| By Author | [ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Other Symbols ] |
| By Title | [ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Other Symbols ] |
| By Language |
|
Download this book: [ ASCII | HTML | PDF ] Look for this book on Amazon Tweet |
Title: Birds from North Borneo - University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, Volume 17, No. 8, pp. 377-433, October 27, 1966
Author: Thompson, Max C.
Language: English
As this book started as an ASCII text book there are no pictures available.
*** Start of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Birds from North Borneo - University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, Volume 17, No. 8, pp. 377-433, October 27, 1966" ***
Transcriber's note:
Text enclosed by equal signs was in bold face in the
The symbols for "male" and "female," used in the
descriptions of the specimens collected, were replaced
by the text: "[Male]" and "[Female]," respectively.
A detailed transcriber's note is at the end of the
e-book.
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Volume 17, No. 8, pp. 377-433, 1 fig.
October 27, 1966
BIRDS FROM NORTH BORNEO
by
MAX C. THOMPSON
University of Kansas
Lawrence
1966
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain
this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas
Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a
particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the
Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. When
copies are requested from the Museum, 25 cents should be included (for
each 100 pages or part thereof) for the purpose of defraying the costs
of wrapping and mailing. For certain longer papers an additional amount
indicated below, toward the cost of production, is to be included.
Materials published to date in this series are as follows.
*An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not
necessarily the Library's supply) is exhausted. Materials published to
date, in this series, are as follows:
Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.
*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest.
Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.
*Vol. 3. Nos. 1-4 and index. Pp. 1-681. 1951.
*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp.
1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.
Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.
*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, _taxonomy and distribution_.
By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30
tables. August 10, 1952.
Vol. 7. Nos. 1-15 and index. Pp. 1-651, 1952-1955.
Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.
Vol. 9. Nos. 1-23 and index. Pp. 1-690, 1955-1960.
Vol. 10. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-626, 1956-1960.
Vol. 11. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-703, 1958-1960.
Vol. 12. *1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis,
Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates,
24 figures in text. July 8, 1959.
*2. The ancestry at modern Amphibia: a review of the
evidence. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10
figures in text. July 10, 1959.
3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sidney Anderson.
Pp. 181-216, 49 figures in text. February 19, 1960.
*4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the
Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.,
and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in
text. May 2, 1960.
5. Natural history of the Bell Vireo. By Jon C. Barlow.
Pp. 241-296, 6 figures in text. March 7, 1962.
6. Two new pelycosaurs from the lower Permian of
Oklahoma. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 297-307, 6 figures in
text. May 21, 1962.
7. Vertebrates from the barrier island of Tamaulipas,
México. By Robert K. Selander, Richard F. Johnston,
B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. Pp. 309-345, pls.
5-8. June 18, 1962.
8. Teeth of edestid sharks. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp.
347-362, 10 figures in text. October 1, 1962.
9. Variation in the muscles and nerves of the leg in two
genera of grouse (Tympanuchus and Pedioecetes). By E.
Bruce Holmes. Pp. 363-474, 20 figures. October 25,
1962. $1.00.
10. A new genus of Pennsylvanian fish (Crossopterygii,
Coelacanthiformes) from Kansas. By Joan Echols. Pp.
475-501, 7 figures. October 25, 1963.
11. Observations on the Mississippi kite in southwestern
Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 503-519. October 25,
1963.
12. Jaw musculature of the Mourning and White-winged
doves. By Robert L. Merz. Pp. 521-551, 22 figures.
October 25, 1963.
13. Thoracic and coracoid arteries in two families of
birds, Columbidae and Hirundinidae. By Marion Anne
Jenkinson. Pp. 553-573, 7 figures in text. March 2,
1964.
14. The breeding birds of Kansas. By Richard F. Johnston.
Pp. 575-655, 10 figures. May 18, 1964. 75 cents.
15. The adductor muscles of the jaw in some primitive
reptiles. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 657-680, 11 figures
in text. May 18, 1964.
Index. Pp. 681-694.
(Continued on inside of back cover)
University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History
Volume 17, No. 8, pp. 377-433, 1 fig.
October 27, 1966
BIRDS FROM NORTH BORNEO
BY
MAX C. THOMPSON
University of Kansas
Lawrence
1966
University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History
Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
Frank B. Cross
Volume 17, No. 8, pp. 377-433, 1 fig.
Published October 27, 1966
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
PRINTED BY
ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS, STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1966
31-4627
BIRDS FROM NORTH BORNEO
BY
MAX C. THOMPSON
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 379
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 379
METHODS 380
NOTES ON ZOOGEOGRAPHY 380
COLLECTING LOCALITIES AND COLLECTORS 381
ECOLOGY OF THE COLLECTING LOCALITIES 382
ECOLOGICAL AFFINITIES OF THE AVIFAUNA AT QUOIN HILL 385
SEASONALITY OF BREEDING 387
ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES 390
LITERATURE CITED 432
INTRODUCTION
The major part of this report is an account of birds collected by the
expedition of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Honolulu, Hawaii, to North
Borneo, from June 24, 1962, through January 14, 1963. Most of the time
spent in the then British Colony was devoted to collecting in lowland
habitats. The chief collecting localities were in the vicinity of Quoin
Hill on the Semporna Peninsula, and near Kalabakan. Approximately two
weeks were spent in surveying the Tenom area. Additional work was done
by the North Borneo Department of Agriculture after my departure, mainly
by Antonio D. Garcia.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am indebted to J. L. Gressitt of the Entomology Department of the
Bishop Museum for providing the opportunity for me to work on the
expedition and to examine and report on the material collected. Without
the help of the North Borneo Department of Agriculture, the success of
our expedition would have been restricted. The Entomologist of North
Borneo, G. R. Conway, was of great help with our logistic problems as
was the Director of the Department, Mr. E. J. H. Berwick, and the
Agronomist of Cocoa Research Station, Ed Wyrley-Birch. The Bombay Burmah
Trading Corporation, Ltd., provided facilities and transportation at
Kalabakan. Mr. Dai Rees of that corporation should be especially
mentioned. Others who helped are: J. A. Comber, Ronnie Young, Mr. and
Mrs. Horace Traulsen, Maureen Wyrley-Birch, and the Resident, Tawau,
Mr. Peter Edge. The Conservator of Forests kindly provided the necessary
permits for collecting.
Authorities of the United States National Museum and The American Museum
of Natural History generously permitted me to work at those
institutions, using their specimens for comparative studies. Other
specimens were borrowed from the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Historie, British Museum (Natural History),
and the Yale Peabody Museum. Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Herbert Deignan, and
Charles Vaurie helped with some of the more difficult taxonomic
problems. Specimens cited in this report are in the Bernice P. Bishop
Museum, The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, The
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, and the U. S. National Museum.
Richard F. Johnston and Robert M. Mengel kindly read the manuscript and
made many helpful suggestions. The latter re-read it and assisted with
the editing.
The most recent comprehensive work published previous to my preparation
of manuscript for the present account was Smythies (1960) "The Birds of
Borneo."
This report is a partial result of field work supported by a grant from
the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command,
Department of the Army, to the Bernice P. Bishop Museum for research on
ectoparasites of vertebrates. The contract numbers were
DA-MD-49-193-62-G47 and G65. The Chapman Fund of The American Museum of
Natural History met part of the cost of transporting, to and from the
United States, specimens from North Borneo collected after I left there.
METHODS
While collecting at Quoin Hill, we used only guns in taking birds. At an
area 12 miles north of Kalabakan, we supplemented the guns with mist
nets in the primary forest. This method was excellent for taking rarely
seen species. For example the thrush _Zoothera interpres_ was never seen
in the field but was taken several times in mist nets.
Another method of collecting was the use of native snares. Such snares
were made of heavy nylon string tied to a sapling, held down by a nylon
string attached to a treadle. When a bird stepped on the treadle, it
tripped the snare and a loop closed about its feet, hoisting it aloft.
To divert large ground birds and mammals into the snare, natives placed
brush barriers along the top of a ridge for one or two miles. Animals
were diverted by these barriers until they came to an opening; if they
went through they usually tripped the trap. Pheasants and the large
ground cuckoo were taken in this manner.
NOTES ON ZOOGEOGRAPHY
The avifauna of Borneo is of Indo-Malayan affinities. The number of
birds endemic to Borneo is relatively small; most species are shared
with the Asian mainland. Only 29 birds are known to be endemic to the
island and 17 of these are montane. The large proportion of montane
endemics is not surprising, because Borneo has been connected with the
Asian continent in recent geological time; lowland isolation, and
differentiation, has been less extensive than the montane. The Sunda
Shelf, on which Borneo is situated, lies in a shallow sea generally less
than 300 feet deep. Beaufort has shown that the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, and Java were connected until early historic times (Darlington,
1957:488).
The endemic species in Borneo are members of four, possibly five, genera
that are also endemic. Four of these five genera are montane in
distribution. The only endemic for which the geographic history cannot
be adequately explained is the monotypic _Pityriasis gymnocephala_. Its
affinities seem to be with the Cracticidae of New Guinea and Australia.
The species has been found throughout Borneo. Since _Pityriasis_ is
endemic to Borneo, it probably was detached from the parent stock at an
early period. The Australasian affinities of _Pityriasis_ emphasize its
zoogeographical peculiarities. A more detailed discussion of this
species appears in the annotated list below.
COLLECTING LOCALITIES AND COLLECTORS
[Illustration: Fig. 1. Localities from which collectors from the
Department of Agriculture or I saved specimens in North Borneo.]
1. Cocoa Research Station, Quoin Hill, elevation 750 feet, Tawau. Max
C. Thompson (MCT) and Antonio D. Garcia (ADG).
2. Tawau. Max C. Thompson.
3. Twelve miles north of Kalabakan, elevation 600 feet. Max C.
Thompson.
4. Kalabakan, elevation 50 feet. Max C. Thompson.
5. Tiger Estate, 20 miles northwest of Tawau. Max C. Thompson,
Antonio D. Garcia.
6. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate, Mile 27, Quoin Hill, elevation 750 feet,
Tawau. Antonio D. Garcia.
7. Karindingen Island. Max C. Thompson.
8. Siamil Island. Max C. Thompson.
9. Lahad Datu. Antonio D. Garcia.
10. Kuala Sumawang, 25 miles west of Sandakan. Antonio D. Garcia.
11. Agricultural Station, Mile 17, Sandakan (Gum-Gum). Antonio D.
Garcia.
12. One-fourth mile east Gum-Gum, Sandakan. Antonio D. Garcia.
13. Lamag, Kinabatangan River. Antonio D. Garcia.
14. Pintasan Agriculture Station, Kinabatangan River. Antonio D.
Garcia.
15. Kampong Kuamut, Kinabatangan River. Antonio D. Garcia.
16. Kampong Maluwa, Kinabatangan River. Antonio D. Garcia.
17. Ka-Karis, Kinabatangan River, elevation 200 feet. Antonio D.
Garcia.
18. Tongod, Kinabatangan River, elevation 300 feet. Antonio D. Garcia.
19. Tuaran. Max C. Thompson, Antonio D. Garcia, S. F. W. Chong (SFWC).
20. Telipok. Antonio D. Garcia, G. R. Conway.
21. Mt. Rumas, 5 miles northwest of Tuaran, elevation 75 feet, Antonio
D. Garcia.
22. Five and one-half miles southwest of Tenom, elevation 4,000 feet.
Max C. Thompson.
23. Tenom, elevation 600 feet. Max C. Thompson.
24. Kampong Banjar, Mile 29, Keningau. Antonio D. Garcia.
25. Oil Palm Research Station, Mile 32, elevation 40 feet, Sandakan.
Antonio D. Garcia.
ECOLOGY OF THE COLLECTING LOCALITIES
QUOIN HILL.--At this locality I recognized five habitat types as
follows:
_Primary forest._--We were fortunate to be able to work at Quoin Hill
because it had been opened to cultivation (of Cocoa, _Theobroma cacao_)
for only a few years. Thus the primary forest here started at the edge
of the Cocoa Research Station. This was in marked contrast to areas on
the west coast, where one would need to travel many miles inland to find
virgin forest. The forest at Quoin Hill was typical tropical
rain-forest, composed mostly of dipterocarps (Dipterocarpaceae). These
comprise an essentially Indo-Malayan family, members of which are so
conspicuous that we commonly referred to it as Evergreen Dipterocarp
Forest. The lowland forests of Borneo are composed of approximately
3,000 species of trees (Browne, 1955). At Quoin Hill, as in most of the
tropical rain-forest of Borneo, the forest canopy is stratified in three
layers, a distinct and easily recognizable top story and less easily
separable middle and lower stories. The top canopy is composed of
foliage of giant trees that may tower to heights of 200 feet and have
trunks three to seven feet in diameter. The trunk is usually unbranched
for 50 to 100 feet and the whole tree is supported by buttresses jutting
out from the main trunk. Some of the most important plants in the
tropical rain-forest are the strangler figs (_Ficus_ sp.). These plants,
when in fruit, draw birds in large flocks to feed upon them. Such figs
were common about the edges of the research station and some birds taken
from these trees were never taken elsewhere. The birds seemed to wait
for a certain degree of ripeness of fruits; on one day the figs were
unmolested and the next day the trees would be swarming with birds.
Strangler fig trees reach tremendous size and help form the upper forest
canopy.
The middle and lower forest canopies are not easily separable and I
shall speak of them together. The trees forming these varied from 10 to
60 feet in height. The ground surface beneath the trees was usually bare
except for leaf litter and dead branches. Sunlight penetrates only where
the big trees have been removed or where the larger trees are otherwise
widely spaced. At Quoin Hill the large trees of species affording lumber
of commercial quality had been taken out, modifying somewhat the
character of the forest. Such forest actually contained many of the
animals characteristic of primary forest, and I refer to it as badly
disturbed primary forest.
_Secondary forest._--In some of the areas adjoining the research
station, roads had been bulldozed for future expansion and trees had
been cut. These areas were starting to grow dense stands of grass and
shrubs and will be jungle in a few years unless cut back. Most of the
trees in this area are saplings with some trees as large as a foot in
diameter.
_Fluviatile waters._--There are numerous small streams in the Quoin Hill
area, the largest being the Balung River and Apas River. Little work was
done along these streams and only the thrushes of the genus _Enicurus_
and some kingfishers seemed to be confined to them.
_Cocoa plantations._--Artificial plantings of cocoa, _Theobroma cacao_,
formed a major habitat type at Quoin Hill, and provided a major source
of food for birds. Cocoa planters have found it necessary to provide
shade with trees of some other species. In some instances trees from the
original primary forest were left standing to provide this shade, but
more often exotic trees were planted. Most of the shade trees were of no
use to birds save for providing resting places. _Trema orientalis_ was
the most important in providing food for birds. Its fruit was used more
by the frugivorous species of birds than that of any other tree in the
cocoa plantings. Tree Cassava, an exotic, was constantly attended by the
nectariniids, or honey creepers.
Although the cocoa plantings did not provide much plant material for
bird food, they did apparently nourish a horde of insects, which the
birds fed upon. A Drongo-cuckoo, _Surniculus lugubris_, had 50
caterpillars in its stomach. Healthy cocoa trees were sparsely inhabited
by birds but areas that were obviously infested with insects literally
swarmed with birds. Dead shade trees in the cocoa plantings also
provided food for woodpeckers, with four species being found utilizing
these dead trees.
_Abaca._--The last of the habitat types that I recognized at Quoin Hill
was a small grove of Abaca, _Musa textilis_, and wild bananas, _Musa_
sp. This habitat type was frequented by spiderhunters (_Arachnothera_
sp.) of the family Nectariniidae.
KALABAKAN.--We worked at three localities in this area: 12 miles north
of Kalabakan, Brantian Estate, and Kalabakan.
_Primary forest._--We were fortunate in being able to work on the very
edge of the primary forest 12 miles north of Kalabakan. The composition
of the primary forest was much like that at Quoin Hill and will not be
discussed further. About a month after we arrived at our forest camp,
logging crews moved in and cut the commercial timber near our area. The
only immediately noticeable difference in the makeup of the avifauna
after destruction of the forest canopy was the appearance of the drongo
_Dicrurus aeneus_. This drongo was seen in areas where the trees had
been cut, sitting on limbs and darting out after insects.
_Secondary forest._--The area around Kalabakan proper was in secondary
forest, which was almost impossible to penetrate. At Kalabakan,
_Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus_, _Cecropsia striolata_, and _Macronous
ptilosus_ were taken and I did not see them elsewhere. Kalabakan is
situated on the Kalabakan River at the upper tidal limit. The
Nipa-Mangrove association, not investigated, lies immediately below
Kalabakan.
The Brantian Estate area was mostly in secondary forest and was situated
on the Brantian River. There were some fairly large areas of grass with
water buffalo wallows in them. These grassy areas were favorite haunts
of the Painted Quail, _Coturnix chinensis_.
TENOM.--The first locality that we investigated was 5.5 miles southwest
of Tenom, approximately 4,000 feet elevation, in moss forest. A few days
were spent collecting in the area of Tenom itself.
_Moss forest._--The lower altitudinal limit of the moss forest was about
3,600 feet. The trees on top of the mountain were mostly oaks
(_Quercus_) and were festooned with ferns, orchids, and other epiphytes.
The area had been used as a triangulation station by a survey team and a
small area on top of the mountain had been cleared earlier. At the time
of our visit this small area had grown to secondary vegetation, mostly
_Pandanus_. The oaks in the primary forest surrounding this disturbed
area were generally about 30 to 50 feet high and there was little
undergrowth in virgin stands. This area was usually swathed in fog from
three o'clock in the afternoon until eleven o'clock the next morning.
One morning of our fourteen there was clear.
_Paddy._--The area visited at Tenom itself consisted mostly of old paddy
grown to grass and scrub. Forest did occur but was of secondary nature
in the immediate vicinity of Tenom.
SIAMIL ISLAND.--This island is about one mile in circumference and the
highest point is about 300 feet above sea level. The island has high
bluffs on three sides but slopes gently to the sea on the other. There
were patches of forest left on the island, one on the north side and one
on the south. The sheer bluffs on the east side of the island were
covered with _Pandanus_ sp. The undergrowth of the north forest had been
cut, leaving extensive bare areas. The principal undergrowth was rattan.
The natives are clearing and planting more of the island to coconuts and
hope eventually to clear it completely.
KARINDINGEN ISLAND.--This island, about half a mile in circumference and
between 10 and 20 feet above sea level at its highest point, was
surrounded by extensive coral reefs and sand; the principal vegetation
was mangroves.
ECOLOGICAL AFFINITIES OF THE AVIFAUNA AT QUOIN HILL
More time was spent at Quoin Hill than at any other locality. Fifty five
of the more common and hence best-known birds are listed in Table 1
together with their primary and secondary preferences of habitat. The
habitat distribution of the birds shows the amount of secondary
utilization of habitats by birds that occurred predominantly in one
habitat. Cocoa was utilized by 6.2 per cent of the birds of the primary
forest, and 88.8 per cent of birds of the secondary forest. This
indicates that cocoa is an effective substitute for secondary forest for
some birds. Of the species of the primary forest, 18.7 per cent occurred
also in secondary forest; thus, three times as many species of primary
forest utilized secondary forest as utilized cocoa. This too might be
expected, since "secondary" forest is of frequent natural occurrence and
an ancient feature while the comparatively simple cocoa plantings are
new and artificial.
TABLE 1.--Habitat preferences of 55 Quoin Hill birds.
=====================================================
X = Primary |Primary forest
O = Secondary | |Secondary forest
| | |Cocoa plantations
SPECIES | | | |Fluviatile water
| | | | |Abaca
----------------------------+----+----+----+----+----
_Treron curvirostra_ | | X | | |
_Cacomantis merulinus_ | | O | X | |
_Chalcites malayanus_ | | | X | |
_Phaenicophaeus_ | | | | |
_chlorophaeus_ | | O | X | |
_Harpactes diardi_ | X | | | |
_Harpactes duvauceli_ | X | | | |
_Alcedo euryzona_ | | | | X |
_Ceyx erithacus_ | X | | | |
_Eurystomus orientalis_ | | X | O | |
_Calorhamphus fuliginosus_ | | O | X | |
_Megalaima chrysopogon_ | | X | O | |
_Megalaima henrici_ | X | | O | |
_Sasia abnormis_ | O | X | | |
_Meiglyptes tukki_ | | X | | |
_Dryocopus javensis_ | | X | O | |
_Chrysocolaptes validus_ | | O | X | |
_Eurylaimus ochromalus_ | | O | X | |
_Pitta guajana_ | X | | | |
_Coracina fimbriata_ | | | X | |
_Aegithina viridissima_ | | | X | |
_Chloropsis cyanopogon_ | | X | | |
_Irena puella_ | | X | | |
_Pycnonotus brunneus_ | | | X | |
_Criniger bres_ | | X | O | |
_Criniger phaeocephalus_ | X | | | |
_Criniger finschii_ | | | X | |
_Hypsipetes criniger_ | | X | O | |
_Copsychus pyrrhopygus_ | X | | | |
_Copsychus stricklandi_ | | X | O | |
_Enicurus ruficapillus_ | | | | X |
_Pellorneum capistratum_ | X | | | |
_Trichastoma malaccense_ | X | O | | |
_Trichastoma sepiarium_ | | X | | |
_Malacopteron magnum_ | X | O | | |
_Malacopteron magnirostre_ | X | O | | |
_Kenopia striata_ | X | | | |
_Stachyris poliocephala_ | | X | | |
_Alcippe brunneicauda_ | X | | O | |
_Orthotomus atrogularis_ | | X | | |
_Orthotomus sepium_ | | X | O | |
_Rhipidura perlata_ | X | | | |
_Muscicapa dumetoria_ | X | | | |
_Rhinomyias umbratilis_ | X | | | |
_Hypothymis azurea_ | | | X | |
_Anthreptes simplex_ | | | X | |
_Anthreptes rhodolaema_ | | | X | |
_Nectarinia hypogrammica_ | | X | | |
_Arachnothera longirostris_ | | | | | X
_Arachnothera flavigaster_ | | | | | X
_Arachnothera chrysogenys_ | | | | | X
_Arachnothera affinis_ | | | | | X
_Zosterops everetti_ | | O | X | |
_Lonchura fuscans_ | | X | O | |
_Oriolus xanthonotus_ | | X | O | |
_Platysmurus leucopterus_ | | X | O | |
+----+----+----+----+----
Total Primary | 16 | 18 | 14 | 2 | 4
| | | | |
Total Secondary | 1 | 8 | 14 | 0 | 0
----------------------------+----+----+----+----+----
The avifauna at Quoin Hill was a mixture of montane, submontane, and
lowland species. Smythies (1957:527) defines four altitudinal areas of
distribution: Higher Montane, Montane, Submontane, and Lowland. Higher
Montane birds have not been recorded on mountains the summits of which
are lower than 5,000 feet, although on higher peaks the actual lower
limit of occurrence may be considerably below 5,000 feet. Montane birds
have not been recorded on mountains the summits of which are lower than
3,000 feet, although specimens may have been taken below that altitude
on higher peaks. Submontane, as defined by Smythies, is a comprehensive
term applied to birds occurring from sea level to an elevation of 5,000
feet but ordinarily not found away from mountainous country. The Lowland
birds normally range from sea level to 3,000 feet. Of the 125 species of
birds observed at Quoin Hill, 1.6 per cent were Montane, 14.4 per cent
were Submontane and 84 per cent were Lowland species. The distribution
of birds 12 miles north of Kalabakan closely resembled that at Quoin
Hill except for the total absence of Montane species and an increase of
Submontane species to 25 per cent. The observation of fewer species (48)
can be attributed to the nearly uniform habitat.
The avifauna in the moss forest 5.5 miles southwest of Tenom was unusual
in that 45.4 per cent consisted of Lowland species; this locality lies
4,000 feet above sea level, yet only 27.3 per cent of its species were
Submontane and 27.3 per cent Montane. If one looks at these figures from
the standpoint of the actual importance of the three groups at this
place, however, a different picture emerges. Some of the Lowland species
were seen only once while I was there and few were common, while all of
the Submontane and most of the Montane forms were more or less common.
SEASONALITY OF BREEDING
_The breeding season in North Borneo._--Birds in the Quoin Hill area of
eastern Borneo seem to breed most commonly in June, July, and August.
Table 2 lists 34 of the more common species at Quoin Hill for which
evidence on breeding was available. The actual evidence was provided by
females with active brood patches or active ovaries, males with enlarged
testes, birds in juvenal plumage, or birds actively in annual molt. From
such data dates of presumed breeding were extrapolated. In Table 2, the
solid black lines indicate dates for which both male and female were in
breeding condition. The dotted lines indicate enlarged testes but no
evidence of breeding in females. In the bottom line of Table 2, the
figures indicate the percentage of the population breeding in any one
month. For instance, 2.9 per cent of the birds were breeding in March,
but 73 per cent were breeding in June. Rainfall records from the Cocoa
Research Station from April, 1959, to December, 1964, were available to
me. These data, along with the average for each month, are given in
Table 3. There appears to be little correlation between rainfall and
breeding season at Quoin Hill. A true dry season in the Quoin Hill area
does not occur, but monthly rainfall has varied from 0.57 inches to
21.27 inches in a single year.
TABLE 2.--Seasonality of common breeding birds at Quoin Hill. Solid
lines indicate times of occurrence of known breeding; dotted lines
represent times of presumed breeding.
============================================================================
SPECIES | J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D
----------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
_Treron curvirostra_ | | | | | | | ····-----| | |
_Cacomantis merulinus_ | | | | | | | | --------··········
_Chalcites malayanus_ | | | | | | -------- | | | |
_Phaenicophaeus | | | | | | | | | | | |
curvirostris_ | | | | | ------------ | | | |
_Collocalia fuciphaga_ | | | | | | ··------ | | | |
_Chaetura leucopygialis_ | | | | | ------| | | | | |
_Harpactes diardi_ | | | | | ------------···· | | |
_Eurystomus orientalis_ | | | | --------- | | | | | |
_Calorhamphus fuliginosus_ | | | | | | -------·······| | |
_Megalaima chrysopogon_ | | | | | | | --------- | | |
_Megalaima mystacophanes_ | | | | | | --------····· | | |
_Sasia abnormis_ | | | | | ------- | | | | |
_Micropternus brachyurus_ | | | | | -------- | | | | |
_Dryocopus javensis_ | | | | |-------- | | | | |
_Pycnonotus cyaniventris_ | | | | | | | | | -------- |
_Pycnonotus atriceps_ | | | --------- | | | | | | |
_Pycnonotus brunneus_ | | | | | | ----------------- | |
_Pycnonotus | | | | | | | | | | | |
erythrophthalmus_ | | | | | | -------- | | | |
_Zoothera interpres_ | | | | --------- | | | | | |
_Malacopteron magnirostre_ | | | | | --------- | | | | |
_Ptilocichla leucogrammica_ | | | | | | ------------ | | |
_Kenopia striata_ | | | | | -------···| | | | |
_Stachyris maculata_ | | | | | ----------| | | | |
_Orthotomus atrogularis_ | | | | | | ----------------- | |
_Orthotomus sericeus_ | | | | | | ------------- | | |
_Orthotomus sepium_ | | | | | | ----------------- | |
_Rhipidura perlata_ | | | | |-------- | | | | |
_Prionichilus xanthopygius_ | | | | | | | | ---------------
_Anthreptes rhodolaema_ | | | | | | --------- | | | |
_Arachnothera flavigaster_ | | | | | | | | | | | ------
_Pityriasis gymnocephala_ | | | | | | | | | | ----------
_Oriolus xanthonotus_ | | | | | ---------- | | | |
_Platysmurus leucopterus_ | | | | | ---------- | | | |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D
The percentage of breeding +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
in any one month is as | | | | | | | | | | | |
follows: | 0 | 0 |2.9|8.8| 38| 73| 58| 50| 35| 17| 11| 8
----------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
Birds in the moss forest near Tenom appeared to be breeding in January,
paralleling the trend found by Voous (1950a) for the lowlands of Borneo.
_Other Bornean observations._--Voous (1950a) summarized data assembled
by Coomans de Ruiter on the breeding of birds in the lowland of western
Borneo near Pontianak. It appears that the breeding season in that part
of Borneo, and indeed in all of western Borneo (Banks, 1950), starts in
December and reaches a peak in March.
TABLE 3.--Monthly rainfall records, Cocoa Research Station, Quoin Hill.
==============================================================================
Year |Jan. |Feb. |Mar. |April|May |June |July |Aug. |Sept.|Oct. |Nov. |Dec.
------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
1959 | | | | 6.49|12.16|11.11| 7.64|12.11| 4.75| 8.33|12.10|13.81
1960 | 9.24| 8.17| 3.76|10.65| 8.84|11.00| 6.31|11.25| 8.56| 5.49| 8.39|11.81
1961 | 6.68| 8.06| 4.35| 4.74| 7.55| 7.25| 5.93| 2.40| 7.47| 5.58| 4.38|10.73
1962 | 3.82| 6.76|13.72| 9.68| 6.82| 7.49| 6.59| 5.82| 7.81| 9.47|19.80| 9.28
1963 |21.27| 8.18| 7.64| 0.57| 5.83| 4.62| 0.64|12.49| 5.24| 8.75| 7.43|11.05
1964 | 4.17| 7.92| 4.40|11.20|11.82| 8.04| 2.42| 7.52| 5.69|13.15| 8.82| 9.88
Avg. | 9.03| 7.81| 6.77| 7.22| 8.83| 8.25| 4.92| 8.59| 6.58| 8.46|10.15|11.09
------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----
Gibson-Hill (1952) has questioned Banks' (1950) interpretation of data
from the egg collection of V. W. Ryves. Gibson-Hill has shown that the
data collected by Ryves covered two widely separated localities, one at
Kiau near Kota Belud and the other near Sandakan. The former locality is
on the west coast of North Borneo and the latter on the east coast of
North Borneo. Gibson-Hill points out, and rightly so, that the timing of
the rainfall in different parts of Borneo must be taken into account
because of the large regional variation. The nesting data from the Ryves
egg collection are scant and when used alone possibly yield a distorted
view of the actual breeding season. Ryves did no collecting in the
Sandakan area between September and March, and in the Kiau area between
May and January. Although the breeding data from North Borneo
accumulated by both Ryves and myself are limited, and records of
rainfall are scant, there appears to be a trend toward breeding after
the heavy rains have fallen.
_Seasonality of breeding in tropical birds._--Possibly Bornean birds
breed mostly in the "driest" part of the year. If so, this is in
contrast with the time of breeding of birds of other tropical areas.
Moreau (1950) found that in the Congo there was no distinct breeding
season for most groups of birds, but that in East Africa there was a
double breeding season; the peaks coincided with the two rainy seasons.
Lack (1950) found that the Geospizinae of the Galapagos breed only when
it rains and that rainfall causes a flurry of nest building and singing.
If the rains stop, then the courtship activities stop until the next
rains. Miller (1963) found that in birds of a western Andean cloud
forest the breeding season was spread over the year and that breeding
could not be correlated with rainfall.
Obviously more study is required on breeding of birds in Borneo before
the timing of the annual cycle can be ascertained.
ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES
The English names used in this report follow Smythies (1960) where
possible. If the bird has not been recorded from Borneo previously, then
I have resorted to Delacours and Mayr's "Birds of the Philippines"
(1946). The taxonomy is that of Smythies (1960), except where current
American or my own opinion differs and where new evidence has warranted
a change. The sequence of families is that of Wetmore (1960).
Two species listed beyond that had not previously been recorded from the
island of Borneo are: Red-footed Booby, _Sula sula_; and Whitehead's
Thick-head, _Pachycephala whiteheadi_. Six additional kinds listed
beyond had not previously been recorded from North Borneo. They are:
Chinese Egret, _Egretta eulophotes_; Knot, _Calidris canutus_; Ground
Cuckoo, _Carpococcyx radiceus_; _Stachyris nigriceps hartleyi_; Finch's
Bulbul, _Criniger finschii_; and Pale Blue Flycatcher, _Muscicapa
unicolor_.
_=Sula sula=_ (Linnaeus): Red-footed Booby.--A captive seen in the Tawau
police station was said to have been caught when it landed at night on a
police launch anchored off Siamil Island in or near May, 1962. The bird
was in first-year or second-year plumage, seemed to be tame, and was
thriving on a diet of fish. Identification was made by Alexander Wetmore
from a photographic print. This is the first seemingly substantiated
record of the species from Borneo, although it probably occurs there
regularly. The species breeds on Bankoran Island and on Tubbataha Reef
in the Sulu Sea (Smythies, 1960:113).
_=Fregata ariel=_ (G. R. Gray): Lesser Frigatebird.--This conspicuous
bird on the waters around Tawau is occasionally seen in Cowie Harbor but
more often along the coast outside the Harbor. On September 20 an
estimated 300-500 birds circled over the shore northeast of Tawau.
_=Ardea sumatrana sumatrana=_ Raffles: Dusky-gray Heron.--_Specimens_,
2. Karindingen Island: [Male] testis 12 × 23 mm., November 24, 1962, MCT
3308; [Male], November 24, 1962, MCT 3309.
The specimens were taken on the coral sand beach surrounding
Karindingen Island. At least 10 were seen feeding on the beach and
on a reef. One (MCT 3308) had testes of a size suggesting that it
was in breeding condition.
_=Casmerodius alba modestus=_ (Gray): Common Egret.--_Specimen_, 1.
Karindingen Island: [Female], November 24, 1962, MCT 3310.
This species was seen on three dates: August 17 at Karindingen
Island, where 30 were observed feeding along the mangroves
bordering the island; on November 24, on the same island, where a
specimen was taken from a flock of 30 birds that had been feeding
on the coral sand and reef; and on November 30 when a single bird
landed at the small reservoir at the Cocoa Research Station and
began to feed in the shallow water. Only four specimens appear to
have been recorded earlier (Smythies, 1957:561), although Smythies
(1963:270) lists additional sight records.
_=Egretta garzetta=_ (Linnaeus): Little Egret.--On November 24 at
Karindingen Island, I observed several mixing freely with individuals of
_E. sacra_ on the coral sand beaches and reefs.
_=Egretta eulophotes=_ (Swinhoe): Chinese Egret.--_Specimen_, 1:
Ka-Karis, Kinabatangan River, 200 feet: [Male], October 20, 1963, ADG
326.
This is the only record known to me of this species from North
Borneo. Smythies (1960:126) lists 11 specimens from other parts of
Borneo.
_=Egretta sacra=_ (Gmelin): Reef Egret.--The species was observed at
Karindingen Island on August 17 and November 24, 1962, and was the most
common egret on the island. One compact flock of 50 was seen at high
tide. No white-phased birds were in the flock.
_=Bubulcus ibis coromandus=_ (Boddaert): Cattle Egret.--_Specimen_, 1:
Tongod: [Female], October 21, 1963, ADG 328.
Individuals were observed daily at Tuaran with cattle at the
Agricultural Research Centre. I saw them on December 9 when I
arrived at Tuaran and again on January 13, when I departed.
_=Ardeola bacchus=_ (Bonaparte): Chinese Pond Heron.--_Specimen_, 1: 12
mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3151.
The specimen was brought to our camp by a local boy who obtained it
on a stream that ran through his kampong (village) near our sulap
(hut). The stream was a small one that ran out of the primary
forest, through the village, and back into secondary forest.
_=Butorides striatus=_ (Linnaeus): Little Green Heron.--_Specimens_, 2:
Telipok: [Female], March 10, 1963, TM 67; Sex?, December 13, 1962, TM 6.
This heron was seen at Karindingen Island on August 17, 1962, in a
small swamp near the Tawau airport on September 16, and on the reef
at Siamil Island on September 18. The specimens collected at
Telipok were not identified to subspecies.
_=Ixobrychus cinnamomeus cinnamomeus=_ (Gmelin): Chestnut
Bittern.--_Specimen_, 1: Tuaran: Sex?, December 24, 1963, SCFC 32.
This specimen was probably taken in the paddy around the
Agricultural Research Centre, where I saw Chestnut Bitterns in
January 1963.
_=Leptoptilos javanicus=_ (Horsfield): Lesser Adjutant
Stork.--_Specimen_, 1: Karindingen Island: [Male] testis small, November
24, 1962, MCT 3311.
My first observation of this species was at Karindingen Island on
August 17, when approximately 100 birds were seen feeding on the
coral sand and reefs. I saw them also within a mile of Semporna
along the ship channel, usually in the vicinity of fish traps. On
August 31 two birds flew high overhead at Quoin Hill, proceeding in
the direction of Cowie Harbor. On November 24, large numbers at
Karindingen Island were sitting in mangroves and feeding on the
reefs around the island. Two birds were caught by the rising tide
while feeding on the reef and were unable to take off. One of these
was shot in approximately six to seven feet of water; its feathers
were completely waterlogged. Interestingly the flaky skin of the
crown had blue-green algae growing on it. These birds were heard
calling many times on the reef and in the mangroves; the call is
much like the deep growl of a dog.
Sims, Banks, and Harrison have found the storks common in this area
(Smythies, 1957:569). Although I could find no evidence of it,
possibly Karindingen Island is a nesting locality.
_=Anas querquedula=_ Linnaeus: Garganey.--_Specimen_, 1: Kg. Banjar:
sex? November 13, 1963, ADG 329.
This teal obtained by Garcia is our only record of any duck from
North Borneo.
_=Haliastur indus=_ (Boddaert): Brahminy Kite.--This common resident of
the Cocoa Research Station was observed almost daily while I was in the
field. It seemed to prefer the cleared areas replanted to cocoa and oil
palm and was common also at Tawau, Semporna, and Karindingen Island.
_=Accipiter trivirgatus microstictus=_ Mayr: Crested
Goshawk.--_Specimens_, 2: Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Male], October
17, 1963, ADG 314. Cocoa Research Station: [Male], April 30, 1963, ADG
89.
_=Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaetus=_ (Horsfield): Changeable
Hawk-eagle.--_Specimen_, 1: Tiger Estate: [Male], April 28, 1963, ADG 74
(Specimen in black phase).
_=Hieraetus kienerii formosus=_ (E. Geoffroy): Rufous-bellied
Hawk-eagle.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., July
10, 1962, MCT 2615. Tiger Estate: [Female], July 13, 1962, MCT 2621.
The presence of an immature bird of this species in North Borneo
lends support to the suggestion of Smythies (1957:580) that this
species breeds in Borneo.
_fHaliaeetus leucogaster=_ (Gmelin): White-bellied Sea Eagle.--This
eagle appears to be fairly common along the coast in the Tawau-Darvel
Bay area. I saw it around Cowie Harbor, Tawau, Semporna, and Siamil
Island.
_=Spilornis cheela=_ Latham: Crested Serpent Eagle.--I saw this eagle
but once, circling overhead at the Cocoa Research Station on September
26, 1962.
_=Microhierax latifrons=_ Sharpe: White-fronted Falconet.--_Specimens_,
2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., 41.2 gm., July 6,
1962, MCT 2600. Tiger Estate: [Female] oviduct regressing, old brood
patch, December 1, 1962, MCT 3418.
This species was first seen at the Cocoa Research Station. The
specimen taken there bobbed its head in the manner of various other
falcons. On two occasions individuals were observed sitting in a
low tree in the front yard of a home in Kalabakan.
These records extend the known range of this species south from
Darvel Bay (Smythies, 1960:161) to Cowie Harbor.
_=Falco peregrinus japonensis=_ Gmelin: Peregrine Falcon.--_Specimen_,
1: Kampong Kuamut: [Male], October 20, 1963, ADG 327.
_=Coturnix chinensis=_ (Linnaeus): Painted Quail.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa
Research Station: [Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2881.
This specimen is intermediate between _C. c. lineata_ and _C. c.
caerulescens_, tending slightly toward the latter in having more
rufous coloring on the tertials. R. E. Kuntz took a male at Ranau
(USNM 472504) that was also intermediate in its characters but was
referable to _C. c. lineata_. These two specimens, when compared
with series of specimens from the Philippines and Sumatra, fitted
into a clinal progression of increasingly rufous tertials toward
Sumatra. Peters (1934:96) united _C. c. caerulescens_ with _C. c.
palmeri_, but Amadon (in _litt._) retains _C. c. caerulescens_
(Smythies, 1957:588). No clear-cut distributional pattern is yet
discernible in North Borneo and the arrangement of Amadon (MS)
should probably be reviewed again when more specimens become
available.
These birds were observed several times at the Cocoa Research
Station but were difficult to collect. They were abundant in the
grasslands on the Brantian Estate.
_=Rollulus roulroul=_ (Scopoli): Crested Green Wood Partridge.--It was
observed once along the Apas River at the Cocoa Research Station, in
primary forest.
_=Haematortyx sanguiniceps=_ Sharpe: Crimson-headed Wood
Partridge.--Frederick Dunn saw one fly across the padang at the Cocoa
Research Station rest house on September 9.
_=Lophura ignita=_ (Shaw and Nodder): Crested Fireback
Pheasant.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], molting,
July 20, 1962, MCT 2624. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], November 4, 1962,
MCT 3206; [Male], November 7, 1962, MCT 3216.
This pheasant was taken in native snares from primary forest.
_=Lophura bulweri=_ (Sharpe): Bulwer's Pheasant.--_Specimens_, 3: 5.5
mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 25, 1962, MCT 3534; [Male], December
27, 1962, MCT 3539; [Female], December 27, 1962, MCT 3540.
This bird was first taken in a snare 12 miles north of Kalabakan.
Unfortunately, the specimen was stolen and only its tail feathers
were brought in by the trappers. Mr. Comber of Sapong Estates in
Tenom said this species comes in numbers with the wild-pig
migration and that he had observed this at least three times. He
has also seen three-quarters grown young at Tenom, so they
seemingly nest there. They were found only in primary forest.
These specimens constitute the first records of the species for the
west coast of North Borneo (_cf._ Smythies, 1957:593).
_=Argusianus argus grayi=_ (Elliott): Great Argus
Pheasant.--_Specimens_, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 14, 1962,
MCT 3034; [Female], October 22, 1962, MCT 3121; [Male], October 23,
1962, MCT 3130; [Male], October 27, 1962, MCT 3166; [Female]?, October
29, 1962, MCT 3307. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 19, 1962, MCT
3464.
This species is a common resident of the primary forest at
Kalabakan and in the lower areas around Tenom (J. A. Comber, pers.
comm.). It is found only in primary forest.
_=Rallina fasciata=_ (Raffles): Malaysian Banded Crake.--_Specimen_, 1:
Tiger Estate: [Male], July 11, 1963, ADG 193.
_=Amaurornis phoenicurus javanicus=_ (Horsfield): White-breasted
Waterhen.--_Specimens_, 3: Tuaran: sex?, March 1, 1963, ADG 5. Telipok:
[Female], February 2, 1963, TM 23; [Male], February 2, 1963, TM 24.
This species was commonly observed in marshes near Tawau and on the
Brantian Estate.
_=Gallicrex cinerea=_ (Gmelin): Watercock.--_Specimen_, 1: Tiger
Estate: sex?, December 17, 1962 (taken on dry grassland).
_=Squatarola squatarola=_ (Linnaeus): Black-bellied Plover.--On
September 2 I saw a flock of 12 plovers on the Tawau golf course. They
were in a mottled plumage indicating extensive molt and feather growth.
Later in the day a bird in almost complete breeding plumage flew
overhead.
_=Charadrius peroni=_ Schlegel: Malay Sand Plover.--On September 15, one
was sitting on the Tawau Airport runway. Another was observed on
November 20, feeding near a water buffalo wallow on the Brantian Estate.
Smythies (1960:191) lists sandy beaches as the only habitat.
_=Charadrius leschenaulti=_ Lesson: Large Sand Plover.--On September 16
one was sitting on the Tawau Airport runway.
_=Numenius phaeopus variegatus=_ (Scopoli): Whimbrel.--_Specimen_, 1:
Karindingen Island: [Male], November 24, 1962, MCT 3315.
This was the most common curlew around Karindingen Island on
November 24. Flocks of 10 to 20 individuals were feeding on the
coral sand around the island, and a few individuals were sitting in
the tops of dead mangroves at low tide.
_=Numenius arquata=_ (Linnaeus): Common Curlew.--On November 24, a
Common Curlew flew from Karindingen Island toward the mainland.
_=Numenius madagascariensis=_ (Linnaeus): Eastern Curlew.--I first
observed this curlew on August 17 at Karindingen Island, where 50 were
feeding on the coral sand. At that time it was the most abundant
shorebird. When I returned to the island on November 24, several were
seen around the island, but the species was not so abundant as _N.
phaeopus_.
_=Limosa lapponica=_ (Linnaeus): Bar-tailed Godwit.--A flock of five was
observed at Karindingen Island on November 24.
_=Tringa totanus eurhinus=_ (Oberholser): Redshank.--_Specimens_, 2:
Karindingen Island: [Female], November 24, 1962, MCT 3312; [Female],
November 24, 1962, MCT 3313.
On August 17, this bird was common and feeding on the coral sand at
Karindingen Island. When I revisited the island on November 24 the
Redshank seemed to prefer the mangrove areas for feeding and was
the most common wader.
_=Tringa ochropus=_ Linnaeus: Green Sandpiper.--_Specimen_, 1: Brantian
Estate: [Female], November 19, 1962, MCT 3305.
The specimen, one of three or four birds seen, was taken near a
grassland pond.
_=Heteroscelus incanum=_ (Gmelin): Wandering Tattler.--One was feeding
along a sandy beach and later on rocks on Siamil Island on September 18,
1962.
_=Capella megala=_ (Swinhoe): Swinhoe's Snipe.--_Specimens_, 3: Tiger
Estate: sex?, December 9, 1962; sex?, December 9, 1962. Pintasan
Agriculture Station: [Male], October 17, 1963, ADG 317.
These three specimens lend support to the theory of Smythies
(1960:206) that this species is the common snipe of North Borneo.
_=Calidris canutus=_ (Linnaeus): Knot.--On August 17, I saw 20 Knots
feeding on the coral sand at Karindingen Island. They were still partly
in breeding feather, showing rusty color here and there on the breast. I
saw no Knots on November 24 at Karindingen Island. There is but one
prior record for Borneo, from the North Natuna Islands (Chasen,
1935:39).
_=Erolia ruficollis=_ (Pallas): Red-necked Stint.--_Specimen_, 1:
Karindingen Island: [Male], November 24, 1962, MCT 3314.
The species was common on November 24 around Karindingen Island,
usually in flocks of 5 to 10 birds.
_=Glareola pratincola=_ (Linnaeus): Collared Pratincole.--_Specimen_, 1:
Tiger Estate: [Male], April 28, 1963, ADG 75.
_=Chlidonias hybrida=_ (Pallas): Whiskered Tern.--_Specimen_, 1: Kuala
Sumawang: sex?, September 18, 1962, ADG 280.
Smythies (1960:217) lists no record for North Borneo.
_=Sterna bergii=_ Lichtenstein: Greater Crested Tern.--_Specimens_, 2:
Kuala Sumawang: [Female], September 18, 1963, ADG 278; [Male], September
18, 1963, ADG 279.
This tern was observed several times off the coast of North Borneo
near Tawau.
_=Treron curvirostra curvirostra=_ (Gmelin): Thick-billed
Pigeon.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 9 × 5
mm., 166.7 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2693; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., 167.2
gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2694; [Male] testis 13 × 6 mm., 167.8 gm.,
August 1, 1962, MCT 2695; [Male] testis 9 × 5 mm., 155.5 gm., August 1,
1962, MCT 2700; [Female], 112.9 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2712; [Male],
185.8 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2713; [Female], 135.4 gm., growing new
5th primary, August 25, 1962, MCT 2806; [Female], 132.2 gm., August 31,
1962, MCT 2842; [Male], 112.5 gm., August 31, 1962, MCT 2843.
This pigeon was the most common bird eating wild figs (_Ficus_) in
the communal feeding trees, where there were as many as 30 gathered
in one tree to feed. While resting, individual birds commonly
dipped their tails.
_=Treron olax olax=_ (Temminck): Little Green Pigeon.--_Specimens_, 2:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 11 × 5 mm., September 1, 1962, MCT
2844. Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Male], October 14, 1963, ADG 306.
The species was seen only once. At the Cocoa Research Station, one
bird sat on a dead tree and fed on a red berry from a vine. The
call resembled the crying of a child. Others called in the cocoa.
The bird taken had testes of a size indicating possible breeding
condition.
_=Treron vernans purpurea=_ (Gmelin): Pink-necked Green
Pigeon.--_Specimens_, 10: Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT
3323; [Female], November 25, 1962, MCT 3325. Telipok: [Female], January
31, 1963, TM 22; [Female], January 31, 1963, TM 20; [Male], January 31,
1963, TM 19; [Female], January 31, 1963, TM 21; [Male], February 10,
1963, TM 35; [Male], February 2, 1963, TM 25. Mt. Rumas: [Female], March
6, 1963, ADG 11. Tuaran: [Female], November 29, 1963, SCFC 34.
The species was confined to the lowlands around Tawau, as at the
Tawau Airport in the scrub growth. Flocks of 50 to 100 were
observed at Tuaran. None of the specimens taken in November was in
breeding condition.
_=Ducula bicolor=_ (Scopoli): Pied Imperial Pigeon.--I observed this
pigeon on September 18 and 19 at Siamil Island. On the first day two
were seen in the few remaining trees on the island and on September 19 a
flock of 12 flew southwest over the island at about 8:30 A. M.
_=Streptopelia bitorquata=_ (Temminck): Javanese Turtle Dove.--On Siamil
Island on September 18 and 19, two were seen at close range feeding
with 10 _S. chinensis_. There is only one other record from Borneo;
Pryer took one at Sandakan in the 1880's (Everett, 1889:193) and it has
not been recorded since. Chasen (1935:22) speculated that the Javanese
Turtle Dove was introduced to Borneo as a cage bird. But, Borneo is
seemingly well within the normal range of the species and probably it is
a resident of North Borneo. The Javanese Turtle Dove and the
Spotted-necked Dove, _S. chinensis_, closely resemble each other; this
resemblance may help to account for the lack of records of _S.
bitorquata_.
_=Streptopelia chinensis=_ (Scopoli): Spotted-necked Dove.--_Specimens_,
2: Tiger Estate: [Male], June 19, 1963, ADG 149. Telipok: [Male],
February 10, 1963, TM 34.
This is a common bird of the coconut groves around Tawau and on
Siamil Island.
_=Chalcophaps indica=_ (Linnaeus): Emerald Dove.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa
Research Station: [Male], June 17, 1963, ADG 146.
Birds, always solitary, of this species often were seen in the
cocoa groves at the Cocoa Research Station.
_=Tanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis=_ (Linnaeus): Blue-naped
Parrot.--_Specimens_, 3: Siamil Island: [Male], September 19, 1962, MCT
2928; [Female], September 19, 1962, MCT 2929; [Female], September 19,
1962, MCT 2930.
These birds were seen on September 18 and 19. I saw flocks of 10 to
20 in the remnant of forest on the north side of the island. The
birds were almost entirely inhabitants of the forest and were
rarely seen in the coconut groves. I estimated the entire island
population to be between 30 and 100 birds. The Japanese residents
knew nothing of the birds, although they were aware of a cockatoo
(_Cacatua galerita_) that had lived at large on the island for
several years. The Blue-naped Parrot has been found only on the
Maratuas and on Mantanani Island. Smythies (1960:242) surmised that
the Mantanani population was introduced by sailing craft from the
Sulu Sea. In the light of the present discovery, I think the
species is a naturally-established resident of the North Bornean
islands.
_=Psittinus cyanurus cyanurus=_ (Forester): Little Malay
Parrot.--_Specimens_, 2: Tiger Estate: [Female], October 11, 1962, MCT
2998; [Male], October 11, 1962, MCT 2997.
Smythies (1963:277) was the first to record this species from North
Borneo. However, the Harvard Primate Expedition in 1938 took three
specimens as follows: [Male], Sandakan, June 6, 1937, MCZ 197123;
[Male], Morutai Besar, June 27, 1937, MCZ 197124; [Male], Kalabakan
River, July 16, 1937, MCZ 197125. The Harvard collection of birds
from North Borneo appears to have been overlooked, although it was
mentioned in passing by Smythies (1960:526). The specimens in my
collection were taken in the same general area where H. G. Deignan
took the Harvard specimens.
_=Loriculus galgulus=_ (Linnaeus): Malay Lorikeet.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa
Research Station: [Female], May 1, 1963, ADG 103.
This lorikeet was rare at all of our collecting localities.
_=Cuculus fugax fugax=_ Horsfield: Malayan Hawk-Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 3:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 86.0 gm., August 28, 1963, MCT 2825;
[Male], 79.0 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2899; [Female], September 28,
1962, MCT 2977.
This species was first observed on August 28 in primary forest and
was seen regularly from then until September 28 in secondary
forest, primary forest, and in cocoa shade trees.
_=Cacomantis sonnerati=_ (Latham): Banded Bay Cuckoo.--Birds that may
have been of this species were observed on several occasions. E. J. H.
Berwick (pers. comm.) claimed he had heard _C. sonnerati_ at the Cocoa
Research Station. I have heard many times a call sometimes ascribed to
this species but I have not actually seen the bird making the sound. If
the call note I heard is actually of this species it is not rare in the
Quoin Hill area.
_=Cacomantis merulinus threnodes=_ Cabanis and Heine: Plaintive
Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 25.0 gm.,
September 8, 1962, MCT 2891; [Female] imm., 27.0 gm., September 8, 1962,
MCT 2892; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3382. Tenom:
[Male], January 1, 1963, MCT 3563. Ulu Balung: [Female], July 15, 1963,
ADG 199.
This cuckoo was common in all habitats examined at all of our
collecting stations, except the moss forest near Tenom.
_=Cacomantis variolosus sepulchralis=_ (S. Muller): Fantailed
Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 30.8 gm.,
August 28, 1962, MCT 2824. Ulu Balung: [Male], July 10, 1963, ADG 183.
The specimens were collected in primary forest. There are only five
earlier records for all of Borneo (Smythies, 1960:253-254).
Probably this species nests in Borneo; it is unlikely that
specimens taken in August and July are migrants.
_=Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus=_ (Horsfield): Violet
Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 1
mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2964.
This species was seen twice, both times in the research station
cocoa plantings. The specimen taken was from a shade tree, _Trema
orientalis_.
_=Chalcites malayanus aheneus=_ Junge: Malaysian Green
Cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] definite brood
patch, 17.5 gm., body molt, July 4, 1962, MCT 2587; [Male] testis 4 × 4
mm., 19.1 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2736; [Female], 17.5 gm., August 8,
1962, MCT 2737; [Male], 17.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2738; [Male]
testis 4 × 3 mm., 18.2 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2739; [Female], August
25, 1962, MCT 2809; [Male], 21.1 gm., September 11, 1962, MCT 2900;
[Male], October 2, 1962, MCT 2984. Tiger Estate: [Female] oviduct
enlarged, brood patch, November 25, 1962, MCT 3318.
This cuckoo was common in the cocoa planting at the Cocoa Research
Station and not found in any other type of habitat. Smythies
(1960:255) thought that possibly two species of _Chalcites_ were
represented in the series of _Chalcites malayanus_ from Borneo. I
have assembled all 20 known specimens, however, including seven in
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard unreported by Smythies
(1957:638) and find that the variation in the coloration of the
head and upperparts is due to the difference in sexes, the males
being darker than the females. There is much variation in the
length of the wing, but the meaning of this variation is not yet
clear.
_=Surniculus lugubris barussarum=_ (Oberholser):
Drongo-cuckoo.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm.,
July 28, 1962, MCT 2672, discarded; [Female] imm., 28.6 gm., August 25,
1962, MCT 2810.
The first specimen was taken in secondary forest; it had been
sitting in a dead tree, occasionally darting out after insects.
The second specimen was taken in cocoa; its stomach contained 50
caterpillars.
_=Eudynamys scolopacea=_ (Linnaeus): Koel.--This species was observed at
Tawau and on Siamil Island, on August 30 and September 18, respectively.
_=Clamator coromandus=_ (Linnaeus): Red-winged Crested
Cuckoo.--_Specimen_, 1: Telipok: [Female], February 10, 1963, TM 33.
_=Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus fuscigularis=_ (Baker): Raffles
Malcoha.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], August 26,
1962, MCT 2813.
Flocks of three and four were seen in the cocoa. At Kalabakan the
species was feeding about 40 feet up in the second canopy layer of
the primary forest.
_=Phaenicophaeus diardi borneensis=_ (Salvadori): Lesser Green-billed
Malcoha.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 58.2 gm.,
July 22, 1962, MCT 2636; [Female], 55.8 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT
2890; [Male], September 13, 1962, MCT 2918.
This malcoha was seen only three times; it was the second most
common malcoha.
_=Phaenicophaeus javanicus pallidus=_ (Robinson and Kloss): Red-billed
Malcoha.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 97.0 gm.,
August 31, 1962, MCT 2841; [Male], 98.0 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT
2889.
The two specimens were taken in cocoa. On October 2, 1962, I saw
one about 100 feet up in the top canopy layer of the primary forest
at the Cocoa Research Station and, on October 3, two more hopping
from branch to branch about 150 feet up in a tree.
_=Phaenicophaeus curvirostris borneensis=_ (Blasius and Nehrkorn):
Chestnut-breasted Malcoha.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station:
[Female] old brood patch, 121.8 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2602; [Female],
September 4, 1962, MCT 2864; [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., 143.6 gm., wing
molt, July 7, 1962, MCT 2611; [Male] testis 6 × 2 mm., 111.0 gm., August
11, 1962, MCT 2763; [Female], May 25, 1963, ADG 110. Ulu Balung: sex?,
July 24, 1963, ADG 216. Tiger Estate: [Male], June 22, 1963, ADG 156.
This was the most numerous of the malcohas at the Cocoa Research
Station. It was observed in primary forest, secondary forest,
citrus trees, and cocoa trees. In the primary forest it ranged in
the upper canopy from 100 to 150 feet up.
As Peters has indicated (1940:56), the name _P. c. borneensis_
(Blasius and Nehrkorn) 1881 has priority over _P. c. microrhinus_
Berlepsch 1895 (used by Smythies).
_=Centropus sinensis=_ (Stephens): Common Coucal.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa
Research Station: [Female], May 15, 1963, ADG 108.
The finding of a coucal at the Cocoa Research Station on May 15,
1963, came as something of a surprise, since none had been seen
there earlier by our group. Coucals were seen at Tawau but were not
collected or identified to species.
_=Centropus bengalensis=_ (Gmelin): Lesser Coucal.--_Specimens_, 2:
Tuaran: [Female], April 1, 1963, ADG 46; sex?, December 3, 1963, SCFC
17.
_=Carpococcyx radiceus radiceus=_ (Temminck): Ground
Cuckoo.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] imm., November 7,
1962, MCT 3217.
This male was taken in a native snare in primary forest and
provides our only record. The specimen is in the postjuvenal (first
prebasic) molt.
This record is the first for this species from North Borneo
(Smythies, 1957:643); others are known from Sarawak and Indonesian
Borneo.
_=Otus bakkamoena lemurum=_ Deignan. Collared Scops Owl.--_Specimens_,
3: Tiger Estate: [Female], November 25, 1962, MCT 3319. Tenom: [Male]
testis 6 × 5 mm., body molt, January 1, 1963, MCT 3552. Agricultural Oil
Palm Station: [Male], October 6, 1963, ADG 299.
The specimen from Tenom was taken in a bird net set in a
grass-scrubland situation; the testes were regressing. Harrison
(Smythies, 1957:645) found this species breeding in the Kelabit
uplands in January.
_=Glaucidium brodiei borneense=_ Sharpe: Pygmy Owlet.--_Specimen_, 1:
Ulu Balung: [Male], July 19, 1963, ADG 210.
The specimen taken by Garcia is the sixth known (Smythies,
1957:646) from Borneo and the first from the east coast. Specimens
were collected in 1956 in North Borneo by the Cambridge Expedition.
_=Ninox scutulata borneensis=_ (Bonaparte): Hawk-owl.--_Specimen_, 1:
Tenom: [Female] largest ovum 2 mm., oviduct evident, January 6, 1963,
MCT 3583.
This female, taken in a bird net in a grass-scrubland association,
was coming into breeding condition.
_=Strix leptogrammica=_ Temminck: Malaysian Wood Owl.--_Specimens_, 2:
Cocoa Research Station: sex?, July 9, 1963, ADG 182; [Male], May 25,
1963, ADG 111.
On September 7, 1962, I flushed two of these owls from a tree
beside the Apas River in primary forest. One was subsequently shot
but lost. Garcia's two specimens were not identified to subspecies.
_=Caprimulgus macrurus salvadori=_ Sharpe: Long-tailed
Nightjar.--_Specimens_, 3: Tuaran: [Female], January 12, 1963, MCT 3592;
[Female], March 2, 1963, ADG 6. Mt. Rumas: [Male], March 6, 1963, ADG
13.
This was an abundant bird on the Jesselton-Tuaran road but was not
seen at any of the other collecting stations in North Borneo.
_=Collocalia fuciphaga natunae=_ Stresemann: Thunberg
Swiftlet.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum
7 mm., oviduct enlarged, 13.1 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2570; [Female]
ovary small, September 8, 1962, MCT 2887. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female],
December 20, 1962, MCT 3485.
This swiftlet was seen every day while we were at the Cocoa
Research Station and was common also in the mountains around Tenom,
where it flew in and out of the fog over our camp.
_=Collocalia esculenta=_ ssp.: White-bellied Swiftlet.--_Specimens_, 7:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 5.5 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2591; [Male],
6.2 gm., July 5, 1962, MCT 2594; [Male], 6.2 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT
2574; [Female], 6.0 gm., July 4, 1962, MCT 2589; [Female], 5.7 gm., July
4, 1962, MCT 2590. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 4 × 2 mm., November
10, 1962, MCT 3236; [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3237.
This was the most abundant of all the swifts at the Cocoa Research
Station and in the Kalabakan area and was seen also at Semporna on
August 16, 1962, in a small coral cave near the District Officer's
house. This cave was 10 feet high at most, but averaged five to six
feet. It harbored about 1,000 birds, most of them nesting back in
the dimly lit zone but one small group of 50 nested in the entrance
in bright light. The adults were still feeding young, although the
latter could fly strongly.
_=Chaetura leucopygialis=_ (Blyth): White-rumped Spine-tailed
Swift.--_Specimens_, 12: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] well-developed
brood patch, June 28, 1962, MCT 2565; [Female], 12.9 gm., June 30, 1962,
MCT 2567; [Female], June 30, 1962, heavy molt on body, head, wing, tail,
MCT 2568; [Female], 14.5 gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2569; [Female], 13.0
gm., June 30, 1962, MCT 2571; [Female], 13.0 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT
2572; [Male] testis 4 × 2 mm., 12.3 gm., July 1, 1962, MCT 2575; [Male]
testis 2 × 1 mm., 14.9 gm., July 2, 1962, MCT 2576; [Female], 15.4 gm.,
July 5, 1962, MCT 2595; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., 15.4 gm., wing molt,
July 5, 1962, MCT 2596; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., 11.9 gm., July 6, 1962,
MCT 2598; [Female], 13.0 gm., July 6, 1962, MCT 2599.
This species was common around the Cocoa Research Station but was
not seen elsewhere. There is some variation in color within the
populations.
_=Hemiprocne comata comata=_ (Temminck): White-whiskered Tree
Swift.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm.,
17.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2675; sex?, young in juvenal plumage, MCT
2812; [Male], April 28, 1963, ADG 76.
At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird usually was seen
sitting on a dead branch of a shade tree in the cocoa whence it
would dart out after insects. It rarely perched higher than 12
feet. Occasionally it was seen in a clearing in the primary forest.
_=Hemiprocne longipennis longipennis=_ (Rafinesque): Crested Tree
Swift.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm.,
September 4, 1962, MCT 2866; sex?, 42.8 gm., September 8, 1962, MCT
2888.
These swifts also were common at the Cocoa Research Station. Unlike
_H. comata_, these birds flew high and sat far up in trees while
resting. I never observed them in the primary forest.
The two specimens were more greenish-blue dorsally than typical _H.
l. longipennis_. Specimens from Java were paler gray ventrally and
their tertials were more nearly white. Too few specimens were
available to permit determination of the constancy of the mentioned
variation and the two from the station are referred to the nominate
subspecies until more material becomes available.
_=Harpactes diardi diardi=_ (Temminck): Diard's Trogon.--_Specimens_, 8:
Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 95.9 gm., July 2, 1962, MCT 2579; 3
alcoholic naked young, July 3, 1962, presumed young of 2579, MCT
2581-83; [Female], 95.0 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2782; [Male] testis 6
× 3 mm., September 5, 1962, MCT 2870; [Male], September 5, 1962, MCT
2871; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3409.
This was the most numerous of the trogons at the Cocoa Research
Station. One female was taken in a live trap set for rats in the
cocoa. The next day a laborer found a young, presumably of that
female, in a nest in the same area. On August 20, a flock of 5 to
10 birds was seen moving together in a loose group through the
jungle. This species appeared to be a bird of the primary forest,
but occasionally was found in the cocoa.
_=Harpactes kasumba impavidus=_ (Chasen and Kloss): Red-naped
Trogon.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 72.1 gm.,
August 5, 1962, MCT 3730 (discarded); [Female], September 7, 1962, MCT
2883.
This species of the deep forest was not seen in any other habitat.
_=Harpactes duvauceli=_ (Temminck): Scarlet-rumped Trogon.--_Specimens_,
7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 30.9 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2648;
[Male]?, December 1, 1962, MCT 3407; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3408.
Ulu Balung: [Female], July 18, 1963, ADG 209; [Male], July 18, 1963,
ADG 208. Kinabatangan Agricultural Station: [Female], October 13, 1963,
ADG 305. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 10, 1962, MCT 2996.
This trogon of the primary forest was second in abundance only to
_H. diardi_.
_=Halcyon concreta=_ (Temminck): Chestnut-collared
Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 2: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 8,
1962, MCT 3222; [Female], November 8, 1962, MCT 3223.
This kingfisher was netted near a small stream in the deep primary
forest. Another individual was obtained in moss forest at an
elevation of 4,000 feet at Tenom, but was discarded.
_=Halcyon chloris chloroptera=_ (Oberholser): White-collared
Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 4: 9.5 mi. E Tawau: [Female] largest ovum 3
mm., 61.7 gm., July 29, 1962, MCT 2683; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., 60.3
gm., July 29, 1962, paired with 2683. Telipok: [Female], February 9,
1963, G. R. Conway; [Female], February 10, 1963, G. R. Conway.
This is a bird of the sea coast. It was seen at Tawau, Siamil
Island, and Karindingen Island.
_=Halcyon sancta sancta=_ (Vigors and Horsfield): Sacred
Kingfisher.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], June 17,
1963, ADG 147.
The specimen was taken along the Apas River in scrubland near the
river. One previously was recorded from North Borneo, this from
Labuan (Smythies, 1957:660). He (1963:278) saw another at Bauto on
the Labuk River.
_=Halcyon pileata=_ (Boddaert): Black-capped Kingfisher.--_Specimens_,
3: Tenom: [Male], January 1, 1963, MCT 3564. Pintasan Agriculture
Station: [Female], October 18, 1963, ADG 322; [Male], October 11, 1963,
ADG 301.
The specimen from Tenom was caught in a net in the scrub-grassland
association. The others were taken along the Kinabatangan River.
_=Pelargopsis capensis fraseri=_ Sharpe: Stork-billed
Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 2: Telipok: [Male], February 9, 1963, TM 30.
Mt. Rumas: [Male], April 16, 1963, ADG 53.
This species was common along the lower reaches of the Kalabakan
and Brantian rivers and in the mangroves near Tawau.
_=Alcedo atthis bengalensis=_ Gmelin: Common Kingfisher.--_Specimen_, 1:
Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Female], October 12, 1963, ADG 304.
I saw this kingfisher once along the Apas River at Quoin Hill and
again along the beach at Siamil Island.
_=Alcedo euryzona euryzona=_ Temminck: Blue-banded
Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September
7, 1962, MCT 2884. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT
3091; [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3099; [Male], October 20, 1962,
MCT 3101.
This species was fairly common along streams deep in the primary
forest at Quoin Hill.
_=Ceyx erithacus=_ ssp. (Linnaeus): Forest Kingfisher.--_Specimens_, 4:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 13.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2924;
12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 18, 1962, MCT 3075; [Female],
October 26, 1962, MCT 3163. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], September
5, 1963, ADG 273.
All specimens taken showed characters intermediate between those of
the subspecies _C. e. motleyi_ and _C. e. rufidorsus_. Voous (1951)
states that, in all the Malaysian region, the greatest number of
hybrids between these two subspecies occurred in Borneo and,
further, that he could find hybrid specimens showing practically
all imaginable character combinations. My specimens also showed
these intermediate tendencies and I am unable at present to
allocate the specimens to subspecies.
_=Merops viridis viridis=_ Linnaeus: Blue-throated
Bee-eater.--_Specimens_, 9: Mt. Rumas: [Male], March 5, 1963, ADG 9;
[Male], March 5, 1963, ADG 10; [Female], March 6, 1963, ADG 20; [Male],
March 7, 1963, ADG 21; [Female], March 7, 1963, ADG 22; [Male], March 7,
1963, ADG 23. Telipok: [Female], March 24, 1963; ADG 39. Pintasan:
[Male], October 22, 1963, ADG 302; [Female], October 12, 1963, ADG 303.
These specimens were all taken in March and October and seem to
support Smythies' (1957:664) idea that they arrive with the
northeast monsoon (October to March) and are absent the rest of the
year.
_=Nyctiornis amicta=_ (Temminck): Red-bearded Bee-eater.--_Specimen_, 1:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 27, 1962, molting, MCT 2970.
The specimen was taken along a stream in the deep primary forest,
where it was sitting on a dead twig overlooking the stream. The
call note was much like that of a scolding squirrel. This was the
only time this species was observed in the Quoin Hill area.
_=Eurystomus orientalis cyanicollis=_ Vieillot: Broad-billed
Roller.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 × 1
mm., 157.4 gm., heavy molt, July 3, 1962, MCT 2585; [Male] testis 2 × 1
mm., 152.0 gm., heavy molt, July 21, 1962, MCT 2633; [Female], 146.4
gm., heavy molt, July 21, 1962, MCT 2634; [Female], April 29, 1963, ADG
83.
At the Cocoa Research Station this common bird perched in dead
trees in the cocoa. On several evenings in September, an individual
was seen catching insects in flight at dusk, repeatedly returning
to a stump between forays. This continued until it was so dark that
I could barely discern the bird.
_=Berenicornis comatus=_ (Raffles): White-crested Hornbill.--A pair was
seen feeding about 150 feet up in a tree at the Cocoa Research Station.
No other was seen in northern Borneo.
_=Annorrhinus galeritus=_ (Temminck): Bushy-crested Hornbill.--This
hornbill was seen only on October 3, 1962, at the Cocoa Research
Station, when a flock of five flew overhead.
_=Aceros leucocephalus=_ (Vieillot): Wrinkled Hornbill.--On October 3,
1962, a pair was seen in the primary forest at the Cocoa Research
Station.
_=Aceros undulatus undulatus=_ (Shaw): Wreathed Hornbill.--_Specimens_,
2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 5 mm., October 2, 1962,
MCT 2981; [Male] testis 10 × 11 mm., October 2, 1962, MCT 2982.
This, the most common hornbill at Quoin Hill and at Kalabakan,
occurred in primary forest.
_=Anthracoceros malayanus=_ (Raffles): Black Hornbill.--A flock of five
was seen at the Cocoa Research Station rest house on September 6 and 13,
1962.
_=Buceros rhinoceros=_ Linnaeus: Rhinoceros Hornbill.--It was fairly
common at the Cocoa Research Station, where several were observed in
July and August.
_=Rhinoplax vigil=_ (Forster): Helmeted Hornbill.--The Helmeted Hornbill
was rarely observed, but almost every day we heard its call when we were
on the east coast. It was also heard in the forest on the west coast
around Tenom, but is not common there owing to hunting by the natives.
Skulls of this and the preceding species were on sale in a shop at
Tenom, despite laws prohibiting the killing of these species.
_=Calorhamphus fuliginosus tertius=_ Chasen and Kloss: Brown
Barbet.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 2
mm., 38.8 gm., brood patch, July 7, 1962, MCT 2610; [Female], 40.0 gm.,
August 1, 1962, MCT 2702; [Female], 44.8 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2703;
[Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., September 25, 1962 (paired with MCT 2956), MCT
2955; [Female], September 1, 1962, MCT 2846, [Female], September 25,
1962, MCT 2956; [Female]?, November 30, 1962, MCT 3436.
These barbets were common at the Cocoa Research Station both in
secondary forest and cocoa, usually in groups of three or four.
They were seen also at Kalabakan where the birds fed in the top of
a 100-foot tree in the primary forest.
In describing this bird, Smythies (1960:322) said the male's bill
is black. The one male that I took had an orange bill and at no
time did I observe any black-billed birds at the Cocoa Research
Station; this black bill perhaps is a character of the subspecies
_C. f. fuliginosus_.
_=Megalaima henrici brachyrhyncha=_ Neumann: Yellow-crowned
Barbet.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 72.8 gm.,
August 1, 1962, MCT 2696; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., 83.2 gm., August 2,
1962, MCT 2705; [Male] testis 6 × 5 mm., 73.7 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT
2706.
This barbet was common at the Cocoa Research Station and its call
could be heard at any time of day until dusk. Smythies (1960:324)
described this call as _took-took-took-took-trrrroook_. All birds
of this species that I watched and listened to, however, were
calling thus: _trrrroook-took-took-took-took_. The number of
_tooks_ varies, but is generally four and can be as high as seven.
This species was heard at all stations on the east coast. At
Kalabakan, one was heard calling all day long from the top of a
70-foot tree.
Comparison of my specimens with those in the U. S. National Museum
revealed that _M. h. brachyrhyncha_ was readily distinguishable
from the nominate race by measurements. The average length of bill
in my specimens was 23 mm., whereas the average length in two
specimens from Sumatra and Siam in the U. S. National Museum was 27
mm. The Bornean specimens differ also in having the blue patch on
the head larger and darker than in _M. h. henrici_. _M. h.
brachyrhyncha_ certainly seems to be a valid race on the basis of
the available specimens.
_=Megalaima chrysopogon chrysopsis=_ Goffin: Gold-whiskered
Barbet.--_Specimens_, 10: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum
2 mm., 164.4 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2627; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm.,
156.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2697; [Female], 177.2 gm., August 1,
1962, MCT 2701; [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., 172.6 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT
2717; ?, 182.2 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2718; [Female], 181.5 gm., MCT
2721; [Male] testis 10 × 8 mm., 148.5 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2741;
[Male], June 23, 1963, ADG 155; [Female], May 25, 1963, ADG 109. Tiger
Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3324.
Next to the Brown Barbet, this was perhaps the most common barbet
at the Cocoa Research Station and was often the only bird heard in
the heat of the day. On three occasions birds were observed
clinging to the side of a tree as a woodpecker might, pecking away
at dead wood. This species was seen both in the cocoa and primary
forest.
_=Megalaima mystacophanes mystacophanes=_ (Temminck): Gaudy
Barbet.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 60.3 gm.,
July 25, 1962; [Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., 79.2 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT
2749; [Male] testis 9 × 5 mm., September 1, 1962, MCT 2845; [Female],
September 25, 1962, MCT 2950; [Female], April 30, 1963, ADG 88. 12 mi. N
Kalabakan: [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3103. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male]
testis 8 × 6 mm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3530; [Female], December 25,
1962, MCT 3537.
This common bird lived in the secondary and primary forest and
cocoa. I saw it at all localities. At least two calls were given by
this species. One was a simple _took_ with a long pause between
calls; the other was as described by Smythies (1960:323).
The birds fed from high in trees down to nearly ground level. This
species like _M. chrysopogon_, clung to the sides of trees and
pecked at dead wood.
_=Megalaima australis duvauceli=_ (Lesson): Little Barbet.--_Specimens_,
3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 × 5 mm., 35.2 gm., August 1,
1962, MCT 2692; [Male] testis 9 × 5 mm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2699;
[Female] ovary granular, 33.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2704.
I was unable to make detailed observations on this species. All
specimens were taken from a high feeding tree, where it was
impossible to identify them before hand.
_=Indicator archipelagicus=_ Temminck: Malaysian
Honey-guide.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] ovary
minute, 29 November 1962, MCT 3394. Tenom: [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm.,
January 5, 1963, MCT 3580.
The specimen from the Cocoa Research Station was taken in a net in
the cocoa and the Tenom bird was taken in a net in the middle of
Tenom, both in garden areas. These two specimens differ in
coloration from Bornean birds in the U. S. National Museum; I think
the difference results from "foxing" of the older specimens.
Specimens have been taken previously in North Borneo on the
Bengkoka River, Lumbidan, and on the Mengalong River (Smythies,
1957:669). Mary Norman saw this honey-guide once at the Quoin
Estate in 1962 (Smythies, 1963:279).
_=Sasia abnormis=_ (Temminck): Rufous Piculet.--_Specimens_, 13: Cocoa
Research Station: [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., molting, July 10, 1962, MCT
2612; [Female], September 24, 1962, MCT 2940; [Female], December 1,
1962, MCT 3411; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 177; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG
166; [Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 135. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female],
October 17, 1962, MCT 3061. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 19, 1962,
MCT 3470; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3517; [Male], December 24,
1962, MCT 3529; [Female], December 27, 1962, MCT 3541. Oil Palm Research
Station: [Female], August 24, 1963, ADG 257; [Male], August 15, 1963,
ADG 242.
The piculet was common in the secondary undergrowth near the Cocoa
Research Station, and was taken once in the primary forest. One
bird was seen sitting on a small branch about 10 feet up at a right
angle to the branch. It did not ascend the tree like a woodpecker.
This species was also taken in the moss forest near Tenom.
_=Picus puniceus observandus=_ (Hartert): Crimson-winged
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 65.8 gm.,
July 27, 1962, MCT 2671; [Male], September 27, 1962, MCT 2973.
This woodpecker was observed twice, both times in primary forest at
the Cocoa Research Station.
_=Picus mentalis humei=_ (Hargitt): Checkered-throated
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 93.3
gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2642; sex?, 107.0 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2733.
I saw this bird only twice, in primary forest.
_=Picus miniaceus malaccensis=_ Latham: Banded Red
Woodpecker.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 × 5
mm., 79.5 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2722.
On August 4 I saw two birds of this species together in badly
disturbed primary forest and took the specimen listed above.
_=Micropternus brachyurus badiosus=_ (Bonaparte): Rufous
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] brood
patch, 4 to 5 old collapsed follicles, 73.2 gm., July 3, 1962, MCT 2584;
[Female], 65.4 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2658; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm.,
66.7 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2659. Tiger Estate: [Male], June 23, 1963,
ADG 158; [Female], June 23, 1963, ADG 159.
I saw this woodpecker but twice, both times at the Cocoa Research
Station. A female taken from a dead tree in the cocoa may have been
just finishing nesting activities, judging from the size of the
ova. A pair seen feeding on the ground near a brush pile in
secondary forest was collected. The stomachs contained ants.
_=Dendrocopos canicapillus aurantiiventris=_ (Salvadori): Oriental Pygmy
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: sex?, July 22,
1962, MCT 2635; [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., 23.5 gm., molting, August 25,
1962, MCT 2807.
On July 22 four individuals were feeding on dead trees in the
cocoa. They made a _cheep cheep_ sound, rattling calls, and
drummed. On August 25, 1962, two were feeding in dead trees in the
cocoa. The testes of specimen MCT 2807 were probably regressing
since it was beginning the molt.
_=Meiglyptes tristis micropternus=_ Hesse: Fulvous-rumped Barred
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 31.7 gm.,
July 7, 1962, MCT 2607; [Male], May 28, 1963, ADG 115.
Compared with _M. tukki_, this species was comparatively rare. I
saw two on July 7 working in a living tree some 15 feet above the
ground. The tree was only 20 feet high and had dense foliage. The
birds gave a rattling call note of about two seconds duration; it
sounded like a typical woodpecker call. The single call note can be
rendered _cheet_. They were also heard drumming, but only softly.
The stomachs contained ants, which probably are what the two
woodpeckers were feeding on in the green tree.
_=Meiglyptes tukki tukki=_ (Lesson): Buff-necked Barred
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 13: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 ×
1 mm., heavy molt, July 10, 1962, MCT 2614; [Female], 53.3 gm., July 28,
1962, MCT 2677; [Male], 51.5 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2679; [Female],
48.7 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2678; [Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3423;
[Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3424; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT
3425. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3153. Telipok:
[Female], March 24, 1962, ADG 37. Agriculture Oil Palm Research Station:
[Female], October 4, 1963, ADG 292; [Female], August 15, 1963, ADG 238;
[Female], August 14, 1963, ADG 234. Pintasan Agriculture Station:
[Female], October 17, 1963, ADG 313.
This was the most common woodpecker at the Cocoa Research Station.
A flock of four was seen on July 28, 1962, and on December 2, 1962,
I took three simultaneously in one mist net. The species has
flocking tendencies. Calls heard were a typical woodpecker rattle.
_=Dinopium rafflesi dulitense=_ Delacour: Olive-backed Three-toed
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 11 ×
7 mm., July 12, 1962, MCT 2620; [Male], September 6, 1962, MCT 2879. 12
mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3097. Oil Palm Research
Station: [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 227.
The species was taken in both primary and secondary forest. The
specimen collected at the Cocoa Research Station on July 12
suggests that the species breeds there.
_=Dryocopus javensis javensis=_ (Horsfield): Great Black
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] old brood
patch, 284.7 gm., light body and tail molt, July 6, 1962, MCT 2601;
[Male] by plumage, July 19, 1962, MCT 2625; [Female], June 25, 1963, ADG
162; [Male], May 26, 1963, ADG 112.
This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station. On June 30,
1962, a flock of six was moving through secondary forest. On July
6, 1962, I saw four in dead trees in one of the cocoa fields.
_=Mulleripicus pulverulentus pulverulentus=_ (Temminck): Great Slaty
Woodpecker.--_Specimen_, 1: Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT
3326.
I saw this species once at the Cocoa Research Station, where a
flock of four was feeding 30 feet up in secondary forest about 100
feet high on October 4, 1962.
_=Blythipicus rubiginosus parvus=_ Chasen and Kloss: Maroon
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September
28, 1962, MCT 2975. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] imm., October 17, 1962,
MCT 3062.
I saw this bird sporadically while I was on the east coast. It
seemed to prefer secondary forest that had some undergrowth and was
invariably flushed from the understory.
_=Chrysocolaptes validus xanthopygius=_ Finsch: Orange-backed
Woodpecker.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], light body
and wing molt, July 2, 1962, MCT 2575; [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., 168.5
gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2640; [Female], 176.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT
2641; [Male], September 28, 1962, MCT 2976.
This was one of the more common woodpeckers at the Cocoa Research
Station. I saw it throughout the period I was there, in secondary
forest and dead trees in the cocoa fields.
_=Calyptomena viridis gloriosa=_ Deignan: Green Broadbill.--_Specimens_,
10: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 67.4 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT
2698; [Female], 53.2 gm., September 16, 1962, MCT 2927; [Female], May 6,
1963, ADG 106; [Male], June 18, 1963, ADG 148; [Female] by plumage, June
26, 1963, ADG 164. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT
3015; [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3098; [Male], October 22, 1962,
MCT 3122. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 15, 1963, ADG 240.
Pintasan: [Male], October 16, 1963, ADG 310.
Sight records of this species are evidently a poor indication of
its abundance, because I saw but one in the field at the Cocoa
Research Station, a male sitting in the top of cocoa tree about
eight feet up. All the specimens were netted, and the number so
taken indicates not only that the species is common but also that
it frequents the lower levels of the forest as well as the tops of
tall trees (as noted by Smythies, 1960:339).
_=Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus macrorhynchus=_ (Gmelin): Black-and-Red
Broadbill.--_Specimens_, 2: Kalabakan: [Male], November 16, 1962, MCT
3296. Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3321.
This species was seen only at Kalabakan, where I caught two in one
net in dense secondary forest.
_=Eurylaimus ochromalus ochromalus=_ Raffles: Black-and-Yellow
Broadbill.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 32.0 gm.,
July 28, 1962, MCT 2682; [Male], 32.0 gm., August 1, 1962, MCT 2747;
[Male], 33.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2753; [Female], 34.0 gm.,
September 11, 1962, MCT 2892; [Male], 34.7 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT
2926; [Female], September 26, 1962, MCT 2968; [Male], April 27, 1963,
ADG 71. Agricultural Station Gum-Gum: [Female], September 26, 1963, ADG
284. Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Female], October 16, 1963, ADG 311.
This broadbill was common at the Cocoa Research Station in cocoa
fields and adjacent secondary forest; it was never seen in primary
forest. On September 4, 1962, I saw 10 to 15 in the cocoa, moving
in a loose flock. The birds uttered call notes and at the same time
bowed their heads sharply, as if to emphasize the call. Frequent
supplanting, attacks, and other aggressive interactions were seen.
The species was heard and observed also at a place 12 miles north
of Kalabakan, at the edge of, but never in, primary forest.
_=Eurylaimus javanicus brookei=_ Robinson and Kloss: Banded
Broadbill.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 × 4
mm., 81.8 gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2660.
This broadbill was seen only on two occasions at the Cocoa Research
Station, both times at the edge of the primary forest.
_=Pitta baudi=_ Muller and Schlegel: Blue-headed Pitta.--_Specimens_, 6:
12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 17, 1962, MCT 3067; [Female],
October 23, 1962, MCT 3131; [Male], October 30, 1962, MCT 3182;
[Female], October 30, 1962, MCT 3185; [Female], November 5, 1962, MCT
3212; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., November 6, 1962, MCT 3213.
The Blue-headed Pitta was abundant at the Kalabakan collecting
locality, in primary forest. It was seen only once at the Cocoa
Research Station.
The voice of this bird was a one-note whistle with a terminal
inflection. It reminded me of a small child crying. When one
called, it was usually in chorus with several others.
_=Pitta guajana schwaneri=_ Bonaparte: Banded Pitta.--_Specimens_, 4:
Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm, 63.4 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2651;
[Male] testis 6 × 3 mm., 81.5 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2723; [Female]
imm., 71.8 gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2724; [Male], June 15, 1963, ADG
145.
The specimens were taken in primary forest. This pitta was
exceedingly tame, often moving along only 20 feet ahead of the
observer. The one adult male taken hopped along the forest floor,
occasionally jumping up on a log or plant to look back. It finally
flushed and flew about 30 feet ahead of me to a log; there it gave
a call which can be rendered as _shewo_, repeated at 10- to
15-second intervals. The call was much like that of _Pitta
sordida_.
_=Pitta brachyura moluccensis=_ (P. L. S. Müller): Blue-winged
Pitta.--_Specimen_, 1: Tenom: [Female] oviduct slightly enlarged,
edematized brood patch, December 31, 1962, MCT 3544.
The specimen was taken in a net stretched across a dry stream near
the Padas River in a relatively open area near a coconut grove with
some bamboo and elephant ears nearby.
_=Pitta sordida mulleri=_ Bonaparte: Green-breasted Pitta.--_Specimens_,
2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], May 1, 1963, ADG 96; [Female],
July 15, 1963, ADG 203.
The discovery of this bird by Garcia was a surprise. I was familiar
with its habits and calls in the Philippines, and in four months I
never heard or observed it at the Cocoa Research Station. Perhaps
the specimens were migrants.
_=Hirundo tahitica abbotti=_ Oberholser: Pacific Swallow.--_Specimen_,
1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], April 26, 1963, ADG 58.
This species was common at most localities on the east coast. On
June 25, 1962, a pair was building a nest under the Cocoa Research
Station laboratory. On July 21 young were observed leaving the
nest, at the research station rest house.
_=Hirundo rustica gutturalis=_ Scopoli: Common Swallow.--_Specimens_, 9:
12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3238; [Male],
November 10, 1962, MCT 3239; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3257;
[Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3258; [Male], November 12, 1962, MCT
3259; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3260; [Male], November 13, 1962,
MCT 3268; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3269; [Female], November 13,
1962, MCT 3270.
I saw this migrant at Semporna on August 19, 1962; soon it was the
most common swallow at each of the localities where seen.
_=Cecropsia striolata striolata=_ Temminck and Schlegel: Striated
Swallow.--While in Kalabakan on November 3, 1962, I saw a swallow that
differed markedly from others in town. I could not see the breast, but
the rump was conspicuously tawny, clearly indicating that the bird
belonged to this species. There are but two specimens from Borneo, both
from southwestern Sarawak (Smythies, 1960:353). D. M. Batchelor records
the species from Kimanis Bay but gives no dates other than
November-December (Smythies, 1963:280). Batchelor's observation and mine
provide the first records for North Borneo.
_=Dicrurus aeneus malayensis=_ (Blyth): Bronzed Drongo.--_Specimen_, 1:
12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3104.
This drongo was seen only once, when a flock of three to five was
feeding late one evening in a clearing where the trees had been cut
down the day before.
_=Dicrurus paradiseus brachyphorus=_ (Bonaparte): Large Racket-tailed
Drongo.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] immature, 58.2
gm., August 4, 1962, MCT 2727; [Female], 65.1 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT
2786; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3413. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female],
October 20, 1962, MCT 3102. Kalabakan: [Male], November 18, 1962, MCT
3303.
I seldom saw this species in the cocoa at Quoin Hill. Twelve miles
north of Kalabakan it was common in tree tops 150 feet up, foraging
in the upper canopy.
_=Oriolus xanthonotus consobrinus=_ Ramsay: Malaysian Black-headed
Oriole.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 41.8 gm.,
July 22, 1962, MCT 2639; [Female], 40.7 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2644;
[Male] testis 1 × 1 mm., 48.2 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2653; [Female]
imm., 36.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2681; [Male] imm., 40.4 gm., August
25, 1962, MCT 2804; [Male], September 26, 1962; MCT 2962; [Male],
November 29, 1962, MCT 3381; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT 3426. 12
mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3180.
This oriole was common in the cocoa and in secondary forest
surrounding the cocoa at Quoin Hill.
_=Platylophus galericulatus coronatus=_ (Raffles): Crested
Jay.--_Specimens_, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 17, 1962,
MCT 3068; [Female], October 21, 1962, MCT 3116; [Male], October 21,
1962, MCT 3117; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3118.
This jay was observed several times at the forest camp at
Kalabakan. The bird utters a metallic chattering noise much like
that of other jays, except for the metallic quality. I observed it
also in moss forest 5.5 miles north of Tenom.
Comparison of my specimens with series in the U. S. National Museum
and the American Museum of Natural History indicates wide variation
within this species in Borneo. The specimens vary considerably in
depth of brown, some approaching _P. g. lemprieri_ and others _P.
g. coronatus_. Because of this wide variation I have not recognized
the subspecies _lemprieri_ and place all specimens from Borneo
under _coronatus_.
_=Platysmurus leucopterus aterrimus=_ (Temminck): Black Crested
Magpie.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] brood patch
refeathering, 181.6 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2628; [Female] imm., 143.4
gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2629; [Female], September 4, 1962, MCT 2865;
[Male], 178.0 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2880.
The Black Crested Magpie was common at Quoin Hill in secondary
forest and cocoa. At the Kalabakan forest camp, I saw a flock of 10
to 20 feeding 70 to 100 feet up in a tree in primary forest.
_=Corvus enca compilator=_ Richmond: Slender-billed Crow.--_Specimen_,
1: Pintasan Agricultural Station: [Female], October 17, 1963, ADG 315.
Small flocks in the cocoa and secondary forest were common at the
Cocoa Research Station.
_=Pityriasis gymnocephala=_ (Temminck): Bald-headed Wood
Shrike.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] one testis,
115.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT 2987; [Female] largest ova 15 mm.,
well-developed brood patch, oviduct enlarged, 140.0 gm., October 4,
1962, MCT 2988; [Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., 121.0 gm., October 4, 1962, MCT
2989. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3224; [Female],
November 8, 1962, MCT 3225; [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3226;
[Female], November 8, 1962, MCT 3227.
These birds first drew my attention at Quoin Hill by their peculiar
whistle, which Smythies (1960:491) calls a "nasal whine." They seem
not to descend lower than 30 feet above the ground. They are
exceedingly tame; I shot at them two to four times without
frightening them off. They were in badly disturbed primary forest
at Quoin Hill. At a point 12 miles north of Kalabakan, I found them
in primary forest. I took four birds from a flock of five or six.
Later in the afternoon, I heard another group in the tops of trees
150 feet high. They seemed to be fairly common, judging by the
frequency with which the calls were heard. One of the birds I shot
was only wounded and set up such a clamor that soon the rest of the
flock approached, seemingly in response to the distress calls. Some
individuals came within 20 feet of me. The noise also attracted an
accipiter.
Some of the specimens were made into skeletons, which I think show
important indications of the systematic position of this species.
The Bald-headed Wood Shrike has been placed in various families.
Gadow (1883:90) placed it with the Cracticidae, with its closest
relative being _Cracticus_. Amadon (1956) thought that it was best
left in the Prionopidae, with subfamily status. Hachisuka (1953)
concluded that its closest affinities were with _Cracticus_ of the
family Cracticidae. The latest reviser, A. L. Rand (_in_ Peters _et
al._, 1960:364-365), places it in the Laniidae. A brief comparison
of my skeletons of _Pityriasis_ tended to confirm Gadow's and
Hachisuka's conclusion that it belongs with the Cracticidae. I
think that it is best placed in this family, with subfamily status
(Pityriasinae).
_=Sitta frontalis corallipes=_ (Sharpe): Velvet-fronted
Nuthatch.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., 14.0
gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2646; [Male] imm., 13.0 gm., August 20, 1963,
MCT 2780; [Male] imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2820.
I saw several nuthatches feeding in secondary forest at Quoin Hill
and one 12 miles north of Kalabakan. One was observed feeding about
100 feet up in a dipterocarp.
_=Pellorneum capistratum morrelli=_ Chasen and Kloss. Black-capped
Jungle Babbler.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3
× 2 mm., 21.1 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2667; [Female], 21.4 gm., July 31,
1962, MCT 2690; [Male], September 24, 1962, MCT 2938; [Female], June 13,
1963, ADG 131; [Female] imm., June 14, 1963, ADG 140; [Female], July 7,
1963, ADG 168. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG
188.
This species was seen 12 miles north of Kalabakan and at Quoin
Hill. It was fairly common and could be seen running on the ground
ahead of the observer, occasionally hopping up on a brush pile or
branch, seemingly to make a quick survey before moving back to the
ground. It preferred primary forest but was occasionally observed
in the primary-secondary forest edge vegetation.
_=Trichastoma pyrrhogenys canicapillum=_ (Sharpe): Temminck Jungle
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 13: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 17,
1962, MCT 3445; [Male], December 17, 1962, MCT 3446; [Male], December
17, 1962, MCT 3452; [Male], December 18, 1962, MCT 34554; [Female]
collapsed follicles, brood patch, December 18, 1962, MCT 3455; [Male],
December 18, 1962, MCT 3460; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., December 18, 1962,
MCT 3461; [Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3474; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm.,
December 19, 1962, MCT 3475; [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3505;
[Male], December 24, 1962, MCT 3528; [Female] imm., December 25, 1962,
MCT 3532; [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., December 25, 1962, MCT 3533.
This species was common in the moss forest near Tenom. The female
specimen with collapsed follicles indicates that some of the birds
were in breeding condition. All specimens were netted.
_=Trichastoma malaccense poliogenys=_ (Strickland): Short-tailed Jungle
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 17: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 × 4
mm., 24.5 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2687; [Female], September 5, 1962, MCT
2874; [Female], September 24, 1962, MCT 2941; [Male], November 29, 1962,
MCT 3387; [Female], November 29, 1962, MCT 3388; [Male], December 1,
1962, MCT 3400; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3262. Kalabakan:
[Male], November 16, 1962, MCT 3292. Cocoa Research Station: [Male],
June 11, 1963, ADG 123; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 127; [Female], June
13, 1963, ADG 132. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG
179; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 179 (_sic_). Oil Palm Research Station:
[Male], August 10, 1963, ADG 219; [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 225;
[Female], August 13, 1963, ADG 236; [Female], August 23, 1963, ADG 255.
This terrestrial species was common in primary forest, and
occasionally in secondary forest, in low trees or around brush
piles. On September 24, by "squeaking," I so aroused one bird that
it ran back and forth on a limb of a fallen tree in great
agitation. The specimen taken on November 12 was in heavy molt; it
lacked tail feathers and the primaries were being replaced.
_=Trichastoma bicolor=_ (Lesson): Ferruginous Jungle
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 24, 1962,
MCT 3143; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3161; [Male], November 10,
1962, MCT 3135; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3255. Oil Palm Research
Station: [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 266; [Female], August 28, 1963,
ADG 269.
All specimens were taken in primary forest.
_=Trichastoma sepiarium harteri=_ (Chasen and Kloss): Horsfield Jungle
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 × 5
mm., 25.7 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2652; [Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., 28.2
gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2668; [Male] testis 8 × 7 mm., 28.2 gm., July
31, 1962, MCT 2688; [Male], June 15, 1963, ADG 142. 12 mi. N Kalabakan:
[Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., November 8, 1962, MCT 3233. Oil Palm Research
Station: [Female], September 5, 1963, ADG 275.
This babbler tends to inhabit secondary growth more than does _T.
malaccense_ and was partly arboreal, occasionally ranging as high
as 20 feet above ground. It occurred occasionally in flocks of four
or five.
_=Malacopteron magnum magnum=_ Eyton: Greater Red-headed
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 12: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 7 × 5
mm., September 7, 1962, MCT 2886; [Male] testis 9 × 5 mm., October 4,
1962, MCT 2990; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3437; [Female], November
27, 1962, MCT 3340; [Female], April 30, 1963, ADG 91; [Male], June 14,
1963, ADG 136; [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 178. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate:
[Male], July 11, 1963, ADG 191; [Male], July 16, 1963, ADG 205. 12 mi. N
Kalabakan: [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3124; [Female], October 28,
1962, MCT 3176; [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3177.
This babbler was common at the Cocoa Research Station but uncommon
elsewhere. It seemed to prefer primary forest and was only rarely
seen in the cocoa. My series shows that this species was common at
Quoin Hill and _M. cinereum_ was rare, while the opposite obtained
12 miles north of Kalabakan. For the moment this cannot be
explained. Possibly these two species are competitive and tend
toward mutual exclusion. Since the birds were mostly netted, it is
assumed that I obtained a random sample. My observations at Quoin
Hill seem to bear out the specimen record.
The specimens in my series of _M. m. magnum_ are more nearly black
on the crown than those labelled _M. m. saba_ in the U. S. National
Museum (from the Segah River), but there was much variation in the
amount of black on the crown in all series examined. I consider _M.
m. saba_ to be synonymous with _M. m. magnum_.
_=Malacopteron cinereum cinereum=_ Eyton: Lesser Red-headed
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 29: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], December 2,
1962, MCT 3428; [Female], June 11, 1963, ADG 124; [Male], July 9, 1963,
ADG 178. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3025;
[Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3030; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT
3032; [Female], October 14, 1962, MCT 3042; [Male], October 14, 1962,
MCT 3043; [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3059; [Male], October 21,
1962, MCT 3119; [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3128; [Female], October
24, 1962, MCT 3136; [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3178; sex?, October
31, 1962, MCT 3188; [Female], November 7, 1962, MCT 3219; [Female],
November 7, 1962, MCT 3220; [Male], November 12, 1962, MCT 3263;
[Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3264. Kalabakan: [Male], November 15,
1962, MCT 3282; [Male], November 15, 1962, MCT 3284; [Female], November
15, 1962, MCT 3285. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 13, 1963, ADG
197. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 16, 1963, ADG 245;
[Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 272. Pintasan Agriculture Station:
[Male], October 17, 1963, ADG 318; [Male], October 18, 1963, ADG 319;
[Male], October 18, 1963, ADG 320; [Female], October 18, 1963, ADG 321;
[Female], October 18, 1963, ADG 322. See remarks under _M. magnum_.
_=Malacopteron magnirostre cinereocapillum=_ (Salvadori): Brown-headed
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 20: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 × 3
mm., 20.4 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2647; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., 20.0
gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2656; [Male] testis 1 × 1 mm., 20.5 gm., July
24, 1962, MCT 2657; [Male], 20.4 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2669. 12 mi. N
Kalabakan: [Male], October 10, 1962, MCT 2994; [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm.,
October 12, 1962, MCT 3016; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3017;
[Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3026; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT
3028; [Male], October 17, 1962, MCT 3070; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT
3083; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3084; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm.,
October 20, 1962, MCT 3108; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT 3158;
[Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3159; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT
3253; [Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3254. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male],
December 19, 1962, MCT 3462. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August
28, 1963, ADG 265.
This babbler inhabits the understory of primary forest, and
occasionally is seen in secondary forest scrub. A specimen was
taken at 4,000 feet elevation in moss forest near Tenom. The
breeding season is seemingly in June and July but there is
indication of gonadal activity in males in October (MCT 3108). On
October 15, 1962, I observed an individual feeding on the rough
bark of a large dipterocarp. The bird was clinging to the bark much
as a nuthatch would, hopping along the vertical trunk upside down,
laterally and straight up. Other birds of the species were feeding
close by in small trees about 20 feet tall.
_=Pomatorhinus montanus borneensis=_ Cabanis: Chestnut-backed Scimitar
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 × 2
mm., 33.1 gm., July 23, 1962, MCT 2643; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., 28.2
gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2655. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 22,
1962, MCT 3496.
This bird of the understory in primary forest was seen in only one
other situation, 12 miles north of Kalabakan it was feeding in a
clearing near our camp.
_=Ptilocichla leucogrammica=_ (Bonaparte): Bornean
Wren-babbler.--_Specimens_, 3: Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 17,
1963, ADG 207: [Female] one egg in oviduct, July 19, 1963, ADG 211. Oil
Palm Research Station: [Female] egg in oviduct, August 13, 1963, ADG
230.
Garcia netted three specimens in primary forest. This bird is known
from Borneo only from a few specimens (Smythies, 1960:410). In
North Borneo, it has been known previously only from Bettotan on
the east coast (Smythies, 1960:410). The additional records
published herewith also are for the east coast.
_=Kenopia striata=_ (Blyth): Striped Wren-babbler.--_Specimens_, 11:
Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 21.1 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2649;
[Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., 19.6 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2640; [Male]
testis 2 × 1 mm., 18.7 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2670. 12 mi. N Kalabakan:
[Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3172; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT
3114; [Female], October 22, 1962, MCT 3123; [Male], October 26, 1962,
MCT 3157; [Male], October 30, 1962, MCT 3187; [Male], November 1, 1962,
MCT 3192. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 21, 1963, ADG 213. Oil
Palm Research Station: [Male], August 13, 1963, ADG 229; [Female],
August 19, 1963, ADG 250.
This bird of primary forest is found occasionally in adjacent
secondary forest and spends about three-fourths of its time running
about on the ground, only occasionally ascending to the lower
branches of trees. The song may be rendered as _kittle jank_, the
first note being trilled and a bit higher than the last, which is
short and chopped off. This babbler appears to sing as it moves
along the forest floor without stopping. It was observed foraging
under leaves, and was common both at Quoin Hill and 12 miles north
of Kalabakan, in groups of two or three birds.
_=Macronous gularis=_ (Horsfield): Striped Tit-babbler.--I saw this bird
at the Semporna Rest House feeding in shrubbery. It was not seen
elsewhere.
_=Macronous ptilosus reclusus=_ Hartert: Fluffy-backed
Tit-babbler.--_Specimens_, 2: Kalabakan: [Male], November 15, 1962, MCT
3283. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?, August 23, 1963, ADG 254.
This bird was seen only at Kalabakan, in dense secondary growth. My
specimen was in heavy molt.
_=Stachyris nigriceps hartleyi=_ Chasen: Gray-throated Tree
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 16: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 17, 1962,
MCT 3451; [Female], December 18, 1962, MCT 3456; [Male] testis 7 × 5
mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3457; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm., December 18,
1962, MCT 3458; [Female], December 18, 1962, MCT 3459; [Female] old
brood patch, December 19, 1962, MCT 3471; [Male] testis 9 × 5 mm.,
December 19, 1962, MCT 3472; [Female] several collapsed follicles,
December 19, 1962, MCT 3473; [Male] testis 6 × 4 mm., December 20, 1962,
MCT 3480; [Male] testis enlarged, December 20, 1962, MCT 3481; [Female]
imm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3482; [Male] testis 7 × 5 mm., December 20,
1962, MCT 3486; [Female], December 21, 1962, MCT 3493; [Male] testis 7 ×
5 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3494; [Female] imm., December 21, 1962,
MCT 3495; [Female] imm., December 22, 1962, MCT 3506.
This babbler was abundant in the moss forest above Tenom and
appeared to be at the height of its breeding season in December.
The specimens were compared with material at the American Museum of
Natural History and proved to be _S. n. hartleyi_, which has not
previously been reported from North Borneo.
_=Stachyris poliocephala=_ (Temminck): Gray-headed Tree
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 × 2
mm., 24.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2674; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT
3414; [Female], December 1, 1962, MCT 3415. 12 mi. N Kalabakan:
[Female], October 18, 1962, MCT 3072; sex?, October 29, 1962, MCT 3181;
[Female], November 2, 1962, MCT 3202. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male],
August 16, 1963, ADG 248; [Female], August 15, 1962, ADG 239.
This species of the secondary forest usually was associated with
piles of brush or heavy growth of fern. I never saw it higher than
three feet above the ground.
_=Stachyris nigricollis=_ (Temminck): Black-necked Tree
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], June 15, 1963,
ADG 144. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 15, 1963, ADG 201. Oil
Palm Research Station: [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 224; [Female],
August 19, 1963, ADG 251.
Although I worked in the same area and at the same time of year as
did Garcia, I did not see this species.
_=Stachyris leucotis obscurata=_ Mayr: White-necked Tree
Babbler.--_Specimen_, 1: Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], September 5,
1963, ADG 274.
Garcia's specimen was taken in primary forest. Smythies (1960:418)
states that most records come from submontane localities, except
for those from Bettotan; the specimen is from an altitude of 40
feet, near Bettotan.
_=Stachyris maculata maculata=_ (Temminck): Red-rumped Tree
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 12: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ova
2 mm., brood patch, July 10, 1962, MCT 2613; [Male], 25.8 gm., August 5,
1962, MCT 2731; [Male], 28.0 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2732. 12 mi. N
Kalabakan: [Male] testis 3 × 3 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3006;
[Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3007; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT
3008; [Male], October 12, 1962, MCT 3009. Cocoa Research Station:
[Female], June 11, 1963, ADG 121; [Female], June 13, 1963, ADG 133;
[Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 134. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female],
August 14, 1963, ADG 235; [Female], August 15, 1963, ADG 237.
This babbler was common in small groups at Quoin Hill. Whitehead
(1893:227) states that the species "frequents the true forest near
the ground." I observed these babblers only in sub-canopy trees, at
least 30 feet above the ground. Smythies (1960:419) stated that he
had never seen this species in the forest undergrowth.
_=Stachyris erythroptera bicolor=_ (Blyth): Red-winged Tree
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 11: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 × 1
mm., 13.4 gm., July 24, 1962, MCT 2654; [Female] imm., 13.0 gm., August
28, 1962, MCT 2832; [Female], 12.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2833;
[Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3432; [Female], December 2, 1962, MCT
3433. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 10, 1962, MCT 2995; [Male],
November 6, 1962, MCT 3215; [Male], November 7, 1962, MCT 3218. 5.5 mi.
SW Tenom: [Male] testis 3 × 1 mm., December 18, 1962, MCT 3463. Ulu
Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 10, 1963, ADG 184; [Male], July 17,
1963, ADG 206.
This species was seen most often in primary forest undergrowth, but
occasionally as high as 10 feet up in small trees. I saw it also in
and around brush piles in secondary forest. The one specimen from
5.5 mi. SW Tenom was taken in the moss forest. MCT 2833 was in
heavy molt on the wings, head, and body.
_=Stachyris rufifrons sarawacensis=_ Chasen: Hume's Tree
Babbler.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 4 × 3
mm., November 28, 1962, MCT 3358.
There was no comparative material in the U. S. National Museum
where I studied the specimen but it fits Chasen's original
description of _S. r. sarawacensis_. H. G. Deignan (_in_ Peters _et
al._, 1964:303) considered this subspecies doubtfully distinct from
_S. r. poliogaster_.
The specimen was taken at a height of one and one-half feet in a
mist net set along a path. The bird was caught when it attempted to
cross the path from a patch of heavy undergrowth to a patch on the
other side. Mary Norman observed them at Kalabakan (Smythies,
1963:281) in saplings. They should probably be considered birds of
the understory.
_=Alcippe brunneicauda=_ (Salvadori): Brown Quaker
Babbler.--_Specimens_, 22: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 14.4
gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2781; [Female], 14.9 gm., September 6, 1962,
MCT 2877; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2957; [Female], November 28,
1962, MCT 3361; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3362; [Male], November
28, 1962, MCT 3376; [Male], November 28, 1962, MCT 3378; [Male] testis 5
× 3 mm., December 1, 1962, MCT 3410; [Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3435;
[Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3440; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT
3441. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3194; [Male],
November 11, 1962, MCT 3243; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3245;
[Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3247; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT
3248; [Male], November 12, 1962, MCT 3261; [Female], November 13, 1962,
MCT 3267; [Female], November 10, 1962, MCT 3306. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom:
[Female], December 22, 1962, MCT 3501; [Female], December 22, 1962, MCT
3502; [Female], December 22, 1962, MCT 3503.
Birds of this species were common in primary forest at the three
localities listed under "specimens." They travel in small, loose
flocks, calling as they move through the forest. Periodic calling,
interspersed with periods of silence, was characteristic of the
species; vocalization of this sort may function in maintaining the
unity of the well spaced flock.
_=Yuhina castaniceps everetti=_ (Sharpe): Chestnut-headed
Yuhina.--_Specimens_, 14: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 19, 1962,
MCT 3468; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3512; [Male]
testis 7 × 3 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3513; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm.,
December 24, 1962, MCT 3520; [Female], December 24, 1962, MCT 3521;
[Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3523; [Male] testis 6 ×
3 mm., December 24, 1962, MCT 3524; [Female], December 24, 1962, MCT
3525; [Female], December 24, 1962, MCT 3526; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm.,
December 24, 1962, MCT 3527; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm., December 28, 1962,
MCT 3542; [Male] testis 6 × 3 mm., December 28, 1962, MCT 3543.
I saw several flocks of this species in moss forest at a point 5.5
miles southwest of Tenom. Some were observed going into cavities in
the moss, where they apparently caught insects. They sometimes did
this simultaneously, in several places on the same tree.
_=Yuhina zantholeuca brunnescens=_ (Sharpe): White-bellied
Yuhina.--_Specimens_, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 12, 1962,
MCT 3010; sex?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3193; sex?, December 22, 1962, MCT
3500; [Male] testis 7 × 4 mm., December 23, 1962, MCT 3519.
One flock of about five of these yuhinas was seen in primary forest
at Kalabakan. Another small group was observed in the moss forest
near Tenom.
_=Tephrodornis gularis frenatus=_ Büttikofer: Hook-billed
Graybird.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 25,
1962, wing molt, MCT 2946; [Female], September 25, 1962, wing molt, MCT
2947; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2948.
I observed this species twice in six months on the east coast. The
three collected at the research station in the cocoa were in a
family group. On November 9, 1962, I saw three birds feeding at the
edge of the primary forest.
_=Coracina striata sumatrensis=_ (S. Müller): Barred
Graybird.--_Specimens_, 2: Tiger Estate: [Female], December 30, 1962;
[Male], December 30, 1962.
_=Coracina fimbriata schierbrandi=_ (Pelzeln): Lesser
Graybird.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 25.7
gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2637; sex?, 29.5 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2676;
[Male], 28.4 gm., August 5, 1962, MCT 2729; [Female], 30.0 gm.,
September 13, 1962, MCT 2917. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 25,
1962, MCT 3147. Tiger Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3317.
This species was common at the Cocoa Research Station, most common
in the cocoa, and an occasional bird was observed in the primary
forest.
The adult male (MCT 3317) from Tiger Estate was darker than any in
the series of _C. f. schierbrandi_ in The American Museum of
Natural History, and closely approached a series _C. f. culminata_
from Malaya in the same museum.
_=Hemipus hirundinaceus=_ (Temminck): Black-winged Flycatcher
Shrike.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 10.2 gm., July
21, 1962, MCT 2632.
The specimen was taken in the cocoa where it was sitting on a dead
limb, occasionally darting out after insects, and provides the only
record from this locality. At the collecting site 12 miles north of
Kalabakan, however, it was seen several times feeding in small
flocks in a clearing near a trail.
_=Hemipus picatus intermedius=_ Salvadori: Bar-winged Flycatcher
Shrike.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., August
27, 1962, MCT 2815; [Male] imm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2816; [Female],
August 27, 1962, MCT 2817; [Female], 9.8 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT
2906; [Female], 10.2 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2907; [Male] imm., 8.7
gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2908.
Smythies (1960:362) lists this species as a montane resident.
However, the elevation of the Cocoa Research Station is only 750
feet, which is clearly submontane (Smythies, 1960:693). I saw the
birds in a flock of three or four, feeding in shade trees in the
cocoa fields. They acted like typical flycatchers, sitting on twigs
and darting out after insects. On September 12, a flock of 10 was
seen in the same area. Whitehead (1893:208) described the habits of
the species as being like those of _Tephrodornis gularis_ and not
at all like those of a flycatcher.
_=Lalage nigra=_ (Forster): Pied Triller.--Common in the lowlands near
Tawau and Tuaran. On September 19, 1962, I saw an adult feeding one
young on Siamil Island.
_=Pericrocotus igneus igneus=_ Blyth: Fiery Minivet.--_Specimens_, 3:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 15.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2764;
[Male], 14.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2766; [Female], 15.2 gm., August
11, 1962, MCT 2767.
I saw this species only on August 11, 1962, when a flock of eight
was seen feeding in a cocoa tree.
The female is somewhat darker than comparative material from
Borneo, possibly owing to fresh plumage in my specimen and foxing
in the older comparative material.
_=Pericrocotus flammeus insulanus=_ Deignan: Scarlet
Minivet.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 2 × 1
mm., 20.0 gm., July 7, 1962, MCT 2608; [Female], 19.7 gm., August 4,
1962, MCT 2728; [Male], 19.0 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2802. Tiger
Estate: [Female], June 23, 1963, ADG 160; [Male], June 23, 1963, ADG
161.
This minivet was common at the Cocoa Research Station, where it
usually inhabited the shade trees in the cocoa groves. The birds
seen and the one taken on July 7 were all in heavy molt.
_=Pycnonotus eutilotus=_ (Jardine and Selby): Crested Brown
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], December 2,
1962, MCT 3421; [Male], June 19, 1963, ADG 152.
The species was netted twice in much disturbed primary forest.
_=Pycnonotus melanoleucos=_ (Eyton): Black and White
Bulbul.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], November 5, 1962,
MCT 3211.
The specimen was caught in a mist net in primary forest. It was
aberrant; the two outer tail feathers were white and it had a few
white under tail coverts.
_=Pycnonotus squamatus borneensis=_ Chasen: Scaly-breasted
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] 24.0 gm.,
August 2, 1962, MCT 2708; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., 22.2 gm., August 23,
1962, MCT 2802.
Both specimens were taken from a feeding tree, _Trema orientalis_,
in which they were eating berries. This species of tree was used
for shade in the cocoa.
_=Pycnonotus cyaniventris paroticalis=_ (Sharpe): Gray-bellied
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 2
mm., 21.6 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2808; [Male] testis 7 × 4 mm., 20.5
gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2916.
On August 23, 1962, I saw four in the cocoa but they took flight
into the forest. I later collected two specimens from a shade tree,
_Trema orientalis_, in which they were feeding upon the berries.
_=Pycnonotus atriceps atriceps=_ (Temminck): Black-headed
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], April 29,
1963, ADG 85; [Female], April 27, 1963, ADG 72; [Female], April 20,
1963, ADG 90; [Male], April 27, 1963, ADG 69; [Male], April 28, 1963,
ADG 79; [Male], April 26, 1963, ADG 61; [Male], April 28, 1963, ADG 81;
[Male] juv., April 28, 1963, ADG 82; [Male], May 1, 1963, ADG 97.
I did not see this species in my stay at the Cocoa Research
Station, and the specimens taken by Garcia constitute the only
record. The juvenal plumage in one specimen indicates that the
species breeds at Quoin Hill.
_=Pycnonotus zeylanicus=_ (Gmelin): Yellow-crowned Bulbul.--It was
common at Tuaran.
_=Pycnonotus goiavier gourdini=_ Gray 1847: Yellow-vented
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 17: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT 3547;
[Male] testis 9 × 6 mm., December 31, 1962, MCT 3548; [Female] oviduct
regressing, old brood patch, December 31, 1962, MCT 3549; [Male],
December 31, 1962, MCT 3550; [Female] oviduct nearly regressed, January
1, 1963, MCT 3556; [Female], January 1, 1963, MCT 3557; [Male] testis 9
× 7 mm., December 31, 1963, MCT 3558; [Male] testis enlarged, January 1,
1963, MCT 3559; [Female], January 1, 1963, MCT 3560; [Male], January 2,
1963, MCT 3562; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3566; [Male], January 2,
1963, MCT 3567; [Male] testis 9 × 7 mm., January 2, 1963, MCT 3568;
[Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3569; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3570;
[Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3571; [Male] testis 9 × 7 mm., January 2,
1963, MCT 3572.
Although this species was observed by me at the Cocoa Research
Station, I was unable to obtain any specimens. It was also seen
commonly at Semporna, Siamil Island, Kalabakan, Brantian Estate,
and at Tuaran, always associated with cultivated areas. The birds
obviously were breeding at Tenom in December, and several young
were taken. In some, the molt of the wings, body, and tail had
begun.
_=Pycnonotus plumosus hutzi=_ Stresemann: Large Olive
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 8: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT 3551;
[Male] testis 6 × 5 mm., January 1, 1963, MCT 3553; [Male] testis small,
January 1, 1963, MCT 3554; [Male] testis 6 × 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT
3577; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3578. Mt. Rumas:
[Male], March 6, 1963, ADG 16; [Female], March 6, 1963, ADG 17; sex?,
March 6, 1963, ADG 15.
The specimens were netted in scrub-grassland at Tenom. The size of
the testes of the Tenom specimens indicated that the birds were
breeding.
_=Pycnonotus brunneus brunneus=_ Blyth: Red-eyed Brown
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 17: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 32.6 gm.,
July 22, 1962, MCT 2638; [Male] testis minute, 37.3 gm., August 2, 1962,
MCT 2709; [Male] testis minute, 36.0 gm., August 3, 1962, MCT 2720;
[Female] ovary granular, September 4, 1962, MCT 2867; [Male] testis 6 ×
4 mm., September 4, 1962, MCT 2868; [Female] egg in oviduct, largest
ovum 9 mm., 1 collapsed follicle, 30.0 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT
2894; [Male] testis small, September 25, 1962, MCT 2953; [Female],
September 25, 1962, MCT 2954; [Male] testis small, November 27, 1962,
MCT 3346; [Male] testis 4 × 2 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3380; [Male]
testis small, November 29, 1962 MCT 3393; [Male] testis small, December
1, 1962, MCT 3402; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3403;
[Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3404; [Female] ovary minute,
December 1, 1962, MCT 3416; [Male] testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT
3438. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 27, 1963, ADG 260.
This most common of the "brown" bulbuls at the Cocoa Research
Station frequented shade trees (_Trema orientalis_). One bird fed
on small red peppers, Capsicum sp. Some of the September-taken
specimens were in breeding condition.
_=Pycnonotus simplex perplexus=_ Chasen and Kloss: White-eyed Brown
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 3: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female] ovary granular,
December 19, 1962, MCT 3469; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., December 20,
1962, MCT 3478; [Female] ovary granular, December 22, 1962, MCT 3499.
This bird was taken only in the moss forest at 4,000 feet elevation
near Tenom. Smythies (1960:382) considered the species to be
characteristic of the lowlands. Specimens were taken by Harrison in
the Kelabit Uplands (Smythies, 1957:704) at 4,200 feet.
_=Pycnonotus erythrophthalmos salvadori=_ (Sharpe): Lesser Olive-brown
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 15: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 6 × 4
mm., 20.2 gm., August 12, 1962, MCT 2778; [Male] testis 6 × 5 mm., 19.8
gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2830; [Female] ovary granular, 20.5 gm.,
August 28, 1962, MCT 2831; [Female] imm., 20.0 gm., September 14, 1962,
MCT 2925; [Male] testis 7 × 5 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2928;
[Male]?, October 2, 1962, MCT 2983; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT
3357; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3405; [Male] testis
minute, December 2, 1962, MCT 3420; [Male] testis small, December 1,
1962, MCT 3434; [Male] testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT 3439;
[Female], April 26, 1962, ADG 63; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 170; [Male],
July 7, 1963, ADG 171; [Male], July 8, 1963, ADG 176.
This species commonly fed in the shade trees (_Trema orientalis_),
along with other species of bulbuls. I occasionally saw individuals
in primary forest.
_=Criniger bres gutturalis=_ (Bonaparte): Olive White-throated
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 25: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] ovary
regressed, 41.4 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2666; [Female], 46.0 gm., July
28, 1962, MCT 2672; [Male], 51.2 gm., July 31, 1962, heavy molt, MCT
2685; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., 52.6 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2710;
[Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3353; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT
3354; [Female], June 14, 1963, ADG 138; [Female], July 8, 1963, ADG 172;
[Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 173; sex?, July 11, 1963, ADG 190. 12 mi. N
Kalabakan: [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3052; [Male] testis small,
October 22, 1962, MCT 3127; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3137; sex?,
November 1, 1962, MCT 3190; [Female], November 2, 1962, MCT 3201;
[Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3250; [Male] testis small, November 13,
1962, MCT 3271; [Female], November 17, 1962, MCT 3301. Oil Palm Research
Station: [Female], August 16, 1963, ADG 246; [Female] juvenal, August
19, 1963, ADG 253; [Female], August 23, 1963, ADG 256; [Female], August
28, 1963, ADG 264; [Male], August 28, 1963, ADG 270; [Female], August
28, 1963, ADG 271; [Female], October 4, 1963, ADG 293.
At the Cocoa Research Station this species was common and inhabited
the cocoa and surrounding secondary forest. I found it to be common
12 miles north of Kalabakan.
_=Criniger ochraceous ruficrissus=_ Sharpe: Brown White-throated
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 5: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 21, 1962,
MCT 3489; [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3490; [Male]
testis 4 × 3 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3491; [Female], December 23,
1962, MCT 3518; [Female], December 25, 1962, MCT 3535.
This bird was seen only in the moss forest above Tenom. It was not
taken in nets the first four days they were erected, nor did we see
individuals in the forest. Then, on December 21, three were taken
in widely separated nets, and the species was then seen nearly
every day for a week. Such sporadic and unpredictable local
occurrences may indicate wide separation of the loosely-organized
foraging groups of this species. The call is a harsh, jaylike note.
_=Criniger phaeocephalus connectens=_ (Chasen and Kloss): Crestless
White-throated Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 31: Cocoa Research Station:
[Female], December 1, 1962, MCT 3406; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., 35.0 gm.,
July 31, 1962, MCT 2689; [Male], May 2, 1963, ADG 104; [Male], June 22,
1963, ADG 122. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 6 × 4 mm., October 12,
1962, MCT 3002; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3003; [Female], October
12, 1962, MCT 3004; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3037; [Male], October
14, 1962, MCT 3038; [Female], October 14, 1962, MCT 3039; [Female],
October 17, 1962, MCT 3063; [Male], October 17, 1962, MCT 3071; [Male],
October 19, 1962, MCT 3080; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3106; [Male],
October 20, 1962, MCT 3110; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3115;
[Female], October 22, 1962, MCT 3125; [Female] October 23, 1962, MCT
3135; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3142; [Female], October 26, 1962,
MCT 3155; [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3175; sex?, October 30, 1962,
MCT 3186; [Female], November 1, 1962, MCT 3191; [Male], November 8,
1962, heavy molt, MCT 3234. Kalabakan: [Female], November 15, 1962,
heavy molt, MCT 3288. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 17, 1962, MCT
3453. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 15, 1963, ADG 241;
[Male], August 27, 1963, ADG 259; [Male], September 5, 1963, ADG 276.
Gum-Gum: [Male], September 4, 1963, ADG 283. Lamag: [Male], October 15,
1963, ADG 308.
This species of the primary forest was common both at Cocoa
Research Station and 12 miles north of Kalabakan. Although not
frequently seen, it was caught in mist nets with regularity.
Specimens taken near Kalabakan on November 8 and 15, 1962, were in
heavy molt.
_=Criniger finschii=_ Salvadori: Finsch's Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa
Research Station: [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., 23.1 gm., August 23, 1962,
MCT 2798; [Female], 24.4 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2799; [Male] testis 6
× 4 mm., 24.5 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2914; [Female], 24.0 gm.,
September 13, 1962, MCT 2915; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., September 24,
1962, MCT 2942; [Male] testis, 6 × 5 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2969;
[Female], September 27, 1962, MCT 2972; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT
3341. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 19, 1962, heavy molt, MCT
3077.
This bulbul was common in the cocoa at the Cocoa Research Station.
It fed in the company of other bulbuls in shade trees (_Trema
orientalis_). The size of the testes of the males taken is
characteristic of the beginning or ending of the breeding season,
but ovaries of the females showed no signs of being in breeding
condition.
According to Smythies (1960:385), this species had never been taken
in North Borneo. These specimens, therefore, are the first recorded
from there. Specimens previously were saved from Sarawak and
Indonesian Borneo.
_=Hypsipetes criniger viridis=_ (Bonaparte): Hairy-backed
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 26: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 26,
1962, MCT 2963; [Female], September 27, 1962, MCT 2971; [Female],
November 27, 1962, MCT 3337; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3356;
[Female], July 7, 1963, ADG 169; [Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 139; [Male],
June 12, 1963, ADG 125. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 13, 1962,
MCT 3022; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3023; [Female], October 13,
1962, MCT 3029; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3033; [Male], October
14, 1962, MCT 3040; [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3054; [Male],
October 16, 1962, MCT 3055; [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3081;
[Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3082; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT
3109; [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3129; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT
3162; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3251; [Female], November 13, 1962,
MCT 3273; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3274; [Male], November 13,
1962, MCT 3275. Gum-Gum: [Female], October 3, 1963, ADG 288; [Male],
October 3, 1963, ADG 289; [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 228.
These bulbuls regularly feed on berries of _Trema orientalis_. I
saw these bulbuls darting out after insects from branches, much as
flycatchers would do, and have noticed a tendency toward
flycatching in other bulbuls, but not so commonly as in this
species. In using the name _Hypsipetes_ instead of _Microscelis_ I
follow Rand and Rabor (1959:102).
_=Hypsipetes malaccensis=_ Blyth: Streaked Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 4:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., 41.0 gm., August 20,
1962, MCT 2787. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT
3092. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3497; [Male],
December 22, 1962, MCT 3498.
I did not find this species common at any collecting locality.
Smythies (1957:707) considered it a lowland species, but its
occasional occurrence in the highlands is indicated by the specimen
from Tenom.
Deignan (_in_ Peters, 1960:291) regards _Hypsipetes virescens_ and
_Hypsipetes malaccensis_ as specifically distinct.
_=Hypsipetes charlottae perplexus=_ (Riley): Crested Olive
Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 × 3
mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2818; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., September 25,
1962, MCT 2951; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2952; [Male], November
27, 1962, MCT 3333; [Female] imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638.
This species was occasionally observed in the cocoa, where it fed
on berries of _Trema orientalis_. The size of the testes in males
taken in August suggests that the species had been breeding
earlier.
_=Hypsipetes flavalus connectens=_ (Sharpe): Ashy Bulbul.--_Specimens_,
7: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3508; [Female]
largest ova 1 mm., December 17, 1962, MCT 3447; [Male], December 17,
1962, MCT 3448; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3466;
[Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3467; [Male] testis 6 × 6 mm., December
20, 1962, MCT 3476; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT
3477.
This was a common and conspicuous bird in the moss forest. Males
called and sang there. The call note sounds like the mew of a cat.
The Ashy Bulbul could easily be "squeaked in," at which time it
approached silently. When observed in the forest it was noisy and
gregarious.
_=Aegithina viridissima viridissima=_ (Bonaparte): Green
Iora.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 1
mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2755; [Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., 14.8
gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2756; sex?, 13.2 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT
2805; [Male], 12.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2895; [Female] 13.0 gm.,
September 14, 1962, MCT 2921; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3345. 5.5
mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 20, 1962, MCT 3479.
In the cocoa this abundant bird usually occurred in flocks of five
to 10 and fed 10 to 15 feet up in shade trees. On December 17, I
saw singing males in the moss forest at 4,000 feet, 5.5 miles
southwest of Tenom. This is considered a lowland species by
Smythies (1957:698).
_=Aegithina tiphia aequanimis=_ Bangs: Common Iora.--_Specimens_, 2:
Tenom: [Male], January 5, 1963, MCT 3581; [Male], January 5, 1963, MCT
3582.
Two were netted in secondary forest near Tenom.
_=Chloropsis cyanopogon cyanopogon=_ (Temminck): Lesser Green
Leafbird.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 19.8 gm.,
July 21, 1962, MCT 2630; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., 25.3 gm., July 21,
1962, MCT 2631; [Male] testis 8 × 5 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2819;
[Female], 22.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2923; [Female], November 27,
1962, MCT 3342; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3352; [Female], April
28, 1963, ADG 77; [Female], May 28, 1963, ADG 116.
It was seen regularly in the cocoa at the research station and was
the most common leafbird.
_=Chloropsis sonnerati zosterops=_ Vigors: Greater Green
Leafbird.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 × 2
mm., 45.8 gm., MCT 2707; [Male], 46.0 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2740.
It was seen many times in the cocoa.
_=Irena puella criniger=_ Sharpe: Fairy Bluebird.--_Specimens_, 10:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 × 1 mm., 63.6 gm., July 4, 1962,
heavy molt, MCT 2588; [Female], 70.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2680;
[Female], 69.8 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2711; [Male] testis 13 × 10
mm., 65.0 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2714; sex?, August 2, 1962, MCT 2715;
sex?, 64.5 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2716; [Female], June 15, 1963, ADG
143; [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG 189; [Female], June 27, 1963, ADG 163.
Tiger Estate: [Male], June 23, 1963, ADG 157.
This was a common species around the Research Station in the cocoa
and much-disturbed primary forest.
_=Erithacus cyane=_ (Pallas): Siberian Blue Robin.--_Specimen_, 1: 12
mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 4, 1962, MCT 3208 (netted in primary
forest).
_=Copsychus pyrrhopygus=_ (Lesson): Orange-tailed Shama.--_Specimens_,
9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT
2617; [Male], September 7, 1962, MCT 2885; [Female], October 3, 1962,
MCT 2985; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3401; [Male], November 30, 1962,
MCT 3444. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., October 14, 1962
MCT 3044; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3272. Oil Palm Research
Station: [Male], June 20, 1963, ADG 154; [Female], August 11, 1963, ADG
222.
This bird of the primary forest was only rarely seen in secondary
forest. The specimen taken on July 11, 1962, was in heavy molt with
only two outermost tail feathers in evidence; there was also molt
of the wing and body feathers.
_=Copsychus saularis pluto=_ Bonaparte: Magpie-Robin.--_Specimens_, 3:
Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Male], October 18, 1963, ADG 323. Tuaran:
[Female], December 14, 1963, SCFC 219. Telipok: [Female], March 9, 1963,
TM 68.
This species was recorded at Tawau in cultivated areas but no
specimens were collected there. Those collected by Garcia, Chung,
and Conway tended to be morphologically intermediate between _C. s.
adamsi_ and _C. s. pluto_.
_=Copsychus stricklandi stricklandi=_ Motley and Dillwyn: White-rumped
Shama.--_Specimens_, 14. Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 × 5
mm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2826; [Male] testis 11 × 6 mm., September 5,
1962, MCT 2873; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3359; [Female],
November 29, 1962, MCT 3389. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 12,
1962, MCT 3012; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3013; [Female] brood
patch, oviduct enlarged, October 17, 1962, MCT 3069; [Female], October
19, 1962, MCT 3078; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3154. 5.5 mi. SW
Tenom: [Male], December 23, 1962, MCT 3514. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate:
[Male], July 15, 1963, ADG 200. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female],
August 27, 1963, ADG 263; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 268; [Female],
October 4, 1963, ADG 291.
This species was common in the cocoa and surrounding secondary
forest at Quoin Hill, but I saw it only once in the moss forest on
the mountains near Tenom.
No specimen taken showed characters of or tendencies toward _C.
malabaricus suavis_. Perhaps the zone of intergradation on the east
coast is farther south than Darvel Bay, where it was placed by
Smythies (1960:390).
S. D. Ripley (_in_ Peters _et al._, 1964:72) considered _C.
stricklandi_ to be specifically distinct from _C. malabaricus_, and
his opinion is accepted here.
_=Enicurus leschenaulti borneensis=_ Sharpe: White-crowned Forktail.
_Specimens_, 4: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female] imm., October 21, 1962, MCT
3112; [Female] largest ovum 2 mm., October 27, 1962, MCT 3167; [Male],
November 1, 1962, MCT 3195. Gum-Gum: [Female], September 24, 1963, ADG
282.
I saw this species only once in life, along a small, wet-weather
stream. The specimens, however, were all netted in primary forest,
some distance away from any stream.
Judging from measurements, these specimens are _E. l. borneensis_,
although one would expect to find only _E. l. frontalis_ at
elevations of 600 feet. The specimen taken by Garcia at Gum-Gum was
not identified to subspecies.
_=Enicurus ruficapillus=_ Temminck: Chestnut-naped
Forktail.--_Specimens_, 3: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 21, 1962,
MCT 3113; [Male], November 4, 1962, MCT 3207; [Male], November 8, 1962,
MCT 3231.
This bird was common along the upper Apas River at Quoin Hill. All
specimens were taken in nets stretched across streams.
_=Zoothera interpres interpres=_ (Temminck): Chestnut-headed Ground
Thrush.--_Specimens_, 9: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 28, 1962,
MCT 3171; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3138. Kalabakan: [Female],
November 17, 1962, MCT 3300. Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., June
10, 1963, ADG 120; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 130; [Female] imm., June
15, 1963, ADG 141. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 15, 1963,
ADG 233; [Male], August 9, 1963, ADG 217; [Male], August 27, 1963, ADG
261.
The many specimens of this species taken indicate the effectiveness
of mist nets in collecting birds in tropical forest. Although
Smythies (1960:398) considered this bird to be rare in Borneo, I
think that it is merely shy and retiring. We never saw the species
in the field and the specimens were all netted. The habitat was in
primary forest, except for that of MCT 3300, which was taken in
dense secondary forest. The two birds from 12 miles north of
Kalabakan were taken in a net stretched across a surveyor's
transect. The net was set on a hilltop and the birds hit it
approximately three feet above the ground. Two of the specimens
from the Cocoa Research Station are in juvenal plumage, indicating
that this species probably breeds in the area.
_=Cettia whiteheadi=_ (Sharpe): Short-tailed Bush Warbler.--_Specimen_,
1: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT
3488.
The specimen was netted in the moss forest, in fairly heavy
secondary undergrowth.
_=Prinia flaviventris=_ (Delessert): Yellow-bellied Wren-Warbler.--On
September 2, 1962, I saw several of these wren-warblers in a grassy area
near the golf course at Tawau.
_=Acrocephalus arundinaceus orientalis=_ (Temminck and Schlegel): Great
Reed Warbler.--_Specimens_, 6: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT
3546; [Male], January 1, 1963, MCT 3555; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT
3565; [Female], January 4, 1963, MCT 3575; [Female], January 3, 1963,
MCT 3574; [Male], January 4, 1963, MCT 3579.
This species was common in the old paddy near Tenom, which has now
grown up to grass and shrubs. I saw one individual also in
shrubbery in Jesselton.
_=Phylloscopus borealis=_ (Blasius): Arctic Leaf Warbler.--I saw this
leaf warbler once in dense scrub in the moss forest near Tenom.
_=Seicercus superciliaris schwaneri=_ (Blyth): White-throated Flycatcher
Warbler.--_Specimens_, 2: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male] testis 4 × 2 mm.,
December 23, 1962, MCT 3510; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3511.
In the moss forest this was a common bird that hopped about in the
climbing bamboo and scrub.
_=Orthotomus atrogularis humphreysi=_ Chasen and Kloss: Black-necked
Tailorbird.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 4 × 2
mm., 6.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2827; [Female] oviduct enlarged,
brood patch, 5.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2828; [Male] testis 4 × 2
mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2967; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT
3336; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3375.
These birds lived in the secondary forest-edge in dense shrubbery.
They were breeding at a time when most other birds seemed to have
completed breeding activities; most had begun the post-breeding
(prealternate) molt. On October 3, 1962, I saw two adults with two
young in nondescript juvenal plumage with virtually no markings and
a pale yellow color, unlike that of the adults.
_=Orthotomus sericeus sericeus=_ Temminck: Red-headed
Tailorbird.--_Specimens_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] with large
ovum, 10.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2770.
The bird was uncommon at the research station. The one specimen was
from the cocoa. I saw two others in secondary growth on the edge of
the forest. Possibly this species, like the preceding one, was
approaching full breeding activity.
_=Orthotomus sepium borneonensis=_ Salvadori: Ashy
Tailorbird.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] vascular
brood patch, oviduct enlarged with one possible collapsed follicle, 7.8
gm., August 22, 1962, MCT 2797; [Female] imm., 8.0 gm., August 28, 1962,
MCT 2829; [Male], 8.8 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2896; [Male], 8.5
gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2897; [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., 8.5 gm.,
September 11, 1962, MCT 2901; [Female] largest ova 3 mm., 8.5 gm.,
September 11, 1962, MCT 2902. Tiger Estate: [Female], October 11, 1962,
MCT 3000. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 20, 1962, MCT 3486.
This was the most common tailorbird in the Quoin Hill area.
Indications were that the species was also breeding (see _O.
sericeus_). Besides the above localities, I observed it 12 miles
north of Kalabakan. A male was heard singing on September 11, 1962;
the song was simple and on an ascending scale. The specimen taken
near Tenom was growing new tail feathers.
_=Rhipidura perlata=_ S. Müller: Spotted Fantail
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 19: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest
ova 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2618; [Male] testis 6 × 5 mm., 15.1 gm.,
July 23, 1962, MCT 2645; [Female], 13.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2776;
[Female], 12.4 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2785; [Male], June 12, 1963,
ADG 129. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3021; [Male],
October 16, 1962, MCT 3056; [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3057;
[Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3111; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT
3141; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3146; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT
3148; sex?, October 26, 1962, MCT 3165; [Male], October 27, 1962, MCT
3168; [Male], October 27, 1962, MCT 3169; sex?, October 30, 1962, MCT
3197. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 13, 1963, ADG 198;
[Female], July 24, 1963, ADG 214. Oil Palm Research Station: sex?,
August 15, 1963, ADG 243.
This bird was one of the most common in the lower story of the
primary forest. On July 23, 1962, many males were performing
courtship displays at Quoin Hill.
_=Rhipidura javanica longicauda=_ Wallace: Pied Fan-tailed
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 3: Tawau: sex?, September 2, 1962, MCT 2863.
Telipok: [Female], February 9, 1963, TM 28. Tuaran: sex?, December 14,
1963, SCFC 19.
On Karindingen Island this was the only passerine bird seen. It was
confined to the lowlands and never was seen in localities more than
a few feet above sea level.
_=Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis=_ (Swainson): Gray-headed
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 8.0 gm.,
August 4, 1962, MCT 2726; sex?, August 20, 1962, 8.6 gm., MCT 2784. 12
mi. N Kalabakan: [Female]?, October 12, 1962, MCT 3018; [Male], October
13, 1962, MCT 3024; [Male] testis 4 × 4 mm., October 28, 1962, MCT 3179.
5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 20, 1962, MCT 3483.
This bird of the primary forest and primary-secondary forest
ecotone was common at all three principal collecting stations.
_=Muscicapa sibirica=_ Gmelin: Sooty Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa
Research Station: [Male], 10.0 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2811; [Male],
July 8, 1963, ADG 174.
Several small "brown" flycatchers which could not be assigned to
species were observed at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan. The specimen
taken by Garcia is of interest as it was taken on a date extremely
early for a migrant. Garcia's specimen (not the other) also
presented problems of identification and its assignment to this
species is tentative.
_=Muscicapa latirostris latirostris=_ Raffles: Brown
Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], September
26, 1962, MCT 2965.
_=Muscicapa cyanomelana cyanomelana=_ Temminck: Blue and White
Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], November 27,
1962, MCT 3335.
The specimen, netted in the cocoa, apparently provides the only
record from the east coast of Borneo (see Smythies, 1957:742).
_=Muscicapa concreta everetti=_ (Sharpe): White-tailed Blue
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 6: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 15,
1962, MCT 3045; [Male], November 1, 1962, MCT 3199; [Female], November
8, 1962, MCT 3229; [Male], November 8, 1962, MCT 3230. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom:
[Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3465; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT
3516.
This species seems to be confined to the primary forest, and was
common at both localities listed. Smythies (1960:444) thought it
resided primarily at elevations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet,
occasionally occurring near sea level. This flycatcher seems to
prefer the understory of the forest, where it was observed sitting
on bare limbs and darting out after insects.
_=Muscicapa unicolor infuscata=_ (Hartert): Pale Blue
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 2: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] by plumage,
October 31, 1962, MCT 3189; [Female], November 12, 1962, MCT 3556.
This flycatcher was seen only in primary forest, on the above
dates. The birds collected appear to provide the only definitive
records for North Borneo (_cf._ Smythies, 1960:445), although Mary
Norman observed the species once at Quoin Cocoa Estate on an
unspecified date (Smythies, 1963:281).
_=Muscicapa turcosa rupatensis=_ Oberholser: Malaysian Blue
Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Tiger Estate: [Female], November 25, 1962,
MCT 3320.
_=Muscicapa caerulata caerulata=_ (Bonaparte): Large-billed Blue
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 10: Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 10,
1963, ADG 185. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3076;
[Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3144; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT 3160;
[Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3170; [Female], November 8, 1962, MCT
3232; [Male], November 13, 1962, MCT 3266. Oil Palm Research Station:
[Female], August 12, 1963, ADG 223; [Female], August 16, 1963, ADG 244;
[Male], August 19, 1963, ADG 252.
This was the most common "blue" flycatcher at Kalabakan. It was
recorded at Quoin Hill only by Garcia. The record by Smythies
(1963:281) seems open to question as no specimen was preserved.
_=Muscicapa venusta=_ Deignan: Bornean Blue Flycatcher.--_Specimens_,
6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 24, 1962, MCT 2939; [Male],
June 12, 1963, ADG 128. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 12, 1962,
MCT 3014; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3089. Oil Palm Research Station:
[Female], August 10, 1963, ADG 218. Kinabatangan: sex?, October 15,
1963, ADG 309.
The "blue" flycatcher of the Quoin Hill area was observed several
times in the primary forest and primary forest edge. On July 14,
1962, I saw a male and a female of _M. venusta_ bathing in a
shallow stream in the deep forest. They fluttered their wings in
the water and then flew to a nearby fallen log and preened for
several minutes.
_=Muscicapa rufigastra rufigastra=_ Raffles: Mangrove Blue
Flycatcher.--_Specimen_, 1: Tuaran: [Male], December 14, 1963, SCFC 33.
_=Muscicapa dumetoria mulleri=_ Blyth: Orange-breasted
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 11.8 gm.,
July 25, 1962, MCT 2661; [Female], November 1, 1962, MCT 3198; [Male]
testis 3 × 2 mm., November 11, 1962, MCT 3246; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm.,
November 28, 1962, MCT 3384. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 25,
1962, MCT 3531.
This species was seen only in the understory of primary forest. On
November 10, I watched a male and female feeding about three feet
above the ground in the undergrowth. They sat on small vines and
plants and darted out after insects. I never observed this species
more than 20 feet above the ground.
_=Muscicapa narcissina=_ Temminck: Black and Yellow
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], November
27, 1962, MCT 3331. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 20, 1962, MCT
3484.
The two specimens were taken in nets in the primary forest. They
cannot presently be assigned with certainty to subspecies.
_=Rhinomyias umbratilis=_ (Strickland): White-throated Jungle
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 19: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 16.7
gm., July 25, 1962, MCT 2662; [Male] testis 6 × 5 mm., 20.7 gm., July
25, 1962, MCT 2663; [Female], 17.9 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2686;
[Female], September 29, 1962, MCT 2974; [Male], July 8, 1963, ADG 175.
12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 10, 1962, MCT 2993; [Female],
October 13, 1962, MCT 3027; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3031; [Male],
October 14, 1962, MCT 3036; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3053; [Male],
October 16, 1962, MCT 3058; [Male], October 18, 1962, MCT 3074;
[Female], October 20, 1962, MCT 3107; [Male], October 23, 1962, MCT
3132; [Male], October 25, 1962, MCT 3149; [Female], October 28, 1962,
MCT 3174. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG 195;
[Female], July 12, 1963, ADG 196; [Female], July 19, 1963, ADG 212.
This abundant species at Quoin Hill and Kalabakan was chiefly an
inhabitant of primary forest.
On July 31, I observed this species singing at Quoin Hill. One sang
with its mouth closed and sounded much farther away than it
actually was. The song has seven notes on a descending scale. Birds
observed on September 27 were in heavy molt and one specimen lacked
tail feathers.
_=Philentoma pyrrhoptera pyrrhoptera=_ (Temminck): Chestnut-winged
Monarch Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 10: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male],
October 10, 1962, MCT 2992; [Female], October 15, 1962, MCT 3048;
[Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3100; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3105;
[Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3244; [Female], November 16, 1962, MCT
3291. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 9, 1963, ADG 180; [Male],
July 9, 1963, ADG 181; [Male], July 24, 1963, ADG 215; [Female], July
11, 1963, ADG 192.
The species was common at Kalabakan. Garcia took a few at Quoin
Hill, but I observed the species there only once.
_=Philentoma velata caesia=_ (Lesson): Maroon-breasted Monarch
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 25.0 gm.,
August 4, 1962, MCT 2725; [Male], 27.2 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2783;
[Male], September 5, 1962, MCT 2872. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female],
October 22, 1962, MCT 3126; sex? ([Female] by plumage), October 29,
1962, MCT 3182; [Female], November 3, 1962, MCT 3205. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom:
[Male], December 26, 1962, MCT 3536.
At Quoin Hill this was a bird of the primary forest. The species
was common in the moss forest above Tenom.
_=Hypothymis azurea prophata=_ Oberholser: Black-naped Blue Monarch
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 18: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 10.8
gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2754; [Male], 15.2 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT
2834; [Male] testis 6 × 4 mm., 11.1 gm., September 6, 1962, MCT 2876;
sex? September 14, 1962, MCT 2922; [Male], November 1, 1962, MCT 3200;
[Male], November 7, 1962, MCT 3221; [Male], November 10, 1962, MCT 3242;
[Male], November 20, 1962, MCT 3373; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT
3374; [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., December 1, 1962, MCT 3412; [Female],
December 2, 1962, MCT 3427. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 22, 1962,
MCT 3504; [Male], December 23, 1962, MCT 3509. Cocoa Research Station:
[Female], April 30, 1963, ADG 95; [Female], June 19, 1963, ADG 1551. Ulu
Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 11, 1963, ADG 194; Oil Palm Research
Station: [Male], August 10, 1963, ADG 220; [Female], August 13, 1963,
ADG 232.
This seemingly ubiquitous bird occurred in primary forest and
cocoa. A specimen taken on September 14, 1962, was still in heavy
molt.
_=Terpsiphone paradisi borneensis=_ (Hartert): Paradise
Flycatcher.--_Specimens_, 6: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 9 × 5
mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2616; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., 21.2 gm., August
3, 1962, MCT 2719; [Female], June 10, 1963, ADG 119. 12 mi. N Kalabakan:
[Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3090; [Female], November 10, 1962, MCT
3240. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 24, 1963, ADG 258.
At Quoin Hill this species was common in primary forest. One of the
males (MCT 2719) was rust-colored. It and similar rufous males may
be immature (see Owen, 1963:235).
_=Pachycephala whiteheadi homeyeri=_ (Blasius): Whitehead's
Thick-head.--_Specimens_, 2: Siamil Island: [Female], September 19,
1962, MCT 2931; [Male], September 19, 1962, MCT 2932.
The thick-heads were by far the most common passerine bird in the
relict forest on Siamil Island, being quite tame and easily
approached. They generally spent most of their time sitting on
branches of forest vines and bushes in the understory and were
never observed in the upper story. McGregor (1910:604) describes
the species as: "Common on Tawi Tawi, less so in Sulu. A deep woods
bird; tame and easily shot. Feeds on insects, and usually keeps
some distance above the ground."
The two specimens recorded above provide the first record of this
species from Borneo, the previously known range being confined to
the Philippine Islands. My material closely resembled the
subspecies found on Tawi-Tawi and here is assigned to _P. w.
homeyeri_.
_=Motacilla caspica melanope=_ Pallas: Gray Wagtail.--_Specimen_, 1:
Cocoa Research Station: [Female], October 4, 1962, MCT 2991.
I saw this migrant first at the research station on August 25,
1962, along a dirt road, and it was subsequently seen many times
along logging roads in secondary forest.
_=Artamus leucorhynchus leucorhynchus=_ Linnaeus: White-breasted
Swallow Shrike.--_Specimens_, 2: Tuaran: sex?, December 6, 1963, SCFC
F13; [Female], December 7, 1963, SCFC F15.
_=Lanius cristatus lucionensis=_ Linnaeus: Brown Shrike.--_Specimen_, 1:
Tuaran: [Male], January 12, 1963, MCT 3593.
One bird was observed near our sulap 12 miles north of Kalabakan on
October 22 and 26, 1962. The specimen was netted in a paddy field
and others were seen at Tuaran.
_=Lanius tigrinus=_ Drapiez: Thick-billed Shrike.--_Specimens_, 2: Tiger
Estate: [Male], November 25, 1962, MCT 3316. Cocoa Research Station:
[Female], November 29, 1962, MCT 3383.
The specimen taken on November 29, was netted in a small clearing
in primary forest.
_=Aplonis panayensis strigatus=_ (Horsfield): Glossy
Starling.--_Specimens_, 2: Tiger Estate: [Female], October 11, 1962, MCT
3001; [Female], November 25, 1962, MCT 3322. Tuaran: [Female], March 21,
1963, ADG 35; sex?, December 1, 1963, EJHB 616.
This species was in the lowlands around Semporna, Siamil Island,
Brantian Estate, and Tawau.
_=Gracula religiosa religiosa=_ Linnaeus: Talking Myna.--_Specimens_, 3:
Tiger Estate: [Female], October 11, 1962, MCT 3020. Cocoa Research
Station: [Male], May 28, 1963, ADG 114. Gum-Gum: [Female], September 9,
1963, ADG 277.
This was a common bird at Quoin Hill but was not seen elsewhere by
me. It frequented the dead trees in the cocoa.
_=Anthreptes simplex=_ (S. Müller): Plain-colored Sunbird.--_Specimens_,
6: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm., 8.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT
2768; [Male] imm., 10.0 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2769; [Male], 7.0 gm.,
September 6, 1962, MCT 2878; [Male], September 25, 1962, MCT 2959;
[Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3332; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT
3343.
This common bird at Quoin Hill frequented flowers of the Tree
Cassava. Trees of that species were shade trees in the cocoa.
_=Anthreptes malacensis=_ ssp. (Scopoli): Brown-throated
Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 2: Tenom: [Male], January 3, 1963, MCT 3573;
[Male] testis 5 × 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3576.
One of the specimens (MCT 3576) was molting into adult male
plumage; the size of its testes suggests that this bird was also
coming into breeding condition, all of which seemingly lends
support to Chasen's (1939:401) suspicion that the species has an
eclipse plumage. Lacking specimens in breeding plumage, I was
unable to determine the subspecific affinities of the population at
Tenom.
This species was observed also on Siamil Island.
_=Anthreptes rhodolaema=_ Shelley: Rufous-throated
Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 14: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 × 3
mm., 12.5 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2742; [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., 15.0
gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2743; [Female], 13.5 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT
2744; [Female] imm., 12.7 gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2745; [Male] testis 3
× 2 mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2749; [Male], 13.0 gm., August
10, 1962, MCT 2750; [Female], 12.0 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2751;
[Female] imm., 10.8 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2775; [Male], September 4,
1962, MCT 2869; [Female] largest ova 3 mm., oviduct enlarged, 12.0 gm.,
September 12, 1962, MCT 2905; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3350;
[Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3351; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT
3355.
The Rufous-throated Sunbirds were the most common sunbirds at the
Cocoa Research Station. They seemed to prefer foraging about
flowers of the Tree Cassava. The stomachs of those examined
contained insects. The absence of _A. malacensis_ suggests that
these two species are mutually exclusive.
_=Anthreptes singalensis borneana=_ (Kloss): Ruby-cheeked
Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 3: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 8.0 gm.,
August 23, 1962, MCT 2801; [Male], November 29, 1962, MCT 3385;
[Female], 8.4 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2752.
This species seemed to prefer secondary forest or cocoa as a
habitat and was an uncommon bird at Quoin Hill.
_=Nectarinia sperata=_ (Linnaeus): Van Hasselt's Sunbird.--Fred Dunn saw
a male in secondary forest near the Cocoa Research Station.
_=Nectarinia jugularis=_ (Linnaeus): Yellow-breasted Sunbird.--This
sunbird was abundant in the coconut palms at Siamil Island. The species
was observed also at exotic flowering plants in Tawau.
_=Nectarinia hypogrammica hypogrammica=_ S. Müller: Purple-naped
Sunbird.--_Specimens_, 10: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], November
27, 1962, MCT 3334: [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 167. 12 mi. N Kalabakan:
[Male] testis 3 × 5 mm., October 14, 1962, MCT 3035; [Male], October 15,
1962, MCT 3047; [Male], October 23, 1962, MCT 3133; [Male], October 24,
1962, MCT 3145; [Male], November 2, 1962, MCT 3203; [Female], November
15, 1962, MCT 3287. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 16,
1963, ADG 247; [Male], August 27, 1963, ADG 262.
This common species of secondary forest at Quoin Hill seems to
prefer spiders and various insects for food. I saw one bird
removing dead leaves from a tree and picking out the spiders that
had taken over the curled leaves as shelters. I also saw birds of
this species hover before spiderwebs and remove the spiders.
A specimen taken on November 15, 1962, was in heavy molt.
_=Aethopyga mystacalis=_ (Temminck): Scarlet Sunbird.--_Specimen_, 1:
Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 6.0 gm., September 12, 1962, MCT 2903.
This specimen was molting from a drab to an adult type male
plumage. I saw this species only one other time at Quoin Hill, but
on December 26 I saw two males feeding among epiphytic plants in
the moss forest above Tenom. The condition of the specimen's
plumage prevented its identification to subspecies (presumably _A.
m. temmincki_).
_=Aethopyga siparaja=_ (Raffles): Yellow-backed Sunbird.--_Specimens_,
3: Tawau: [Male] testis 5 × 5 mm., September 2, 1962, MCT 2861. Tiger
Estate: [Male], October 11, 1962, MCT 2999. Oil Palm Research Station:
[Female], August 13, 1963, ADG 231.
This sunbird was common around flowers at Kalabakan and Brantian
Estate.
Unfortunately, I lack enough specimens to make a subspecific
identification. The specimen from Tawau differs from _A. s.
siparaja_, however, only in having darker wings; it closely
resembles the type and the series that Oberholser used when
describing _A. s. ochrapyrrha_.
_=Arachnothera longirostris buttikoferi=_ van Oort: Little
Spiderhunter.--_Specimens_, 58: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 16.2
gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2777; [Male], 15.6 gm., August 22, 1962, MCT
2796; [Male] testis 6 × 4 mm., 16.0 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2913;
[Female], December 1, 1962, MCT 3399; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., December
2, 1962, MCT 3431; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3347; [Female],
November 27, 1962, MCT 3348; [Male], November 28, 1962, MCT 3366;
[Male], November 28, 1962, MCT 3367; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT
3368; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3369; [Male], November 28, 1962,
MCT 3370; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3371; [Male], November 28,
1962, MCT 3372; [Male], November 29, 1962, MCT 3386; [Male], December 1,
1962, MCT 3397; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3398; [Female], December
2, 1962, MCT 3430; [Female]?, November 30, 1962, MCT 3443; [Female],
April 26, 1962, ADG 60; [Male], April 27, 1963, ADG 70; [Male], April
27, 1962, ADG 73; [Male], April 18, 1963, ADG 78; [Male], April 28,
1963, ADG 80; [Male], April 29, 1963, ADG 86; [Male], April 29, 1963,
ADG 87; [Male], April 30, 1962, ADG 93. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female],
October 16, 1962, MCT 3050; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3051; [Male]
testis 4 × 2 mm., October 18, 1962, MCT 3073; [Female], October 17,
1962, MCT 3064; [Male] testis 7 × 5 mm., October 19, 1962, MCT 3079;
[Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3093; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT
3120; [Male], October 23, 1962, MCT 3134; [Male] testis enlarged,
October 25, 1962, MCT 3150; [Male] testis 7 × 5 mm., October 26, 1962,
MCT 3156; [Female], October 28, 1962, MCT 3173; [Male], November 2,
1962, MCT 3204; [Male], November 4, 1962, MCT 3209; [Male] testis 5 × 4
mm., November 4, 1962, MCT 3210; [Male] testis 2 × 1 mm., November 6,
1962, MCT 3214; [Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3252. Kalabakan:
[Female], November 15, 1962, MCT 3278; [Female] 2 eggs in oviduct, ovary
enlarged, brood patch, November 15, 1962, MCT 3279; [Female] brood
patch, two collapsed follicles, November 15, 1962, MCT 3280; [Male]
testis 7 × 6 mm., November 15, 1962, MCT 3281; [Female] brood patch, egg
in oviduct, largest ovum 6 mm., November 15, 1962, MCT 3286; [Male]
testis 7 × 6 mm., November 16, 1962, MCT 3290; [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm.,
November 16, 1962, MCT 3294; [Female], November 16, 1962, MCT 3295;
[Male] testis 6 × 3 mm., November 17, 1962, MCT 3297; [Male] testis 5 ×
5 mm., November 17, 1962, MCT 3298; [Female], November 17, 1962, MCT
3299. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 26, 1962, MCT 3538. Gum-Gum:
[Male], October 4, 1963, ADG 290; [Female], October 5, 1963, ADG 294;
[Female], October 5, 1963, ADG 295.
This was the most common of all the spiderhunters, and was found at
all localities. It was readily taken in mist nets. Unlike most
birds, these spiderhunters become quite agitated in nets, and
within a few minutes usually strangle themselves.
From October 16 through November 11, I took several specimens 12
miles north of Kalabakan, but only one in breeding condition. On
November 15, I moved 12 miles back to Kalabakan from an elevation
of 600 feet to an elevation of 50 feet. As can be seen from the
specimen-data, nearly all the females then collected either had
nests with eggs or were approaching oviposition. The specimens were
all taken in nets in an area approximately 200 feet square. On
November 20 at the Brantian Estate a bird sitting on a branch six
inches up in secondary forest jumped down to the ground and fed on
unknown material.
_=Arachnothera crassirostris=_ (Reichenbach): Thick-billed
Spiderhunter.--_Specimen_, 1: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 14.8
gm., August 9, 1962, MCT 2746.
This spiderhunter was recorded on the basis of one specimen and one
sight record. One seen in secondary forest would dart out from its
perch on a limb, hover near the end of a branch, and then return to
its perch. No flowers were visible and I assumed that the bird was
catching insects.
_=Arachnothera flavigaster=_ (Eyton): Greater Yellow-eared
Spiderhunter.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] imm.,
36.3 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2789; [Female] imm., 38.4 gm., August 21,
1962, MCT 2790; [Female], 38.4 gm., August 22, 1962, MCT 2795; [Female]
brood patch, largest ova 2 mm., November 27, 1962, MCT 3330; [Male],
November 28, 1962, MCT 3359; [Male] testis 7 × 6 mm., November 29, 1962,
MCT 3379; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3395; [Female], April 27, 1963,
ADG 66; [Female], April 27, 1963, ADG 67.
This species was met with only at Quoin Hill, where it was common
around the abaca and wild bananas. The primary diet seemed to be
pollen, nectar, and spiders. I found it easy to differentiate from
the next species in the field (see below).
_=Arachnothera chrysogenys harrissoni=_ Deignan: Lesser Yellow-eared
Spiderhunter.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 23.5
gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2788; [Male], April 27, 1963, ADG 68; [Male],
April 30, 1963, ADG 92; [Male], May 27, 1963, ADG 113.
I observed this species at Quoin Hill only once, but Garcia took
three specimens at the same locality. He labels his specimens as
taken in primary forest. I never saw the species there and took my
one specimen in the abaca, where the bird was eating spiders,
nectar, and pollen. The chief characters distinguishing this
species from _A. flavigaster_ were the tuft of yellow feathers on
the side of the head and the narrow eye ring in _A. chrysogenys_.
_=Arachnothera affinis pars=_ Riley: Gray-breasted
Spiderhunter.--_Specimens_, 27: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], 27.2
gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2771; [Female], 22.2 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT
2772; [Female] imm., 21.1 gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2773; [Male], 29.2
gm., August 13, 1962, MCT 2774; [Male], 27.0 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT
2791; [Male], 26.6 gm., August 21, 1962, MCT 2792; [Male], April 27,
1963, ADG 65; [Female] imm., May 1, 1963, ADG 99; [Male], June 12, 1963,
ADG 126; [Male], June 20, 1963, ADG 154-B. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female],
October 15, 1962, MCT 3046; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3139. Cocoa
Research Station: [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., November 27, 1962, MCT 3327;
[Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3328; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT
3329; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3338; [Male] testis 5 × 4 mm.,
November 27, 1962, MCT 3339; [Male], November 28, 1962, MCT 3363;
[Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3364; [Male], November 28, 1962, MCT
3365; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3366; [Female], November 29,
1962, MCT 3390; [Male] testis enlarged, November 29, 1962, MCT 3391;
[Female]?, November 29, 1962, MCT 3392; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT
3393; [Male], December 2, 1962, MCT 3429; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT
3442.
This bird was fairly common at Quoin Hill in the abaca and wild
bananas and, at Kalabakan, in primary forest. Its feeding habits
are the same as those of the preceding species. The order of
abundance of the spiderhunters is probably best shown by the number
of each species taken: _Arachnothera longirostris_, 58; _A.
affinis_, 27; _A. flavigaster_, 9; _A. chrysogenys_, 4; _A.
crassirostris_, 1.
_=Prionichilus xanthopygius=_ (Salvadori): Yellow-rumped
Flowerpecker.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 ×
5 mm., 8.9 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2800; [Female] largest ova 3 mm.,
oviduct enlarged, 10.2 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2910; [Female] imm.,
9.7 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2911; [Male] testis 3 × 2 mm., 9.5 gm.,
September 13, 1962, MCT 2912; [Female] imm., 7.0 gm., September 14,
1962, MCT 2920; [Male] testis 6 × 4 mm., vas deferens enlarged,
September 26, 1962, MCT 2966; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3344.
This species did not appear at Quoin Hill until August 23. The
gonads of most of the adults taken from that time on appeared to be
regressing from breeding condition, and several immatures were
taken also, suggesting that the breeding season was over. The birds
seemed to be attracted, with bulbuls, to the tree _Trema
orientalis_.
_=Prionichilus maculatus maculatus=_ (Temminck): Yellow-throated
Flowerpecker.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 19,
1962, MCT 3094.
I observed this flowerpecker once at Quoin Hill, in much-disturbed
primary forest, but was unable to secure a specimen. Twelve miles
north of Kalabakan it was found in primary forest.
_=Dicaeum chrysorrheum=_ Temminck: Yellow-vented Flowerpecker.--I
observed one feeding about 50 feet high among epiphytic plants in the
moss forest 5.5 miles north of Tenom.
_=Dicaeum monticolum=_ Sharpe: Black-sided Flowerpecker.--_Specimen_, 1:
5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male] testis 5 × 3 mm., December 17, 1962, MCT 3449.
I saw this flowerpecker once, in the moss forest above Tenom.
Treatment of this species as monotypic follows the revision of
Salomonsen (1961:17).
_=Dicaeum cruentatum=_ (Linnaeus): Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker.--Along
the seashore near Tawau this species fed in flowering trees. Males were
pugnacious and persistently chased what appeared to be females.
_=Dicaeum trigonostigma dayakanum=_ Chasen and Kloss: Orange-bellied
Flowerpecker.--_Specimen_, 1: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 23,
1962, MCT 3507.
This flowerpecker was found only in the moss forest above Tenom,
where it was seen numerous times feeding among the epiphytic
plants.
_=Zosterops everetti tahanensis=_ Ogilvie-Grant: Everett's
White-eye.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], August 8,
1962, MCT 2734; [Male] testis 4 × 3 mm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2735;
[Female], 8.6 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2757; [Female], 7.8 gm., August
11, 1962, MCT 2758; [Female] imm., 7.9 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2759;
[Female], 8.2 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2760; [Male], 7.8 gm., August
11, 1962, MCT 2761; [Male] imm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2762; [Male] imm.,
7.8 gm., August 11, 1962, MCT 2764.
At the Cocoa Research Station flocks of 20 to 40 birds were seen
daily, feeding in the cocoa trees. Only once was this species seen
away from the cocoa trees; this was in secondary forest where the
birds were feeding in a tree about 30 feet tall. They move in
flocks and are noisy.
Smythies (1960:485) states that this species occurs from the Poi
Range up to the lower slopes of Kinabalu. This is apparently the
first record from eastern Borneo.
_=Lonchura fuscans=_ (Cassin): Dusky Munia.--_Specimens_, 11. Cocoa
Research Station: [Female], July 6, 1962, MCT 2603; [Female], September
1, 1962, MCT 2847; [Male] testis 7 × 6 mm., September 1, 1962, MCT 2848;
[Male] testis enlarged, September 24, 1962, MCT 2943. Tenom: [Female],
January 6, 1962, MCT 3584; [Female], January 6, 1963, MCT 3585; [Male]
testis enlarged, January 6, 1963, MCT 3586; [Female] several collapsed
follicles, old brood patch, January 6, 1963, MCT 3587; [Female] imm.,
January 6, 1963, MCT 3588; [Female], January 6, 1963, MCT 3590; [Male]
testis enlarged, January 6, 1963, MCT 3591.
In contrast to _L. malacca_, this species was commonly found in
secondary forest away from cultivated fields. It was common at
Quoin Hill and Kalabakan. On July 18, 1962, a pair was observed
building a nest near Kalabakan, in a native kampong under the eave
of a house. There the birds were fastening the nest to the palm
thatching about 20 feet up and nearly over the door. Another pair
was nesting, close to the same house, about eight feet up in a
citrus tree. In Kalabakan proper, I saw a pair with fledgling young
in a croton bush about six feet from the door of a house, on
November 15, 1962. This nest was about seven feet up.
_=Lonchura malacca=_ (Linnaeus): Chestnut Munia.--_Specimens_, 6:
Tawau: [Female] imm., September 2, 1962, MCT 2862. Tenom: [Male],
January 6, 1963, MCT 3589. Tuaran: [Female], January 12, 1963, MCT 3594;
[Female], January 12, 1963, MCT 3595; hermaphrodite, testis 8 × 5 mm.,
largest ovum of ovary 2 mm., January 12, 1963, MCT 3596; [Female],
January 12, 1963, MCT 3597.
This was a common bird in the lowlands away from forest. I observed
it feeding on lawns in Tawau. A pair was building a nest on July
19, 1962, in an ironwood tree about 10 feet above the ground. The
nest was typically ball-shaped with a side entrance. This species
appears to stay in age groups when it flocks, as evidenced by the
large flocks of young in first-year plumage.
The hermaphroditic specimen was of some interest, since the ovary
and testis both seemed to be enlarged.
LITERATURE CITED
Amadon, D.
1956. Remarks on the starlings, Family Sturnidae. Amer. Mus.
Novit., No. 1803:1-41.
Banks, E.
1950. Breeding seasons of birds in Sarawak and North Borneo. Ibis,
92:642.
Browne, F. G.
1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Govt.
Printing Office, Kuching, xviii + 369 pp., illus.
Chasen, F. N.
1935. A handlist of Malaysian birds. Bull. Raffles Mus., 11:389.
1939. The birds of the Malay Peninsula. Vol. 4. Witherby, London,
xxvi + 485 pp.
Darlington, P. J.
1957. Zoogeography: geographical distribution of animals. Wiley,
New York, 675 pp.
Delacour, J. and Mayr, E.
1946. Birds of the Philippines. MacMillan, New York, xv + 309 pp.
Everett, A. H.
1889. A list of the birds of the Bornean group of islands. J.
Straits British Royal Asiatic Soc., 20:91-212.
Gadow, H.
1883. The catalogue of the Passeriformes, or perching birds, in the
collection of the British Museum. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.),
London, xiii + 385 pp., illus.
Gibson-Hill, C. A.
1950. Notes on the sea birds breeding in Malayan waters. Bull.
Raffles Mus., 23:5-64.
1952. The apparent breeding season of land birds in North Borneo
and Malaya. _Ibid._, 24:270-294.
Hachisuka, M.
1953. The affinities of Pityriasis in Borneo. Proc. Seventh Pacific
Sci. Conf., 4:67-69.
Lack, D.
1950. Breeding seasons in the Galapagos. Ibis, 92:268-278.
McGregor, R. C.
1910. A manual of Philippine birds. Pt. II. Govt. Printing Office,
Manila, xvi + 413-769 pp.
Miller, A. H.
1963. Seasonal activity and ecology of the avifauna of an American
equatorial cloud forest. Univ. California Publ. Zoöl.,
66(1):1-78, illus.
Moreau, R. E.
1950. The breeding seasons of African birds. 1. Land birds. Ibis,
92:223-267.
Owen, D. F.
1963. The rufous and white forms of an Asiatic Paradise Flycatcher
_Terpsiphone paradisi_. Ardea, 54:230-236.
Peters, J. L.
1934. Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. II. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, xvii + 401 pp.
1940. Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. IV. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, xii + 291 pp.
Peters, J. L., _et al._
1960. Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. XV. Cambridge,
Massachusetts, xii + 506 pp.
1964. Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. X. Cambridge,
Massachusetts, ix + 502 pp.
Rand, A. L., and Rabor, D. S.
1959. Notes on some Philippine bulbuls. Auk, 76:102-104.
Salomonsen, F.
1961. Notes on flowerpeckers (Aves, Dicaeidae) 4. Dicaeum igniferum
and its derivatives. Amer. Mus. Novit., No. 2057:1-35.
Sims, R. W.
1959. The _Ceyx erithacus_ and _rufidorsus_ problem. Jour. Linn.
Soc. (Zoology), 296:212-221.
Smythies, B. E.
1957. An annotated checklist of the birds of Borneo. Sarawak Mus.
J., 7:524-818.
1960. The birds of Borneo. Oliver and Boyd, London, xvi + 561 pp.,
illus.
1963. Bornean bird notes from various hands. Sarawak Mus. J.,
11:269-290.
Voous, K. H.
1950a. The breeding seasons of birds in Indonesia. Ibis,
92:279-287.
1950b. On the evolutionary and distributional history of
_Malacopteron_. Sarawak Mus. J., 2:300-320.
1951. Distributional and evolutionary history of the kingfisher
genus Ceyx in Malaysia. Ardea, 39:182-196.
Wetmore, A.
1960. A classification for the birds of the world. Smithsonian
Misc. Colls., 139(11):1-37.
Whitehead, J.
1893. Exploration of Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo. Gurney and
Jackson, London, x + 317 pp.
_Transmitted June 21, 1966_
31-4627
(Continued from inside of front cover)
Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows
(Cyprinidae). By Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley.
Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.
2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus
of Tehuantepec, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp.
19-72, pls. 1-8, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960. 50
cents.
3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys
scripta) from Coahuila, México. By John M. Legler. Pp.
73-84, pls. 9-12, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960.
*4. Autecology of the copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp.
85-288, pls. 13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30,
1960.
5. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in
the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch
and T. Paul Maslin. Pp. 289-308, 4 figures in text.
February 10, 1961.
6. Fishes of the Wakarusa River in Kansas. By James E.
Deacon and Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in
text. February 10, 1961.
7. Geographic variation in the North American cyprinid
fish, Hybopsis gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank
B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pls. 21-24, 2 figures in text.
February 10, 1961.
8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, genus Ptychohyla;
studies of American hylid frogs, V. By William E.
Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2 figures in text. April
27, 1961.
9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho
and Marais des Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James
Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pls. 26-30, 3 figures.
August 11, 1961. 75 cents.
10. Recent soft-shelled turtles, of North America (family
Trionychidae). By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 429-611, pls.
31-54, 24 figures in text. February 16, 1962. $2.00.
Index. Pp. 613-624.
Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats, from western México. By Sydney
Anderson. Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960.
2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse.
Reithrodontomys megalotis, on the central Great Plains
and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and B.
Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.
3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By
Sydney Anderson. Pp. 29-67, pls. 1 and 2, 3 figures in
text. July 24, 1961.
4. A new subspecies of the black myotis (bat) from eastern
México. By E. Raymond Hall and Ticul Alvarez. Pp.
69-72, 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961.
5. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of
the named kinds of the genus Lasiurus Gray. By E.
Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 73-98, 4
figures in text. December 29, 1961.
6. Natural history of the brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii)
in Kansas with description of a new subspecies. By
Charles A. Long. Pp. 99-111, 1 figure in text. December
29, 1961.
7. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii
group in eastern México, with description of a new
subspecies. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 113-120, 1 figure in
text. December 29, 1961.
8. A new subspecies of ground squirrel (Spermophilus
spilosoma) from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez.
Pp. 121-124. March 7, 1962.
9. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida
yucatanica Miller. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Ticul
Alvarez. Pp. 125-133, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962.
10. A new doglike carnivore, genus Cynaretus, from the
Clarendonian Pliocene, of Texas. By E. Raymond Hall and
Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 135-138, 2 figures in text.
April 30, 1962.
11. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma) from
northeastern Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp., 139-143.
April 30, 1962.
12. Noteworthy mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico. By J. Knox
Jones, Jr., Ticul Alvarez, and M. Raymond Lee. Pp.
145-159, 1 figure in text. May 18, 1962.
13. A new bat (Myotis) from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall.
Pp. 161-164, 1 figure in text. May 21, 1962.
*14. The mammals of Veracruz. By E. Raymond Hall and
Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 165-362, 2 figures. May 20,
1963. $2.00.
15. The Recent mammals of Tamaulipas, México. By Ticul
Alvarez. Pp. 363-473, 5 figures in text. May 20, 1983.
$1.00.
16. A new subspecies of the fruit-eating bat, Sturnira
ludovici, from western Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.,
and Gary L. Phillips. Pp. 475-481, 1 figure in text.
March 2, 1964.
17. Records of the fossil mammal Sinclairella, Family
Apatemyidae, from the Chadronian and Orellan. By
William A. Clemens. Pp. 483-491, 2 figures in text.
March 2, 1964.
18. The mammals of Wyoming. By Charles A. Long. Pp.
493-758, 82 figs. July 6, 1965, $3.00.
Index. Pp. 759-784.
(Continued on outside of back cover)
(Continued from inside back cover)
Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, México. By
William E. Duellman Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figures in
text. December 20, 1961. $1.50.
2. Some reptiles and amphibians from Korea. By Robert G.
Webb, J. Knox Jones Jr., and George W. Byers: Pp.
149-173. January 31, 1962.
3. A new species of frog (genus Tomodactylus), from
western México. By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 175-181, 1
figure in text. March 7, 1962.
4. Type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the Museum
of Natural History, The University of Kansas. By
William E. Duellman and Barbara Berg. Pp. 188-204.
October 26, 1962.
5. Amphibians and reptiles of the rainforests of southern
El Petén, Guatemala. By William E. Duellman. Pp.
205-249, pls. 7-10, 6 figures in text. October 4, 1963.
6. A revision of snakes of the genus Conophis (Family
Colubridae, from Middle America). By John Wellman. Pp.
251-295, 9 figures in text October 4, 1963.
7. A review of the Middle American tree frogs of the genus
Ptychohyla. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 297-349, pls.
11-18, 7 figures in text. October 18, 1963. 50 cents.
*8. Natural history of the racer Coluber constrictor. By
Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 351-468, pls. 19-22, 20 figures in
text. December 30, 1963. $1.00.
9. A review of the frogs of the Hyla bistincta group. By
William E. Duellman. Pp. 469-491, 4 figures in text.
March 2, 1964.
10. An ecological study of the garter snake, Thamnophis
sirtalis. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 493-564, pls. 23-25,
14 figures in text. May 17, 1965.
11. Breeding cycle in the ground skink, Lygosoma laterale.
By Henry S. Fitch and Harry W. Greene. Pp. 565-575, 3
figures in text. May 17, 1965.
12. Amphibians and reptiles from the Yucatan Peninsula,
México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 577-614, 1 figure
in text. June 22, 1965.
13. A new species of turtle, genus Kinosternon, from
Central America. By John M. Legler. Pp. 615-625, pls.
26-28, 2 figures in text. July 20, 1965.
14. A biogeographic account of the herpetofauna of
Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 627-709,
pls. 29-36, 5 figures in text. December 30, 1965.
15. Amphibians and reptiles of Mesa Verde National Park,
Colorado. By Charles L. Douglas. Pp. 711-744, pls. 37
and 38, 6 figures in text. March 7, 1966.
Index. Pp. 1-770.
Vol. 16. 1. Distribution and taxonomy of mammals of Nebraska. By J.
Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 1-356, plates 1-4, 82 figures in
text. October 1, 1964. $3.50.
2. Synopsis of the lagomorphs and rodents of Korea. By J.
Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. Johnson. Pp. 357-407.
February 12, 1965.
3. Mammals from Isla Cozumel, Mexico, with description of
a new species of harvest mouse. By J. Knox Jones, Jr.,
and Timothy E. Lawlor. Pp. 409-419, 1 figure in text.
April 13, 1965.
4. The Yucatan deer mouse, Peromyscus yucatanicus. By
Timothy E. Lawlor. Pp. 421-438, 2 figures in text. July
20, 1965.
5. Bats from Guatemala. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 439-472.
April 18, 1966.
More numbers will appear in volume 16.
Vol. 17. 1. Localities of fossil vertebrates obtained from the
Niobrara Formation (Cretaceous) of Kansas. By David
Bardack. Pp. 1-14. January 22, 1965.
2. Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve in the middle
ear of tetrapods. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 15-21. May 22,
1965.
3. Fishes of the Kansas River. System in relation to
zoogeography of the Great Plains. By Artie L. Metcalf.
Pp. 23-189, 4 figures in text, 51 maps. March 24, 1966.
4. Factors affecting growth and reproduction of channel
catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. By Bill A. Simco and
Frank B. Cross. Pp. 191-256, 13 figures in text. June
6, 1966.
5. A new species of fringe-limbed tree frog, genus, Hyla,
from Darién, Panamá. By William E. Duellman. Pp.
257-262, 1 figure in text. June 17, 1966.
6. Taxonomic notes on some Mexican and Central American
hylid frogs. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 263-279. June
17. 1966.
7. Neotropical hylid frogs, genus Smilisca. By William E.
Duellman and Linda Trueb. Pp. 281-375, pls. 1-12, 17
figures in text. July 14, 1966.
8. Birds from North Borneo. By Max C. Thompson. Pp.
377-433, 1 figure in text. October 27, 1966.
More numbers will appear in volume 17.
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Variant spellings where it was not possible to determine the author's
intent were kept as is. These include "erythrophthalmos" and
"erythrophthalmus;" "Fantailed" and "Fan-tailed;" "Kinabalu" and "Kina
Balu;" "México" and "Mexico;" "Müller" and "Muller," which may or may
not have been different people.
SFWC appears in the list of Locations and Collectors, but never appears
again. And collector SCFC appears only in the body of the document.
Perhaps these refer to the same person.
Punctuation irregularities in the specimen lists were not corrected,
since they did not affect the readability.
Changed "Natuurliijke" to "Natuurlijke" on page 380: "Rijksmuseum Van
Natuurlijke Historie."
Changed "capistratus" to "capistratum" in Table 1: "Pellorneum
capistratum."
Changed "Linneaus" to "Linnaeus" on page 394: "Squatarola squatarola
(Linnaeus)."
The "(sic)" in the entry for Trichastoma malaccense poliogenys on page
410 is in the original, and not added in transcription.
Changed "sub-montane" to "submontane" on page 413: "from submontane
localities."
Changed "Darval" to "Darvel" on page 421: "farther south than Darvel
Bay."
Changed "Symthies" to "Smythies" on page 424: "(cf. Smythies,
1960:445)."
*** End of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Birds from North Borneo - University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, Volume 17, No. 8, pp. 377-433, October 27, 1966" ***
Copyright 2023 LibraryBlog. All rights reserved.