Title: The Gamekeeper At Home - Sketches of Natural History and Rural Life
Author: Jefferies, Richard, 1848-1887
Language: English
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The Gamekeeper At Home
Sketches of Natural History and Rural Life
By Richard Jefferies
Published by Smith, Elder & Co, London.
This edition dated 1878.
The Gamekeeper At Home, by Richard Jefferies.

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THE GAMEKEEPER AT HOME, BY RICHARD JEFFERIES.


PREFACE.

Those who delight in roaming about amongst the fields and lanes, or have
spent any time in a country house, can hardly have failed to notice the
custodian of the woods and covers, or to observe that he is often
something of a "character."  The Gamekeeper forms, indeed, so prominent
a figure in rural life as almost to demand some biographical record of
his work and ways.  From the man to the territories over which he bears
sway--the meadows, woods, and streams--and to his subjects, their furred
and feathered inhabitants, is a natural transition.  The enemies against
whom he wages incessant warfare--vermin, poachers, and trespassers--
must, of course, be included in such a survey.

Although, for ease and convenience of illustration, the character of a
particular Keeper has been used as a nucleus about which to arrange
materials that would otherwise have lacked a connecting link, the facts
here collected are really entirely derived from original observation.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

R.J.


CHAPTER ONE.

THE MAN HIMSELF--HIS HOUSE, AND TOOLS.

The keeper's cottage stands in a sheltered "coombe," or narrow hollow of
the woodlands, overshadowed by a mighty Spanish chestnut, bare now of
leaves, but in summer a noble tree.  The ash wood covers the slope at
the rear; on one side is a garden, and on the other a long strip of
meadow with elms.  In front, and somewhat lower, a streamlet winds,
fringing the sward, and across it the fir plantations begin, their dark
sombre foliage hanging over the water.  A dead willow trunk thrown from
bank to bank forms a rude bridge; the tree, not even squared, gives
little surface for the foot, and in frosty weather a slip is easy.  From
this primitive contrivance a path, out of which others fork, leads into
the intricacies of the covers, and from the garden a wicket gate opens
on the ash wood.  The elms in the meadow are full of rooks' nests, and
in the spring the coombe will resound with their cawing; these black
bandits, who do not touch it at other times, will then ravage the garden
to feed their hungry young, despite ingenious scarecrows.  A row of
kennels, tenanted by a dozen dogs, extends behind the cottage: lean
retrievers yet unbroken, yelping spaniels, pointers, and perhaps a few
greyhounds or fancy breeds, if "young master" has a taste that way.

Beside the kennels is a shed ornamented with rows upon rows of dead and
dried vermin, furred and feathered, impaled for their misdeeds; and over
the door a couple of horseshoes nailed for luck--a superstition yet
lingering in the by-ways of the woods and hills.  Within are the ferret
hutches, warm and dry; for the ferret is a shivery creature, and likes
nothing so well as to nozzle down in a coat-pocket with a little hay.
Here are spades and billhooks, twine and rabbit nets, traps, and other
odds and ends scattered about with the wires and poacher's implements
impounded from time to time.

In a dark corner there lies a singular-looking piece of mechanism, a
relic of the olden times, which when dragged into the light turns out to
be a man-trap.  These terrible engines have long since been disused--
being illegal, like spring-guns--and the rust has gathered thickly on
the metal.  But, old though it be, it still acts perfectly, and can be
"set" as well now as when in bygone days poachers and thieves used to
prod the ground and the long grass, before they stepped among it, with a
stick, for fear of mutilation.

The trap is almost precisely similar to the common rat-trap or gin still
employed to destroy vermin, but greatly exaggerated in size, so that if
stood on end it reaches to the waist, or above.  The jaws of this iron
wolf are horrible to contemplate--rows of serrated projections, which
fit into each other when closed, alternating with spikes a couple of
inches long, like tusks.  To set the trap you have to stand on the
spring--the weight of a man is about sufficient to press it down; and,
to avoid danger to the person preparing this little surprise, a band of
iron can be pushed forward to hold the spring while the catch is put
into position, and the machine itself is hidden among the bushes or
covered with dead leaves.  Now touch the pan with a stout
walking-stick--the jaws cut it in two in the twinkling of an eye.  They
seem to snap together with a vicious energy, powerful enough to break
the bone of the leg; and assuredly no man ever got free whose foot was
once caught by these terrible teeth.

The keeper will tell you that it used to be set up in the corner of the
gardens and orchard belonging to the great house, and which in the
pre-policemen days were almost nightly robbed.  He thinks there were
quite as many such traps set in the gardens just outside the towns as
ever there were in the woods and preserves of the country proper.  He
recollects but one old man (a mole-catcher) who actually had experienced
in his youth the sensation of being caught; he went lame on one foot,
the sinews having been cut or divided.  The trap could be chained to its
place if desired; but, as a matter of fact, a chain was unnecessary, for
no man could possibly drag this torturing clog along.

Another outhouse attached to the cottage contains a copper for preparing
the food for both quadrupeds and birds.  Some poultry run about the
mead, and perhaps with them are feeding the fancy foreign ducks which in
summer swim in the lake before the hall.

The cottage is thatched and oddly gabled--built before "improvements"
came into fashion--yet cosy; with walls three feet thick, which keep out
the cold of winter and the heat of summer.  This is not solid masonry;
there are two shells, as it were, filled up between with rubble and
mortar rammed down hard.

Inside the door the floor of brick is a step below the level of the
ground.  Sometimes a peculiar but not altogether unpleasant odour fills
the low-pitched sitting room--it is emitted by the roots burning upon
the fire, hissing as the sap exudes and boils in the fierce heat.  When
the annual fall of timber takes place the butts of the trees are often
left in the earth, to be afterwards grubbed and split for firewood,
which goes to the great house or is sold.  There still remain the roots,
which are cut into useful lengths and divided among the upper employes.
From elm and oak and ash, and the crude turpentine of the fir, this
aromatic odour, the scent of the earth in which they grew, is exhaled as
they burn.

The ceiling is low and crossed by one huge square beam of oak, darkened
by smoke and age.  The keeper's double-barrelled gun is suspended from
this beam: there are several other guns in the house, but this, the
favourite, alone hangs where it did before he had children--so strong is
habit; the rest are yet more out of danger.  It has been a noble weapon,
though now showing signs of age--the interior of the breech worn larger
than the rest of the barrel from constant use; so much so that, before
it was converted to a breech-loader, the wad when the ramrod pushed it
down would slip the last six inches, so loosely fitting as to barely
answer its purpose of retaining the shot; so that when cleaned out,
before the smoke fouled it again, he had to load with paper.  This in a
measure anticipated the "choke-bore," and his gun was always famous for
its killing power.  The varnish is worn from the stock by incessant
friction against his coat, showing the real grain of the walnut-wood,
and the trigger-guard with the polish of the sleeve shines like silver.
It has been his companion for so many years that it is not strange he
should feel an affection for it; no other ever fitted the shoulder so
well, or came with such delicate precision to the "present" position.
So accustomed is he to its balance and "hang" in the hand that he never
thinks of aiming; he simply looks at the object, still or moving, throws
the gun up from the hollow of his arm, and instantly pulls the trigger,
staying not a second to glance along the barrel.  It has become almost a
portion of his body, answering like a limb to the volition of will
without the intervention of reflection.  The hammers are chased and
elegantly shaped--perfectly matching: when once the screw came loose,
and the jar of a shot jerked one off among the dead leaves apparently
beyond hope of recovery, he never rested night or day till by continuous
search and sifting the artistic piece of metal was found.  Nothing
destroys the symmetry of a gun so much as hammers which are not pairs;
and well he knew that he should never get a smith to replace that
delicate piece of workmanship, for this gun came originally from the
hands of a famous maker, who got fifty, or perhaps even seventy guineas
for it years ago.  It did not shoot to please the purchaser--guns of the
very best character sometimes take use to get into thorough order--and
was thrown aside, and so the gun became the keeper's.

These fine old guns often have a romance clinging to them, and sometimes
the history is a sad one.  Upstairs he still keeps the old copper
powder-flask curiously chased and engraved, yet strong enough to bear
the weight of the bearer, if by chance he sat down upon it while in his
pocket, together with the shot-belt and punch for cutting out the wads
from cardboard or an old felt hat.  These the modern system of loading
at the breech has cast aside.  Here, also, is the apparatus for filling
empty cartridge-cases--a work which in the season occupies him many
hours.

Being an artist in his way, he takes a pride in the shine and polish of
his master's guns, which are not always here, but come down at intervals
to be cleaned and attended to.  And woe be to the first kid gloves that
touch them afterwards; for a gun, like a sardine should be kept in fine
oil, not thickly encrusting it, but, as it were, rubbed into and oozing
from the pores of the metal and wood.  Paraffin is an abomination in his
eyes (for preserving from rust), and no modern patent oil, he thinks,
can compare with a drop of gin for the locks--the spirit never congeals
in cold weather, and the hammer comes up with a clear, sharp snick.  He
has two or three small screwdrivers and gunsmith's implements to take
the locks to pieces; for gentlemen are sometimes careless and throw
their guns down on the wet grass, and if a single drop of water should
by chance penetrate under the plate it will play mischief with the
works, if the first speck of rust be not forthwith removed.

His dog-whistle hangs at his buttonhole.  His pocket-knife is a basket
of tools in itself, most probably a present from some youthful sportsman
who was placed under his care to learn how to handle a gun.  The
corkscrew it contains has seen much service at luncheon-time, when under
a sturdy oak, or in a sheltered nook of the lane, where the hawthorn
hedge and the fern broke the force of the wind, a merry shooting party
sat down to a well-packed hamper and wanted some one to draw the corks.
Not but what the back of the larger blade has not artistically tapped
off the neck of many a bottle, hitting it gently upwards against the
rim.  Nor must his keys be forgotten.  The paths through the preserves,
where they debouch on a public lane or road, are closed with
high-sparred wicket gates, well pitched to stand the weather, and
carefully locked, and of course he has a key.  His watch, made on
purpose for those who walk by night, tells him the time in the densest
darkness of the woods.  On pressing a spring and holding it near the
ear, it strikes the hour last past, then the quarters which have since
elapsed; so that even when he cannot see an inch before his face he
knows the time within fifteen minutes at the outside, which is near
enough for practical purposes.

In personal appearance he would be a tall man were it not that he has
contracted a slight stoop in the passage of the years, not from weakness
or decay of nature, but because men who walk much lean forward somewhat,
which has a tendency to round the shoulders.  The weight of the gun, and
often of a heavy game-bag dragging downwards, has increased this defect
of his figure, and, as is usual after a certain age, even with those who
lead a temperate life, he begins to show signs of corpulency.  But these
shortcomings only slightly detract from the manliness of his appearance,
and in youth it is easy to see that he must have been an athlete.  There
is still plenty of power in the long sinewy arms, brown hands, and
bull-neck, and intense vital energy in the bright blue eye.  He is an
ash-tree man, as a certain famous writer would say; hard, tough,
unconquerable by wind or weather, fearless of his fellows, yielding but
by slow and imperceptible degrees to the work of time.  His neck has
become the colour of mahogany; sun and tempest have left their indelible
marks upon his face; and he speaks from the depths of his broad chest,
as men do who talk much in the open air, shouting across the fields and
through the copses.  There is a solidity in his very footstep, and he
stands like an oak.  He meets your eye full and unshirkingly, yet
without insolence; not as the labourers do, who either stare with sullen
ill-will or look on the earth.  In brief, freedom and constant contact
with nature have made him every inch a man; and here in this nineteenth
century of civilised effeminacy may be seen some relic of what men were
in the old feudal days when they dwelt practically in the woods.  The
shoulder of his coat is worn a little where the gun rubs, and so is his
sleeve; otherwise he is fairly well dressed.

Perfectly civil to every one, and with a willing manner towards his
master and his master's guests, he has a wonderful knack of getting his
own way.  Whatever the great house may propose in the shooting line, the
keeper is pretty certain to dispose of in the end as he pleases; for he
has a voluble "silver" tongue, and is full of objections, reasons,
excuses, suggestions, all delivered with a deprecatory air of superior
knowledge which he hardly likes to intrude upon his betters, much as he
would regret to see them go wrong.  So he really takes the lead, and in
nine cases in ten the result proves he is right, as minute local
knowledge naturally must be when intelligently applied.

Not only in such matters as the best course for the shooting party to
follow, or in advice bearing upon the preserves, but in concerns of a
wider scope, his influence is felt.  A keen, shrewd judge of
horseflesh--(how is it that if a man understands one animal he seems to
instinctively see through all?)--his master in a careless way often asks
his opinion before concluding a bargain.  Of course the question is not
put direct, but "By-the-by, when the hounds were here you saw
so-and-so's mare; what do you think of her?"  The keeper blurts out his
answer, not always flattering or very delicately expressed; and his view
is not forgotten.  For when a trusted servant like this accompanies his
master often in solitary rambles for hours together, dignity must unbend
now and then, however great the social difference between them; and thus
a man of strong individuality and a really valuable gift of observation
insensibly guides his master.

Passing across the turnips, the landlord, who perhaps never sees his
farms save when thus crossing them with a gun, remarks that they look
clean and free from weeds; whereupon the keeper, walking respectfully a
little in the rear, replies that so-and-so, the tenant, is a capital
farmer, a preserver of foxes and game, but has suffered from the
floods--a reply that leads to inquiries, and perhaps a welcome reduction
of rent.  On the other hand, the owner's attention is thus often called
to abuses.  In this way an evilly-disposed keeper may, it is true, do
great wrongs, having access to the owner and, in familiar phrase, "his
ear."  I am at present delineating the upright keeper, such as are in
existence still, notwithstanding the abuse lavished upon them as a
class--often, it is to be feared, too well deserved.  It is not
difficult to see how in this way a man whose position is lowly may in an
indirect way exercise a powerful influence upon a large estate.

He is very "great" on dogs (and, indeed, on all other animals); his
opinion is listened to and taken by everybody round about who has a dog,
and sometimes he has three or four under treatment for divers ills.  By
this knowledge many "tips" are gained, and occasionally he makes a good
thing by selling a pup at a high price.  He may even be seen, with his
velveteen jacket carefully brushed, his ground-ash stick under his arm,
and hat in hand, treading daintily for fear of soiling the carpet with
his shoe, in the anteroom, gravely prescribing for the ailing pug in
which the ladies are interested.

At the farmhouses he is invited to sit down and take a glass, being
welcome for his gossip of the great house, and because, having in the
course of years been thrown into the society of all classes, he has
gradually acquired a certain tact and power of accommodating himself to
his listener.  For the keeper, when he fulfils his duty in a quiet way
as a man of experience does, is by no means an unpopular character.  It
is the too officious man who creates a feeling among the tenants against
himself and the whole question of game.  But the quiet experienced hand,
with a shrewd knowledge of men as well as the technicalities of his
profession, grows to be liked by the tenantry, and becomes a local
authority on animal life.

Proud, and not without reason, of his vigour and strength, he will tell
you that though between fifty and sixty he can still step briskly
through a heavy field-day, despite the weight of reserve ammunition he
carries.  He can keep on his feet without fatigue from morn till eve,
and goes his rounds without abating one inch of the distance.  In one
thing alone he feels his years--i.e. in pace; and when "young master,"
who is a disciple of the modern athletic school, comes out, it is about
as much as ever he can do to keep up with him over the stubble.  Never
once for the last thirty years has he tossed on a bed of sickness; never
once has he failed to rise from his slumber refreshed and ready for his
labour.  His secret is--but let him tell it in his own words:

"It's indoors, sir, as kills half the people; being indoors three parts
of the day, and next to that taking too much drink and vittals.
Eating's as bad as drinking; and there ain't nothing like fresh air and
the smell of the woods.  You should come out here in the spring, when
the oak timber is throwed (because, you see, the sap be rising, and the
bark strips then), and just sit down on a stick fresh peeled--I means a
trunk, you know--and sniff up the scent of that there oak bark.  It goes
right down your throat, and preserves your lungs as the tan do leather.
And I've heard say as folk who work in the tan-yards never have no
illness.  There's always a smell from trees, dead or living--I could
tell what wood a log was in the dark by my nose; and the air is better
where the woods be.  The ladies up in the great house sometimes goes out
into the fir plantations--the turpentine scents strong, you see--and
they say it's good for the chest; but, bless you, you must live in it.
People go abroad, I'm told, to live in the pine forests to cure 'em: I
say these here oaks have got every bit as much good in that way.  I
never eat but two meals a day--breakfast and supper: what you would call
dinner--and maybe in the middle of the day a hunch of dry bread and an
apple.  I take a deal for breakfast, and I'm rather lear [hungry] at
supper; but you may lay your oath that's why I'm what I am in the way of
health.  People stuffs theirselves, and by consequence it breaks out,
you see.  It's the same with cattle; they're overfed, tied up in stalls
and stuffed, and never no exercise, and mostly oily food too.  It stands
to reason they must get bad; and that's the real cause of these here
rinderpests and pleuro-pneumonia and what-nots.  At least that's my
notion.  I'm in the woods all day, and never comes home till
supper--'cept, of course, in breeding-time, to fetch the meal and stuff
for the birds--so I gets the fresh air, you see; and the fresh air is
the life, sir.  There's the smell of the earth, too--'specially just as
the plough turns it up--which is a fine thing; and the hedges and the
grass are as sweet as sugar after a shower.  Anything with a green leaf
is the thing, depend upon it, if you want to live healthy.  I never
signed no pledge; and if a man asks me to take a glass of ale, I never
says him no.  But I ain't got no barrel at home; and all the time I've
been in this here place, I've never been to a public.  Gentlemen give me
tips--of course they does; and much obliged I be; but I takes it to my
missus.  Many's the time they've axed me to have a glass of champagne or
brandy when we've had lunch under the hedge; but I says no, and would
like a glass of beer best, which I gets, of course.  No; when I drinks,
I drinks ale: but most in general I drinks no strong liquor.  Great
coat!--cold weather!  I never put no great coat on this thirty year.
These here woods be as good as a topcoat in cold weather.  Come off the
open field with the east wind cutting into you, and get inside they firs
and you'll feel warm in a minute.  If you goes into the ash wood you
must go in farther, because the wind comes more between the poles."
Fresh air, exercise, frugal food and drink, the odour of the earth and
the trees--these have given him, as he nears his sixtieth year, the
strength and vitality of early manhood.

He has his faults: notably, a hastiness of temper towards his undermen,
and towards labourers and wood-cutters who transgress his rules.  He is
apt to use his ground-ash stick rather freely without thought of
consequences, and has got into trouble more than once in that way.  When
he takes a dislike or suspicion of a man, nothing will remove it; he is
stubbornly inimical and unforgiving, totally incapable of comprehending
the idea of loving an enemy.  He hates cordially in the true pagan
fashion of old.  He is full of prejudices, and has some ideas which
almost amount to superstitions; and, though he fears nothing, has a
vague feeling that sometimes there is "summat" inexplicable in the dark
and desolate places.  Such is this modern man of the woods.

The impressions of youth are always strongest with us, and so it is that
recollecting the scenes in which he passed his earlier days he looks
with some contempt upon the style of agriculture followed in the
locality; for he was born in the north, where the farms are sometimes of
a great area, though perhaps not so rich in soil, and he cannot forgive
the tenants here because they have not got herds of three or four
hundred horned cattle.  Before he settled down in the south he had many
changes of situation, and was thus brought in contact with a wonderful
number of gentlemen, titled or otherwise distinguished, whose
peculiarities of speech or appearance he loves to dwell upon.  If the
valet sees the hero or the statesman too closely, so sometimes does the
gamekeeper.  A great man must have moments when it is a relief to fling
off the constant posturing necessary before the world; and there is
freshness in the gamekeeper's unstudied conversation.  The keeper thinks
that nothing reveals a gentleman's character so much as his "tips."

"Gentlemen is very curious in tips," he says, "and there ain't nothing
so difficult as to know what's coming.  Most in general them as be the
biggest guns, and what you would think would come out handsome, chucks
you a crown and no more; and them as you knows ain't much go in the way
of money slips a sovereign into your fist.  There's a deal in the way of
giving it too, as perhaps you wouldn't think.  Some gents does it as
much as to say they're much obliged to you for kindly taking it.  Some
does it as if they were chucking a bone to a dog.  One place where I
was, the governor were the haughtiest man as ever you see.  When the
shooting was done--after a great party, you never knowed whether he were
pleased or not--he never took no more notice of you than if you were a
tree.  But I found him out arter a time or two.  You had to walk close
behind him, as if you were a spaniel; and by-and-by he would slip his
hand round behind his back--without a word, mind--and you had to take
what was in it, and never touch your hat or so much as `Thank you, sir.'
It were always a five-pound note if the shooting had been good; but it
never seemed to come so sweet as if he'd done it to your face."

The keeper gets a goodly number of tips in the course of the year, from
visitors at the great house, from naturalists who come now and then,
from the sportsmen, and regularly from the masters of three packs of
hounds; not to mention odd moneys at intervals in various ways, as when
he goes round to deliver presents of game to the chief tenants on the
estate or to the owner's private friends.  Gentlemen who take an
interest in such things come out every spring to see the young broods of
pheasants--which, indeed, are a pretty sight--and they always leave
something behind them.  In the summer a few picnic parties come from the
town or the country round about, having permission to enter the grounds.
In the winter half a dozen young gentlemen have a turn at the
ferreting; a great burrow is chosen, three or four ferrets put in at
once without any nets, so that the rabbits may bolt freely, and then the
shooting is like volleys of musketry fire.  For sport like this the
young gentlemen tip freely.  After the rook-shooting party in the spring
from the great house, with their rook-rifles and sometimes crossbows,
have had the pick of the young birds, some few of the tenants are
admitted to shoot the remainder--a task that spreads perhaps over two or
even three days, and there is a good deal of liquor and silver going
about.  Then gentlemen come to fish in the mere, having got the
necessary permission, and they want bait and some attention, which the
keeper's lad, being an adept himself, can render better than any one
else; and so he too gets his share.  Besides which, being swift of foot,
and with a shrewd idea which way the fox will run when the hunt is up,
he is to the fore when a lady or some timid gentleman wants a gate
opened--a service not performed in vain.  For breaking-in dogs also the
keeper is often paid well; and, in short, he is one of those fortunate
individuals whom all the world tips.


CHAPTER TWO.

HIS FAMILY AND CASTE.

The interior of the cottage is exquisitely clean; it has that bright
pleasant appearance which is only possible when the housewife feels a
pride in her duties, and goes about them with a cheerful heart.  Not a
speck of dust can be seen upon the furniture, amongst which is a large
old-fashioned sofa: the window panes are clear and transparent--a
certain sign of loving care expended on the place, as on the other hand
dirty windows are an indication of neglect, so much so that the
character of the cottager may almost be guessed from a glance at her
glass.  The keeper's wife is a buxom vivacious dame, whose manners from
occasional contact with the upper ranks--the ladies from the great house
sometimes look in for a few minutes to chat with so old a servant of the
family--are above what are usually found in her station.  She receives
her callers--and they are many--with a quiet, respectful dignity:
desirous of pleasing, yet quite at her ease.

Across the back of the sofa there lies a rug of some beautiful fur which
catches the eye, but which at first the visitor cannot identify.  Its
stripes are familiar, and not unlike the tiger's, but the colour is not
that of the forest tyrant.  She explains that this rug comes within her
special sphere.  It is a carriage-rug of cat-skin; the skins carefully
selected to match exactly, and cured and prepared in the same way as
other more famous furs.  They have only just been sewn together, and the
rug is now spread on the sofa to dry.  She has made rugs, she will tell
you, entirely of black cat skins, and very handsome they looked; but not
equal to this, which is wholly of the tabby.  Certainly the gloss and
stripe, the soft warmth and feel to the hand, seem to rival many foreign
and costly importations.  Besides carriage-rugs, the gamekeeper's wife
has made others for the feet--some many-coloured, like Joseph's coat.

All the cats to which these skins belonged were shot or caught in the
traps set for vermin by her husband and his assistants.  The majority
were wild--that is, had taken up their residence in the woods, reverting
to their natural state, and causing great havoc among the game.
Feasting like this and in the joys of freedom, many had grown to a truly
enormous size, not in fat, as the domestic animal does, but in length of
back and limb.  These afforded the best skins; perhaps out of eight or
nine killed but two would be available or worth preserving.

This gives an idea of the extraordinary number of cats which stray
abroad and get their living by poaching.  They invariably gravitate
towards the woods.  The instance in point is taken from an outlying
district far from a town, where the nuisance is comparatively small; but
in the preserves say from ten to twenty miles round London the cats thus
killed must be counted by thousands.  Families change their homes, the
cat is driven away by the new comer and takes to the field.  In one
little copse not more than two acres in extent, and about twelve miles
from Hyde Park Corner, fifteen cats were shot in six weeks, and nearly
all in one spot--their favourite haunt.  When two or three wild or
homeless animals take up their abode in a wood, they speedily attract
half a dozen hitherto tame ones; and, if they were not destroyed, it
would be impossible to keep either game or rabbits.

She has her own receipts for preserving furs and feathers, and long
practice has rendered her an adept.  Here are squirrels' skins also
prepared; some with the bushy tail attached, and some without.  They
vary in size and the colour of the tail, which is often nearly white, in
others more deeply tinged with red.  The fur is used to line cloaks, and
the tail is sometimes placed in ladies' hats.  Now and then she gets a
badger-skin, which old country folk used to have made into waistcoats,
said to form an efficacious protection for weak chests.  She has made
rugs of several sewn together, but not often.

In the store-room upstairs there are a few splendid fox-skins, some with
the tails tipped with white, others tipped with black.  These are used
for ladies' muffs, and look very handsome; the tail being occasionally
curled round the muff.  This sounds a delicate matter, and dangerously
near the deadly sin of vulpecide.  But it is not so.  In these extensive
woods, with their broad fringes of furze and heath, the foxes now and
then become inconveniently numerous, and even cub-hunting will not kill
them off sufficiently, especially if a great "head" of game is kept up,
for it attracts every species of beast of prey.

Besides the damage to game, the concentration of too many foxes in one
district is opposed to the interest of the hunt--first, because the
attendant destruction of neighbouring poultry causes an unpleasant
feeling; next, because when the meet takes place the plethora of foxes
spoils the sport.  The day is wasted in "chopping" them at every corner;
the pack breaks up into several sections, despite whip, horn, and voice;
and a good ran across country cannot be obtained.  So that once now and
then a judicious thinning-out is necessary; and this is how the skins
come into the hands of the keeper's wife.  The heads go to ornament
halls and staircases; so do the pads and occasionally the brush.  The
teeth make studs, set in gold; and no part of Reynard is thrown away,
since the dogs eagerly snap up his body.

Once or twice she has made a mole-skin waistcoat for a gentleman.  This
is a very tedious operation.  Each little skin has to be separately
prepared, and when finished hardly covers two square inches of surface.
Consequently it requires several scores of skins, and the work is a year
or more about.  There is then the sewing together, which is not to be
accomplished without much patience and skill.  The fur is beautifully
soft and glossy, with more resemblance to velvet than is possessed by
any other natural substance; and very warm.  Mittens for the wrists are
also made of it, and skull-caps.  Mole-skin waistcoats used to be
thought a good deal of, but are now only met with occasionally as a
curiosity.

The old wooden mole-trap is now almost extinct, superseded by the modern
iron one, which anybody can set up.  The ancient contrivance, a cylinder
of wood, could only be placed in position by a practised hand, and from
his experience in this the mole-catcher--locally called "oont-catcher"--
used to be an important personage in his way.  He is now fast becoming
extinct also--that is, as a distinct handicraftsman spending his whole
time in such trapping.  He was not unfrequently a man who had once
occupied a subordinate place under a keeper, and when grown too feeble
for harder labour, supported himself in this manner: contracting with
the farmers to clear their fields by the season.

Neither stoats' nor weasels' skins are preserved, except now and then
for stuffing to put under a glass case, though the stoat is closely
allied to the genuine ermine.  Polecats, too, are sometimes saved for
the same purpose; in many woods they seem now quite extinct.  The otter
skin is valuable, but does not often come under the care of the keeper's
wife.  The keeper now and then shoots a grebe in the mere where the
streamlet widens out into a small lake, which again is bordered by water
meadows.  This bird is uncommon, but not altogether rare; sometimes two
or three are killed in the year in this southern inland haunt.  He also
shoots her some jays, whose wings--as likewise the black-and-white
magpie--are used for the same decorative purposes.  Certain feathers
from the jay are sought by the gentlemen who visit the great house, to
make artificial flies for salmon-fishing.  Of kingfishers she preserves
a considerable number for ladies' hats, and some for glass cases.  Once
or twice she has been asked to prepare the woodpecker, whose plumage and
harsh cry entitle him to the position of the parrot of our woods.
Gentlemen interested in natural history often commission her husband to
get them specimens of rare birds; and in the end he generally succeeds,
though a long time may elapse before they cross his path.  For them she
has prepared some of the rare owls and hawks.  She has a store of
peacocks' feathers--every now and then people, especially ladies, call
at the cottage and purchase these things.  Country housewives still use
the hare's "pad" for several domestic purposes--was not the hare's foot
once kept in the printing-offices?

The keeper's wife has nothing to do with rabbits, but knows that their
skins and fur are still bought in large quantities.  She has heard that
geese were once kept in large flocks almost entirely for their feathers,
which were plucked twice a year, she thinks; but this is not practised
now, at least not in the south.  She has had snakes' skins, or more
properly sloughs, for the curious.  It is very difficult to get one
entire; they are fragile, and so twisted in the grass where the snake
leaves them as to be generally broken.  Some country folk put them in
their hats to cure headache, which is a very old superstition; but more
in sport than earnest.  There are no deer now in the park.  There used
to be a hundred years ago, and her husband has found several cast
antlers in the wood.  The best are up at the great house, but there is
one on her staircase.  Will I take a few chestnuts?  It is winter--the
proper time--and these are remarkably fine.  No tree is apparently so
capricious in its yield as the chestnut in English woods: the fruit of
many is so small as to be worthless, or else it does not reach maturity.
But these large ones are from a tree which bears a fine nut: her
husband has them saved every year.  Here also are half-a-dozen truffles
if I will accept them: most that are found go up to the great house; but
of late years they have not been sought for so carefully, because coming
in quantities from abroad.  These truffles are found, she believes, in
the woods where the soil is chalky.  She used to gather many native
herbs; but tastes have changed, and new seasonings and sauces have come
into fashion.

Out of doors in his work the assistant upon whom the gamekeeper places
his chief reliance is his own son--a lad hardly taller than the gun he
carries, but much older than would be supposed at first sight.

It is a curious physiological fact that although open-air life is so
favourable to health, yet it has the apparent effect of stunting growth
in early youth.  Let two children be brought up together, one made to
"rough" it out of doors, and the other carefully tended and kept within;
other things being equal, the boy of the drawing-room will be taller and
to all appearance more developed than his companion.  The labourer's
children, for instance, who play in the lonely country roads and fields
all day, whose parents lock their cottage doors when leaving for work in
the morning so that their offspring shall not gain entrance and get into
mischief, are almost invariably short for their age.  In their case
something may be justly attributed to coarse and scanty food; but the
children of working farmers exhibit the same peculiarity, and although
their food is not luxurious in quality, it is certainly not stinted in
quantity.  Some of the ploughboys and carters' lads seem scarcely fit to
be put in charge of the huge cart-horses who obey their shouted orders,
their heads being but a little way above the shafts--mere infants to
look at.  Yet they are fourteen or fifteen years of age.  With these,
and with the sons of farmers who in like manner work in the field, the
period of development comes later than with town-bred boys.  After
sixteen or eighteen, after years of hesitation as it were, they suddenly
shoot up, and become great, hulking, broad fellows, possessed of immense
strength.  So the keeper's boy is really much more a man than he
appears, both in years and knowledge--meaning thereby that local
intelligence, technical ability, and unwritten education which is the
resultant of early practice and is quite distinct from book-learning.

From his father he has imbibed the spirit of the woods and all the
minutiae of his art.  First he learned to shoot; his highest ambition
being satisfied in the beginning when permitted to carry the
double-barrel home across the meadow.  Then he was allowed occasionally
to fire off the charges left in after the day's work, before the gun was
hung against the beam.  Next, from behind the fallen trunk of an oak he
took aim at a sitting rabbit which had raised himself on his
hind-quarters to listen suspiciously--resting the heavy barrels on the
tree, and made nervous by the whispered instructions from the keeper
kneeling on the grass out of sight behind, "Aim at his shoulder, lad, if
he be sitting sidelong; if a' be got his back to 'ee aim at his poll."
From this it was but a short step to be trusted with the single-barrel,
and finally with the double; ultimately having one of his own and
walking his own distinct rounds.

He is now a keen shot, even better than his father; for it is often
observed that at a certain age young beginners in most manual arts reach
an excellence which in later years fails them.  Perhaps the muscles are
more elastic, and respond instantaneously to the eye.  This mere boy at
snap-shooting in the "rough" will beat crack sportsmen hollow.  At the
trap with pigeons he would probably fail; but in a narrow lane where the
rabbits, driven out by the ferrets, just pop across barely a yard of
open ground, where even a good shot may miss repeatedly, he is "death"
itself to the "bunnies."  So, too, with a wood-hare--i.e. those hares
that always lie in the woods as others do in the open fields and on the
uplands.  They are difficult to kill.  They slip quietly out from the
form in the rough grass under the ashstole, and all you have for
guidance is the rustling and, perhaps, the tips of the ears, the body
hidden by the tangled dead ferns and "rowetty" stuff.  When you try to
aim the barrel knocks against the ash-poles, which are inconveniently
near together, or the branches get in the way, and the hare dodges round
a tree, and your cartridge simply barks a bough and cuts a tall dead
thistle in twain.  But the keeper's lad, who had waited for your fire,
instantly follows, as it seems hardly lifting his gun to his shoulder,
and the hare is stopped by the shot.

Rabbit-shooting, also, in an ash wood like this is trying to the temper;
they double and dodge, and if you wait, thinking that the brown rascals
must presently cross the partially open space yonder, lo! just at the
very edge up go their white tails and they dive into the bowels of the
earth, having made for hidden burrows.  There is, of course, after all,
nothing but a knack in these things.  Still it is something to have
acquired the knack.  The lad, if you ask him, will proudly show off
several gun tricks, as shooting left-handed, placing the butt at the
left instead of the right shoulder and pulling the trigger with the left
finger.  He will knock over a running rabbit like this; and at short
distances can shoot with tolerable certainty from under the arm without
coming to the "present," or even holding the gun out like a pistol with
one hand.

By slow degrees he has obtained an intimate acquaintance with every
field on the place, and no little knowledge of natural history.  He will
decide at once, as if by a kind of instinct, where any particular bird
or animal will be found at that hour.

He is more bitter than his father against poachers, and would like to
see harder measures dealt out to them; but his chief use is in watching
or checking the assistants, who act as beaters, ferreters, or keep up
the banks and fences about the preserves, etc.  Without a doubt these
men are very untrustworthy, and practise many tricks.  For instance,
when they are set to ferret a bank, what is to prevent them, if the
coast is clear, from hiding half a dozen dead rabbits in a burrow?
digging has frequently to be resorted to, and thus they can easily cast
earth over and conceal the entrance to a hole.  Many a wounded hare and
pheasant that falls into the hands of the beaters never makes it
appearance at the table of the sportsman; and doubtless they help
themselves to the game captured in many a poacher's wire before giving
notice of the discovery to the head man.

Some of these assistants wear waistcoats of calfskin with the hair on
it.  The hair is outside, and the roan-and-white colour has a curious
appearance: the material is said to be very warm and durable.  Such
waistcoats were common years ago; but of late the looms and spindles of
the manufacturing districts have reduced the most outlying of the
provinces to a nearly dead uniformity of shoddy.

One pair of eyes cannot be everywhere at once; consequently the keeper,
as his son grew up, found him a great help in this way: while he goes
one road the lad goes the other, and the undermen never feel certain
that some one is not about.  Perhaps partly for this reason the lad is
not a favourite in the village, and few if any of the other boys make
friends with him.  He is too loyal to permit of their playing trespass--
he looks down on them as a little lower in the scale.  Do they ever
speak, even in the humblest way, to the proprietor of the place?  In
their turn they ostracise him after their fashion; so he becomes a
silent, solitary youth, self-reliant, and old for his years.

He is a daring climber: as after the hawk's nest, generally made in the
highest elms or pines--if that species of tree is to be found--taking
the young birds to some farmhouse where the children delight in living
creatures.  Some who are not children, or are children of "a larger
growth," like to have a tame hawk in the garden, clipping the wings so
that it shall not get away.  Hawks have most amusing tricks, and in time
become comparatively tame, at least to the person who feeds them.  The
beauty of the hawk's eye can hardly be surpassed: full, liquid, and
piercing.  In this way the keeper's boy often gets a stray shilling;
also for young owls, which are still kept in some country houses, in the
sheds or barns, to destroy the mice.  When the corn was threshed with
the flail, and was consequently exposed to the ravages of these
creatures (if undisturbed they multiply in such numbers as would
scarcely be credited) owls were almost domestic birds, being domiciled
in every barn.  Now they are more objects of curiosity, though still
useful when large teams of horses are kept and require grain.

The keeper's boy sells, too, young squirrels from time to time, and the
eggs of the rarer birds.  In short, he has imbibed all the ways of the
woods, and is an adept at everything, from "harling" a rabbit upwards.
By-the-bye, what is the etymology of "harling," which seems to have the
sense of entangling?  It is done by passing the blade of the knife
between the bone of the thigh and the great sinew--where there is
nothing but skin--and then thrusting the other foot through the hole
thus made.  The rabbit or hare can then be conveniently carried by the
loop thus formed, or slung on a stick or the gun-barrel across the
shoulder.  Of course the "harling" is not done till the animal is dead.

The book-learning of the keeper's boy is rather limited, for he was
taught by the parish clerk and schoolmaster before the Education Acts
were formulated.  Still, he can read, and pores over the weekly paper of
rural sports, etc, taken for the guests at the great house and when out
of date sent down to the keeper's cottage.  In fact, he shows a little
too much interest in the turf columns to be quite satisfactory to his
father, who is somewhat anxious about his acquaintance with the jockeys
from the training-stables on the downs hard by--an acquaintance he
discourages as tending to no good.  Like his father, he is never seen
abroad without a pair of leathern gaiters, and, if not a gun, a stout
gnarled ground-ash stick in his hand.

The gamekeeper's calling naturally tends to perpetuate itself and become
hereditary in his family.  The life is full of attraction to boys--the
gun alone is hardly to be resisted; and, in addition, there are the
animals and birds with which the _office_ is associated, and the
comparative freedom from restraint.  Therefore one at least of his lads
is sure to follow in his father's steps, and after a youth and early
manhood spent out of doors in the woods it is next to impossible for him
ever to quit the course he has taken.  His children, again, must come
within reach of similar influences, and thus for a lengthened period
there must be a predisposition towards this special occupation.

Long service in one particular situation is not so common now as it used
to be.  Men move about from place to place, but wherever they are they
still engage in the same capacity; and once a gamekeeper always a
gamekeeper is pretty nearly true.  Even in the present day instances of
families holding the office for more than one or two generations on the
same estate may be found; and years ago such was often the case.
Occasionally the keeper's family has in this way by the slow passage of
time become in a sense associated with that of his employer; many years
of faithful service sensibly abridging the social gulf between master
and servant.  The contrary holds equally true; and so at the present day
short terms of service and constant changes are accompanied by a sharp
distinction separating employer and employe.

In such cases of long service the keeper holds a position more nearly
resembling the retainer of the olden time than perhaps any other
"institution" of modern life.  Pensioned off in his old age in the
cottage where he was born, or which, at any rate, he first entered as a
child, he potters about under his own vine and fig-tree--i.e. the pear
and damson trees he planted forty years before--and is privileged now
and then to give advice on matters arising out of the estate.  He can
watch the young broods of pheasants still, and superintend the mixing of
their food: his trembling hand, upon the back of which the corded sinews
are so strongly marked now the tissue has wasted, and over which the
blue veins wander, can set a trap when the vermin become too
venturesome.

He is yet a terror to evil-doers, and in no jot abates the dignity of
more vigorous days; so that the superannuated ancients whose task it is
to sweep the fallen leaves from the avenue and the walks near the great
house, or to weed the gravel drive in feeble acknowledgment of the
charitable dole they receive, fall to briskly when they see him coming
with besom and rusty knife wherewith to "uck" out the springing grass.
He daily gossips with the head gardener (nominal), as old or older than
himself; but his favourite haunt is a spot on the edge of a fir
plantation where lies a fallen "stick" of timber.  Here, sheltered by
the thick foliage of the fir and the hawthorn hedge at his back from the
wind, he can sit on the log, and keep watch over a descending slope of
meadow bounding the preserves and crossed by footpaths, along which
loiterers may come.  His sturdy son now sways the sceptre of ash over
the old woods, and other descendants are employed about the place.

Sometimes in the great house there may be seen the counterfeit
presentment of such a retainer limned fifty years ago, with dog and gun,
and characteristic background of trees.  His wife has perhaps survived
till recently--strong and hale almost to the last; the most voluble
gossip of the hamlet, full of traditions relating to the great house and
its owners; a virago if crossed.  It is recorded that upon one occasion
in her prime she confronted a couple of poachers, and, by dint of tongue
and threats of assistance close at hand, forced them to retire.  It was
at night that, her husband being from home and hearing shots in the
wood, she sallied forth armed with a gun, faced the poachers, and
actually drove them away, doubtless as much from fear of recognition as
of bodily injury, though even that she was capable of inflicting, being
totally fearless.

Nothing can be more natural than that when a man has shown an earnest
desire to give satisfaction and proved himself honest and industrious,
his employer should exhibit an interest in the welfare of his family.
Now and then a small farm may be found in the hands of a man descended
from or connected with a keeper.  To successfully work a tenancy of such
narrow limits it is necessary that the occupier should himself labour in
the field from morn till dewy eve--the capacity to work being even more
essential than capital; and so it happens that the smaller farms are
occasionally held by men who have risen from the lower classes.  The
sons of keepers also become gentlemen's servants, as grooms, etc, in or
out of the house.

A proposal was not long since made that gentlemen who had met with
misfortune or were unable to obtain congenial employment should take
service as gamekeepers--after the manner in which ladies were invited to
become "helps."  The idea does not appear to have received much
practical support, nor does it seem feasible looking at the altered
relations of society in these days.  A gentleman "out of luck," and with
a taste for outdoor life and no objection to work, could surely do far
better in the colonies, where he could shoot for his "own hand," and in
course of time achieve an independence, which he could never hope to
attain as a gamekeeper.

In the olden times, no doubt, younger brothers did become, in fact,
gamekeepers, head grooms, huntsmen, etc, to the head of the family.
There was less of the sense of servitude and loss of dignity when the
feeling of clanship was prevalent, when the great house was regarded as
the natural and proper resource of every cadet of the family.  But all
this is changed.  And for a man of education to descend to trapping
vermin, filling cartridges, and feeding pheasants all his life would be
a palpable absurdity with Australia open to him and the virgin soil of
Central Africa eager for tillage.

Neither is every man's constitution capable of withstanding the wear and
tear of a keeper's life.  I have delineated the more favourable side
already; but it has its shadows.  Robust health, power of bearing
fatigue, and above all of sustaining constant exposure in our most
variable climate, are essential.  No labourer is so exposed as the
keeper: the labourer does not work in continued wet, and he is sure of
his night's rest.  The keeper is often about the best part of the night,
and he cannot stay indoors because it rains.

The woods are lovely in the sunshine of summer; they are full of charm
when the leaves are bursting forth in spring or turning brown with the
early autumn frosts; but in wet weather in the winter they are the most
wretched places conceivable in which to stroll about.  The dead fern and
the long grass are soaked with rain, and cling round the ankles with
depressing tenacity.  Every now and then the feet sink into soddened
masses of decaying leaves--a good deal, too, of the soil itself is soft
and peaty, being formed from the decomposed vegetation of years; while
the boughs against which the passer-by must push fly back and send a
cold shower down the neck.  In fog as well as in rain the trees drip
continuously; the boughs condense the mist and it falls in large drops--
a puff of wind brings down a tropical shower.

In warm moist weather the damp steam that floats in the atmosphere is
the reverse of pleasant.  But a thaw is the worst of all, when the snow
congealed on the branches and against the trunks on the windward side,
slips and comes down in slushy, icy fragments, and the south-west or
south-east wind, laden with chilling moisture, penetrates to the very
marrow.  Even Robin Hood is recorded to have said that he could stand
all kinds of weather with impunity, except the wind which accompanies a
thaw.  Wet grass has a special faculty for saturating leather.  The very
boots with which you may wade into a stream up to your ankles in perfect
comfort are powerless to keep out the dew or raindrops on the
grass-blades.  The path of the keeper is by no means always strewn with
flowers.

Probably the number of keepers has much increased of recent years, since
the flood-tide of commercial prosperity set in.  Every successful
merchant naturally purchases an estate in the country, and as naturally
desires to see some game upon it.  This necessitates a keeper and his
staff.  Then game itself--meaning live game--has become a marketable
commodity, bought and sold very much as one might buy a standing crop of
wheat.

Owners of land, whose properties are hardly extensive enough to enable
them to live in the state which is understood by the expression "country
seat," frequently now resort to certain expedients to increase their
incomes.  They maintain a head of game large in comparison with the
acreage: of course this must be attended to by a resident keeper; and
they add to the original mansion various attractive extra buildings--
i.e. a billiard-room, conservatories, and a range of modern stabling.
The object, of course, is to let the house, the home farm, and the
shooting for the season; including facilities for following the hunt.
The proprietor is consequently only at home in the latter part of the
spring and in the summer--sometimes not even then.

Again, there are large properties, copyhold, or held under long leases
from corporate bodies, the tenants having the right to shoot.  Instead
of exercising the power themselves, they let the shooting.  It consists
mainly of partridges, hares, and rabbits; and one of their men looks
after the game, combining the keeping a general watch with other duties.
Professional men and gentlemen of independent income residing in county
towns frequently take shooting of this kind.  The farmers who farm their
own land often make money of their game in the same way.

Gentlemen, too, combine and lease the shooting over wide areas, and of
course find it necessary to employ keepers to look after their
interests.  The upper class of tradesmen in county and provincial towns
where any facilities exist now sometimes form a private club or party
and rent the shooting over several farms, having a joint-stock interest
in one or more keepers.  Poor land which used to be of very little value
has, by the planting of covers and copses and the erection of a cottage
for the keeper and a small "box" for temporary occupation, in many cases
been found to pay well if easily accessible from towns.  Game, in short,
was never so much sought after as at present; and the profession of
gamekeeping is in no danger of falling into decay from lack of demand
for the skill in woodcraft it implies.


CHAPTER THREE.

IN THE FIELDS.

Much other work besides preventing poaching falls upon the keeper, such
as arranging for the battue, stopping fox "earths" when the hounds are
coming, feeding the young birds and often the old stock in severe
weather, and even some labour of an agricultural character.

A successful battue requires no little _finesse_ and patience exercised
beforehand; weeks are spent in preparing for the amusement of a few
hours.  The pheasants are sometimes accustomed to leave the wood in a
certain direction chosen as specially favourable for the sport--some
copses at a little distance are used as feeding places, so that the
birds naturally work that way.  Much care is necessary to keep a good
head of game together, not too much scattered about on the day fixed
upon.  The difficulty is to prevent them from wandering off in the early
morning; and men are stationed like sentinels at the usual points of
egress to drive them back.  The beaters are usually men who have
previously been employed in the woods and possess local knowledge of the
ground, and are instructed in their duties long before: nothing must be
left to the spur of the moment.  Something of the skill of the general
is wanted to organise a great battue: an instinctive insight into the
best places to plant the guns, while the whole body of sportsmen,
beaters, keepers with ammunition, should move in concert.

The gamekeeper finds his work fall upon him harder now than it used to
do: first, sportsmen look for a heavier return of killed and wounded;
next, they are seldom willing to take much personal trouble to find the
game, but like it in a manner brought to them; and, lastly, he thinks
the shooting season has grown shorter.  Gentlemen used to reside at home
the greater part of the winter and spread their shooting over many
months.  Now, the seaside season has moved on, and numbers are by the
beach at the time when formerly they were in the woods.  Then others go
abroad; the country houses now advertised as "to let" are almost
innumerable.  Time was when the local squire would have thought it
derogatory to his dignity to make a commodity of his ancient mansion;
now there seems quite a competition to let, and absenteeism is a reality
of English as well as Irish country life.  At least, such is the
gamekeeper's idea, and he finds a confirmation of it in the sudden rush,
as it were, made upon his preserves.  Gentlemen who once spent weeks at
the great house, and were out with him every day till he grew to
understand the special kind of sport which pleased them most, and could
consequently give them satisfaction, are now hardly arrived before they
are gone again.  With all his desire to find them game he is often
puzzled, for game has its whims and fancies and will not accommodate
itself to their convenience.

Then the keeper thinks that shooting does not begin so early as it once
did.  Partridges may be found in the market on the morning of the
glorious First of September; but if you ask him how they get there, your
reply is a pod and a wink.  Nobody gets up early enough in the morning
for that now: very often the first day passes by without a single shot
being fired.  The eagerness for the stubble and its joys is not so
marked.  This last season the late harvest interfered very much with
shooting; you cannot walk through wheat or barley, and while the crops
are standing the partridges have too much cover.

Many gentlemen again keep their pheasants till nearly Christmas: October
goes by frequently without a bird being brought down in some preserves.
Early in the new year, if the weather be mild, as it has been so often
latterly, the birds begin to show signs of a disposition to pair off,
and in consequence the guns are laid aside before the certificates
expire.  So that the keeper thinks the actual shooting season has grown
shorter and the sport is more concentrated, and taken in rushes, as it
were.  This causes additional work and anxiety.  If the family are away
they still require a regular and sometimes a large supply of game for
the table, which he has to keep up himself--assistants could hardly be
trusted: the opportunity is too tempting.

Though a loyal and conscientious man, in his secret heart he does not
like the hounds: and though of course he gets tipped for stopping the
earths, yet it is a labour not exactly to his taste.  The essence of
game preserving is quiet, repose; the characteristic of the hunt is
noise, horn, whoop, whip, the cry of the hounds, and the crash of the
bushes as the field takes a jump.  Students and bookworms like the quiet
dust which settles in their favourite haunts--the housemaid's broom is
fatal to retrospective thought: so the gamekeeper views the squadrons
charging through his cherished copses, "poaching" up the greensward of
the winding "drives," breaking down the fences, much as the artist views
the sacrilegious broom "putting his place to rights."  Pheasant, and
hare, and rabbit all are sent helter-skelter anywhere, and take a day or
two to settle down again.

Yet it is not so much the real genuine hunt that he dislikes: it is the
loafers it brings together on foot.  Roughs from the towns, idle fellows
from the villages, cobblers, tinkers, gipsies, the nondescript
"residuum," all congregate in crowds, delighted at the chance of
penetrating into the secret recesses of woods only thrown open two or
three times a year.  It is impossible to stay the inroad--the gates are
wide open, the rails pulled down, and trespass is but a fiction for the
hour.  To see these gentry roaming at their ease in his woods is a
bitter trial to the keeper, who grinds his teeth in silence as they pass
him with a grin, perfectly aware of and enjoying his spleen.  Somehow or
other these fellows always manage to get in the way just where the fox
was on the point of breaking cover; if he makes a clear start and heads
for the meadows, before he has passed the first field a ragged jacket
appears over the hedge, and then the language of the huntsman is not
always good to listen to.

The work of rearing the young broods of pheasants is a trying and
tedious one.  The keeper has his own specific treatment, in which he has
implicit faith, and laughs to scorn the pheasant-meals and
feeding-stuffs advertised in the papers.  He mixes it himself, and likes
no one prying about to espy his secret, though in reality his success is
due to watchful care and not to any particular nostrum.  The most
favourable spot for rearing is a small level meadow, if possible without
furrows, which has been fed off close to the ground and is situated high
and dry, and yet well sheltered with wood all round.  Damp is a great
enemy of the brood, and long grass wet with dew in the early morning
sometimes proves fatal if the delicate young birds are allowed to drag
themselves through it.

Besides the coops, here and there bushes, cut for the purpose, are piled
in tolerably large heaps.  The use of these is for the broods to run
under if a hawk appears in the sky; and it is amusing to watch how soon
the little creatures learn to appreciate this shelter.  In the spring
the greater part of the keeper's time is occupied in this way: he spends
hours upon hours in the hundred and one minutiae which ensure success.
This breeding-time is _the_ great anxiety of the year: on it all the
shooting depends.  He shakes his head if you hint that perhaps it would
save trouble to purchase the pheasants ready for shooting from the
dealers who now make a business of supplying them for the battue.  He
looks upon such a practice as the ruin of all true woodcraft, and a
proof of the decay of the present generation.

In addition to the pheasants, the partridges, wild as they are, require
some attention--the eggs have to be looked after.  The mowers in the
meadows frequently lay their nests bare beneath the sweep of the scythe:
the old bird sometimes sits so close as to have her legs cut off by the
sharp steel.  Occasionally a rabbit, in the same way, is killed by the
point of the blade as he lingers in his form.  The mowers receive a
small sum for every egg they bring, the eggs being placed under brood
hens, kept for the purpose.  But as a partridge's egg from one field is
precisely like one from another field, the keeper may find, if he does
not look pretty sharp after the mowers on the estate, that they have
been bribed by a trifle extra to carry the eggs to another man at a
distance.  A very unpleasant feeling often arises from suspicions of
this kind.

His agricultural labour consists in superintending the cultivation of
the small squares left for the growth of grain in the centre of the
copses, to feed and attract the pheasants, and to keep them from
wandering.  These have to be dug up with the spade--there would be no
room for using a plough--and spade-husbandry is rather slow work.  An
eye has therefore to be kept on the labourers thus employed lest they
get into mischief.  The grain (on the straw) is sometimes given to the
birds laid across skeleton trestles, roughly made of stout ash sticks,
so as to raise it above the ground and enable them to get at it better.

Ash woods are cut every year, or rather they are mapped out into so many
squares, the poles in which come to maturity in succession--while one is
down another is growing up, and thus in a fixed course of years the
entire wood is thrown and renovated.  A certain time has, of course, to
be allowed for purchasers to remove their property, and, as the roads
through the woods are often axle-deep in mud, in a wet spring it has
frequently to be extended.  So many men being about, the keeper has to
be about also: and then when at last the gates are nailed up, the cattle
turned out to grass in the adjacent fields often break in and gnaw the
young ash-shoots.  In this way a trespassing herd will throw back acres
of wood for a whole year, and destroy valuable produce.  Properly
speaking, this should come under the attention of the bailiff or steward
of the demesne; but as the keeper and his men are so much more likely to
discover the cattle first, they are expected to be on the watch.

After spending so many years of his life among trees, it is natural that
the keeper should feel a special interest, almost an affection for them.
A branch ruthlessly torn down, a piece of bark stripped from the trunk
with no possible object save destruction, a nail driven in--perhaps to
break the teeth of the saw when at last the tree comes to be cut up into
planks--these things annoy him almost as much as if the living wood were
human and could feel.  For this reason, he too, like the members of the
hunt, cordially detests the use of wire for fencing, now becoming so
frequent.  It cuts into the trees, and checks their growth and spoils
their symmetry, if it does not actually kill them.

Sometimes the wire, which is stout and strong, is twisted right round
the stem of a young oak, say a foot or more in diameter, which is thus
made to play the part of a post.  A firmer support could not be found;
but as the tree swells with the rising sap, and expands year by year,
the iron girdle circling about it does not "give" or yield to this slow
motion.  It bites into the bark, which in time curls over and so
actually buries the metal in the growing wood.  Now this cannot but be
injurious to the tree itself, and it is certainly unsightly.

One wire is seldom thought enough.  Two or three are stretched along,
and each of these causes an ugly scar.  If allowed to remain long
enough, the young wood will solidify and harden about the wire, which
then cannot be withdrawn; and in consequence when taken finally to the
sawpit, some three or four feet of the very "butt" and best part of the
trunk will be found useless.  No sawyer will risk his implement--which
requires some hours' work to sharpen--in wood which he suspects to
contain concealed iron.  So that, besides the injury to the appearance
of the tree, there is a pecuniary loss.  Even when the wires are not
twisted round, but merely rub against one side of the bark, the same
scars are caused there, though not to such an extent.  Rough and strong
as the bark seems to the touch, it speedily abrades under the constant
pressure of the metal.

The keeper thinks that all those owners of property who take a pleasure
in their trees should see to this and prevent it.  There is nothing so
detestable as this wire fencing in his idea.  You cannot even sit upon
it for rest, as you can on the old-fashioned post and rails.  The
convenient gaps which used to be found in every hedge at the corner are
blocked now with an ugly rusty iron string stretched across, awkward to
get over or under; while as for a horseman getting by, you cannot pull
it down as you could "draw" a wooden rail, and if you try to uncoil it
from the blackthorn stem to which it is attached the jagged end is
tolerably certain to scrape the skin from your fingers.

The keeper looks upon this simply as another sign of the idleness and
dislike of taking trouble characteristic of the times.  To set up a line
of posts and rails requires some little skill; a man must know his
business to stop a gap with a single rail or pole, fixing the ends
firmly in among the underwood; even to fit thorn bushes in properly, so
as to effectually bar the way, needs some judgment: but anybody can
stretch a wire along and twist it round a tree.  Hedge-carpentering was,
in fact, a distinct business, followed by one or two men in every
locality; but iron now supplants everything, and the hedges themselves
are disappearing.

When the hedgers and ditchers were put to work to cut a hedge--the turn
of every hedge comes round once in so many years--they used to be
instructed, if they came across a sapling oak, ash, or elm, to spare it,
and cut away the bushes to give it full play.  But now they chop and
slash away without remorse, and the young forest-tree rising up with a
promise of future beauty falls before the billhook.  In time the
full-grown oaks and elms of the hedgerow decay, or are felled; and in
consequence of this careless destruction of the saplings there is
nothing to fill their place.  The charm of English meadows consisted in
no small degree in the stately trees, whose shadows lengthened with the
declining sun and gave such pleasant shelter from the heat.  Soon,
however, if the rising generation of trees is thus cut down, they must
become bare, open, and unlovely.

There is another mistake, often committed by owners of timber, who go to
the other extreme, and in their intense admiration of trees refuse to
permit the felling of a single one.  Now in the forest or the woodlands,
away from the park or pleasure-grounds, the old hollow trees are things
of beauty, and to cut them down for firewood seems an act of vandalism.
But it is quite another thing with an avenue or those groups which dot
the surface of a park.  Here, if a tree falls and there is no other to
take its place, a gap is the result, which cannot be filled up, perhaps,
under fifty or sixty years.

Let any one stroll along beneath a stately avenue of elm or beech, such
as are not difficult to find in rural districts, and are the pride and
boast--and justly so--of this country, and, examining the trees with
critical eye, what will he see?  Three or four elms, I will say, are
passed, and are evidently sound; but the fifth--a careless observer
might go by it without remarking anything unusual--is really rotten to
the centre.  At the foot of the huge trunk, and growing out of it, is a
bunch of sickly-looking fungi.  Thrust your walking-stick sharply
against the black wood there and it penetrates easily, and with a little
pushing goes in a surprising distance; the tree seems undermined with
rottenness.  This decay really runs up the trunk perpendicularly: look,
there are signs of it above at the knot-hole, thirty feet high, where
more fungus is flourishing, as it always does in dead damp wood.  The
rain soaks in there, and filtrates slowly down the trunk, whose very
heart as it were is eaten away, while outside all is fair enough.

Presently there arises a mighty wind, the tree snaps clean off twenty
feet above the ground, and the upper part falls, a ponderous ruin,
carrying with it one of the finest boughs of its nearest companion, and
destroying its symmetry also.  When examined, it appears that the trunk
is totally useless as timber: this noble-seeming elm is fit for nothing
but fuel.  Or, perhaps, if there be water meadows on the estate, the
farmers may be glad of it to act as a huge pipe to convey the
fertilising stream across a ditch, or over a brook lying at a lower
level.  For this purpose, of course, the rotten part is scooped out:
often the trunk is sawn down the middle, so as to make a double length.

But what a gap it has left in the great avenue!  In a minute the growth
of a century gone, the delight of generations swept away, and no living
man, hardly the heir in his cradle, can hope to see that unsightly gap
filled up.

The keeper does not hesitate to say that of the great trees in the
avenues numbers stand in constant danger of such overthrow; and so it is
that by slow degrees so many of the kings of the forest have disappeared
without leaving successors.  No care is taken to plant fresh saplings,
no care is taken to select and remove the trees which have passed the
meridian of their existence, and the final result is the extinction of
the avenue or group.  Perhaps the temper of the times is to blame for
this neglect: men look only to the day and live fast.  There is a sense
of uncertainty in the atmosphere of the age: no one can be sure that the
acorns he plants will be permitted to reach their prime, the hoofs of
the "iron horse" may trample them down as fresh populations grow.  So
the avenues die out, and the keeper mourns to think that in the days to
come their place will be vacant.

Suddenly he pauses in his walk, stoops, and points out to me in the
grass the white, smooth, round knob-like tops of several young mushrooms
which are pushing their way up.  He carefully covers these with some
pieces of dead bark and desiccated dung, so that none of "them lurching
fellows as comes round shan't see 'em"--with a wink at his own cunning--
so as to preserve them till they have grown larger.  He advises me never
to partake of mushrooms unless certain that they have not grown under
oak trees: he will have it that even the true edible mushroom is hurtful
if it springs beneath the shadow of the oak.  And he is not singular in
this belief.

Chatting about trees, he points out one or two oaks, not at all rotten,
but split half-way up the trunk--the split is perfectly visible--yet
they have not been struck by lightning; and he cannot explain it.
Looking back upon the wood as we leave it with intense pride in his
trees, he gives me a rough version of the old story: how a knight of
ancient days, who had done the king some great service, was rewarded
with a broad tract of land which he was to hold for three crops.  He
sowed acorns, and thus secured himself and descendants a tenure of
almost 3,000 years, at least, according to Dryden:--

  The monarch oak, the patriarch of trees,
  Shoots, rising up, and spreads by slow degrees;
  Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
  Supreme in state, and in three more decays.

The keeper wishes he had such an opportunity.  The knight, in his idea,
reached the acme of wisdom with his three crops of nearly a thousand
years each.

His own kingdom may be said to begin with the park, and the land "in
demesne" to quote the quaint language of the Domesday Book: a record not
without its value as an outline picture of English scenery eight
centuries ago, telling us that near this village was a wood, near that a
stretch of meadow and a mill, here again arable land and corn waving in
the breeze, and everywhere the park and domain of the feudal lords.  The
beauty of the park consists in its "breadth" as an artist would say--the
meadows with their green frames of hedges are cabinet pictures, lovely,
but small; this is life size, a broad cartoon from the hand of Nature.
The sward rises and rolls along in undulations like the slow heave of an
ocean wave.  Besides the elms there is a noble avenue of limes, and
great oaks scattered here and there, under whose ample shade the cattle
repose in the heat of the day.

In summer from out the leafy chambers of the limes there falls the
pleasant sound of bees innumerable, the voice of whose trembling wings
lulls the listening ear as the drowsy sunshine weighs the eyelid till I
walk the avenue in a dream.  It leads out into the park--no formal
gravel drive, simply a footpath on the sward between the flowering
trees: a path that becomes less and less marked as I advance, and
finally fades away, where the limes cease, in the broad level of the
opening "greeny field."  These honey-bees seem to fly higher and to
exhibit much more activity than the great humble-bee: here in the limes
they must be thirty feet above the ground.  Wasps also frequently wing
their way at a considerable elevation, and thus it is that the hive-bee
and the wasp so commonly enter the upper windows of houses.  When its
load of honey is completed, the bee, too, returns home in a nearly
straight line, high enough in the air to pass over hedges and such
obstacles without the labour of rising up and sinking again.

The heavy humble-bee is generally seen close to the earth, and often
goes down into the depths of the dry ditches, and may there be heard
buzzing slowly along under the arch of briar and bramble.  He seems to
lose his way now and then in the tangled undergrowth of the woods; and
if a footstep disturbs and alarms him, it is amusing to see his
desperate efforts to free himself hastily from the interlacing
grass-blades and ferns.

When the sap is rising, the bark of the smaller shoots of the lime-tree
"slips" easily--i.e. it can be peeled in hollow cylinders if judiciously
tapped and loosened by gentle blows from the back of a knife.  The
ploughboys know this, and make whistles out of such branches, as they do
also from the willow, and even the sycamore in the season when the sap
comes up in its flood-tide.

It is difficult to decide at what time of the year the park is in its
glory.  The may-flower on the great hawthorn trees in spring may perhaps
claim the pre-eminence, filling the soft breeze with exquisite odour.
These here are trees, not bushes, standing separate, with thick gnarled
stems so polished by the constant rubbing of cattle as almost to shine
like varnish.  The may-bloom, pure white in its full splendour, takes a
dull reddish tinge as it fades, when a sudden shake will bring it down
in showers.  A flowering tree, I fancy, looks best when apart and not
one of a row.  In the latter case you can only see two sides and not all
round it.  Here tall horse-chestnut trees stand single--one great
silvery candelabrum of blossom.  Wood-pigeons appear to have a liking
for this tree.  Nor must the humble crab-tree be forgotten; a crab-tree
in bloom is a lovely sight.

The idea of a park is associated with peace and pleasure, yet even here
there is one spot where the passions of men have left their mark.  As
previously hinted, the gamekeeper, like most persons with little
book-learning and who take their impressions from nature, is somewhat
superstitious, and regards this place as "unkid"--i.e. weird, uncanny.
One particular green "drive" into the wood opening on the park had
always been believed to be a part of a military track used many ages
ago, but long since ploughed up for the greater part of its length, and
only preserved here by the accident of passing through a wood.  At last
some labourers grubbing trees near the mouth of the drive came upon a
number of human skeletons, close beneath the surface, and in their
confused arrangement presenting every sign of hasty interment, as if
after battle.  Since then the keeper avoids the spot; nor will he, hardy
as he is, go near it at night; not even in the summer moonlight, when
the night is merely a prolongation of the day.

There is nothing unusual in such a discovery: skeletons are found in all
manner of places.  I recollect seeing one dug out from the bank of a
brook within two feet of the stream.  The place was perhaps in the olden
time covered with forest (traces of forest are to be found everywhere,
as in the names of hamlets), and therefore more concealed than at
present.  Or, possibly, the stream, in the slow passage of centuries,
may have worn its way far from its original bed.

It is strange to think of, yet it is true enough, that, beautiful as the
country is, with its green meadows and graceful trees, its streams and
forests and peaceful homesteads, it would be difficult to find an acre
of ground that has not been stained with blood.  A melancholy reflection
this, that carries the mind backwards, while the thrush sings on the
bough, through the nameless skirmishes of the Civil War, the cruel
assassinations of the rival Roses, down to the axes of the Saxons and
the ghastly wounds they made.  Everywhere under the flowers are the
dead.

Not this park in particular, but others as well form pages of history.
The keeper, in fact, can claim an ancient origin for his office, dating
back to the forester with a "mark" a year and a suit of green as his
wages, and numbering in his predecessors Joscelin, the typical keeper in
Scott's novel of "Woodstock," who aided the escape of King Charles.
Ever since the days of the Norman King who loved the tall deer as if he
were their father--in the words of his contemporary--and set store by
the hares that they too should go free, the keeper has not ceased out of
the land.

There are always more small birds at the edge or just outside a wood
than inside it; so that after leaving a meadow with blackbird, thrush,
and finches merry in the hedges, the wood seems quite silent and
deserted save by a solitary robin.  This is speaking of the smaller
birds.  The great missel-thrush especially delights in the open space of
the park dotted with groups of trees.  The missel-thrush is a lonely
bird, and somehow seems like an outlaw--as if, though not precisely
dangerous, he was looked upon with suspicion by the other birds, which
will frequently quit a bush or tree directly he alights upon it.  Yet he
builds near houses, and year after year in the same spot.  I knew a
large yew-tree which stood almost in front and within a few yards of a
sitting-room window in which the missel-thrush had regularly built its
nest for twelve successive years.  These birds are singularly bold in
defence of the nest, flying round and chattering at those who would
disturb it.

In the ha-ha wall of the park, which is made of loose stones or without
mortar, the tomtit, or titmouse, has his nest.  He creeps in between the
stones, following the crannies for a surprising distance.  Near here the
partridges roost on the ground; they like an open space far from hedges,
afraid, perhaps, of weasels and rats.  On the other side, where the wood
comes up, if you watch quietly, the pheasants step in lordly pride out
into the grass; so that there is no place without its especial class of
life.

Perhaps with the exception of our parks and hills, there is scarcely any
portion of southern England now where a grand charge of cavalry could
take place--scarcely any open champaign country fit for operations of
that kind with horse.  In the Civil War even, how constantly we read of
"lining the hedge with match," and now with enclosures everywhere the
difficulty would apparently be great, despite good roads.

Park-fed beef is thought by many to be superior, because the cattle run
free--almost wild--the entire year through, winter and summer, and have
nothing but their natural food, grass and hay: in strong contrast with
the bullocks shut up in stalls and forced forward with artificial food.
A great number of parks have been curtailed in size as land became more
valuable--the best ground being selected and hedged off for purely
agricultural purposes; so that it not uncommonly happens that the actual
park is the poorest soil in the district, having for that reason
remained longest in a condition nearly resembling the original state of
the country.  So that when agitators of Communistic views lay stress
upon the waste of land used for pleasure purposes they frequently
declaim in utter ignorance of the facts, which are in exact opposition
to their theories.

Like animals and birds, plants have their favourite haunts: violets love
a bank with a southern aspect, especially if there be a hedge at the
back for further shelter.  Where you have by chance lighted upon a wild
flower once you may generally reckon upon finding it again next year--
such as the white variety of the bluebell or wild hyacinth, for which,
unless you mark the place, you may search in vain amid the crowded blue
bloom of the commoner sort.  The orchis, with its purple flower and dark
green spotted leaf, in the virtue of whose roots as a love-potion the
old people still believe, the strange-looking adder's tongue, the modest
wild strawberry, with its tiny but piquant flavoured fruit, all have
their special resorts.  Even the cowslips have their ways: by brooks
sometimes a larger variety grows; nor is there a sweeter flower than its
delicate yellow with small velvety brown spots, like moles on beauty's
cheek.

In autumn, when the leaves turn colour, the groups of trees in the park
are more effective in an artistic point of view than those in the woods
(unless overlooked from a hill close by, when it is like glancing along
a roof of gold), because they stand out clear, and are not confused or
lost in the general glow.  But it is evening now; and see--yonder the
fox steals out from the cover, wending his way down into the meadows,
where he will follow the furrows along their course, mousing as he goes.


CHAPTER FOUR.

HIS DOMINIONS:--THE WOODS--MEADOWS--AND WATER.

There is a part of the wood where the bushes grow but thinly and the
ash-stoles are scattered at some distance from each other.  It is on a
steep slope--almost cliff--where the white chalk comes to the surface.
On the edge above rise tall beech trees with smooth round trunks, whose
roots push and project through the wall of chalk, and bend downwards,
sometimes dislodging lumps of rubble to roll headlong among the bushes
below.  A few small firs cling half-way up, and a tangled, matted mass
of briar and bramble climbs nearly to them, with many a stout thistle
flourishing vigorously.

To get up this cliff is a work of some little difficulty: it is done by
planting the foot on the ledges of rubble, or in the holes which the
rabbits have made, holding tight to roots which curl and twist in
fantastic shapes, or to the woodbine hanging in festoons from branch to
branch.  The rubble under foot crumbles and slips, the roots tear up
bodily from the thin soil, the branches bend, and the woodbine "gives,"
and the wayfarer may readily descend much more rapidly than he desires.
Not that serious consequences would ensue from a roll down forty feet of
slope; but the bed of briar and bramble at the bottom is not so soft as
it might be.  The rabbits seem quite at home upon the steepest spot;
they may be found upon much higher and more precipitous chalk cliffs
than this, darting from point to point with ease.

Once at the summit under the beeches, and there a comfortable seat may
be found upon the moss.  The wood stretches away beneath for more than a
mile in breadth, and beyond, it winds the narrow mere glittering in the
rays of the early spring sunshine.  The bloom is on the blackthorn, but
not yet on the may; the hedges are but just awakening from their long
winter sleep, and the trees have hardly put forth a sign.  But the rooks
are busily engaged in the trees of the park, and away yonder at the
distant colony in the elms of the meadows.

The wood is restless with life: every minute a pigeon rises, clattering
his wings, and after him another; and so there is a constant fluttering
and motion above the ash-poles.  The number of wood-pigeons breeding
here must be immense.  Later on, if you walk among the ash, you may find
a nest every half-dozen yards.  It is formed of a few twigs making a
slender platform, on which the glossy white egg is laid, and where the
bird will sit till you literally thrust her off her nest with your
walking-stick.  Such slender platforms, if built in the hedgerow, so
soon as the breeze comes would assuredly be dashed to pieces; but here
the wind only touches the tops of the poles, and causes them to sway
gently with a rattling noise, and the frail nest is not injured.  When
the pigeon or dove builds in the more exposed hedgerows the nest is
stronger, and more twigs seem to be used, so that it is heavier.

Boys steal these eggs by scores, yet it makes no difference apparently
to the endless numbers of these birds, who fill the wood with their
peculiar hoarse notes, which some country people say resemble the words
"Take two cows, Taffy."  The same good folk will have it that when the
weather threatens rain the pigeon's note changes to "Joe's toe bleeds,
Betty."  The boys who steal the eggs have to swarm up the ash-poles for
the purpose, and in so doing often stain their clothes with red marks.
Upon the bark of the ash are innumerable little excrescences which when
rubbed exude a small quantity of red juice.

The keeper detests this bird's-nesting; not that he cares much about the
pigeons, but because his pheasants are frequently disturbed just at the
season when he wishes them to enjoy perfect quiet.  It is easy to tell
from this post of vantage if any one be passing through the section of
the wood within view, though they may be hidden by the boughs.  The
blackbirds utter a loud cry and scatter; the pigeons rise and wheel
about; a pheasant gets up with a scream audible for a long distance, and
goes with swift flight skimming away just above the ash-poles; a pair of
jays jabber round the summit of a tall fir tree, and thus the intruder's
course is made known.  But the wind, though light, is still too cold and
chilly as it sweeps between the beech trunks to remain at this
elevation; it is warmer below in the wood.

At the foot of the cliff a natural hollow has been further scooped out
by labour of man, and shaped into a small cave large enough for three or
four to sit in.  It is partly supported by strong wooden pillars, and at
the mouth a hut of slabs, thickly covered by furze-faggots, has been
constructed, with a door, and with roof thatched with reeds from the
lake.  A rude bench runs round three sides; against the fourth some
digging tools recline--strong spades and grub-axes for rooting out a
lost ferret, left here temporarily for convenience.  The place, rough as
it is, gives shelter, and, throwing the door open, there is a vista
among the ash-poles and the hazel bushes overtopped with great fir trees
and more distant oaks.  In the later spring this is a lovely spot, the
ground all tinted with the shimmering colour of the bluebells, and the
hazel musical with the voice of the nightingale.

Outside the wood, where the downland begins to rise gradually there
stretches a broad expanse of furze growing luxuriantly on the thin
barren soil, and a mile or more in width.  It has a beauty of its own
when in full yellow blossom--a yellow sea of flower, scenting the air
with an almost overpowering odour as of a coarser pineapple, and full of
the drowsy hum of the bees busy in the interspersed thyme.  It has
another beauty later on when the thick undergrowth of heath is in bloom,
and a pale purple carpet spreads around.  Here rabbits breed and sport,
and hares hide, and the curious furze-chats fly to and fro; and lastly,
but not leastly, my lord Reynard the Fox loves to take his ease, till he
finally meets his fate in the jaws of clamouring hounds, or is
assassinated with the aid of "villainous saltpetre."  He is not easily
shot, and will stand a charge fired broadside at a short distance
without the slightest injury or apparent notice, beyond a slight
quickening of his pace.  His thick fur and tough skin turn the pellets.
Even when mortally wounded, life will linger for hours.

The ordinary idea of the fox is that of a flying frightened creature
tearing away for bare existence; he is really a bold and desperate
animal.  The keeper will tell you that once when for some purpose he was
walking up a deep dry ditch his spaniel and retriever suddenly "chopped"
a fox, and got him at bay in a corner, when he turned, and in an instant
laid the spaniel helpless and dying and severely handled the retriever.
Seeing his dogs so injured and the fox as it were under his feet, the
keeper imprudently attempted to seize him, but could not retain his
hold, and got the sharp white teeth clean through his hand.

Though but once actually bitten, he recollects being snapped at
viciously by another fax, whom he found in broad daylight asleep in the
hollow of a double mound with scarcely any shelter and within sixty
yards of a house.  Reynard was curled up on the ivy which in the hedges
trails along the ground.  The keeper crawled up on the bank and stopped,
admiring the symmetry of the creature, when, purposely breaking a twig,
the fox was up in a second, and snarled and snapped at his face, then
slipped into the ditch and away.  The fox is, in fact, quite as
remarkable for boldness as for cunning.  Last summer I met a fine fox on
the turnpike road and close to a tollgate, in the middle of the day.  He
came at full speed with a young rabbit in his jaws, evidently but just
captured, and did not perceive that he was observed till within twenty
yards, when, with a single bound he cleared the sward beside the road,
alighting with a crash in the bushes, carrying his prey with him.

Hares will sometimes, in like manner, come as it were to meet people on
country roads.  Is it that the eyes, being placed towards the side of
the head, do not so readily catch sight of dangers in front as on the
flanks, especially when the animal is absorbed in its purpose?  Hares
are peculiarly fond of limping at dusk along lonely roads.

Foxes, when they roam from the woods into the meadow-land, prefer to
sleep during the day in those osier-beds which are found in the narrow
corners formed by the meanderings of the brooks.  Between the
willow-wands there shoots up a thick undergrowth of sedges, long coarse
grass, and reeds; and in these the fox makes his bed, turning round and
round till he has smoothed a place and trampled down the grass; then
reclining, well sheltered from the wind.  A dog will turn round and
round in the same way before he lies down on the hearthrug.

These reeds sometimes grow to a great height, as much as ten or twelve
feet.  Along the Thames they are used, bound in bundles, to pitch the
barges; when the hull has been roughly coated with pitch, one end of the
bundle of reeds (thickest end preferred) is set on fire and passed over
it to make it melt and run into the chinks.  So, mayhap, the Saxon and
Danish rovers may have used them to pitch the bottoms of their "ceols"
when worn from constantly grounding on the shallows and eyots.

Here in the furze too is the haunt of the badger.  This animal becomes
rarer year after year--the disuse of the great rabbit-warrens being one
cause; still he lingers, and may be traced in the rabbit "buries," where
he enlarges a hole for his habitation, sleeps during the day, and comes
forth in the gloaming.  In summer he digs up the wasps' nests, not, as
has been supposed, for the honey, but for the white larvae they contain:
the wasp secretes no honey at all, and her nest is simply a series of
cells in which the grubs mature.  Some credit the fox with a fondness
for the same food; and even the hornet's nest is said to be similarly
ravaged.  It is the nest of the humble-bee which the badger roots up for
the honey.  The humble-bee uses a tiny hole in a dry bank, sometimes a
crack made by the heat in the earth, and really deposits true honey in
the comb.  It is very sweet, like that of the hive-bee, but a little
darker in colour and much less in quantity.  The haymakers search for
these nests along the hedgerows in their dinner-hour, and eat the honey.
There seem to be several sub-species of humble-bee, differing in size
and habit.  One has its nest as deep as possible in a hole; another
makes a nest with scarcely any protection beyond the thick moss of the
bank, almost on the surface of the ground.  The badger's hole has before
it a huge quantity of sand, which he has thrown out, and upon which the
imprint of his foot will be found, a mark, perhaps, more like the spoor
of the large game of tropical forests than that left by any other
English animal.  When seen it can ever afterwards be instantly
identified by the most careless observer.

In the meadows lower down, bounding the wood, the hay is gone or is
piled in summer ricks, which lean one one way and another the other, and
upon whose roofs, sloping at an obtuse angle, the green snakes lie
coiled in the sunshine.  Often when the waggon comes, and the little
rick is loaded, the "pitch" of hay on the prong as it is flung up
carries with it a snake whirling in the air.  He falls on the sward and
is instantly pounced upon by the farmer's dog, who worries him, seizes
him by the middle and shakes him, while the snake twists and hisses in
vain.  Some dogs will not touch snakes, others seem to enjoy destroying
them; but it is noticeable that a dog which previously has passed or
avoided snakes, if once he kills one, never passes another without
slaughtering it.  A slime from the snake's skin froths over the dog's
jaws, and the sight is very unpleasant.

I have often tried to discover how the snakes get upon these summer
ricks.  Solomon could not understand the "way of a serpent upon the
rock," and the way of a common snake up the summer rick seems almost as
inexplicable.  Though the roof or "top" is often very much out of the
proper conical shape, and sometimes sinks down nearly to a level, the
sides for a height of three or four feet are generally perpendicular,
affording no projection of any kind whatever; hay is slippery, and the
rick is, of course, too large for the snake to encircle it.  Yet there
they are commonly found to the intense alarm of the labouring women, who
never can get over their dislike of snakes, though they see them so
frequently.  The only way I can imagine by which they climb up is by
means of the holes, or galleries, used by field-mice.  In summer ricks
there are sometimes many mice, and in pursuit of these the snake may
find its way up through their "runs."  Toads are also occasionally found
on these ricks, and it is not exactly clear how they get there either;
but their object is plain--i.e. the insects which swarm on the hay.

The thick hedgerows of these woodland meads are full of trees, and
others stand out in groups in the grass, some of them hollow.  Elms
often become hollow, and so do oaks; the latter have such large cavities
sometimes that one or more persons may easily crouch therein.  This is
speaking of an ordinary-sized tree; there are many instances of
patriarchs of the forest within whose capacious trunks a dozen might
stand upright.

These hollow trees, according to woodcraft, ought to come down by the
axe without further loss of time.  Yet it is fortunate that we are not
all of us, even in this prosaic age, imbued with the stern utilitarian
spirit; for a decaying tree is perhaps more interesting than one in full
vigour of growth.  The starlings make their nests in the upper
knot-holes; or, lower down, the owl feeds her young; and if you chance
to pass near, and are not aware of the ways of owls, you may fancy that
a legion of serpents are in the bushes, so loud and threatening is the
hissing noise made by the brood.  The woodpecker comes for the insects
that flourish on the dying giant; so does the curious little
tree-climber, running up the trunk like a mouse; and in winter, when
insect-life is scarce, it is amusing to watch there the busy tomtit.  He
hangs underneath a dead branch, head downwards, as if walking on a
ceiling, and with his tiny but strong bill chips off a fragment of the
loose dead bark.  Under this bark, as he well knows, woodlice and all
kinds of creeping things make their home.  With the fragment he flies to
an adjacent twig, small enough to be grasped by his claws and so give
him a firm foothold.  There he pecks his morsel into minute pieces and
lunches on the living contents.  Then, with a saucy chuckle of delight
in his own cleverness, he returns to the larger bough for a fresh
supply.  As the bough decays the bark loosens, and is invaded by insects
which when it was green could not touch it.

For the acorns the old oak still yields come rooks, pigeons, and stately
pheasants, with their glossy feathers shining in the autumn sun.
Thrushes carry wild hedge-fruit up on the broad platform formed by the
trunk where the great limbs divide, and, pecking it to pieces, leave the
seeds.  These take root in the crevices which widen out underneath into
a mass of soft decaying "touchwood;" and so from the crown of the tree
there presently streams downwards long trailing briars, bearing in June
the sweet wild roses and in winter red oval fruit.  Ivy comes creeping
up, and in its thick warm coverts nests are built.  Below, among the
powdery "touchwood" which lines the floor of this living hut, great
fungi push their coloured heads up to the light.  And here you may take
shelter when the rain comes unexpectedly pattering on the leaves, and
listen as it rises to a roar within the forest.  Sometimes wild bees
take up their residence in the hollow, slowly filling it with comb,
buzzing busily to and fro; and then it is not to be approached so
carelessly, though so ready are all creatures to acknowledge kindness
that ere now I have even made friends with the inhabitants of a wasp's
nest.

A thick carpet of dark green moss grows upon one side of the tree, and
over it the tall brake fern rears its yellow stem.  In the evening the
goat-sucker or nightjar comes with a whirling phantom-like flight,
wheeling round and round: a strange bird, which will roost all day on a
rail, blinking or sleeping in the daylight, and seeming to prefer a rail
or a branch without leaves to one that affords cover.  Here also the
smaller bats flit in the twilight, and, if you stand still, will pursue
their prey close to your head, wheeling about it so that you may knock
them down with your hand if you wish.  The labouring people call the bat
"bat-mouse."  Here also come many beetles; and sometimes on a summer's
day the swallows will rest from their endless flight on the dying upper
branches, for they too like a bough clear or nearly clear of leaves.
All the year through the hollow tree is haunted by every kind of living
creature, and therefore let us hope it may yet be permitted to linger
awhile safe from the axe.

The lesser roots of the elm are porous like cane, and are sometimes
smoked as cigars by the ploughboys.  The leaf of the coltsfoot, which
grows so luxuriously in many places and used to be regularly gathered
and dried by the lower classes for the pipe, is now rarely used since
the commoner tobaccos have become universally accessible.

Often and often, when standing in a meadow gateway partly hidden by the
bushes, watching the woodpecker on the ant-hills, of whose eggs, too,
the partridges are so fond (so that a good ant year, in which their
nests are prolific, is also a good partridge year) you may, if you are
still, hear a slight faint rustle in the hedge, and by-and-by a weasel
will steal out.  Seeing you he instantly pauses, elevates his head, and
steadily gazes: move but your eyes and he is back in the hedge; remain
quiet, still looking straight before you as if you saw nothing, and he
will presently recover confidence, and actually cross the gateway almost
under you.

This is the secret of observation: stillness, silence, and apparent
indifference.  In some instinctive way these wild creatures learn to
distinguish when one is or is not intent upon them in a spirit of
enmity; and if very near, it is always the eye they watch.  So long as
you observe them, as it were, from the corner of the eyeball, sideways,
or look over their heads at something beyond, it is well.  Turn your
glance full upon them to get a better view, and they are gone.

When waiting in a dry ditch with a gun on a warm autumn afternoon for a
rabbit to come out, sometimes a bunny will suddenly appear at the mouth
of a hole which your knee nearly touches.  He stops dead, as if
petrified with astonishment, sitting on his haunches.  His full dark eye
is on you with a gaze of intense curiosity; his nostrils work as if
sniffing; his whiskers move; and every now and then he thumps with his
hind legs upon the earth with a low dull thud.  This is evidently a sign
of great alarm, at the noise of which any other rabbit within hearing
instantly disappears in the "bury."  Yet there your friend sits and
watches you as if spell-bound, so long as you have the patience neither
to move hand or foot nor to turn your eye.  Keep your glance on a frond
of the fern just beyond him, and he will stay.  The instant your eye
meets his or a finger stirs, he plunges out of sight.

It is so also with birds.  Walk across a meadow swinging a stick, even
humming, and the rooks calmly continue their search for grubs within
thirty yards; stop to look at them, and they rise on the wing directly.
So, too, the finches in the trees by the roadside.  Let the wayfarer
pass beneath the bough on which they are singing, and they will sing on,
if he moves without apparent interest; should he pause to listen, their
wings glisten in the sun as they fly.

The meadows lead down to the shores of the mere, and the nearest fields
melt almost insensibly into the green margin of the water, for at the
edge it is so full of flags, and rushes, and weeds as at a distance to
be barely distinguishable there from the sward.  As we approach, the
cuckoo sings passing over head; "she cries as she flies" is the common
country saying.

I used to imagine that the cuckoo was fond of an echo, having noticed
that a particular clump of trees overhanging some water, the opposite
bank of which sent back a clear reply, was a specially favourite resort
of that bird.  The reduplication of the liquid notes, as they travelled
to and fro, was peculiarly pleasant: the water, perhaps, lending, like a
sounding-board, a fulness and roundness to her song.  She might possibly
have fancied that another bird was answering; certainly she "cried" much
longer there than in other places.  Morning after morning, and about the
same time--eleven o'clock--a cuckoo sang in that group of trees, from
noting which I was led to think that perhaps the cuckoo, though
apparently wandering aimlessly about, really has more method and
regularity in her habits than would seem.

Country people will have it that cuckoos are growing scarcer every year,
and do not come in the numbers they formerly did; and, whether it be the
chance of unfavourable seasons or other causes, it is certainly the fact
in some localities.  I recollect seeing as many as four at once in a
tall elm--a tree they love--all crying and gurgling, as it were, in the
throat together; this was some years since, and that district is now
much less frequented by these birds.

There was a superstition that where or in whatever condition you
happened to be when you heard the cuckoo the first time in the spring,
so you would remain for the next twelvemonth; for which reason it was a
misfortune to hear her first in bed, since it might mean a long illness.
This, by-the-by, may have been a pleasant fable invented to get
milkmaids up early of a morning.

The number of coarse fish in the brook which flows out of the shallow
mere bounding one edge of the keeper's domain of woods has, he thinks,
very much decreased of recent years.  When he first came here the stream
seemed full of fish, notwithstanding very little care had till then been
taken with their preservation.  They used to net it once now and then,
and he has seen a full hundredweight of fair-sized jack, perch, tench,
etc, taken out of the water in a very short time, besides quantities of
smaller fry which were put back again.  But although the brook, so far
as his jurisdiction goes, has since been comparatively well preserved,
yet he feels certain the fish have diminished.

There are no chemical works to account for this with the subtle poison
of their waste, neither are there mills to prevent the fish coming up--
perhaps it would be better if there were some mills, as they would stop
the fish going down.  I have noticed that where old water-wheels have
ceased working the fish have almost disappeared.  This, of course, may
be but a purely local phenomenon, but it is certainly the case in some
districts.  Comparatively little wheat now is ground in rural places;
the greater portion is carried away to the towns and turned into flour
by steam.  So that in walking up a brook you will now and then come upon
an ancient mill whose business has departed: the fabric itself is
tenanted by two or three cottage families, and their garden covers the
site of the old mill-pond.  In the depths of that pool there were
formerly plenty of fish, with deep, dark spots in which to hide.  Their
natural increase was not swept away by floods; neither could they
wander, because of the dam and grating.  They were also under the eye of
the miller, and so preserved.  But when the dam was levelled and the
stream allowed to follow its course, this resting-place, so to say, was
abolished, and the fish dispersed were lost or captured.

Upon the particular brook which I have now in view there are no mills;
but there used to be several large ponds--distinct from the stream, yet
communicating by a narrow channel.  These likewise sheltered the fish,
and were favourable to their propagation.  Improvements, however, have
swept them away; they are filled up, every inch of ground having become
valuable for agricultural purposes.  Then there were vast ditches
running up beside the hedgerows, and ending in the brook; perfect
storehouses these of all aquatic life.  Fish used to go up them for
shelter (they were as deep or deeper than the brook itself, and it was a
good jump for a man across) and to feed on the insects blown off the
overhanging trees and bushes or brought down by the streamlet draining
the field above.  Wild duck made their nests among the rushes, sitting
there while their beautiful consorts, the mallards, swam lonely in the
mere.  Moorhens were busy in the weeds, or came out to feed upon the
sward.

Such great ditches are now filled up, and drains take their place.  It
is better so, no doubt, in a purely utilitarian sense, but the fish
haunt the spot no more.  Some of the reaches of the brook, where the
ground was flat and boggy, used to resemble a long narrow lake,
extremely shallow, with the deeper current running yards away from the
shore: and here the snipe came in the winter.  But the banks are now
made up higher by artificial means, and the marsh is dry.  All these
changes diminish those aquatic nooks and corners in which fish love to
linger.

Finally came the weed said to have been imported from America, pushing
its way up-stream, and filling it with an abominable mass of vegetable
matter that no fish could enter.  Hereabouts, however, this pest has of
late shown signs of exhaustion--it does not grow with its former vigour,
and its progress seems checked.  The brook, after winding for several
miles, the lower course being beyond the keeper's boundaries, empties
itself into a canal; before the canal was made it ran much further, and
itself increased in volume almost to a river.  Now this canal is fished
day and night by people on the tow-path: there is nominally a close
time, but no one observes it, and the riparian owners, having discovered
that they had a right so to do, net it mercilessly.  The consequence is
that the fish which go down the stream and enter the canal are speedily
destroyed, while the canal on its part sends no fish to the upper
waters.  This is how the decrease of fish is accounted for, and it is
the same with perhaps half-a-dozen other brooks in the same locality,
all of which now fall into the canal, which is so incessantly plied with
rod and net and nightline that little escapes.


CHAPTER FIVE.

SOME OF HIS SUBJECTS: DOGS, RABBITS, "MICE, AND SUCH SMALL DEER."

When a dog, young and yet unskilled, follows his master across the
meadows, it often happens that he meets with difficulties which sorely
try the capacity of the inexperienced brain.  The two come to a broad
deep brook.  The man glances at the opposite bank, and compares in his
mind the distance to the other side with other distances he has
previously leaped.  The result is not quite satisfactory; somehow a
latent doubt develops itself into a question of his ability to spring
over.  He cranes his neck, looks at the jump sideways to get an angular
measurement, retires a few paces to run, shakes his head, deliberates,
instinctively glances round as if for assistance or advice, and
presently again advances to the edge.  No; it will not do.  He recalls
to mind the division of space into yards, feet, and inches, and
endeavours to apply it without a rule to the smooth surface of the
water.  He can judge a yard on the grass, because there is something to
fix the eye on--the tall bennet or the buttercup yonder; but the water
affords no data.

On second thoughts, yes--even the smooth flowing current has its marks.
Here, not far from the steep bank, is a flag, bowed or broken, whose
pennant-like tongue of green floats just beneath the surface, slowly
vibrating to and fro, as you wave your hand in token of farewell.  This
is mark one--say three feet from the shore.

Somewhat farther there is a curl upon the water, not constant, but
coming every few seconds in obedience to the increase or decrease of the
volume of the stream, which there meets with some slight obstacle out of
sight.  For, although the water appears level and unvarying, it really
rises and sinks in ever so minute a degree with a rhythmic alternation.
If you will lie down on the sward, you may sometimes see it by fixing a
steady gaze upon the small circular cave where the gallery of a
water-rat opens on this the Grand Canal of his Venice.  Into it there
rises now and again a gentle swell--barely perceptible--a faint pulse
rising and falling.  The stream is slightly fuller and stronger at one
moment than another; and with each swell the curl, or tiny whirlpool,
rotates above the hidden irregularity of the bottom.  If you sit by the
dam higher up the brook, and watch the arch of the cataract rolling
over, it is perhaps more visible.  Every now and then a check seems to
stay the current momentarily: and at night, when it is perfectly still,
listening to the murmur of the falling water from a distance.  Under the
apple-trees in the garden it runs a scale--now up, then down; each
variation of volume changing the musical note.  This faint undulation is
more visible in some brooks than others.

A third mark is where a branch, as it was carried along, grounded on a
shallow spot; and one mast, as it were, of the wreck protruding upwards,
catches the stray weeds as they swim down and holds them.  Thus, step by
step, the mind of the man measures the distance, and assures him that it
is a little beyond what he has hitherto attempted; yet will not extra
exertion clear it?--for having once approached the brink, shame and the
dislike of giving up pull him forward.  He walks hastily twenty yards up
the brook, then as many the other way, but discovers no more favourable
spot; hesitates again; next carefully examines the tripping place, lest
the turf, undermined, yield to the sudden pressure, as also the landing,
for fear of falling back.  Finally he retires a few yards, and pauses a
second and runs.  Even after the start, uncertain in mind and but half
resolved, it is his own motion which impels the will, and he arrives on
the opposite shore with a sense of surprise.  Now comes the dog, and
note his actions; contrast the two, and say which is instinct, which is
mind.

The dog races to the bank--he has been hitherto hunting in a hedge and
suddenly misses his master--and, like his lord, stops short on the
brink.  He has had but little experience in jumping as yet; water is not
his natural element, and he pauses doubtfully.  He looks across
earnestly, sniffs the air as if to smell the distance, then whines in
distress of mind.  Presently he makes a movement to spring, checks it,
and turns round as if looking for advice or encouragement.  Next he runs
back a short way as if about to give it up; returns, and cranes over the
brink; after which he follows the bank up and down, barking in
excitement, but always coming back to the original spot.  The lines of
his face, the straining eye, the voice that seems struggling to
articulate in the throat, the attitude of the body, all convey the idea
of intense desire which fear prevents him from translating into action.
There is indecision--uncertainty--in the nervous grasp of the paws on
the grass, in the quick short coursings to and fro.  Would infallible
instinct hesitate?  He has no knowledge of yards, feet and inches--yet
he is clearly trying to judge the distance.  Finally, just as his master
disappears through a gateway, the agony of his "mind" rises to the
highest pitch.  He advances to the very brink--he half springs, stays
himself, his hinder paws slip down the steep bank, he partly loses his
balance, and then makes a great leap, lights with a splash in
mid-stream, and swims the remainder with ease.  There is, at least, a
singular coincidence in the outward actions of the two.

The gamekeeper, with dogs around him from morning till night, associated
with them from childhood, has no doubts upon the matter whatever, but
with characteristic decision is perfectly certain that they think and
reason in the same way as human beings, though of course in a limited
degree.  Most of his class believe, likewise, in the reasoning power of
the dog: so do shepherds; and so, too, the labourers who wait on and
feed cattle are fully persuaded of their intelligence, which, however,
in no way prevents them throwing the milking-stool at their heads when
unruly.  But the concession of reason is no guarantee against ill-usage,
else the labourer's wife would escape.

The keeper, without thinking it perhaps, affords a strong illustration
of his own firm faith in the mind of the dog.  His are taught their
proper business thoroughly; but there it ends.  "I never makes them
learn no tricks," says he, "because I don't like to see 'em made fools
of."  I have observed that almost all those whose labour lies in the
field, and who go down to their business in the green meadows, admit the
animal world to a share in the faculty of reason.  It is the cabinet
thinkers who construct a universe of automatons.

No better illustration of the two modes of observation can be found than
in the scene of Goethe's "Faust" where Faust and Wagner walking in the
field are met by a strange dog.  The first sees something more than a
mere dog; he feels the presence of an intelligence within the outward
semblance--in this case an evil intelligence, it is true, but still a
something beyond mere tail and paws and ears.  To Wagner it is a dog and
nothing more--that will sit at the feet of his master and fawn on him if
spoken to, who can be taught to fetch and carry or bring a stick; the
end, however, proves different.  So one mind sees the outside only;
another projects itself into the mind of the creature, be it dog or
horse or bird.

Experience certainly educates the dog as it does the man.  After long
acquaintance and practice in the field we learn the habits and ways of
game--to know where it will or not be found.  A young dog in the same
way dashes swiftly up a hedge, and misses the rabbit that, hearing him
coming, doubles back behind a tree or stole; an old dog leaves nothing
behind him, searching every corner.  This is acquired knowledge.
Neither does all depend upon hereditary predisposition as exhibited in
the various breeds--the setter, the pointer, the spaniel, or greyhound--
and their especial drift of brain; their capacity is not wholly confined
to one sphere.  They possess an initiating power--what in man is called
originality, invention, discovery: they make experiments.

I had a pointer that exhibited this faculty in a curious manner.  She
was weakly when young, and for that reason, together with other
circumstances, was never properly trained: a fact that may perhaps have
prevented her "mind" from congealing into the stolidity of routine.  She
became an outdoor pet, and followed at heel everywhere.  One day some
ponds were netted, and of the fish taken a few chanced to be placed in a
great stone trough from which cattle drank in the yard--a common thing
in the country.  Some time afterwards, the trough being foul, the fish--
they were roach, tench, perch, and one small jack--were removed to a
shallow tub while it was being cleansed.  In this tub, being scarcely a
foot deep though broad, the fish were of course distinctly visible, and
at once became an object of the most intense interest to the pointer.
She would not leave it; but stood watching every motion of the fish,
with her head now on one side now on the other.  There she must have
remained some hours, and was found at last in the act of removing them
one by one and laying them softly, quite unhurt, on the grass.

I put them back into the water, and waited to see the result.  She took
a good look, and then plunged her nose right under the surface and
half-way up the neck completely submerging the head, and in that
position groped about on the bottom till a fish came in contact with her
mouth and was instantly snatched out.  Her head must have been under
water each time nearly a minute, feeling for the fish.  One by one she
drew them out and placed them on the ground, till only the jack
remained.  He puzzled her, darting away swift as an arrow and seeming to
anticipate the enemy.  But after a time he, too, was captured.

They were not injured--not the mark of a tooth was to be seen--and swam
as freely as ever when restored to the water.  So soon as they were put
in again the pointer recommenced her fishing, and could hardly be got
away by force.  The fish were purposely left in the tub.  The next day
she returned to the amusement, and soon became so dexterous as to pull a
fish out almost the instant her nose went under water.  The jack was
always the most difficult to catch, but she managed to conquer him
sooner or later.  When returned to the trough, however, she was done--
the water was too deep.  Scarcely anything could be imagined apparently
more opposite to the hereditary intelligence of a pointer than this; and
certainly no one attempted to teach her, neither did she do it for food.
It was an original motion of her own: to what can it be compared but
mind proceeding by experiment?  They can also adjust their conduct to
circumstances, as when they take to hunting on their own account: they
then generally work in couples.

If a spaniel, for instance, one of those allowed to lie loose about
farmhouses, takes to hunting for herself, she is almost always found to
meet a canine friend at a little distance from the homestead.  It is
said that spaniels when they go off like this never bark when on the
heels of a rabbit, as they would do if a sportsman was with them and the
chase legitimate.  This suppression of what must be an almost
uncontrollable inclination shows no little intelligence.  If they gave
tongue, they would be certainly detected, and as certainly thrashed.  To
watch the sneaking way in which a spaniel will come home after an
unlawful expedition of this kind is most amusing.  She makes her
appearance on the road or footpath so as not to look as if coming from
the hedges, and enters at the back; or if any movement be going on, as
the driving of cattle, she will join in it, displaying extraordinary
zeal in assisting: anything to throw off suspicion.

Of all sport, if a man desires to widen his chest, and gain some idea of
the chase as it was in ancient days, let him take two good greyhounds
and "uncouple at the timorous flying hare," following himself on foot.
A race like this over the elastic turf of the downs, inhaling with
expanded lungs air which acts on the blood as strong drink on the brain,
stimulating the pulse, and strengthening every fibre of the frame, is
equal to another year of life.  Coursing for the coursing's sake is
capital sport.  A hare when sorely tried with the hot breath from the
hounds' nostrils on his flanks, will sometimes puzzle them by dashing
round and round a rick.  Then in sweeping circles the trio strain their
limbs, but the hare, having at the corners the inner side and less
ground to cover, easily keeps just ahead.  This game lasts several
minutes, till presently one of the hounds is sharp enough to dodge back
and meet the hare the opposite way.  Even then his quick eye and ready
turn often give him another short breathing space by rushing away at a
tangent.

Rabbits, although of "low degree" in comparison with the pheasant,
really form an important item in the list of the keeper's charges.
Shooting generally commences with picking out the young rabbits about
the middle or towards the end of the hay harvest, according as the
season is early or late.  Some are shot by the farmers, who have the
right to use a gun, earlier than this, while they still disport in the
mowing grass.  It requires experience and skill to select the young
rabbit just fit for table from the old bucks, the does which may yet
bring forth another litter, and those little bunnies that do not exceed
the size of rats.

The grass conceals the body of the animal, and nothing is visible beyond
the tips of the ears; and at thirty yards distance one pair of ears is
very like another pair.  The developed ear is, however, less pointed
than the other; and in the rabbit of a proper size they are or seem to
be wider apart.  The eye is also guided by the grass itself and the
elevation of the rabbit's head above it when lifted in alarm at a chance
sound: if the animal is full grown of course the head stands higher.  In
motion the difference is at once seen; the larger animal's back and
flanks show boldly, while the lesser seems to slip through the grass.
By these signs, and by a kind of instinct which grows upon one when
always in the field, it is possible to distinguish between them even in
tall grass and in the gloaming.

This sort of shooting, if it does not afford the excitement of the
pheasant battue, or require the alertness necessary in partridge
killing, is not without its special pleasures.  These are chiefly to be
attributed to the genial warmth of the weather at that season, when the
reapers have only just begun to put the tall corn to the edge of their
crooked swords, and one can linger by the hedge-side without dread of
wintry chills.

The aftermath in which the rabbits feed is not so tall as the mowing
grass, and more easy and pleasant to walk through, though it is almost
devoid of flowers.  Neither does it give so much shelter; and you must
walk close to the hedge, gliding gently from bush to bush, the slower
the better.  Rabbits feed several times during the day--i.e. in the very
early morning, next about eleven o'clock, again at three or four, and
again at six or seven.  Not that every rabbit comes out to nibble at
those hours, but about that time some will be seen moving outside the
buries.

As you stroll beside the hedge, brushing the boughs, a rabbit feeding
two hundred yards away will lift his head inquiringly from the grass.
Then stop, and remain still as the elm tree hard by.  In a minute or
two, reassured, the ears perked up so sharply fall back, and he feeds
again.  Another advance of ten or twenty yards, and up go the ears--you
are still till they drop once more.  The rabbit presently turns his back
towards you, sniffing about for the tenderest blades; this is an
opportunity, and an advance of forty or fifty paces perhaps is
accomplished.  Now, if you have a rook-rifle you are near enough; if a
smooth-bore, the same system of stalking must be carried farther yet.
If you are patient enough to wait when he takes alarm, and only to
advance when he feeds, you are pretty sure to "bag" him.

Sometimes, when thus gliding with stealthy tread, another rabbit will
suddenly appear out of the ditch within easy reach; it is so quiet he
never suspected the presence of an enemy.  If you pause and keep quite
still, which is the secret of all stalking, he will soon begin to feed,
and the moment he turns his back towards you up goes the gun; not
before, because if he sees your arm move he will be off to the ditch.
True, a snap-shot might be made as he runs, which at first sight would
appear more sportsmanlike than "potting;" but it is not so, for it is
ten chances to one that you do not kill him dead on the spot in the
short distance he has to traverse.  Perhaps the hind legs will be
broken; well, then he will drag them along behind him, using the fore
paws with astonishing rapidity and power.  Before the second barrel can
be emptied he will gain the shelter of the fern that grows on the edge
of the bank and dive into a burrow, there to die in misery.  So that it
is much better to steadily "pot" him.  Besides which, if a rabbit dies
in a burrow all the other animals in that particular burrow desert it
till nature's scavengers have done their work.  A dog cannot well be
taken while stalking--not that dogs will not follow quietly, but because
a rabbit, catching sight of a dog, is generally stricken with panic even
if a hundred yards away, and bolts immediately.

I have seen a rabbit whose back was broken by shot drag itself ten yards
to the ditch.  If the forelegs are broken, then he is helpless: all the
kicks of the hind legs only tumble him over and over without giving him
much progress.  The effects of shot are very strange, and sometimes
almost inexplicable: as when a hare which has received a pellet through
the edge of the heart runs a quarter of a mile before dropping.  It is
noticed that hares and rabbits, hit in the vital organs about the heart,
often run a considerable distance, and then, suddenly in the midst of
their career, roll head over heels dead.  Both hares and rabbits are
occasionally killed with marks of old shot wounds, but not very often,
and they are but of a slight character--the pellets are found just under
the skin, with a kind of lump round them.  Shot holes through the ears
are frequently seen, of course doing no serious harm.

Now and then a rabbit hit in the head will run round and round in
circles, making not the slightest attempt to escape.  The first time I
saw this, not understanding it, I gave the creature the second barrel;
but next time I let the rabbit do as he would.  He circled round and
round, going at a rapid pace.  I stood in his way, and he passed between
my legs.  After half a dozen circles the pace grew slower.  Finally, he
stopped, sat up quite still for a minute or so, and then drooped and
died.  The pellet had struck some portion of the brain.

I once, while looking for snipe with charges of small shot in the
barrels, roused a fine hare, and fired without apparent effect.  But
after crossing about half of the field with a spaniel tearing behind, he
began to slacken speed, and I immediately followed.  The hare dodged the
spaniel admirably, and it was with the utmost difficulty I secured him
(refraining from firing the second barrel on purpose).  He had been
stopped by one single little pellet in the great sinew of the hind leg,
which had partly cut it through.  Had it been a rabbit he would
certainly have escaped into a bury, and there, perhaps died, as shot
wounds frequently fester: so that in stalking rabbits, or waiting for
them behind a tree or bush, it is much better to take a steady aim at
the head, and so avoid torturing the creature.

"Potting" is hardly sport, yet it has an advantage to those who take a
pleasure in observing the ways of bird and animal.  There is just
sufficient interest to induce one to remain quiet and still, which is
the prime condition of seeing anything; and in my own case the rabbits
so patiently stalked have at last often gone free, either from their own
amusing antics, or because the noise of the explosion would disturb
something else under observation.  In winter it is too cold; then you
step quietly and yet briskly up to a fence or a gateway, and glance
over, and shoot at once; or with the spaniels hunt the bunnies from the
fern upon the banks, yourself one side of the hedge and the keeper the
other.

In excavating his dwelling, the rabbit, thoughtless of science,
constructs what may be called a natural auditorium singularly adapted
for gathering the expiring vibrations of distant sound.  His round
tunnel bored in a sandy bank is largest at the opening, like the mouth
of a trumpet, and contracts within--a form which focusses the
undulations of the air.  To obtain the full effect the ear should listen
some short way within; but the sound, as it is thrown backwards after
entering, is often sufficiently marked to be perceptible when you listen
outside.  The great deep ditches are dry in summer; and though shooting
be not the object, yet a gun for knocking over casual vermin is a
pleasant excuse for idling in a reclining position shoulder-high in
fern, hidden like a skirmisher in such an entrenchment.  A mighty root
bulging from the slope of the bank forms a natural seat.  There is a
cushion of dark green moss to lean against, and the sand worked out from
the burrows--one nearly on a level with the head and another lower
down--has here filled up the ditch to some height, making a footstool.

In the ditch lie numbers of last year's oak leaves, which so sturdily
resist decay.  All the winter and spring they were soaked by the water
from the "land-springs"--as those which only run in wet weather are
called--draining into it, and to that water they communicated a peculiar
flavour, slightly astringent.  Even moderate-sized streamlets become
tainted in the latter part of the autumn by the mass of leaves they
carry down, or filter through, in woodland districts.  Often the
cottagers draw their water from a small pool filled by such a ditch, and
coated at the bottom with a thick layer of decomposing leaves.  The
taste of this water is strong enough to overcome the flavour of their
weak tea, yet they would rather use such water than walk fifty yards to
a brook.  It must, however, be admitted that the brooks at that time are
also tinctured with leaf, and there seems to be no harm in it.

Out from among these dead leaves in the ditch protrudes a crooked branch
fallen long since from the oak, and covered with grey lichen.  On the
right hand a tangled thicket of bramble with its uneven-shaped stems
closes the spot in, and on the left a stole of hazel rises with the
parasitical "hardy fern" fringing it near the earth.  The outer bark of
the hazel is very thin; it is of a dark mottled hue; bruise it roughly,
and the inner bark shows a bright green.  The lowly ivy creeps over the
bank--its leaves with five angles, and variegated with grey streaks.
Through the hawthorn bushes above comes a faint but regular sound--it is
the parting fibres of the grass-blades in the meadow on the other side
as the cows tear them apart, steadily eating their way onwards.  The
odour of their breath floats heavy on the air.  The sun is sinking, and
there is a hush and silence.

But the rabbit-burrow here at my elbow is not silent; it seems to catch
and heighten faint noises from a distance.  A man is walking slowly home
from his work up the lane yonder; the fall of his footsteps is
distinctly rendered by the hole here.  The dull thuds of a far-off
mallet or "bitel" (beetle) driving in a stake are plainly audible.  The
thump-thump of a horse's hoofs cantering on the sward by the roadside,
though deadened by the turf, are reproduced or sharpened.  Most distinct
of all comes the regular sound of oars against the tholepins or rowlocks
of a boat moving on the lake many fields away.  So that in all
probability to the rabbit his hole must be a perfect "Ear of Dionysius,"
magnifying a whisper--unless, indeed, its turns and windings confuse the
undulations of sound.  It is observable that before the rabbit ventures
forth he stays and listens just within the entrance of his burrow, where
he cannot _see_ any danger unless absolutely straight before him--a
habit that may have unconsciously grown up from the apparent resonance
of sound there.

Sitting thus silently on the root of the oak, presently I hear a slight
rustling among the dead leaves at the bottom of the ditch.  They heave
up as if something was pushing underneath; and after a while, as he
comes to the heap of sand thrown out by the rabbits, a mole emerges, and
instantly with a shiver, as it were, of his skin throws off the
particles of dust upon his fur as a dog fresh from the water sends a
shower from his coat.  The summer weather having dried the clay under
the meadow turf and made it difficult to work, he has descended into the
ditch, beneath which there is still a certain moistness, and where he
can easily bore a tunnel.

It is rather rare to see a mole above ground; fortunately for him he is
of diminutive size, or so glossy a fur would prove his ruin.  As it is,
every other old pollard willow tree along the hedge is hung with
miserable moles, caught in traps, and after death suspended--like
criminals swinging on a gibbet--from the end of slender willow boughs.
Moles seem to breed in the woods: first perhaps because they are less
disturbed there, next because under the trees the earth is usually
softer, retains its moisture longer, and is easier to work.  From the
woods their tracks branch out, ramifying like the roads which lead from
a city.  They have in addition main arteries of traffic, king's
highways, along which they will journey one after the other; so that the
mole-catcher, if he can discover such a road, slaughters many in
succession.  The heaps they throw up are awkward in mowing grass, the
scythe striking against them; and in consequence of complaints of their
rapid multiplication in the woods the keeper has to employ men to reduce
their numbers.  It is curious to note how speedily the mole buries
himself in the soil; it is as if he suddenly dived into the earth.

Another slight rustling--a pause, and it is repeated; this time on the
bank, among the dry grass.  It is mice; they have a nervous habit of
progressing in sharp, short stages.  They rush forward seven or eight
inches with lightning-like celerity--a dun streak seems to pass before
your eye; then they stop short a moment or two, and again make another
dash.  This renders it difficult to observe them, especially as a single
dead brown leaf is sufficient to hide one.  It is so silent that they
grow bold, and play their antics freely, darting to and fro, round and
under the stoles, chasing each other.  Sometimes they climb the bushes,
running along the upper surface of the boughs that chance to be nearly
horizontal.  Once on a hawthorn branch in a hedge I saw a mouse
descending with an acorn; he was, perhaps, five feet from the ground,
and how and from whence he had got his burden was rather puzzling at
first.  Probably the acorn, dropping from the tree, had been caught and
held in the interlacing of the bush till observed by the keen, if tiny,
eyes below.

Mice have a magical way of getting into strange places.  In some
farmhouses they still use the ancient, old-fashioned lanterns made of
tin--huge machines intended for a tallow candle, and with plates of thin
translucent horn instead of glass.  They are not wholly despicable;
since if set on the ground and kicked over by a recalcitrant cow in the
sheds, the horn does not break as glass would.  These lanterns, having a
handle at the top, are by it hung up to the beam in the kitchen; and
sometimes to the astonishment of the servants in the quiet of the
evening, they are found to be animated by some motive power, swinging to
and fro and partly turning round.  A mouse has got in--for the grease;
but how? that is the "wonderment," as the rustic philosophers express
it; for, being hung from the beam, eight or nine feet from the
stone-flagged floor, there seems no way of approach for the mouse except
by "walking" on the ceiling or along and partly underneath the beam
itself.  If so, it would seem to be mainly by the propulsive power
exerted previous to starting on the trip--just as a man can get a little
way up the perpendicular side of a rick by running at it.  Occasionally,
no doubt, the mouse has entered when the lantern has been left opened
while lighted on the ground, and so got shut in; but mice have been
found in lanterns cobwebbed from long disuse.

Suddenly there peeps out from the lower rabbit-hole the stealthy reddish
body of a weasel.  I instinctively reach for the gun leaning against the
bank, and immediately the spell is broken.  The mice rush to their
holes, the weasel darts back into the bowels of the earth, a rabbit that
has quietly slipped out unseen into the grass bounds with eager haste to
cover, and out of the oak overhead there rises, with a great clatter of
wings, a wood-pigeon that had settled there.

When the pale winter sunshine falls upon the bare branches of an avenue
of elms--such as so often ornament parks--they appear lit up with a
faint rosy colour, which instantly vanishes on the approach of a shadow.
This shimmering mirage in the boughs seems due to the myriads of lesser
twigs, which at the extremities have a tinge of red, invisible at a
distance till the sunbeams illuminate the trees.  Beyond this passing
gleam of colour, nothing relieves the blackness of the January
landscape, except here and there the bright silvery bark of the birch.

For several seasons now in succession the thrush has sung on the
shortest days, as though it were spring; a little later, in the early
mornings, the blackbird joins, filling the copse with a chorus at the
dawn.  But, if the wind turns to east or north, the rooks perch on the
oaks in the hedgerows in the middle of the day, puffing out their
feathers and seeming to abandon all search for food as if seized with
uncontrollable melancholy.  Hardy as these birds are, a long frost kills
them in numbers, principally by slow starvation.  They die during the
night, dropping suddenly from their roosting-place on the highest boughs
of the great beech- rees, with a thud distinctly heard in the silence of
the woods.  The leaves of the beech decay so gradually as to lie in
heaps beneath for months, filling up the hollows, so that an unwary
passer-by may plunge knee-deep in leaves.  Rooks when feeding usually
cross the field facing the wind, perhaps to prevent the ruffling of
their feathers.

Wood-pigeons have apparently much increased in numbers of recent years;
they frequent sheltered spots where the bushes diminish the severity of
the frost.  Sometimes on the hills at a lonely farmhouse, where the
bailiff has a long-barrelled ancient fowling-piece, he will lay a train
of grain for them, and with a double charge of shot, kill many at a
time.

Men have boasted of shooting twenty at once.  But with an ordinary gun
it is not credible; and the statement, without wilful exaggeration, may
arise from confusion in counting, for it is a fact that some of the
older uneducated country labourers cannot reckon correctly.  It is not
unusual in parishes to hear of a cottage woman who has had twenty
children.  Upon investigation the real number is found to be sixteen or
seventeen, yet nothing on earth will convince the mother that she has
not given birth to a score.  They get hazy in figures when exceeding a
dozen.

A pigeon is not easily brought down--the quills are so stiff and strong
that the shot, if it comes aslant, will glance off.  Many pigeons roost
in the oaks of the hedges, choosing by preference one well hung with
ivy, and when it is a moonlit night afford tolerable sport.  It requires
a gun on each side of the hedge.  A stick flung up awakes the birds;
they rise with a rush and clatter, and in the wildness of their flight
and the dim light are difficult to hit.  There is a belief that pigeons
are partially deaf.  If stalked in the daytime they take little heed of
footsteps or slight noises which would alarm other creatures; but, on
the other hand, they are quick of eye, and are gone directly anything
suspicious appears in sight.  You may get quite under them and shoot
them on the bough at night.  It is not their greater wakefulness but the
noise they make in rising which renders them good protectors of
preserves; it alarms other birds and can be heard at some distance.

When a great mound and hedgerow is grubbed up, the men engaged in the
work often anticipate making a considerable bag of the rabbits, whose
holes riddle it in every direction, thinking to dig them out even of
those innermost chambers whence the ferret has sometimes been unable to
dislodge them.  But this hope is almost always disappointed; and when
the grub-axe and spade have laid bare the "buries" only recently teeming
with life, not a rabbit is found.  By some instinct they have discovered
the approach of destruction, and as soon as the first few yards of the
hedge are levelled secretly depart.  After a "bury" has been ferreted it
is some time before another colony takes possession: this is seemingly
from the intense antipathy of the rabbit to the smell of the ferret.
Even when shot at and pressed by dogs, a rabbit in his hasty rush will
often pass a hole which would have afforded instant shelter because it
has been recently ferreted.

At this season the labourers are busy with "beetle" (pronounced
"bitel")--a huge mallet--and iron wedges, splitting the tough elm-butts
and logs for firewood.  In old times a cottager here and there with a
taste for astrology used to construct an almanack by rule of thumb,
predicting the weather for the ensuing twelve months from the first
twelve days of January.  As the wind blew on those days so the
prevailing weather of the months might be foretold.  The aged men,
however, say that in this divination the old style must be adhered to,
for the sequence of signs and omens still follows the ancient reckoning,
which ought never to have been interfered with.


CHAPTER SIX.

HIS ENEMIES--BIRDS AND BEASTS OF PREY--TRESPASSERS.

There are other enemies of game life besides human poachers whose
numbers must be kept within bounds to ensure successful sport.  The
thirst of the weasel for blood is insatiable, and it is curious to watch
the persistency with which he will hunt down the particular rabbit he
has singled out for destruction.  Through the winding subterranean
galleries of the "buries" with their cross-passages, "blind" holes and
"pop" holes (i.e. those which end in undisturbed soil, and those which
are simply bored from one side of the bank to the other, being only used
for temporary concealment), never once in the dark close caverns losing
sight or scent of his victim, he pursues it with a species of eager
patience.  It is generally a long chase.  The rabbit makes a dash ahead
and a double or two, and then halts, usually at the mouth of a hole:
perhaps to breathe.  By-and-by the weasel, baffled for a few minutes,
comes up behind.  Instantly the rabbit slips over the bank outside and
down the ditch for a dozen yards, and there enters the "bury" again.
The weasel follows, gliding up the bank with a motion not unlike that of
the snake; for his body and neck are long and slender and his legs
short.  Apparently he is not in haste, but rather lingers over the
scent.  This is repeated five or six times, till the whole length of the
hedgerow has been traversed--sometimes up and down again.  The chase may
be easily observed by any one who will keep a little in the background.
Although the bank be tenanted by fifty other rabbits, past whose
hiding-place the weasel must go, yet they scarcely take any notice.  One
or two whom he has approached too closely bolt out and in again; but as
a mass the furry population remain quiet, as if perfectly aware that
they are not yet marked out for slaughter.

At last, having exhausted the resources of the bank the rabbit rushes
across the field to a hedgerow, perhaps a hundred yards away.  Here the
wretched creature seems to find a difficulty in obtaining admittance.
Hardly has he disappeared in a hole before he comes out again, as if the
inhabitants of the place refused to give him shelter.  For many animals
have a strong tribal feeling, and their sympathy, like that of man in a
savage state, is confined within their special settlement.

With birds it is the same: rooks, for instance, will not allow a strange
pair to build in their trees, but drive them off with relentless beak,
tearing down the half-formed nest, and taking the materials to their own
use.  The sentiment, "If Jacob take a wife of the daughters of Heth,
what good shall my life do me?" appears to animate the breasts of
gregarious creatures of this kind.  Rooks intermarry generation after
generation; and if a black lover brings home a foreign bride they are
forced to build in a tree at some distance.  Near large rookeries
several such outlying colonies may be seen.

The rabbit, failing to find a cover, hides in the grass and dry rushes;
but across the meadow, stealing along the furrow, comes the weasel; and,
shift his place how he may, in the end, worn out and weary, bunny
succumbs, and the sharp teeth meet in the neck behind the ear, severing
the vein.  Often in the end the rabbit runs to earth in a hole which is
a _cul-de-sac_, with his back towards the pursuer.  The weasel, unable
to get at the poll, which is his desire, will mangle the hinder parts in
a terrible manner--as will the civilised ferret under similar
conditions.  Now and then the rabbit, scratching and struggling, fills
the hole in the rear with earth, and so at the last moment chokes off
his assailant and finds safety almost in the death-agony.  In the woods,
once the rabbit is away from the "buries," the chase really does
resemble a hunt; from furze-bush to bracken, from fern to rough grass,
round and round, backwards, doubling, to and fro, and all in vain.

At such times, eager for blood, the weasel will run right across your
path, almost close enough to be kicked.  Pursue him in turn, and if
there be no hedge or hole near, if you have him in the open, he will
dart hither and thither right between your legs, uttering a sharp short
note of anger and alarm, something composed of a tiny bark and a scream.
He is easily killed with a stick when you catch him in the open, for he
is by no means swift; but if a hedge be near it is impossible to secure
him.

Weasels frequently hunt in couples, and sometimes more than two will
work together.  I once saw five, and have heard of eight.  The five I
saw were working a sandy bank drilled with holes, from which the rabbits
in wild alarm were darting in all directions.  The weasels raced from
hole to hole and along the sides of the bank exactly like a pack of
hounds, and seemed intensely excited.  Their manner of hunting resembles
the motions of ants; these insects run a little way very swiftly, then
stop, turn to the right or left, make a short detour, and afterwards on
again in a straight line.  So the pack of weasels darted forward,
stopped, went from side to side, and then on a yard or two, and repeated
the process.  To see their reddish heads thrust for a moment from the
holes, then withdrawn to reappear at another, would have been amusing
had it not been for the reflection that their frisky tricks would
assuredly end in death.  They ran their quarry out of the bank and into
a wood, where I lost sight of them.  The pack of eight was seen by a
labourer returning down a woodland lane from work one afternoon.  He
told me he got into the ditch, half from curiosity to watch them, and
half from fear--laughable as that may seem--for he had heard the old
people tell stories of men in the days when the corn was kept for years
in barns, and so bred hundreds of rats, being attacked by those vicious
brutes.  He said they made a noise, crying to each other, short sharp
snappy sounds; but the pack of five I myself saw hunted in silence.

Stoats, though not so numerous as weasels, probably do quite as much
injury, being larger, swifter, stronger, and very bold, sometimes
entering sheds close to dwelling-houses.  The labouring people--at
least, the elder folk--declare that they have been known to suck the
blood of infants left asleep in the cradle upon the floor, biting the
child behind the ear.  They hunt in couples also--seldom in larger
numbers.  I have seen three at work together, and with a single shot
killed two out of the trio.  In elegance of shape they surpass the
weasel, and the colour is brighter.  Their range of destruction seems
only limited by their strength: they attack anything they can manage.

The keeper looks upon weasel and stoat as bitter foes, to be ruthlessly
exterminated with shot and gin.  He lays to their charge deadly crimes
of murder, the death of rabbits, hares, birds, the theft and destruction
of his young broods, even occasional abstraction of a chicken close to
his very door, despite the dogs chained there.  They are not easily
shot, being quick to take shelter at the sight of a dog, and when hard
hit with the pellets frequently escaping, though perhaps to die.  Both
weasel and stoat, and especially the latter, will snap viciously at the
dog that overtakes them, even when sore wounded, always aiming to fix
their teeth in his nose, and fighting savagely to the last gasp.  The
keeper slays a wonderful number in the course of a year, yet they seem
as plentiful as ever.  He traps perhaps more than he shoots.

It is not always safe to touch a stoat caught in a trap; he lies
apparently dead, but lift him up, and instantly his teeth are in your
hand, and it is said such wounds sometimes fester for months.  Stoats
are tough as leather: though severely nipped by the iron fangs of the
gin, struck on the head with the butt of the gun, and seemingly quite
lifeless, yet, if thrown on the grass and left, you will often find on
returning to the place in a few hours' time that the animal is gone.
Warned by experiences of this kind, the keeper never picks up a stoat
till "settled" with a stick or shot, and never leaves him till he is
nailed to the shed.  Stoats sometimes emit a disgusting odour when
caught in a trap.  The keeper has no mercy for such vermin, though he
thinks some of his feathered enemies are even more destructive.

Twice a year the hawks and other birds of prey find a great feast spread
before them; first, in the spring and early summer, when the hedges and
fields are full of young creatures scarcely able to use their wings, and
again in the severe weather of winter when cold and hunger have
enfeebled them.

It is difficult to understand upon what principle the hawk selects his
prey.  He will pass by with apparent disdain birds that are within easy
reach.  Sometimes a whole cloud of birds will surround and chase him out
of a field; and he pursues the even tenour of his way unmoved, though
sparrow and finch almost brush against his talons.  Perhaps he has the
palate of an epicure, and likes to vary the dish of flesh torn alive
from the breast of partridge, chicken, or mouse.  He does not eat all he
kills; he will sometimes carry a bird a considerable distance and then
drop the poor thing.  Only recently I saw a hawk, pursued by twenty or
thirty finches, and other birds across a ploughed field, suddenly drop a
bird from his claws as he passed over a hedge.  The bird fell almost
perpendicularly, with a slight fluttering of the wings, just sufficient
to preserve it from turning-head-over-heels, and on reaching the hedge
could not hold to the first branches, but brought up on one near the
ground.  It was a sparrow, and was not apparently hurt--simply
breathless from fright.

All kinds of birds are sometimes seen with the tail feathers gone: have
they barely escaped in this condition from the clutches of the hawk?
Blackbirds, thrushes, and pigeons are frequently struck: the hawk seems
to lay them on the back, for if he is disturbed that is the position his
victim usually remains in.  Though hawks do not devour every morsel, yet
as a rule nothing is found but the feathers--usually scattered in a
circle.  Even the bones disappear: probably ground vermin make away with
the fragments.

The hawk is not always successful in disabling his prey.  I have seen a
partridge dashed to the ground, get up again, and escape.  The bird was
flying close to the ground when struck; the hawk alighted on the grass a
few yards further in a confused way as if overbalanced, and before he
could reach the partridge the latter was up and found shelter in a thick
hedge.

The power to hover or remain suspended in one place in the air does not,
as some have supposed, depend upon the assistance of the wind, against
which the hawk inclines the plane of his wings like an artificial kite.
He can accomplish the feat when the air is quite still and no wind
stirring.  Nor is he the only bird capable of doing this, although the
others possess the power in a much less degree.  The common lark
sometimes hovers for a few moments low down over the young green corn,
as if considering upon what spot to alight.  The flycatcher contrives to
suspend itself momentarily, but it is by a rapid motion of the wings,
and is done when the first snap at the insect has failed.  It is the
rook that hovers by the assistance of the wind as he rises with his
broad, flat wings over a hedge and meets its full force, which
counterpoises his onward impetus and sustains him stationary, sometimes
compelling him to return with the current.

Hawks have a habit of perching on the tops of bare poles or dead trees,
and are there frequently caught in the gin the keeper sets for them.
The cuckoo, which so curiously resembles the hawk, has the same habit,
and will perch on a solitary post in the middle of a field, or on those
upright stones sometimes placed for the cattle to rub themselves
against.  Though "wild as a hawk" is a proverbial phrase, yet hawks are
bold enough to enter gardens, and even take their prey from the ivy
which grows over the gable of the house.  The destruction they work
among the young partridges in early summer is very great.  The keeper is
always shooting them, yet they come just the same, or nearly; for, if he
exterminates them one season, others arrive from a distance.  He is
particularly careful to look out for their nests, so as to kill both the
old birds and to prevent their breeding.  There is little difficulty in
finding the nest (which is built in a high tree) when the young get to
any size; their cry is unmistakable and audible at some distance.

Against sparrow-hawk and kestrel, and the rarer kinds that occasionally
come down from the mountains of the north or the west--the magazines of
these birds--the keeper wages ceaseless war.

So too with jay and magpie; he shoots them down whenever they cross his
path, unless, as is sometimes the case, specially ordered to save the
latter.  For the magpie of recent years has become much less common.
Though still often seen in some districts, there are other localities
where this odd bird is nearly extinct.  It does not seem to breed now,
and you may ask to be shown a nest in vain.  A magpie's nest in an
orchard that I knew of was thought so great a curiosity that every now
and then people came to see it from a distance.  In other places the
bird may be frequently met with, almost always with his partner; and so
jays usually go in couples, even in winter.

The jay is a handsome bird, whose chatter enlivens the plantations, and
whose bright plumage contrasts pleasantly with the dull green of the
firs.  A pair will work a hedge in a sportsmanlike manner, one on one
side, the second on the other; while the tiny wren, which creeps through
the bushes as a mouse through the grass, cowers in terror, or slips into
a knot-hole till the danger is past.  When the husbandman has sown his
field with the drill, hardly has he left the gateway before a legion of
small birds pours out from the hedgerows and seeks for the stray seeds.
Then you may see the jay hop out among them with an air of utter
innocence, settling on the larger lumps of clay for convenience of view,
swelling out his breast in pride of beauty, jerking his tail up and
down, as if to say, Admire me.  With a sidelong hop and two flaps of the
wing, he half springs, half glides to another coign of vantage.  The
small birds, sparrows, chaffinches, greenfinches--instantly scatter
swiftly right and left, not rising, but with a hasty run for a yard or
so.  They know well his murderous intent, and yet are so busy they only
put themselves just out of reach, aware that, unlike the hawk, he cannot
strike at a distance.  This game will continue for a long time; the jay
all the while affecting an utter indifference, yet ever on the alert
till he spies his chance.  It is the young or weakly partridges and
pheasants that fall to the jay and magpie.

The keeper also destroys owls--on suspicion.  Now and then some one
argues with the keeper, assuring him that they do not touch game, but
this he regards as pure sentimentalism.  "Look at his beak," is his
steady reply.  "Tell me that that there bill weren't made to tear a
bird's breast to bits?  Just see here--all crooked and pointed: why, an
owl have got a hooked bill like an eagle.  It stands to reason as he
must be in mischief."  So the poor owls are shot and trapped, and nailed
to the side of the shed.

But upon the crow the full vials of the keeper's wrath are poured, and
not without reason.  The crow among birds is like the local professional
among human poachers: he haunts the place and clears everything--it
would be hard to say what comes amiss to him.  He is the impersonation
of murder.  His long, stout, pointed beak is a weapon of deadly power,
wielded with surprising force by the sinewy neck.  From a tiny callow
fledgling, fallen out of the thrush's nest, to the partridge or a
toothsome young rabbit, it is all one to him.  Even the swift leveret is
said sometimes to fall a prey, being so buffeted by the sooty wings of
the assassin and so blinded by the sharp beak striking at his eyes as to
be presently overcome.  For the crow has a terrible penchant for the
morsel afforded by another's eyes: I have seen the skull of a miserable
thrush, from which a crow rose and slowly sailed away, literally split
as if by a chisel--doubtless by the blow that destroyed its sight.
Birds that are at all diseased or weakly, as whole broods sometimes are
in wet unkindly seasons, rabbits touched by the dread parasite that
causes the fatal "rot," the young pheasant straying from the coop, even
the chicken at the lone farmstead, where the bailiff only lives and is
in the fields all day--these are the victims of the crow.

Crows work almost always in pairs--it is remarkable that hawks, jays,
magpies, crows, nearly all birds of prey, seem to remain in pairs the
entire year--and when they have once tasted a member of a brood, be it
pheasant, partridge, or chicken, they stay till they have cleared off
the lot.  Slow of flight and somewhat lazy of habit, they will perch for
hours on a low tree, croaking and pruning their feathers; they peer into
every nook and corner of the woodlands, not like the swift hawk, who
circles over and is gone and in a few minutes is a mile away.  So that
neither the mouse in the furrow nor the timid partridge cowering in the
hedge can escape their leering eyes.

Therefore the keeper smites them hip and thigh whenever he finds them;
and if he comes across the nest, placed on the broad top of a
pollard-tree--not in the branches, but on the trunk--sends his shot
through it to smash the eggs.  For if the young birds come to maturity
they will remain in that immediate locality for months, working every
hedge and copse and ditch with cruel pertinacity.  In consequence of
this unceasing destruction the crow has become much rarer of late, and
its nest is hardly to be found in many woods.  They breed in the
scattered trees of the meadows and fields, especially where no regular
game preservation is attempted, and where no keeper goes his rounds.
Even to this day a lingering superstition associates this bird with
coming evil; and I have heard the women working in the fields remark
that such and such a farmer then lying ill would not recover, for a crow
had been seen to fly over his house but just above the roof-tree.

Trespassers give him a good deal of trouble, for a great wood seems to
have an irresistible attraction for all sorts of semi-Bohemians, besides
those who come for poaching purposes.  The keeper thinks it much more
difficult to watch a wood like this, which is continuous and all in one,
than it is to guard a number of detached plantations, though in the
aggregate they may cover an equal area.  It is impossible to see into it
any distance; to walk round it is a task of time.  A poacher may slink
from tree to tree and from thicket to thicket, and, unless the dogs
chance to sniff him out, may lie hidden in tangled masses of fern and
bramble, while the keeper passes not ten yards away.  But plantations
laid out in regular order with broad open spaces, sometimes with small
fields between, do not afford anything like cover for human beings.  If
a man is concealed in one of these copses, and finds that the keeper or
his assistants are about to go through it, he must move or be caught;
and in moving he has to pass across an open space, and is nearly sure to
be detected.  In a continuous wood of large extent, if he hears the
keepers coming he has but to slip as rapidly and silently as possible to
one side, and often has the pleasure to see them pass right over the
spot where only recently he was lying.

Therefore, although a wood is much more beautiful from an artistic point
of view, with its lovely greens in spring and yellow and browns in
autumn, its shades and recesses and fern-strewn glades, yet if a
gentleman desires to imitate the monarch who laid out the New Forest and
plant wood, and his object be simply game, the keeper is of opinion that
the somewhat stiff and trim plantations are preferable.  They are
generally of fir; and fir is the most difficult of trees to slip past,
being decidedly of an obstructive turn.  The boughs grow so close to the
ground that unless you crawl you cannot go under them.  The trunks--
unlike those of many other trees--will flourish so near together that
the extremities of the branches touch and almost interweave, and they
are rough and unpleasant to push through.  To shoot or trap, or use a
net or other poacher's implement, is very difficult in a young fir
plantation, because of this thickness of growth; so that in a measure
the tree itself protects the game.  Then the cover afforded is warm and
liked by the birds; and so for many reasons the fir has become a great
favourite, notwithstanding that it is of very little value when finally
cut down.

For fox preserving firs are hardly so suitable, because the needles, or
small sharp leaves, quite destroy all undergrowth--not only by the
turpentine they contain, but by forming a thick mat, as it were, upon
the earth.  This mass of needles takes years, to all appearance, to
decay, and no young green blade or shoot can get through it; besides
which the fir-boughs above make a roof almost impenetrable to air and
light, the chief necessities of a plant's existence.  Foxes like a close
warm undergrowth, such as furze, sedges when the ground is dry, the
underwood that springs up between the ash-stoles.  Although constantly
out of doors--if such a phrase be allowable--foxes seem to dislike cold
and draught, as do weasels and all their kind, notably ferrets.  But for
pure game preserving, and for convenience of watching, the keeper thinks
the detached plantations of fir preferable.  Doubtless he is
professionally right; and yet somehow a great wood seems infinitely more
English and appeals to the heart far more powerfully, with its noble
oaks and beeches and ash trees, its bramble-thickets and brake, and
endless beauties which a life of study will not exhaust.

But the semi-Bohemians detested by the keeper do not prowl about the
confines of a wood with artistic views; their objects are extremely
prosaic, and though not always precisely injurious, yet they annoy him
beyond endurance.  He is like a spider in the centre of a vast spreading
web, and the instant the most outlying threads--in this case represented
by fences--are broken he is all agitation till he has expelled the
intruder.  Men and boys in the winter come stealing into the wood where
the blackthorn thickets are for sloes, which are reputed to be improved
by the first frosts, and are used for making sloe gin, etc.  Those they
gather they sell, of course; and although the pursuit may be perfectly
harmless in itself, how is the keeper to be certain that, if opportunity
offered, these gentry would not pounce upon a rabbit or anything else?
Others come for the dead wood; and it does on the face of it seem hard
to deny an old woman who has worked all her days in the field a bundle
of fallen branches rotting under the trees.  The accumulations of such
dead sticks in some places are astonishing: the soil under the ash-poles
must slowly rise from the mass of decaying wood and ultimately become
greatly enriched by this natural manure.

When a hard clay soil is revealed by the operations for draining a
meadow, and the crust of black or reddish mould on which the sweet green
grass flourishes is seen to be but spade-deep, the idea naturally occurs
that that thin crust must have been originated by some similar process
to what is now going on in the ash wood.  Those six or nine inches of
mould perhaps represent several centuries of forest.  But if the keeper
admits the old woman shivering over her embers in the cottage to pick up
these dead boughs, how can he tell what further tricks others may be up
to?  The privilege has often been offered and as often abused, until at
last it has been finally withdrawn--not only because of the poaching
carried on under the cloak of picking up dead wood, but because the
intruders tore down fine living branches from the trees and spoiled and
disfigured them without mercy.  Sometimes gentlemen go to the expense of
having wood periodically gathered and distributed among the poor, which
is a considerate system and worthy of imitation where possible.

Occasionally men come to search for walking-sticks, for which there is
now a regular trade.  Just at present "natural" sticks--that is, those
cut from the stem with the bark on--are rather popular, both for walking
and for umbrella handles, which causes this kind of search to be
actively prosecuted.  The best "natural" sticks are those which when
growing were themselves young trees, sprung up direct from seed or
shoots--saplings, which are stronger and more pliant than those cut from
a stole or pollard.  To cut such a stick as this is equivalent to
destroying a future tree, and of course a good deal of mischief may be
easily done in a short time.

Another kind of ash stick which is in demand is one round which there
runs a spiral groove.  This spiral is caused by the bine of honeysuckle
or woodbine, and in some cases by wild hops.  These climbing plants grow
in great profusion when they once get fixed in the soil, and twist their
tendrils or "leaders" round and round the tall, straight, young
ash-poles with so tight a grasp as to partly strangle the stick and form
a deep screw-like groove in it.  When well polished, or sometimes in its
rough state, such a stick attracts customers; and so popular is this
"style" of thing that the spiral groove is frequently cut by the lathe
in more expensive woods than ash.  Wild hops are common in many places,
and will almost destroy a hedge or a little copse by the power with
which they twine their coils about stem and branch.  Young oak saplings,
in the same way, are frequently cut; and the potential tree which might
have grown large enough to form part of a ship's timbers is sold for a
shilling.

Holly is another favourite wood for sticks, and fetches more money than
oak or ash, on account of its ivory-like whiteness when peeled.  To get
a good stick with a knob to it frequently necessitates a considerable
amount of cutting and chopping, and does far more damage than the loss
of the stick itself represents.  Neither blackthorn nor crab-tree seem
so popular as they once were for this purpose.

In the autumn scores of men, women, and children scour the hedges and
woods for acorns, which bring a regular price per bushel or sack,
affording a valuable food for pigs.  Others seek elderberries to sell
for making wine, and for a few weeks a trade is done in blackberries.
Chair-menders and basket-makers frequent the shore of the little mere or
lake looking for bulrushes or flags: the old rush-bottomed chairs are
still to be found in country houses, and require mending; and
flag-baskets are much used.

Hazel-nuts and filberts perhaps cause more trouble than all the rest;
this fruit is now worth money, and in some counties the yield of nuts is
looked forward to in the same way as any other crop--as in Kent, where
cob-nuts are cultivated, and where the disorderly hop-pickers are great
thieves.  I have heard of owners of copses losing ten or fifteen pounds'
worth of nuts by a single raid.  Here, in this wood, no attempt is made
to obtain profit from the fruit, yet it gives rise to much trouble.  The
nut-stealers take no care in pulling down the boughs, but break them
shamefully, destroying entire bushes; and for this reason in many
places, where nutting was once freely permitted, it is now rigidly
repressed.  Just before the nuts become ripe they are gathered by men
employed on the place, and thrown down in sackfuls, making great heaps
by the public footpaths--ocular evidence that it is useless to enter the
wood a-nutting.

The keeper thinks that these trespassers grow more coarsely mischievous
year by year.  He can recollect when the wood in a measure was free and
open, and, provided a man had not got a gun or was not suspected of
poaching, he might roam pretty much at large; while the resident
labouring people went to and fro by the nearest short cut they could
find.  But whether the railways bring rude strangers with no respect for
the local authorities, or whether "tramps" have become more numerous, it
is certain that only by constant watchfulness can downright destruction
be prevented.  It is not only the game preserved within that closes
these beautiful woodlands to the public, but the wanton damage to tree
and shrub, the useless, objectless mischief so frequently practised.
For instance, a column of smoke, curling like a huge snake round the
limbs of a great tree and then floating away from the topmost branches,
is a singular spectacle, so opposed to the ordinary current of ideas as
to be certain of attracting the passer-by.  It is the work, of course,
of some mischievous lout who has set fire to the hollow interior of the
tree.

Such a tree, as previously pointed out, is the favourite resort of bird
and insect-life.  The heedless mischief of the bird-keeping boys, or the
ploughlads rambling about on Sunday, destroys this Hotel de Ville of the
forest or hedgerow, the central house of assembly of the birds.  To
light a fire seems one of the special delights of these lads, and
sometimes of men who should have learned better; and to light it in a
hollow tree is the highest flight of genius.  A few handfuls of withered
grass and dead fern, half a dozen dry sticks, a lucifer-match, and the
thing is done.  The hollow within the tree is shaped like an inverted
funnel, large at the bottom and decreasing upwards, where at the pointed
roof one thin streak of daylight penetrates.  This formation is
admirably adapted to "draw" a fire at the bottom, and so, once lit, it
is not easily put out.  The "touchwood" smoulders and smokes immensely,
and a great black column rises in the air.  So it will go on smouldering
and smoking for days till nothing but a charred stump be left.  Now and
then there is sufficient sap yet remaining in the bark and outer ring of
wood to check the fire when it reaches it; and finally it dies out,
being unable to burn the green casing of the trunk.  Even then, so
strong is the vital force, the oak may stand for years and put forth
leaves on its branches--leaves which, when dead, will linger, loth to
fall, almost through the winter, rustling in the wind, till the buds of
spring push them off.

Graver mischief is sometimes committed with the lucifer-match, and with
more of the set purpose of destruction.  In the vast expanse of furze
outside the wood on the high ground the huntsmen are almost certain of a
find, and, if they can get between the fox and the wood, of a rattling
burst along the edge of the downs; no wonder, therefore, that both they
and the keeper set store by this breadth of "bush."  To this great
covert more than once some skulking scoundrel has set fire, taking good
care to strike his match well to windward, so that the flames might
drive across the whole, and to chose a wind which would also endanger
the wood.  Now nothing flares up with such a sudden fierceness as furze,
and there is no possibility of stopping it.  With a loud crackling and
swaying of pointed tongues of flame visible miles away even at noontide,
and a cloud of smoke, the rift rolls on, licking up grass and fern and
heath; and its hot breath goes before it, and the blast rises behind it.
As on the beach the wave seems to break at the foot and then in an
instant the surf runs away along the sand, so from its first start the
flame widens out right and left with a greedy eagerness, and what five
minutes ago was but a rolling bonfire is now a wall of fire a quarter of
a mile broad, and swelling as it goes.

Then happens on a lesser scale exactly the same thing that travellers
describe of the burning prairies of the Far West--a stampede of the
thousands of living creatures, bird and beast: rabbits, hares, foxes,
weasels, stoats, badgers, wild cats, all rushing in a maddened frenzy of
fear they know not whither.  Often, with a strange reversal of instinct,
so to say, they will crowd together right in the way of the flames,
huddling in hundreds where the fire must pass, and no effort of voice or
presence of man will drive them away.  The hissing, crackling fire
sweeps over, and in an instant all have perished.  No more miserable
spectacle can be witnessed than the terror of these wretched creatures.
Birds seem to fly into the smoke and are suffocated--they fall and are
burned.  Hares, utterly beside themselves, wilt rush almost into the
arms of the crowd that assembles, and, of course, picks up what it can
seize.  The flames blacken and scorch the firs and trees on the edge of
the wood, and the marks of their passage are not obliterated for years.

Apart from the torture of animals, the damage to sport--both hunting and
shooting--is immense, and takes long to remedy; for although furze and
fern soon shoot again, yet animal life is not so quickly repaired.
Sometimes a few sheep wandering from the downs are roasted alive in this
manner; and one or more dogs from the crowd watching are sure to run
into the flames, which seem to exercise a fascination over some canine
minds.  The keeper's wrath bubbles up years afterwards as he recalls the
scene, and it would not be well for the incendiary if he fell into his
hands.  But the mischief can be so easily done that it is rarely these
rascals are captured.


CHAPTER SEVEN.

PROFESSIONAL POACHERS.--THE ART OF WIRING GAME.

There are three kinds of poachers, the local men, the raiders coming in
gangs from a distance, and the "mouchers"--fellows who do not make
precisely a profession of it, but who occasionally loiter along the
roads and hedges picking up whatever they can lay hands on.
Philologists may trace a resemblance between the present provincial word
"mouching" and Shakespeare's "mitcher," who ate blackberries.  Of the
three probably the largest amount of business is done by the local men,
on the principle that the sitting gamester sweeps the board.  They
therefore deserve first consideration.

It is a popular belief that the village poacher is an idle, hang-dog
ne'er-do-well, with a spice of sneaking romance in his disposition--the
Bohemian of the hamlet, whose grain of genius has sprouted under
difficulties, and produced weeds instead of wheat.  This is a complete
fallacy, in our day at least.  Poaching; is no longer an amusement, a
thing to be indulged in because

  It's my delight of a shiny night
  In the season of the year;

but a hard, prosaic business, a matter of _pounds, shillings, pence_,
requiring a long-headed, shrewd fellow, with a power of silence, capable
of a delicacy of touch which almost raises poaching into a fine art.
The real man is often a sober and to all appearance industrious
individual, working steadily during the day at some handicraft in the
village, as blacksmithing, hedge-carpentering--i.e. making posts and
rails, etc--cobbling, tinkering, or perhaps in the mill; a somewhat
reserved, solitary workman of superior intelligence and frequently
advanced views as to the "rights of labour."  He has no appetite for
thrilling adventure; his idea is simply money, and he looks upon his
night-work precisely as he does upon his day-labour.

His great object is to avoid suspicion, knowing that success will be
proportionate to his skill in cloaking his operations; for in a small
community, when a man is "suspect," it is comparatively easy to watch
him, and a poacher knows that if he is watched he must sooner or later
be caught.  Secrecy is not so very difficult; for it is only with
certain classes that he need practise concealment: his own class will
hold their peace.  If a man is seen at his work in the day, if he is
moderate in his public-house attendance, shows himself at church, and
makes friends with the resident policeman (not as a confederate, but to
know his beat and movements), he may go on for years without detection.

Perhaps the most promising position for a man who makes a science of it
is a village at the edge of a range of downs, generally fringed with
large woods on the lower slopes.  He has then ground to work
alternately, according to the character of the weather and the changes
of the moon.  If the weather be wet, windy, or dark from the absence of
the moon, then the wide open hills are safe; while, on the other hand,
the woods are practically inaccessible, for a man must have the eyes of
a cat to see to do his work in the impenetrable blackness of the
plantations.  So that upon a bright night the judicious poacher prefers
the woods, because he can see his way, and avoids the hills, because,
having no fences to speak of, a watcher may detect him a mile off.

Meadows with double mounds and thick hedges may be worked almost at any
time, as one side of the hedge is sure to cast a shadow, and instant
cover is afforded by the bushes and ditches.  Such meadows are the happy
hunting-grounds of the poacher for that reason, especially if not far
distant from woods, and consequently overrun with rabbits.  For, since
the price of rabbits has risen so high, they are very profitable as
game, considering that a dozen or two may be captured without noise and
without having to traverse much space--perhaps in a single hedge.

The weather most unsuitable is that kind of frost which comes on in the
early morning, and is accompanied with some rime on the grass--a duck's
frost, just sufficient to check fox-hunting.  Every footstep on grass in
this condition when the sun comes out burns up as black as if the sole
of the boot were of red-hot iron, and the poacher leaves an indelible
trail behind him.  But as three duck's frosts usually bring rain, a
little patience is alone necessary.  A real, downright six weeks' frost
is, on the contrary, very useful--game lie close.  But a deep snow is
not welcome; for, although many starved animals may be picked up, yet it
quite suspends the operations of the regular hand: he can neither use
wire, net, nor ferret.

Windy nights are disliked, particularly by rabbit-catchers, who have to
depend a great deal upon their sense of hearing to know when a rabbit is
moving in the "buries," and where he is likely to "bolt," so as to lay
hands on him the instant he is in the net.  But with the "oak's
mysterious roar" overhead, the snapping of dead branches, and the moan
of the gale as it rushes through the hawthorn, it is difficult to
distinguish the low, peculiar thumping sound of a rabbit in his
catacomb.  The rabbit is not easily dislodged in rain; for this animal
avoids getting wet as much as possible: he "bolts" best when it is dry
and still.

A judicious man rarely uses a gun, for the reason that noise is
inconvenient, and a gun is an awkward tool to carry concealed about the
person even when taken to pieces.  There is a certain prejudice in rural
places against a labouring man possessing a gun; it is sure to draw
suspicion upon him.  A professional poacher is pre-eminently a trapper,
relying chiefly upon the dexterous employment of the snare.  If he does
shoot, by preference he chooses a misty day, knowing that the sound of
the report travels scarcely half the usual distance through fog; and he
beats the meadows rather than the preserves, where the discharge would
instantly attract attention, while in the meadows or ploughed fields it
may pass unnoticed as fired by a farmer with leave to kill rabbits.

When the acorns are ripe and the pheasants wander great distances from
the plantations along the hedgerows is his best time for shooting; no
keepers at that period can protect them.  He also observes where the
partridges which roost on the ground assemble nightly as it grows dark,
easily ascertaining the spot by their repeated calls to each other, and
sometimes knocks over three or four at a shot.

Occasionally, also, early in the season, before the legitimate sportsman
perhaps has stepped into the stubble, and while the coveys are large, he
sees a good chance, and with two or even three ounces of shot makes
havoc among them.  He invariably fires at his game sitting, first,
because he cannot lose an opportunity, and, next, because he can kill
several at once.  He creeps up behind a hedge, much as the sportsman in
Rubens' picture in the National Gallery is represented, stooping to get
a view, himself unseen, at the brown birds on the ground.  With the
antique firelock such a practice was necessary; but nothing in our day
so stamps a man a poacher as this total denial of "law" to the game.

When the pheasant is shot his next difficulty is with the feathers.  The
fluffy, downy under-feathers fly in all directions, scattering over the
grass, and if left behind would tell an unmistakable tale.  They must
therefore be collected as far as possible, and hidden in the ditch.  The
best pockets for carrying game are those made in the tails of the coat,
underneath: many poachers' coats are one vast pocket behind the lining.

When there is special clanger of being personally overhauled and
searched, or when the "bag" is large, the game is frequently hidden in a
rabbit-hole, taking care to fence the hole some distance inside with a
stout stick across it, the object of which is that if the keeper or a
sportsman should pass that way his dogs, scenting the game, will
endeavour to scratch out the earth and get in after it.  This the cross
stick will prevent, and the keeper will probably thrash his dog for
refusing to obey when called off.

A great deal of poaching used to be accomplished by nets, into which
both partridges and pheasants were driven.  If skilfully alarmed--that
is, not too much hurried--these birds will run a long way before rising,
and, if their tracks are known, may be netted in considerable numbers.
But of recent years, since pheasants especially have become so costly a
luxury to keep, the preserves and roosting-places have been more
effectually watched, and this plan has become more difficult to put in
practice.  In fact, the local man thinks twice before he puts his foot
inside a preserve, and, if possible, prefers to pick up outside.  If a
preserve is broken into the birds are at once missed, and there is a hue
and cry; but the loss of outsiders is not immediately noticed.

The wire is, perhaps, the regular poacher's best implement, and ground
game his most profitable source of income.  Hares exist in numbers upon
the downs, especially near the localities where the great coursing
meetings are held, where a dozen may be kicked out of the grass in five
minutes.  In these districts of course the downs are watched; but hares
cannot be kept within bounds, and wander miles and miles at night,
limping daintily with their odd gait (when undisturbed) along the lanes
leading into the ploughed fields on the lower slopes and plains.  The
hills--wide and almost pathless, and practically destitute of fences--
where the foot leaves no trail on the short grass and elastic turf, are
peculiarly favourable to illicit sport.

Though apparently roaming aimlessly, hares have their regular highways
or "runs;" and it is the poacher's business to discover which of these
narrow paths are most beaten by continuous use.  He then sets his wire,
as early in the evening as compatible with safety to himself, for hares
are abroad with the twilight.

Long practice and delicate skill are essential to successful snaring.
First, the loop itself into which the hare is to run his head must be of
the exact size.  If it be too small he will simply thrust it aside; if
too large his body will slip through, and his hind leg will be captured:
being crooked, it draws the noose probably.  Then if caught by the hind
leg, the wretched creature, mad with terror, will shriek his loudest;
and a hare shrieks precisely like a human being in distress.  The sound,
well understood by the watchers, will at once reveal what is going
forward.  But there may be no watchers about; and in that case the
miserable animal will tug and tug during the night till the wire
completely bares the lower bone of the leg, and in the morning, should
any one pass, his leaps and bounds and rolls will of course be seen.
Sometimes he twists the wire till it snaps, and so escapes--but probably
to die a lingering death, since the copper or brass is pretty sure to
mortify the flesh.  No greater cruelty can be imagined.  The poacher,
however, is very anxious to avoid it, as it may lead to detection; and
if his wire is properly set the animal simply hangs himself, brought up
with a sudden jerk which kills him in two seconds, and with less pain
than is caused by the sting of the sportsman's cartridge.

Experience is required to set the loop at the right height above the
ground.  It is measured by placing the clenched fist on the earth, and
then putting the extended thumb of the other open hand upon it,
stretching it out as in the action of spanning, when the tip of the
little finger gives the right height for the lower bend of the loop--
that is, as a rule; but clever poachers vary it slightly to suit the
conformation of the ground.  A hare carries his head much higher than
might be thought; and he is very strong, so that the plug which holds
the wire must be driven in firmly to withstand his first convulsive
struggle.  The small upright stick whose cleft suspends the wire across
the "run" must not be put too near the hare's path, or he will see it,
and it must be tolerably stiff, or his head will push the wire aside.
Just behind a "tussocky" bunch of grass is a favourite spot to set a
noose; the grass partially conceals it.

The poacher revisits his snares very early in the morning, and if he is
judicious invariably pulls them up, whether successful or not, because
they may be seen in the day.  Half the men who are fined by the
magistrates have been caught by keepers who, having observed wires, let
them remain; but keep a watch and take the offenders red-handed.  The
professional poacher never leaves his wires set up all day, unless a
sudden change of weather and the duck's frost previously mentioned
prevent him from approaching them, and then he abandons those particular
snares for ever.  For this reason he does not set up more than he can
easily manage.  If he gets three hares a night (wholesale price _2
shillings 6 pence_ each) he is well repaid.  Rabbits are also wired in
great numbers.  The loop is a trifle smaller, and should be just a span
from the ground.

But the ferret is the poacher's chief assistant in rabbiting: it takes
two men, one on each side of the "bury," and a ferret which will not
"lie in"--i.e. stay in the hole and feast till overcome with sleep.
Ferrets differ remarkably in disposition, and the poacher chooses his
with care; otherwise, if the ferret will not come out the keepers are
certain to find him the next day hunting on his own account.  Part of
the secret is to feed him properly, so that he may have sufficient
appetite to hunt well and yet be quickly satisfied with a taste of
blood.  Skill is essential in setting up the nets at the mouth of the
holes; but beyond the mere knack, easily acquired, there is little to
learn in ferreting.

The greatest difficulty with any kind of game is to get home unobserved
with the bag.  Keepers are quite aware of this; and in the case of large
estates, leaving one or two assistants near the preserves, they patrol
the by-ways and footpaths, while the police watch the cross-roads and
lanes which lead to the villages.  If a man comes along at an
exceptionally early hour with coat-pockets violently bulging, there is a
_prima facie_ case for searching him.  One advantage of wiring or
netting over the gun is here very noticeable: anything shot bleeds and
stains the pocket--a suspicious sign even when empty; strangulation
leaves no traces.

Without a knowledge of the policeman's beat and the keeper's post the
poacher can do nothing on a large scale.  He has, however, no great
trouble in ascertaining these things; the labourers who do not
themselves poach sympathise warmly and whisper information.  There is
reason to think that men sometimes get drunk, or sufficiently so to
simulate intoxication very successfully, with the express purpose of
being out all night with a good excuse, and so discovering the
policeman's ambuscade.  Finding a man whom he knows to be usually sober
overtaken with drink in a lonely road, where he injures none but
himself, the policeman good-naturedly leads him home with a caution
only.

The receivers of game are many and various.  The low beer-shop keepers
are known to purchase large quantities.  Sometimes a local pork-butcher
in a small way buys and transmits it, having facilities for sending
hampers, etc, unsuspected.  Sometimes the carriers are the channel of
communication; and there is no doubt the lower class of game dealers in
the provincial towns get a good deal in this way.  The London dealer,
who receives large consignments at once, has of course no means of
distinguishing poached from other game.  The men who purchase the
rabbits ferreted by the keepers during the winter in the woods and
preserves, and who often buy 100 pounds worth or more in the season,
have peculiar opportunities for conveying poached animals, carefully
stowed for them in a ditch on their route.  This fact having crept out
has induced gentlemen to remove these rabbit contracts from local men,
and to prefer purchasers from a distance, who must take some time to get
acquainted with the district poachers.

The raiders, who come in gangs armed with guns and shoot in the
preserves, are usually the scum of manufacturing towns, led or guided by
a man expelled through his own bad conduct from the village, and who has
a knowledge of the ground.  These gangs display no skill; relying on
their numbers, arms, and known desperation of character to protect them
from arrest, as it does in nine cases out of ten.  Keepers and policemen
cannot be expected to face such brutes as these fellows; they do
sometimes, however, and get shattered with shot.

The "mouchers" sneak about the hedgerows on Sundays with lurcher dogs,
and snap up a rabbit or a hare; they do not do much damage except near
great towns, where they are very numerous.  Shepherds, also,
occasionally mouch--their dogs being sometimes very expert; and
ploughmen set wires in the gateways or gaps where they have noticed the
track of a hare, but it is only for their own eating, and is not of much
consequence in comparison with the work of the real local professional.
These regular hands form a class which are probably more numerous now
than ever; the reasons are--first, the high value of game and the
immense demand for it since poultry has become so dear, and, secondly,
the ease of transmission now that railways spread into the most outlying
districts and carry baskets or parcels swiftly out of reach.  Poaching,
in fact, well followed, is a lucrative business.

Some occasional poaching is done with no aid but the hand, especially in
severe weather, which makes all wild animals "dummel," in provincial
phrase--i.e. stupid, slow to move.  Even the hare is sometimes caught by
hand as he crouches in his form.  It requires a practised eye, that
knows precisely where to look among the grass, to detect him hidden in
the bunch under the dead, dry bennets.  An inexperienced person chancing
to see a hare sitting like this would naturally stop short in walking to
get a better view; whereupon the animal, feeling that he was observed,
would instantly make a rush.  You must persuade the hare that he is
unseen; and so long as he notices no start or sign of recognition--his
eye is on you from first entering the field--he will remain still,
believing that you will pass.

The poacher, having marked his game, looks steadily in front of him,
never turning his head, but insensibly changes his course and quietly
approaches sidelong.  Then, in the moment of passing, he falls quick as
lightning on his knee, and seizes the hare just behind the poll.  It is
the only place where the sudden grasp would hold him in his convulsive
terror--he is surprisingly powerful--and almost ere he can shriek (as he
will do) the left hand has tightened round the hind legs.  Stretching
him to his full length across the knee, the right thumb, with a peculiar
twist, dislocates his neck, and he is dead in an instant.  There is
something of the hangman's knack in this, which is the invariable way of
killing rabbits when ferreted or caught alive; and yet it is the most
merciful, for death is instantaneous.  It is very easy to sprain the
thumb while learning the trick.

A poacher will sometimes place his hat gently on the ground, when first
catching sight of a sitting hare, and then stealthily approach on the
opposite side.  The hare watches the hat, while the real enemy comes up
unawares, or, if both are seen, he is in doubt which way to dash.  On a
dull, cold day hares will sit till the sportsman's dogs are nearly on
them, almost till he has to kick them out.  At other times in the same
locality they are, on the contrary, too wild.  Occasionally a labourer,
perhaps a "fogger," crossing the meadows with slow steps, finds a rabbit
sitting in like manner among the grass or in a dry furrow.  Instantly he
throws himself all a-sprawl upon the ground, with the hope of pinning
the animal to the earth.  The manoeuvre, however, frequently fails, and
the rabbit slips away out of his very hands.

The poacher is never at rest; there is no season when his marauding
expeditions cease for awhile; he acknowledges no "close time" whatever.
Almost every month has its appropriate game for him, and he can always
turn his hand to something.  In the very heat of the summer there are
the young rabbits, for which there is always a sale in the towns, and
the leverets, which are easily picked up by a lurcher dog.

I have known a couple of men take a pony and trap for this special
purpose, and make a pleasant excursion over hill and dale, through the
deep country lanes, and across the open down land, carrying with them
two or three such dogs to let loose as opportunity offers.  Their
appearance as they rattle along is certainly not prepossessing; the
expression of their canine friends trotting under the trap, or peering
over the side, stamps them at the first glance as "snappers up of
unconsidered trifles;" but you cannot arrest these gentlemen peacefully
driving on the "king's highway" simply because they have an ugly look
about them.  From the trap they get a better view than on foot; standing
up they can see over a moderately high hedge, and they can beat a rapid
retreat if necessary, with the aid of a wiry pony.  Passing by some
meadows, they note a goodly number of rabbits feeding in the short
aftermath.  They draw up by a gateway, and one of them dismounts.  With
the dogs he creeps along behind the hedge (the object being to get
between the bunnies and their holes), and presently sends the dogs on
their mission.  The lurchers are tolerably sure of catching a couple--
young rabbits are neither so swift nor so quick at doubling as the older
ones.  Before the farmer and his men, who are carting the summer ricks
in an adjacent field, can quite comprehend what the unusual stir is
about yonder, the poachers are off, jogging comfortably along, with
their game hidden under an old sack or some straw.

Their next essay is among the ploughed fields, where the corn is
ripening and as yet no reapers are at work, so that the coast is almost
clear.  Here they pick up a leveret, and perhaps the dogs chop a weakly
young partridge, unable to fly well, in the hedge.  The keeper has just
strolled through the copses bordering on the road, and has left them, as
he thinks, safe.  They watch his figure slowly disappearing in the
distance from a bend of the lane, and then send the dogs among the
underwood.  In the winter men will carry ferrets with them in a trap
like this.

The desperate gangs who occasionally sweep the preserves, defying the
keepers in their strength of numbers and prestige of violence, sometimes
bring with them a horse and cart, not so much for speed of escape as to
transport a heavy bag of game.  Such a vehicle, driven by one man, will,
moreover, often excite no suspicion though it may be filled with
pheasants under sacks and hay.  A good deal of what may be called casual
poaching is also done on wheels.

Some of the landlords of the low beer-houses in the country often
combine with the liquor trade the business of dealing in pigs, calves,
potatoes, etc, and keep a light cart, or similar conveyance.  Now, if
any one will notice the more disreputable of these beer-houses, they
will observe that there are generally a lot of unkempt, rough-looking
dogs about them.  These, of course, follow their master when he goes on
his short journeys from place to place; and they are quite capable of
mischief.  Such men may not make a business of poaching, yet if in
passing a preserve the dogs stray and bring back something eatable, why,
it is very easy to stow it under the seat with the potatoes.  Sometimes
a man is bold enough to carry a gun in this way--to jump out when he
sees a chance and have a shot, and back and off before any one knows
exactly what is going on.

Somehow there always seems to be a market for game out of season: it is
"passed" somewhere, just as thieves pass stolen jewellery.  So also
fish, even when manifestly unfit for table, in the midst of spawning
time, commands a ready sale if overlooked by the authorities.  It is
curious that people can be found to purchase fish in such a condition;
but it is certain that they do.  In the spring, when one would think
bird and beast might be permitted a breathing space, the poacher is as
busy as ever after eggs.  Pheasant and partridge eggs are largely bought
and sold in the most nefarious manner.  It is suspected that some of the
less respectable breeders who rear game birds like poultry for sale, are
not too particular of whom they purchase eggs; and, as we have before
observed, certain keepers are to blame in this matter also.

Plovers' eggs, again, are an article of commerce in the spring; they are
protected now by law, but it is to be feared that the enactment is to a
great extent a dead letter.  The eggs of the peewit, or lapwing, as the
bird is variously called, are sought for with great perseverance, and
accounted delicacies.  These birds frequent commons where the grass is
very rough, and interspersed with bunches of rushes, marshy places, and
meadows liable to be flooded in the winter.  The nest on the ground is
often made in the depression left by a horse's hoof in the soft earth--
any slight hole, in fact; and it is so concealed, or rather differs so
little from the appearance of the general sward around, as to be easily
passed unnoticed.  You may actually step on it, and so smash the eggs,
before you see it.

Aware that the most careful observation may fail to find what he wants,
the egg-stealer adopts a simple but effective plan by which he ensures
against omitting to examine a single foot of the field.  Drop a
pocket-knife or some such object in the midst of a great meadow, and you
will find the utmost difficulty in discovering it again, when the grass
is growing tall as in spring.  You may think that you have traversed
every inch, yet it is certain that you have not; the inequalities of the
ground insensibly divert your footsteps, and it is very difficult to
keep a straight line.  What is required is something to fix the eye--
what a sailor would call a "bearing."  This the egg-stealer finds in a
walking-stick.  He thrusts the point into the earth, and then slowly
walks round and round it, enlarging the circle every time, and thus
sweeps every inch of the surface with his eye.  When he has got so far
from the stick as to feel that his steps are becoming uncertain, he
removes it, and begins again in another spot.  A person not aware of
this simple trick will search a field till weary and declare there is
nothing to be found; another, who knows the dodge, will go out and
return in an hour with a pocketful of eggs.

On those clear, bright winter nights when the full moon is almost at the
zenith, and the "definition" of tree and bough in the flood of light
seems to equal if not to exceed that of the noonday, some poaching used
to be accomplished with the aid of a horsehair noose on the end of a
long slender wand.  There are still some districts in the country more
or less covered with forest, and which on account of ancient rights
cannot be enclosed.  Here the art of noosing lingers; the loop being
insidiously slipped over the bird's head while at roost.  By constant
practice a wonderful dexterity may be acquired in this trick; men will
snare almost any bird in broad daylight.  With many birds a favourite
place for a nest is in a hollow tree, access being had by a decayed
knot-hole, and they are sometimes noosed as they emerge.  A thin
flexible copper wire is said to be substituted for large game.  This
method of capture peculiarly suits the views of the ornithologist, with
whom it is an object to avoid the spoiling of feathers by shot.

Every now and then a bird-catcher comes along decoying the finches from
the hedges, for sale as cage-birds in London.  Some of these men,
without any mechanical assistance, can imitate the "call" note of the
bird they desire to capture so as to deceive the most practised ear.
These fellows are a great nuisance, and will completely sweep a lane of
all the birds whose song makes them valuable.  In this way some
localities have been quite cleared of goldfinches, which used to be
common.  The keepers, of course, will not permit them on private
property; but in all rural districts there are wide waste spaces--as
where two or more roads meet--broad bands of green sward running beside
the highway, and the remnants of what in former days were commons; and
here the bird-catcher plies his trade.  It so happens that these very
waste places are often the most favourite resorts of goldfinches, for
instance, who are particularly fond of thistledown, and thistles
naturally chiefly flourish on uncultivated land.  These men, and the
general class of loafers, have a wholesome dread of gamekeepers, who
look on them with extreme suspicion.

The farmers and rural community at large hardly give the gamekeeper his
due as a protection against thieves and mischievous rascals.  The
knowledge that he may at any time come round the corner, even in the
middle of the night, has a decidedly salutary effect upon the minds of
those who are prowling about.  Intoxicated louts think it fine fun to
unhinge gates, and let cattle and horses stray abroad, to tear down
rails, and especially to push the coping-stones off the parapets of the
bridges which span small streams.  They consider it clever to heave
these over with a splash into the water, or to throw down half a dozen
yards of "dry wall."  In many places fields are commonly enclosed by the
roadside with such walls, which are built of a flat stone dug just
beneath the surface, and used without mortar.  There are men who make a
business of building these walls; it requires some skill and patience to
select the stones and fit them properly.  They serve the purpose very
well, but the worst is that if once started the process of destruction
is easy and quick.  Much more serious offences than these are sometimes
committed, as cutting horses with knives, and other mutilations.  The
fact that the fields are regularly perambulated by keepers and their
assistants night and day cannot but act as a check upon acts of this
kind.


CHAPTER EIGHT.

THE FIELD DETECTIVE--FISH-POACHING.

The footpaths through the plantations and across the fields have no
milestones by which the pedestrian can calculate the distance traversed;
nor is the time occupied a safe criterion, because of the varying nature
of the soil--now firm and now slippery--so that the pace is not regular.
But these crooked paths--no footpath is ever straight--really represent
a much greater distance than would be supposed if the space from point
to point were measured on a map.  So that the keeper as he goes his
rounds, though he does not rival the professional walker, in the course
of a year covers some thousands of miles.  He rarely does less than ten,
and probably often twelve miles a day, visiting certain points twice--
i.e. in the morning and evening--and often in addition, if he has any
suspicions, making _detours_.  It is easy to walk a mile in a single
field of no great dimensions when it is necessary to go up and down each
side of four long hedgerows, and backwards and forwards, following the
course of the furrows.

The keeper's eye is ever on the alert for the poacher's wires; and where
the grass is tall to discover these is often a tedious task, since he
may go within a few yards and yet pass them.  The ditches and the great
bramble-bushes are carefully scanned, because in these the poacher often
conceals his gun, nets, or game, even when not under immediate
apprehension of capture.  The reason is that his cottage may perhaps be
suddenly searched: if not by authority, the policeman on some pretext or
other may unexpectedly lift the latch or peer into the outhouses, and
feathers and fur are apt to betray their presence in the most unexpected
manner.  One single feather, one single fluffy little piece of fur
overlooked, is enough to ruin him, for these are things of which it is
impossible to give an acceptable explanation.

In dry weather the poacher often hides his implements: especially is
this the case after a more than usually venturesome foray, when he knows
that his house is tolerably certain to be overhauled and all his motions
watched.  A hollow tree is a common resource--the pollard willow
generally becomes hollow in its old age--and with a piece of the
decaying "touchwood" or a strip of dead bark his tools are ingeniously
covered up.  Under the eaves of sheds and outhouses the sparrows make
holes by pulling out the thatch and roost in these sheltered places in
severe weather, warmly protected from the frost; other small birds, as
wrens and tomtits, do the same; and the poacher avails himself of these
holes to hide his wires.

A gun has been found before now concealed in a heap of manure, such as
are frequently seen in the corners of the fields.  These heaps sometimes
remain for a year or more in order that the materials may become
thoroughly decomposed, and the surface is quickly covered with a rank
growth of weeds.  The poacher, choosing the side close to the hedge,
where no one would be likely to go, excavated a place beneath these
weeds, (partly filled it in with dry straw, and laid his gun on this.  A
rough board placed over it shielded it from damp; and the aperture was
closed with "bull-polls"--that is, the rough grass of the furrows
chopped up (not unlike the gardener's "turves")--and thrown on the
manure-heap to decay.  If the keeper detects anything of this kind he
allows it to stay undisturbed, but sets a watch, and so surprises the
owner of the treasure.

The keeper is particularly careful to observe the motions of the
labourers engaged in the fields; especially at luncheon-time, when men
with a hunch of bread and a slice of bacon--kept on the bread with a
small thumb-piece of crust, and carved with a pocket-knife--are apt to
ramble round the hedges, of course with the most innocent of motives,
admiring the beauties of nature.  Slowly wandering like this, they cast
a sidelong glance at their wire, set up in a "drock"--i.e. a bridge over
a ditch formed of a broad flat stone--which chances to be a favourite
highway of the rabbits.  Nowadays, in this age of draining, short barrel
drains of brick or large glazed pipes are often let through thick banks;
these are dry for weeks together, and hares slip through them.  A wire
or trap set here is quite out of ordinary observation; and the keeper,
who knows that he cannot examine every inch of ground, simplifies the
process by quietly noting the movements of the men.  As he passes and
repasses a field where they are at work day after day, and understands
agricultural labour, he is aware that they have no necessity to visit
hedgerows and mounds a hundred yards distant, and should he see anything
of that kind the circle of his suspicions gradually narrows till he hits
the exact spot and person.

The gateways and gaps receive careful attention--unusual footmarks in
the mud are looked for.  Sometimes he detects a trace of fur or
feathers, or a bloodstain on the spars or rails, where a load of rabbits
or game has been hung for a few minutes while the bearer rested.  The
rabbit-holes in the banks are noted: this becomes so much a matter of
habit as to be done almost unconsciously and without effort as he walks;
and anything unusual--as the sand much disturbed, the imprint of a boot,
the bushes broken or cut away for convenience of setting a net--is seen
in an instant.  If there be any high ground--woods are often on a
slope--the keeper has here a post whence to obtain a comprehensive
survey, and he makes frequent use of this natural observatory,
concealing himself behind a tree trunk.

The lanes and roads and public footpaths that cross the estate near the
preserves are a constant source of uneasiness.  Many fields are
traversed by a perfect network of footpaths, half of which are of very
little use but cannot be closed.  Nothing causes so much ill-will in
rural districts as the attempt to divert or shut up a track like this.
Cottagers are most tenacious of these "rights," and will rarely exchange
them for any advantage.  "There always wur a path athwert thuck mead in
the ould volk's time" is their one reply endlessly reiterated; and the
owner of the property, rather than make himself unpopular, desists from
persuasion.  The danger to game from these paths arises from the
impossibility of stopping a suspicious character at once.  If he breaks
through a hedge it is different; but the law is justly jealous of the
subject's liberty on a public footpath, and you cannot turn him back.

Neither is it of any use to search a man whose tools, to a moral
certainty, are concealed in some hedge.  With his hands in his pockets,
and a short pipe in his mouth, he can saunter along the side of a
preserve if only a path, as is often the case, follows the edge; and
by-and-by it grows dusk, and the keeper or keepers cannot be everywhere
at once.  There is nothing to prevent such fellows as these from
sneaking over an estate with a lurcher dog at their heels--a kind of dog
gifted with great sagacity, nearly as swift as a greyhound, and much
better adapted for picking up the game when overtaken, which is the
greyhound's difficulty.  They can be taught to obey the faintest sign or
sound from their owners.  If the latter imagine watchers to be about,
the lurcher slinks along close behind, keeping strictly to the path.
Presently, if the poacher but lifts his finger, away dashes the dog, and
will miss nothing he comes across.  The lurcher has always borne an evil
repute, which of course is the due not of the dog but of his master.  If
a man had to get his living by the chase in Red Indian fashion, probably
this would be the best breed for his purpose.  Many shepherds' dogs now
have a cross of the lurcher in their strain, and are good at poaching.

Sunday is the gamekeeper's worst day; the idle, rough characters from
the adjacent town pour out into the country, and necessitate extra
watchfulness.  On Sunday the keeper, out of respect to the day, does not
indeed carry his gun, but he works yet harder than on week-days.  While
the chimes are ringing to church he is on foot by the edge of the
preserves.  He has to maintain a sort of surveillance over the
beer-houses in the village, which is done with the aid of the district
policeman, for they are not only the places where much of the game is
sold, but the rendezvous of those who are planning a raid.

If the policeman notices an unusual stir, or the arrival of strange men
without any apparent business, he acquaints the keeper, who then takes
care to double his sentinels, and personally visit them during the
night.  This night-work is very trying after his long walks by day.  A
great object is to be about early in the morning--just before the dawn:
that is the time when the poachers return to examine their wires.  By
day he often varies his rounds so as to appear upon the scene when least
expected; and has regular trysting places, where his assistants meet him
with their reports.

The gipsies, who travel the road in caravans, give him endless trouble;
they are adepts at poaching, and each van is usually accompanied by a
couple of dogs.  The movements of these people are so irregular that it
is impossible to be always ready for them.  They are suspected of being
recipients of poached game, purchasing it from the local professionals.
Under pretence of cutting skewer-wood, often called dogwood, which they
split and sharpen for the butchers they wander across the open downs
where it grows, camping in wild, unfrequented places, and finding plenty
of opportunities for poaching.  Down land is most difficult to watch.

Then the men who come out from the towns, ostensibly to gather primroses
in the early spring, or ferns, which they hawk from door to door; and
the watercress men, who are about the meadows and brooks twice a year,
in spring and autumn, require constant supervision.  An innocent-looking
basket or small sack-bag of mushrooms has before now, when turned upside
down, been discovered to contain a couple of rabbits or a fine young
leveret.  This detective work is, in fact, never finished.  There is no
end to the tricks and subterfuges practised, and with all his experience
and care the gamekeeper is frequently outwitted.

The relations between the agricultural labourers and the keeper are not
of the most cordial character; in fact, there is a ceaseless distrust
upon the one hand and incessant attempts at over-reaching upon the
other.  The ploughmen, the carters, shepherds, and foggers have so many
opportunities as they go about the fields, and they never miss the
chance of a good dinner or half-a-crown when presented to them.  Higher
wages have not in the slightest degree diminished poaching, regular or
occasional; on the contrary, from whatever cause, there is good reason
to believe it on the increase.  If a labourer crossing a field sees a
hare or rabbit crouching in his form, what is to prevent him from
thrusting his prong like a spear suddenly through the animal and pinning
him to the turf?  There are plenty of ways of hiding dead game, under
straw or hay, in the thick beds of nettles which usually spring up
outside or at the back of a cowshed.

Why does the keeper take such a benevolent interest in the progress of
spade-husbandry, as exemplified in allotment gardens near the village,
which allotments are generally in a field set apart by the principal
landowner for the purpose?  In person or by proxy the keeper is very
frequently seen looking over the close-cropped hedge which surrounds the
spot, and now and then he takes a walk up and down the narrow paths
between the plots.  His dog sniffs about among the heaps of rubbish or
under the potato-vines.  The men at work are remarkably civil and
courteous to the gentleman in the velveteen jacket, who, on his side, is
equally chatty with them; but both in their hearts know very well the
why and wherefore of this interest in agriculture.  Almost all kinds of
game are attracted by gardens, presupposing, of course, that they are
situated at a distance from houses, as these allotments are.  There is a
supply of fresh, succulent, food of various kinds: often too, after a
large plot has been worked for garden produce, the tenant will sow it
for barley or beans or oats, on the principle of rotation; and these
small areas of grain have a singular fascination for pheasants, and
hares linger in them.

Rabbits, if undisturbed, are particularly fond of garden vegetables.  In
spring and early summer they will make those short holes in which they
bring forth their young under the potato-vines, finding the soil easy to
work, dry, and the spot sheltered by the thick green stems and leaves.
Both rabbits and hares do considerable damage if they are permitted the
run of the place unchecked.  The tenants of the allotments, however,
instead of driving them off, are anxious that they should come sniffing
and limping over the plots in the gloaming, and are strongly suspected
of allowing crops specially pleasing to game to remain in the ground
till the very latest period in order that they may snare it.

Much kindly talk has been uttered over allotments, and undoubtedly they
are a great encouragement to the labourer; yet even this advantage is
commonly abused.  The tenants have no ground of complaint as to damage
to their crops, because the keeper, at a word from them, would lose not
a moment of time in killing or driving away the intruder; and as an
acknowledgment of honesty and in reparation of the mischief, if any, a
couple of rabbits would be presented to the man who carried the
complaint.  But the labourer, if he spies the tracks of a hare running
into his plot of corn, or suspects that a pheasant is hiding there,
carefully keeps that knowledge to himself.  He knows that a pheasant, if
you can get close enough to it before it rises, is a clumsy bird, and
large enough to offer a fair mark, and may be brought down with a stout
stick dexterously thrown.  As very probably the pheasant is a young one
and (not yet having undergone its baptism of fire) only recently
regularly fed, it is almost tame and may be approached without
difficulty.  This is why the keeper just looks round the allotment
gardens now and then, and lets his dogs run about; for their noses are
much more clever at discovering hidden fur or feathers than his eyes.

In winter if the weather be severe, hares and rabbits are very bold, and
will enter gardens though attached to dwelling-houses.  Sometimes when a
vast double-mound hedge is grubbed, the ditches each side are left, and
the interior space is ultimately converted into an osier-bed, osiers
being rather profitable at present.  But before these are introduced it
is necessary that the ground be well dug up, for it is full of roots and
the seeds of weeds, which perhaps have lain dormant for years, but now
spring up in wonderful profusion.  In consideration of cleansing the
soil, and working it by digging, burning the weeds and rubbish, etc, the
farmer allows one or two of his labourers to use it as a garden for the
growth of potatoes, free of rent, for say a couple of years.  Potatoes
are a crop which flourish in fresh-turned soil, and so they do very well
over the arrangement.  But unfortunately as they dig and weed, etc, in
the evenings after regular work, they have an excuse for their presence
in the fields, and perhaps near preserves at a tempting period of the
twenty-four hours.  The keeper, in short, is quite aware that some sly
poaching goes on in this way.

Another cause of unpleasantness between him and the cottagers arises
from the dogs they maintain, generally curs, it is true, and not to all
appearance capable of harm.  But in the early summer a mongrel cur can
do as much mischief as a thoroughbred dog.  Young rabbits are easily
overtaken when not much larger than rats, and at other seasons, when the
game has grown better able to take care of itself, any kind of dog
rambling loose in the woods and copses frightens it and unsettles it to
an annoying degree.  Consequently, when a dog once begins to trespass,
it is pretty sure to disappear for good--it is not necessary to indicate
how--and though no actual evidence can be got against the keeper, he is
accused of the destruction of the ugly, ill-bred "pet."  If a dog
commences to hunt on his own account, he can only be broken of the habit
by the utmost severity; and so it sometimes happens that other dogs
besides those of the cottagers come to an untimely end by shot and gin.

The keeper being a man with some true sense of sport, dislikes shooting
dogs, though compelled to do so occasionally; he never fires at his own,
and candidly admits that he hates to see a sportsman give way to anger
in that manner.  The custom of "peppering" with shot a dog for
disobedience or wildness, which was once very common in the field, has
however gone a great deal into disuse.

Shepherds, who often have to visit their flocks in the night--as at this
season of the year, while lambing is in progress--who, in fact,
sometimes sleep in the fields in a little wooden house on wheels built
for the purpose, are strongly suspected of tampering with the hares
scampering over the turnips by moonlight.  At harvest-time many strange
men come into the district for the extra wages of reaping.  They rarely
take lodgings--which, indeed, they might find some difficulty in
obtaining--but in the warm summer weather sleep in the outhouses and
sheds, with the permission of the owner.  Others camp in the open in the
corner of a meadow, where the angle made by meeting hedges protects them
from the wind, crouching round the embers of the fire which boils the
pot and kettle.  This influx of strangers is not without its attendant
anxiety to the keeper, who looks round now and then to see what is going
on.

Despite the ill-will in their hearts, the labourers are particularly
civil to the keeper; he is, in fact, a considerable employer of labour--
not on his own account--but in the woods and preserves.  He can often
give men a job in the dead of winter, when farm work is scarce and the
wages paid for it are less; such as hedge-cutting, mending the gaps in
the fences, cleaning out ditches or the watercourses through the wood.

Then there is an immense amount of ferreting to be done, and there is
such an instinctive love of sport in every man's breast, that to assist
in this work is almost an ambition; besides which, no doubt the chances
afforded of an occasional private "bag" form a secret attraction.  One
would imagine that there could be but little pleasure in crouching all
day in a ditch, perhaps ankle-deep in ice-cold water, with flakes of
snow driving in the face, and fingers numbed by the biting wind as it
rushes through the bare hawthorn bushes, just to watch a rabbit jump out
of a hole into a net, and to break his neck afterwards.  Yet so it is;
and some men become so enamoured of this slow sport as to do nothing
else the winter through; and as of course their employment depends
entirely upon the will of the keeper, they are anxious to conciliate
him.

Despite therefore of missing cur dogs and straying cats which never
return, the keeper is treated with marked deference by the cottagers.
He is, nevertheless, fully aware of the concealed ill-will towards him;
and perhaps this knowledge has contributed to render him more morose,
and sharper of temper, and more suspicious of human nature than he would
otherwise have been; for it never improves a man's character to have to
be constantly watching his fellows.

The streams are no more sacred from marauders than the woods and
preserves.  The brooks and upper waters are not so full of fish as
formerly, the canal into which they fall being netted so much; and
another cause of the diminution is the prevalence of fish-poaching,
especially for jack, during the spawning season and afterwards.  Though
the keepers can check this within their own boundaries, it is not of
much use.

Fish-poaching is simple and yet clever in its way.  In the spawning time
jack fish, which at other periods are apparently of a solitary
disposition, go in pairs, and sometimes in trios, and are more tame than
usual.  A long slender ash stick is selected, slender enough to lie
light in the hand and strong enough to bear a sudden weight.  A loop and
running noose are formed of a piece of thin copper wire, the other end
of which is twisted round and firmly attached to the smaller end of the
stick.  The loop is adjusted to the size of the fish--it should not be
very much larger, else it will not draw up quick enough, nor too small,
else it may touch and disturb the jack.  It does not take much practice
to hit the happy medium.  Approaching the bank of the brook quietly, so
as not to shake the ground, to the vibrations of which fish are
peculiarly sensitive, the poacher tries if possible to avoid letting his
shadow fall across the water.

Some persons' eyes seem to have an extraordinary power of seeing through
water, and of distinguishing at a glance a fish from a long swaying
strip of dead brown flag, or the rotting pieces of wood which lie at the
bottom.  The ripple of the breeze, the eddy at the curve, or the sparkle
of the sunshine cannot deceive them; while others, and by far the
greater number, are dazzled and see nothing.  It is astonishing how few
persons seem to have the gift of sight when in the field.

The poacher, having marked his prey in the shallow yonder, gently
extends his rod slowly across the water three or four yards higher up
the stream, and lets the wire noose sink without noise till it almost or
quite touches the bottom.  It is easier to guide the noose to its
destination when it occasionally touches the mud, for refraction
distorts the true position of objects in water, and accuracy is
important.  Gradually the wire swims down with the current, just as if
it were any ordinary twig or root carried along, such as the jack is
accustomed to see, and he therefore feels no alarm.  By degrees the loop
comes closer to the fish, till with steady hand the poacher slips it
over the head, past the long vicious jaws and gills, past the first
fins, and pauses when it has reached a place corresponding to about
one-third of the length of the fish, reckoning from the head.  That end
of the jack is heavier than the other, and the "lines" of the body are
there nearly straight.  Thus the poacher gets a firm hold--for a fish,
of course, is slippery--and a good balance.  If the operation is
performed gently the jack will remain quite still, though the wire rubs
against his side: silence and stillness have such a power over all
living creatures.  The poacher now clears his arm and, with a sudden
jerk, lifts the fish right out of the stream and lands him on the sward.

So sharp is the grasp of the wire that it frequently cuts its way
through the scales, leaving a mark plainly visible when the jack is
offered for sale.  The suddenness and violence of the compression seem
to disperse the muscular forces, and the fish appears dead for the
moment.  Very often, indeed, it really is killed by the jerk.  This
happens when the loop either has not passed far enough along the body or
has slipped and seized the creature just at the gills.  It then garottes
the fish.  If, on the other hand, the wire has been passed too far
towards the tail, it slips off that way, the jack falling back into the
water with a broad white band where the wire has scraped the scales.
Fish thus marked may not unfrequently be seen in the stream.  The jack,
from its shape, is specially liable to capture in this manner; long and
well balanced, the wire has every chance of holding it.  This poaching
is always going on; the implement is so easily obtained and concealed.
The wire can be carried in the pocket, and the stick may be cut from an
adjacent copse.

The poachers observe that after a fish has once escaped from an attempt
of the kind it is ever after far more difficult of capture.  The first
time the jack was still and took no notice of the insidious approach of
the wire gliding along towards it; but the next--unless a long interval
elapses before a second trial--the moment it comes near he is away.  At
each succeeding attempt, whether hurt or not, he grows more and more
suspicious, till at last to merely stand still or stop while walking on
the bank is sufficient for him; he is off with a swish of the tail to
the deeper water, leaving behind him a cloud, so to say, of mud swept up
from the bottom to conceal the direction of his flight.  For it would
almost seem as if the jack throws up this mud on purpose; if much
disturbed he will quite discolour the brook.  The wire does a good deal
to depopulate the stream, and is altogether a deadly implement.

But a clever fish-poacher can land a jack even without a wire, and with
no better instrument than a willow stick cut from the nearest osier-bed.
The willow, or withy as it is usually called, is remarkably pliant, and
can be twisted into any shape.  Selecting a long slender wand, the
poacher strips it of leaves, gives the smaller end a couple of twists,
making a noose and running knot of the stick itself.  The mode of using
it is precisely similar to that followed with a wire, but it requires a
little more dexterity, because, of course, the wood, flexible as it is,
does not draw up so quickly or so closely as the metal, neither does it
take so firm a grip.  A fish once caught by a wire can be slung about
almost anyhow, it holds so tightly.  The withy noose must be jerked up
the instant it passes under that part of the jack where the weight of
the fish is balanced--the centre of gravity; if there is an error in
this respect it should be towards the head, rather than towards the
tail.  Directly the jack is thrown out upon the sward he must be seized,
or he will slip from the noose, and possibly find his way back again
into the water.  With a wire there is little risk of that; but then the
withy does not cut its way into the fish.

This trick is often accomplished with the common withy--not that which
grows on pollard-trees, but in osier-beds; that on the trees is brittle.
But a special kind is sought for the purpose, and for any other
requiring extreme flexibility.  It is, I think, locally called the stone
osier, and it does not grow so tall as the common sorts.  It will tie
like string.  Being so short, for poaching fish it has to be fastened to
a thicker and longer stick, which is easily done; and some prefer it to
wire because it looks more natural in the water and does not alarm the
fish, while, should the keeper be about, it is easily cut up in several
pieces and thrown away.  I have heard of rabbits, and even hares, being
caught with a noose of this kind of withy, which is as "tough as wire;"
and yet it seems hardly possible, as it is so much thicker and would be
seen.  Still, both hares and rabbits, when playing and scampering about
at night, are sometimes curiously heedless, and foolish enough to run
their necks into anything.

With such a rude implement as this some fish-poachers will speedily land
a good basket of pike.  During the spawning season, as was observed
previously, jack go in pairs, and now and then in trios, and of this the
poacher avails himself to take more than one at a haul.  The fish lie so
close together--side by side just at that time--that it is quite
practicable, with care and judgment, to slip a wire over two at once.
When near the bank two may even be captured with a good withy noose:
with a wire a clever hand will make a certainty of it.  The keeper says
that on one occasion he watched a man operating just without his
jurisdiction, who actually succeeded in wiring three jacks at once and
safely landed them on the grass.  They were small fish, about a pound to
a pound and a half each, and the man was but a few minutes in
accomplishing the feat.  It sometimes happens that after a heavy flood,
when the brook has been thick with suspended mud for several days, so
soon as it has gone down fish are more than usually plentiful, as if the
flood had brought them up-stream: poachers are then particularly busy.

Fresh fish--that is, those who are new to that particular part of the
brook--are, the poachers say, much more easily captured than those who
have made it their home for some time.  They are, in fact, more easily
discovered; they have not yet found out all the nooks and corners, the
projecting roots and the hollows under the banks, the dark places where
a black shadow falls from overhanging trees and is with difficulty
pierced even by a practised eye.  They expose themselves in open places,
and meet an untimely fate.

Besides pike, tench are occasionally wired, and now and then even a
large roach; the tench, though a bottom fish, in the shallow brooks may
be sometimes detected by the eye, and is not a difficult fish to
capture.  Every one has heard of tickling trout: the tench is almost
equally amenable to titillation.  Lying at full length on the sward,
with his hat off lest it should fall into the water, the poacher peers
down into the hole where he has reason to think tench may be found.
This fish is so dark in colour when viewed from above that for a minute
or two, till the sight adapts itself to the dull light of the water, the
poacher cannot distinguish what he is searching for.  Presently, having
made out the position of the tench, he slips his bared arm in slowly,
and without splash, and finds little or no trouble as a rule in getting
his hand close to the fish without alarming it: tench, indeed, seem
rather sluggish.  He then passes his fingers under the belly and gently
rubs it.  Now it would appear that he has the fish in his power, and has
only to grasp it.  But grasping is not so easy; or rather it is not so
easy to pull a fish up through two feet of superincumbent water which
opposes the quick passage of the arm.  The gentle rubbing in the first
place seems to soothe the fish, so that it becomes perfectly quiescent,
except that it slowly rises up in the water, and thus enables the hand
to get into proper position for the final seizure.  When it has risen up
towards the surface sufficiently far--the tench must not be driven too
near the surface, for it does not like light and will glide away--the
poacher suddenly snaps as it were; his thumb and fingers, if he possibly
can manage it, closing on the gills.  The body is so slimy and slippery
that there alone a firm hold can be got, though the poacher will often
flick the fish out of water in an instant so soon as it is near the
surface.  Poachers evidently feel as much pleasure in practising these
tricks as the most enthusiastic angler using the implements of
legitimate sport.

No advantage is thought too unfair to be taken of fish; nothing too
brutally unsportsmanlike.  I have seen a pike killed with a prong as he
lay basking in the sun at the top of the water.  A labourer stealthily
approached, and suddenly speared him with one of the sharp points of the
prong or hayfork he carried: the pike was a good sized one too.

The stream, where not strictly preserved, is frequently netted without
the slightest regard to season.  The net is stretched from bank to bank,
and watched by one man, while the other walks up the brook thirty or
forty yards, and drives the fish down the current into the bag.  With a
long pole he thrashes the water, making a good deal of splash, and
rousing up the mud, which fish dislike and avoid.  The pole is thrust
into every hiding-place, and pokes everything out.  The watcher by the
net knows by the bobbing under of the corks when a shoal of roach and
perch, or a heavy pike, has darted into it, and instantly draws the
string and makes his haul.  In this way, by sections at a time, the
brook, perhaps for half a mile, is quite cleared out.  Jack, however,
sometimes escape; they seem remarkably shrewd and quick to learn.  If
the string is not immediately drawn when they touch the net, they are
out of it without a moment's delay: they will double back up-stream
through all the splashing and mud, and some will even slide as it were
between the net and the bank if it does not quite touch in any place,
and so get away.

In its downward course the brook irrigates many water meadows, and to
drive the stream out upon them there are great wooden hatches.
Sometimes a gang of men, discovering that there is a quantity of fish
thereabouts, will force down a hatch which at once shuts off or greatly
diminishes the volume of water flowing down the brook, and then rapidly
construct a dam across the current below it with the mud of the shore.
Above this dam they thrash the water with poles and drive all the fish
towards it, and then make a second dam above the first so as to enclose
them in a short space.  In the making of these dams speed is an object,
or the water will accumulate and flow over the hatch; so hurdles are
used, as they afford a support to the mud hastily thrown up.  Then with
buckets, bowls, and "scoops," they bale out the water between the two
dams, and quickly reduce their prey to wriggling helplessness.  In this
way whole baskets full of fish have been taken, together with eels; and
nothing so enclosed can escape.

The mere or lake by the wood is protected by sharp stakes set at the
bottom, which would tear poachers' nets; and the keeper does not think
any attempt to sweep it has been made of late years, it is too well
watched.  But he believes that night lines are frequently laid: a
footpath runs along one shore for some distance, and gives easy access,
and such lines may be overlooked.  He is certain that eels are taken in
that way despite his vigilance.

Trespassing for crayfish, too, causes much annoyance.  I have known men
to get bodily up to the waist into the great ponds, a few of which yet
remain, after carp.  These fish have a curious habit of huddling up in
hollows under the banks; and those who know where these hollows and
holes are situate can take them by hand if they can come suddenly upon
them.  It is said that now and then fish are raked out of the ponds with
a common rake (such as is used in haymaking) when, lying on the mud in
winter.


CHAPTER NINE.

GUERILLA WARFARE--GUN ACCIDENTS--BLACK SHEEP.

Scarcely a keeper can be found who has not got one or more tales to tell
of encounters with poachers, sometimes of a desperate character.  There
is a general similarity in most of the accounts, which exhibit a mixture
of ferocity and cowardice on the side of the intruders.  The following
case, which occurred some years since, brings these contradictory
features into relief.  The narrator was not the owner of the man-trap
described previously.

There had been a great deal of poaching before the affray took place,
and finally it grew to horse-stealing: one night two valuable horses
were taken from the home park.  This naturally roused the indignation of
the owner of the estate, who resolved to put a stop to it.  Orders were
given that if shots were heard in the woods the news should be at once
transmitted to headquarters, no matter at what hour of the night.

One brilliant moonlight night, frosty and clear, the gang came again.  A
messenger went to the house, and, as previously arranged, two separate
parties set out to intercept the rascals.  The head keeper had one
detachment, whose object it was to secure the main outlet from the wood
towards the adjacent town--to cut off retreat.  The young squire had
charge of the other, which, with the under keeper as guide, was to work
its way through the wood and drive the gang into the ambuscade.  In the
last party were six men and a mastiff dog; four of the men had guns, the
gentleman only a stout cudgel.

They came upon the gang--or rather a part of it, for the poachers were
somewhat scattered--in a "drive" which ran between tall firs, and was
deep in shadow.  With a shout the four or five men in the "drive," or
green lane, slipped back behind the trees, and two fired, killing the
mastiff, dog on the spot and "stinging" one man in the legs.  Quick as
they were, the under keeper, to use his own words, "got a squint of one
fellow as I knowed; and I lets drive both barrels in among the firs.
But, bless you! it were all over in such a minute that I can't hardly
tell 'ee how it were.  Our squire ran straight at 'em; but our men hung
back, though they had their guns and he had nothing but a stick.  I just
seen him, as the smoke rose, hitting at a fellow; and then, before I
could step, I hears a crack, and the squire he was down on the sward.
One of them beggars had come up behind, and swung his gun round, and
fetched him a purler on the back of his head.  I picked him up, but he
was as good as dead, to look at;" and in the confusion the poachers
escaped.  They had probably been put up to the ambuscade by one of the
underlings, as they did not pass that way, but seemed to separate and
get off by various paths.  The "young squire" had to be carried home,
and was ill for months, but ultimately recovered.

Not one of the gang was ever captured, notwithstanding that a member of
it was recognised.  Next day an examination of the spot resulted in the
discovery of a trail of blood upon the grass and dead leaves, which
proved that one of them had been wounded at the first discharge.  It was
traced for a short distance and then lost.  Not till the excitement had
subsided did the under keeper find that he had been hit; one pellet had
scored his cheek under the eye, and left a groove still visible.

Some time afterwards a gun was picked up in the ferns, all rusty from
exposure, which had doubtless been dropped in the flight.  The barrel
was very short--not more than eighteen inches in length--having been
filed off for convenience of taking to pieces, so as to be carried in a
pocket made on purpose in the lining of the coat.  Now, with a barrel so
short as that, sport, in the proper sense of the term, would be
impossible; the shot would scatter so quickly after leaving the muzzle
that the sportsman would never be able to approach near enough.  The use
of this gun was clearly to shoot pheasants at roost.

The particular keeper in whose shed the man-trap still lies among the
lumber thinks that the class of poachers who come in gangs are as
desperate now as ever, and as ready with their weapons.  Breech-loading
guns have rendered such affrays extremely dangerous on account of the
rapidity of fire.  Increased severity of punishment may deter a man from
entering a wood; but once he is there and compromised, the dread of a
heavy sentence is likely to make him fight savagely.

The keeper himself is not altogether averse to a little fisticuffing, in
a straightforward kind of way, putting powder and shot on one side.  He
rather relishes what he calls "leathering" a poacher with a good tough
ground-ash stick.  He gets the opportunity now and then, coming
unexpectedly on a couple of fellows rabbiting in a ditch, and he
recounts the "leathering" he has frequently administered with great
gusto.  He will even honestly admit that on one occasion--just one, not
more--he got himself most thoroughly thrashed by a pair of hulking
fellows.

"Some keepers," he says, "are always summoning people, but it don't do
no good.  What's the use of summoning a chap for sneaking about with a
cur dog and a wire in his pocket?  His mates in the village clubs
together and pays his fine, and he laughs at you.  Why, down in the town
there them mechanic chaps have got a regular society to pay these here
fines for trespass, and the bench they claps it on strong on purpose.
But it ain't no good; they forks out the tin, and then goes and haves a
spree at a public.  Besides which, if I can help it I don't much care to
send a man to gaol--this, of course, is between you and me--unless he
uses his gun.  If he uses his gun there ain't nothing too bad for him.
But these here prisons--every man as ever I knowed go to gaol always
went twice, and kept on going.  There ain't nothing in the world like a
good ground-ash stick.  When you gives a chap a sound dressing with that
there article, he never shows his face in your wood no more.  There's
fields about here where them mechanics goes as regular as Saturday comes
to try their dogs, as they calls it--and a precious lot of dogs they
keeps among 'em.  But they never does it on this estate: they knows my
habits, you see.  There's less summonses goes up from this property than
any other for miles, and it's all owing to this here stick.  A bit of
ash is the best physic for poaching as I knows on."

I suspect that he is a little mistaken in his belief that it is the
dread of his personal prowess which keeps trespassers away--it is rather
due to his known vigilance and watchfulness.  His rather hasty notions
of taking the law into his own hands are hardly in accord with the
spirit of the times; but some allowance must be made for the
circumstances of his life, and it is my object to picture the man as he
is.

There are other dangers from guns beside these.  A brown gaiter
indistinctly seen moving some distance off in the tall dry grass or
fern--the wearer hidden by the bushes--has not unfrequently been
mistaken for game in the haste and excitement of shooting, and received
a salute of leaden hail.  This is a danger to which sportsman and keeper
are both liable, especially when large parties are engaged in rapid
firing; sometimes a particular corner gets very "hot," being enfiladed
for the moment by several guns.  Yet, when the great number of men who
shoot is considered, the percentage of serious accidents is small
indeed; more fatal accidents probably happen through unskilled persons
thoughtlessly playing with guns supposed not to be loaded, or pointing
them in joke, than ever occur in the field.  The ease with which the
breechloader can be unloaded or reloaded again prevents most persons
from carrying it indoors charged; and this in itself is a gain on the
side of safety, for perhaps half the fatal accidents take place within
doors.

In farmsteads where the owner had the right of shooting the
muzzle-loader was--and still is, when not converted--kept loaded on the
rack.  The starlings, perhaps, are making havoc of the thatch, tearing
out straw by straw, and working the holes in which they form their nests
right through, till in the upper story daylight is visible.  When the
whistling and calling of the birds tell him they are busy above, the
owner slips quickly out with his gun, and brings down three or four at
once as they perch in a row on the roof-tree.  Or a labourer leaves a
message that there is a hare up in the meadow or some wild ducks have
settled in the brook.  But men who have a gun always in their hands
rarely meet with a mishap.  The starlings, by-the-by, soon learn the
trick, and are cunning enough to notice which door their enemy generally
comes out at, where he can get the best shot; and the moment the handle
of that particular door is turned, off they go.

The village blacksmith will tell you of more than one narrow escape he
has had with guns, and especially muzzle-loaders, brought to him to
repair.  Perhaps a charge could not be ignited through the foulness of
the nipple, and the breech had to be unscrewed in the vice; now and then
the breech-piece was so tightly jammed that it could not be turned.
Once, being positively assured that there was nothing but some dirt in
the barrel and no powder, he was induced to place it in the forge fire;
when--bang! a charge of shot smashed the window, and the burning coals
flew about in a fiery shower.  In one instance a blacksmith essayed to
clear out a barrel which had become choked with a long iron rod made
red-hot: the explosion which followed drove the rod through his hand and
into the wooden wall of the shed.  Smiths seem to have a particular
fondness for meddling with guns, and generally have one stowed away
somewhere.

It was not wonderful that accidents happened with the muzzle-loaders,
considering the manner in which they were handled by ignorant persons.
The keeper declares that many of the cottagers, who have an old
single-barrel, ostensibly to frighten the birds from their gardens, do
not think it properly loaded until the ramrod jumps out of the barrel.
They ram the charge, and especially the powder, with such force that the
rebound sends the rod right out, and he has seen those who were not
cottagers follow the same practice.  A close-fitting wad, too tight for
the barrel, will sometimes cause the rod to spring high above the
muzzle: as it is pushed quickly down it compresses the air in the tube,
which expands with a sharp report and drives the rod out.

Loading with paper, again, has often resulted in mischief: sometimes a
smouldering fragment remains in the barrel after the discharge, and on
pouring in powder from the flask it catches and runs like a train up to
the flask, which may burst in the hand.  For this reason to this day
some of the old farmers, clinging to ancient custom, always load with a
clay tobacco pipe-bowl, snapped off from the stem for the purpose.  It
is supposed to hold just the proper charge, and as it is detached from
the horn or flask there is no danger of fire being communicated to the
magazine; so that an explosion, if it happened, would do no serious
injury, being confined to the loose powder of the charge itself.  Paper
used as wads will sometimes continue burning for a short time after
being blown out of the gun, and may set fire to straw, or even dry
grass.

The old folk, therefore, when it was necessary to shoot the starlings on
the thatch, or the sparrows and chaffinches which congregate in the
rickyards in such extraordinary numbers--in short, to fire off a gun
anywhere near inflammable materials--made it a rule to load with green
leaves, which would not burn and could do no harm.  The ivy leaf was a
special favourite for the purpose--the broad-leaved ivy which grows
against houses and in gardens--because it is stout, about the right size
to double up and fold into a wad, and is available in winter, being an
evergreen, when most other leaves are gone.  I have seen guns loaded
with ivy leaves many times.  When a gun gets foul the ramrod is apt to
stick tight if paper is used after pushing it home, and unless a vice be
handy no power will draw it out.  In this dilemma the old plan used to
be to fire it into a hayrick, standing at a short distance; the hay,
yielding slightly, prevented the rod from breaking to pieces when it
struck.

Most men who have had much to do with guns have burst one or more.  The
keeper in the course of years has had several accidents of the kind; but
none since the breech-loader has come into general use, the reason of
course being that two charges cannot be inadvertently inserted one above
the other, as frequently occurred in the old guns.

I had a muzzle-loading gun burst in my hands some time since: the
breech-piece split, and the nipple, hammer, and part of the barrel there
blew out.  Fortunately no injury was done; and I should not note it
except for the curious effect upon the tympanum of the ear.  The first
sense was that of a stunning blow on the head; on recovering from which
the distinction between one sound and another seemed quite lost.  The
ear could not separate or define them, and whether it was a person
speaking, a whistle, the slamming of a door, or the neigh of a horse, it
was all the same.  Tone, pitch, variation there was none.  Though
perfectly, and in fact painfully, audible, all sounds were converted
into a miserable jangling noise, exactly like that made when, a wire in
a piano has come loose and jingles.  This annoying state of things
lasted three days, after which it gradually went off, and in a week had
entirely disappeared.  Probably the sound of the explosion had been much
increased by the cheek slightly touching the stock in the moment of
firing, the jar of the wood adding to the vibration.  This, gun belonged
to another person, and was caught up, already loaded, to take advantage
of a favourable chance; it is noticeable that half the accidents happen
with a strange gun.

Shot plays curious freaks sometimes: I know a case in which a gun was
accidentally discharged in a dairy paved as most dairies are with stone
flags.  The muzzle was pointed downwards at the time--the shot struck
the smooth stone floor, glanced off and up and hit another person
standing almost at right angles, causing a painful wound.  It is a
marvel that more bird-keepers do not get injured by the bursting of the
worn-out firelocks used to frighten birds from the seed.  Some of these
are not only rusty, but so thin at the muzzle as almost to cut the hand
if it accidentally comes into contact with any force.

A collection of curious old guns might be made in the villages; the
flint-locks are nearly all gone, but there are plenty of single-barrels
in existence and use which were converted from that ancient system.  In
the farmhouses here and there may be found such a weapon, half a century
old or more, with a barrel not quite equal in length to the punt-gun,
but so long that, when carried under the arm of a tall man, the muzzle
touches the ground where it is irregular in level.  It is slung up to
the beam across the ceiling with leathern thongs--one loop for the
barrel and the other for the stock.  It is still serviceable, having
been kept dry; and the owner will tell you that he has brought down
pigeons with it at seventy yards.

Every man believes that his particular gun is the best in the locality
to kill.  The owner of this cumbrous weapon, if you exhibit an interest
in its history, will take you into the fields and point out a spot where
forty years ago he or his immediate ancestor shot four or five wild
geese at once, resting the barrel on the branch of a tree in the hedge
and sending a quarter of a pound of lead whistling among the flock.  The
spot the wild geese used to visit in the winter is still remembered,
though they come there no more; drains and cultivation having driven
them away from that southern district.  In the course of the winter,
perhaps, a small flock may be seen at a great height passing over, but
they do not alight, and in some years are not observed at all.

There is a trick sometimes practised by poachers which enables them to
make rabbits bolt from their holes without the assistance of a ferret.
It is a chemical substance emitting a peculiar odour, and, if placed in
the burrows, drives the rabbits out.  Chemical science, indeed, has been
called to the aid of poaching in more ways than one: fish, for instance,
are sometimes poisoned, or killed by an explosion of dynamite.  These
latter practices have, however, not yet come into general use, being
principally employed by those only who have had some experience of
mining or quarrying.

There is a saying that an old poacher makes the best gamekeeper, on the
principle of setting a thief to catch a thief: a maxim, however, of
doubtful value, since no other person could so thoroughly appreciate the
tempting opportunities which must arise day after day.  That keepers
themselves are sometimes the worst of depredators must be admitted.
Hitherto I have chiefly described the course of action followed by
honest and conscientious men, truly anxious for their employers'
interests, and taking a personal pride in a successful shooting season.
But there exists a class of keepers of a very different order, who have
done much to bring sport itself into unmerited odium.

The blackleg keeper is often a man of some natural ability--a plausible,
obsequious rascal, quick in detecting the weak points of his employer's
character, and in practising upon and distorting what were originally
generous impulses.  His game mainly depends upon gaining the entire
confidence of his master; and, not being embarrassed by considerations
of self-esteem, he is not choice in the use of means to that end.  He
knows that if he can thoroughly worm himself into his employer's good
opinion the unfavourable reports which may be set afloat against him
will be regarded as the mere tittle-tattle of envy; for it is often an
amiable weakness on the part of masters who are really attached to their
servants to maintain a kind of partisanship on behalf of those whom they
have once trusted.

Such a servant finds plentiful occasions for dexterously gratifying the
love of admiration innate in us all.  The manliest athlete and frankest
amateur--who would blush at the praise of social equals--finds it hard
to resist the apparently bluff outspoken applause of his inferiors
bestowed on his prowess in field sports, whether rowing or riding, with
rod or gun.  Of course it frequently happens that the sportsman really
does excel as a shot; but that in no degree lessens the insidious effect
of the praise which seems extorted in the excitement of the moment, and
to come forth with unpremeditated energy.

The next step is to establish a common ground of indignation; for it is
to be observed that those who unite in abuse of a third person have a
stronger bond of sympathy than those who mutually admire another.  If by
accident some unfortunate, _contretemps_ should cause a passing
irritation between his master and the owner of a neighbouring estate,
the keeper loses no opportunity of heaping coals upon the fire.  He
brings daily reports of trespass.  Now the other party's keepers have
been beating a field beyond their boundaries; now they have ferreted a
bank to which they have no right.  Another time they have prevented
straying pheasants from returning to the covers by intercepting their
retreat; and a score of similar tricks.  Or perhaps it is the master of
a pack of hounds against whom insinuations are directed: cubs are not
destroyed sufficiently, and the pheasants are eaten daily.

Sometimes it is a tenant-farmer with a long lease, who cannot be quickly
ejected, who has to bear the brunt of these attacks.  He is accused of
trapping hares and rabbits: he sets the traps so close to the preserves
that the pheasants are frequently caught and mortally injured; he is
suspected of laying poisoned grain about.  Not content with this he
carries his malice so far as to cause the grass or other crops in which
outlying nests or young broods are sheltered to be cut before it is
ripe, with the object of destroying or driving them away; and he
presents the mowers whose scythes mutilate game with a quart of beer as
reward, or furnishes his shepherds with lurchers for poaching.  He
encourages the gipsies to encamp in the neighbourhood and carry on
nightly expeditions by allowing them the use of a field in which to put
their vans and horses.  With such accounts as these, supported by what
looks like evidence, the blackleg keeper gradually works his employer
into a state of intense irritation, meantime reaping the reward of the
incorruptible guardian and shrewd upright servitor.

At the same time, in the haze of suspicion he has created, the rascal
finds a cloak for his own misdeeds.  These poachers, trespassers,
gipsies, foxes, and refractory tenants afford a useful excuse to account
for the comparative scarcity of game.  What on earth has become of the
birds, and where the dickens are the hares? asks the angry proprietor.
In the spring he recollects being shown by the keeper, with modest
pride, some hundreds of young pheasants, flourishing exceedingly.  Now
he finds the broods have strangely dwindled, and he is informed that
these enemies against whom all along he has been warned have made short
work of them.  If this explanation seems scarcely sufficient, there is
always some inexplicable disease to bear the blame: the birds had been
going on famously when suddenly they were seized by a mysterious
epidemic which decimated their numbers.

All this is doubly annoying, because, in addition to the loss of
anticipated sport, there has been an exorbitant expenditure.  The larger
the number of young broods of pheasants early in the year the better for
the dishonest keeper, who has more chances of increasing his own profit,
both directly and indirectly.  In the first place, there is the little
business of buying eggs, not without commissions.  More profit is found
in the supply of food for the birds: extras and petty disbursements
afford further room for pickings.

Then, when the game has been spirited away, the keeper's object is to
induce his employer to purchase full-grown pheasants--another chance of
secret gratuities--and to turn them out for the battue.  That
institution is much approved of by keepers of this character, for, the
pheasants being confined to a small area, there is less personal
exertion than is involved in walking over several thousand acres to look
after hares and partridges.

By poisoning his master's mind against some one he not only covers these
proceedings but secures himself from the explanation which if listened
to might set matters right.  The accused, attempting to explain, finds a
strong prejudice against him, and turns away in dudgeon.  Such underhand
tricks sometimes cause mischief in a whole district.  An unscrupulous
keeper may set people of all ranks at discord with each other.

In these malpractices, and in the disposal of game which is bulky, he is
occasionally assisted by other keepers of congenial character engaged
upon adjacent estates.  Gentlemen on intimate terms naturally imagine
that their keepers mutually assist each other in the detection of
poaching--meeting by appointment, for instance, at night, as the police
do, to confer upon their beats.  When two or three are thus in league it
is not difficult for them to dispose of booty they quickly get into
communication with professional receivers; and instances have been known
in which petticoats have formed a cover for a steady if small illegal
transport of dead game over the frontier.

For his own profit a keeper of this kind may indeed be trusted to
prevent poaching on the part of other persons, whose gains would be his
loss, since there would remain less for him to smuggle.  Very probably
it may come to be acknowledged on all sides that he is watchful and
always about: an admission that naturally tends to raise him in the
esteem of his employer.

Those who could tell tales--his subordinate assistants--are all more or
less implicated, as in return for their silence they are permitted to
get pickings: a dozen rabbits now and then, good pay for little work,
and plenty of beer.  If one of them lets out strange facts in his cups,
it signifies nothing: no one takes any heed of a labourer's beerhouse
talk.  The steward or bailiff has strong suspicions, perhaps, but his
motions are known, and his prying eyes defeated.  As for the tenants,
they groan and bear it.

It is to be regretted that new and then the rural policeman becomes an
accomplice in these nefarious practices.  His position of necessity
brings him much into contact with the keepers of the district within his
charge.  If they are a "shady" lot, what with plenty of drink, good
fellowship, presents of game, and insidious suggestions of profit, it is
not surprising that a man whose pay is not the most liberal should
gradually fall away from the path of duty.  The keeper can place a great
temptation in his way--i.e. occasional participation in shooting when
certain persons are absent: there are few indeed who can resist the
opportunity of enjoying sport.  The rural constable often has a beat of
very wide area, thinly populated: it is difficult to tell where he may
be; he has a reasonable pretext for being about at all hours, and it is
impossible that he should be under much supervision.  Perhaps he may
have a taste for dogs, and breed them for sale, if not openly, on the
sly.  Now the keeper can try these animals, or even break them in in a
friendly way; and when once he has committed himself, and winked at what
is going on, the constable feels that he may as well join and share
altogether.  At outlying wayside "publics" the keeper and the constable
may carouse to the top of their bent: the landlord is only too glad to
be on good terms with them; his own little deviations pass unnoticed,
and if by accident they are discovered he has a friend at court to give
him a good character.

The worthy pair, have an engine of oppression in their hands which
effectually overawes the cottagers: they can accuse them of poaching;
and if not proceeding to the ultimatum of a summons, which might not
suit their convenience, can lay them under suspicion, which may result
in notice to quit their cottages, or to give up their allotment gardens;
and a garden is almost as important to a cottager as his weekly wages.
In this way a landlord whose real disposition may be most generous may
be made to appear a perfect tyrant, and be disliked by the whole
locality.  It is to the interest of the keeper and the constable to
obtain a conviction now and then; it gives them the character of
vigilance.

Sometimes a blackleg keeper, not satisfied with the plunder of the
estate under his guardianship must needs encroach on the lands of
neighbouring farmers occupying under small owners; and so further
ill-will is caused.  In the end an exposure takes place, and the
employer finds to his extreme mortification how deeply he has been
deceived; but the discovery may not be made for years.  Of course all
keepers of this character are not systematically vicious: many are only
guilty occasionally, when a peculiarly favourable opportunity offers.

Another class of keeper is rather passively than actively bad.  This is
the idle man, whose pipe is ever in his mouth and whose hands are always
in his pockets.  He is often what is called a good-natured fellow--
soft-spoken, respectful, and willing; liked by everybody; a capital
comrade in his own class, and, in fact, with too many friends of a
certain set.

Gamekeeping is an occupation peculiarly favourable to loafing if a man
is inclined that way.  He can sit on the rails and gates, lounge about
the preserves, go to sleep on the sward in the shade; call at the
roadside inn, and, leaning his gun against the tree from which the sign
hangs, quaff his quart in indolent dignity.  By degrees he easily falls
into bad habits, takes too much liquor, finds his hands unsteady,
becomes too lazy to repress poaching (which is a weed that must be
constantly pulled up, or it will grow with amazing rapidity), and
finally is corrupted, and shares the proceeds of bolder rascals.  His
assistants do as they please.  He has no control over them: they know
too much about him.

It is a curious fact that there are poaching villages and non-poaching
villages.  Out of a dozen or more parishes forming a petty sessional
district one or two will become notorious for this propensity.  The
bench never meet without a case from them, either for actual poaching or
some cognate offence.  The drinking, fighting, dishonesty, low gambling,
seem ceaseless--like breeding like--till the place becomes a nest of
rascality.  Men hang about at the public-houses all day, betting on
horses, loitering; a blight seems to fall upon them, and a bad repute
clings to the spot for years after the evil itself has been eradicated.

If a weak keeper gets among such a set as this he succumbs; and the same
cause hastens the moral decay of the constable.  The latter has a most
difficult part to maintain.  If he is disposed to carry out the strict
letter of his instructions, that does not do--there is a prejudice
against too much severity.  English feeling is anti-Draconian; and even
the respectable inhabitants would rather endure some little rowdyism
than witness an over interference with liberty.  If the constable is
good-natured, and loth to take strong measures, he either becomes a
semi-accomplice or sinks to a nonentity.  It is difficult to find a man
capable of controlling such a class; it requires tact, and something of
the gift of governing men.

By contact with bad characters a weak keeper may be contaminated without
volition of his own at first: for we know the truthful saying about
touching pitch.  The misfortune is that the guilty when at last exposed
become notorious; and their infamy spreads abroad, smirching the whole
class to which they belong.  The honest conscientious men remain in
obscurity and get no public credit, though they may far outnumber the
evil-disposed.

To make a good keeper it requires not only honesty and skill, but a
considerable amount of "backbone" in the character to resist temptation
and to control subordinates.  The keeper who has gone to the bad becomes
one of the most mischievous members of the community: the faithful and
upright keeper is not only a valuable servant, but a protection to all
kinds of property.

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The End.





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