions to hold
fifty or sixty persons, but, in the present case, there was but one
tenant--Cleotos---Not even a guard was with him, for the strength of the
walls and the locks were considered amply sufficient to prevent escape.

Cleotos was sitting upon a stone bench, resting his head upon his right
hand. At the opening of the door he looked up. He could not see who it
was that entered, but the light tread and the faint rustle of a waving
dress sufficiently indicated the sex. If it had been daylight, a flush
might have been seen upon his face, for the thought flashed upon his
mind that it might be Ænone herself coming to his assistance. But the
first word undeceived him; and he let his head once more fall between
the palms of his hands.

'Cleotos,' whispered Leta, 'it is I. I have come to set you free.'

'It is right,' he said, moodily. 'All this I owe to you alone. It is
fit that you should try to undo your work.'

'Could I foresee that it would come to this?' she responded, attempting
justification. 'How was I to know that my trivial transgression would
have ended so sorrowfully for you? But all that is easily mended. You
have money, and a token which will identify you to the proper parties.
There is yet time to reach Ostia before that ship can sail.'

'How knew you that I had gold--or this signet ring; or that there was a
ship to sail from Ostia?' he exclaimed with sudden fierceness. 'You,
then, had been listening at the door! And having listened, you must have
known with what innocence we spoke together! And yet, seeing all this,
you called him to the spot and left him to let his eyes be deceived and
his heart filled with bitter jealousy, and have played upon his passion
by wicked misrepresentation, until you have succeeded in bringing ruin
upon all about you! I see it all now, as clearly as though it were
written upon a parchment rolled out before me! To think that the gods
have beheld you doing this thing, and yet have not stricken you dead!'

'I have sinned,' she murmured, seizing his hand and bending over, so
that a ready tear rolled down upon it. He felt it fall, but moved not.
Only a few days before, her tears would have moved him; but now his
heart was hardened against her. He had found out that her nature was
cruel and not easily moral to repentance, and that, if emotion was ever
suffered to overcome her, it was tolerated solely for some crafty
design. The falling tear, therefore, simply bade him be upon his guard
against deceit, lest once again she might succeed in weaving her wiles
about him. Or, if she really wept with repentance, he knew that it was
not repentance for the sin itself, but rather for some baffled purpose.

'Go on,' he simply said.

'I have sinned,' she repeated, still clinging to his hands. 'But, O
Cleotos! when I offer to undo my work and set you free, you will surely
forgive me?'

'Yes, it is right that you should repair the mischief you have caused,'
he repeated; 'and I will avail myself of it. To-night, since you offer
to set me free, and claim that you have the power to do so--to-night for
Ostia; and then, then away forever from this ruthless land! But stay!
What of our mistress? I will not go hence until I know that she is safe
and well.'

'She is well,' responded Leta, fearful lest the truth might throw a new
obstacle before her plans. 'And all is again right between her lord and
herself, for I have assured him of her innocence.'

'Then, since this is so, there is no motive for me to tarry,' he said.
He believed her, and was satisfied; not that he esteemed her worthy of
belief, but because it did not seem to him possible that such a matter
as a grateful kiss upon a protecting hand could require much
explanation. 'I would like well once more to see her and bid her
farewell, and utter my thanks for all her kindness; but to what purpose?
I have done that already, and could do and say no more than I have
already done and said. There remains, therefore, nothing more than to
fulfil her commands, and return to my native home. But tell her, Leta,
that my last thought was for her, and that her memory will ever live in
my heart.'

'I cannot tell her this,' slowly murmured Leta, 'for I shall not see her
again. I--I go with you.'

Cleotos listened for a moment in perplexed wonderment, and then, for his
sole answer, dropped her hand and turned away. She understood him as
well as though he had spoken the words of refusal.

'You will not take me with you, then; is it not so?' she said. 'Some
nice point of pride, or some feeling of fancied wrong, or craving for
revenge, or, perhaps, love for another person, tells you now to separate
yourself from me! And yet you loved me once. This, then, is man's
promised faith!'

'You dare to talk to me of faith and broken vows!' he exclaimed, after a
moment of speechless amazement at her hardiness in advancing such a
plea. 'You, who for weeks have treated me with scorn and
indifference--who have plotted against me, until my life itself has been
brought into danger--who, apart from all that, cast me off when first we
met in Rome, telling me then that I was and could be nothing to you,
yes, even that our association from the first had been a mistake and a
wrong! Yes, Leta, there was a time when I truly loved you, as man had
never then done, or since, or ever will again; but impute not to me the
blame that I cannot do so now.'

'I was to blame,' she said; and it seemed that this night must be a
night of confession for her, in so few things could she justify herself
by denial or argument. 'I acknowledge my fault, and how my heart has
been drawn from you by some delusion, as powerful and resistless as
though the result of magic. But when I confess it freely, and tell you
how I now see my duty and my heart more clearly, as though a veil of
after all, I find no forgiveness in your heart, said I not truly that
man's faith cannot be trusted? Am I not the same Leta as of old?'

'The same as of old?' he exclaimed. 'Can you look earnestly and
truthfully into your soul, and yet avow that you are the pure-hearted
girl who roamed hand in hand with me only a year ago, in our native
isle, content to have no ambition except that of living a humble life
with me? And now, with your simple tastes and desires swept away--with
your soul covered with love of material pleasures as with a lava
crust--wrapt up in longing for Rome's most sinful, artificial
excesses--having, for gold or position or power or ambition, or what
not, so long as it was not for love, given yourself up a willing victim
to a heartless master--do you dare, after this, to talk to me of love,
and call yourself the same?'

'And are you one of those who believe that there can be no forgiveness
for repentant woman?'

'Of forgiveness, all that can be desired; but of forgetfulness, none.
There is one thing that no man can forget; and were I to repulse the
admonitions of my judgment, and strive to pass that thing by, who would
sooner scorn me than yourself? Let all this end. Know that I love you
not, and could never love you again. Your scorn, indifference, and
deceit have long ago crushed from my heart all the love it once held.
Know further, that if I did still love you, my pride would condemn the
feeling, and I would never rest until I had destroyed it, even were it
necessary to destroy myself rather than to yield.'

'These are brave words, indeed!' she exclaimed, taunted by his rebuke
into a departure from her assumption of affection. 'But they better suit
the freeman upon his own mountain side than the slave in his cell. Samos
is still afar off. The road from here to Ostia has not yet been
traversed by you in safety. Even this door between you and the open
street has not been thrown back. And yet you dare to taunt me, knowing
that I hold in my hand the key, and, by withdrawing it, can take away
all hope from you. Do you realize what will be your fate if you remain
here--how that on the morrow the lions and leopards of the amphitheatre
will quarrel over your scattered limbs?'

'Is this a threat?' he cried. 'Is it to tell me that if I do not give my
love where my honor tells me it should not be given, I must surely die!
So, then, let it be. I accept the doom. One year ago, I would have
cheerfully fought in the arena for your faintest smile. Now I would
rather die there than have your sullied love forced upon me.'

Without another word he sat down again upon the stone bench. Even in
that darkness she could note how resolute was his expression, how firm
and unyielding his attitude. She had roused his nature, as she had never
seen it before. She had not believed that a spirit which she had been
accustomed to look upon as so much inferior in strength to her own,
could show such unflinching determination; and for the moment she stood
admiring him, and wondering whether, if he had always acted like that,
he might not have bound her soul to his own and kept her to himself
through all temptation and trial. Then, taking the other key, she
unlocked the door in the rear wall of the cell, and threw it open. The
narrow street behind the court was before him, and he was free to go.

'I meant it not for a threat,' she said. 'However low I may sink, I have
not yet reached the pass of wishing to purchase or beg for affection.
Why I spoke thus, I know not. It may be that I thought some gratitude
might be due me for rescuing you. But I cannot tell what I, thought. Or
it might have been that words were necessary for me, and that I used the
first that came. But let that pass. Know only that your safety lies
before you, and that it is in your power to grasp it. And now, farewell.
You leave me drifting upon a downward course, Cleotos. Sometimes,
perhaps, when another person is at your side, making your life far
happier than I could have made it, you will think kindly of me.'

'I think kindly of you now, Leta,' he said. 'Whatever love I can give,
apart from the love which I once asked you to accept, is yours. In
everything that brotherly affection can bestow, there will be no limit
to my care and interest for you. Nay, more, you shall now go away from
hence with me; and though I cannot promise more than a brother's love,
yet with that for your guide and protection, you can reach your native
home in peace and security, and there work out whatever repentance you
may have here begun.'

'And when we are there, and those who have known us begin to ask why,
when Cleotos has brought Leta back in safety, he regards her only as a
sister and a friend, and otherwise remains sternly apart from her, what
answer can be given which will not raise suspicion and scorn, and make
my life a burden to me? No, Cleotos, it cannot be. Cruel as my lot may
be here, I have only myself to answer for it, and it is easier to hide
myself from notice in this whirl of sin and passion than if at home
again. And whatever may henceforth happen to me, the Fates are surely
most to blame. How can one avoid his destiny?'

'The Fates do not carve out our destiny,' he said. 'They simply carry
into relentless effect the judgments which our own passions and
weaknesses pronounced upon ourselves. O Leta! have you considered what
you are resolved upon encountering? Do you not know that some day this
master of yours will tire of you, and fling you to some friend of his--a
soldier, actor, or what not--that as the years run on and your beauty
fades, you will fall lower and lower? Have not thousands like yourself
thus gone on, until at last, becoming old and worthless, they are left
to die alone upon some island in the Tiber? Pray that you may die a
better death than that!'

'It is a sad picture,' she answered. 'It is not merely possible, but
also probable. I acknowledge it all. And yet, if I saw it all unrolled
before me as my certain doom, I do not know that I would try to shun it.
Already the glitter of this world has changed my soul from what it was,
and I am now too feeble of purpose to spend long years in retrieving the
errors of the past. There came into my heart a thought--a selfish
thought--that you might forget what has gone before; and then it seemed
that I might succeed in winning back my peace, and so shun the fate
which lies before me. But you cannot forget. I blame you not: you are
right. You have never spoken more truly than when you said that I would
have despised you if you had yielded. Therefore, that hope is gone; and
now I must submit to the destiny which is coming upon me.'

'But, Leta, only strive to think that--'

'Nay, what is the use? Rather let me throw all regrets away, and strive
not to think at all. Why not yield with a pleasant grace to the current,
when we know that, in the end, struggle as we may, it will surely sweep
us under?'

'Leta--dear Leta--'

'Not a word, dear Cleotos; it must not be. From this hour I banish all
human affections from my heart, as I banish all hope. Could you remain
here, you would see how relentless and fierce my nature will grow. Plots
and schemes shall now be my amusement; for if I must be destroyed,
others shall fall with me. This must be the last tender impulse of my
life. I know not why it is, but I could now really weep. Cleotos,
forgive me! I came hither, loving you not, but hoping to beguile you
into receiving me again. I have failed, and I ought to hate you for it;
and yet I almost love you instead. It is strange, is it not?

'But, Leta--'

'How my heart now feels soft and tender with our recollections of other
days! Do you remember, Cleotos, how once, when children, we went
together and stole the grapes from Eminides's vine? And how, when he
would have beaten you, I stood before you, and prevented him? Who would
then have thought that, in a few years, we should be here in
Rome--slaves, and parting forever? We shall never again together see
Eminides's vineyard, shall we?'

'O Leta--my sister--'

'There, there; speak not, but go at once, for some one comes near. Tarry
no longer. If at home they ask after me, tell them I am dead. Farewell,
dear Cleotos. Kiss me good-by. Do not grudge me that, at least. And may
the gods bless you!'

He would still have spoken, would have claimed a minute to plead with
her and try to induce her to leave the path she was pursuing, and go
with him. But at that instant the voice of some one approaching sounded
louder, and the tones of Sergias could be distinguished as he tried to
troll forth the catch of a drinking melody. There was no time to lose.
With a farewell pressure of her arm about Cleotos's neck, Leta pushed
him through the aperture into the dark back street; and then, leaving
the keys in the locks, turned back into the garden, and fled toward the
house.



CREATION.


The primary characteristics of creation are aggregation, producing all
existing forms; and dissolution, in which the parts suffer
disintegration, their varied elements entering into new combinations.
The active powers producing such normal condition of matter, which is
ceaseless motion, are comprehended in attraction for aggregation, and
repulsion for dissolution, alternately. This power of combing atoms and
dissolving their connection is electric, which is only possessed by that
element, in its dual character of attraction and repulsion; and thus we
may reasonably assume that electricity is the material wherewith
creative energy manifests its power in the varied combinations,
dissolutions, and reconstructions which comprise all animate and
inanimate existences. This same cosmical power, electricity, holds all
worlds in their normal relations, and is the source of light and heat,
as well as the connecting link, through our electric nerve cords, by
which our minds alone commune with the outer world, in direct contact
with our bodily senses, and hence becomes the medium of all our
knowledge.

       *       *       *       *       *

ELECTRICITY AS THE SOURCE OF LIGHT, HEAT, GRAVITATION, AND THE ORIGIN op
ALL GLOBES, NEBULÆ, AND COMETIC MATTER.

If space were wholly devoid of matter, all globes, or other masses of
matter, would be dissipated into it, or _à priori_ could not have been
formed from it. The material interchange, passing through space, between
globes, in all stages of formation, such as light, heat, and
gravitation, could not be conducted through a vacuum, as their very
presence would be destructive of vacuity. Materiality would be
dissipated or absorbed in an attempted passage through vacuity;
therefore, as we know that light, heat, and gravitation are,
necessarily, material, space is but diffused materiality, at its minimum
of etheriality. Globes moving in their orbits and on their axes must
thus meet with resistance: this, together with the internal motion of
their contained elements, necessarily excites the constant production of
electricity, in its dual character of attraction and repulsion,
according to its well-known laws; and this double character, alone
possessed by electricity, when concentrated produces material affinity,
with reciprocal attraction and repulsion, in all its atoms, thus forever
preventing entire solidity or entire separation of its parts. Such
condensation of matter by electric action, is the origin of heat and the
variety produced by incandescence, which, therefore, accounts for the
formation of globes from the materials in space, and their sustentation
in orbit.

As motion is the normal condition of matter, and is the producer of
electricity, therefore electric actions, concentrated in space,
necessarily gathers cometic and nebulous matter from space, the
materials, through incandescence, for future globes, with orbits
contracting in proportion to condensation, its maximum of attraction. As
material space is boundless, so the creation of globes is endless
therein, through electric action, by producing gradual centres of
material condensation, the mere whirlpool specks in infinite space.

Revolving bodies, gaseous, fluid, or solid, thus impress or charge the
centres of their motion, by superinduced attraction, with electricity,
as their Leyden jars. So, too, the central body, or primary of a system,
so overcharged with electricity by its revolving secondaries, becomes
positively electrified or repellant to all such revolving bodies; and
thus the producers and accumulator are mutually attractive and repellant
of each other.

The planets, by their lightning speed in orbits and on their axes, being
producers, and the sun the recipient or accumulator of electricity; the
latter, as the centre of our revolving system, is the Leyden jar, and
thus becomes the overcharged positive source and dispenser of electric
light and heat to the surrounding planets.

The planets, as producers, are always negatively electric, tending
toward the accumulator, the sun; while the latter, as the accumulator,
being overcharged, is positively electric, and repels. The sun being the
greater body, the planets' negative electric attraction for it must
always yield to the greater mass and tend toward the sun; while that
great body, overcharged with accumulated positive electricity, is fully
capable of repelling such tendency of the lesser revolving planets
toward it. Attraction or gravitation with the planets, and repulsion
(instead of centrifugal force) with the sun, forever and inexhaustibly
retain the various bodies, of each system, in their respective orbits.
As motion is the normal condition of matter, eternally producing
electric action, and when centralized evolving light and heat; so light
and heat are as inexhaustibly eternal as motion, and may thus be
demonstrated as electric. The same principle of action applies to all
individual globes of each separate system, conjointly; and collectively,
the different systems mutually attract and repel each other,
proportionate to mass and the weakened forces of distance, thus
preserving a cosmical harmony throughout creation, forever forbidding
collision or destruction of individual globes.

This theory will be found to correspond with the well-known laws of
positive and negative electric action; as well as illustrative of the
influence of electric light on vegetable production--the only
artificially produced light, capable of imparting a healthy growth, and
color--which, I think, clearly proves it to be of the same character as
solar light. It is also corroborative of much that is inexplicable,
except in the identity of electricity with solar effulgence, as the
source of light, heat, and gravitation, as well as substituting
repulsion for centrifugal force, and must forever disprove the theory of
solar light being the result of mere metallic incandescence, or any
other equally exhausting combustion. The latter theory, with such
supposed expedients in nature, to carry out the mighty design of
creation, belittles the subject by its transitoriness, and is,
therefore, unworthy the conception of modern generations.



PHENOMENA OF HAZE, FOGS, AND CLOUDS.


The predominant haze, which generally envelops the landscape and reddens
the sun and moon during long droughts, is usually ascribed to smoke from
burning woods and forests, pervading the air. I have observed a similar
prevalent haze, connected with other extensive droughts than the one
from which the country is now (August) suffering, and have invariably
heard the same vague and inadequate cause assigned. Observation proves
conclusively, that the assigned is not the true general cause (although
it has its purely local effect), as with winds, for days together, in
opposite quarters from local fires on mountain or plain, such widespread
districts remain enveloped in haze, although hundreds of miles distant.
Neither over such districts was there any odor as from smoke pervading
the atmosphere (except temporarily from some neighboring chimneys, which
the then heavy air kept near the earth), nor felt by the eyes, which
very perceptibly smart when exposed to smoke. It is impossible, with
varying winds, that mere local fires should spread smoke so uniformly as
to comprise most of the area of the drought, which on this occasion
extended from our great western lakes to the Atlantic seacoast; and
anomalously, too, that it should have continued so long after a rain had
extinguished those fires.

I should assign a very different cause for this phenomenon. Rain drops
are negatively electric, while suspended moisture, such as fog, displays
itself in the form of vesicles or globules, distended by the presence
and prevalence of positive electricity, which refracts the rays of light
from so many myriad surfaces, that all objects are thus, necessarily,
obscured to the eye. During droughts, when haze prevails, positive
electricity in the air becomes in excess, which is heating, and
therefore serves still more to subdivide, as well as to expand or
distend the floating moisture in the atmosphere (of which it is never
entirely deprived) into infinitesimal vesicles, or globules, like minute
soap bubbles, and thus from such an infinite number of refracting
surfaces is produced the haze, as well as the obscuration of the
landscape and the reddened disks of the sun and moon, by the absorption
of their heat or red rays, so characteristic of great droughts. This
same infinitesimal vesicular condition of suspended moisture, is also
the sufficient cause of there being no deposition of dew on such
occasions, except where a local change of electric condition cools the
air, thus temporarily clearing the atmosphere, and permitting a local
deposition of the previously suspended moisture, in the form of dew.

All fogs are due to this same cause, as well as that which, in extreme
wintry cold, overhangs the open water, as it yields its comparative heat
to the air. The formation and suspension of clouds, in all their varied
characteristics, have the same origin. That highly attenuated haze which
invests the distant landscape, particularly mountains, with its magical
purple hue, is due to the same, but still more ethereal interposition of
infinitesimal globules of suspended moisture. In corroboration of this
being the true explanation of the phenomena of haze, fogs, etc., is the
fact, that as soon as clouds prevail, denoting an electric change in the
atmosphere, all haze immediately disappears, or becomes embraced in the
larger vesicles or globules, forming clouds.



FLY LEAVES FROM THE LIFE OF A SOLDIER.

PART II.--CHEVRONS.


She sewed them on upside down. Please to remember that this was in May,
1861 (or was it 1851? it seems a long time ago), when a young lady of
the most finished education, polished to the uttermost nine, could not
reasonably be expected to know what a sergeant-major was, much less the
particular cut and fashion of his badge of rank. I told her, exultingly,
that I was appointed sergeant-major of our battalion. 'What's that?' she
inquired, simply enough. I explained. The dignity and importance of the
office was scarcely diminished in her mind by my explanation; and,
indeed, I thought it the grandest in the army. Who would be a
commissioned officer, when he could wear our gorgeous gray uniform,
trimmed with red, the sleeves wellnigh hidden behind three broad red
stripes in the shape of a V, joined at the top by as many broad red
arcs, all beautifully set off by the lithe and active figure of
Sergeant-Major William Jenkins? As for Mary, who protested that she
never could learn the difference between all these grades, or make out
the reason for them, she was for her part convinced that not even the
colonel himself, certainly not that fat Major Heavysterne, could be
grander, or handsomer, or more important than her William. So I forgave
her for sewing on my chevrons upside down, although it was at the time
an infliction grievous to be born, inasmuch as the fussy little
quartermaster-sergeant was thereby enabled to get a day's start of in
the admiration and envy of our old company. How they envied us, to be
sure! But I had one consolation: Oates' were all straight; mine were
arched. And _she_ sewed mine on. His were done by Cutts & Dunn's
bandy-legged foreman.

There never was such a uniform as ours. Not even the 'Seventh'
itself--incomparable in the eyes of the _three_-months'--could vie in
grand and soldierly simplicity, we thought, with the gray and red of the
9th Battalion, District of Columbia Volunteers. Gray cap, with a red
band round it, letters A S, for 'American Sharpshooters' (Smallweed used
to say he never saw it spelt in that way before, and to ask anxiously
for the other S), gray single-breasted frock coat, with nine gilt
buttons, and red facings on the collar and cuffs. Gray pantaloons, with
a broad red stripe down the outer seam. The drummers sported the most
gorgeous red stomachs ever seen, between two rows of twenty little
bullet buttons. The color rendered us liable to be mistaken for the
rebels, it is true; but this source of anxiety to the more nervous among
us was happily prevented from leading to any unfavorable results by the
fatherly care displayed by poor old General Balkinsop, under whose
protection, we were sent into the field, in always keeping at least a
day's march from the enemy!

When we non-commissioned staff officers were first promoted, we felt
badly about leaving our companies; wanted to drill with them still, and
so on. But this soon wore off under the pressure of new duties. For my
part, I soon found that the adjutant, Lieutenant Harch, regarded it as
quite a natural arrangement that the sergeant-major should attend to the
office duties, while the adjutant occupied himself exclusively with what
he was pleased to style the military part of the business; meaning
thereby, guard mounting every morning and Sunday morning, inspection
once a week, making an average of, say, twenty minutes work per diem for
the adjutant, and leaving the poor sergeant-major enough to occupy and
worry him for ten or eleven hours. 'Sergeant-major, publish these
orders,' Lieutenant Harch would say, in tones of authority exceeding in
peremptory curtness anything I have ever heard since from the commander
of a grand army; and then, scraping a match--my match--upon the wall, he
would begin attending to his 'military duties' by lighting a cigar--my
cigar--and strolling up the avenue, on exhibition, preparatory to going
home to dine, while the fag remained driving the pen madly, kindly
assisted sometimes by Quartermaster-Sergeant Oates, until long after the
dinner hour of the non-commissioned staff. I think the company
commanders must sometimes have doubted (unless they carefully refrained
from reading orders, as I have sometimes thought probable) whether the
adjutant could write his name; for all our orders used to be signed:

                'By order of Major JOHNSON HEAVYSTERNE:
                          FREDERICK HARCH, 1st Lieutenant and Adjutant,
                                   By WILLIAM JENKINS, Sergeant-Major.'

Now, if the printer sets this up properly, you will see that, even at
that early day, we knew too much to adopt the sensation style of signing
orders which some officers have since learned from the _New York
Herald_, thus:

                          By command of
                                Major-General BULGER!
                                   WASHINGTON SMITH, A. A.-G.

In those days there was but little of that distinction of ranks which
has come to be better observed now that our volunteers have grown into
an army. You see, the process of forming an army out of its constituent
element follows pretty much the fashion set by that complex machine the
human animal: the materials go through all the processes of swallowing,
digestion, chylifaction, chymifaction, absorption, alteration, and
excretion; bone, muscle, nerve, sinew, viscera, and what not, each
taking its share, and discarding the useless material that has only
served, like bran in horse feed, to give volume and _prehensibility_ to
the mass. Our non-commissioned staff messed with the major, who was as
jolly a bachelor as need be, of some forty-nine years of growth, and
thirty of butchering, that being his occupation. The adjutant, being
newly married to a gaunt female, who, I hope, nagged him as he us,
_preferred_ to take his meals at home. Smallweed, who had somehow got
made quartermaster, couldn't go old Heavysterne, he said, and so kept as
long as he could to his desultory habits of living as a citizen and a
bachelor. So our mess consisted of the major, who exercised a paternal
care over the rest of us, superintending, indeed often joining in, our
amusements and discussions, our quarrels and makings up; of
Quartermaster-Sergeant Oates, who knew all about everything and
everybody better than anybody, and was always ready to ventilate his
superior knowledge on the slightest provocation, and who, as Smallweed,
now Lieutenant Smallweed, used to say, 'would have made a d----d elegant
quartermaster-sergeant, if he hadn't had a moral objection to issuing
anything;' of Chaplain Bender, a sanctified-looking individual of
promiscuous theology and doubtful morals (the funny men used to speak of
him irreverently as Hell Bender); of the battalion commissary,
Lieutenant Fippany, an unmitigated swell; of Commissary-Sergeant Peck, a
stumpy little fellow, full of facts and figures, and always quiet and
ready; of the writer, Sergeant-Major Jenkins, or Jinkens as my name used
to be mispronounced, infinitely to my disgust; and lastly,
semi-occasionally, of the sutler, Mr. Cann. The surgeon, old Doctor
Peacack, ran a separate mess, consisting of himself, the assistant
surgeon, Dr. Launcelot Cutts, and hospital steward Spatcheloe.

The drum-major, Musician Tappit, having refused to be mustered in, and
the War Department having presently refused to let us have any musicians
at all, used to appear only on parades, gorgeous in his gray uniform and
ornamental red stomach, disappearing with exemplary regularity, and
diving into his upholsterer's cap and baize apron upon the slightest
prospect of work or danger. I don't think it was ever my bad fortune to
eat more unpleasant meals than those eaten at our mess table. The
officers, excepting the major, but specially including the chaplain,
used to insist on being helped first and excessively to everything; also
on inviting their friends to dine on our plates, there being no extra
ones; also on giving us the broken chairs, one in particular, that was
cracked in a romp between the chaplain and the adjutant, and that
pinched you when you sat on it. Then Lieutenant Harch was always playing
adjutant at the dinner table, settling discussions _ex cathedra_ in a
sharp tone, and ordering his companions to help him to dishes, as thus:
'Sergeant-Major, p'tatoes!' 'Oates, beef!' 'Hurry up with those beans!'
To be monosyllabic, rude to his superiors and equals, and overbearing to
his inferiors in rank, this fledgling soldier--our comrade of a few days
since, and presently the subordinate of most of us, through standing
still while we went ahead--used to think the perfection and essence of
the military system. And then that smug-faced, smooth-tongued,
dirty-looking chaplain, with his second-hand shirt collars and slopshop
morality--was it whiskey or brandy that his breath smelt oftenest of? He
was the first chaplain I had seen, and I confess his rank breath, dirty
linen, and ranker and dirtier hypocrisy, gave me a disgust toward his
order that it took long months and many good men to obliterate.

The best part of May we spent in drilling and idling and grumbling, and
some of us, not so hard worked as Sergeant-Major Jenkins, in the true
military style of conviviality, usually terminating in an abrupt entry
in the orderly book, opposite the name of the follower of Bacchus,
'Drunk; two extra tours guard duty;' or 'Drunk again; four extra tours
knapsack drill.' Now, the knapsack drill, as practised by well-informed
and duty-loving sergeants of the guard, simply consists in requiring the
delinquent to shoulder, say, for two hours in every six, a knapsack
filled with stones, blankets, or what not, until it weighs twenty,
thirty, or perhaps forty pounds, according to the nature of the case and
the officer who orders the punishment.

Quartermaster-Sergeant Oates and I went up, one afternoon, with
Lieutenant Smallweed, Corporal Bledsoe of our old company, and two or
three others, to see the famous 'Seventh' drill, out at Camp Cameron,
which I suppose nearly everybody knows is situated about a mile and a
half north of the President's house, on the 14th-street road, and just
opposite to a one-horse affair that used to call itself 'Columbian
College,' but which, after passing through a course of weak
semi-religio-secessionism, gradually dried up, leaving its skin to the
surgeon-general for a hospital. The afternoon we selected to visit Camp
Cameron turned out to be an extra occasion. General Thomas, the
adjutant-general of the army, was to present a stand of colors to the
'Seventh' on behalf of Mr. Secretary Cameron, on behalf of some ladies,
I think. Ladies! I admire you very much, for the very many things
wherein you are most admirable, but why, oh! why, in the name of the
immortals, will you, why will you present flags? Don't do it any more,
please. They are always packed up in a box and left somewhere almost as
soon as your handkerchiefs have ceased waving, your soprano hurrahs
ceased ringing; or else they are given to some pet officer for a
coverlet. They cost a great deal of money; they oblige the poor soldiers
to endure a mort of flatulent oratory at a parade rest; and they force
the poor colonel, in a great perspiration, to stumble through a few
feeble, ineffectual, and disjointed words of thanks, which he committed
to memory last night from the original, written for him by the adjutant
or the young regimental poet, but of which he has forgotten almost every
other word. The wise old Trojan says, speaking of the horse (I get my
quotations from the newspapers, you may be sure):

     'Timeo Danaos, et dona ferentes;'

implying that he is opposed to going into that speculation in wooden
horseflesh, because he fears the Greeks, even when they bring gifts.
Just so, I fear the ladies, especially when they present flags. Remember
_Punch's_ advice to young persons about to be married? _'Don't!'_

The Seventh, after going through the usual evening parade, and a few
simple man[oe]uvres, formed square, facing inward, with General Thomas
and the oil-skin sausage that contained the new colors, and all the
regimental officers, in the centre. General Thomas's feeble pipes
sounded faintly enough for about half an hour, during which time no man
in the ranks heard more than a dozen words. Then Colonel Lefferts
responded in a few inaudible, but no doubt very appropriate remarks.
Then 'the boys,' seeing that the time had come, cheered lustily, after
the hypothetical manner of the rocket. But there was one thing we did
hear, standing on tiptoe, and straining every ear. The Seventh was to go
somewhere. The crisis of the war had come. The Seventh was going to
shoot at it. Their thirty days were almost out; but they were going to
be shot at, just like any of us three-months men.

To leave their canned fruits, and milk, and fresh eggs, and board
floors, and a stroll on the avenue in the afternoon, and go where glory
waited for them! Happy, happy gray-breasts! We wandered enviously round
the excited camp, and talked with our friends. Many were the rumors,
appalling to us in those days, when we were yet unused to camp 'chin.'
The regiment was to go to Harper's Ferry. Johnston was there. They would
hang him if they took him. They were to march straight to Richmond, One
man of the 'Engineer Company' was going to resign, he said, because his
company had to remain to guard the camp. They were to take two days'
rations and forty rounds of cartridges per man--_ball_ cartridges. Forty
rounds of ball cartridges and two days' work! Surely, we thought, the
days of the rebellion are numbered. And then, chewing the bitter cud of
the reflection that the war would almost certainly be ended before we
got a chance at the enemy, we wandered sadly back to our quarters,
Smallweed growling horribly all the way. Our 'headquarters' we find in a
great state of excitement. We find the orderly and Major Heavysterne
discussing the prospects of the rebels being able to hold out a month,
and Color-Sergeant Hepp and the adjutant both trying to decide the
dispute. Hepp thinks they can't do without leather, and the adjutant
thinks the want of salt must fetch them in a few weeks. Thinks? Decides!
Whatever may be doubtful, this is certain. Everybody seems strangely
excited. We tell them our news. 'Tell us some'n do'n know!' rasps
Lieutenant Harch; 'our b'ttalion's goin', too; get ready, both of,
quick! Smallweed, where in the h-- have you been? I've had to do all
your work.' We were to go at nine o'clock at night. It was then eight.
Whither? No one knew. The chaplain comes in, with symptoms of erysipelas
in his nose, and a villanous breath, to tell us, while we--the
quartermaster-sergeant and I--are packing our knapsacks and leaving
lines of farewell for those at home and at other people's homes, that
the major has imparted to him in confidence the awful secret that we are
bound for Mount Vernon, to remove the bones of Washington. This gives us
something terrible to think of as we march down, in quick time (a
suggestion of that adjutant, I know), to the Long Bridge, and during the
long delay there, spent by commanding officers in pottering about and
gesticulating. By commanding officers? There is one there who does not
potter, standing erect--that one with the little point of fire between
his fingers that marks the never-quenched cigarette--talking to Major
Heavysterne in low and earnest tones, but perfectly cool and clear the
while. That is our splendid Colonel Diamond, as brave and good a soldier
as ever drew sword, as noble and true a Christian as ever endured
persecution and showed patience. They are discussing a plan for crossing
the river in boats, landing at a causeway where the Alexandria road
crosses Four Mile Run, and so cutting off the impudent picket of the
enemy's cavalry that holds post at the Virginia end of the Long Bridge.
The battalion commanders are evidently dazzled by the brilliancy of the
moonlight and the colonel's scheme, for it soon becomes apparent that
they haven't the pluck and dash necessary to render such an operation
successful. Even we young soldiers, intent upon the awful idea of
resurrecting Washington's bones, and little dreaming then of becoming
the pioneers of the great invasion, could see the hitch. Presently the
major got a definite order, and beckoning to us of the battalion staff,
began to cross the bridge. Dusky bodies of troops, their arms glistening
in the moonlight, had been silently gliding past us while the discussion
progressed. Most of them seemed to have halted on the bridge, we found
as we passed on, and to have squatted down in the shade of the parapet,
gassing, smoking, or napping. It was nearly midnight. We had got to the
middle of the causeway, and found ourselves alone, bathed in silence and
moonlight and wonder, when up dashed a horseman from the direction of
the Virginia side. He stopped, and peered at us over his horse's neck.
'O'Malley, is that you?' says the major, seeing it is an Irish officer
belonging to Colonel Diamond's staff. 'Yes,' says the captain, 'and who
the devil are you?' 'Major Heavysterne. Won't you please ride back and
send my battalion forward? You'll find the boys standing on the draw.
Cap'n Bopp, of the Fisler Guards, is the senior officer, I believe.' But
the Irishman was off, with an oath at the major's stupidity in
forgetting to order his men forward. Presently the battalion came
creeping up, silently enough, I thought, but the adjutant made the
excuse of a casual 'ouch' from a man on whose heels Hrsthzschnoffski
had casually trodden, to shriek out his favorite 'Stop 'at talken'!' 'Do
you command this battalion?' asks Captain Pipes, sternly; and
straightway there would have been a dire altercation, but for the
major's gentle interference. The bridge began to sway and roar under our
steps. We were on the draw. Clinging to the theory of Washington's
bones, I peered over the draw, in the hope of seeing a steamer; there
was nothing there but the sop and swish of the tide. Perhaps we were not
going to Mount Vernon at all! 'Halt! Who are these sleeping beauties on
the draw? Ah! these are the Bulgers. 'Say, Bulger,' I ask of one of
them, 'who's ahead of you?' 'A'n't nobody,' he replied indignantly, as
who should say, Who _can_ be ahead of the invincible Bulger Guards.
Nobody! Here was great news. ''_Orr'd_ H'RCH!' drones the major, in low
tones; and '_Owa_'' H'MP,' sharply, ''_Orrrr_ 'RRRCH,' gruffly, repeat
the captains. On we go, breaking step to save the bridge, surprise and
fluttering in our hearts. A'n't nobody ahead! Now we are on the hard
dirt, the sacred soil, of the pewter State, mother of Presidents, the
birthplace of Washington, the feeding ground of hams, but otherwise the
very nursery and hive of worthlessness, humbug, sham, and superstition.
Virginia, that might have been the first, and proudest, and most
enlightened State in the Union, that is the last and most besodden State
in or half out of it--But while my apostrophe runs on, the bit between
its teeth, the head of our little column muffles its tread on the sacred
soil itself, dirtying its boots in the sacred mud, the roar of the
bridge ceases, the last files and the sergeant-major run after them to
close up, in obedience to the sharp mandate of the major, and the
invasion is begun. No man spoke a word; no sound was audible save the
distant hum and cracking of the city, the cry of a thousand frogs, and
the muffled tramp of our advancing footsteps. I thought the enemy, if
any were near, must surely hear the cartridges rattle in my cartridge
box as we double-quicked to close up, and I put my hand behind me to
stop the clatter. If any enemy were near, indeed! There seemed an enemy
behind every bush, a rebel in every corner of the worm fence. I am in
the rear of the column, I thought, and my heart went thump, bump, and my
great central nervous ganglion ached amain. 'Sergeant-major,' whispers
Major Heavysterne; 'Sergeant-major,' barks the adjutant. 'Fall out four
files and keep off to the right, and about fifty paces in advance of the
battalion, and examine the ground thoroughly. Report any signs of the
enemy.' The ache grew bigger, and I perspired terribly as I inquired, in
tones whose tremor I hoped would be mistaken for ardor, whether any one
was ahead of us. 'No one except the enemy,' laughed the major, quietly.
No one except the enemy! Fifty paces from any one except the enemy, by
my legs, each pace a yard! 'The ground to the right is all water, and
about seven feet deep,' I reported joyfully, having ascertained the
fact. 'Then go fifty yards ahead, as far to the right as you can get,
and keep out of sight,' were our new orders. I thought we would keep out
of sight well enough! We were going up hill--up the hill on which Fort
Runyon now stands. Here is a shanty. What if it should be full of the
enemy, and we but four poor frightened men, with our battalion hidden by
the turn in the road. Mechanically I cocked my rifle and opened the
door, and strained my eyes into the darkness. Nobody. I let down the
hammer again.

Fear had oozed out of my fingers' ends, in lifting the latch, just as
valor did from those of Bob Acres, and Jenkins was himself again. We
jobbed our bayonets under the lager-beer counter, to provide for the
case of any lurking foe in that quarter. Just here the road forked.
Sending two of us to the right, the rest kept on the Alexandria. 'Look
there,' chatters Todd second between his teeth, wafting in my face a
mingled odor of fear and gin cocktails. 'Where?' 'Why there! on top of
the hill--a horse.' 'Is that a horse?' 'Yes.' 'A man on him, too!' 'Two
of 'em!' Click, click, click, from our locks. We creep on and up
stealthily. We are scarcely thirty yards distant from the two horsemen,
when a man darts out from the left-hand side of the road behind us--two
men--three! We are surrounded. Todd second would have fired, but I held
him back. '_Who's that?_' I whispered; '_speak quick, or I fire!_'
'Can't you see, you d--d fool,' barks out our surly adjutant, who,
unknown to us, had been leading a similar scout on the opposite side of
the road. Click, click, from up the hill. The enemy are going to shoot.
An awful moment. We steady our rifles and our nerves; all trace of fear
is gone; nothing remains but eagerness for the conflict that seems so
near, and with a bound, without waiting for orders, we move quickly up
the hill. Lieutenant Harch moves his men out into the road, where the
bright moonlight betrays, perhaps multiplies, their number; the horsemen
spring to their saddles, and are off at a clattering gallop, to alarm
Alexandria. 'Don't shoot!' shrieks the adjutant; our rifles waver; the
hill hides the flying picket; the chance is lost; presently all
Alexandria will be awake, and a beautiful surprise frustrated. As we
peer into the moonlit distance from the top of the hill now almost
spaded away and trimmed up into Fort Runyon, feeling the solemnity of
the occasion impressed upon us with dramatic force by all the
surroundings--by our loneliness, by our character as the harbingers of
the advance of the armies of American freedom and American nationality,
and by the recent flight of the first squad of the enemy whom we had met
with hostile purpose: as we dreamily drink in all these and many other
vague ideas, up comes our battalion, and occupies the hill, the major
sending off a company to hold the bridge where the road crosses the
canal and forks to Arlington and Fairfax Court House. Presently there
pass by us regiments from Michigan, New York, New Jersey, and it may be
from other States which I forget. Some turn off to the right, to settle
on the hill which is now scooped into Fort Albany; others press forward
to Alexandria, the bells of which town very soon begin to ring a
frightened peal of alarm and confusion. We move out a half mile farther
and halt, our night's work being over, and other things in store; the
moonlight wanes, and grows insensibly into a chilly daylight, presently
reddened by the sun of to-morrow. All this seems to us to have occupied
scarcely half an hour, but it is broad day again for certain, and surely
we are a mortally tired and aching battalion as we march back listless,
hot, sleepy, and gastric, over the Long Bridge, to our armory, there to
fall asleep over breakfast in sheer exhaustion, and to spend the
remainder of the day in a dry, hard series of naps, not the least
refreshing--such as leave you the impression of having slept in hot
sand. As we--the quartermaster-sergeant and I--stroll down the avenue
that afternoon according to our wont, we hear the news of Ellsworth's
death, of the occupation of Alexandria by our forces, and of the flight
of the enemy's handful of silly, braggadocio Virginia militia, hastily
collected to brag and drink the town safe from the pollution of the vile
Yankee's invading foot. Ah! V'ginia; as thou art easily pleased to sing
of thy sister-in-law, Ma'yland,

     'The taäirahnt's foot is awn thaï sho','

and will be likely to remain thar a right tollable peert length of time,
I expect.

Nothing but bridge guarding in the festering swamp on the Virginia side
of the Potomac, varied by multiplying details for extra duty as clerks
in all imaginable offices, falls to our lot until the 10th of June,
when, after a number of rumors, and many dark forebodings as to what the
District men would do, we are finally ordered into the field as a part
of the Chickfield expedition, originally designed for the capture of
Dregsville, I believe; an object which may have been slightly interfered
with by its detailed announcement about a week beforehand in one of the
Philadelphia papers. The expedition consisted of the First, Third,
Fifth, and Ninth Battalions of District of Columbia Volunteers, the
First New Hampshire, the Ninth New York, and the Seventeenth
Pennsylvania, which _would_ call itself the First. I think four other
regiments from the same State did the same thing, it being a cardinal
principle with them, perhaps, that each regiment was to claim two
different names and three different numbers, and that at least four
other regiments were fiercely to dispute with it each name and each
number: for example, there was the

  First Pennsylvania Artillery,           }
  calling itself the...                   }
                                          }
  First Pennsylvania Militia, Infantry,   } First
  calling itself the...                   } Pennsylvania
                                          } Regiment.
  First Pennsylvania Volunteers, Infantry,}
  calling itself the...                   }
                                          }
  First Pennsylvania Volunteers, Infantry,}
  calling itself, and called by           }
  the Governor, the...                    }

And for another example there was a regiment which called itself the
'Swishtail Carbines,' after a beastly ornament in the hats of its men;
the 'Shine Musketoons,' after their lieutenant-colonel; the '289th
Pennsylvania Volunteers,' after the State series of numbers, which began
with 280 or thereabout; and the 'First Regiment of the Pennsylvania
Volunteer Reserve Corps, Breech-Loading Carbineers,' and doubtless by
other names, though I don't remember them.

Besides this tremendous host--we had never seen so large a force
together, and thought it the most invincible of armadas--we had a
battery of artillery, composed of three or four different kinds of guns,
as the fashion was in the good old days of our company posts, wherefrom
we were just emerging in a chrysalis state, and also two companies of
cavalry; one a real live company of regulars, commanded by Captain
Cautle, of the Third Dragoons, the other led by Captain (he called
himself major, and his company a battalion) Cutts, formerly and since an
enterprising member of the firm of Cutts & Dunn, who made my uniform,
and who will make your clothes, if you wish, my dear reader, and charge
you rather less than three times their value, after the manner of
Washington tailors; which charge will appear especially moderate when
you remember that the clothes will almost fit, and won't wear out so
very soon after all, as is the way with Washington clothes. Indeed, as
the tactics say, 'this remark is general for all the deployments;' and
the same may as well be said of all bills and things made in the great
city of sheds, contractors, politicians, dust, and unfinished buildings.
But is this a description of Washington? We are at Chickfield, where the
loyal Maryland farmers come to us to protect their loyalty, to charge a
dollar a panel for old worm fences thrown down by 'the boys,' to sell
forage at double prices, to reclaim runaway negroes, and to assure us of
the impossibility of subjugating the South. And here, in the peaceful
village of Chickfield, the object of our expedition having been happily
frustrated by the newspapers, we enjoy our ease for a week or ten days,
and our first camp experiences. Oh! that first experience of unboxing
tents smelling loudly as of candle grease, of finding the right poles,
of vainly endeavoring to pitch them straight, of hot and excited
officers rushing hither and thither in a flurry, trying to instruct the
different squads in their work, and straightway frustrated by the thick
heads, or worse, by the inevitable suggestions of those remarkably
intelligent corporals, who seem to consider themselves as having a
special mission direct from heaven to know everything except how to do
what they are bid. And oh! the first camp cookery, when everything is
overdone except what is underdone; when the soup is water, and the
coffee grounds, and the tea (we had tea in the _three_-months!) senna!
And after a day of worry, hurry, confusion, and awful cooking, the first
rough sleep, with a root running across your ribs, and a sizable gravel
indenting the small of your back! How the teamsters talk all night, and
the sentinels call wildly, incessantly, for the corporal of the guard!
How you dream of being hung on a wire, as if to dry, with your head on a
jagged rock; of an army of sentinels pacing your breast, ceaselessly
engaged in coming to an 'order arms;' of millions of ants crawling over
and through you; of having your legs suddenly thrust into an icehouse,
and a brush fire built under your head; of black darkness, in which you
fall down, down, down, down--faster, faster, faster!--till crash! you
bump against something, and split wide open with a thundering roar,
which gradually expands into the sound of a bugle as you awake to
renewed misery, and are, as Mr. Sawin says, 'once more routed out of bed
by that derned reveille.'

Presently there comes an order for us to march to Billsburg, and there
join the army of the Musconetcong, commanded by that dauntless hero,
Major-General Robert Balkinsop. Of course we march in a hurry, as much
as possible by night, 'without baggage,' as the orders say--meaning with
only _two_ wagons to a company. The other battalions of D.C. Vols. stay
behind and loaf back to Washington, there to be mislaid by Major-General
Blankhed, who is so preoccupied with issuing and affixing his sign
manual to passes for milk, eggs, and secessionists, to cross and recross
Long Bridge, that the war must wait for him or go ahead without him. We
go on to glory, as we suppose (deluded _three_-months!), and march
excitedly, with all our legs, fearing we shall be too late. As we near
Billsburg, we can hear the since familiar _tick--tack_, _pip--pop--pop_
of a rattling skirmish, and the _vroom--vroom_ of volley firing.
Anxiously, eagerly--no need for the colonel to cry 'Step out
lively!'--we press forward, with all the ardor of recruits. Recruits!
Hadn't we been a month in service, and been through one great invasion
already? There they are! See the smoke? Where? On top of that hill!
Halt! Our battalion deploys as skirmishers with a useless cheer. We
close up. We load with ball cartridge, and most of us, on our individual
responsibility, fix bayonets; it looks so determined--nothing like the
cold steel, we think. Slowly, resolutely, we advance. An aid comes
galloping back. We crowd round him. The colonel looks disgustedly
handsome. What does he say? Pshaw! It's only the 284th Pennsylvania,
part of General Balkinsop's body guard, discharging muskets after rain.
Only three soldiers, a negro, a couple of mules, and an old woman, have
been hurt so far, and 'the boys' will be through in an hour or so more!

Well, as we were sent for in a hurry, of course we waited a week. How
General Balkinsop man[oe]uvred the great army of the Musconetcong; what
fatherly, nay, grandmotherly care he took to keep us out of danger; how
cautiously he spread, his nets for the enemy, and how rapidly he left
them miles behind; how we killed nothing but chickens, wounded nothing
but our own silly pride, and captured nothing but green apples and
roasting ears; all this, and more, let history tell. The poor old
general kept us safe, at all events; and if the enemy, with half our
numbers, was left unharmed, and allowed quietly and leisurely to move
off and swell his force elsewhere, and so whip us in detail, what of it?
Didn't we save our wagon train? And isn't that, as everyone knows, the
highest result of strategy?

And then came the battle (the _battle!_) of Bull Run, with its first
glowing, crowing accounts of victory, and its later story of humiliation
and shame! Ah! let me shut up the page! My heart grows sick over this
mangy, scrofulous period of our national disease; give me air!

Luckily for me, I had a raging fever just after that awful 21st of July,
1861. When I awoke from my delirium, and had got as far as tea, toast,
and the door of the hospital, they told me of the great uprising of the
people, of General McClellan's appointment to command the Army of the
Potomac, of how 'our boys' had reënlisted for the war, and of how I, no
longer Sergeant-Major William Jenkins, was to be adjutant of the
regiment, and might now take off my _chevrons_, and put on my SHOULDER
STRAPS.

_She_ sent them to me in a letter. Wait a month, and I'll tell you.



THE FIRST FANATIC.


  When Noah hewed the timber
    Wherewith to build the ark,
  Outside the woods one shouted--
    'That wild fanatic!--_hark!_'

  And when he drew the beams
    And laid them on the plain,
  One said,'He has no balance,
    He surely is insane.'

  And when he raised the frame,
    One clear, sunshiny day,
  'Poor fool of _one idea_,'
    A smiling man did say.

  When he foretold the flood,
    And stood repentance teaching,
  They sneered, 'You radical,
    We'll hear no ultra preaching!'

  And when he drove the beasts and birds
    Into the ark one morn,
  They shouted, 'Odd enthusiast!'
    And laughed with ringing scorn.

  When he and all his house went in,
    They gazed, and said, 'Erratic!'
  'A pleasant voyage to you, Noah!
    You canting, queer fanatic!'



SKETCHES OF AMERICAN LIFE AND SCENERY.

V.--THE ADIRONDACS.


This interesting mountain region embraces the triangular plateau lying
between Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario and the
Mohawk. The name was formerly restricted to the central group containing
the highest peaks, but is now applied to the various ranges traversing
the northeastern counties of the State of New York. The loftiest points
are found in the County of Essex and the neighboring corners of
Franklin; but the surfaces of Clinton, St. Lawrence, Herkimer, Hamilton,
Warren, and Washington are all diversified by the various branches of
the same mountain system. The principal ranges have a general
northeasterly and southwesterly direction, and are about six in number.
They run nearly parallel with one another, and with the watercourses
flowing into Lake Champlain, namely, Lake George and Putnam's Creek, the
Boquet, Au Sable, and Saranac Rivers. Recent surveys made by, or under
the direction of, Professor A. Guyot, will doubtless furnish us with
more accurate information regarding ranges and measurements of heights
than any we can now refer to. So far as we have been able to learn from
the best authorities within our reach,[2] the situation and names of the
most prominent ranges are as follows: The most southerly is that known
as the Palmertown or Luzerne Mountains, and embraces the highlands of
Lake George, terminating at Mount Defiance, on Lake Champlain. This
range has also been called Black Mountain range and Tongue Mountains.
The second range, the Kayaderosseras, ends in the high cliff overlooking
Bulwagga Bay. The third, or Schroon range, terminates on Lake Champlain
in the high promontory of Split Rock. It borders Schroon Lake, and its
highest peak is Mount Pharaoh, nearly 4,000 feet above tidewater. The
fourth, or Boquet range, finds its terminus at Perou Bay, and contains
Dix Peak (5,200 feet), Nipple Top (4,900 feet), Raven Hill, and Mount
Discovery. The fifth or Adirondac range (known also as Clinton or Au
Sable) meets Lake Champlain in the rocks of Trembleau Point, and
embraces the highest peaks of the system, namely, Mount Tahawus (Marcy),
5,379 feet, and Mounts Mc-Intire, McMartin, and San-da-no-na, all above
5,000 feet in elevation. The series nest succeeding on the northwest,
does not consist of a single distinguishable range, but of a
continuation of groups which may be considered as a sixth range, under
the name of Chateaugay or Au Sable. Its highest points are Mount Seward
(5,100 feet), and Whiteface, nearly 5,000 feet in height. We have also
seen noticed as distinguishable a ridge still exterior to the last
mentioned, as Chateaugay, _i.e._, the range of the St. Lawrence.

[Footnote 2: NEW YORK SATE GAZETTEER.]

The above-named ranges are not always clearly defined, as cross spurs or
single mountains sometimes occupy the entire space between two ridges,
reducing the customary valley to a mere ravine. The usual uncertainty
and redundancy of nomenclature common to mountain regions, adds to the
difficulty of obtaining or conveying clear ideas of the local
distribution of elevation and depression. On the northern slope, the
three rivers, Boquet, Au Sable (with two branches, East and West), and
Saranac, furnish to the traveller excellent guides for the arrangement
of his conceptions, regarding the general face of the country. To the
south, the same office is performed by the various branching headwaters
of the Hudson.

These mountains are granitic, and the river bottoms have a light, sandy
soil. The Au Sable well deserves its name, not only from the bar at its
mouth, but also from the sand fields through which it chiefly flows.
Steep, bare peaks, wild ravines, and stupendous precipices characterize
the loftier ranges. The waterfalls are numerous and beautiful, and the
lakes lovely beyond description. More than one hundred in number, they
cluster round the higher groups of peaks, strings of glittering gems
about the stately forms of these proud, dark-browed, Indian
beauties--mirrors wherein they may gaze upon the softened outlines of
their haughty heads, their wind-tossed raiment of spruce fir, pines, and
birch.

In the lowest valleys the oak and chestnut are abundant, but as we leave
the shores of Lake Champlain and ascend toward the west, the beech and
basswood, butternut, elm, ash, and maple, hemlock and arbor vitæ,
tamarack, white, black, and yellow pines, white and black birch,
gradually disappear, until finally the forest growth of the higher
portions of the loftier summits is composed almost exclusively of the
various species of spruce or fir. The tamarack sometimes covers vast
plains, and, with the long moss waving from its sombre branches, looks
melancholy enough to be fancied a mourner over the ring of the axe
felling noble pines, the crack of the rifle threatening extermination to
the deer once so numerous, or the cautious tread of the fisherman under
whose wasteful rapacity the trout are gradually disappearing. We have
reason to be thankful that all are not yet gone--that some splendid
specimens are left to tell the glorious tale of the primeval forest,
that on the more secluded lake shores an occasional deer may yet be seen
coming down to drink, and that in the shadier pools the wary and
sagacious prince of fishes still disports himself and cleaves the
crystal water with his jewelled wedge.

Berries of all sorts spring up on the cleared spots; the wide-spreading
juniper, with its great prickly disks, covers the barer slopes; the
willow herb, wild rose, clematis, violet, golden rod, aster, immortelle,
arbutus, harebell, orchis, linnæa borealis, mitchella, dalibarda,
wintergreen, ferns innumerable, and four species of running pine, all in
due season, deck the waysides and forest depths.

The climate is intensely cold in winter, and in the summer cool upon the
heights, but in the narrow sandy valleys the long days of June, July,
and August are sometimes uncomfortably hot. The nights, however, are
ordinarily cool. Going west through the middle of the region, from
Westport to Saranac, a difference of several weeks in the progress of
vegetation is perceptible. Long after the linnæa had ceased to bloom at
Elizabethtown, we found its tender, fragrant, pink bells flushing a
wooded bank near Lake Placid. Good grass grows upon the hillsides, and
in the valleys are found excellent potatoes, oats, peas, beans, and
buckwheat. The corn is small, but seems prolific, and occasional fields
of flax, rye, barley, and even wheat, present a flourishing appearance.
Lumber, charcoal, and iron ore of an excellent quality are, however, the
present staples of this mountain region. Bears and panthers are found in
some secluded localities, and the farmer still dreads the latter for his
sheep. The wolves are said to kill more deer than the hunters. The otter
and beaver are found among the watercourses, and the mink or sable is
still the prey of the trapper. The horses are ordinarily of a small
breed, but very strong and enduring.

The men are chiefly of the Vermont type, most of the original settlers
having come from the neighboring State. The school house, court house,
church, and town hall are hence regarded as among the necessary
elements of life to the well-ordered citizen. Honest dealing, thrift,
and cleanliness are the rule, and the farm houses are comfortable and
well cared for. The men look intelligent, and the women are handsome,
although, indeed, too many pale or sallow complexions give evidence of
sedentary habits, and of the almost universal use of _saleratus_ and hot
bread [??]. The families of many farmers far in among the mountains
rarely taste fresh meat, but subsist chiefly upon salt pork, fish, fresh
or salted, as the season will permit, potatoes, wheat, rye, and Indian
meal, with berries, dried apples, perhaps a few garden vegetables,
plenty of good milk, and excellent butter. Eggs, chickens, and veal are
luxuries occasionally to be enjoyed, and, should one of the family be a
good shot, venison and partridge may appear upon the bill of fare.
Bright flowers ornament the gardens, and gay creepers embower doors and
windows. Along the more secluded roads are the log cabins of the
charcoal burners, said cabins containing, if apparently nothing else,
two or three healthy, chubby, pretty children, and a substantial cooking
stove, of elaborate pattern, recently patented by some enterprising
compatriot.

Among the most remarkable features of these mountains are the 'Passes,'
answering to Gaps, Notches, and Cloves in other parts of the Union. They
afford means for excellent roads from end to end of the mountain region,
and are, in addition, eminently picturesque. The two most noteworthy are
the Indian and Wilmington Passes; the first too rugged for the present
to admit of a road; and the latter containing the beautiful Wilmington
Fall. Many of the mountains have been burned over, and the bare,
gaunt-limbed timber, and contorted folds of gray, glittering rock,
afford a spectral contrast to the gentler contours of hills still clad
in their natural verdure, bright or dark as deciduous or evergreen trees
preponderate. The variety of form is endless; long ridges, high peaks,
sharp or blunt, sudden clefts, great bare slides, flowing curves, convex
or concave, serrated slopes crowned with dark spruce or jagged as the
naked vertebræ of some enormous antediluvian monster, stimulate the
curiosity and excite the imagination of the beholder. There is an
essential difference in the character of the views obtained, whether
looking from the south, or the east. In the former case, the eye,
following the axes of the ranges, sees the mountains as a cross ridge of
elevated peaks; and in the latter, where the sight strikes the ranges
perpendicularly to their axes, one, or, at most, two ridges are all that
can be seen from any single point.

This region may be approached from Lake Champlain by way of Ticonderoga,
Crown Point, Port Henry, Westport, and Port Kent, the two latter places
being the nearer to the higher peaks; or from the lake country in
Hamilton County, by way of Racket and Long Lakes.

       *       *       *       *       *

The night boat for Albany, June 27th, 1864, was crowded with passengers
fleeing from pavements, summer heats, and stifling city air, to green
fields, cool shadows of wooded glens, or life-giving breezes from
mountain heights. True, there were some who, like Aunt Sarah Grundy,
bitterly lamented the ample rooms and choice fare of their own
establishments, and whose idea of a 'summer in the country' was limited
to a couple of months at Saratoga or Newport, with a fresh toilette for
each succeeding day; but even these knew that there were at both places
green trees, limpid waters, whether of lake or ocean, and a wide horizon
wherein to see sunsets, moonrises, and starlight. Aunt Sarah went to
Newport; she found there fewer of such persons as she was pleased to
designate as 'rabble,' and the soft, warm fogs were exactly the summer
atmosphere for a complexion too delicate to be exposed to the fervent
blaze of a July sun.

But the majority were not of Aunt Sarah's stamp. They were men, wearied
with nine months' steady work, eager for country sports, for the freedom
of God's own workhouse, where labor and bad air and cramped positions
need not be synonymous; or women, glad to escape the routine of
housekeeping, the daily contest with Bridget or Katrine, with Jean,
Williams, or Priscilla. There were young girls, with round hats and
thick boots, anxious to substitute grassy lanes or rocky hillsides for
the flagstones of avenues; lads, to whom climbing of fruit trees and
rowing boats were pleasant reminiscences of some foregone year; and
finally, children, who longed for change, and whose little frames needed
all the oxygen and exercise their anxious parents could procure for
them.

Such, doubtless, was a large portion of the precious freight of our
'floating palace,' whose magnificence proved to us rather of the
Dead-Sea-apple sort, as we had arrived upon the scene of action too late
to procure comfortable quarters for the night, and, in addition, soon
after daybreak found ourselves aground within sight of Albany, and with
no prospect of release until after the departure of the train for
Whitehall. At a few moments past seven, we heard the final whistle, and
knew that our journey's end was now postponed some four and twenty
hours. We afterward learned that by taking the boat to Troy we would
have run less risk of delay, as the Whitehall and Rutland train usually
awaits the arrival of said boat. At nine o'clock we reached Albany, and
one of our number spent a dreary day, battling with headache and the
ennui of a little four year old, who could extract no amusement from the
unsuggestive walls of a hotel parlor. About five in the afternoon we
left for Whitehall, where we purposed passing the night. This movement
did not one whit expedite the completion of our journey, but offered a
change of place, and an additional hour of rest in the morning, as the
lake-boat train from Whitehall was the same that left Albany shortly
after seven.

We found Whitehall a homely little town, in a picturesque situation, on
the side of a steep hill, past which winds the canal, and under which
thundered the train that on the following morning bore us to the lake,
where the pleasant steamboat 'United States' awaited her daily cargo.
The upper portion of Lake Champlain is very narrow, and the channel
devious; the shores are sometimes marshy, sometimes rocky, and the
bordering hills have softly swelling outlines. Our day was hazy, and the
Green Mountains of Vermont seemed floating in some species of celestial
atmosphere suddenly descended upon that fair State. We passed the
Narrows (a singular, rocky cleft, through which flows the lake), and
soon after came to Ticonderoga, with its ruined fort and environing
hills.

After leaving Crown Point, the lake becomes much wider, and at Port
Henry spreads out into a noble expanse of water. Behind Port Henry, the
Adirondac peaks already begin to form a towering background. Westport,
however, has a still more beautiful situation. The lake there is very
broad, the sloping shores are wooded, the highest peaks of the Green
Mountains are visible to the east and northeast, and the Adirondacs
rise, tier after tier, toward the west.

On the boat were wounded soldiers going to their homes. Poor fellows!
They had left their ploughs and their native hills, to find wounds and
fevers in Virginia. When one looked upon the tranquil lake and
halo-crowned mountains, it seemed almost impossible that the passions of
evil men should have power to draw even that placid region into the
vortex, and hurl back its denizens scarred and scathed, to suffer amid
its beauty. And yet were these men the very marrow and kernel of the
landscape, the defenders of the soil, the patriots who were willing to
give themselves that their country might remain one and undivided, that
the 'home of the brave' might indeed be the 'land of the free.'

At Westport we left the boat, and found the stage to Elizabethtown, a
_buckboard_, already crowded with passengers. An inn close at hand
furnished us the only covered wagon we chanced to see during our ten
weeks' sojourn among the Adirondacs. The drive to Elizabethtown (eight
miles) was hot and dusty, for we faced the western sun, and the long
summer drought was just then commencing to make itself felt.
Nevertheless, there was beauty enough by the wayside to make one forget
such minor physical annoyances. As the road rose over the first hills,
the views back, over the lake and toward those hazy, dreamy-looking
Vermont mountains, seemed a leaf from some ancient romance, wherein
faultless knights errant sought peerless lady loves with golden locks
flowing to their tiny feet, and the dragons were all on the outside,
dwellers in dark caverns and noisome dens. In our day, I fear, we have
not improved the matter, for the dark caverns seem to have passed
within, and the dragons have been adopted as familiars.

By and by, on some arid spots, appeared the low, spreading juniper,
which we had previously known only as the garden pet of an enthusiastic
tree fancier. And thus, perhaps, the virtues which here we cultivate by
unceasing care and watchfulness, will, when we are translated to some
wider sphere, nearer to the Creator of all, burst upon us as simple,
natural gifts to the higher and freer intelligences native to that
sphere.

Raven Hill is the highest point between Westport and Elizabethtown. It
is a beautifully formed conical hill, rising some twenty-one hundred
feet above the sea level, and contributing the cliffs on the northern
side of the 'Pass,' through which leads the road into the valley of the
Boquet, that vale known formerly as the 'The Pleasant Valley,' in which
was Betseytown, now dignified into Elizabethtown. Does an increase in
civilization and refinement indeed destroy familiarity, render us more
strange one to another, even, through much complexity, to our own
selves? The southern side of the Pass is formed by the slope of the
'Green Mountain,' once so called from its beautiful verdure, now, alas!
burnt over, bristling with dead trees and bare rocks, and green only by
reason of weeds, brambles, and a bushy growth of saplings. The view,
descending from the summit of the Pass into the Pleasant Valley, is
charming. The Boquet runs through green meadows and cultivated fields,
while round it rise lofty mountains--the 'Giant of the Valley' (alias
'Great Dome' or 'Bald Peak'), being especially remarkable, with its
summits, green or bare, round or peaked, glittering with white scars of
ancient slides. To the west lies the Keene Pass, a steep, rocky gateway
to the Au Sable River and the wonders beyond. This view of the descent
into the Pleasant Valley is even more striking from a road passing over
the hills some five miles south of Elizabethtown. The vale is narrower,
the point of view higher, and the opposite mountains nearer and more
lofty. The Giant of the Valley rises directly in the west, and Dix's
Peak closes the vista to the south. On a semi-hazy afternoon, with the
sunlight streaming through in broad pathways of quivering glory, it
would be difficult to imagine a more enchanting scene.

There are in Elizabethtown two inns,[3] one down by the stream, a branch
of the Boquet, and the other up on the 'Plain,' near the court house.
The latter has decidedly the advantage in situation. Both are owned by
the same landlord, and are well kept. We arrived in the midst of court
week, and found every place filled with lawyers, clients, witnesses, and
even, behind the bars of the brick jail, we could see the prisoners,
more fortunate than their city compeers, in that they breathed pure air,
and could look out upon the everlasting hills, solemn preachers of the
might and the rights, as well as the mercy of their Creator.

[Footnote 3: During the past season, the Mansion House, on the Plain,
was not opened until near the close Of the summer. We understand it is
to be henceforth a permanent 'institution.']

From two to three miles from the Valley House is the top of Raven Hill,
seemingly a watchtower on the outskirts of the citadel of the
Adirondacs. The ascent is easy, and the view panoramic, embracing Lake
Champlain and the Green Mountains, Burlington and Westport, the bare,
craggy hills to the north, the higher ranges to the west, with the
abrupt precipices of the 'Keene Pass' and the lofty 'Dome' and 'Bald
Mountain,' Dix's Peak to the south, a clear lake known as 'Black Pond'
among the hills toward Moriah, and at the base the Pleasant Valley with
the winding Boquet River.

Near the lower hotel is Wood Mountain, about half as high as Raven Hill,
and offering a view somewhat similar, although of course not so
extended. The distance to the top is but little over a mile, and the
pathway, although somewhat steep, is very good.

A visit to the iron mines and works at Moriah can readily be made from
Elizabethtown. The distance is from twelve to fourteen miles. One of the
mines is quite picturesque, being cut into the solid rock, under a roof
supported by great columns of the valuable ore. The workmen, with their
picks and barrows, passing to and fro, as seen from the top of the
excavation, look like German pictures of tiny gnomes and elves delving
for precious minerals. The yield from the ore is about eighty per cent.,
and of very superior quality. The return road passes down the hill,
whence is the splendid view of the 'Valley' before mentioned.

A delightful excursion can also be made to 'Split Rock,' about nine
miles up the valley of the Boquet. The little river there, in two
separate falls, makes its way through a rocky cleft. The basins of the
upper, and the singularly winding chasm of the lower fall, are
especially worthy of observation. At Split Rock we first made any
extensive acquaintance with a costume which threatens to be immensely
popular among the Adirondacs, namely, the _Bloomer_, and in the agility
displayed by some of its fair wearers we beheld the results likely to
spring from its adoption as a mountain walking dress. Our private
observation was, that moderately full, short skirts, without hoop of
course, terminating a little distance above the ankle, and worn with
clocked or striped woollen stockings, were more graceful than a somewhat
shorter and scantier skirt, with the pantalette extending down to the
foot. The former seems really _à la paysanne_, while the latter, in
addition to some want of grace, suggests _Bloomer_, and the many
absurdities which have been connected with that name. It is a great pity
that a sensible and healthful change in walking attire should have been
caricatured by its own advocates, and thus rendered too conspicuous to
be agreeable to many who would otherwise have adopted it in some
modified and reasonable form.

Near New Russia, about five miles from Elizabethtown, is a brook
flowing among moss-covered stones and rocks, overhung by giant trees of
the original forest; and just out of Elizabethtown is a glen, through
which pours a pretty stream, making pleasant little cascades under the
shadow of a less aged wood, and within a bordering of beautiful ferns,
running pines, and bright forest blossoms. We should also not neglect to
mention Cobble Hill, a bold pile of rocks, rising directly out of the
plain on which a portion of the town is situated.

But we had heard of the 'Walled Rocks of the Au Sable,' and Elsie and I
could not rest until our own eyes had witnessed that they were worthy of
their reputation. We left Elizabethtown at half past six in the morning,
our team a fast pair of ponies, belonging to our landlord. The previous
days had been warm and obstinately hazy, but for that especial occasion
the atmosphere cooled and cleared, and lent us some fine views back
toward the Giant of the Valley and the Keene Pass. The first ten miles
of road were excellent. We then crossed a little stream known as Trout
Brook, a tributary of the Boquet, and, by a somewhat rough and stony
way, began to ascend the high land separating the Boquet from the Au
Sable. This ridge includes the 'Poke a Moonshine' Mountain, a rude pile
of rocks, burnt over, and with perpendicular precipices of some three or
four hundred feet, facing the road which winds along the bottom of the
declivity. This cleft thus becomes another 'Pass,' and, with the huge
rocks fallen at its base, offers a wild and rather dreary scene. To the
north, near the foot of the mountain, are two ponds, Butternut and
Auger, which wind fantastically in and out among the hills. As we
descended the ridge, we looked toward Canada, far away over rolling
plains and hillocks, and soon after reached the sandy stretch of the
basin of the Au Sable, in the midst of which is Keeneville, twenty-two
miles from Elizabethtown.

By the wayside we passed a solitary grave, the mound and headstone in a
patch of corn and potatoes. Was the unknown occupant some dear one whom
the dwellers in the humble cabin near by were unwilling to send far away
from daily remembrance, or were they too poor to seek the shelter of the
common graveyard, or, again, had the buriers of that dead one followed
to the 'land of promise,' or departed to some other far country, leaving
this grave to the care or rather carelessness of stranger hands, and did
the snowy headstone recall no memory of past love to the laborer who
ploughed his furrow near that mound, or to the children who played
around it?

Ah! thus, not only in the mystical caverns of beauty, poetry, and
romance are hidden the graves of buried hopes, but even amid the corn
and potatoes of daily life rise the ghostly head and foot stones of
aspirations dead and put away out of sight, dead in the body, in daily
act, but living yet in spirit, and influencing the commonplace facts to
which they have yielded the field, permeating the everyday routine with
the ennobling power of lofty desires, and keeping the wayworn traveller
from sinking into the slough of materialism or the quicksands of utter
weariness. The man who in his youth dreamed of elevating his kind by a
noble employment of the gifts of genius, may find that genius apparently
useless, a hindrance even to prosperity, but he can nevertheless sow
along his way seeds of beauty not lost upon the thinking beings about
him, and bearing fruit perhaps in some future generation. The woman
whose reveries have pictured her a Joan of Arc, leading her country's
armies to victory, and finally yielding her life in the good cause, may
sew for sanitary commissions, and, nursing in some hospital, dropping
medicines, making soups and teas, die of some deadly fever, a willing
sacrifice to her country.

Later in the day we saw the corn and potatoes growing up to the very
verge of an exquisite waterfall, reckless strength and glorious poetry
side by side with patient utility and humble prose. This union seemed
not strange and unnatural, as did that of the solitary grave with the
active labor of supplying the living with daily food, the grave the more
lonely that the living with their material wants encircled it so
closely.

Keeseville is a manufacturing town, situated upon the Au Sable, which
here breaks through a layer of Potsdam sandstone, and presents a series
of most interesting and wonderful falls and chasms. About a mile below
the village is the first fall of eighty feet. The river has here a large
body of water, and falls in fan shape over a rapid descent of steps. It
takes a sharp turn, so that without crossing the stream, a fine view can
be obtained of the dancing, glittering sheet of foam. About half a mile
below is Birmingham, another manufacturing town, which has done its
best, but without entire success, to destroy the beauty of the second
fall, immediately below the bridge, said bridge being erected upon
natural piers at the sides and in the centre of the stream.

Here begins a chasm which continues for the distance of about a mile and
a half. Wonderfully grand are these Walled Rocks of the Au Sable,
through, which rushes the river, pent up between literally perpendicular
walls, a hundred or more feet in height, and from eleven to sixty or
eighty feet apart, generally from twelve to fourteen. The water
sometimes rushes smoothly and deeply below, and sometimes falls over
obstructions, roaring, and tumbling, and foaming. The turns in the river
are very sudden, and there are great cracks and gullies extending from
top to base, pillars of rock standing alone or leaning against their
companions. Occasionally, looking down one of these clefts, one sees
nothing but the rock walls with a foaming, rapid rushing below. At one
of these most remarkable points, a rude stairway has been constructed,
by which the traveller can descend to the bottom, and, standing by the
water's edge, look up to the top of this singular chasm. The walls
finally lower, and the river flows out into a broad basin, whence it ere
long finds its way into Lake Champlain. The banks are wooded with pines,
hemlocks, spruce, arbor vitaæ, beech, birch, and basswood, and the
ground is covered with ferns, harebells, arbutus, linnæa, mitchella,
blue lobelia, and other wild flowers.

There is an excellent inn, the Adirondac House, in Keeseville. Our
attentive host told us of Professor Agassiz, and the fiery nature of his
speculations regarding the probable history of the sandstone, whose
strata, laid as at Trenton Falls, horizontally, layer above layer, add
such interest and beauty to the stupendous walls, with their unseen,
water-covered depths below, and their graceful wreaths of arbor vittæ
nodding and swaying above.

He also told us a tale of the war of 1812, when a bridge, known as the
'High Bridge,' crossed the Au Sable at the narrowest point, some eleven
feet in width. A rumor was abroad that the British were about to march
up from Plattsburg; whereupon the bridge, consisting of three beams,
each nine inches wide, was stripped of its planking. A gentleman had
left his home in the morning, and, ignorant of the fate of the bridge,
returned quite late at night. Urging his steed forward, it refused to
cross the bridge, and not until after repeated castigation would it make
the attempt. The crossing was safely accomplished, and the rider
suspected nothing amiss until he reached home and was asked how he had
come. 'By the High Bridge,' was his reply; whereupon he was informed
that the planking had been torn away, and he must have crossed upon a
string piece nine inches wide, hanging some hundred feet above the
surface of the water. His sensations may be imagined.

A venturesome expedition had also been essayed by our host, in the shape
of a voyage down the chasm in a boat. We presume he went at high water,
when the rapids would be less dangerous.

Keeseville is only four miles from Port Kent, a steamboat landing on
Lake Champlain nearly opposite Burlington, and the Adirondacs may then
be approached in several ways. A stage runs three times per week from
Keeseville through Elizabethtown and Schroon River to Schroon Lake.
North Elba and Lake Placid are some thirty-six miles distant, and may be
reached by a good road through the Wilmington Pass. Saranac is somewhat
farther, but readily accessible. Strong wagons and good teams are
everywhere to be found, and the only recommendation we here think
needful to make to the traveller is to have a good umbrella, a thick
shawl or overcoat, and as little other baggage as he or she can possibly
manage to find sufficient. Trunks are sadly in the way, and carpet bags
or valises the best forms for stowage under seats or among feet.



LOIS PEARL BERKELEY.


The fiery July noon was blazing over the unsheltered depot platform,
where everybody was in the agony of trying to compress half an hour's
work into the fifteen minutes' stop of the long express train. The day
was so hot that even the group of idlers which usually formed the still
life of the picture was out of sight on the shady side of the buildings.
Hackmen bustled noisily about; baggage masters were busier and crosser
than ever; there was the usual _mêlée_ of leave-takings and greetings.
With the choking dust and scalding glare of the sun, the whole scene
might have been an anteroom to Tophet.

From the car window, Clement Moore, brown, hollow-cheeked, and clad in
army blue, looked out with weary eyes on all the confusion. Half asleep
in the parching heat, visions of cool, green forest depths, and endless
ripple of leaves, of the ceaseless wash and sway of salt tides, drifted
across his brain, and rapt him out of the sick, comfortless present. But
they vanished like a flash with the sudden cessation of motion, and the
reality of his surroundings came back with a great shock. Captain
George, coming in five minutes after with a glass of iced lemonade in
one hand and a half dozen letters in the other, found necessary so much
of cheer and comfort as lay in--

'Keep courage, Clement, old fellow, it's only a few hours longer now.'

And then he fell to reading his epistles, testifying his disapprobation
of their contents presently by sundry grunts, ending finally in a
'Confound it!' given explosively and an explanation:

'Too bad, Moore! Here am I taking you home to get well in peace and
quiet, and Ellen has filled the house up with half a dozen girls, more
or less. Writes me to come home and be 'made a lion of;' as sensible as
most women!' And the grumble subsided. He broke out again shortly:
'Louise Meller--Lois Berkeley--Susy--' the other names were drowned in
the rattle of the starting train. The captain finished his letters, and
Clement Moore took up his broken dreams, but this time with a new
element.

Lois Berkeley. With the name came back a fortnight of the last
summer--perfect bright days, far-off skies filled with drifting fleets
of sunny vapor, summer green piled deep over the land, the gurgle of
falling waters, the shimmer of near grain fields, deep-hued flowers
glowing in the garden borders, all the prodigality of splendor that July
pours over the world. And floating through these memories, scarce
recognized, but giving hue and tone to them like a far-off, half-heard
strain of music--a woman's presence. By some fine, subtile harmony, such
as spirits recognize, all the summer glow and depth of color, as it came
back to him, came only as part of an exquisite clothing and setting for
a slender figure and dark face. All the dainty adaptations of nature
were but an expression, in a rude, material way, for those elegances and
fitnesses which surrounded her, and which were as natural to her very
existence as to the birds and flowers. Only a fortnight, and in that
fortnight every look and word of hers, every detail of dress, even to
the texture of the garments she wore, were indelibly fixed in his
memory. She was so daintily neat in everything, nothing soiled or coarse
ever came near her. Careless, too, he thought, remembering how, coming
through the parlor in the evening dusk, he had entangled himself in the
costly crape shawl left trailing across a chair, of the gloves he had
picked up fluttering with the leaves on the veranda, and the
handkerchiefs always lying about. Perhaps Clement Moore was over
critical in his fancies about ladies' dresses, and felt that inner
perfect cleanliness and refinement worked itself out in such little
matters as the material and color and fit of garments, and all the
trifles of the toilet. A soiled or rumpled article of attire showed a
dangerous lack of something that should make up the womanly character.
He had not reduced all these unreasonable men's notions to a system by
which to measure femininity. He did not even know he had them. An
excessive constitutional refinement and keenness of perception made him
involuntarily look for such scrupulous delicacy as belonging of course
to every woman he was thrown in contact with. He had always been
disappointed, at first with a feeling of half disgust with himself and
others, that his dreams were so different from the reality. It drove him
apart from the sex, and gained him the reputation of being shy or ill
natured. After finding that disappointments repeated themselves, he
accepted them as the natural order of events, let his fancies go as the
beau ideal that he was to seek for through life, and became the
polished, unimpressible man of society.

But this little Yankee girl had of a sudden realized his ideal.
Something in their first meeting, momentary though it was, and strange
according to conventional notions, struck the chord in his heart that
was waiting silent for the magic fingers that knew the secret of waking
it. If he had fancied that those fingers would never come, or coming,
never find it, that something in his unhappy birth set him apart with
that strange pain of yearning as his portion in life, and so had tried
to forget or choke the want under commonplace attachments and ties, he
was no worse than, nor different from, the rest of humanity. But all
humanity does not meet trial as unflinchingly and honorably--does not
put temptation out of its way as purely and honestly as did this
undisciplined life. It is hard to take at once the path that duty
orders: we linger to play with possibilities, shed some idle tears,
waste life before the necessity, and go back to everyday work weakened
and scarred and aching. And once or twice in a lifetime that black,
hopeless _never_ drops down, not the less grievous and inexorable
because simply a moral obligation.

Well, only babies cry for the moon. Anything clearly impossible and out
of our reach we very soon cease sighing for. Men do not cherish a
passion which they recognize as utterly hopeless; and Clement Moore,
being a man, and moreover an honorable one, put this summer idyl out of
his head and heart with all despatch. 'All blundering is sin.' If he had
blundered in allowing it to take such hold of his life, he expiated the
sin bravely. Sympathies bud and blossom with miraculous quickness in
this tropical atmosphere of affinity. He did not know till the
excitement of actual presence was over, and he had time to think
soberly, in the dead blank and quiet that followed, how it had grown to
be a part of his very existence. But whether that part was to be just a
pleasant remembrance through the dusty and hot years before him, or
whether it was to go deeper and wring his heart with bitterest sense of
loss, he did not quite realize. At any rate there was a risk in dwelling
on it. He had no more right to be running that risk than he had to be
trifling with a cup of deadliest poison; and so he shut away all the
golden-winged fancies that had sprung into life with those long, fervid
days. Shut them away and sealed their prison place. If they were dead,
or pleading for freedom in his still moments, he never asked nor
thought. He came back from his lounging summer trip with a certain new,
strange drive of purpose in him never seen before. The many events that
had crowded themselves into the next year did not smother his prisoners.
He never saw their corpses or thought of them sneeringly, and by that
sign knew they existed still. But dust and all the desolation of
desertion gathered about the hidden chamber that he never recurred to
now. Still he kept away from its neighborhood; at first setting a guard
of persistent physical action. He was always reading or writing or going
somewhere with a kind of hidden, misty aim in his most objectless
journeys. After--as the necessity for such occupation wore away, and he
lapsed back into the old listless ways of dreaming--his thoughts were
always busy with the future; never now did he indulge in those wayward
dreams of old. They had a dangerous tendency to take a certain forbidden
way. Finally, this self-control became a habit, and he scarcely felt its
necessity. The 'might have been' never came back more poignantly than as
a vague, shadowy regret, that gave everything a slightly flat and
unpalatable taste. But he did not take life any less fully, or with any
abatement of whatever earnestness was in him.

Men are not patient under sickness, at least not that unquestioning,
unresisting patience which most women and the lower animals show. These
especially who are usually well and robust are a trial to the flesh and
spirit of those about them. Moore was not the wonderful exception. His
first few weeks in the hospital were not so bad; but when the actual
racking pain was over, and nothing remained but that halting of the
physical machinery to which we never give a thought during perfect
action--the weakness hanging leaden weights to every limb, the unwonted
nervousness and irritability, the apparently causeless necessity for
inaction--he was anything but a resigned man. Captain George, getting
his furlough and carrying him off, was blessed from the deepest heart of
the ward nurses. He had a kind of feeling that this his first illness
was a matter in which the universe should be concerned, and with that
fretful self-exaggeration came that other unutterable yearning that
attends the first proof that we are coheirs with others to the ills
flesh is heir to, weary homesickness and childish desire for sympathy.

So now, weakened physically with that strange new heartsickness,
paralyzing his will and giving freer scope to is feverish impatience,
George's careless words had rolled away the stone from the sepulchre,
and its prisoners were free. Not dead, not having lost a shade of color
from their wings, they nestled and gleamed through his heart, filling
the summer day with just such intangible perfect witchery as those other
days had been full of. Perhaps, too, time and absence had heightened the
charm. Imagination has such a way of catching up little scenes and words
and looks, and, without altering one of the facts, haloing them with
such a golden deceptive atmosphere, adding, day by day, faintest
touches, that they grow by and by into a something wholly different. So
that fortnight came back to him, an illuminated poem, along rich strains
of music, making every nerve thrill with the pleasure-pain of its
associations.

And by degrees, as the tide of sensation, thinned itself, lying back
with closed eyes, while the long train swept on through the torrid day,
separate pictures came before his inner sight. Just as keen and clear
were they as when they first fell on his vision. He had not blurred nor
dimmed their outlines with frequent recalling and suggestions of
difference.

A narrow strip of gray sand, ribbed with the wave wash to the very foot
of the reddish brown bowlders that bounded it. Standing thereon a
slender woman's figure, clad in quiet gray. The face was turned toward
him--a dark, unflushed face, with calm, fixed mouth, and clear gray eyes
under straight-drawn brows and long, separate, lashes. Fine, lustreless,
silky hair was pushed back into a net glittering with shining specks
under the narrow-brimmed straw hat. A face full of a waiting look, not
hopeful nor expectant, simply unsettled and watchful, yet fresh, and
rounded with the dimples and childlike curves of eighteen. Whatever of
yearning and unrest the years had brought lingered only about the
shadowy eyes and fine mouth. There were no haggard nor worn outlines,
and a baby's skin could not have been softer and finer.

At her feet crisped the shining ripples of the incoming tide. Far
beyond, calm and burnished, stretched the summer sea into the dreamy
distance, where the white noon sky, stricken through with intensest
light and heat, dropped down a palpitating arch to meet it. And in all
the dazzle of blue and white and silver and bare shining gray, she
stood, a straight, slender, haughty little figure, as indefinite of
color as all the rest; all but a narrow strip of scarlet at her throat,
falling in a flaming line to her waist. The shimmering atmosphere seemed
to pant about her; and through the high noon, over the still waters and
sleeping shore, hummed the peering strains of a weird little song. She
was singing softly:

  'For men must work and women must weep,
  And the sooner 'tis over the sooner to sleep.'

In the long parlor, the leaf ghosts that had all day long been flitting
in, were darkening with the sunset and filling the room with twilight
dimness. Deep in a crimson couch and haloed with the last brightness,
lay the long, white outlines of a reclining figure. A handful of Japan
lilies burned against the pure drapery, and another handful of tea
violets lay crushed in the fleecy handkerchief on the floor. Against the
cushions the exquisite contour of the sleeping face showed plainly.
Coolest quiet sphered the whole figure; not a suggestion of anything but
slowest calm grace disturbed its repose. But with the hushing rustle of
leaves with the summer murmur flowing in, seemed to come also the deep
monotone of the waves, when this inanimate statue was striking out at
his side through the rattle and rush of the surf, the wide eyes filled
with fierce light, the whole face fixed and stern with the strain of
heart muscle, toward the helpless shape shooting out on the undertow. He
had not seen her after, and, coming to seek her that night with words of
compliment and thanks, he was met by this white vision that had absorbed
all the fire and force of the afternoon into its blankness.

A depot platform--long afternoon shadows fell over the pretty country
station--standing alone in the woods. The small, temporary bustle about
the waiting train was not discordant with the dreamy, restful look of
the whole picture. Then the culminating hurry, the shriek and rattle of
the starting train--a little figure poising itself for an instant on the
car step--a face flushed a little, and dark eyes brightened with a flash
of surprised recognition--a quick gesture of greeting and farewell, and
then she was gone into the purple shades of evening.

Once again he had seen her, but from afar off, in the glare and heat of
a crowded assembly room. The face was a little thinner now, and the eyes
were looking farther away than ever. The blood-red light of rubies
flashed in the soft lace at her throat and wrists, and dropped in
glittering pendants against the slender neck. She was talking evidently
of a brilliant bouquet of pomegranates and daphnes that lay in her lap,
swinging dreamily the dainty, glittering white fan. And while he looked,
she drew away the heavy brocade she wore, from under a careless tread--a
slight, slow motion, wholly unlike the careless sweeps of other women.
The imperious nature that thrilled her even to the tips of the long
fingers, manifested itself, as inborn natures always do, under the
deepest disguises, in just this unconscious, most trifling of acts; and,
remembering the gesture, he asked, with words far lighter than the tone
or feeling:

'As much of a princess as ever?'

And Captain George answered:

'As much of a princess!' both unmindful that no word had been spoken to
token who was in the thought of each.

Very trifling things these were to remember. Very likely he had seen
scores of far more graceful and memorable scenes; but just these
trifles, coming back so vividly, proved to him, as nothing else could
have done, with what a keen, intense sympathy every word and look of
hers had been noted.

The spoken words roused him. In the ride that followed, twenty different
persons and things came into their talk; but never once the princess.
_That_, arousing himself again from his half-dreamful lapse from the old
guarded habit, was put away steadily and quietly. His battle had been
fought once. He was not to weaken his victory with fancies of the 'might
have been.' He had not been tempted, through all these months; he would
not tempt himself, now that real trial was so near at hand. Man as he
was, if escape had been possible, he would have fled. But there was
nothing to do but to go forward, and he called up that old, mighty,
intangible safeguard of honor. The matter was settled beyond any
question of surprise--he must avoid the long, sapping days of contact,
the wasting, feverish yearnings of absence coming after.

Flying over miles and miles of the summer land, heaped with the red
tangled sweets of clover fields, belted with white starry mayweed, blue
with marshy growth of wild flag, with hazy lines of far-off hills,
fading into purple depths of distance, and near low ones lying green and
calm close beside them, with brown clear brooks, famous trout streams,
after the New England fashion, went running across their way, the old
home pride leaped up in George's eyes and voice, and even Moore forgot
his weariness, and talked with a flash of the old, careless spirit.

The hack that brought them to their destination left them, deep in the
summer night, at the foot of the long avenue of elms--going up which,
with slow steps, on a sudden the house broke on them, ablaze with
lights, athrob with music, whereat there was a renewal of explosive
utterances, and the captain led his friend to the rear of the house to
insure a quiet entrance.

From the dark piazza, where he waited while George summoned some one to
receive them, he caught, through the long, open casement, the vista of
the parlors, with their glitter and confusion of light drapery and
glimpses of bright faces and light forms, and softened hum of voices, as
the dancers circled with the music. And through it all, straight down
toward him, floating in one of the weird Strauss waltzes, came the
princess, swathed in something white, airy, wide-falling. The same dark,
unflushed face, the same wide, far-looking eyes, and fixed mouth, the
same silky falling hair, but cut short now, and floating back as she
moved. It was only for a moment: the perfumed darkness that seemed to
throb with a sudden life of its own, the great, slow, summer stars above
him, the wailing, passionate music that came trembling out among the
heavy dew-wet foliage, the dark, calm earth about him, and the light and
color and giddy motion that filled the gleaming square before him,
struck in on his senses with staggering force; and then she swayed out
of his sight, and Mrs. Morris came forward with words of cheer and
welcome.

That night, lying sleepless after the music was hushed and the wheels
had done rolling away from the door, as if material enough for all fever
fancies had not been given, backward and forward through the corridor a
woman's garments trailed with light rustle, and a low voice hummed
brokenly the waltz he had heard. Ceasing by and by in a murmur of girls'
voices, and the old-remembered air, sung softly:

  'For men must work and women must weep,
  Though storms be sudden and waters deep.'

After that many days went by unmarked. His wound, aggravated by fatigue,
racked him with renewed pain; and when that was over, vitality was at
too low an ebb for anything but the most passive quiet. Before listless,
unnoting eyes drifted the crystal mornings, the golden hours steeped
deep in summer languors, the miracles of sun-settings and star-filled
holy nights. From his window he saw and heard always the ocean, blue and
calm, lapping the shore with dreamy ripple in bright days--driving
ghostly swirls of spray and fog clown the beach in stormy, gray ones.
The house itself seemed set in the deepest haunt of summertime. Great
trees, draped in the fullest growth of the year, rippled waves of green
high about it. All day long the leaf sounds and leaf shadows came
drifting in at the windows. Perfectest hush and quiet wrapped its
occasional faint strains of music, or chime of voices came up to him,
but did not break the silence. A place for a well soul to find its full
stature, for a tired or sick one to gather again its lost forces. And by
slow degrees the life held at first with so feeble a grasp came back to
him.

By and by there came a day when, from his balcony, he witnessed a
departure, full of girls' profuse adieux, and then the hush of vacancy
fell on the wide halls and airy rooms of the great house. That evening,
with slow steps, he came down the staircase. In the twilight of the
parlors showed dimly outlined a drift of woman's drapery, and the piano
was murmuring inarticulately. Outside, on the broad stone doorstep,
showed another drift, resolving itself into the muslins of Miss Nelly
Morris, springing up with glad words of welcome as his unsteady frame
came into view. Before half the protracted and vehement hand shaking was
over, Moore turned at a soft rustle behind him, and Nelly found her
introduction forestalled. Moore hoped, with his courtliest reverence,
that Miss Berkeley had not forgotten him.

She made two noiseless steps forward, and put out a small, brown band.
He took it in his left, with a smiling glance of apology at the
sling-fettered right arm. It was not often that Miss Berkeley's broad
lids found it worth their while to raise themselves for such a wide,
clear look as they allowed with the clasp. And then Nelly broke in:

'Then you two people know each other. Grand! And I've been wondering
these two weeks what to do with you! Why didn't you tell me, Leu?'

'How was I to identify Mr. Moore with 'George's friend from the army'?
Mr. Moore remembers he was on debatable ground last summer.'

Her soft, slow speech fell on his hearing like the silver ripple of
water, clear and fine cut, but without a bit of the New England
incisiveness of tone that filled his delicate Southern ear with slight,
perpetual irritation.

'But I've made my calling and election sure at last. I was transformed
into a mudsill and Northern hireling last spring.'

'In spite of the transformation, I recognized you as soon as you spoke.
I was not quite willing to be forgotten, you see, by any one who wore
the glorifying army cloth.'

They were out on the veranda now. Nelly was gazing with pitiful eyes at
the sleeve fastened away, while the wasted left hand drew forward a
great wicker chair into the circle of the moonlight. He caught the look:

'Not so very bad, Miss Nelly; not off, you see, only useless for the
present;' and he took a lowly seat at her side, near the princess's
feet.

'You are guiltless of shoulder straps. You might have obtained a
commission, I think. Why didn't you, I wonder,' she said speculatively.

'Because I knew nothing of military matters, for one thing, and hadn't
the assurance to take my first lesson as lieutenant or captain.'

Miss Berkeley's white lids lifted themselves again.

'More nice then wise, sir. Others do it,' was Nelly's comment.

'Yes, but I haven't forgotten the old copy-book instructions, 'Learn to
obey before you command,' and began at the beginning. I've taken the
first step toward the starred shoulder straps'--he wore the corporal's
stripes--' and am hopeful.'

'You'll never attain to them, you lazy Southron. Tell as about your camp
life.'

'There's very little to tell. Drill, smoke, loaf--begging your pardon
for the rough expression of a rough fact--drill again. As one day is, so
is another; they're all alike.'

'Well, tell us about your getting wounded, then, and the fight. George
will not get wounded himself, in spite of my repeated requests to that
effect.'

And so Moore fought his battle over again, in the midst of which Miss
Berkeley dropped out of the talk, folded some soft brilliant net over
her light dress, and went down the walk leading to the shore, and he did
not see her again that night.

After that he spent much of his time below stairs. Much alone; there
were walks and rides in which he could take no part. Despite of George's
prediction, he had peace and quiet, and gathered strength hourly.
Whatever of graciousness he _had_ seen or fancied in Miss Berkeley's
manner in that first unexpected meeting had all vanished. A subtile,
unconquerable something shut her out from all friendliness of speech or
action. She went about the house in her slow, abstracted way, or in her
other mood, with sudden darting motions like a swallow, or dreamed all
day beside the summer sea, coming back browner and with mistier looks in
her gray eyes, but always alone and unapproachable. So that in half a
dozen days he had not received as many voluntary sentences from her.

But one morning the clouds had gathered black and heavy. The sea fogs
had pitched their tents to landward, and their misty battalions were
driving gray across the landscape. Dim reaches of blank water--lay
beyond, weltering with an uneasy, rocking motion against the low, dark
sky. White, ghostly sea birds wheeled low, a fretful wind grieved about
the house, and a New England northeast storm was in progress. She was
standing at the window, looking out with eyes farther away than ever
over the haze-draped sea. Some fine, heavy material, the same indistinct
hue as the day outside, fell about her in large, sweeping folds. A
breath of sudden, penetrating perfume struck across his senses as he
approached her. 'And gray heliotrope!' he said; but the heliotrope
vanished as she turned and displayed the blaze of carnations at her
throat, and the gleam of crimson silk under the jaunty zouave.

'Lois Pearl Berkeley,' he read from the golden thimble he had nearly
crushed under foot. He half wondered if she would know what it was. He
never saw her do anything. She was never 'engaged,' nor in haste about
any occupation. The perfect freedom from the universal Yankee necessity
of motion, with which the brown, small hands fell before her, was as
thoroughly a part of her as the strange Indian scent which clung to
everything she touched, and sphered her like the atmosphere of another
world. He never could associate the idea of any kind of personal
care-taking with her dainty leisure, more than with the lilies of the
field, though they never appeared in as many graceful arrays as she.

'Yes, mine, thank you,' she said, and composedly dropped it into its
place in the most orderly of useless conglomerations of silken pockets
and puzzling pigeon holes. He watched her fingers, and then looked back
at her.

'Lois--such an odd name for you--such a quaint, staid Puritan name.'

'And I am neither quaint nor staid nor Puritan. Thank you. Yes, my
mother must have had recollections of her New England home strong on her
when she gave it me, down on the Louisiana shores. It always sounded
even to me a little strange and frigid among such half-tropical
surroundings.'

As she spoke a sudden pang of utter weariness and longing seized him. A
rush of the boyish malady of homesickness, concentrated from all the
dreary months of his long absence, and none the less poignant because it
was involuntary. The wide, cool, shadowy halls of his mother's house,
always aglow with blossoms and haunted with their odors, all the
superficial lotus-charm of Southern life--and he had lived it
superficially enough to catch all its poetry rose before him. It caught
away his breath and choked sudden tears into his eyes. Came and went
like a flash--for before she had done speaking a sudden new bond of
sympathy put away the _stranger_ forevermore, and he was no longer
alone.

'Then you are Southern born too,' he said, with a quick step forward,
and involuntarily outstretched hand. Hers dropped into it.

'Yes, I am hardly acclimated yet. I shiver under these pale Northern
skies from August till June. O my Louisiana, you never made 'life a
burden' with such dark, chill days, and sobbing, cruel winds!' She
turned to the windows. A sudden uncontrollable quaver of impatience and
longing ran through her speech and hurried the words with unusual
vehemence.

'I thought you must have liked the day, since you robed yourself in its
haze and mist.' He laid his hand lightly on her gray drapery with
reverent touch.

'And _I_ thought my carnations would redeem that. Since they
didn't--'and she tossed the whole bright, spicy handful on the table.

In a vase on the mantle, gray, passionate, odorous blooms were massed
loosely about a cluster of fragile, intense day lilies, and a dash of
purple and crimson trailed with the fuchsias over its edge, and gleamed
up from the white marble ledge. He went to the vase, shook out the
fuchsias, and laid the residue in her lap.

'Heliotrope, finally,' he said.

She brushed it lightly away with a half shudder.

'Not that. I don't like heliotrope. Its perfume is heart-breaking,
hopeless. It belongs in coffins, about still, dead faces. If it had a
voice, we should hear continual moans. It would be no worse than this,
though.'

'You will wear the lilies then, unless the heliotrope scent clings to
them too,' he said, gathering up the obnoxious flowers.

'Yes, if it doesn't jar your ideal to see them worn against such a
stormy day dress. To me they are the perfection of summer. No _color_
could be more intense than this spotless whiteness. There!' Fastening
them, the brittle stems snapped, and the flowers fell at her feet. 'No
flowers for me to-day, of your choosing at least. Practically, lilies
have such an uncomfortable way of breaking short off.'

A broad, bright ribbon lay drawn through 'Charles Anchester' on the
table. She knotted it carelessly at her throat.

'That will do for the now; but, O my carnations, how your mission
failed!' hovering over them a minute.

'Then you are not satisfied with the New England mean of perfection, in
everything, mentally, morally, and meteorologically?' going back to the
weather again.

'Satisfied! I'd exchange this whole pale summer for one hour of broad,
torrid noonlight. Deep, far-off tropical skies, great fronds of tropical
foliage, drawing their sustenance from the slowest, richest juices of
nature, gorgeous depths of color blazing with the very heart of the sun,
deep, intoxicating odors poured from creamy white or flaming flower
chalices, and always the silver-sprayed wash of the blue sea. I remember
that of my home. It is months and months since I have seen a magnolia or
jasmine.'

Fate sent Miss Morris to the parlor just then, luckily enough, perhaps,
and the first dash of rain from the coming storm struck the windows
sharply. Miss Berkeley shivered; a gray shadow swept up over her face,
and absorbed all the gleam and unrest. She moved off with her book to a
window; shut herself out from the room, and into the storm, with a heavy
fall of curtains; and Nelly's voice rippled through a tripping, Venetian
barcarole.

It stormed all the next day, and when twilight came, it rained still
with desperation. A narrow sphere of light from the flame low down in
its alabaster shade held the piano, and through the warm scented gloom
that filled the rest of the parlor thrilled echoing chords. Moore,
coming in, stopped in the dimness to listen. A troubled uncertainty made
itself felt through the strains, a sudden discordant crash jarred
through the room, and the performer rose abruptly. He came forward.

'O my prophetic soul, magnolias!' said Nelly, from her lounge, just
outside the lighted circle.

It had just come from him, the light, exquisite basket he held filled
with great, pink, flushed magnolia blooms. Nelly raved in most
fashionably extravagant adjectives. Lois looked at it with hungry eyes,
but motionless and speechless. He laid it before her on the table, and
turned away. She stood for a moment looking gravely down on it, then
buried her face among the cool petals with a sudden caressing motion.
Looking up again shortly, 'Thank you,' she said simply to the giver
chatting carelessly.

A broad illumination flooded the other end of the parlor a minute after,
and the chess board came into requisition. If Miss Morris found little
skill necessary to discomfit her opponent, and wondered thereat, she
could not see, as he saw, a dark face, bowed on tropic blooms, flushed
with unwonted glad color, lips apart and aquiver, wide eyes lustrous
with purple light, shining through the tears that gathered in them.

Then the piano began, played dreamily, irregularly, with slender, single
threads of tune, and frequent pauses, as if the preoccupied mind let the
listless fingers fall away from the keys. They gathered up finally all
the broken strains into a low, slow-moving harmony. Through it Moore
heard the soft lap of waves, the slow rock of Pacific tidal swells,
flowing and ebbing and flowing again through flaming noons, about
half-submerged bits of world, palm-shaded, sun-drenched, or swaying
white with moonlight under purple midnights, holy with the clear burning
stars: heard the gurgle and ripple of falling streams, deepening into
the wide flow of mighty rivers, bearing in their calm sweep the secrets
of a zone--of ice-choked springs, of the dead stillness of Northern
forests, and the overgrowth, and passionate life of endless summers.

The red and white combatants now held truce over a queen check, while
the players sat silent, listening.

Suddenly, through the murmur and rhythmic flow of water sounds, struck
shrill and sharp the opening strains of a march--not such marches as
mark time for dainty figures crowding ballroom floors, but triumphant,
cruel, proud, with throbbing drum-beat--steadying the tramp of weary
feet over red battle fields. Its unswerving hurry, its terrible, calm
excitement, brought before his vision long blue lines--the fixed faces
sterner than death, with steady eyes and quickened breath--the nervous
clutch of muskets, as the rattle of small arms and boom of cannon came
nearer and nearer, the fluttering silken banners, the calm sunshine, and
sweet May breath--and the quick, questioning note of a meadow lark
dropped down through the silence of the advancing column. As the
maddening music stormed and beat about him, his heart throbbed audibly,
and the rushing currents of his fiery Southern blood sounded in his
ears. Honor, prudence, resolution, everything was swept away in the lava
tide of excitement. Before him he saw the crown of his life. All heaven
and all earth should not stop him short of it. He rose and began
crossing the room, with heavy, resolute tread. In the dimness, the
player was hardly visible; he would assure himself of her mortality at
least. A sudden, fierce hunger for sight and touch thrilled him.

Midway he stopped. The music dropped with a shock from its fiery
enthusiasm. Was it only an echo, or an army of ghosts crossing a dim
field, long since fought over--the steady tramp, tramp, the pendulum of
time? Unutterably wailing, pitiful, it sent plaintive, piercing cries up
to the calm, dead heavens. All the fearful sights he had seen rose
before him. Upturned lay faces calm in death as in a child's sleep, with
all camp roughnesses swept away in that still whiteness; strong men's,
with that terrible scowl of battle or the distortion of agonized death
on them--mangled and crushed forms--all the wreck of a fought battle,
terrible in its suggestive pathos. It sank away into the minor of water
voices, soft, monotonous, agonizing in its utter passivity, a brilliant
arpeggio flashed up the keys like a shower of gold, and Miss Berkeley
rose with white face and trembling breath, and Nelly was alone in the
room, sobbing nervously in her armchair.

The storm passed that night, with great swayings of trees, and dash of
broad raindrops, and piled up broken masses of fleecy white clouds,
tossed about by the rough, exultant September wind. Bright days
followed, mellowing with each one to sunnier, calmer perfection. Moore
passed them in his own room. That night had torn away all the disguises
that he had put upon his heart. He knew now that he loved this
woman--knew it with such a bitter sense of humiliation as such proud
spirits writhe under when honor turns traitor and betrays them to the
enemy. 'Lead us not into temptation.' If it meant anything in the old
habit of child's prayer which clung to him yet, it meant that he should
put himself out of its way, since he had proved himself too weak to meet
it. His inborn honesty let him build no excuses for his failure. He saw,
and acknowledged with a flush of scorn and curling lip, his own
treachery to himself in his hour of need. That he had not committed
himself--that his self-betrayal was only known to self--was no merit of
his--simply a circumstance. And circumstances seemed mighty in their
influence upon him, he thought, with a feeling of deepest contempt. All
pride and self-reliance were taken out of him. Absence, at least, would
be a safeguard, since it would render harmless such impulses as those of
that night. However much he might sin in yearning, she; should never
know, never be exposed to the risk of being drawn into his guilt and
pain. He had come at last to the place where all the old delicate pride
was merged in the one anxious fear that she should suffer. He would go
away the next day; he would not see her again--never see her
voluntarily--putting away fiercely the sudden pang of yearning: not that
he came at once to such a conclusion.

Honor, pride, self-respect, having failed him once, were not easily
recalled to their allegiance. His was no feeble nature, to sin and
repent in an hour. He fought over every inch of his way, and came out at
last conqueror, but scarred and weary and very weak in heart, and
distrustful of himself.

They had gone to ride that afternoon--he had seen them drive away. He
would go down and make the necessary arrangements for his departure. And
so it happened that he stood an hour before sunset in the parlor. A
sudden heart sickness drove the blood from his lips with the wrench of
remembrance. It did not strengthen him to meet her, cool and royal, in
filmy purple, putting out her hand with frank friendliness, and with a
new quaver of interest in her voice. Those fatal magnolias: all the
outside world seemed pressing nearer these two strangers in a strange
land.

'How pale you are! You have been ill again.'

'No,' he said, almost harshly. 'You like tiger lilies,' lifting a stem
crowded with the flaming whirls.

'Like them? yes--don't you? As I like the fiery, deafening drum-roll and
screaming fife, and silver, sweet bugle-calls. Think where they found
these wide, free curves of outline--that flaming contrast of color.
Indian skies have rounded over them, Indian suns poured their fervor
into their hearts. In the depth of forest jungles the velvet-coated
tiger has shaken off their petals--glittering, deadly cobras crushed
them in their slow coils; gorgeous-winged birds and insects swept them
in their flight.'

Some new mental impulse sent a rare, faint flush to the olive cheeks,
and filled the uplooking clear eyes with light. This purple-clad shape,
with fiery nasturtiums burning on the breast and filling the air with
their peculiar odor, with the barbaric splendor of tiger lilies
reflecting their lurid glare about her as she stood, bore no more
likeness to the ordinary haughty woman than fire to snow. He would have
liked to have crowned her with pomegranate blossoms--have dropped the
silvery sheen of ermine under her feet, and have knelt there to worship.

She moved away impatiently, trailed her noiseless drapery through the
room once or twice, and came back to the window, where he stood looking
out. Before them lay the sea, calm in a sheen of blue, gathering faint
amethystine vapors, that the sunset would light up in a miracle of
bronze and purple and rose.

'You should have been with us last night! A soft, rushing south wind
filled all the air with whispers, and drew up a veil of lace round the
horizon, very high up in the east. Stars were few; the new moon dropped
tender, faint beams down into the gray mist and grayer water that broke
in ripples of white fire against the dark in the west, and mingled with
the mystery in the east. I want to go again. Mr. Moore, I can manage a
boat; will you go with me?'

With every minute he saw his hard-earned victory slipping away. With
every minute his reeling sense lost foothold in the strange, new
fascination of her excited presence. Will rallied to a last effort; he
muttered some broken excuse, that she must have thought an assent, for
she dropped a soft, white, clinging shawl over her shoulders, slipped
the tie of the jaunty hat beneath her chin, and he could only follow her
as she slid through the flicker of shade and sunshine down to the beach,
where the summer sea washed lazily.

Low in the west and northwest lay piled ominous clouds; white, angry
thunder heads began showing themselves.

'A grand sunset for to-night, and a shower perhaps. We shall be back
before it breaks.'

A small boat--a frail thing of white and gilding--floated at anchor.
Lois shook out the sail in her character of manager, seated herself at
the helm, and they drifted out. No word was spoken; the light in her
eyes grew brighter and brighter; the scarlet curves of her mouth more
and more intense. Sitting with face turned away from the west, she did
not see, as he did, the rising blackness. The wind freshened, skimming
in fitful gusts over the waves, and the little craft flung off the spray
like rain. Away off in the shadow of the cloud the water was black as
death, a faint line of white defining its edge. Was she infatuated? As
for him, he grew very calm, with a kind of desperation. Better to die
so, with her face the last sight on earth--his last consciousness her
clinging arms, sinking down to the dark, still caverns beneath--than to
live out the life that lay before him. He leaned forward and looked over
into the green depths of the sea. Sunshine still struck down in rippling
lines, a golden network. Soft emerald shadows hung far down, breaking up
into surface rifts of cool dimness as the waves swung over them.

Her hat had fallen back; her whole face was alive with a proud, exultant
delight in the exhilarating motion. Higher and higher rose the veil of
cloud, and the blackness in the water was creeping toward them. Sea
birds wheeled low about them, with their peculiar quavering cry, and a
low swell made itself felt. Miss Berkeley turned her head; a sudden look
of affright blanched her face to deadliest whiteness. A hand's breadth
of clear sky lay beneath the sun, and down after them, with the speed of
a racer, came that great black wave. Before it the blue ripples shivered
brightly; behind it the angry water tossed and seethed. In its bosom,
lurid, phosphorescent lights seemed to flit to and fro. Its crest was
ragged and white with dashes of foam. She took in the whole in a
second's glance, and made a movement to bring the boat's head up to the
wind. As the white face turned toward him, a quick instinct of
self-preservation seized him, and he sprang up to lower the sail.
Something caught the halliards. His left arm was of little service; his
right hung useless at his side. She reached forward--one hand on the
tiller--to help him. The rim of the storm slipped up over the sun--a
sudden flaw struck them--the rudder flew sharp round, wrenched out of
her slight hold--the top-heavy sail caught the full force of the blow,
surged downward with a heavy lurch, and the gale was on them. A great
blow, and swift darkness, then fierce currents rushing coldly past him;
strange, wild sounds filling his ears; and when his vision cleared
itself, he saw Lois, unimpeded by her light drapery, striking out for
the sunken ledge, half a dozen yards away, over which the spray was
flying furiously. He ground his teeth with impatience as his nerveless
arm fell helpless; but he reached her side at last. A narrow shelf, with
barely sufficient standing room for two. Great, dark waves, with strange
lights flashing through them, whirled blinding deluges high above their
heads, as he held her close. With the instinct of the weaker toward the
stronger, she grasped and clung to him; and the fierce exultation that
thrilled through his veins with actual contact, made him strong as a
giant. And then, close on the gale, came the rain, beating down the
waves with its heavy pour. In the thunder and tramp of the storm no
human voice could have made itself audible, if speech had been needed.

The storm passed as suddenly as it had risen. Through a rift in the
clouds a dash of blood-red light burst over the troubled waters, and
with it a sudden quiet fell about them. They were to have their 'grand
sunset' finally.

'We are too far from the mainland to reach it without help; no boats are
likely to pass this way after this storm; the tide is at its lowest now;
it rises high over this ledge.'

In his quiet voice a half-savage triumph made itself heard. This
near-coming fate, that he believed inevitable, put away completely all
claims of that world that lay behind him--shut out everything but their
own individuality. Time had narrowed to a point; all landmarks were
swept away.

Miss Berkeley's face had lost none of its whiteness; but the pallor was
not of fear. The great eyes burned star-like, and the mouth was like
iron. She looked up as his even tones fell on her ear. Something in his
gaze fixed hers; through fearless, unveiled eyes, the soul looked
straight out to his. What he saw there dazzled and blinded him. He
caught her up to his heart suddenly and fiercely. His lips crushed hers
in a long, clinging kiss, that seemed to drink up her very life. For
them, the brightness that for others is dissipated over long years of
the future, was concentrated into the single intense moment of the
present--this one moment, that seemed to burst into bud and blossom, the
fruition of a lifetime. The sky lifted away and poured down fuller
floods of light; the air vibrated with strange, audible throbs. When he
released her, she did not move away. Never again, though they lived out
a century, could the past be quite what it had been before; through it
they had come to this, the crowning perfection of their lives. Through
the future would run the memory of a caress in which--she was not a
woman who measured her gifts--she had dissolved all the hope and promise
of that future for him. Desperation was no small element in the whirl.
Only into the eternities could he carry the _now_ pure and loyal. It had
nothing to do with time; only through the shadow of the coming death had
he attained to it.

The fancy that had always haunted him with her peculiar name and dainty
presence, prompted the 'Marguerite!'

She was not a woman to whom people give pet names. A _rested_, loving
smile gleamed over her face, and her lips sought his again.

'My darling!'

'Mine!' and then time drifted on, unbroken by the speech which would
have jarred the new, perfect harmony. Neither _thought_--the life
currents that had met so wildly and suddenly, left space in their full,
disturbed flow, for just the one consciousness of delirious, satisfying
love. While the fiery sunset paled, he held the little drenched figure
close, her warm breath flowing across his cheek.

Out of the gathering dimness shoreward, came a hail. It struck him with
an icy chill that death could never have brought. She raised her head,
listening. The longing and temptation to hold her to his breast, and
sink down through the green, curling waves, came back stronger than
ever. Only so could he hope to keep her. That inexorable future of time
reaching out to grasp him back again, would put them apart so
hopelessly. His voice was hoarse--broken up with the heart wrench.

'Marguerite, will you die here with me, or go back again to the life
that will separate us?'

She did not understand him. Why should she? Did she not love him, and he
her? and what _could_ come between them? For her a future burst suddenly
into hope with that faint call. In it lay untried, unfathomable sources
of happiness.

Another breathless kiss--this time crowded with the agony of a parting
for him--and then, as the hail came again, nearer and more distinct, the
white shawl, that still clung about her, floated in the air as a signal.

They lifted her into the rescuing boat shortly, white and breathless,
and wrapped her in heavy shawls. Not senseless, lying against his
breast, the dark eyes opened once to meet his, and the pallid face
nestled a little closer to its resting place. He could not tell if the
time were long or short, before Nelly's voice broke on his ear.

'Only a comedy, instead of the tragedy which mother is arranging up at
the house!'

The half-hysterical quaver broke into the woman's refuge of tears, and
sobs with that; and Moore gave up his burden to stronger arms.

'Up at the house,' Mrs. Morris, busied with her blazing fires and
multitudinous appliances for any stage of disaster, met them with the
quiet tears that mothers learn to shed, and the reverent 'Thank God!'
that comes oftenest from mothers' lips.

And the bustle being over, he looked reality and duty straight in the
face. The man was in no sense a coward--_flinch_ was not in him. He came
out on the upper balcony two hours later, with the face of a man over
whom ten years more of life had gone heavily. A dozen steps away sat
Marguerite--the white heart of a softened glow of light. She came out at
his call quiet and stately, but with a kind of shy happiness touching
eye and cheek with light and flame. At sight of her, all the mad passion
in his heart leaped up--a groan came in place of the words he had
promised himself. He strode away with heavy, hard footfalls. Not
strange, since he was trampling Satan and his own heart under his feet.
He came back again, quickly, eagerly, as a man forcing himself forward
to a mortal sacrifice, who feels that resolution may fail. The words
that came finally were half a groan, half an imprecation, hissed through
clenched teeth.

'Three years ago, a Louisiana lady promised to be my wife. She is not
dead; the engagement is not broken.'

There were no words beyond the plain statement of facts that he had any
right to use--harsh and brutal though they seemed. Seen in the
earth-light that had broken on him with that rescuing hail, he had acted
the coward and villain. If she thought him so, he had no right to demur.

There was no need of other words. The eyes, after their first terrified
glance, had fixed themselves out on the night, and then the lids fell,
and the wondering, stunned look changed slowly into one of perfect
comprehension. Not a muscle moved. The present, leaping forward, laid
before her the future, scorched and seared, beyond possibility of bloom
again. She looked into it with just the same attitude--even to the
tapering fingers laid lightly on the railing--as five minutes before she
had dreamed over a land of promise. He, looking down on her white
face--whiter in the silver powder of the moonlight--saw a look of utter,
hopeless quiet settle there--such quiet as one sees in an unclosed
coffin, such marble, impassive calm, neither reproachful nor grieving,
as covers deadly wounds--settle never again to rise till Death shall
sweep it off. Some lives are stamped at once and forever; and faces
gather in an hour the look that haunts them for a lifetime.

Then he knew that no one ever bears the consequences of a sin alone. On
this woman, for whom he would have gone to death, he had drawn down the
curse. He was powerless to help her; all that he could give--the promise
of lifelong love and tenderness--was itself a deadly wrong--would blast
his life in giving, hers in receiving. In the minutes that he stood
there, gazing into her face, all the waves and billows of bitterest
realization of helplessness went over his heart.

She turned to go away. 'Marguerite!' The man's despairing soul, his
bitter struggles and failures, atoned for in this last agony, made
itself utterance in that one cry. She turned back, without looking up;
even his eager gaze could not force up the heavy lids. Then, with that
sweet, miraculous woman's grace of patience and pity, she put out her
hand, and as he bowed his head over it, touched her lips to his cheek
with quick, light contact, and glided away.

Earliest morning shimmered lances of gray, ghostly light on the horizon,
and across the sea to the waiting shore. They struck grayest and
ghostliest on a high balcony, where a woman's figure crouched, swathed
in damp, trailing drapery, with silky, falling hair about a still face,
and steadfast eyes that had burned just as steadfastly through the long
hours gone by. Great, calm stars, circling slowly, had slipped out of
sight into the waves; the restless, grieving ocean had swayed all night
with heavy beat against the beach; mysterious whisperings had stirred
the broad summer leaves, heavy with dew and moonlight; faint night
noises had drifted up to her, leaving the silence unrippled by an echo;
till the old moon dropped a wasted, blood-red crescent out of sight, and
the world, exhausted with the passion of the yearning night, shrouded
itself in the gloom and quiet that comes before the dawn.

To the watcher, who, with strained, unconscious attention, had taken in
every change of the night, the promise of the day came almost as a
personal wrong. That the glare of the sunshine should fall on her
pain--that the necessity for meeting mere acquaintances with the same
face as yesterday should exist, now that her life lay so scorched and
sere before her, filled her with rebellious impatience.

But when, with the growing light, the first sounds of household waking
came to her, she rose wearily, and went, with tired, heavy steps to her
own room. And Nelly, coming in half an hour later, with an indefinite
sense of uneasiness, found an older face than last evening's on the
pillow, with harder lines about the mouth, and with a wearier droop of
the eyelids. The voice, too, that answered her good morning, had a kind
of echoing dreariness in it. But such traces are not patent to many eyes
or ears, and Nelly did not realize them.

There are a few women, mostly of this dark, slender type, who bear these
wrenching heart agonies as some animals bear extremest suffering of
body--not a sound or struggle testifies to pain--receiving blow after
blow without hope or thought of appeal--going off by and by to die, or
to suffer back to life alone. Not much merit in it, perhaps--a passive,
hopeless endurance of an inevitable torture; but such tortures warp or
shape a lifetime. Rarely ever eyes that have watched out such a night
see the sun rise with its old promise.

Clement Moore, coming slowly back to life after a fortnight of delirium,
found the woods ablaze with October, and Miss Berkeley gone. Another
fortnight, and he was with his regiment. Captain George--off on some
scouting expedition--was not in camp to meet him. But stretched out on
the dry turf a night or two after, through the clash of the band on the
hillside above broke Captain George's sonorous voice, and straightway
followed such a catalogue of questions as dwellers in camps have always
ready to propound to the latest comer from the northward. Concluding
finally with--

'And you didn't fall in love with 'the princess'?' Poor Captain George!
The prodigious effort _ought_ to have kept the heart throb out of his
voice, though it didn't. Moore's quick ear caught it (sympathy has a
wonderfully quickening effect on the perceptions sometimes), and he took
refuge in a truth that in no way touched the past few months--feeling
like a coward and traitor meanwhile, and yet utterly helpless to save
either himself or his friend from coming evil. Another item added to
retributive justice.

'I thought you knew'--flashing the diamond on his hand in the
moonlight--'somewhere beyond the lines yonder a lady wears the companion
to this--or did, last spring.'

And George's spirits rose immensely thereupon.

The old, miserable monotony of camp life began again. It wore on him,
this machine-like existence, this blind, unquestioning obedience, days
and nights of purposeless waiting, brightened by neither hope nor
memory. He had hated it before; now he loathed it with the whole
strength of his unrestful soul. But it did him good. Brought face to
face with his life, he met the chances of his future like the man he
was, and at last, out of the blackness end desolation, came the comfort
of conquering small, every-day temptations, more of a comfort than we
are willing to admit at first thought.

This bare, unbroken life cuts straight down to the marrow of a man.
Stripped of all conventionalities, individuals come out broadly. The
true metal shows itself grandly in this strange, impartial throwing
together of social elements--this commingling on one level of all ranks
and conditions of men in the same broad glare of every-day trial,
unmodified by any of society's false lights. The factitious barriers of
rank once broken over, all early associations, whether of workshop or
college, go for nought, or, rather, for what they are worth. The _man_
gravitates to his proper place, whether he makes himself known with the
polished sentences of the school, or in terse, sinewy, workman's talk.
And through the months Moore learned to respect humanity as it showed
itself, made gentler to every one, driven out from himself, perhaps, by
the bitterness and darkness that centred in his own heart. It was a new
phase of life for him, but he bated his haughty Southern exclusiveness
to meet it. Before, he had kept himself aloof as far as the surroundings
allowed from those about him--now, his never-failing good nature, his
flow of song and story, his untiring physical endurance, all upborne by
a certain proud delicacy and reticence, made him a general favorite. But
he hailed as a relief the long, exhausting marches that came after a
while. Bodily weariness stood in the place of head or heart exercise,
and men falling asleep on the spot where they halted for the night,
after a day in the clinging Virginia mud, had little time for the noisy
outbreaks that filled the evenings in days of inaction. So he did his
private's duty bravely, with cheery patience, relieving many a slender
boy's arms of his gun, helping many another with words of cheer as he
slumped on at his side, always with some device for making their dreary
night-stops more endurable. Thanksgiving came and went. George went
home on furlough. Moore refused one, and ate the day's extra allowance
of tough beef and insipid rice with much fought-against memories of his
New England festivals. The winter went on. Christmas days came. The
man's brown face was getting positively thinner with homesick
recollections of the Southern carnival. This brilliant, ready spirit,
who never grew sour nor selfish under any circumstances, actually spent
two good hours, the afternoon before Christmas day, in a brown study,
and with a suspicious, tightened feeling in his throat, and mistiness in
his eyes. Coming in at nightfall from his picket duty, tired and hungry,
Jim Murphy, stretching his long length before the fire, rose on his
elbow to find half a dozen epistles he had brought down to camp that
day.

'Yer letthers, Musther Moore.' Jim, even with his sudden accession of
independence as an American citizen, paid unconscious deference to the
world-old subtile difference between gentleman and 'rough,' and used the
title involuntarily.

He opened them sitting by the same fire, munching his hard tack as he
read. Murphy, watching him, saw his lips quiver and work over one
bearing half a dozen postmarks--a letter from his mother, conveyed
across the lines by some sleight-of-hand of influence or pay, and mailed
and remailed from place to place, till weeks had grown into months since
it was written. Noncommittal as it had need to be--filled with home
items to the last page--there his heart stood still, to bound again
furiously back, and his breath came sharp and hot. He rose blinded and
staggering. Jim Murphy, seeing how white and rigid his face had grown,
came toward him, putting out his hand with a dumb impulse of sympathy,
not understanding how the shock of a great hope, springing full grown
into existence, sometimes puts on the semblance of as great a loss.

Private Moore's application for a furlough being duly made, that night
was duly granted.

'Just in time--the last one for your regiment!' said the good-natured
official, registering the necessary items.

In another hour he was whirling away, and in early evening two days
later he stepped out into the clear moonlight and crisp air of a
Northern city.

A New England sleighing season was at its height. The streets were
crowded with swift-flying graceful vehicles, the air ringing with bell
music and chimes of voices. Out through the brilliant confusion he went
to the quiet square where the great trees laid a dark tracery of shadow
upon the snow beneath. No thought of the accidents of absence or
company, or any of the chances of everyday life, had occurred to him
before. A carriage stood at the door. He almost stamped with impatience
till the door opened and he was admitted. The change to the warm,
luxurious gloom of the parlors quieted him a little, but he paced up and
down with long strides while he waited. The strong stillness that he had
resolutely maintained was broken down now with a feverish restlessness.

She came at length--it seemed to him forever first--with the rustle and
shimmer of trailing lengths of silk down the long room. A fleecy mist
covered neck and arms, and some miracle of a carriage wrapping lay white
and soft about her face. She did not recognize him in the obscurity; his
message of 'a friend' had not betrayed him. But his voice, with its new,
proud hopefulness, its under vein triumphant and eager, struck her into
a blinding, giddy whirl, in which voice and words were lost. It passed
in a moment, and he was saying, 'And I am free now--honorably free--and
have come where my heart has been, ever since that month on the seaside.
Most gracious and sovereign lady,'--he broke into sudden, almost
mirthful speech, dropping on one knee with a semblance of humility
proved no mockery by the diamond light in the brown eyes and the
reverent throb that came straight from his voice.

She bent over him as he knelt, and drew her cool, soft hands across his
forehead and down his face, and her even, silvery syllables cut like
death:

'Mr. Moore, last night I promised to marry your friend, Captain Morris.'

For the space of a minute stillness like the grave filled the room, and
then all the intense strain of heart and nerve gave way, as the bitter
tide of disappointment broke in and rolled over his future; and without
word or sound he dropped forward at her feet.

She knelt down beside him with a low, bitter cry. It reached his dulled
sense; he rose feebly.

'Forgive me; I have not been myself of late, I think; and this--this was
so sudden,' and he walked away with dull, nerveless tread.

On the table, near her, lay her handkerchief. It breathed of heliotrope.
Her words came back to him: 'Only in coffins, about still, dead faces.'
He stopped in his walk and looked down on her. Forever he should
remember all that ghostly sheen of silvery white about a rigid face with
unutterably sad fixed mouth and drooping lids. He thrust the fleecy
handful into his breast.

'I may keep this?' and took permission from her silence.

'Good-by;' the words came through ashy lips, a half sob. She knelt as
impassive as marble, as cold and white. He waited a moment for the word
or look that did not come, turned away, the hall door fell heavily shut,
and he was gone.

Fifteen minutes after, Miss Berkeley was whirling to the house where she
was to officiate as bridesmaid, and where she was haughtier, and colder,
and ten times more attractive than ever.

Private Moore, waiting for the midnight return train, found life a grim
prospect.

Three weeks after, a summons came from the captain's tent. George had
just returned from his own furlough, and this was their first meeting.
Even while their hands clasped, his new, happy secret told itself.

'Congratulate me, Clement Moore! You remember Lois Berkeley? She has
promised to be Lois Berkeley Morris one day!' and, with happy lover's
egotism, did not notice the gray shade about his hearer's lips.

Various items of news followed.

'A truce boat goes over to-morrow,' remembering the fact suddenly;
'there will be opportunity to send a few letters; so, if you wish to
write to that lady 'beyond the lines'--

The voice that replied was thin and harsh:

'Miss Rose declined alliance with a 'Yankee hireling,' and was married
last October.'

Honest George wrung his friend's hand anew, and heaped mental anathemas
on his own stupidity for not seeing how haggard and worn the dark face
had grown--anathemas which were just enough, perhaps, only he hardly saw
the reason in quite the right light. But he spared all allusions to his
own prospects thereafter, and finding that Moore rather avoided than
sought him, measured and forgave the supposed cause by his own heart.

At length came a time when a new life and impulse roused into action
even that slowly moved great body, the officers of the Potomac Army, and
that much-abused and sorely tried insignificant item, the army itself.
On every camp ground reigned the confusion of a flitting. All the roads
were filled with regiments hurrying southward, faces growing more and
more hazard with fatigue and privation, weak and slender forms falling
from the ranks, cowards and traitors skulking to the rear, till at
length on the banks of the river stood an army, hungry, footsore,
marchworn, but plucky, and ready for any service that might be required
of them, even if that service were but to 'march up the hill and then
march down again'--what was left of them.

An atom in the moving mass of blue, Clement Moore shared the pontoon
crossing, was silent through the storms of cheers that greeted each
regiment as they splashed over and up the bank, and, drawn up in line of
battle at last, surveyed the field without a pulsation of emotion. Other
men about him chafed at the restraint; he stood motionless, with eyes a
thousand miles away. And when the advance sounded, and the line started
with a cheer, no sound passed his lips. A half-unconscious prayer went
up that he might fall there, and have it over with this life battle,
that had gone so sorely against him. He moved as in a dream. The whirl
and roar of battle swept around and by him; he charged with the
fiercest, saw the blue lines reel and break only to close up and charge
again, took his life in his hand a dozen times, and stood at length with
the few who held that first line of rifle pits, gazing in each other's
faces in the momentary lull, and wondering at their own existence. Then
came a shock, shivers of red-hot pain ran through every nerve, and
then--blissful, cool unconsciousness. Captain George, galloping by, with
the red glare of battle on his face, saw the fall, and halted. A half
dozen ready hands swung the body to his saddle. For a little the tide of
battle eddied away, and in the comparative quiet, George tore down the
hill to a spring bubbling out under the cedars.

The darkness that wrapped the wounded man dissolved gradually. The
thunder and crash of guns, the mad cheers, the confusion of the bands
withdrew farther and farther, and drifted away from his failing senses.
He was back in his Southern home; the arm under his head was his
mother's; and he murmured some boyish request. Jasmine and clematis
oppressed him with their oversweetness; overhead the shining leaves of
the magnolia swung with slow grace. So long since he had seen a
magnolia, not since that evening--a life time ago, it seemed; the sight
and fragrance fell on him as her cool touch did that last time. The
heart throbs choked him then; he was choking again. 'Water, mother--a
drink!' and something wet his lips and trickled down his throat, not
cool and sweet as the rippling water he longed for, and he turned away
with sickly fretfulness; but a new strength thrilled through his limbs.
He opened his eyes; a face, battle-stained, but tear-wet like a woman's,
bent over him.

'O Clement, dear old fellow, do you know me?'

He smiled faintly, with stiffening lips. 'Yes, I know. I've prayed for
it, George. I couldn't live to see her your wife. Good-by, dear boy.
Tell mother--' He wandered again. 'Kiss me, mother--now Lois, my
Marguerite. Into thy hands, O Lord--' A momentary struggle for breath,
and then Morris laid back the grand head, and knelt, looking down on the
beautiful face, over which the patient strength of perfect calm had
settled forever.

'So that was it, after all,' he said, bitterly. 'Fool not to see; and he
was worth a generation of such as I.'

He turned away, tightened his saddle girths, cast a look on the
pandemonium before him, looked back with one foot already in the
stirrup.

'I sha'n't see him again in this hell, even if I come out of it myself.'
And going back, with gentle fingers he removed the few trinkets on the
body. In an inner pocket of the blouse he found a small packet. He
opened it on the spot. A lady's handkerchief, silky fine, white as ever.
No need of the delicate tracery in the corners to tell him whose. The
perfume that haunted it still called back too vividly that evening when
he had wondered at and loved her more for the strange, perfect calm that
chilled a little his outburst of happiness. He folded it back carefully,
touched his lips as a woman might have done to the cold forehead, and
mounted, plunging up the hill to the fight that had recommenced over the
trench. Later in the day, the ball that fate moulded for Captain George
found him. He gave one low, pitiful cry as it crashed through his bridle
arm, and then a merciful darkness closed about him.

Two months after, white and thin, with one empty sleeve fastened across
his chest, he stood where another had stood waiting for the same woman.
Through the window drifted in the early spring fragrance; a handful of
early spring flowers lay on the table. A soft rustle and slow step
through the hall, and he rose as Lois came in. She glanced at the empty
sleeve with grave, wide eyes, and sat down near him. He would not have
known the face before him, it had so altered; the hair pushed back from
hollow, blue-veined temples, the sharpened, angular outlines, and an
old, suffering look about the mouth and sunken eyes.

Few words were spoken--nothing beyond the most commonplace greetings.
Then she said:

'I should have come to you, but I have been ill myself; near death, I
believe,' she added, wearily.

She gave the explanation with no throb of feeling. She would have
apologized for a careless dress with more spirit once.

He rose and laid a packet before her.

'A lady's handkerchief--yours, I think. I was with him when he died,
though his body was not found afterward. I was hurt myself, you know,
and could not attend to it,' he said, deprecatingly.

She did not touch it, looking from it up to him with eyes filled with
just such a grieved, questioning look as might come into the eyes of
some animal dying in torture. He could not endure it. He put out his
white, wasted left hand.

'My poor child!' She shivered, caught her breath with a sob, and,
burying her face in the pillows of a couch, gave way to her first tears
in an agony of weeping. And he sat apart, not daring to touch her, nor
to speak--wishing, with unavailing bitterness, that it had been he who
was left lying stark and still beneath the cedars.

The storm passed. She lay quiet now, all but the sobs that shook her
whole slight frame. He said, at last, very gently:

'If I had known--you should have told me. He was my best friend.' His
voice trembled a little. 'I know how I must seem to you. His murderer,
perhaps; surely the murderer of your happiness.' A deeper quaver in the
sorrowful tones. 'It is too late now, I know; but if it would help you
ever so little to be released from your promise--'

There was no reply.

'You are free. I am going now.' He bent over her for a breath, making a
heart picture of the tired face, the closed eyes, and grieved mouth.
Only to take her up for a moment, with power to comfort her--he would
have given his life for that--and turned away with a great, yearning
pain snatching at his breath. In the hall he paused a moment, trying to
think. A light step, a frail hand on his arm, a wistful face lifted to
his.

'Forgive me; I have been very unkind. You are so good and noble. I will
be your wife, if you will be any happier.'

He looked down at her pityingly. 'You are very tired. Shall you say that
when you are rested again? Remember, you are free.'

'If not yours, then never any one's.'

His arm fell about her, his lips touched her forehead quietly; he led
her back to her couch, and arranged her pillow, smiling a little at his
one awkward hand.

'I shall not see you again before I go back, unless you send for me.'

She put out her hand and touched the bowed face quickly and lightly; and
with that touch thrilling in his veins he went away.

Through Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and the Charleston siege, Captain
George, no longer captain, now twice promoted for cool bravery, has
borne a charmed life--a grave, calm man, remembering always a still
face, 'pathetic with dying.'

Out from the future is turned toward him another face, no less pathetic
in its unrest of living. The soldiers in the Capital hospitals, dragging
through the weary weeks of convalescence, know that face well. For hours
of every day she goes about busied with such voluntary service as she is
permitted to do. She sees tired faces brighten at her coming--is
welcomed by rough and gentle voices. Always patient, ready, thoughtful,
she is 'spending' herself--waiting for the end.



THE SCIENTIFIC UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE: ITS CHARACTER AND RELATION TO OTHER
LANGUAGES.

_ARTICLE TWO._

CORRESPONDING FIRST DISCRIMINATIONS IN THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE.


The purpose of these papers, as announced and partially carried forward
in the preceding one, is to explain the nature of the NEW SCIENTIFIC
UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE, a component part of the new Science of UNIVERSOLOGY,
and to exhibit its relation to the Lingual Structures hitherto extant.
For this purpose we entered upon the necessary preliminary consideration
of the fundamental question of the Origin of Speech. We found that the
latest developments of Comparative Philology upon this subject, as
embodied in Prof. Müller's recent work, 'Lectures on the Science of
Language,' brought us no farther along to the goal of our investigation
than Compound Roots--one-, two-, three-, four-, five--(or more) letter
Roots--some four or five hundred of which are the insoluble residuum
which the Philologists furnish as the Ultimate Elements of Language. It
was pointed out that these Roots are not, however, the _Ultimate_
Elements of Language, any more than Compound Substances are the Prime
Constituents of Matter; and that, as Chemistry, as a Science, could
begin its career, only after a knowledge of the veritable Ultimate
Elements of the Physical Constitution of the Globe was obtained, so a
_True Science of Language_ must be based upon an understanding of the
value and meaning of the True Prime or Ultimate Elements of Speech--the
_Vowels_ and _Consonants_.

It is with the exposition of the nature of these Fundamental
Constituents of Language, and of their Correspondential Relationship or
_Analogy_ with the Fundamental Constituents of Thought, the Ultimate
Rational Conceptions of the Mind, that the New UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE begins
its developments. Through its agency we may hope to find, therefore, a
satisfactory solution to the problem of the Origin of Speech, which
Comparative Philology abandons at the critical point, and so to be able
to pass to the consideration of the more specific objects of our present
inquiry.

       *       *       *       *       *

UNIVERSOLOGY establishes the fact that there is Analogy or Repetition of
Plan throughout the various Departments of the Universe. It
demonstrates, in other words, that the same Principles which generate,
and the same Laws which regulate, the Phenomena of the Universe as a
whole, fulfil the same functions in connection with the Phenomena of
every one of its parts. The Mathematical, Psychological, or any other
specific Domain is, therefore, an expression or embodiment of the same
System of Principles and Laws, with reference to both Generals and
Details, which is otherwise exhibited in Mechanics, Physics, Chemistry,
and elsewhere universally; just as the same Architectural Plan may be
variously employed in constructions of different size, material, color,
modes of ornamentation, etc.; and may be modified to suit the
requirements of each individual construction. To every Elementary Form
of _Thought_ there is, consequently, a corresponding and related Law of
_Number_, of _Form_, of _Color_, of _Chemical_ Constitution, and of
_Oral Sound_ or _Speech_. Every Basic Idea, to state it otherwise,
pertaining to the Universe at large or to any of its Divisions, has its
counterpart or double in every other Division. Or, to express it yet
another way: the manifold, diverse, and unlike Appearances or Phenomena
which the Universe presents to our understanding, are not _radically_
and _essentially_ different; but are the same Typal Ideas or Thoughts of
God or of Nature, arrayed in various garbs, and, hence, assuming varying
presentations. The Numerical _Unit_, the Geometrical _Point_, the
Written _Dot_, the _Globule_, the Chemical _Atom_, the Physical
_Molecule_, the Physiological _Granule_, the _Yod_ or _Iota_, the least
Element of Sound, are, for example, _Identical Types_, differently
modified or clothed upon in accordance with the medium through which
they are to be _phenomenally_ presented. It is with this _Echo_ or
Repetitory Relationship, existing between all the Domains of the
Universe, but more particularly as exhibited between the two Domains of
_Ideas_ and _Language_, that we are at present concerned.

It is sufficiently obvious that Analogy should be sought for first, in
the _Generals_ of any department under examination, and, subsequently,
through them, in the _Particulars_. In respect to the two Domains now
under special consideration, this relation is between the Fundamental
Elements of Thought, including those called by the Philosophers the
Categories of the Understanding, and the Fundamental Elements of
Language. In pointing out the Correspondence subsisting between the
Elements of these two Domains, I shall use, partly by way of
condensation, and partly by copious extracts, the Elaborate Expositions
contained in the yet unpublished text books of Universology. And, as
what follows relating to this subject will consist, almost wholly, of
this material, I do not deem it essential to encumber the page with
numerous and unnecessary quotation marks. It is advisable to caution the
Reader, however, that as my present purpose is explanation and
illustration only, and not formal demonstration, what is about to be
given will be mostly in the nature of mere statement, unaccompanied by
any other evidence of its truthfulness than may be found in the
self-supporting reasonableness of the statements themselves.

       *       *       *       *       *

It was the basic and axiomatic proposition of Hegel's Philosophy, that
the first discrimination of Thought and Being in any sphere is into two
factors, a _Something_ and a _Nothing_;--that which constitutes the
_main_ or _predominant_ element of the Conception or Creation, and that
which we endeavor to exclude from contemplation or activity, but which,
nevertheless, by virtue of the impossibility of _perfect_ or _absolute_
abstraction, inevitably becomes a _minor_ or _subordinate_ element in
the Idea or the Act which may be engaging the attention. _Something_ and
_Nothing_ are also averred to be _equal_ factors in the Constitution of
Thoughts or Things, because both are alike indispensable to the
cognition of either; because, in other words, it is only by the presence
of the _Nothing_ as a _background_ or _contrasting_ element, that the
_Something_ has an independent or cognizable existence. If there were no
blank space, for instance, there could be no Moon, relatively, or so far
as our ability to perceive it is concerned. For the Moon is, in this
illustration, a _Something_ which is visible to us, and of which we have
a knowledge, only by reason of the fact that it is surrounded by and
contrasted with that which is _not_ Moon, and which, in reference to the
particular aspect under consideration is, therefore, a _Nothing_; though
it in turn may be a _Something_ or main object of attention in some
other view or conception, where some other factor shall be the Nothing.

That this Relationship of Antithesis and Rank existed, as between the
Constituents of some Thoughts or Things, was known from the earliest
times, and gave rise to the terms _Positive_ and _Negative_, expressive
of it. But Hegel was the first--of modern Philosophers, at least--to
point out its necessarily _Universal_ and fundamental character, and to
assume it as the starting-point in the development of all Philosophy and
Science.

So far as concerns the investigation of the Universe from the
_Philosophical_ point of view (which is the less precise and definite
aspect), Hegel is right in affirming that the first discrimination of
all Thought and Being is that between _Something_ and _Nothing_. But he
is wrong in regarding the starting-point or first differentiation of
_Science_, as being identical with that of _Philosophy_. Science
considers, primarily and predominantly, the more exact and rigorous
relations of Phenomena; and the existence of an _exact_ and _definite_
point of departure in Thought and Being, more fundamental, from the
Scientific or rigorously precise point of view, than that of Hegel, is
the initiatory proposition of UNIVERSOLOGY.

A full explanation of the nature of this Starting-point is not, however,
in place here. And as the discrimination into _Something_ and _Nothing_
serves all the purposes of our present inquiry, a single word respecting
the character of the Universological Point of Departure in question is
all that it is now necessary to say concerning it.

This Starting-point of Thought and Action has reference to the Ideas of
_Oneness_ (Primitive Unity) and _Twoness_ (Plurality). These conceptions
give rise to _two_ Primordial Principles, which form the basis of the
development of UNIVERSOLOGY, and which are fundamental in every
Department of the Universe and in the Universe as a whole, namely: _The
Principle of Unism_ (from the Latin _unus_, _one_), the _Spirit_ of the
Number _One_, the Principle of _Undifferentiated_, _Unanalyzed_,
_Agglomerative_ Unity; and _The Principle of_ DUISM (from the Latin
_duo_, _two_), the _Spirit_ of the Number _Two_, the Principle of
_Differentiation_, _Analysis_, _Separation_, _Apartness_, or
_Plurality_, typically embodied in _Two_, the first division of the
Primitive Unity, and especially representative of the Principle of
Disunity, the essence of all division or plurality. _One_, in the Domain
of _Number_, and UNISM, in the Department of Primordial Principles,
correspond, it must be added, with _The Absolute_ (the Undifferentiated
and Unconditioned), as one of the Aspects of Being; while _Two_, in the
Domain of _Number_, and _Duism_, among Primordial Principles, are allied
with _The Relative_ (the Differentiated and Conditioned), of which
latter Domain _Something_ and _Nothing_ are the two Prime Factors. The
distinction between _One_ and _Two_, or their analogous Aspects of
Being, _Absolute_ and _Relative_, is, therefore, prior to that between
_Something_ and _Nothing_, because _Something_ and _Nothing_ are two
terms of _The Relative_ (_Two_), which has first to be itself
discriminated from _The Absolute_ (_One_) before it can be sub-divided
into these two factors.

While the nature of this discrimination into _Something_ and _Nothing_
may be sufficiently intelligible to the student of Metaphysics, it may
not be so to the Reader unaccustomed to Philosophical Speculation. For
the purpose, therefore, of rendering it somewhat clearer, I will point
out the manner in which it exhibits itself in respect to the
Constitution of the External World and elsewise.

The Totality of all material objects and substances is the _Positive_
Material Universe. This is contained in _Space_, which is the _Negative_
Material Universe. Compoundly the two, _Matter_ and _Space_, are the
whole Material Universe, as to the Parts or Constituent Factors of which
it consists.

Theoretically, and in one, and by no means an unimportant sense, the
_Zero_-Element or _Nothing_-side of the Universe or of a given
Department of Being, is one whole half, or an equal hemisphere of the
Totality of Being. Thus, for example, _Zero_ (0) in the usage of the
Arabic Numbers, while it is represented in an obscure way merely by a
single figure below the nine digits, yet stands over, in a sense,
against all the digits, and all their possible combinations, as equal to
them all in importance. For it is by means of this _Zero_ (0) that the
One (1) for instance, becomes 10, 100, 1000, etc.; and that all the
_Positive_ Numbers acquire their relative values, according to the
places or positions in space which they occupy.

In another sense, however, the Negative Ground of Being, in the Universe
at large, or in any given Domain, quickly sinks out of view, and
Positive Being becomes the whole of what is commonly regarded. It is in
this sense that, ordinarily, in speaking of The Digits of Number, the
_Zero_ is left out of the count.

In the same manner, when speaking or thinking of the Material Universe,
while the notion of _Space_ is ever present, and is, in the absolute
sense, an equal half of the whole conception, still it is Matter, the
total congeries of objects and substances in Space, of which we mainly
think; the Space, as such, being understood and implied, but
subordinated as a mere _negative_ adjunct of the _positive_ idea.

In strictness, _Matter_ and _Space_ are so mutually dependent on each
other, that either without the other is an impossible conception. The
notion of Space permeates that of Matter; passing through it, so to
speak, as well as surrounding it; so that it needs no proof that Matter
cannot be conceived of as existing without Space. But, on the other
hand, Space is only the negation of Matter; the shadow, as it were, cast
by Matter; and, so, dependent on Matter for the very origin of the idea
in the mind.

If _Space_, therefore, be the analogue of _Nothing_; _Matter_, wholly
apart from Space, is only a _theoretical_ Something, really and actually
as much a Nothing as Space itself, when abstractly considered in its
equally impossible separation from Matter. But Matter, completely
separated from Space, is the exact external analogue of the _Something_
opposed to the _Nothing_ of abstract Metaphysical Thinking. Here, then,
is a lucid exposition, by virtue of these analogies, of the famous
Metaphysical Axiom of Hegel, which, at its announcement, threw all
Europe into amazement:

  _Something_ = (_equal to_) _Nothing_.

It is the logic of this statement that all _Reality_ or Relative Being
is a product of two factors, each of which is a _Nothing_. The
strangeness of this proposition will disappear when it is recognized
that these two Nothings are mere aspects or sides of presentation of the
Product, which is itself the only Reality. In respect to the _Real
Being_, those two sides are _Nothings_. But, as appearances or ideal
views of the Reality under the process of analytical abstraction in the
mind, they are so far _Somethings_ as to receive names and to be treated
of and considered as _if_ they were _Realities_. _Reality_ in the
_Absolute_ aspect, the aspect of _Undifferentiated Unity_, (Unismal),
contains these two factors interblended and undiscriminated. In the
_Relative_ aspect, that of _Duality_, (Duismal), it is the compound of
these two factors separated and distinguished. Finally, in the
_Integral_ aspect of _Compound Unity_ (Trinismal), it consists of the
_Unismal_ and the _Duismal_ aspects contrasted--the only _real_ state,
or possible condition of actual existence. _And this is the Type of all
Reality or Real Existence in every department of Being in the Universe._

But practically and ordinarily, these strictly analytical views of the
question of existence are abandoned. Reality, compounded, as we have
seen that it is when viewed in this way, of a Positive and a Negative
Factor, is assumed as itself a Simple Element and set over against the
grand residuum of Negation in the Universe of Being. This is what Kant,
less analytical than Hegel, has done, when, in distributing the
Categories of Thought, he has contrasted REALITY with NEGATION.

This is, as if, in respect to the External Material World, we were to
divide Matter--the Planets, for example, first assigning to them the
portions of Space which they bodily and respectively fill as if it were
a part of themselves--from the remaining ocean or grand residuum of
Space which surrounds them and in which they float. This residuum of
Space would then be spoken of as _Space_, and the Planetary Bodies,
_along with and including the spaces which they fill_, would be spoken
of as _Matter_. This is a kind of division, less analytical, but more
convenient, obvious, and practical, than the other which would attempt
to separate the whole of Space from the Matter within Space. It is in
this more practical manner that we _ordinarily_ think of the division of
the Heavens into the Domains of _Matter_ and _Space_.

Between _Reality_, then, including a subordinate portion of Space--the
content and volume of the Planet--and the grand ocean of Space, outlying
and surrounding the Planet, there is _Limitation_, the outline of the
Planet, the _Limit_ or dividing surface between the space within it and
the space without.

It is this Congeries of the Aspects of Being which Kant denominates
QUALITY, as a name of a Group of the Categories of the Understanding;
and which he divides into

  1. REALITY.
  2. NEGATION.
  3. LIMITATION.

He then treats REALITY as synonymous with the _Affirmative_ (Positive),
and NEGATION as synonymous with the _Negative_; although, as we have
seen, this Affirmative is not strictly equivalent to the _Something_ of
Hegel, nor this Negative to his _Nothing_. For _Reality_ we may, in a
general sense, put _Substance_, and for _Limitation_ we may put _Form_,
Omitting Negation which repeats the _Nothing_, as Reality repeats the
_Something_, it may now be said that the next Grand Division of the
Elements of Universal Being (after that into Something and Nothing) is
into

  1. SUBSTANCE. )
                            = 3. EXISTENCE.
  2. FORM.      )

That is to say: _The Relative_ (The Domain of Cognizable Being) is first
made known to us through the _differentiation_ and _discrimination_ of
the two Factors _Something_ and _Nothing_ which lie _undifferentiated_
and _indistinguishable_ in _The Absolute_ (The Primitive Ground of
Being). _The Relative_ then subdivides into 1. _Substance_ (Reality),
and, 2. _Form_ (Limitation), which reunite to constitute that actualized
Being which we denominate _Existence_. Or, tabulated, thus:

  THE ABSOLUTE (THE PRIMITIVE
  GROUND OF BEING)
  CONTAINS UNDIFFERENTIATED AND INDISTINGUISHABLE
  THE TWO FACTORS
  SOMETHING and NOTHING
  WHICH CONSTITUTE THE FIRST TERMS
  AND DISCRIMINATIONS OF
  THE RELATIVE (THE DOMAIN OF
  COGNIZABLE BEING);
  WHICH ITSELF DIVIDES INTO
  SUBSTANCE (REALITY) and FORM
  (LIMITATION),
  THE PRIME CONSTITUENTS OF
  EXISTENCE.

To comprehend the vast importance of these discriminations, it is
necessary to understand that precisely those Principles of Distribution
which are applicable to the Universe at large are found to be applicable
to every minor sphere or domain of the Universe; in the same manner as
the same Geometrical Laws which prevail in the largest circle prevail
equally in the smallest. It is the prevalence of _Identical Principles_
in _diverse spheres_ which is the source of that Universal Analogy
throughout _all_ spheres that lies at the basis of UNIVERSOLOGY, and
gives the possibility of such a Science. The nature of this Analogy, as
well as the value of the discriminations themselves, will be more
clearly seen by glancing at corresponding discriminations in other
spheres.

In the Constitution of the External World, _Something_ is represented,
as we have seen, by the solid and tangible substance which we call
_Matter_, and _Nothing_ by the Expanse of Space.

In the Science of Acoustics, _Sound_, the pure _Phonos_, is the
_Something_, the _Reality_, as it is denominated by Kant, the _Positive_
Factor of Speech. _Silence_ is the relative _Nothing_, the Negation, so
called by Kant, the _Negative_ Factor of Speech. The Silences, or
Intervals of Rest which intervene between Sounds (and also between
Syllables, Words, Sentences, and still larger divisions of Speech), are
only so many successive reappearances of this _negative_ element.
Silence, the Nothing of Sound, is, in fact, in the most radical aspect
of the subject, one entire half or hemisphere or equal Factor of the
whole of Speech or Music. Josiah Warren, the author of a work entitled
'Music as an Exact Science,' is the only writer I have noticed who has
had the discrimination _distinctively_ to recognize Silence as one of
the Elements of the Musical Structure.

_Impliedly_ it is, however, always so recognized. The Silences
intervening between tones _tunewise_, or in respect to altitude, are, in
Musical Nomenclature, denominated _Intervals_. _Timewise_ Silences, or
those which intervene between Tones rhythmically considered, are called
_Rests_. The Intervals of Silence between Syllables and Words, in Oral
Speech, are represented in the printed book by what the Printer calls
_Spaces_, which are _blank_ or _negative_ Types interposed between the
positive Types expressive of Sounds. This term _Space_ or _Spaces_
carries us to the analogous Total Space or Blank Space and intervening
reaches of Space between the Planets, Orbs or Material Worlds, the
former the corresponding _Nothing_ of the total Material Universe of
which these worlds are the _Something_; as exhibited in the
demonstrations of UNIVERSOLOGY.

In the Domain of Optics, covering the Phenomena of Light, Shade and
Color, _Light_ is the _Positive_ Factor or _Something_, and _Darkness_
the _Negative_ Factor or _Nothing_. _Light_ is, therefore, the analogue
of _Sound_, and _Darkness_ the analogue of _Silence_. That is to say,
each of these two, Silence and Darkness, denote the absence, the lack,
the want or the negation of the opposite and _Positive_ Element or
Factor.

So in Thermotics, the Science of Heat, _Heat_ itself is the
_Positismus_ or _Something_ of the Domain; and _Cold_ the _Negatismus_
or Correlative _Nothing_. _Heat_ is, consequently, the analogue of
_Sound_ and _Light_; while _Cold_ is the analogue of _Silence_ and
_Darkness_.

In respect to the Domain of Mind, _Positive Mental Experience_
(Feelings, Thoughts, and Volitions, including self-consciousness) are
the _Positive_ Factor, the _Something_ of Mentality. _Inexperience_, the
lack of mental exercitation, hence _Ignorance_, is the _Negative_
Factor, or _Nothing_. The Correspondential Relationship or Analogy
existing between this Domain of the Universe and others already
mentioned is testified to in a remarkable manner by our use of Language.
We denominate the want of Feeling _Cold_ or _Frigidity_--in respect to
the Mind or the individual character. The absence of Thought and
Knowledge, or, in other words, Intellectual Barrenness, is called
_Darkness_ or _Obscurity_ of the Mind. While the lack of Will or Purpose
in the Mind is said to be the absence of _Tension_ or _Strain_ (the
great Musical term); and the Stillness or quiet hence resulting may be
appropriately designated as the _Silence_ of the Mind; Musical Silences
being, as pointed out above, technically termed Rests.

With this superficial exhibition of the most radical aspect of the _Echo
of Idea_ or _Repetition of Type_ which subsists between all the
departments of the Universe, I pass to the more specific consideration
of this Analogy as concerning the Domain of Thought and the Domain of
Language.

Setting aside from our present consideration _Silence_, the _Negative_
factor or _Negatismus_ of Language, and fixing our attention upon
_Sound_, the Positive factor or _Positismus_ of Language, we discover it
to be composed of two constituents, _Vowels_ and _Consonants_.

The _Vowel_ is the _Substance_, the Reality of Language, and the
_Consonant_ is the _Form_, the Limitation.

By _Vowel_ sound is meant the free or unobstructed, and as such
unlimited flow of the vocalized or sounding breath. Vowels are defined
in the simplest way as those sounds which are uttered with the month
open; as _a_ (ah) in F_a_ther, _o_ in r_o_ll, etc.

Consonants are, on the contrary, those sounds which are produced by the
crack of commencing or by obstructing, breaking, or cutting off the
sounding breath, by completely or partially closing the organs of
speech; as, for instance, by closing the lips, as when we pronounce
_p_ie, _b_y, _m_y, etc.; or by pressing the point of the tongue against
the gums and teeth, as when we say t_ie_, d_ie_, etc.; or by lifting the
body of the tongue against the hard palate or roof of the mouth, as when
we give the _k_ or hard _g_ sound, as in rac_k_, ra_g_, or in any other
similar way.

Consonants are, therefore, the breaks or _limitations_ upon the
otherwise unbroken and continuous vocality, voice, or vocalized breath.
In other words, as already said, _Vowel_-Sound is the Elemental
_Substance_, and _Consonant_-Sound the Elemental _Form_ of Language, or
Speech. (By Vowels and Consonants are here meant, the Reader should
closely observe, Vowel-_Sounds_ and Consonant-_Sounds_, as produced by
the _Organs_ of _Speech_, and as they address themselves to the _Ear_,
distinguished and wholly apart from the _letters_ or combinations of
letters by which they are diversely represented to the _Eye_ in
different languages.)

By a valid but somewhat remote analogy, the _Vowel_-Sounds of Language
may be regarded collectively as the _Flesh_, and the _Consonant_-Sounds
as the _Bone_ or _Skeleton_ of the Lingual Structure. Flesh is an
_Analogue_ or Correspondential Equivalent of Substance. Bone or
Skeleton, which gives _outline_ or _shape_ to the otherwise soft,
collapsing, and lumpy flesh-mass of the Human or Animal Body, is an
_Analogue_ of Correspondential Equivalent of Limitation or Form; as the
framework of a house is the shaping or form-giving factor or agent of
the entire structure.

_Vowel_-Sounds are soft, fluent, changeful, and evanescent. One passes
easily into another by slight deviations of pronunciation, resulting
from trivial differences in National and Individual condition and
culture; like the Flesh of the animal, which readily decays from the
Bony Skeleton, while the last remains preserved for ages as a fossil.
The Vowel-Sounds so readily lose their identity, that they are of slight
importance to the Etymologist or Comparative Philologist, who is, in
fact, dealing in the _Paleontology_ of Language.

The _Consonants_ are, on the contrary, the _Fossils_ of Speech; bony and
permanent representatives of Framework, of _Limitation_, of Form.
Consonant-Sounds are also sometimes denominated _Articulations_. This
word means _joinings_ or _jointings_. It is from the Latin _articulus_,
a JOINT, and is instinctually applied to the Consonant-Sounds in
accordance with their analogy with the _Skeleton_ of the Human or Animal
System.

By an easy and habitual slide in the meaning of Words, a term like
_Joint_ is sometimes used to denote the _break_ or _opening_ between
parts, and sometimes to denote one of the parts intervening between such
breaks; as when we speak of a _joint_ of meat, meaning thereby what a
Botanist would signify by the term _Internode_, the stretch or reach or
shaft of bone extending from one joint (break) to another, with the meat
attached to it.

Consonants have, in like manner, a double aspect as Articulations or
_Joints_. In a rigorous and abstract sense, the Consonant has no sound
of its own. It is simply a break or interruption of Sound.
Etymologically, it is from the Latin _con_, WITH, and _sonans_,
SOUNDING; as if it were a mere accessory to a (vowel) Sound; the Vowels
being, in that sense, the only sounds. In this sense, the Consonants are
analogous with the mere cracks or opening _joints_, which intervene
between the bones of the Skeleton. In other words, they are no sounds,
but mere nothings; the analogy, in that case, of _Abstract_ Limitation.

Practically, on the contrary, the Consonant takes to itself such a
portion of the vocalized or sounding breath which it serves primarily to
limit, that it becomes not merely a sound ranking with the Vowel; but
the more prominent and abiding sound of the two. It is in this latter
sense, that it is the Analogue of the Bone.

In Phonography, as in Hebrew and some other Languages, the letters
representing the Consonant-Sounds only are written or printed; the
Vowel-Sounds being either represented by mere points added to the
Consonant characters, or left wholly unrepresented, to be supplied by
the intelligence of the Reader. The written words so constructed,
represent the real words with about the degree of accuracy with which a
skeleton represents the living man; so that the meaning can be readily
gathered by the practised reader, by the aid of the context. In
Phonography, the Consonant-Sounds, which are simple straight or curved
lines, are joined together at their ends, forming an outline shape,
somewhat like a single script (written) letter of our ordinary writing.
These outline words are then instinctually and technically called
_Skeleton-words_, from the natural perception of a genuine Scientific
Analogy.

Consonants constitute, then, what may be denominated the _Limitismus_
(Limiting Domain) of Language. The Limit is primarily represented by the
Line (a line, any line); then by the Line embodying Substance as _seam_,
_ridge_, _bar_, _beam_, _shaft_, _or bone_; and, finally, by a System of
Lines, Shafts or Bones which may then be jointed or limited in turn
among themselves, forming a concatenation of Lines, Bars or Shafts, the
framework of a machine or house or other edifice, or the ideal columnar
and orbital structure of the Universe itself. All these conceptions or
creations belong to the practical Limitismus, the Form Aspect or
Framework of Being in Universals and in Particulars in every Sphere and
Department of the Universe.

The _Limitismus_ of Being so defined then stands over against or
contrasted with the _Substancismus_ (Substance-Domain) of Being which
embraces the Substances, Materials or Stuffs of creation of whatsoever
name that infill the interstices of the Framework or are laid upon it,
and constitute the richness and fulness and plumpness of the Structure,
as the Flesh does of the Body.

The wholeness or _Integrality_ of the structure then consists of the
composity of these Two (Limitismus and Substancismus), as the wholeness
of the Body consists of the Flesh and the Bone. The Consonants being the
Limitismus, and the Vowels the Substancismus of Language; the Two united
and coordinated comprise the Trinismal Integrality or Integralismus of
Speech.

The Vowels denote, then, _Reality_, as distinguished from _Limitation_,
or, what is nearly the same thing, _Substance_, as distinguished from
_Form_.

There are in all _Seven_ (7); or if we include one somewhat more obscure
than the rest, a kind of semi-tone, there are _Eight_ (8) full-toned,
perfectly distinct and primary Vowel-Sounds, which constitute the
Fundamental Vowel Scale of the Universal Alphabet. Their number and
nature is governed by the Mechanical Law of their organic production in
the mouth. And the number can only be increased by interposing minor
shades of sound, as we produce minor shades of color by blending the
Seven (7) Prismatic Colors. The new Sound will then belong, in
predominance and as a mere variety, to one of these Seven (7) Primary
Sounds.

These Seven (7) Sounds constitute the Leading Vowel-System of all
Languages; with certain irregularities of omission in the Vowel-System
of some Languages.

By the addition of Five (5) equally leading _Diphthongs_ (or Double
Vowels) the number of leading Vowel representations is carried up to
Twelve (12) or Thirteen (13)--which may then be regarded as the
Completed Fundamental Vowel Scale of the Universal Lingual Alphabet.

_There are, in like manner, Seven (7)--or Eight (8)--Leading Realities
of the Universe_, AND OF EVERY MINOR SPHERE OR DOMAIN OF BEING IN THE
UNIVERSE, _which correspond with, echo or repeat, and are therefore the
Scientific Analogues of, these Seven (7) Leading Vowel-Sounds, as they
occur among the Elements of Speech_.

In representing the Vowel-Sounds, it is better, for numerous reasons, to
use the letters with their general _European_ Values, than it is to
conform to their altered or corrupted _English_ Values. For instance,
the Vowel I (i) is pronounced in nearly every language of Europe, and in
all those languages which the Missionaries have reduced to writing, as
we pronounce _e_ or _ee_, or as _i_ in mach_i_ne, or p_i_que; E (e) is
pronounced as we enunciate _a_ in paper; and A is reserved for the full
Italian sound of _a_ (_ah_), as in father; _U_ is pronounced like _oo_,
as in German, Spanish, Italian and many other languages.

The Seven (7) Vowels in question are then as follows:

  1. I, i (_ee_ in f_ee_l).
  2. E, e (_a_ in m_a_te).
  3. A, a (_a_ in f_a_-ther).
  4. _o_, _o_ (_aw_ in _aw_ful).
  5. _u_, _u_ (_u_ in c_u_rd).
  6. O, o (_o_ in n_o_-ble).
  7. U, u (_oo_ in f_oo_l).

These sounds are produced in the middle, at the back, and at the front
of the mouth respectively. These localities, and something of the nature
of the sounds themselves, as _slender_ or _full_, will be plainly
illustrated by the annexed figure:

  3. Front-   1. Middle-     2. Back-
     Mouth       Mouth          Mouth


      ou           i         e (^a) a; _o_ _u_

The following description of the organic formation or production of
these sounds now becomes important.

The Vowel-Sound I (ee) is the most slender and condensed of the
Vowel-Scale. It is produced at the middle or central part of the mouth,
by forcing a slight, closely-squeezed current of Sounding Breath,
through a small, smooth channel or opening made by forming _a gutter or
scoop of the flattened point of the tongue_; while, at the same time,
the tongue is applied at the edges to the teeth and gums. This sound
has, therefore, an actual _form_ resembling that of a thread or line; or
still better, like that of a wire drawn through one of the iron openings
by means of which wire is manufactured. It resembles also a slight,
smooth, roundish stream of fluid escaping through a tube or trough.

This sound has relation, therefore, in the first place, to _Centrality_
or CENTRE; and then to LENGTH (or Line), which is the First Dimension of
Extension. The I-sound continued or prolonged gives the idea of Length.
But broken into Least Units of the same quality of Sound, we have
individualized Vowel-Sounds of this quality, each one of which is a new
_Centre_; like the successive _Points_ of which a _Line_ is composed.

An individual sound, I, has relation, therefore, to _Centre_ and to
_Point_ generally. As such it stands representatively for the _Soul_ or
_Identity_ or _Central Individuality of Being_--for that which gives to
anything its distinctive character, as existing in the _Point_ or the
_Unit_, or the _Atom_, or in any Individual Object or Thing from the
Atom up to a World and to the Universe as a whole. _Identity_ is,
perhaps, the best single term furnished by our Language to signify this
basic idea. _Individuality_ approximates the meaning. It is the
_pivotal_ notion of Being itself, and has relation, therefore, to
Ontology, the Science of Abstract Being. _Essence_ and _Essential Being_
are terms which may also be used in defining it. The Reader should
understand, however, that with reference to this Sound, as to those to
be hereafter considered, there is no term or terms in any Language which
will indicate their meaning _exactly_. The analysis of Ideas upon which
UNIVERSOLOGY is based is more fundamental than any which has preceded
it. Its Primary Conceptions are, therefore, broader and more inclusive
than any former ones which existing terms are employed to denote. In
explaining the meaning of these First Elements of Sound, then, as
related to the First Elements of Thought, all that is now attempted is
to convey as clear a notion of this meaning as is possible with our
present terminology, without any expectation that the _precise_ meaning
intended will be at once or entirely apprehended.

The sound E (_a_ in m_a_te) is likewise a slender, abstract-like,
middle-mouth sound; but differs from I in the fact that it is produced
by _flattening_ the opening for the Sounding Breath instead of retaining
it in a roundish position. The angles of the mouth are drawn asunder, as
if pointing outward to the sides of the head, and the sound is, as it
were, _elongated in the crosswise direction_, as if a stick or a quill
were held in the teeth, the extremities extending outward to the sides.
A line, in this direction, is the measurer of BREADTH, which is the
Second Dimension of Extension, crossing the Length-line represented by I
at right angles. _Side-wise-ness_ is synonymous with RELATION, as one of
the Sub-divisions of Reality, or, in other words, of the Realities of
Being. _Re-lation_ is, etymologically, from the Latin _re_, BACK or
REFLECTED, and _latus_, SIDE; that which mutually and reciprocally
re-sides the _Centre_, or furnishes it with sides or _wings_. The
Vowel-Sound E (_a_, in m_a_te) is, therefore, the Analogue or
Corresponding Representative or Equivalent in the Domain of Sound of
that _Fundamental Conception_ which, in respect to Thought, is
denominated _Relation_, in respect to Position _Collaterality_ or
_Sideness_, and in respect to Dimension _Breadth_ or _Width_.

The Sound A (_a_ in f_a_ther) is made farther back in the mouth, with
the mouth stretched quite open, and is the richest and most harmonious
of the Vowel Sounds--the Queen of the Vowels. It is the Italian A, the
sound most allied with Music and Euphony, and yet a sound which is
greatly lacking in the English Language.

The English Reader must guard himself from confounding the Vowel-Sound
of which we are here speaking, with the Consonant R, the alphabetical
name of which is by a lax habit of pronunciation made to be nearly
identical with this Vowel-Sound; while for this beautiful and brilliant
and leading Vowel in the Alphabet of Nature we have no distinct letter
in English, and reckon it merely as one of the values or powers of the
Letter A, to which we ordinarily give the value of E (_a_ in m_a_te,
_ai_ in p_ai_n).

This Vowel A (_ah_, _a_ in f_a_ther) is made with the mouth so open that
the form of its production suggests the insertion of a stick or other
elongated object in a perpendicular direction to retain the jaws in
their position; a practice said sometimes to be resorted to by the
Italian Music Teacher, in order to correct the bad habit of talking
through the teeth, common among his English pupils.

This height and depth involved in the Sound of the Vowel A (ah) relates
it to THICKNESS, the Third Dimension of Extension; as the Sound I is
related to _Length_, the First of these Dimensions, and the Sound E to
_Breadth_, the Second of them.

_Thickness_ is again related to _richness_ and _sweetness_, to _fulness_
and _fatness_, as of the good condition of an Animal in flesh, or of
rich and productive soils. And these ideas are again related to _wealth_
or to _riches_ generally; and, hence, again to SUBSTANCE. The objects of
wealth are called _goods_, and a wealthy man is said to be a '_man of
substance_.' A (ah) is the representative or pivotal Vowel; that one
which embodies most completely the _Vowel Idea_. Its inherent meaning is
especially, therefore, that of SUBSTANCE or REALITY, which, is, in a
more general way, as we have seen, the meaning of all the Vowels. The
most real, tangible, sensible substance from an ordinary point of view
being. Matter, this Vowel-Sound allies itself also with _Matter_ or
_Materiality_ as contrasted with _Spiritual_ Substance.

There is, it must now be observed, a flattened variety of A (ah), which
will here be represented by the same letter italicized, thus, _A_, _a_,
which is the so-called flat sound of A (ah) as when heard prolonged in
m_a_re, pe_a_r, etc., or when stopped, in m_a_n, m_a_t, etc. This sound
is intermediate in position between E and A (ah). That is to say, it is
produced farther back in the mouth and with the mouth somewhat more open
than when we say E, and not so far back as when we say A (ah); and with
the mouth less open. As contrasted with the A (ah), it is a thin, flat,
and slightly unsatisfactory and disagreeable sound, analogically related
to the natural semitone _fa_ of the Diatonic Scale of Musical Tones.
This Sound signifies accordingly, THINNESS, ATTENUATED MATTER, the Ghost
or Spirit of Nature, related to Odic Force, Magnetisms, Electricity,
etc.; still not, however, Spirit in the sense of Mind, or in the
Religio-Spiritual sense of the word. This is the exceptional or bastard
Vowel-Sound which has but an imperfect or half claim to be inserted in
the Leading Vowel Scale. When inserted, its natural position is between
the E and the A (ah), although for certain reasons it sometimes changes
position with the A (ah), following instead of preceding it.

The next two Vowel-Sounds, _o_ (_aw_ in _aw_ful), and _u_ (_u_ in
c_u_rd), are somewhat like the _a_ (_a_ in m_a_re), exceptional or
bastard Sounds. They are unheard in many Languages, and unrecognized as
distinct sounds in many Languages where they are, in fact, heard. Very
few Languages have distinct Letter-Signs for them. In using the Roman
Alphabet, I am compelled to adopt a contrivance to represent them; which
is, as in the case of the _a_, to print them in italic types, for which,
when the remainder of the word is in italic, small capitals are
substituted, thus: _O_ful (awful); _U_rgent; or, in case the whole word
is intended to be italicized, for the sake of emphasis, O_ful_,
U_rgent_. In script or handwriting, the italic Letter is marked by
underscoring a single line, and the small capital by underscoring two
lines.

_O_ (aw) is the fullest of the Vowel-Sounds. It is made with the mouth
still farther open than when we say A (ah), and somewhat farther back;
or, rather, with the cavity enlarged in all directions, and especially
deepened. The mouth is stretched in all ways to its utmost capacity,
giving a hollow, vacant effect to the voice, instead of the rich, mellow
and substantial sound of the A (ah). The Sound so produced is,
nevertheless, on the one hand, a broader quality of the A (ah), and
there is a strong tendency on the part of the A (ah) to degenerate into
it, as when the uneducated German, says _Yaw_ for _Ja_ (yah). On the
other hand, this sound has something of the quality of O. It is,
therefore, intermediate in quality between A (ah) and O. In respect to
meaning, it is the Type, Analogue, Equivalent, or Representative of
Volume or SPACE, whether filled or unfilled by Substance. That is to
say, it is the Analogue of Space, not in the sense in which we formerly
regarded Space as the _negation_ of Matter; but in the sense of
_Infinite Dimensionality_, or of Dimensionality in all directions, as a
vague generalization from the three special dimensions _Length_,
_Breadth_, and _Thickness_. It is, therefore, round or ball-like, and
huge, and, in respect to the nature of the tone, vague and vacant.

Space _as mere nothing_ has no Letter-Sign in the Alphabet; but is
represented by the blank types or spaces used by the printer to separate
his syllables and words, as shown heretofore. Space _as a Department of
Reality_, as one of the _Realities_ of the Universe, a bastard or
semi-Reality it is true, but nevertheless, belonging to that Domain, is
denoted by the Vowel-Sound _o_ (aw).

The Sound _u_ (uh, _u_ in c_u_rd), the fifth of the Scale, is called
among Phoneticians, the _Natural_ Vowel. It is the simple, unmodulated
or unformed vocal breath permitted to flow forth from the throat or
larynx with no effort to produce any specific sound. It is the mere
grunt, a little prolonged; the unwrought material out of which the other
and more perfect Vowel Sounds are made by modulation, or, in other
words, by the shapings and strains put upon the machinery of utterance.
The Hebrew _scheva_, the French _eu_, and _e_ mute, are varieties of
this easily-flowing, unmodulated, unstable, unsatisfactory sound. Like
the _o_ (aw), this sound _u_ (uh) has a vacant, unfinished, and
inorganic character as a sound, while yet, from its great fluency, its
frequent occurrence tends, more than that of any other sound, to give to
Language that conversational fluency, rapidity and ease which are
especially characteristic of the French Tongue. From this same easy
laxity of its nature all the other Vowel Sounds tend, in English
particularly, when they are not accented, to fall back into this Natural
Vowel; as in the following instances: Rom_a_n, brok_e_n, m_i_rth,
mart_y_r, Bost_o_n, c_u_rd, etc.; words which we pronounce nearly
Rom_u_n, brok_u_n, m_u_rth, mart_u_r, Bost_u_n, c_u_rd, etc.

This Sound, as to inherent meaning, is, by its alliance with the idea of
flux, flow and continuity, the Type, Analogue, Equivalent or
Representative in the Domain of Oral Sound of that _Fundamental
Conception_ which, in respect to Idea, we denominate TIME; and of
Stream-like or _Currental_ Being of all kinds.

_Space_, denoted by _o_ (aw), has relation to the Air as an atmosphere,
and to the Ocean of Ether in filling the Great Spheral Dome of Empyrean
or Firmament. The Vowel-Sound _u_ (uh) has a similar relation to
Fluidity or Liquidity, and, hence, to Water as a typical fluid, to the
Ocean Flux or Tide, to the Flowing Stream, etc. This Time-like idea is
uni-dimensional or elongate in a _general_ or _fluctuating_ sense; not
_specifically_ like I. It is in view of this characteristic, that it is
broadly and primarily contrasted with the Spacic significance of _o_
(aw), which is omnidimensional.

The two remaining Vowel-Sounds, the O and U (oo), repeat the _o_ (aw)
and _u_ (uh), in a sense, but in a new and more refined stage or degree
of development. The sound O is made at the front mouth--the locality the
most openly in sight of any at which Sound is produced--by rounding the
lips into an irregularly-circular, face-like, or disk-like presentation.
The O Sound so produced denotes Presence, as of an object by virtue of
its reflection of Light; and, hence, LIGHT, _Clearness_, _Purity_,
_Reflection_.

The U (_oo_ in f_oo_l) is an obscured or impure pronunciation of the O.
The lips are protruded as if to say O; but not being sufficiently so for
the production of the pure Sound, the Sound actually given is mixed, or
made turbid or thick. The U-Sound denotes accordingly _Retiracy_,
_Obscurity_, _Shade_, _Turbidity_, _Mixedness_, or _Impurity_, as of
Colors in a dim light, or as of Materials in a slime or plasma, etc.

Metaphysically, O denotes PURE THEORY, the _Abstract_; and U (oo)
signifies the ACTUAL or PRACTICAL, the Tempic, the Concrete (the
Temporal or Profane), which is always mixed with contingency.

Other Vowel-Sounds, shades more or less distinct of some one of these
Leading Sounds, are interspersed by nature between these _diatonic_
Sounds, like the half tones and quarter tones in Music. Two of these
French _eu_ and _e muet_ modifications of _u_ (uh) have been mentioned.
_Eu_ is modulated at the lips, and _e muet_ at the middle mouth, but
both have the general character of _u_ (uh). The French U is a
modification of the U (oo), of the Scale just given, but made finer, and
approximating I (ee). The Italian O is a modification of _o_ (aw). These
four are the Leading Semi-tone Sounds; which along with _a_ carry the
Scale from Seven (7) diatonic up to twelve (12) chromatic. As they will
be passed over for the present with this mere mention, the points of the
Scale at which they intervene will not be now considered.

Discarding these minor shades of Sounds, the Leading Scale of
Vowel-Sounds is augmented from Seven (7) or Eight (8) to Twelve (12) or
Thirteen (13), by the addition of the following five (5) Diphthongs or
Double Vowels. In respect to the _quality_ of Sound, they are pronounced
just as the Vowels of which they are composed would be if separated and
succeeding each other. To make the Diphthong _long_, the two Sounds are
kept quite distinct. To make it _short_, they are closely blended; as,
AU (ah-oo), long; A[)U] (ahoo), short. With no diacretical mark they are
pronounced _ad libidum_, or neither very long nor short.

The following are the five (5) Diphthongs which complete the Vowel
Scale:

The IU is composed of the first Vowel I (ee) and the last U (oo). The
I-sound, so placed before another Vowel-Sound, tends readily to be
converted into or more properly to prefix to itself the weak
Consonant-Sound represented in English by Y (in German and Italian by
J); thus YIU for IU. The whole of the three Sounds so involved (a real
Triphthong) are represented by the English U long--which is never a
_simple_ Vowel-Sound--as in _union_, pronounced _yioonyun_.

This Diphthong IU (or yiu) denotes _Conjunction_, _Conjuncture_, _Event_
(the two ends meeting); and also _Coupling_ or _Unition_; a central
point between extremes.

The next and the most important of the Diphthongs (except AU) is AI,
compounded of the third (A) and the first (I) of the simple
Vowel-Sounds. It is pronounced very nearly like the English long I, as
in p_i_ne, f_i_ne, etc., which is not a _simple_ Vowel; but is
compounded of the two simple Vowels above mentioned (A and I, ahee) in a
very close union with each other; or, as it were, squeezed into each
other. The Tikiwa (Tee-kee-wah) combination (this is the name of the
Scientific Universal Language), AI, is not ordinarily quite so close,
and when pronounced _long_, is quite open, so that each Vowel is
distinctly heard (ah-ee).

This Diphthong AI may be regarded as embracing and epitomizing the lower
or ground wing or half of the Simple Vowel-Scale (I E _a_ A); its
meaning is, therefore, that of BASIC or SUBSTANTIAL REALITY: the GROUND
of Existence.

Contrasted with this is the next Diphthong, _O_I (aw-ee), compounded of
the fifth (_o_) and the first (I) Vowel-Sounds. It is the Sound of _oy_
in b_oy_. The I contained in this Diphthong may be regarded as standing
in the place of U at the other extremity of the Scale. This last Sound
has a tendency to return into I through the French slender U,
illustrating the Principle of the Contact of Extremes. The Diphthong
_O_I may, therefore, be viewed as embracing and epitomizing the upper or
ethereal wing or half of the Simple Vowel Scale (_o_ _u_ O U); its
meaning is, therefore, that of AERIAL or ASCENDING REALITY; LOFTINESS or
LOFT.

Next there occurs a Diphthong OI, pronounced as the same letters in the
English word g_oi_ng, which has a half claim to be ranked with the
Leading Diphthongs. It is sometimes reckoned into, and sometimes out of,
the Scale--like _a_ among the Simple Vowels. Its meaning is that of
FRONTNESS, PROSPECT.

Finally, the great Focal Diphthong, that which includes and epitomizes
the whole Vowel Scale, is AU (ah-oo), compounded of the third
Vowel-Sound (A) and the Seventh (or Eighth) U. It is the sound heard in
_ou_r, or in the Spanish c_au_sa. The meaning of this Supreme Diphthong
and general Vowel Representative is UNIVERSAL REALITY. It stands
practically in the place of all the Vowels, in the Composition of Words
of an inclusive meaning. That is to say, it integrates in its
signification, all that is inherently signified by all the other Vowels.

While, however, AU is practically and usually the Representative,
Analogue or Equivalent, in the Domain of Language, of Universal Reality
among the Elements of Being, this is so _only in practice_.
_Theoretically_, the Diphthong best adapted to represent this Idea is
AO; the A and the O being, in a supreme sense, the two most prominent or
leading Vowels. But it is a little difficult to retain the Organs of
Utterance in the position which they must assume in order to pronounce
these two Vowel-Sounds in conjunction. The organs readily and naturally
slide into the easier position in which they utter AU. This is
correspondential with the difficulty always experienced in adhering to
_Pure Theory_ (O); and the natural tendency to glide from it, as ground
too high for permanent occupation, into the more accommodating Domain of
the _Practical_ (U).

The Full Scale of Vowel Sounds coupled with the Full Scale of the
(Indeterminate) Realities of Universal Being is, therefore, as follows:

       1. SOUNDS.                          2. REALITIES OF BEING.

 1. I, i (ee as in feel).             ENTITY or IDENTITY (Centre, Least
                                        Element, Essential Being,
                                        Individuality).

 2. E, e (a as in mate).              RELATION (Sideness, Collaterality,
                                        Adjectivity).

 3. _A_, _a_ (a as in mare).          UNSUBSTANTIALITY (Thinness, Ghost,
                                        Apparition).

 4. A, a (a as in fa-ther).           SUBSTANCE (Thickness, Materiality,
                                        Richness, Goodness).

 5. _O_, _o_ (aw as in awful).        SPACE (Volume, Expansion).

 6. _U_, _u_ (u as in curd).          TIME (Flux, Flow).

 7. O, o (o as in noble).             LIGHT (Reflection, Parity, Clearness,
                                        Theory).

 8. U, u (oo as in fool).             SHADE (Retiracy, Turbidity, Mixture,
                                        Practice).

 9. IU, iu (YIU), (u in union, use).  CONJUNCTION (Event, Joining).

 10. AI, ai (ah-ee, i in fine).       BASIC REALITY (Ground of Existence).

 11. OI, oi (aw-ee, oy in boy).       AERIAL or ASCENDING REALITY (Loft,
                                        Loftiness).

 12. _O_I, _o_i (o-ee, oi in going).  FRONTNESS, PROSPECT.

 13. AU, au (ou in our).              UNIVERSAL REALITY.

The Vowels and Diphthongs of this Basic Scale may be Long or Short,
without any change of quality. This difference is indicated by
diacritical marks, which it is not now necessary to exhibit.

In addition to these merely _quantitative_ differences in the
Vowel-Sounds, there is a corresponding difference of _Quality_, which
produces a Counter-Scale of Vowel-Sounds; an echo or repetition of the
Basic Scale throughout its entire length. This new Scale is a Series of
Sounds predominantly _short_ in quantity. They are called by Mr. Pitman
the _Stopped_ Vowels. (In German they are denominated the _Sharp_
Vowels.) These Sounds are nearly always followed by a Consonant-Sound in
the same syllable, by which they are _stopped_ or _broken abruptly off_,
and the purity of their quality as Vowels affected or disturbed.

It is not essential for our present purpose to give a detailed list of
these Vowels; more especially as every Reader will readily recall them;
as I, in pIn; E, in pEt; A in pAt; _o_, in n_o_t; _u_, in b_u_t; O, in
stOne, cOAt; U, in fUll.

In respect to the Vowel Diphthongs, the _Stopped_ Sounds are not
materially different from the _short_ quantities of the corresponding
Full ones; and no effort need be made to distinguish the two former
varieties of Sound. The same is true of the Short and Stopped Sounds of
A (ah). But the difference is very marked in the remaining Seven (7)
Simple Vowels; the Stopped Sounds of which are given above. For the
ordinary purposes of Language it is not necessary to distinguish these
Stopped Sounds by any diacritical mark. But in the short Root-Words,
where a difference of meaning depends upon the difference between the
_full_ and _stopped_ Vowel, the so-called _grave_ accent is employed to
denote the _stopped_ quality, as pique, pick, for example, written thus:
pik, pik.

The meaning of the Stopped Vowel-Sounds is merely the broken or
_fractionized_ aspect of the same ideas which are symbolized by the
corresponding _Full_ Vowel-Sounds.

The nature and meaning of the Vowels being thus explained with
sufficient amplitude for the uses now in view, we are prepared to
advance, in a subsequent paper, to the consideration of the individual
Consonant-Sounds, their character and inherent signification.



THE TWO PLATFORMS.


It was the opprobrium of the Republican party in the Presidential
campaign of 1860, that the Southern States were not, in any but a
limited degree, represented in its ranks; and so it was called a
sectional party. The Presidential campaign of 1864 is not less
remarkable, on the other hand, because the party which now appropriates
the honored name of Democratic seems to ignore the crime of rebellion on
the part of those Southern States, and thus invites an even more
obnoxious appellation. History will record with amazement, as among the
strange phenomena of a war the most wicked of all the wicked wars with
which ambition has desolated the earth (phenomena that will perplex men
and women of loyal instincts and righteous common sense to the latest
day), the resolutions of the Chicago Convention of 1864.

It is the purpose of this article to consider as dispassionately as may
be, those Chicago resolutions, as well as the ones previously adopted at
Baltimore; desiring to look at them both from the standpoint of a
patriotism which loves the whole country as one indivisible nation--the
gift of God, to be cherished as we cherish our homes and our altars.

A convention called of all those, without respect to former political
affinities, who believed in an uncompromising prosecution of the war for
the Union till the armed rebellion against its authority should be
subdued and brought to terms, met at Baltimore on the 7th of June last,
and nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, for reëlection as President,
and Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, for election as Vice-President. The
convention, with exceeding good sense, and obedient to the just and
patriotic impulses of the people, disregarded all party names of the
past, and called itself simply a National Union Convention. Two months
later, and on the 29th of August last, obedient to the call of
Democratic committees, a convention met at Chicago, composed of men
whose voices were for peace, and nominated for President General George
B. McClellan, of New Jersey, and for Vice-President George H. Pendleton,
of Ohio. This convention took the name of Democratic, indicating thereby
not the idea of the equal rule of all the people, as the name imports,
but the traditions and policies of those degenerate days before the war,
when Democracy had strangely come to mean the rule of a few ambitious
men. In other words, it ignored the crime of those men (who have
sacrificed their country to their ambition), and assumed that the
country could also overlook the crime. It supposed the people ready to
strike hands with rebellion and elevate the authors of rebellion to
power again.

Perhaps the difference between the two conventions may be concisely
stated thus: The Chicago Convention was for peace first, and Union
afterward; the Baltimore Convention for Union first, then peace. Let us
see.


THE CHICAGO PLATFORM.

We suppose that no one will think us wanting in fairness when we
characterize the Chicago Platform as one of peace.[4] If there is any
reproach in the term, it surely is not the fault of those who take men
to mean what they say.

[Footnote 4: It is presumed that every one is familiar with the two
platforms, as they are so easily obtained, and it is, therefore, not
deemed necessary to encumber the pages of the Magazine with inserting
them in full.]

Indeed, it is simply the truth to declare that the general impression on
the first publication of it confirmed the view we have taken, and that
even among the supporters of the convention there were many who
proclaimed their confident expectation that General McClellan, if he
should accept the nomination, would disregard the platform, and stake
his chances on his own more warlike record. We will not stop to consider
in this place whether that expectation has been fulfilled. It suffices
for our present purpose to remind our readers that the great doctrine of
the Democratic party of former days was expressed in the motto,
'Principles, not men;' and that the rigid discipline of the party has
always required the nominee to be the mere representative of the
platform--its other self, so to speak: as witness the case of Buchanan,
who declared himself, following the approved formulas of his party, no
longer James Buchanan, but the Cincinnati Platform. It ought also to be
borne in mind, that General McClellan's letter of acceptance does not,
in terms, repudiate the platform, and is not necessarily inconsistent
with it.

The first one of the six resolutions that constitute the Chicago
Platform, has the sound of true doctrine. 'Unswerving fidelity to the
Union under the Constitution,' is the duty of every citizen, and has
always been the proud war-cry of every party; and they who swerve from
it are subject not simply to our individual censure, but to the sanction
of our supreme law. The just complaint against this platform is, that,
while thus proclaiming good doctrine, it overlooks the departure
therefrom of a large portion of the people, misled by wicked men. When
we look at the other resolutions, the first one seems all 'sound and
fury, signifying nothing.'

Nor will we withhold what of approval may possibly be due, in strict
justice, to the sixth and last resolution; although the approval can
only be a limited one. No one can overlook the entire lack in that
resolution of cordial sympathy with the sacred cause of nationality, to
which the brave heroes of the war have given their lives and fortunes.
It restricts itself to a simple recognition of the 'soldiery of our
army,' as entitled to 'sympathy,' with a promise of 'protection' to
them, 'in the event of our attaining power.' It ignores the navy, and
passes by the gallant heroes who on sea and river have upheld the flag
of our country with a lustre that pales not before the names of Paul
Jones, and Perry, and Decatur. Moreover, the sympathy 'extended to the
soldiery' is the sympathy not of the American people, but of 'the
Democratic party.' Surely, this phrase was ill conceived. It has a touch
of partisan exclusiveness that is sadly out of place. But the resolution
is unpartisan and patriotic in another respect that deserves notice. It
extends the 'sympathy of the Democratic party to the soldiery of our
army,' without making any discrimination to the prejudice of the negro
soldiers; and thus commits the 'Democratic party,' with honorable
impartiality, to the 'care and protection' of _all_ 'the brave soldiers
of the Republic.'

With these criticisms upon the first and sixth resolutions, we proceed
to record our total disapprobation of the remaining four. In all candor,
we contend that those four resolutions are a surrender of the national
honor, and a violation of the national faith. They are unworthy the old
glory of the Democratic party. For what is the purport of them? Is it
condemnation of a rebellion that has 'rent the land with civil feud, and
drenched it in fraternal blood'? Is it to stimulate the heroism of those
whose breasts are bared to the bullets of traitors in Virginia and
Georgia, and who have 'borne aloft the flag and kept step to the music
of the Union' these three years and a half in unwearied defence of the
nation? Ah, no; they declare the war a 'failure'! The second resolution
is the keynote of the platform, reciting 'that after four years (three
years and a half) of _failure_ to restore the Union by the _experiment
of war_,... justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare demand
that _immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities_.' Upon
this resolution there can be no better comment than the remembrance of
Donelson and Pea Ridge, Pittsburg Landing and Vicksburg, Murfreesboro'
and Chattanooga, Antictam and Gettysburg; not to speak of that splendid
series of battles from the Wilderness to Petersburg, which at last has
brought the rebel general to bay; nor of the glorious victories, since
the Chicago Convention, at Mobile and Atlanta, and in the Shenandoah
Valley. It can never be forgotten that on the fourth of July, 1863,
Governor Seymour, in a public discourse at the Academy of Music, in New
York, drew a deplorable picture of the straits to which the nation was
at last reduced, with the enemy marching defiantly across the fertile
fields of Pennsylvania, and men's hearts failing them for fear of
danger, not alone to the political capital, Washington, but also to the
financial capital, New York; and that, even while the words fell from
the speaker's lips, that defiant enemy, already beaten, was rapidly
retreating before the magnificent old Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg:
while victorious Grant had already broken the left of the rebel line,
and was celebrating the nation's anniversary in the triumph of
Vicksburg. Even so, let it never be forgotten that the delegates who
adopted this second resolution, so burdened with despair, had scarcely
reached their homes, ere the stronghold of the Southern Confederacy,
which, ever since the war was begun, has been boastfully proclaimed the
key of its military lines, and as impregnable as Gibraltar, fell before
the unconquerable progress of the armies of the West, under General
Sherman; and thus the rebel centre, as well as left, had been broken,
and only the rebel right, at Richmond, yet remains to the Southern army.

In further answer to the discouraging language of this resolution, let
us offset the following terse and comprehensive statement of what has
been accomplished in the course of the nation's 'experiment of war.' It
is copied from _The Evening Post_ of a recent date, and the writer
supposes the soldiers to speak thus:

     'We have not failed; on the contrary, we have fought bravely and
     conquered splendidly. In proof of our words we can point to such
     trophies as few wars can equal and none surpass. Besides defending
     with unusual vigilance and completeness two thousand miles of
     frontier, in three years we have taken from the enemies of the
     Union, by valor and generalship, thirty complete and thoroughly
     furnished fortresses; we have captured over two thousand cannon; we
     have reconquered and now hold nearly four thousand miles of
     navigable river courses; we have taken ten of the enemy's principal
     cities, three of them capitals of States; in thirty days last
     summer we captured sixty thousand prisoners; we have penetrated
     more than three hundred miles into the territory claimed by the
     enemy; we have cut that territory into strips, leaving his armies
     without effectual communication with each other; the main
     operations and interests of the war, which were lately concentrated
     about Baltimore, Paducah, and St. Louis, have been transferred, by
     our steady and constant advance, to the narrow limits of the
     seaboard Slave States; we hold every harbor but one, of a coast six
     thousand miles long. And whatever we have taken we hold; we have
     never turned back, or given up that which we once fairly
     possessed.'

It has, however, been fittingly reserved for the chief of the rebellion
himself to give the full and complete answer to this dishonorable
complaint of failure. Not a month after the meeting of the Chicago
Convention, and on the 23d of September last, Jeff. Davis uttered these
words, in a public speech, at Macon, Geo.: '_You have not many men
between eighteen and forty-five left_.... Two-thirds of our men are
absent, some sick, some wounded, but _most of them absent without
leave_. ... _In Virginia the disparity of numbers is just an great as it
is in Georgia._'

But let it be granted that after these three years and a half of war,
and having accomplished such unquestionably important results, the Union
is not yet restored, what then? Is that a reason for giving up now? Our
fathers fought the British seven years without flinching; and under the
indomitable leader God had given them, they would have fought seven
years longer with equal determination. Are we less determined than they
were? Are we such degenerate sons that we are willing to give up the
legacy they left us, at half its original cost? There is just the same
reason that we should yield the contest now as there was in 1861 that we
should yield it then; neither more nor less. The integrity of the
nation, the perpetuity of our institutions, the safety, honor, and
welfare of the people are still at stake.

If it is true that 'justice, humanity, liberty, and the public welfare
demand that immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities,'
then those same holy principles were assailed when the war was begun. If
the United States Government was the assailant, it did wrong, and has
continued doing wrong ever since; and not a century of such wrong-doing
can make the war just and right on our part. This brings us face to face
with the question, Who began the war? Who, in this contest, has assailed
the principles of 'justice, humanity, and liberty'? Who has attacked the
'public welfare'? Has it been the United States Government? Let us
revert to the occasion of the war. Confining ourselves to what all
parties admit--even the rebels themselves--the immediate occasion of the
war was the election of a President distasteful, for whatever cause, to
the Southern leaders. Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the
United States under the organic law of the nation, in strict accordance
with all its modes and requirements, and none ever disputed the fairness
of the election. That organic law is the Constitution, to which the
South is bound equally with the North. The men of the Chicago
Convention, who have recalled to our minds its high supremacy, neglected
to express their opinion of those who, immediately on the election of
President Lincoln, contemptuously spurned it, and have sought these
three years and a half to overthrow it and destroy the Union which it
upholds.

Every sentiment of 'justice' was outraged when wicked sedition thus
without cause reared its head against the covenant of the nation. Every
instinct of 'humanity' was stifled by the traitors who surrounded a
gallant garrison of seventy men with a force of ten thousand, and opened
fire on the heroes who stood by the flag that had been the glory and
defence of both for more than half a century. 'Liberty,' in all its
blessed relations of home, and country, and religion, was struck at when
blind ambition thus set at defiance the power of the Union, to which
liberty owes its life on this continent, and its hopes throughout the
world. The constitutional liberty that is the glory of our civilization,
the liberty regulated by law that is the pride of our institutions, was
attacked by those who at Montgomery fiercely defied the Constitution and
laws. And what shall we say of the constitution which these traitors to
their country and humanity affected to establish, instead of that, the
heritage of their and our Washington and his compeers, which had made
our country powerful among nations, and blessed it with equal laws and
equal protection to all? What shall we say of the constitution that
ordained slavery as the corner stone of a new confederacy, to teach
mankind the folly of Christian civilization, and bring back the
'statelier Eden' of the dark ages? To which party in this terrible
strife of brothers does 'liberty' look for protection to-day? Which of
the two armies of brothers now arrayed against each other on the plains
of Virginia and Georgia, is fighting for the principle of order, which
is the 'public welfare'? Let these questions be answered, and then it
will appear how much reason there is in the declaration that 'liberty,
justice, humanity, and the public welfare' demand the 'cessation of
hostilities.' On the contrary, these very principles demand that the war
be continued without abatement till they are guaranteed safe residence
and sure protection under the United States Constitution.

But, it is objected, you ignore the basis on which, this 'cessation of
hostilities' is proposed, namely, 'the Federal Union of the States.'
There is a word to be said in reference to this clause which will
illustrate the high-toned patriotism of some of the convention which
adopted it. There was an alteration in the wording of the resolution,
and some of the papers printed it accordingly, '_the basis of the
Federal States_.' The editor of the _New York Freeman's Journal_ (a
paper which zealously supports the Chicago platform and all peace
measures, and is called Democratic), being requested to explain which
version was correct, said, in a late issue of his journal, that in the
original draft of the resolution 'it was not the _bold doctrine_ of
Federal States;' it was the _delusion and snare_ of a Federal 'Union,'
and that therefore the latter must be taken as the correct version.

Replying to the above objection, we say that we neither ignore this
'delusion and snare' of the Federal Union as the basis of the proposed
peace, nor those other words in the fourth resolution, 'that the aim and
object of the Democratic party is to preserve the Federal Union and the
rights of the States unimpaired.' The question is, how possibly to
reconcile the demand for an immediate 'cessation of hostilities' with
this great anxiety to preserve the Federal Union? For the Federal Union
can only be preserved by subduing the armed rebellion that menaces it.
Anything short of the absolute and thorough defeat of the Southern
armies must lower the dignity of the nation, and weaken and subvert the
foundations of the Union. Thus far, by the grace of God and our right
arm, the Constitution and Union are preserved, and so long as they
'still stand strong,' the basis of settlement remains; and whenever the
rebels are tired of trying their strength against them, the nation
stands ready to welcome them back, as penitent prodigals. It is not we
who are unreconciled to them: it is they who refuse to be reconciled to
us. If the illustration offend no weaker brother, we may say that, like
the ever-surrounding love of God, the Federal Union is still watching
over the rebels, and is only waiting the first symptom of their
returning conscience to run and fall on their necks and kiss them, and
bring them in peace to the home they so foolishly left. They are
striving to destroy the Constitution and the Union. We oppose them. Let
us consider what, under these circumstances, 'a cessation of
hostilities' means.

In the first place, how are hostilities to cease, unless the power that
controls the Southern armies so wills it? That power is a military
despotism. It has usurped all other power within the limits of the
rebellion, and the United States Government is seeking to overthrow it,
in order that the Constitution may be restored, in all its benignity, to
the people of the South, whom the usurpation has deprived of it. Is it,
then, for the United States Government to propose to the authors of this
usurpation to cease seeking its total overthrow? The question recurs,
moreover, what 'cessation' have we to propose? It is for them to offer
to yield: they are the aggressors, threatening the life of the nation.
Is any among us so base he would have peace with dishonor? A nation
cannot submit to be dishonored before the world--for its honor is its
life. Yet what sort of peace would that be which we should thus begin by
seeking? It is far from pertinent to cite, as some have done, the
example of Napoleon on this point: even supposing that civil war were,
in respect of this thing, the same as war between independent nations.
For Napoleon never proposed suspensions of hostilities except in his own
extremity, and as a convenient means to extricate himself from
difficulties which he had the art of concealing from his adversaries.
Are we in extremity, that this example of Napoleon should be suggested
in support of the Chicago platform?

As to how our overtures might be received at Richmond, we are no longer
left any excuse for doubting. The oft-repeated assurances of all who
have fled from the rebel tyranny since the war was begun, are, at
length, confirmed by the authoritative declaration of Jeff. Davis
himself. It is a declaration promulgated not only by Colonel Jaquess and
Mr. Gilmore, in the account given by the latter of their recent visit to
Richmond, but also by Mr. Benjamin, the rebel Secretary of State, in a
circular letter written for the purpose of giving the rebel account of
that visit. We are told by the rebel chief himself, that as _preliminary
to any negotiations, the independence of the Southern Confederacy must
be first acknowledged_. Why does not the Chicago platform suggest a way
of avoiding this difficulty? Why has it left the country in uncertainty
on a question so vital?

But, in the second place, suppose it were possible to have a 'cessation
of hostilities' without this preliminary acknowledgment of the
Confederate independence, and that the war might be at an absolute stand
still for a definite season, are we fully aware of the risks attending
this measure? For the Chicago platform has left them out of sight. 'A
cessation of hostilities' is an armistice; and there is no such thing
known in the authorities on international law, or in history, as 'a
cessation of hostilities' distinct from an armistice. In defining the
incidents of war, Wheaton speaks of a '_suspension of hostilities by
means of a truce_, or _armistice_,' and uses the three terms
interchangeably. In other words, whatever 'cessation (or suspension, as
it is called in the books) of hostilities,' there may occur between the
parties to a war, it is known among men and in history as an armistice,
which is also the technical term for it. There would be no need to
enlarge upon this point, if it had not been made already the basis of
fallacious appeals to popular ignorance. Now, the incidents of an
armistice are well defined, giving to both parties, besides the
advantage of time to rest, full liberty to repair damages and make up
losses of men and material; and it is perfect folly, or worse, to talk
of 'a cessation of hostilities' without giving to the rebels these
important advantages. But the controlling consideration in reference to
this whole thing, and which every person ought to ponder carefully, is
the effect of the proposed 'cessation of hostilities' upon our neutral
neighbors. On this point the doctrine of international law is thus
stated by the distinguished French writer, Hautefeuille, 'the eminent
advocate of neutral rights,' as he is justly called by the American
editor of Wheaton, and whose works on neutral relations are always cited
with respect, and recognized as authority.

     'The duties imposed on neutrals by the state of war belong
     essentially to the state of war itself. From the moment it ceases,
     for whatever cause, even temporarily, the duties of neutrals
     likewise cease; _as to them, peace is completely restored during
     the suspension of arms_. They resume then all the rights which had
     been modified by the war, and can exercise them in their full
     extent during the whole time fixed for the duration of the truce,
     if this time has been limited by the agreement; and until the
     resumption of hostilities has been officially announced to them, if
     it has not been limited.'[5]

[Footnote 5: 'Des Droits des Nations Neutres,' t. I., p. 301]

Can language be clearer? It will not do to treat it lightly. It is a
statement of what international law is on this point from an authority;
and the reasons for the doctrine are clear and incontrovertible.
Neutrality depends on the fact of war; when, for any cause, that fact no
longer exists, neutrality ceases likewise, of course. It is only the
application of a well-known maxim of law, that when the reason of a rule
fails, the rule itself fails. Let there be 'a cessation of hostilities,'
then, as proposed in the Chicago platform, and how long would it be
before rebel ships of war from English ports would be ready to desolate
our coast, destroy our shipping, raise the blockade, and give to the
rebellion the aid and sustenance it must have ere long or perish?

There is still another difficulty in the way of suspending hostilities,
which it is well for us not to ignore. If we propose to the rebels 'a
cessation of hostilities,' does not the question immediately become one
of negotiation between separate Governments? Have we not in that moment,
and in that thing, then recognized the Southern Confederacy as a
separate and independent Power? For does not 'a cessation of
hostilities' presuppose parties of equal sovereignty on both sides?
Indeed, _The London Times_ of a recent date already declares that 'it
would concede to the South a position of equality.' Such a concession
cannot, for a moment, be thought of. For the very question at issue is
our constitutional supremacy. When that is yielded, all is yielded. The
exchanging of prisoners, and the numerous like questions that
perpetually arise in the progress of war, are matters of common
humanity, that depend upon their own law. They are totally independent
of the questions at issue between the parties belligerent; and our
dealings with the South, in reference to such matters, cannot be
construed into a recognition of its separate independence. If we consent
to treat with the rebel chiefs, however, in regard to the very question
involved in the war, how can we longer compel the non-interference of
foreign Powers? If _we_ acknowledge the authority of Jeff. Davis to
speak for the Southern people, we cannot then take offence if other
nations acknowledge him as the representative and head of a new
Government.

Such and so great are the consequences of a 'cessation of hostilities,'
which the Chicago platform proposes to the serious consideration of the
American people.

It thus appears how irreconcilable are the expressions in that platform
in regard to the preservation of the Federal Union, with the clearly
announced determination to propose immediately 'a cessation of
hostilities.' They are vague generalities, and can have no other purpose
than to catch the popular ear so as more effectually to deceive the
popular heart. That this is not a harsh judgment, consider how the four
resolutions that treat of the war all hinge upon the proposition to
suspend hostilities. For they concern themselves with what? With
condemnation of the rebellion, its authors, and objects, suggesting, at
the same time, how more effectually to bring upon it its righteous
retribution? Far from it. Indeed, a stranger to all that has passed in
our country during the last three years, would suppose, from a study of
these resolutions, that the United States Government had usurped the
power of a despotism, and that all who are not arrayed in open
rebellion, against its authority were groaning under the yoke of a
tyrant. The platform throughout ignores the one supreme question that is
before the people to-day. That one question is, Shall we maintain the
integrity of the nation? It is vain to introduce other issues; they must
abide the event of arms. The old maxim that in the midst of war the laws
are silent, is not to be condemned. For our laws are of no avail, the
nation cannot enforce them, so long as armed rebellion threatens its
existence. With the nation, all its laws, principles, vital forces, are
equally menaced and imperilled; and they are, in virtue of that very
fact, in abeyance, in order that they may be saved. It is said that the
Constitution is not suspended because of rebellion, and this is the
basis of much declamation, both in the Chicago platform and elsewhere,
against the exercise of extraordinary powers on the part of the
President. But the Constitution authorizes the suspension of the writ of
_habeas corpus_, that great writ of right which is the bulwark of our
Anglo-Saxon liberty, 'when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public
safety may require it;' and confers upon Congress full power to
legislate for the defence of the nation, making it then the duty of the
President to 'take care that the laws be faithfully executed.' What more
is needed as a warrant for extraordinary power? The Chicago Convention
has appealed to the Constitution, and in that has done wisely. But what
is the Constitution? It is the organic law of the nation. In virtue of
it the nation exists, and by the supreme warrant of it the nation
maintains its existence against parricidal treason. Under the
Constitution all power is granted to the public authorities to quell
insurrection; and the grant of a power, by one of the first principles
of law, as also of common sense, implies every essential incident to
make the grant effectual.

In support of these views it is pertinent to cite the authority of an
approved text writer on municipal law, whose book has appeared since
they were first written, and who has elaborately investigated the points
involved. The result of his patient and thorough study is stated in
these propositions:

     'That no civil power resides in any department of the Government to
     interfere with the fundamental, personal rights of life, liberty,
     and property, guaranteed by the Constitution; that a warlike power
     is given by the Constitution to the President temporarily to
     disregard these rights by means of the martial law; that under the
     sanction of this species of law, the President and his subordinate
     military officers may, within reasonable limits, suspend the
     privilege of the writ of _habeas corpus_, cause arrests to be made,
     trials and condemnations to be had, and punishments to be
     inflicted, in methods unknown to the civil procedure, but are
     responsible for an abuse of the power; and that the martial law, as
     a necessary adjunct of military movements, may be enforced in time
     of invasion or rebellion, wherever the influence and effect of
     these movements directly extends.'[6]

[Footnote 6: §716 of 'An Introduction to Municipal Law,' by John Norton
Pomeroy, Esq., Professor of Law in the New York University Law School.
The whole chapter from which the extract is taken is worthy of diligent
perusal, and the writer regrets that want of space alone prevents him
quoting more fully from Professor Pomeroy's lucid exposition of the
doctrine of martial law under our Constitution.]

These conclusions of the law are worthy to be considered carefully in
view of the solemn resolutions of the Chicago platform, that 'military
necessity' and the 'war power' are 'mere pretences' to override the
Constitution.

It remains to say, with reference to the third and fifth resolutions of
this platform, that they are chargeable with an equal and common
ignorance: the third, in ignoring the necessity of the presence of the
military at the elections referred to, in order that disloyalty and
treason might not openly defy the authority of the nation; the fifth, in
ignoring two things, first, the monstrous baseness of the rebel
treatment of our prisoners, who have been starved alive, with a
refinement of cruelty reserved for this Christian age, and practised
only by the Christian chivalry of the South; and secondly, the rebel
refusal to exchange prisoners man for man; the resolution seeking,
moreover, to charge upon the United States Government the fault of both
these rebel violations of humanity. It may be asked, moreover, in
further reference to the third resolution, if the convention really
meant to pledge itself to revolution;[7] and why, if the President, as
chief of 'the military authority of the United States,' should be guilty
of any abuses, the proper remedy is not by impeachment, as provided in
the Constitution? The language of this resolution is gravely suggestive,
and cannot be too closely criticised. It seems to shadow forth some dark
design, which surely is in harmony with the whole tone of hostility to
our Government that pervades the platform. Taken, moreover, in
connection with the fact that the Chicago Convention declared itself a
permanent body, subject to the call of the chairman, this criticism does
not seem unreasonable; for permanent conventions have generally been the
beginning of revolution.

[Footnote 7: The third resolution is, 'That the direct interference of
the military authority of the United States in the recent elections held
in Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and Delaware, was a shameful violation
of the Constitution, and the repetition of such acts in the approaching
election _will be held as revolutionary, and resisted with all the means
and power under our control_.']


THE BALTIMORE PLATFORM.

The Baltimore platform consists of eleven resolutions; and we may
perceive at a glance the important respect in which it differs from the
one adopted at Chicago. That confines itself to criticism and censure of
those who are striving to uphold the Constitution and the Union against
an armed rebellion, which it does not so much as by a single word
condemn. This declares the purpose of the people 'to aid the Government
in quelling by force the rebellion now raging against its authority;' so
that its power shall be felt throughout the whole extent of our
territory, and its blessings be restored to every section of the Union.

It is impossible to overlook this essential distinction of the two
platforms. The one is full of the captious complaint of partisanship,
intent on power, and oblivious of the highest duty of patriotism in this
hour of the country's need; the other recognizes no higher duty now than
the union of all parties for the sake of the Union. The one vainly cries
peace when there is no peace; the other thinks not of peace except in
and through the Union, without which there cannot be peace. Above all,
the one takes us back to the former times of purely party strife, and
seeks to revive the political issues of the past; the other, leaving
'the dead past to bury its dead,' keeps pace with the living present,
and looks forward to a future of glory in a restored and regenerated
Union. For it is folly to suppose there can ever again be 'the Union as
it was.' This is a superficial phrase, which it is marvellous that any
reflecting person can delude himself with. 'The Constitution as it is'
is the motto that condemns it; for under the Constitution we are to have
'a more perfect Union,' as our fathers designed, and so stated in the
Constitution itself. We are to have a constitutional Union in which
every right guaranteed by the Constitution shall be maintained; and this
was not so in 'the Union as it was.'

Thus it is that the Baltimore platform, after pledging the people to
maintain 'the paramount authority of the Constitution and laws of the
United States,' and approving the 'determination of the Government not
to compromise' this authority, but holding out the same Constitution and
laws as our only and the sufficient 'terms of peace' to all who will
accept them, proceeds to take notice of what none but the wilfully blind
fail to perceive, the changed aspect of the slavery question. It is
impossible to hold the same position to-day in regard to this vexed
question as in the days before the war. As an element of the politics of
this country its aspect is wholly changed, and there is no sort of
consistency in upholding our opinions of four years ago in reference to
it. We do well to remember that consistency is not obstinacy. It is not
an absolute, but a relative thing, and takes note of all the new
elements which are ever entering into public affairs. The criterion of
one's political consistency in our country is unfaltering devotion to
the Union. If the measures he advocates look always to its paramount
authority, his record is truly and honorably inconsistent. On the other
hand, he who forgets the end of his labors in the ardor of seeking to
save the means, is chargeable with the grossest inconsistency. What,
therefore, consists with the perpetuity and strength of the Union? is
the question which the American patriot proposes to himself.

It is in reference to this question that the Baltimore Platform
challenges comparison with the one adopted at Chicago. For guided by the
experience of the past four years (the culmination of fifty years'
experience), and noting without fear the facts which that experience has
revealed as in the clear light of midday, it declares that slavery is
inconsistent with the existence of the Union. Does anybody deny it? Men
tell us that the Union and slavery have heretofore, for more than half a
century, existed together, and why may they not continue to exist in
harmonious conjunction for the next half century? We are asked,
moreover, with sarcastic disdain, if our wisdom is superior to that of
the fathers. Our wisdom is not, indeed, superior to that of the fathers
of the republic, but it would be far beneath it, and we should be
unworthy sons of such fathers, if we undertook to carry out, in 1864,
the policies and measures of 1764. The progress of affairs has developed
the antagonism that was only latent before, but which, nevertheless,
some of the wisest of our fathers foresaw; and it is now very clear that
there is a terrible antagonism (no longer latent) between slavery and
the principles that underlie the Constitution. The time has come to
vindicate the wisdom of the Constitution by utterly removing what seeks
to disgrace and destroy it--as it were a viper in the bosom of the
nation.

We must show that our Government is strong enough not only to control,
but also destroy, the interest which arrays itself in arms and war
against it. It is useless, surely, to deny that the Southern Confederacy
means slavery. Over and over again the Southern journals have asserted,
and Southern politicians have said, that free labor was a mistake, and
that slavery was the true condition of labor. That these are the
deliberate convictions of the Southern leaders, and these the doctrines
on which the Montgomery constitution is based, no reflecting person can
hesitate to believe; and the boastful declaration of the rebel
vice-president, that slavery was the corner stone of the rebel
confederacy, serves to confirm our conclusion beyond possibility of
doubt. What these things prove is nothing more nor less than that the
Union with such an element in it to feed the ambition of politicians
with, as this slavery has shown itself to be, is henceforth impossible.
For we see now that for the sake of slavery the slaveholding leaders are
willing to destroy the Government. Who can complain if the basis of
their rebellious scheme is annihilated? The answer to those who say,
Touch tenderly the institutions of the South, is, Nay, but let them
first cease their rebellion. Therefore, so long as the rebellion lifts
its unblushing front against the Government, so long it is the duty of
every lover of the Government, in the language of the third resolution
of this platform, to 'uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations by
which the Government, in its own defence, has aimed a death blow at this
gigantic evil.'

But that makes us, Abolitionists, says the reader. Be it so. Are we not
willing to be Abolitionists for the sake of saving the Constitution and
the Union? And if, despising our proffers of 'the Constitution as it
is,' which we have now held out to them for three years and a half, the
rebels continue to defy the authority of the Government, who can
complain if we proceed to adopt an amendment to the Constitution that
shall leave no possibility of slaveholding treason hereafter? Surely
none but themselves. Let them, then, come back and vote against it; for
three fourths of all the States must concur in such an amendment before
it can become part of the Constitution. Ah, the leaders of the Southern
rebellion know full well how the great masses at the South would vote on
such a measure! Let us be ready, then, acting not for ourselves alone,
but also for our deluded brethren of the South, who are to-day the
victims of a military usurpation the most monstrous the world ever saw,
to put the finishing stroke to the scheme of this Confederate rebellion
by adopting the proposed amendment.

The fifth resolution commits us to the approval of two measures that
have aroused the most various and strenuous opposition, the Proclamation
of Emancipation and the use of negro troops. In reference to the first,
it is to be remembered that it is a war measure. The express language of
it is: 'By virtue of the power in me vested as commander-in-chief of the
army and navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion
against the authority and Government of the United States, and as a _fit
and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion_.' Considered
thus, the Proclamation is not merely defensible, but it is more; it is a
proper and efficient means of weakening the rebellion which every person
desiring its speedy overthrow must zealously and perforce uphold.
Whether it is of any legal effect beyond the actual limits of our
military lines, is a question that need not agitate us. In due time the
supreme tribunal of the nation will be called to determine that, and to
its decision the country will yield with all respect and loyalty. But in
the mean time let the Proclamation go wherever the army goes, let it go
wherever the navy secures us a foothold on the outer border of the rebel
territory, and let it summon to our aid the negroes who are truer to the
Union than their disloyal masters; and when they have come to us and put
their lives in our keeping, let us protect and defend them with the
whole power of the nation. Is there anything unconstitutional in that?
Thank God, there is not. And he who is willing to give back to slavery a
single person who has heard the summons and come within our lines to
obtain his freedom, he who would give up a single man, woman, or child,
once thus actually freed, is not worthy the name of American. He may
call himself Confederate, if he will.

Let it be remembered, also, that the Proclamation has had a very
important bearing upon our foreign relations. It evoked in behalf of our
country that sympathy on the part of the people in Europe, whose is the
only sympathy we can ever expect in our struggle to perpetuate free
institutions. Possessing that sympathy, moreover, we have had an element
in our favor which has kept the rulers of Europe in wholesome dread of
interference. The Proclamation relieved us from the false position
before attributed to us of fighting simply for national power. It placed
us right in the eyes of the world, and transferred men's sympathies from
a confederacy fighting for independence as a means of establishing
slavery, to a nation whose institutions mean constitutional liberty,
and, when fairly wrought out, must end in universal freedom.

We are to consider, furthermore, that from the issuing of the
Proclamation dates the organization of negro troops--a measure that is
destined to affect materially the future composition, as it is
believed, of our regular army. This is 'the employment as Union soldiers
of men heretofore held in slavery,' which the fifth resolution asks us
to approve. Can we not approve it? The fighting qualities of the
despised 'niggers' (as South Carolina chivalry terms the gallant fellows
who followed Colonel Shaw to the deadly breach of Wagner, reckless of
all things save the stars and stripes they fought under) have been
tested on many battle fields. He whose heart does not respond in
sympathy with their heroism on those fields, while defending from
disgrace his country's flag, need not approve. The approval of the
country will be given, nevertheless. There can be nothing better said,
on this point than President Lincoln's own words, as reported lately by
Judge Mills, of Wisconsin, to whom the President uttered them in
conversation. They cover also the question of the Proclamation, and will
fitly conclude our discussion of these two important measures:

     'Sir,' said the President, 'the slightest knowledge of arithmetic
     will prove to any man that the rebel armies cannot be destroyed
     with Democratic strategy. It would sacrifice all the white men of
     the North to do it. There are now in the service of the United
     States near two hundred thousand ablebodied colored men, most of
     them under arms, defending and acquiring Union territory. The
     Democratic strategy demands that these forces be disbanded, and
     that the masters be conciliated by restoring them to slavery. The
     black men who now assist Union prisoners to escape, they are to be
     converted into our enemies in the vain hope of gaining the good
     will of their masters. We shall have to fight two nations instead
     of one.

     'You cannot conciliate the South if you guarantee to them ultimate
     success; and the experience of the present war proves their success
     is inevitable if you fling the compulsory labor of millions of
     black men into their side of the scale. Will you give our enemies
     such military advantages as insure success, and then depend on
     coaxing, flattery, and concession to get them back into the Union?
     Abandon all the posts now garrisoned by black men, take two hundred
     thousand men from our side and put them in the battle field or corn
     field against us, and we would be compelled to abandon the war in
     three weeks.

     'We have to hold territory in inclement and sickly places; where
     are the Democrats to do this? It was a free fight, and the field
     was open to the war Democrats to put down this rebellion by
     fighting against both master and slave, long before the present
     policy was inaugurated.

     'There have been men base enough to propose to me to return to
     slavery the black warriors of Port Hudson and Olustee, and thus win
     the respect of the masters they fought. Should I do so, I should
     deserve to be damned in time and eternity. Come what will, I will
     keep my faith with friend and foe. My enemies pretend I am now
     carrying on this war for the sole purpose of abolition. So long as
     I am President, it shall be carried on for the sole purpose of
     restoring the Union. But no human power can subdue this rebellion
     without the use of the emancipation policy, and every other policy
     calculated to weaken the moral and physical forces of the
     rebellion.

     'Freedom has given us two hundred thousand men raised on Southern
     soil. It will give us more yet. Just so much it has subtracted from
     the enemy; and instead of alienating the South, there are now
     evidences of a fraternal feeling growing up between our men and the
     rank and file of the rebel soldiers. Let my enemies prove to the
     country that the destruction of slavery is not necessary to a
     restoration of the Union. I will abide the issue.'

Surely these are words of exceeding good sense. They are full of a
feeling of the speaker's responsibility to God and his country; and the
man who cares not for his responsibility to God, may well be distrusted
by his country. Is he who speaks these words of patriotism a tyrant and
usurper? Are not the words convincing proof that President Lincoln is
honest and faithful and capable? And if he thus meets those three
requirements of Jefferson's comprehensive formula, let us not refuse the
language of the platform: 'That we have full confidence in his
determination to carry these and all other constitutional measures
essential to the salvation of the country into full and complete
effect.'

The remaining six resolutions of this platform deserve the general
remark, that they declare with no uncertain sound the views of the
Baltimore Convention in reference to vital questions of public policy;
whereas, the Chicago Convention has not even alluded to those questions.
That in this hour of the country's crisis, in this life struggle of the
nation with foes both open and secret, there should be 'harmony in the
national councils;' that men once clothed in the uniform of United
States soldiers become entitled to 'the full protection of the laws of
war,' as forming part of the nation's defenders when those who ought to
be its defenders have joined in an unholy sedition to destroy its life;
that 'foreign immigration,' deserves especial encouragement at a time
when the demands of the army leave the places of home labor without
adequate means of refilling them; that a Pacific Railroad, uniting the
extreme Western portion of the Union with all the other sections, and
thus bringing within nearer reach of our California and Oregon
countrymen all the advantages and facilities of the Government, while at
the same time binding more closely the ties that make us one people with
the West equally with the South; and that the nation's faith with all
its creditors must be strictly kept, be the cost what it may; all these
are duties which the terrible emergency of the hour only makes more
imperative and exacting of fulfilment than ever before.

The eleventh and last resolution commits the country anew to the Monroe
Doctrine. In view of the great crime that is enacting in Mexico, where a
foreign power has assumed to change the Government of that afflicted
country at its own arbitrary will, the declaration that we have not
abandoned the doctrine is appropriate and necessary. It is a warning
that our eyes are not closed to the schemes on foot for the suppression
of republican government on this continent. While our present necessity
compels us, as of course, to act with great circumspection, yet it would
be unbecoming our dignity to quietly ignore the spoliation of Mexico. It
is often said that President Lincoln, in his letter accepting the
Baltimore nomination, has repudiated this resolution. These are his
words:

     'While the resolution in regard to the supplanting of republican
     government upon the Western Continent is fully concurred in, there
     might be misunderstanding were I not to say that the position of
     the Government in relation to the action of France in Mexico, as
     assumed through the State Department, and indorsed by the
     convention, among the measures and acts of the Executive, will be
     faithfully maintained so long as the state of facts shall leave
     that position pertinent and applicable.'

It is not fair to say that this is a repudiation of the resolution, or
of the Monroe Doctrine, until it is first shown that the Government
'through the State Department,' has already repudiated the doctrine. The
time for the enforcement of that doctrine has not yet come, and this
seems to be the position that has been assumed by the Government. It
certainly is the position of common sense and patriotism.

       *       *       *       *       *

The candid reader has now before him a brief exposition of the two
platforms, and of the doctrines and bearing of each. It is believed that
nothing has been extenuated; nor, on the other hand, has aught been here
set down in malice. Let every one study the platforms and try
conclusions for himself; then say whether the foregoing discussion could
well have shaped itself differently. The sum of the whole matter seems
to be, War and Union, or Peace and Disunion. If we have Union, it can
only be now through war. We must 'seek peace with the sword.' The
rebels have appealed from the civil law to the military law, from the
Constitution to the sword; let us not shrink from the ordeal. No
revolution to perpetuate oppression can hope for the favor of a God of
justice.

There are two platforms in this Presidential campaign, representing the
two parties into which the voters will be divided. But there is a third
party, without platform and without vote, which has, nevertheless,
interests at stake transcending even ours. Let the calmly considered
words of an impartial English journal,[8] which wishes well to our
country, speak, in conclusion, on behalf of that third party:

     'There are three parties to the American war. There are the slaves,
     the bondsmen of the South, whose flight was restrained by the
     Fugitive Bill, and whose wrongs have brought about the disruption;
     there are the Confederates, who, when Southern supremacy in the
     republic was menaced by the election of Abraham Lincoln, threw off
     their allegiance; and there are the Government and its supporters,
     who are striving to restore the integrity of the Union. These are
     the three parties; and as the war has gone on from year to year,
     the cause of the negro has brightened, and hundreds of thousands of
     the African race have passed out of slavery into freedom. They
     flock in multitudes within the Federal lines, and take their stand
     under the Constitution as free men. Abandoned by their former
     masters, or flying from their fetters, the chattels become
     citizens, and rejoice. No matter what their misery, they keep their
     faces to the North, and bear up under their privations. Every
     advance of the national army liberates new throngs, and they rush
     eagerly to the camps where their brethren are cared for. The
     exodus, continually going on, increases in volume.

     [Footnote 8: London Inquirer.]

     'Such are the colored freedmen, the innocent victims of the war,
     the slaves whom it has marvellously enfranchised; such are the
     dusky clouds that flit o'er the continent of America and settle
     down on strange lands--the harbingers of a social revolution in the
     great republic of the West. More than fifty thousand are formed
     into camps in the Mississippi Valley, and not fewer in Middle and
     East Tennessee and North Alabama. It is a vast responsibility which
     is cast upon the Government and the people of the North, a sore and
     mighty burden; and proportionate are the efforts which have been
     made to meet the trying emergency. The Government finds rations for
     the negro camps, provides free carriage for the contributions of
     the humane, appoints surgeons and superintendents, enlists in the
     army the men who are suitable, and, as far as possible, gives
     employment to all. Clothing and other necessaries are forwarded to
     the camps by the ton by benevolent hands, and books for the schools
     by tens of thousands. All along the banks of the Mississippi, from
     Cairo to New Orleans, and in Arkansas and Tennessee, the aged and
     infirm fugitives, the women and children, are collected into
     colored colonies, and tended and taught with a care that is worthy
     of a great and Christian people. All that can work are more than
     willing to do so; they labor gladly; and among old and young there
     is an eager desire for education. Books are coveted as badges of
     freedom; and the negro soldier carries them with him wherever he
     goes, and studies them whenever he can. It is a great work which is
     in progress across the Atlantic. Providence, in a manner which man
     foresaw not, is solving a dark problem of the past, and we may well
     look on with awe and wonder. There were thousands of minds which
     apprehended the downfall of the 'peculiar institution.' There were
     a prophetic few, who clearly perceived that it would be purged away
     by no milder scourge than that of war. But there were none who
     dreamed that the slaveholder would be the Samson to bring down the
     atrocious system of human slavery by madly taking arms in its
     defence! Yet so it was; and the Divine penalty is before us. The
     wrath of man has worked out the retributive justice of God. The
     crime which a country would not put away from it has ended in war,
     and slavery is a ruin.'

       *       *       *       *       *

LITERARY NOTICES unavoidably postponed until the ensuing issue of THE
CONTINENTAL.





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