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Title: The Practical Ostrich Feather Dyer
Author: Paul, Alexander
Language: English
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*** Start of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "The Practical Ostrich Feather Dyer" ***
SYKES & STREET,
SOLE U. S. AGENTS FOR
St. Denis Dyestuff and Chemical Co.,
(LIMITED.)
A. POIRRIER, President.
No. 105 RUE LAFAYETTE, PARIS, FRANCE,
MANUFACTURERS OF
ANILINE COLORS,
ARCHIL EXTRACT,
CUDBEAR. &c.
INCLUDING MANY
Specialties for Feather and Silk Dyers
French Extracts of Dyewood and Indigo, &c., &c.
85 Water St.,
NEW YORK, U.S.A.
BRANCHES:
BOSTON--35 India Street.
PHILADELPHIA--43 N. Front St.
AGENCIES:
R. R. STREET & CO., Chicago. Ills.
S. H. FRANK & CO., San Francisco, Cal.
[Illustration: GROUP OF OSTRICHES.]
THE
PRACTICAL
OSTRICH FEATHER DYER,
BY
ALEXANDER PAUL.
REVISED AND CORRECTED
BY
DR. M. FRANK.
PUBLISHED BY
MRS. DR. M. FRANK,
"Textile Colorist,"
506 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.
1888.
_Copyright, 1888, by Mrs. Dr. M. Frank._
_All Rights Reserved._
PREFACE.
In the preparation of this work it has been my aim to present Recipes,
simple, yet complete in every detail, for dyeing every color and shade
of color known. Reliability, practicability and rapidity I claim
for this work, and would ask that it be judged not from a literary
standpoint, but as a thorough and practical instructor in the art of
Ostrich Feather Dyeing, as simplified and perfected by me during years
of hard work and research. It is the first work of its kind ever put
before the public in the English language, and will, in consequence,
receive from those interested close scrutiny and criticism, which
prompts the author to offer $1000 to any person who will prove that the
recipes herein contained, or any single one of them, will not produce
the desired color or shade perfect and in the time mentioned. The
old methodical orthodox dyers will find a decided advantage in being
enabled to make colors in minutes, that heretofore required hours and
days to complete. Technicalities and high-sounding phrases for the
names of colors and terms of the dye-house have no place in this work.
It is not necessary for a man to be a chemist to be a practical feather
dyer, other authorities to the contrary notwithstanding. Good practical
common sense and judgment and a knowledge of the nature of the goods
you are handling, and throw theory to the winds.
ALEX PAUL.
TO THE
OSTRICH FEATHER
MANUFACTURERS, DYERS AND SCOURERS,
AND
INTERESTED PUBLIC OF AMERICA AND EUROPE,
THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
BY THE AUTHOR.
_TESTIMONIALS._
The following are a few of the numerous testimonials received by Dr. M.
Frank, Manager of "Textile Colorist," in evidence of our method:
CHICAGO, Feb. 23, 1885.
All I have to say regarding Mr. Alex. Paul's method for dyeing
ostrich feathers are just as he represents, and after having taken
a course I am perfectly satisfied.
I. F. SCHWARZ.
RICHMOND, VA., Jan. 20, 1885.
Sir,--After receiving a course of instruction of Mr. Alex. Paul, I
think he is a thorough master of his art, and fully comes up his
promises, and any one who wishes to learn the art could not do
better than to engage his services.
JAS. F. THURSTON.
LOUISVILLE, KY., March 12, 1885.
This is to certify that I have this day received instructions from
Mr. Paul, in the art of feather dyeing, and I can truly say that I
am much pleased with his process, so simple, so quickly done, and
produces such beautiful colors and shades. I paid $150 to other
parties for instruction in feather dyeing, and I can say that I
knew but little about feather dyeing before to-day.
P. BARRISTER.
MILWAUKEE, Feb. 27, 1885.
We take pleasure in recommending the method of feather dyeing
taught to us by Mr. Alex. Paul, for the sum of fifty dollars. We
think it would be beneficial for any dyer to learn this art.
OTTO PIETSCH CO.
ROCHESTER, Feb. 4, 1885.
This is to certify that Mr. Paul has this day given me
instructions in ostrich feather dyeing, for which I paid fifty
dollars. I am perfectly satisfied that he has accomplished all
that he undertook to do to my satisfaction, and think that it will
prove to be money well invested.
WM. MAINS.
CANTON, O., Feb. 11, 1885.
I have taken this day a course of instruction in ostrich feather
dyeing from Mr. A. Paul, for which I paid him fifty dollars. The
same I consider the most simple and best method known; and is well
worth ten times the amount.
C. PETER & SON.
UTICA, Jan. 31, 1885.
I have received a course of instructions from Alex. Paul, for
which I paid him fifty dollars, and would state that I consider
Mr. Paul a thorough master of the art of feather dyeing, and feel
that five times the amount paid him would not be equivalent to the
information received.
JOHN W. MCLEAN.
MILWAUKEE, Feb. 28, 1885.
Mr. Alex. Paul has given me instruction for dyeing and cleaning
ostrich feathers. I feel satisfied to certify that his method
cannot be excelled, and that the instruction is worth ten times
the amount charged.
I. LEISER.
BALTIMORE, Jan. 14, 1885.
Sir,--I have received through Mr. Alex. Paul of your method of
feather dyeing, and acknowledge that your method is far superior
to my most vivid imagination of what can be executed in the art of
feather dyeing. I would not sell the information I have obtained,
nor would be without it for a great deal more than I paid for it.
E. BAUER.
ALBANY, Jan. 28, 1885.
I am glad to have had the opportunity to learn the art of feather
dyeing as taught by Mr. Alex. Paul, and will never regret it. It
is the easiest, most economical and the best method known. I paid
Mr. Paul fifty dollars for his instruction, but I would not be
without it for five hundred. It is, without exception, the finest
method extant.
JOHN P. MAYER.
[Illustration: A, Work-bench. B, Hydro-extractor. C, C, Buckets. D,
Boiler. E, Stationary Wash-tub. F, F, Hot-water Pipes.]
[Illustration: Steaming Kettle]
[Illustration: Curling Knife (Half Size)]
OSTRICH FEATHER DYEING.
GROWTH OF THE OSTRICH FEATHER TRADE DURING THE PAST TWELVE YEARS IN
THIS COUNTRY.
The manufacturers of America could have been counted on the fingers of
one's hand a dozen years ago. At the present time New York alone can
boast of between forty and fifty. Enterprising men in other cities and
throughout the country are yearly becoming interested and endeavoring
to take hold of this young and profitable business, and we can look to
ostrich feather manufacturing at the present time as one of our staple
industries. The greatest disadvantage manufacturers have had to contend
with was a lack of knowledge of coloring. Our greatest chemists and
aniline manufacturers have worked diligently, contributing largely
to the progress of wool, cotton and silk dyeing, but the amount of
dyestuffs used by the largest feather manufacturers was of such minor
importance that it did not seem profitable for them to investigate;
consequently the art of ostrich feather dyeing progressed very slowly.
Feather dyers a dozen years ago were scarce, and the art (if in those
days it could be called such), was controlled to a great extent by the
French, who, judging by my experience with them, impressed me as being
the most egotistical mortals, and decidedly orthodox in their methods,
absolutely refusing to take hold of anything new that might prove
beneficial to them, and so jealously did they guard their (as they
considered them) secrets, that during working hours every one of them
even their employers, were denied admittance to the dye-house.
Millions of dollars are at the present time invested in ostrich
feathers in all conditions, in the cases of raw stock in the
ware-houses and in the flourishing ostrich farms now in existence;
and a milliner's window without its rich clusters of ostrich tips and
plumes would to-day be a rare sight. They are used not only in the
trimming of hats and bonnets, but fashion demands their use in trimming
dresses, wraps, etc., and to a large extent they are being used in
making handsome and very valuable fans. It is to be regretted that
London and Paris markets are supplied with the choicest of the goods
that come from the Cape, and America gets the leavings, although our
market consumes equally as many, if not more. It is only a matter of
time, however, when manufacturers will be importing raw stock direct.
THE BIRD, ITS PLUMAGE AND HABITS.
Years ago, before the trade had begun to assume its present
proportions, the supply of feathers came chiefly from Egypt; the bird
being hunted by the natives, and generally killed for its plumage,
which was in quality far superior to the feathers which are to-day
raised on farms at the Cape. The flues or fibres of the Egyptian
were very close and compact and very strong in texture and of great
durability, and having a great affinity for color, they were capable
of standing a great amount of manipulation without receiving serious
injury. A serious objection to them was that one-half, or more,
were marked where the bird pecked them with his bill, giving them a
moth-eaten appearance, and few of them could be used for white, as
they were more or less stained on the ends, a dirty yellow, which
soap would not remove and acid would only develop, there being at that
time no known method of bleaching them, as the virtues of Peroxide of
Hydrogen or Permanganate of Potash as bleaching agents were unknown
to the dyers. Enterprising capitalists saw a profitable field for
investment in the propagation of the bird, and, as a result, the supply
has greatly increased, and the quality of the plumage is far superior
in every respect to the wild Egyptian ostrich.
A full grown ostrich will weigh about three hundred pounds, and stands
about seven to eight feet in height. In the breeding season they
will travel in broods of from three to five in number, one of which
is invariably a male. The hens lay their eggs in a pit scraped out
with their feet, the sand forming a ridge around it. When they have
accumulated a dozen eggs or so the male begins to brood, always taking
his place on them at night, surrounded by the hens, while by day they
will relieve one another. Again, at times the hatching has been left
entirely to the sun. North African eggs present a smooth surface, while
those of the South are pitted.
At the present time an ostrich farm is in progress in California; it
is as yet a very young institution, and its success is being watched
with interest, but, in my opinion, while the bird will live and thrive,
the quality of the plumage will be very inferior to those in their
native clime. So much has already been written concerning the bird's
powerful digestive organs, and so exaggerated that we will not try to
discredit or contradict it. It is hardly necessary to remark that there
is scarcely enough substance in ten-penny nails or doorknobs to fatten
an ostrich on.
BRIEF SKETCH OF DYESTUFFS USED BY ME IN MY METHOD OF DYEING.
LOGWOOD.
Logwood is met with in commerce in the shape of large blocks, averaging
about four hundred pounds each in weight. On the surface the wood is
a dirty deep brown red, but within, where it has not come in contact
with the atmosphere, its color is much brighter. The tree is a native
of South America. It has been known and used ever since a short period
after the discovery of America. During the twenty-third year of the
reign of Queen Elizabeth an act of Parliament was passed, forbidding
its use as a dyestuff, because it did not yield fast colors. This act
was repealed, however, by an Order in Council of Charles II., which
proceeds to set forth that great improvements have been made as regards
the obtaining of fast colors from logwood. The following are the
chief varieties of logwood, distinguished by names derived from the
localities of exportation: Yucatan, Laguna, Domingo, Monte Christo,
Fort Liberte, Jamaica, etc.
Logwood is to-day one of our most important dyewoods, as indeed it
enters in feather dyeing into all of the dark or staple colors, such as
black, navy blue, brown, green, garnet, etc. To extract the substance
requires considerable boiling, especially if used in the form of chips;
if it is used ground, which is by far preferable to chips in feather
dyeing, it requires much less boiling to extract the substance. The
dyer will often find logwood, that, although purchased under the name
of a most excellent brand, will be far inferior to what he has been
using, in which case it is well to look for an adulteration of some
sort, which it is not at all easy to detect, only when it does not
produce the desired result.
TURMERIC.
The substance known as turmeric is the under-ground stem of a plant
which grows in a wild state in some parts of China and India. It emits
a strong, but pleasant odor, and its taste is peppery, aromatic and
bitter at the same time. The plant, however, is cultivated in Java
and Bengal; the latter country producing the better quality. Although
turmeric is rich in coloring matter, its want of permanence is a
hindrance to it. It is generally sold in powder, ground down very fine.
It should be quite dry; if damp, it loses its color, turns a dull
yellowish brown, and dyes flat shades. A good turmeric should show
a beautiful lustre. It enters into a majority of the dark colors in
feather dyeing, and, although used as a body for colors only, a great
deal depends upon it as to the result.
BICHROMATE OF POTASH.
This dyestuff, known as red chrome and bichromate and often times
simply as chrome, consists in one equivalent of potash, with two
equivalents of chromic acid. It contains no water, and consequently
cannot lose any weight by exposure to heat or dry air. It will not
attract moisture from a damp atmosphere. It dissolves readily in ten
times its weight of cold water, and is insoluble in alcohol. It forms
bright red crystals, and the solution is of a deep orange yellow.
Bichromate of potash is a most powerful oxidizing agent, and produces
very complex and interesting changes in tinctorial bodies. It is an
intense poison. Its most extensive application is now in the production
of blacks, along with logwood; indeed, without its aid it would be next
to an impossibility to produce a glossy and permanent black on ostrich
feathers. In giving depth of shade to all dark colors it is used in
preference to any thing else, and I have never found any to contain any
adulteration that was perceptible, or that was a hindrance to its good
qualities. It is used in ostrich feather dyeing always in a diluted
form, in a very high temperature of water.
ARCHIL.
About the thirteenth century an Italian, Tederigi by name, during
travels in the East observed the tinctorial powers of a certain class
of plant of low organization, called lichens, and introduced the
color into Europe under the name of archil. For this discovery he was
amply rewarded by the government, besides amassing a large fortune,
as the supply for years came from Florence. At first the weeds were
collected on the shores of various islands in the Mediterranean; but
on the discovery of the Canary Islands, in 1402, large quantities were
obtained from there. Later on they were imported from Cape Verde; and
now they are also obtained from Madagascar, Zanzibar, Angelo and Lima
and various localities in South America.
The weed does not contain any coloring matter already formed, but under
the influence of ammonia and the oxygen of the atmosphere gives rise
to archil. The manufacture of archil was for centuries carried on in
wooden troughs. Two hundred parts lichens were placed in the trough
together with about two hundred and forty parts of decomposed urine,
and the mixture well worked every three hours for forty-eight hours.
Five parts of slaked lime, one part of arsenious acid and one and
one-quarter parts of alum were then added, and the whole well stirred
and allowed to ferment. The stirring was repeated, from time to time,
for a month. The contents of the trough were then removed to casks, and
left to stand, thus improving the color. Archil is also one of the most
important dyestuffs used by the feather dyer, principally entering into
the composition of garnet, plum, brown, etc. Contact with acid will
destroy its coloring virtues by turning it a dull brown red.
SAFRANINE.
It is prepared by treating aniline oils successively with nitrous
acid and arsenic acid, and one of an alkaline nitrate at about 212°
Fah., for a short time. The product is extracted with boiling water,
neutralized with an alkali filtered, and the color precipitated with
common salt.
Pure hydrochloride forms thin reddish crystals, which are soluble
in water and in alcohol, yielding a yellowish red solution. The
most characteristic reaction of safranine is that when concentrated
sulphuric acid is gradually added to its solution, the color changes to
violet, then to blue, dark green and light green. Then, on diluting the
solution with water, the same changes of color take place, only in the
reverse order.
In feather dyeing safranine is used chiefly in making light colors of
a pinkish hue; such as pink, terra cotta, and to give a tint to ecru,
beige and such colors.
OXALIC ACID.
Oxalic acid, a most powerful acid, occurs combined chiefly with potash
juices of plants of the genus _oxalis_ and _rumex_. Artificially it
was obtained by the action of nitric acid upon sugar and starch, but
has been prepared latterly by treating spent dyestuffs with alkalies.
Oxalic acid forms colorless transparent crystals, which are inodorous,
intensely sour, and do not grow moist upon exposure. Should they become
damp, some nitric or sulphuric acid, used in the preparation, has not
been thoroughly removed. It is soluble in its own weight of boiling
water, but requires about eight times its weight of water at 65° Fah.
Oxalic is one of the largely used acids in feather dyeing, being used
in a number of light colors for the purpose of developing the color.
In developing blues it is invaluable. Other colors it will totally
destroy, violet or safranine, for example; and it is used in place of
sulphuric acid for the purpose of extracting color.
INDIGO BLUE.
Indigo is derived from several plants of warm climates. In the plant
the color exists as a yellowish liquid; but when extracted and exposed
to the action of the air it becomes insoluble, and takes an intensely
blue color. The cultivation of the plant is carried on chiefly in
India, Java, Egypt and Louisiana. Indigo comes in the market in lumps,
which, if of good quality, presents a deep bluish purple color, and
exhibits a fine reddish coppery lustre if rubbed with a hard, polished
body. If very hard or heavy, or when the color is very dull, blackish,
greenish or brownish, the quality is below the standard. It is,
however, of very little consequence in ostrich feather dyeing, and
its impurities would scarcely at any time be noticeable. It should,
however, dilute thoroughly in boiling water, and if there remain a
sediment of any proportion, the indigo is impure. Sulphuric acid is
generally used to develop the color.
SULPHURIC ACID.
Sulphuric acid, commonly called oil of vitriol, a common, yet very
important, acid. Although not used to any great extent in ostrich
feather dyeing, it occurs in commerce in various states and degrees
of purity. It was at one time prepared by distilling dried copperas
at a high temperature. It is now obtained in greater purity from the
alkaline bisulphates. It is a clear colorless oily fluid, weighing
about eighteen pounds to the gallon. If mixed with cold water, a great
increase of temperature takes place. It rapidly destroys organic
bodies, depriving them of their oxygen and hydrogen, and leaving
the carbon behind, as a blackish mass. If any particle of organic
matter falls into a carboy of acid, it is decomposed, and imparts a
dark color to the liquid. It takes up water from the air rapidly, if
left uncorked, and thus dilutes itself. Its use in feather dyeing is
principally to extract colors that are too dark.
COPPERAS.
Copperas is generally prepared from the soft, white variety of iron
pyrites, frequently found to a great extent in the coal measures.
These, on exposure to air and moisture, decompose the latter, taking up
oxygen, and are thus converted into sulphate of iron. Copperas forms
pale greenish blue semi-transparent crystals, containing forty-five
per cent. of water. If this be expelled, there remains a dull whitish
powder. The crystals dissolve readily in one and one-half times their
weight of cold water, and less than half their weight of boiling water.
The direct uses of copperas have very much diminished in feather
dyeing; as for dyeing black in conjunction with logwood it has been
almost entirely superseded by bichromate of potash. In drabs and in
saddening down light colors it is, to a certain extent, still used.
It is used in quantities so small, however, that there is no serious
results to be feared, as it must be used in quantity to injure the
fibre.
BISMARCK BROWN.
Bismarck brown is a product that is used in feather dyeing to a
considerable extent, chiefly in a diluted form. It dissolves readily
in boiling water. It comes in the form of a powder, of a dirty black
hue, and in liquid it is a heavy yellowish red. It makes a fast
color, alkali having but little effect on it. Oxalic or sulphuric
acid will brighten the color, and turning it more on the red order.
In giving a brownish hue to such light colors as beige, ecru, etc.,
it is invaluable. It is used by some in the topping of dark brown. It
has such a great affinity for the fibre of feathers that it is very
difficult to remove therefrom.
CONCENTRATED COTTON BLUE.
This blue appears to the consumer in the form of crystals or coarse
powder of a purplish tint. It is not universally used among feather
dyers, although it is the most reliable aniline blue in use. It is used
in conjunction with oxalic acid to develop. It is fast to light, and
possesses a great many advantages of value. It is soluble in water,
either hot or cold, and is used in the production of the palest shades,
as well as in the darkest navy blues.
ROCCELINE.
A patented product, that in feather dyeing is capable of taking the
place of all other reds. It is the only dyestuff that satisfactorily
takes the place of extract of safflower, producing, with the aid of
a proportion of oxalic acid, the most beautiful shades of scarlet
and cardinal. It is perfectly fast to light, dissolves readily in
boiling water, and comes to us in the form of a dull red powder. Its
adulterations, if it contains any, have never interfered with its
success; in fact, to the feather dyer it contains virtues too manifold
and valuable to enumerate.
DYEING RECIPES.
WHITE.
BLEACHING, OR WHAT IS COMMONLY CALLED CLEANING.
After stringing your feathers and marking your tickets, prepare luke
warm soap-water and wash thoroughly between the hands to remove all
dirt and grease. Rub the soap on the feathers, rinse thoroughly in luke
warm water two or three times for the purpose of removing all particles
of soap, which is very important; just as much so as removing the dirt.
For one to one hundred feathers you can use a common porcelain wash
bowl. Prepare bath by using one gallon of clear cold water, add to that
a small handful of starch, powdered or lump starch will answer. Enter
feathers, rubbing them thoroughly between the hands to expand the flues
and get them in condition to receive the color, so as to insure an even
shade; after which add about one-half teaspoonful of oxalic acid and a
drop of diluted violet, just enough to give your bath a pale lavender
tint. Enter feathers, and let remain in bath about one minute, keeping
them under the surface and agitating by rubbing them between the hands;
after which squeeze feathers out of bath and dry. The quickest method
for a few feathers is to have a small quantity of clean, powdered
starch, and rub them around in it. The starch will immediately absorb
all moisture, and you have but to beat it out of the flues, as it dries
either on a clean board or between the hands. It is but the work of a
few seconds. This method of drying insures an unsoiled color, as the
feathers are dry a few seconds after leaving the bath.
Great care should be used to bring your violet diluted thoroughly, so
that no particles may enter the bath and spot your goods. In diluting
your violet use boiling water, and shake well in bottle, and let it
stand for a time, when all sediment will settle at the bottom, and will
not again mix with your color.
It is very important to use only the amount of oxalic acid mentioned in
recipe, as a greater quantity would destroy your color by turning the
violet a dirty blueish green, and much less than the quantity mentioned
would have a tendency to cast a lavender tint on your goods. Should
you, by mistake or carelessness, spoil your white, proceed to rinse
off all the starch in cold water first; then in luke warm water to
remove all the acid from feathers, and then use soap and hot water, and
wash well, and rinse. Mix a fresh white bath as directed in the recipe,
and proceed this time with more care.
BLEACHING LIGHT COLORS WHITE.
Old faded light colors, such as blue, pink, ecru, corn, drab, etc.,
that you are desirous of bleaching white, can be accomplished in the
following way. Wash feathers thoroughly in warm water, using soap. Add
a small pinch of soda, after which rinse in about three warm waters
to insure the removal of every particle of soap. Dilute in clean bowl
or basin one-quarter ounce of permanganate of potash in one gallon
of boiling water. The water must be as hot as steam or fire can make
it. Enter feathers, and let remain in bath about one minute, a few
seconds more or less will do no harm, nor will it make any material
difference in the result; continually agitating in bath with clean
stick, after which you will notice that the feathers have assumed a
light, full brown color. Take out of the bath, but do not rinse them;
let the loose color drain off for a few seconds, meantime empty bath
and rinse your bowl thoroughly; then dilute half an ounce of oxalic
acid or sulphurous acid in one gallon of boiling water. The water must
be absolutely clean. Enter feathers, and let remain in until all the
color has entirely disappeared, gently agitating while in bath. After
the bath has become transparent and the feathers white, which will
take about two minutes, empty out about two-thirds of the bath, and
add cold water to reduce to hand heat; then add a small handful of
starch and a drop of diluted violet, and enter your feathers, and let
them remain in about one minute, squeeze out and dry in starch. Blue
you will generally find the hardest of all light colors to remove for
white, the soda and permanganate seeming apparently to decompose the
color. The moment it enters the oxalic bath, it generally, to a more
or less extent, develops the color again. Such being the case, after
rinsing in luke warm water to remove acid, return to a weak soda bath
for a minute, and then rinse and return to permanganate bath, rather
weaker than the first one; in other words, repeat the first operation
all through, only in weaker solutions.
This process can be used successfully in bleaching all light colors
white. In bleaching natural blacks, however, it would not be
practicable. A recipe for bleaching natural black will be found in
another portion of the book.
[Illustration: WHITE--page 16.]
[Illustration: LILAC--page 56.]
[Illustration: LIGHT PINK--page 20.]
[Illustration: LEMON--page 52.]
LIGHT PINK.
White feathers are generally used for this color, but all light
colors can be made a beautiful shade of pink by first bleaching with
permanganate of potash. After washing and rinsing thoroughly in luke
warm water, soap to remove all loose dirt and grease, or bleaching, if
required. Prepare bath as follows: Take one gallon of luke warm water,
more or less, according to the quantity of feathers you have to dye add
a small handful of starch. Enter your feathers and rub around between
the hands thoroughly to open the flues so as to insure an even shade;
add a couple of drops of diluted safranine to bath. Enter feathers,
and let them remain in the bath about one minute, or until feathers
look about two shades darker than sample; gently stirring them around
in bath meanwhile, and keeping them under the surface. Remove from
bath, squeeze and dry in the usual way, rubbing them in dry powdered
starch, and beat them out on a clean board or between the hands to
remove all particles which might adhere. Should your sample that you
have to match be a little on the yellowish order, a drop of diluted
Bismarck brown added to bath will bring the desired shade; or if a very
brilliant shade or rose pink, a drop of diluted violet added to the
bath and increase temperature; a little judgment is always necessary;
as, for example, should you require a dark shade, you would naturally
let your goods remain longer in the bath than the time specified in
recipe, or add a little more color, and if a very pale pink is wanted,
less time and color should be used. Should you, at any time, find your
color, after being dried, a couple of shades darker than your sample,
rinse goods in luke warm water, and enter feathers, pass through for a
minute, and dry.
LIGHT BLUE.
All other faded out light colors can be made into a delicate shade of
sky blue by first bleaching with permanganate of potash process for
the purpose of removing colors. White feathers that are only dirty and
greasy must be thoroughly washed and rinsed in luke warm water, after
which prepare bath as follows: For one gallon of luke warm water, more
or less, according to the amount of feathers to be dyed, add a small
handful of clean starch; enter your feather and rub them around in
bath for a second between the hands to open the flues, to admit color
evenly; add about one teaspoonful of oxalic acid, enter feathers and
let remain in bath a few seconds longer; then remove feathers from
bath, and add a couple of drops of concentrated cotton blue diluted;
re-enter feathers and let them remain in about half a minute; increase
temperature of your bath a few degrees by adding some hot water; take
feathers out of bath and add thereto a drop of diluted indigo blue;
re-enter, and keep them well under the surface of bath to give them
an even color, and allow to remain in about thirty seconds longer.
Take them out of bath, squeeze out and dry, either in powdered starch
or by beating on a clean board or table. Under no circumstances allow
feathers to hang wet and motionless on line during process of drying
without beating the starch out. The result of so doing would cause the
feathers to look thin, shriveled, and injure the color and quality of
goods. The same care should be observed not alone in this, but in all
colors.
In light blues your bath should look about two shades darker than the
sample to be matched. Where a darker shade is required, more color can
be added; and, through carelessness or negligence, should you allow
your color to become too dark, rinse off your feathers in cold water
first to remove the starch, and then in luke warm water a couple of
times to draw off all acid, and pass feathers a few seconds through a
bath of luke warm water with a small pinch of soda in it, which will
have the effect of drawing off all surplus color; after which rinse in
luke warm water, and mix a fresh bath of luke warm water and starch
and one-half a teaspoonful of oxalic acid; enter your feathers and
carefully add color until you have obtained the desired shade.
ECRU.
All old colors, excepting dark brown, bottle green, navy blue, black,
garnet, etc., can be dyed a good shade of ecru. Begin an old color by
passing them through a solution of hot water, about one ounce of soda
to a gallon of water, for about 30 seconds; after which take them out
and rinse by passing them through clean boiling water, which will draw
off more color than it would seem possible the feathers could contain.
If all the old color, or enough of it, be not removed, put feathers
through the permanganate of potash process. For dirty white feathers
simply wash them thoroughly with soap and hot water, and rinse well;
then prepare your bath as follows: One gallon of hand warm water, add
a small handful of starch, and enter feathers, rubbing them around
thoroughly, and getting the starch rubbed into the flues; then add
to bath a small quantity of copperas, about the size of a bean, and
re-enter your feathers and let remain in bath about one minute or less;
after which add a few drops of logwood liquor and about a teaspoonful
of diluted aniline brown, first removing feathers from bath; enter
feathers and let remain in bath about one minute, being careful to keep
them moving in bath. If found a little too brown to match your sample,
a small pinch of turmeric added to bath will reduce the shade. If they
are found a little too yellow for sample, a drop of diluted violet will
answer.
If the dyer, through his own carelessness, should allow his color to
get too dark, proceed to extract color as follows: dilute in about one
gallon of luke warm water one-half teaspoonful of oxalic acid. Enter
feathers, first rinsing off starch in cold water; let them remain in
about half a minute, and rinse off about three times in hot water to
remove acid. The acid will turn the feathers a bright yellow, and after
rinsing off well the yellow color will have entirely disappeared,
and the feathers a light shade of dust. Prepare a fresh bath as per
recipe, and, using more care, enter feathers and pass through until you
have acquired the desired shade.
In the first bath, should a very dark shade be required, add a little
more logwood and copperas than directed in the recipe, and if a very
light color, a little less.
CREAM COLOR.
There are numerous methods of producing this most beautiful, yet
simple, shade. Any yellow substance in conjunction with oxalic acid can
be used with more or less fair success. A great many dyers use a few
drops of diluted logwood, developed with the aid of oxalic acid. The
color this produces is very satisfactory when finished, but no sooner
is it exposed to strong light than the color becomes a dirty drab
shade, caused by the acid leaving the feathers, the logwood becoming
oxidized.
The best and most permanent shade of cream color is obtained in the
following manner: Thoroughly wash and rinse your feathers to remove
every particle of dirt, for it is as necessary to have the feathers
clean as if they were for a white, and if they are very dirty or old
faded out colors, put them through the permanganate of potash process,
and then remove all color. Prepare bath of one gallon of luke warm
water and a small handful of starch; enter feathers and rub around in
bath between the hands; meantime dilute in about one pint of boiling
water a small five-cent package of essence of coffee (commonly called
chicory), and boil for a few minutes; then add a few drops of the
liquid to the bath, and add thereto a teaspoonful of oxalic acid.
Re-enter feathers and let remain in bath about one minute, constantly
moving them around; after which squeeze them out and dry, either in
starch or on a clean board.
The result will be a rich and permanent cream. Should a pink or
brownish tint be required to match sample, a drop of Bismarck brown
added to bath will produce the desired result; or if wanted a little
more yellow, a few grains of turmeric added to the bath will answer.
[Illustration: CREAM--page 25.]
[Illustration: LIGHT BLUE--page 21.]
[Illustration: LAVENDER--page 38.]
[Illustration: SALMON--page 71.]
SILVER GRAY.
A very delicate color, requiring feathers almost a pure white to make
a clear shade. After thoroughly washing and rinsing, or bleaching if
required, with permanganate of potash, prepare a bath of one gallon
of luke warm water, and add a small handful of starch. Enter
feathers and manipulate between the hands; then add to bath a small
piece of copperas, about the size of a pea, and a few drops of diluted
logwood liquor; re-enter feathers and let remain in bath until in
appearances they are two or three shades darker than sample; then add
to bath a couple of drops of diluted violet, first removing feathers
from bath; let them remain in a few seconds longer, and squeeze out
and dry in the usual way. The violet gives your feathers the brilliant
shade that is so desirable in silver grays.
Be careful in drying them not to use starch that has been previously
used in drying feathers that have been dyed in acid baths, as it would
be liable to spot your color. Should you, through carelessness or
otherwise, allow your color to get darker than shade desired, rinse
feathers off a couple of times in cold water to remove starch; then
dilute half a teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a gallon of hot water,
and pass feathers through it for a few seconds, and then rinse off
twice in boiling water. After which prepare a bath same as per recipe,
using more care, and pass feathers through until you have obtained the
desired shade.
BISMARCK BROWN.
Wash and rinse your feathers, after which prepare a bath of one gallon
of boiling water and about one ounce of turmeric and half an ounce of
copperas; enter your feathers and let them remain in bath about two
minutes, more or less, after which take out and rinse twice in cold
water. Meantime have boiling a bath of half a pound of logwood to a
gallon of water, and enter feathers at boiling temperature, letting
them remain in about ten seconds or longer. Should a darker shade be
desired, take out and rinse in cold water, after which dilute a half
teaspoonful of aniline brown in a gallon of boiling water. Reduce
temperature a little with cold water. Enter feathers and let them
remain in about three minutes; then cool off a small portion of the
bath, and add a small handful of starch, pass feathers through and dry.
If a lighter shade is wanted, add a drop of sulphuric acid to the
starch bath and pass feathers through. If the sample to match be more
on the yellow order, about twice the amount of turmeric in the first
bath; and if desired more on the red, use no turmeric, only copperas,
in the first bath. If a darker shade is wanted, let them remain a
longer time than that specified in the logwood bath. Any light color
can be used to make a Bismarck brown; but if very dark colors are used,
it is well to draw off some of the color, doing it in the usual way.
[Illustration: SEA-FOAM--page 70.]
[Illustration: SILVER GRAY--page 26.]
[Illustration: ECRU--page 23.]
[Illustration: TRILEUL--page 58.]
SEAL BROWN.
For seal brown it is not necessary to wash your feathers, nor to bleach
off any color. Any old colors, excepting black, can be made a good
shade of seal brown. Begin in bath by diluting about two ounces of
turmeric in a gallon of boiling water (more or less matters not). Enter
your feathers and keep them well under the surface of the bath about
two or three minutes; after which take out and rinse in cold water
twice. In the meantime boiling a bath of logwood about one pound to a
gallon of water. If boiled on fire about fifteen minutes is necessary,
and if boiled with steam a half hour is required. Enter feathers in
logwood and let remain in about three minutes, keeping them well under
the surface of bath, after which take out and rinse; if in cold water
about twice, then dilute a half an ounce of bichromate of potash in
a gallon of boiling water, and see that bichromate is thoroughly
dissolved. Enter feathers and let them remain in about ten seconds,
a longer time if a very dark shade is wanted; then take them out and
rinse thoroughly in cold water; after which add to your logwood bath
about one tablespoonful of extract of archil; bring bath to a boil and
enter your feathers; cover up bath and let them remain in about four
minutes; a little more or less time, in this bath is of no material
difference in color, only to make the shade heavier or lighter. Take
your feathers out of bath and rinse in cold water; mix a small handful
of starch in about a quart of cold water, and pass feathers through and
dry in the usual way.
If your color be darker than the shade you desire, add a drop or two of
sulphuric acid to starch bath, and pass your feathers through for a few
seconds. If found to be lighter than the shade you desire, rinse off
the starch from your feathers in cold water; then dilute a quarter of
an ounce of bichromate of potash in a gallon of boiling water, and pass
your feathers through; after which rinse, starch and dry.
Another excellent method for quick seal brown is as follows: dilute
two ounces of turmeric and half an ounce of copperas in one gallon of
boiling water, and let them remain in about two minutes; take out and
rinse, then enter in a strong bath of logwood at boiling, and keep
under surface about three minutes; after which rinse; then mix a
bath of a quarter to a half teaspoonful of aniline brown in a gallon of
boiling water. Enter your feathers and let them remain in bath about
three minutes; take out, rinse, starch and dry. If required darker,
re-enter into logwood bath for a few seconds. If wanted lighter, add a
drop or two of sulphuric acid in your starch bath, squeeze out and dry
in the usual way.
NAVY BLUE.
All light colored feathers can be used for navy blue without first
either washing or bleaching out any of the color. But if your feathers
be very dirty or greasy, especially the latter, wash them well in warm
soap water and rinse. Prepare bath by diluting about one teaspoonful
of concentrated cotton blue in one gallon of boiling water; add about
a teaspoonful of oxalic acid. Stir around well to thoroughly dissolve
aniline; then enter your feathers, and raise temperature of your bath
to boiling. Let feathers remain in about three minutes; a minute more
will not do any harm, only have a tendency to make your color a little
richer; after which take feathers out of bath and rinse thoroughly in
cold water for the purpose of removing all loose particles of color
and the acid; having boiling meantime a bath of logwood of medium
strength; enter feathers, letting them remain therein about one-half a
minute; take out and rinse in cold water; dilute about half an ounce
of bichromate of potash in a gallon of boiling water; enter feathers,
let them remain in about half a minute, and stir them around well in
bath; after which take them out and rinse in cold water and starch and
dry. Should you desire a darker shade, rinse off starch, and return
to logwood bath for a few seconds, rinse off and repeat bichromate of
potash bath; then rinse, starch and dry. In this way, by repeating the
logwood and bichromate of potash, you can darken your color down almost
to a black.
Should you get your color darker than your sample to be matched, rinse
off starch in clear cold water, and dilute a teaspoonful of oxalic acid
in a gallon of hot water almost boiling and enter feathers, passing
them through about a half minute; after which take out and pass through
a basin of boiling water a few seconds. This will draw off the surplus
of logwood and chrome, and then mix a starch bath luke warm; add
thereto a half teaspoonful of oxalic acid for the purpose of bringing
up the blue. This process will reduce your color three or four shades;
then pass feathers and dry. This process of dyeing navy blue produces
a rich, even shade that is perfectly fast to light and alkali, and with
the smallest degree of judgment by the dyer it is impossible to have a
failure.
CARDINAL.
Years ago the most successful shades of cardinal were produced by
taking about equal parts of turmeric and oxalic acid and diluting in
boiling water, entering feathers in same for a while; then adding
thereto about half a cupful of extract of safflower and about the same
amount of extract of archil, letting them remain in until the bath was
cold. Not a bad recipe, but very expensive.
Prepare your feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly, after which
take about one gallon of boiling water, and add to it about one
teaspoonful of oxalic acid, and enter feathers for a few seconds. Take
out and add to bath a teaspoonful of rocceline powder, thoroughly
dissolved, and re-enter feathers; raise temperature of bath to boiling,
either with steam or fire, and let feathers remain in about four
minutes. If quite a dark shade of cardinal be required, add to bath
about a tablespoonful of extract of archil and let remain in a little
longer, or a few drops of diluted violet in bath will answer instead.
Then empty out all but a small quantity of your bath and cool off with
cold water, and add a small handful of starch. Pass feathers through,
squeeze out and dry. The result is a most beautiful shade of cardinal.
This color is perfectly fast to light. If your shade to match should
happen to be slightly on the yellowish order, a few drops of diluted
aniline brown added to bath with rocceline will produce the yellowish
tint. It is hardly possible to spoil this color, except by the
extravagant use of one of the ingredients.
[Illustration: CHOCOLATE--page 75.]
[Illustration: CORN--page 64.]
[Illustration: MEDIUM BLUE--page 67.]
[Illustration: BEIGE]
CRUSHED STRAWBERRY.
Prepare feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly in luke warm water;
or if old, dark, faded out colors, pass them through bleaching process
of permanganate of potash; afterwards being careful to rinse all the
acid out before entering bath. Prepare bath by diluting a small handful
of starch in about a gallon of luke warm water, enter feathers and
manipulate thoroughly between the hands for a few seconds; take out,
and add to bath a few drops of diluted safranine; re-enter feathers
and let remain in bath about one minute, or until they have assumed
a dark shade of pink; then add to bath a few drops of diluted aniline
brown and a small pinch of copperas, and enter feathers, letting them
remain a minute longer. Take feathers out, and dry in the usual way.
If a very dark shade is wanted, a few drops of diluted logwood added to
bath at the time you add the copperas will have the desired effect; or
a few drops of violet will answer in its stead. Should you find your
color too much on the drab, a few drops of safranine added to bath will
have the desired effect. Should you find that your color is entirely
too dark for your sample, rinse off the starch in cold water; pass
feathers through a solution of a half teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a
gallon of hot water for a few seconds; then rinse in hot water twice to
remove the acid, after which prepare a fresh bath as per recipe, using
more care, and keep in until desired result is obtained.
PLUM.
Feathers that are any color excepting dark green or black can be dyed
a beautiful shade of plum. Wash and rinse your goods, and prepare
your bath as follows: one pound of logwood to a gallon or more of
water, and boil fifteen minutes or longer, then add to bath about a
quarter pound of extract of archil, and enter your feathers, letting
them remain in bath about five minutes, after which take them out and
rinse in cold water. Prepare a bath of half an ounce of bichromate of
potash in a gallon of boiling water, more or less, and see that it is
thoroughly dissolved; pass feathers through about ten seconds; then
take them out and rinse twice in clear cold water; then dilute a small
handful of starch in a half gallon of luke warm water, and add to it
about half an ounce of soda; pass feathers through for about half a
minute and dry.
Should color be found too light for sample, rinse off starch in cold
water, and repeat bichromate of potash bath; rinse, starch and dry. An
old logwood bath that has been used for other colors will answer for
plum, and save boiling up a fresh bath.
OLIVE.
If your feathers to be dyed are very dark colors, such as brown, navy
blue, green, garnet, etc., draw off some of the color by passing
through a solution of boiling water and half an ounce of soda, and
rinse in boiling water twice. Prepare bath by diluting two ounces of
turmeric in about one gallon of water. Enter feathers and let them
remain in about two minutes,--a longer time will not hurt; after which
take them out and rinse in cold water twice. Have a medium strong bath
of logwood boiling meantime, and enter your feathers, letting them
remain in about two minutes; then take them out and rinse in cold
water. Prepare a bath of one gallon of boiling water and half an ounce
of bichromate of potash, and after it is thoroughly dissolved, enter
your feathers and let them remain in about one minute, longer if a very
dark shade be required. Take out and rinse, after which your feathers
will have assumed a dark, dull olive, looking not unlike a faded
out black. Next prepare a bath of two ounces of turmeric with about
one gallon of boiling water, and add thereto a small pinch of green
aniline, just enough to give your bath the appearance of being a couple
of shades more on the green than the sample to be matched. Enter your
feathers and let them remain in about three minutes; first, however,
bringing your bath to a boil, after which take feathers out and rinse,
starch and dry.
If feathers be found darker than sample to be matched, a few drops of
diluted oxalic acid in your starch bath will bring the shade down; and
if found lighter than sample, rinse the starch off thoroughly in cold
water, and dilute a quarter ounce of bichromate of potash in a gallon
of boiling water, and pass your feathers through for a few seconds.
If wanted a very dark shade, they should, after having the starch
rinsed off, be returned to the logwood bath, then rinsed and give the
bichromate of potash bath as above. If found a little too much on the
green for sample, a weak bath of turmeric, similar to the first bath of
the operation will have the desired effect. There are also some shades
of olive where it will not be found necessary to use any green at all;
that is when the shade approaches the brown on the olive.
LAVENDER.
Feathers for lavender must be white, or nearly so, if you desire a
good clear shade. All light colors can be used by first bleaching with
permanganate of potash, or if only dirty white feathers, wash and rinse
them thoroughly. Prepare bath of luke warm water and a small handful
of starch, rub feathers around between the hands to expand the fibres;
then add to bath a few drops of diluted violet. Enter your feathers
and let remain about one minute in bath, keeping them meanwhile in
motion; take out your feathers and add to bath a drop of diluted
safranine; re-enter and raise temperature of bath a few degrees by
addition of hot water; let your feathers remain about half a minute
in bath; if wanted darker, add a few drops of diluted violet, and if
lighter, less; after which take out your feathers and dry them in the
usual way, being careful to use clean starch for drying. To use starch
that had previously been used to dry light colors that contained acid,
would most likely result in spotting your color, as the application
of acid to any portion of the delicate color would turn it a greenish
blue. If your color be found too dark for sample, you can either wash
in a solution of soap water, or else pass feathers through a bath of a
teaspoonful of oxalic acid to a gallon of luke warm water, after which
rinse off well and put through fresh bath as per recipe.
OLD GOLD.
All light colors, such as light blues, pinks, drabs, yellows, etc.,
that you are desirous of making old gold need but to be washed with
soap and hot water prior to entering in bath. Prepare your bath with
two ounces of turmeric and one gallon of boiling water, more or less
matters not. Enter your feathers, and let them remain in bath about
two minutes, after which add a small pinch of copperas, about the size
of a bean. Let your feathers remain in bath about one minute longer,
after which take feathers from bath and add thereto a few drops of
diluted Bismarck brown; let them remain in bath about one minute
longer; take them out, cool off a small portion of the bath with cold
water, add a small handful of starch, pass your feathers through and
dry. If wanted a very dark shade of gold, a few drops of diluted
logwood added to bath will have the desired effect; and if wanted
lighter, a smaller quantity of copperas in bath.
If the shade be found entirely too dark for sample, a solution of
oxalic acid in luke warm water will draw off a portion of the color and
brighten what is left. If wanted a very yellowish shade of gold, use
more turmeric, less copperas and no logwood, and be particular to have
your bath at all times at a boiling temperature.
[Illustration: SLATE--page 47.]
[Illustration: GENDARME BLUE--page 57.]
[Illustration: FELT DRAB--page 46.]
[Illustration: GARNET--page 40.]
GARNET.
It is not necessary to wash your feathers, except they are very dirty
and greasy. As a rule all old colors, excepting greens, navy blues or
blacks, can be used for this color without bleaching. Prepare bath by
boiling about one pound of logwood to a gallon of water or more
about fifteen minutes; strain off liquor from wood; add about two
tablespoonfuls of extract of archil, and bring again to a boil. Enter
your feathers and let them remain in bath about four or five minutes,
after which take feathers from bath, rinse twice in clean cold water,
and dilute a small handful of starch in a little clear cold water;
pass feathers through and dry in the usual way. Should your color be
found too dark for sample to be matched, dilute a couple of drops of
sulphuric acid in your starch bath, and pass feathers through for a
few seconds; first, however, adding a little hot water to increase
temperature.
If found lighter than the desired shade, rinse your feathers thoroughly
in cold water and dilute half an ounce of bichromate of potash in about
one gallon of boiling water; pass your feathers through for a few
seconds, rinse thoroughly and dry. Great care is necessary in passing
feathers through this chrome bath, as the color will oxidize very
rapidly.
If your sample to match be more on the brown shade, a very little
archil, not more than one-half the prescribed quantity must be used;
and if more on the purple or plum, add more archil than the quantity
specified.
In preparing bath, when you have added the archil, be careful in
bringing it to boiling temperature that you do not allow it to boil
any time, as that would have a tendency to dull your color. By keeping
this bath clean it can be used several times, in fact, it improves
with age; and, if kept in a crock, so that it will not come in contact
with any metallic substance, and when needed just brought to boiling
temperature; and if needed, a teaspoonful of archil added to it will
produce very beautiful shades of garnet.
This bath can be used to make your plum colors; and if you have an old
bath of logwood on hand it is not necessary to boil a fresh one, simply
add the archil, and bring to a boil.
TERRA COTTA.
If white feathers, wash and rinse them thoroughly with hot water, and
if faded out light colors, extract color by bleaching with permanganate
of potash in the usual way; being careful to rinse well in hot water
to remove all the acid used in bleaching before entering bath. Prepare
bath as follows: about a gallon of luke warm water, and add a small
handful of starch. Enter feathers, rub around in bath between the
hands, take out and add a few drops of diluted safranine, and copperas
about the size of a pea. Enter feathers and let remain in bath about
one minute; take out and add about half a teaspoonful of diluted
aniline brown; re-enter feathers and let them remain in about half a
minute longer; after which dry in the usual way. If found too pink for
sample, add a few drops more aniline brown, and return to bath for
a few seconds. If found too yellow, add a few drops more of diluted
safranine, and keep in bath a few seconds longer; if wanted darker, add
a little more of each color, and keep in bath longer.
BOTTLE GREEN.
After washing and rinsing feathers thoroughly,--if dirty or greasy,
extracting color if necessary,--prepare bath as follows: One ounce of
turmeric diluted in one gallon of boiling water; enter your feathers
and let remain in about one minute, after which take out and rinse
thoroughly. Prepare a weak bath of logwood, about half a pound to
the gallon of water, or about half the usual strength of an ordinary
logwood bath for black; boil a few minutes, after which enter your
feathers and let them remain in bath about one minute; then take out
and rinse thoroughly in cold water; after which prepare a bath of
half an ounce of bichromate of potash to one gallon of boiling water.
Dissolve bichromate of potash, enter feathers and let them remain in
about half a minute; a little longer if a very dark shade be required,
and so much less time if a very light shade is required; after which
take feathers out and rinse thoroughly in cold water. Dilute about
one-half a teaspoonful of aniline green in a gallon of boiling water,
and reduce temperature of bath a few degrees with cold water; then
enter feathers and let them remain in bath about two or three minutes;
remove feathers and cool off a small portion of the bath with cold
water, and add to it a small handful of starch; pass your feathers
through the bath, squeeze out and dry off in the usual way.
If found to be lighter than shade desired, rinse off starch thoroughly,
and return for a few seconds to logwood bath without increasing
temperature any; then rinse off in cold water, and pass through a weak
solution of bichromate of potash, about one-quarter ounce to a gallon;
after which rinse, starch and dry.
If found darker than shade desired, pass feathers through a solution
of half a teaspoonful of oxalic acid in about one gallon of luke warm
water for about thirty seconds; take them out of this and rinse
twice through boiling water, and then give a weak bath of aniline
green,--about half the strength of the first bath. If samples to be
matched be more on the yellow or olive, use decidedly more turmeric
in the first bath, and add a little, say about a teaspoonful, to the
aniline green bath. If a green on the blue, it will be necessary to use
only one-half the turmeric prescribed in the first bath.
STEEL COLOR.
All light colors can be used to make a good shade of steel by first
extracting colors by the usual process of bleaching with permanganate
of potash; if white and dirty, wash thoroughly in hot water and soap
and rinse. Prepare your bath as follows: To one gallon of luke warm
water add a small handful of starch; enter your feathers, rub them
around well in bath; after which add a small pinch of copperas and
about a tablespoonful of logwood liquor, and let remain in about one
minute; increase temperature of bath and add a few drops of diluted
violet, first removing your feathers from bath; re-enter feathers and
let remain about one minute, or until your feathers look about four
shades darker than sample; after which take out and dry.
If found too light, return to bath and add more logwood liquor and a
few drops more violet, and should you find them altogether too dark for
sample, extract your color by passing them through a solution of one
teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a gallon of hot water; after which rinse
them off by passing them through a gallon of boiling water about twice,
when you will find your color reduced four or five shades. The oxalic
acid renders the feathers a bright yellow.
Boiling water will draw off the logwood and bring out your shade of
drab in as much milder form; then proceed to mix a new drab bath the
same as per recipe, only using more caution not to get it too dark;
enter feathers, bring to shade, using a drop of violet to brighten up
color. Be careful in drying not to use starch that has previously been
used on a color where acid was used to develop.
[Illustration: STEEL--page 45.]
[Illustration: ARMY BLUE--page 59.]
[Illustration: PURPLE--page 60.]
[Illustration: MAROON--page 51.]
FELT DRAB.
Prepare feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly, or bleaching if
needed; after which mix a bath of luke warm water and starch. Enter
feathers and manipulate in bath a few seconds between the hands; after
which add a small quantity of copperas, about the size of a pea.
Enter feathers and let them remain in about half a minute; take out
feathers and add a few drops of logwood liquor; re-enter feathers and
let them remain in about half a minute; add to bath about a drop of
diluted safranine, and if shade be wanted a little on the yellow, a
drop of diluted Bismarck brown can be added. Allow feathers to remain
in until they look about three shades darker than sample; then take
out and dry as usual. If found either too dark or too light, treat
precisely as preceding color (steel). Be careful not to use starch that
has been used for an acid color.
SLATE COLOR.
To make this color all light colors can be used and some dark ones;
only those, however, that do not contain much yellow, as, for example,
blues, reds, etc. After preparing for bath by washing and rinsing,
or by extracting color if necessary, mix a bath of logwood, about
half the usual strength, and enter feathers. Bath must be at boiling
temperature, and let them remain in about one minute; after which take
out and rinse. Proceed to mix a bath of one quarter ounce of copperas
and one gallon of boiling water; enter feathers and let them remain in
bath about half a minute; take out and cool off a small portion of the
bath, add starch and pass feathers through, squeeze out and dry.
If the color to be matched be very dark, repeat the bath of logwood
and mix a bath of one-quarter ounce of bichromate of potash in a
gallon of boiling water. Enter feathers and let remain in about half a
minute; after which rinse off in cold water, and starch and dry. If a
very brilliant shade be required, when you have rinsed feathers from
bichromate of potash bath, wash thoroughly in soap-suds and rinse in
luke warm water. Dilute a small quantity of starch in cold water, pass
feathers through and dry. The above recipe produces a most beautiful
shade of slate color, perfectly fast to light, and the depth of shade
is regulated by the quantity of logwood. Should you find your color
altogether too dark for sample, proceed to extract by passing through
a solution of one teaspoonful of oxalic acid to one gallon of boiling
water for about half a minute, and then rinsing off twice or three
times in boiling water; after which repeat in a milder form.
ORANGE COLOR.
Prepare feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly. Prepare bath by
diluting about two ounces of turmeric in a gallon of boiling water,
and enter your feathers, letting them remain in bath about two minutes;
then take them out and add a few drops of diluted Bismarck brown and
about a teaspoonful of oxalic acid; re-enter your feathers and bring
bath to a boil, and let remain in about three minutes; after which take
out, and cool off a small quantity of bath, add a small handful of
starch, pass feathers through and dry.
Should you desire a very full dark shade, use about twice the amount
of turmeric, add a few drops more Bismarck brown; and if wanted much
lighter, use less of each color. If wanted more yellow, use very small
quantity of Bismarck brown; and if a very reddish shade of orange, a
little more Bismarck brown than amount prescribed in recipe.
There are numerous orange anilines in the market that are used
successfully in dyeing shades of orange, but it is almost necessary to
have a different shade of aniline for every shade of color made. Should
your sample to be matched be rather dull, use no oxalic acid in bath,
as the oxalic acid is used in developing and brightening the shade. To
remove the color, should it be too dark, the first method is to wash
well in soap water, rinse and pass through a solution of oxalic acid in
warm water, about half an ounce to the gallon.
SCARLET.
Wash and rinse your feathers thoroughly, and if required to remove
a surplus of any old color, pass through a bath of permanganate of
potash, as per recipe; after which prepare a bath of half a teaspoonful
of oxalic acid to one gallon of boiling water and about a teaspoonful
of turmeric; enter feathers and let them remain in bath about half
a minute, after which take them out and add to bath about half a
teaspoonful of rocceline; dissolve powder thoroughly, and return to
bath; let them remain in about one minute longer, then cool off a small
quantity of the bath and add a small handful of starch; pass your
feathers through, squeeze out and dry as usual.
If wanted a very dark shade, add a little more rocceline and let remain
longer in bath. If shade be a little on the orange, use more turmeric
and less rocceline; and if more on the cardinal, vice versa. Should
you, through carelessness, get your color too dark, to remove color
rinse off and wash thoroughly in a soap bath, and rinse off in boiling
water about twice, which will have the effect of reducing the color
several shades; mix a new bath as per recipe, and enter feathers, using
more care and judgment and proceed to starch and dry as called for in
recipe.
MAROON.
Almost any odd shades of color can be used without extracting colors,
but if dirty or greasy, it is always best to wash thoroughly and rinse.
Take your old logwood bath that has been used for black and other
colors, or else boil a fresh bath of the same proportions, about a
pound to the gallon. When at boiling temperature add thereto a half
cupful of extract of archil, first removing the grounds of logwood from
the bath; then enter your feathers and let them remain in the bath
about four or five minutes; take them out and rinse thoroughly in cold
water, and prepare a bath of one-half ounce of bichromate of potash to
a gallon of boiling water, and thoroughly dissolve potash; after which
pass your goods through for a few seconds only, and take out and rinse
twice in cold water; dilute a small handful of starch in clean cold
water, pass feathers through and dry.
Should a very dark shade be required, allow your feathers to remain
in bichromate of potash bath a few seconds longer; take out and dry.
Should you find your color too dark for sample, it is only necessary to
add to your starch bath a few drops of sulphuric acid, and add a small
quantity of hot water to increase temperature a few degrees, and pass
feathers through. This bath, same as the garnet, can be used again, and
improves with age if kept in a clean place. If you have an old garnet
bath on hand, it will answer for maroon by bringing to a boil and
adding about a teaspoonful more extract of archil to it.
[Illustration: STONE--page 73.]
[Illustration: COFFEE--page 79.]
[Illustration: BOTTLE GREEN--page 43.]
[Illustration: OLIVE BROWN--page 81.]
LEMON COLOR.
Wash and rinse your feathers thoroughly if dirty whites; if old faded
out light colors, bleach with permanganate of potash; after which
prepare bath as follows: One gallon of luke warm water and a handful
of starch; enter your feathers and rub around between the hands for a
few seconds; then add to bath a teaspoonful of oxalic acid, and dilute
about a tablespoonful of turmeric in a small quantity of water, and add
a few drops of the liquor to the bath; re-enter your feathers and let
them remain in about one minute or so; after which take them out and
add a drop of diluted indigo blue; return feathers to bath and allow
them to remain about one minute longer in bath, after which take out,
squeeze and dry usual.
If a deep rich shade be desired, and you have no sample to match, use
no indigo in the bath. Another excellent method of making lemon is
to substitute an equal amount of picric acid for turmeric; and, should
you find your color entirely too dark for your sample, rinse off your
feathers in luke warm water, and proceed to wash with soap and hot
water, and rinse thoroughly in boiling water; then prepare a fresh bath
as per recipe, and enter your feathers, using much care. If found too
light for your sample, add to bath a little more turmeric liquor, and
return feathers to bath for a few seconds longer, and dry.
BLACK.
The most staple and important of all the colors. Some will argue that
it is not a color; I, to the contrary, however, that it is not only a
color, but a combination of colors, and it is the knowledge of how to
properly combine them that results in the production of a very handsome
and glossy black. Twelve years ago a bath of black that was commenced
on Monday and was ready to go into the drying-room by Saturday was
considered at that time a most expeditious piece of work; and, even
up to the present time, some of our old orthodox dyers,--those old
chronic, methodical dyers,--those who dye according to the most
approved and advantageous methods of half a century ago,--still
continue to occupy the greater part of a week in getting a black on
what (by that time) is left of the feathers. Their object from the
start is to produce a black, and they generally succeed.
Begin, if raw stock, by washing and rinsing thoroughly in order to
remove all natural grease and dirt adhering to the fibre. If they are
old colors to be redyed a black, it is not necessary to wash them nor
to bleach them for the purpose of removing any of the color, as the
black bath will overcome all the other colors; as, for example, a navy
blue, a bottle green, garnet, etc., can be all entered at the same
time, and put through precisely the same process, and they will all be
the same shade of black when they are dried.
Prepare bath by diluting a quarter pound of turmeric in a gallon of
boiling water and bring to a boil; after which enter your feathers,
and let remain in bath about five minutes, keeping them well under the
surface, and gently moving while in bath; after which take feathers
out and rinse twice in clear cold water. Meantime dilute one pound
of logwood in about one and a half gallons of boiling water, and
boil for about fifteen minutes; after which enter your feathers and
let them remain in bath about four minutes; then take out and rinse
thoroughly in two waters. Dilute one ounce of bichromate of potash in
one gallon, more or less, of boiling water, enough to completely cover
up your feathers, dissolving bichromate of potash thoroughly. Enter
your feathers, let them remain in bath about three minutes; after which
take them out and rinse thoroughly. Meantime have logwood bath boiling,
and return feathers to it. Cover up, and let them remain about eight
minutes; take out and rinse twice as before. After rinsing, prepare
a bath of about half an ounce of bichromate of potash and salts of
tartar about the size of a pea in a gallon of boiling water; dissolve
thoroughly. Let them remain in bath about three minutes; after which
take out and rinse thoroughly in cold water. Then mix a bath of hot
soap-suds, and enter feathers; wash well and rinse in luke warm water.
The washing and rinsing is not absolutely necessary, in fact, it can
not much improve what is already a clean, glossy black. Washing,
however, if productive of a change at all, must be beneficial. Then
proceed to mix a small handful of starch in a small quantity of cold
water; pass feathers through and dry. While your feathers are in the
bichromate of potash bath, they must be kept moving in bath constantly
and well under the surface. There is nothing to be added to make a
successful result, except it be to caution you to adhere as strictly as
possible to the recipe.
It often occurs that feathers are brought in to be dipped over that
have faded out, or have grown rusty looking from exposure to light and
long wear. The color can be restored by simply passing them through
the last two baths for the same length of time that is allotted to the
regular recipe. During the process of drying black be sure to have the
starch beaten out as fast as it dries. It is best to dry them in the
open air, and, if possible, allow them to hang in the sun for a while,
as it improves the color. One especial advantage this black has over
most others, is that it improves with age; and, instead of fading, the
black will grow more intense.
LILAC.
Wash and rinse thoroughly in hot soap water, and rinse in about four
waters to remove any particle of soap that may adhere to the feathers;
next prepare bath of one gallon of hand warm water, and add a handful
of starch. Enter feathers and rub thoroughly between the hands; remove
and add to bath a few drops of diluted violet, according to shade
required; add about two drops of diluted saffranine, and re-enter
feathers, let remain in bath about three minutes, squeeze out and dry
in powdered starch in the usual way. Be sure your starch is clean and
free from acid, and also that your board is in the same condition.
Great care should be exercised to see that every particle of the violet
is dissolved to avoid spots on the feathers. Should quite a bluish
shade be desired, a drop of diluted aniline green added will produce
the desired result.
GENDARME BLUE.
Prepare feathers by washing thoroughly, and rinse about four times
in hot water to remove any particle of soap that may adhere to the
feathers. Prepare a bath of a teaspoonful of indigotine powder to
one gallon of boiling water. Mix thoroughly and enter feathers, and
let remain in about one minute, after which remove and add about one
teaspoonful of oxalic acid or same quantity of sulphuric acid, and
re-enter feathers, letting them remain in bath about five minutes
longer; then remove from bath and cool off. Reserve a small portion of
bath, and cool off with cold water, adding a drop of sulphuric acid and
a small handful of starch; pass feathers through and dry in powdered
starch by rubbing between the hands or by simply beating out on a clean
board, used only for drying acid colors.
Should you find your color too dark, thoroughly rinse off all the
starch and pass feathers through a bath of boiling water and let remain
about half a minute; pass through starch bath and dry. If found too
light, simply increase temperature of bath by adding boiling water and
few drops more indigotine; re-enter feathers and let them remain in
bath a couple of minutes longer.
[Illustration: OLIVE--page 36.]
[Illustration: PLAIN, DRAB--page 78.]
[Illustration: TERRA COTTA--page 42.]
[Illustration: PLUM--page 35.]
TRILEUL.
Wash and rinse feathers thoroughly in hot water and soap, and rinse
thoroughly in about four hot waters; then pass through a bath of plain
boiling water; next prepare a bath of one gallon of luke warm water,
and add a handful of starch. Enter feathers and rub thoroughly between
the hands; remove and add a teaspoonful of oxalic acid; enter feathers
and let them remain in bath about two minutes; then remove and add
to bath a few drops of diluted picric acid, and re-enter feathers;
let remain in about one minute longer, take out and dry in the usual
way by rubbing in powdered starch between the hands and beating
out on a clean board until all the starch has been removed from the
fibre. Should you find your color a shade too dark, mix a luke warm
starch bath, and pass feathers through, keeping them under about
half a minute, and dry as usual. Be careful that your picric acid is
thoroughly dissolved, as otherwise it will be likely to spot your
feathers, if the particles come in contact with the flues, and the
spots are very hard to remove, as it would be necessary to put them
through a bleaching process.
ARMY BLUE.
Prepare feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly in hot water. Be
careful about rinsing to remove every particle of soap that may adhere
to the fibre, after which prepare bath as follows: One teaspoonful of
indigotine powder, diluted in one gallon of boiling water, and add
thereto about half a teaspoonful of oxalic acid, stirring around well
to thoroughly dissolve every particle of color. Enter feathers and
let them remain in bath about four minutes; after which take out and
rinse in luke warm water to remove the acid in feathers; next prepare
a bath of one gallon of hand warm water and add a small handful of
starch; add thereto a cupful of boiled logwood liquor and a few grains
of copperas, enter feathers, let remain in bath about three minutes;
take out and dry by rubbing between the hands in powdered starch, and
beat out on a clean board until all the starch has been removed. Should
you find your color darker than shade required, prepare a bath of half
a teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a gallon of hand warm water, and pass
feathers through about half a minute; take out and pass through boiling
water, after which pass through starch bath and dry. Should you find
shade too light, add more logwood to bath, increase temperature, let
remain in a couple of minutes longer and dry.
PURPLE.
Prepare feathers by washing in hot water and soap thoroughly, and
afterwards rinse in about four hot waters to remove every particle of
soap and dirt; after which prepare bath as follows: Take one gallon
of water about 200° Fah.; dilute therein half a teaspoonful of Violet
3 B., stirring it around thoroughly to dissolve every particle. Enter
your feathers and let remain about five minutes; after which take out
and pour out the bath, reserving some, and cooling it off with cold,
clean water, add a small handful of starch and pass feathers through,
first cooling them off by shaking them in the air; rub them between the
hands in starch bath to aid the flue or fibre to expand; after which
squeeze out and rub thoroughly between the hands, and beat out on a
clean board until every particle of starch has been removed. Should you
find the top or tips a darker shade than the bottom, or should they
bronze or assume a metallic appearance, pass feathers through a bowl
of boiling water with a small pinch of soda added, and rinse; after
which pass through a new starch bath with a few drops of diluted violet
added; take out and dry.
MEDIUM GREEN.
Prepare your feathers same as for bottle green. Prepare bath by
diluting about one ounce of turmeric in a gallon of boiling water, and
enter feathers, letting them remain in bath about two minutes; after
which take out and rinse in cold water twice. Have boiling a medium
strong bath of logwood, and pass feathers through for a few seconds,
first cooling off temperature of logwood bath a few degrees with cold
water; after which rinse off thoroughly, and prepare a bath of a
quarter of an ounce of bichromate of potash in a gallon of boiling
water, dissolve it thoroughly, and enter feathers; let them remain in
this bath about ten seconds, and take them out and rinse thoroughly in
cold water. Proceed to dilute one teaspoonful of turmeric and a half
teaspoonful of aniline green in a gallon of boiling water, and reduce
temperature a few degrees with cold water. Enter your feathers, and let
them remain in bath about three minutes; then take them out and cool
off a small portion of bath, and add a small handful of starch, and dry
in the usual way.
If found to be too dark, add a few drops of diluted oxalic acid to
starch bath, and pass your feathers through for a few seconds. If found
too light, rinse off the starch in cold water and return to logwood
bath for a few seconds, without increasing the temperature any, and
rinse off and give a weak bath of bichromate of potash, rinse off and
dry.
BEIGE.
Prepare your feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly, or if old
light colors, bleach with permanganate of potash, being sure to rinse
out in hot water to remove acid from feathers, before putting in bath.
Dilute a small quantity of starch in a gallon of boiling water, and
enter your feathers, rubbing them around in bath between the hands to
expands the flues and admit the color evenly on feathers. After which
add to bath a small pinch of copperas, about the size of a bean, and
about a teaspoonful of turmeric, and enter your feathers, letting
them remain in bath about one minute; take them out, and add about a
teaspoonful of logwood liquor; re-enter your feathers, and let them
remain in bath about one minute, first increasing the temperature
by adding hot water; after which remove feathers from bath, and add
thereto a few drops of diluted Bismarck brown. To bring the ecru tint
desired, a few seconds before taking feathers from bath to dry, add a
couple of drops of diluted violet, squeeze out and dry.
If a very dark shade of beige is wanted use a greater amount of logwood
and Bismarck brown, and if lighter shade is desired, less color should
be used. Should your color be found altogether too dark for sample,
dilute about half a teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a gallon of hot
water, more or less. Pass your feathers through for a few seconds, and
rinse off twice in luke warm water and once in boiling water. Then mix
a fresh bath of luke warm water and starch, and add thereto a small
proportion of turmeric and diluted Bismarck brown, and copperas about
the size of a pea. Enter your feathers, and, using care, bring to the
desired shade.
[Illustration: NAVY BLUE--page 31.]
[Illustration: MAGENTA--page 69.]
[Illustration: PEA GREEN--page 80.]
[Illustration: BRONZE--page 74.]
CORN COLOR.
Prepare feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly if dirty greasy
whites, or bleach with permanganate of potash if faded out light
colors. Prepare your bath as follows: Take one gallon of luke warm
water and dilute therein a small handful of starch, and rub your
feathers around between the hands. Add about a half teaspoonful of
turmeric and dilute well in bath. Enter your feathers and rub around
well between the hands. Increase the temperature of your bath by adding
hot water, and allow your feathers to remain in bath about one minute;
then take them out and add a couple of drops of diluted aniline brown;
re-enter feathers and let them remain in bath about one minute longer;
then squeeze out and dry as usual.
If your shade to match be considerably on the yellow shade, use very
little aniline brown, about one drop, and if more on the brown, use
less turmeric. If your color be entirely too dark and dull looking,
dilute half a teaspoonful of oxalic acid, and pass feathers through
for a few seconds and rinse off in luke warm water. Prepare a fresh
bath and enter your feathers, as per recipe; or, if wanted a very
bright shade, wash off with soap and hot water, and rinse thoroughly
in hot water. Then prepare a bath of one teaspoonful of turmeric, one
teaspoonful of oxalic acid and one teaspoonful of diluted Bismarck
brown in a gallon of luke warm water. Enter your feathers and keep in
bath about two minutes, add a little starch to bath, and pass feathers
through for a few seconds longer, squeeze out and dry in the usual way.
ELECTRIC BLUE.
Feathers must be white, or nearly so, to make a good clear shade of
electric blue. Prepare your feathers by washing with soap and hot
water if dirty whites, and if old, faded light colors bleach with
permanganate of potash. Prepare your bath as follows: Take half a
teaspoonful of cotton blue and a half teaspoonful of oxalic acid,--a
little more or less matters not,--in a gallon of boiling water. Enter
your feathers, and let them remain in bath about five minutes; after
which take out and rinse twice in cold water and once in hot water to
remove all acid and loose color. Prepare a bath of about one cupful of
logwood liquor and a small pinch of copperas in a gallon of hot water,
not quite boiling, however, and pass feathers through for a couple of
minutes. Cool off a little of your bath, and add a small handful of
starch and a few drops of violet, pass feathers through and dry.
MEDIUM BROWN.
All light colors can be made a handsome shade of medium brown without
removing the color by bleaching or without washing, unless very dirty
and greasy. Prepare your bath by diluting about two ounces of turmeric
and a half ounce of copperas in one gallon, more or less, of boiling
water. Enter your feathers, keep them well under the surface of bath,
and let them remain therein about two minutes; after which take out,
rinse twice in cold water. Have boiling meantime a medium strong bath
of logwood, about the same proportion as for black; boil about fifteen
minutes, and enter your feathers, allowing them to remain in about one
minute; after which take out and rinse off twice in cold water; then
dilute about a half teaspoonful of aniline brown in a gallon of boiling
water, and after dissolving well, enter your feathers, and let them
remain in bath about two minutes; take out and rinse in cold water;
after which dilute a small handful of starch in a small quantity of
luke warm water, and add to that a couple of drops of sulphuric acid;
pass feathers through for a few seconds, squeeze out and dry.
Should your color be too dark to match sample, return to starch bath,
add a few drops of sulphuric acid, let feathers remain in about half a
minute, and dry. If a darker shade is wanted, it is necessary to rinse
off starch in cold water, and return your feathers to logwood bath for
a few seconds, rinse off and repeat Bismarck brown bath as before.
By this process, with a little judgment, all shades of brown can be
produced in the most satisfactory manner.
MEDIUM BLUE.
Prepare your feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly in hot water;
light faded out colors need not be bleached, but thoroughly washed
in hot soap suds instead. Prepare your bath as follows: Take one
teaspoonful of concentrated cotton blue and one teaspoonful of oxalic
acid, dilute it in one gallon of boiling water. Be careful to see that
the blue crystals are well dissolved. Enter your feathers, and let
them remain in bath about four minutes, keeping them well under the
surface. Meantime keep them gently agitated to insure an even color;
after which take out, rinse, starch and dry.
If your feathers be found too dark for sample, or too much on the
purple, rinse off, starch in cold water thoroughly, and pass through
a bowl of boiling water, starch and dry, using a few grains of oxalic
acid diluted in starch bath.
If a very light shade be desired, use but half the quantity of cotton
blue, and do not allow them to remain in bath quite so long a time.
If a much darker shade be required than the foregoing recipe will
produce, then rinse off your feathers thoroughly in cold water, to
remove all starch, and pass feathers through a medium strong bath of
logwood at boiling temperature for a few seconds, and rinse off twice
in cold water; dilute a half ounce of bichromate of potash in a gallon
of boiling water, and pass your feathers through for a few seconds
only; rinse, starch and dry. Should you get your color too dark by this
process, pass your feathers through a solution of half a teaspoonful
of oxalic acid in a gallon of boiling water, and rinse off in boiling
water twice; then dilute a small quantity of starch in luke warm
water, add a few grains of oxalic acid to it, pass feathers through and
dry as usual.
MAGENTA.
Prepare your feathers, whether dirty whites or faded out light colors,
by washing thoroughly in hot soap suds and rinsing well in hot water.
Prepare your bath as follows: Take about a half teaspoonful of
safranine and dilute in one gallon, more or less, of boiling water,
and add thereto a half tablespoonful of extract of archil. Enter your
feathers and let them remain in bath about two minutes; after which
take out and add to bath a few drops of diluted violet, and re-enter
your feathers, letting them remain in bath about one minute longer.
Then take out and rinse in cold water, and dilute a small handful of
starch in bowl of luke warm water; pass feathers through and dry.
If found too red for sample, rinse off and add to bath a tablespoonful
of extract of archil; return feathers to bath for about one minute,
first, however, increasing temperature; next rinse, starch and dry.
If found to be too much on the plum for sample, rinse off and add to
bath about a quarter teaspoonful of safranine, increase temperature
of bath to almost boiling; enter feathers and let them remain in bath
about one minute; after which rinse, starch and dry. If found to be too
light, add a few drops of diluted violet to bath; and, if too dark,
dilute a half teaspoonful of oxalic acid in one gallon of luke warm
water, and pass feathers through for a few seconds, rinse off twice or
more in boiling water; then prepare bath same as per recipe, and allow
them to remain until desired shade is obtained.
[Illustration: BLACK--page 53.]
[Illustration: ELECTRIC BLUE--page 65.]
[Illustration: SCARLET--page 50.]
[Illustration: MOSS--page 76.]
SEA FOAM.
This is a very delicate shade of color bordering on pea green. Your
feathers must be white, or nearly so. If dirty whites, wash and rinse
thoroughly; and, if old faded out colors, pass through bleach of
permanganate of potash; after which prepare your bath of one gallon of
luke warm water and a small handful of starch, and enter your feathers,
rubbing them around between the hands. Take feathers from bath and add
about a half teaspoonful of turmeric; re-enter your feathers, keeping
them moving around in bath about half a minute. Then take out your
feathers and add to bath a couple of drops of diluted aniline green.
Re-enter feathers, first increasing the temperature of your bath
a few degrees by adding hot water, let them remain in bath about two
minutes longer, squeeze out and dry in the usual way.
Should your sample be more on the green, you will simply add a few
drops more diluted aniline green; and if more on the yellow, you can
use less. If the shade to be matched be darker than your feathers, add
more of each color in the preparation of first bath. If a rather dull
shade be desired, which in this color is quite frequently the case, a
small pinch of copperas about the size of a pea will have the desired
effect.
Should you find your color entirely too dark for your sample, wash off
thoroughly in soap suds, and rinse in hot water; after which dilute a
half teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a gallon of luke warm water, pass
feathers through for a few seconds and rinse off in luke warm water.
Then prepare your bath as per recipe, using a little more care and
judgment in your second attempt.
SALMON.
Have your feathers white, or nearly so, by washing if dirty, or
bleaching with permanganate if needed, being careful to rinse
thoroughly for the purpose of removing any acid or soap; after which
prepare your bath as follows: Take one gallon of luke warm water and
a small handful of starch. Enter your feathers and rub around between
the hands for a few seconds; then add to bath a few drops of diluted
safranine and copperas about the size of a pea. Let your feathers
remain in bath about one minute; after which take out and add to bath
about one teaspoonful of diluted Bismarck brown, first increasing
temperature of bath a few degrees with hot water; re-enter your
feathers and allow them to remain in bath about a minute; after which
squeeze out and dry in the usual way.
If your sample to be matched be more on the pink, use less aniline
brown; and if more on the yellow, use less safranine and more aniline
brown. Should you desire a much darker shade, use more of each color
than laid down in recipe, and add a few drops of logwood liquor. If
your feathers be found altogether too dark for sample, rinse off starch
in cold water and dilute a half teaspoonful of oxalic acid in luke warm
water, and pass your feathers through for a few seconds, take out and
rinse a couple of times in hot water (not boiling). Prepare bath again
as per recipe, using greater care. This shade of color is on the order
of the terra cotta and crushed strawberry, and can be made in the same
bath by adding color or diluting. Be careful in drying to use only
clean starch and a clean board that has not been used with any acid
colors.
STONE COLOR.
Stone color is a shade varying very slightly from slate and smoke
color. All light shades can be used for this color; first preparing
them by washing and rinsing them thoroughly. Prepare a medium strong
bath of logwood by boiling for about fifteen minutes; after which enter
your feathers, and let them remain in bath about two or three minutes,
longer if a very dark shade be required; then take them out and rinse
in cold water twice. Prepare a bath of half ounce of bichromate of
potash in one gallon of boiling water, and dissolve thoroughly. Enter
your feathers, and let them remain in bath about two minutes, keeping
them well under the surface of bath and moving at the same time, to
assist in producing an even color; after which take out and rinse off
about three times in cold water, and prepare a bath of hot soap water.
Enter your feathers, and wash thoroughly, adding to bath a small pinch
of soda; after which rinse carefully in hot water; dissolve a small
handful of starch in cold water, pass your feathers through, squeeze
out and dry in the usual way.
If your feathers be found much too light for your sample to be matched,
rinse off starch in cold water, and return your feathers to logwood
bath for a few seconds; dissolve a small pinch of copperas in a
gallon of boiling water, reduce temperature a little and enter your
feathers, letting them remain in bath a few seconds. Take out and pass
through starch and dry. If found to be altogether too dark, dilute a
teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a gallon of hot water; pass feathers
through a few seconds and rinse off in boiling water twice; wash,
starch and dry.
BRONZE.
Wash and rinse thoroughly, using soap for washing, and rinse out in hot
water about four times; after which prepare a bath of one quarter pound
of turmeric to one gallon of boiling water. Enter feathers and let
remain in bath about three minutes; take out and rinse. Boil a bath of
half pound of logwood to one gallon of water about ten minutes; enter
feathers and let remain in bath about four minutes; take out and rinse.
Then prepare a bath of half an ounce of bichromate of potash and one
gallon of boiling water, and let feathers remain in bath about two
minutes, take out and rinse. Next prepare a bath of one quarter pound
of turmeric and one-quarter teaspoonful of Victoria green crystals,
and add one gallon of boiling water. Enter feathers and let remain in
bath about four minutes; take out, cool off a small portion of the bath
and add a small handful of starch. Pass feathers through and dry in
powdered starch by pressing between the hands; then beat on a board or
table until all the starch is removed from the feather.
CHOCOLATE.
Prepare your feathers by washing and rinsing thoroughly; and, if
necessary, bleach with permanganate of potash. After doing this, rinse
thoroughly in hot water for the purpose of removing all acid from the
fibre. Prepare your bath of one gallon of water at boiling temperature;
add thereto a teaspoonful of turmeric and a small pinch of copperas
about the size of a bean. Enter your feathers and allow them to remain
in bath about one minute or longer. Take out your feathers, and add to
bath about one tablespoonful of diluted Bismarck Brown and a few drops
of diluted violet; re-enter your feathers, and let them remain in bath
about three minutes, keeping them meanwhile well under the surface of
the bath; after which take them out, cool off a small portion of the
bath, and add thereto a small handful of starch; pass your feathers
through and dry in the usual way.
If a very dark shade be required, you will add to bath about a
tablespoonful of logwood liquor at the same time you add the violet,
and allow them to remain in bath a little longer. Should you find your
color entirely too dark for your sample to be matched, rinse off starch
in cold water; dilute about a half teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a
gallon or more of hot water. Pass your feathers through, and rinse off
in luke warm water twice; then pass your feathers through a bath of
boiling water, for the purpose of effectively removing the acid; after
which prepare again as called for in recipe, using a little more care,
and the desired result will be obtained.
[Illustration: SEAL BROWN--page 29.]
[Illustration: CRUSHED STRAWB'Y--page 34.]
[Illustration: ORANGE--page 48.]
[Illustration: BISMARCK BROWN--page 28.]
MOSS COLOR.
Wash your feathers and rinse thoroughly. Prepare your bath of quarter
pound of turmeric and a half ounce of copperas diluted in a gallon
or more of boiling water. Enter your feathers and let them remain in
bath about two minutes; after which take out and rinse twice in cold
water. Meantime have a medium strong bath of logwood boiling, and
enter your feathers, letting them remain in about one minute, take out
and rinse. Then prepare a bath of about two ounces of turmeric and
a small pinch of aniline green in a gallon of boiling water. Enter
your feathers and allow them to remain in bath about three minutes or
longer. Take out and cool off a small quantity of bath with cold water;
add a small handful of starch, pass your feathers through and dry.
If your color be found too much on the green for your sample to be
matched, add to starch bath a few drops of sulphuric acid; or, instead,
rinse off starch and mix a bath of two ounces of turmeric in a gallon
of boiling water; pass your feathers through for a minute or so, starch
and dry.
If found to be too much on the yellow or olive, add to your bath a few
grains of aniline green, and return them to the same for a few seconds,
first rinsing off starch in cold water. If found too light, pass for
a few seconds through a weak bath of bichromate of potash; and if too
dark, dilute a few grains of oxalic acid in hot water, and add to your
starch bath a few drops. Pass your feathers through for a few seconds
and dry in the usual way.
PLAIN DRAB.
If your feathers are old, dirty whites, wash and rinse them thoroughly.
If light colors, remove the same by passing through permanganate of
potash process, and use great care in rinsing to remove all the acid
before entering in bath. Prepare your bath with one gallon of luke warm
water and a small handful of starch; enter your feathers and rub them
around well in bath between the hands to expand the fibres. Take out
your feathers, and add to bath a small piece of copperas about the size
of a bean and about a quarter cupful of logwood liquor; re-enter your
feathers, and let them remain in bath a few minutes, meantime adding a
small quantity of hot water to increase temperature of bath; then add
a couple of drops of diluted safranine to bath, let remain in bath one
minute longer, squeeze out and dry as usual.
If wanted more on the shade of felt drab, use, instead of safranine, a
few drops of Bismarck brown; and if wanted more on the steel, use a few
drops of diluted violet in bath. If a darker shade should be desired,
use only a little more logwood liquor, and allow them to remain a short
time in bath.
Should you find your color to be altogether too dark for sample to be
matched, rinse off starch, and dilute a half teaspoonful of oxalic acid
in hot water; pass your feathers through, rinse off a couple of times
in luke warm water and lastly through boiling water, for the purpose of
removing all acid. Then prepare a fresh bath according to recipe, and
pass through until you have obtained the desired shade.
COFFEE COLOR.
Old faded out light colors need only to be thoroughly washed and rinsed
to prepare them for this color; and darker colors can be prepared by
bleaching with permanganate of potash, taking care to rinse thoroughly
in hot water for the purpose of removing all the acid. Prepare your
bath of about one teaspoonful of turmeric and copperas about the size
of a bean in a gallon of boiling water. Enter your feathers and let
remain in bath about two minutes; remove feathers from bath and add a
half cupful of logwood liquor and return feathers to bath, letting them
remain in about one minute; after which remove feathers and add to
your bath about two tablespoonfuls of diluted Bismarck brown and hot
water to increase temperature of bath; re-enter feathers and allow them
to remain in about two minutes; after which cool off a small quantity
of the bath and add a small handful of starch; pass feathers through
and dry.
If found to be too light, return to bath, first adding more logwood
liquor and Bismarck brown, and let them remain in bath about one
minute. If too dark for your sample to be matched, dilute a few grains
of oxalic acid in luke warm water; pass feathers through for a few
seconds and rinse off three times in luke warm water. Then prepare bath
as per recipe, using more care in the preparation.
If found too much on the yellow, a few drops of diluted safranine added
to your bath will produce the desired effect. Use clean starch in
drying; if a table or board is used, see that it is perfectly clean and
free from acid.
PEA GREEN.
Prepare your feathers by washing thoroughly in hot water, and rinse
thoroughly to remove any soap that may adhere to the feathers. Then
prepare a bath by diluting a handful of starch in a half gallon of hand
warm water, and rub feathers around between the hands. Remove feathers
and a add a few drops of diluted Victoria green and a couple of drops
of diluted picric acid. Enter feathers, letting them remain in bath
about two minutes, keeping them well under the surface to insure an
even color.
If wanted a shade more on the yellow, add a drop more of picric acid;
and if more on the blue, leave the picric acid out entirely. Take out
and dry in starch, being careful to beat out on a clean board in the
usual way.
OLIVE BROWN.
Wash feathers thoroughly in hot water and soap, and rinse about four
times in hot water; after which prepare a bath of half a pound of
logwood; first enter feathers in one-quarter pound of turmeric and one
gallon of boiling water; let them remain in bath about four minutes.
When logwood bath has boiled sufficiently, say ten minutes, rinse
feathers out of turmeric in cold water; and enter in logwood, letting
them remain in bath about six minutes; take out and rinse. Prepare a
bath of half an ounce of bichromate of potash and one gallon of boiling
water; enter feathers and let remain in bath about one minute; take out
and rinse thoroughly in cold water. Mix a bath of one ounce of turmeric
to one ounce of archil and half the old logwood bath; bring to a boil
and enter feathers, letting them remain in bath about six minutes;
take out and rinse. Then mix a bath of luke warm water and starch, add
a couple of drops of sulphuric acid and a couple of drops of picric
acid diluted, pass feathers through, squeeze out thoroughly and dry by
rubbing in powdered starch between the hands; beat out on a clean board
until all the starch is removed from the feathers.
[Illustration: MEDIUM BROWN--page 66.]
[Illustration: OLD-GOLD--page 39.]
[Illustration: CARDINAL--page 33.]
[Illustration: MEDIUM GREEN--page 61.]
PROCESS OF DEGRADING OR BLEACHING NATURAL GRAY OR BLACK WHITE.
Begin by washing and rinsing your feathers thoroughly; after which
soak in a bath of compound of one gallon of ammonia to eight gallons
of water for about eight hours; take feathers out and squeeze out the
excess of ammonia which is in the flues. Put your feathers in the
peroxide of hydrogen with an addition of twelve to sixteen ounces
of ammonia to one five gallon can or demijohn, and let it work slowly,
stirring feathers from time to time for about six hours; after which
lay your feathers on one side of the tub and add to the peroxide of
hydrogen bath about four ounces more of ammonia; stir the bath well to
insure a thorough mixture of the peroxide of hydrogen with the ammonia.
The peroxide of hydrogen will continue to work for about twelve hours
more, until it becomes thoroughly exhausted; after which take out your
feathers and rinse a few times in luke warm water. Then proceed to
put them in a second bath of peroxide of hydrogen to be prepared as
follows: To a half gallon demijohn of peroxide of hydrogen add two and
a half gallons of water, and add thereto about eight ounces of ammonia.
Then enter your feathers, and allow the bath to work a few hours; again
add about two ounces of ammonia by the same process as before, and then
let it work a few hours longer, or until the bath becomes exhausted.
To ascertain whether total exhaustion has taken place, take a small
portion of the bath in a glass and dilute therein a few grains of
permanganate of potash; if it be not totally exhausted, bubbles will
appear on the surface; if exhausted, none will be noticeable.
After your feathers have been removed from the bath they must be
carefully rinsed off in three or four waters, a few degrees more than
luke warm. Then prepare a warm soap bath, and allow your feathers to
remain in a few minutes; after which rinse off thoroughly in luke warm
water; dilute a small handful of starch in a quantity of cold water,
pass your feathers through and dry.
All natural color will have entirely disappeared. Whatever portion of
the amount of feathers you have just bleached are for whites, before
drying them up, prepare a bath as per recipe for white, pass through
and dry in the usual way. This process of bleaching is used only
when it is desirable to make light colors from gray or natural black
feathers, but feathers for navy blue, seal brown, bottle green, etc.,
will not be improved by bleaching. The shade of color can be evened off
in the bath.
HINTS ABOUT THE DYEHOUSE.
In dyehouses where steam is used, it is necessary to boil your bath a
longer time than where the bath comes in direct contact with the fire.
The accommodations of a dyehouse for the re-dying of ostrich feathers
need be very simple and inexpensive; in fact, I have seen a dyehouse
where old re-dyed transient work to the amount of fifty dollars per day
was accomplished with a small cooking stove, a wash-boiler, a wash-bowl
and a tin dipper; costing in all less than six dollars. Of course, in
the manufacture of raw stock it is necessary to have larger vessels and
much better facilities; for instance, instead of from ten to fifty,
or even a hundred feathers, you will of necessity be compelled to dye
lots of from five to ten pounds of goods at one time. Two stationary
tubs or vats, one for use in washing white and bleaching, and the other
for black, with water pipes and steam pipes and connections; a few
large porcelain lined or copper basins for dark colors are essential;
it is also well to have an outer room or inclosed closet to keep your
dyestuffs in, as it is important that they be kept clean. When cans
of color are opened for the purpose of diluting a portion or making a
color, have the cover replaced and returned to closet when through with
it.
Have bench or table whereon rests your basins, while you match shades
in making colors, if possible, where a north light will strike it; and
if cold weather and the windows closed, keep the glass clean. You will
often get various reflections in the dyehouse that cause a great deal
of trouble to the dyer; as, for example, if the sun should be shining
on a red brick wall and the reflection beating into the dyehouse,
it will often lead the dyer astray, and while he thinks he has a
perfect match, when the color goes into the office there is a decided
difference.
The great majority who are expected to be benefitted by this work
are not ostrich feather manufacturers, but the job dyer; and it is
my object to simplify the dyehouse as well as the methods of dyeing.
A small corner of the dyehouse can be used, and a couple of ordinary
wash-bowls, a common wash-boiler and a tin dipper are really all the
utensils that are practically necessary to complete the dyehouse for
the renovator. A couple of hours in the morning devoted to feather
dyeing, and a good practical man can turn out fifty dollars worth at
a cost of only his two hours labor, and perhaps fifty cents worth
of color. Feathers can be dried in an ordinary hot room or, if warm
weather, out in the open air. The dry room where large quantities of
feathers are dried should never be too warm, as the feathers are apt
to dry up quicker than the boys can beat the starch out of them; and,
as a consequence, the flues or fibres are not expanded as they should
be, and the feathers are much harder to curl. The board or table used
to beat the feathers on must be perfectly smooth, as there is otherwise
danger of tearing out the flues.
The drying of feathers is quite an important operation, and if
not understood, can result in ruining a great many by drying them
improperly, allowing the starch to dry up on the flues without beating
it out, and by breaking the quills. The dry room is only used when
the weather is too inclement to dry in the open air, or when you have
not got outside accommodations. The yard or roof is far preferable to
the dry room, and especially so for white and black feathers. After
having been washed and the starch thoroughly removed, it will improve
them greatly to expose them to the sun for an hour or two. Colors,
especially delicate shades, should not be allowed to hang in the sun
only during the actual time required for drying a black made by our
process; it greatly improves upon exposure to the sunlight, giving it
an advantage over all others. Baths of logwood or old garnet baths
that you are desirous of saving for future use, it will be well to
remove them from the copper or tin basins or pans to wooden buckets
or crockery jars, and cover them up for the purpose of excluding all
foreign matter.
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.
In the re-dying of old feathers the first thing necessary is to enter
them in book by whatever system you may think best; after which they
are assorted as to color, the blacks, browns, greens, blues, etc. Put
in separate lots and then string them and mark your tickets. You will
often find when you have selected your colors a number of different
shades to be dyed one color; as, for example, when you come to string
your browns, you will find a blue, a green, a garnet, a drab, and
perhaps a dozen different shades of colors; string them all on at once
and enter together, and dye a good medium shade of seal brown and dry;
after which you proceed to take them off the string, and place them
with their respective tickets. You will now find, perhaps, one a shade
too dark for your sample, another perhaps a shade too light. The former
you would pass through a weak solution of sulphuric acid in starch
bath, and the latter through a weak solution of bichromate of potash.
Another one you may find a little too red for sample, or too yellow.
These, in turn, you can bring to match your sample as per recipe for
brown.
In beginning the days work, it is well to do all your bleaching and
cleaning first, while your hand basins and dyehouse are in a clean
condition; after which the blacks, as they require logwood good and
pure, and the same logwood used for them can be used for all other
colors where logwood enters into their composition. Consequently one
bath of logwood boiled in the morning will do all the work for the day.
In Chicago I remember, while giving instruction to a gentleman, who had
come down from St. Paul, Minn., for the purpose of learning the art,
that in one afternoon I taught him how to make every color and shade of
color known, and my logwood bath that was used during the whole day's
work was boiled in a small sauce-pan that held about two quarts. It had
been used in making black, browns, greens and navy blues of all shades,
and was still in good enough condition to make any color, excepting
perhaps black.
Keep your bath of logwood covered at all times when not in actual use,
and, indeed, then, if convenient, to prevent any foreign substance from
entering it. It is the custom of a great many ostrich feather dyers to
keep a quantity of starch in the dyehouse for the purpose of dipping
their feathers into it and partially beating them out prior to removing
them from the bath for the purpose of drying the ends up to see if
they match sample. This is a very bad practice, for the loose starch
flying through the dyehouse will settle on the uncovered colors and
cause not a little annoyance and trouble. Keep the starch out of the
dyehouse; keep it in the drying-room where it belongs. In drying your
feathers out of the baths in starch it is well to have two boxes,--one
to be used for colors that contain acid; as, for example, light blues,
lemon, etc.,--the other for those colors that contain none; such as
drabs, pinks, etc. In dissolving colors use ordinary bottles, and be
sure to always use boiling water for the purpose of diluting. Let the
proportions be about one teaspoonful of color to one pint of boiling
water. Shake gently to thoroughly dilute aniline, and cork or cover
bottles to keep out dirt.
Colors that are used in making very delicate shades, such as pinks or
light blues, it is well to tie around the top of the bottle in place of
a cork a small piece of muslin. It will act as a strainer, and prevent
particles of color that may not have been thoroughly dissolved from
passing into the bath and spotting your goods. Do not be too careful
of the hands and afraid of getting them covered with dyestuffs; use
them in the bath instead of sticks at all times, excepting where the
liquid is too hot to permit it. The best method of cleaning the hands,
no matter how dirty, is to pass them through a solution of soda, about
one-quarter ounce in a small quantity of hot water; rinse off in cold
water, and take about a teaspoonful of chloride of lime, moisten with
water and rub the hands gently with it until all color has entirely
disappeared; then wash with soap and hot water.
WASHING RAW STOCK.
First string your feathers, being careful to place the string on the
end of quill so as not to get any of the flues under the loop; then
slice down according to quantity of feathers to be washed, from one
to more pounds of soap in boiling water, and boil down to a liquor;
after which fill a clean tub half full of luke warm water, and pour
soap into it; then enter your feathers and give them a slight rubbing.
Then push them well under the surface of the water, cover them up and
allow them to remain over night. In the morning run off dirty water and
squeeze out your feathers; enter your feathers in a tub of clean luke
warm water and use an ordinary wash board and a soft scrubbing brush.
Rub bar soap on feathers, and brush gently, being very careful not to
tear out the flues. Soap and brush one string at a time, manipulate
them much after the manner of a woman handling a large wash. Be careful
to give minute attention to the bottom portion of the feathers, as the
flues are always more closely stuck together with the natural grease
of the bird, and it often requires an amount of hard labor to remove.
Repeat the washing operation and rinse off in about three luke warm
waters, starch and dry.
In starching rub the feathers around well between the hands for the
purpose of getting all the flues thoroughly expanded, squeeze out of
bath and hang on lines to dry. Put no more out at once than the dyers
can comfortably handle, as it is well to have them beat out on board
at regular intervals of a minute or so; thereby expanding the flues
to their utmost. The process of selecting the different grades or
qualities follow, and it is necessary for the person performing this
work to be familiar with the application of dyestuffs to feathers, to
insure the dyer less trouble; as the different qualities all put in the
bath together, and going through exactly the same process will come out
different shades of color, will cause the dyer a great deal of trouble
and labor getting them all an even color. When a batch of feathers are
intended for white it will not be necessary to dry them first; simply
wash and rinse, and prepare your white bath as per recipe, and pass
them through it. It is scarcely necessary to remark here that natural
black and gray feathers must not be washed at the same time with
whites, as the latter would not be improved.
Strings should not contain more than fifty plumes, for, if they are
made much longer, it would be awkward to handle them. Tips, however,
are often strung three or four in a bunch, according to size, and an
ordinary string may contain two or three hundred. In washing natural
black tips it is advisable to use a brush on them during the first
rinsing to remove all particles of soap therefrom.
SHADING.
Shading from dark to light colors is the result of submerging one
portion of the feather in the bath and withholding the balance. Great
care and not a little skill is needed to produce a satisfactory result.
There are various ways of handling the goods, covering up the portions
to remain the light shade or holding them out with the hands. Spotted
or speckled feathers are produced by first dyeing the light shade that
you desire to be spotted, and then wrapping around a round stick with
cord, according to the size you desire to have the spots, you will
regulate the weight of cord used. After having bound the cord tightly
around the feather and stick, which must then be tied firmly to keep
from slipping, pass through boiling water for a few seconds for the
purpose of expanding the wood and contracting the cord, thereby making
the cord much tighter. After you have made them whatever dark color you
desire, take out, starch and pass through dry starch; then remove cord
and dry your feathers, when you will find that the portion covered by
the cord will be the light shade, and the feathers have the appearance
of being dotted all over.
Natural blacks or grays can be speckled as follows: Go through the
same preparations of binding around stick with cord and degrading or
bleaching them white. The result will be that the portion covered with
cord will be same as before entering the bath, a black or dark brown,
and the body of the feathers will be white. Should you desire the
feathers dyed any light color to contrast with the dark spots; before
removing the cord, mix your bath and dye as per recipe, dry as before
directed, and the result is very beautiful. Some very nice effects
are produced in shading by taking natural grays or bioucs, that is,
feathers that are one portion white and the balance in spots, black.
PARING, STEAMING AND CURLING.
Feathers that have just come out of the dyehouse for the first time
require paring, which consists in removing the quill from the inner
portion of the feather, thereby making the feathers more elastic. The
feathers must first be thoroughly dried; they are then taken, one at
a time, held between the thumb and two fore fingers of the left hand,
while, with a knife held in the right, the inner quill is rapidly
removed close to the flues or fibres. This branch of the business is
in itself a trade, and requires a great amount of skill and caution to
prevent cutting through the quill. The feather can be made still more
limber by scraping the quill with a piece of glass. Of course, this
process of paring the quill is only used in new work. In re-dying old
feathers it is never needed; in old work it is only necessary to dry
up thoroughly, steam and curl. A great many have no knowledge of what
relation steaming has to the finishing of feathers. It has the effect
of making all the flues lie perfectly straight beside each other, and
also dampens the feathers just enough to assist the curler in her work.
It is necessary to have a steamer made as follows: get a kettle that
will hold about one gallon or more of water, made out of plain tin,
with a spout commencing at the base about two inches in width and
tapering up to a half inch in width at top. The spout should be about
eighteen inches in length; the total cost should not be more than one
dollar. Never have it more than half full of water, and you can boil it
on either an ordinary stove or common gas or oil stove.
You may ask why steam from the boiler, or out of an ordinary tea-kettle
would not answer? It is too wet. Instead of having the desired effect
it wets the flues, while the other dampens it just enough. The steam
emitted from the steam kettle is drier than any other.
When the steam is passing through the tube take hold of the feathers
by either end and pass backward and forward for a few seconds about
two inches above the top of pipe, and lay down perfectly flat, one
on top of the other. Curling is a trade that can only be thoroughly
mastered by practice; the principles can be taught, but only practice
will make perfect. It does not, however, require a great while. I have
known persons that within three months had become first-class curlers,
practicing a short time each day.
The feather is held between the first and second finger and thumb of
the left hand and a few flues taken up at a time with the knife held
in the right hand, and gently drawn along the round dull edge of the
knife, and allowed to drop in a half circle; begin at the bottom of the
right hand side of the feather, work up to the top and around and down
the other side; and in laying up take up about three flues at a time,
skipping about six. Feminine fingers are generally better adapted to
this work than others, and, in fact, it is more of a woman's work than
a man's.
Tips are generally bent and branched. You can give the feathers a
nice droop by taking the quill between the thumb and fore-finger,
and with the thumb pressing the quill through between the first and
second finger. Begin about the middle of the feather, and, shifting
about a quarter inch at a time, pass swiftly up towards the top, when
the feathers will have a very beautiful droop. Plain wire stems can
be used. Take thin wire, cut about five inches in length, and twist
one end of it on stem or quill of your feathers so as to hold; then
take tissue paper, cut in strips about a half inch wide, and in color
corresponding with the shade of feathers; wrap it around wire to
entirely cover it up, and then branch tips, two or three in a bunch, as
suits your fancy.
NOTE OF THE PUBLISHER.
The old maxim, that "seeing is believing," applies perhaps nowhere
more than in dyeing. All those who have availed themselves of the
opportunity to see the method of dyeing ostrich feathers practically
executed before their eyes by the author, as described in the foregoing
pages, are satisfied of and willingly testify to its superiority over
any of the methods heretofore known, practiced and often acquired at
the cost of much money, time and trouble, and which, in many cases,
when put to the practical test, failed to give the desired results.
Yet there are probably many more disbelievers than believers in any
new method, however freely and truthfully certified to, who mistrust
the quick work of our new processes of ostrich feather dyeing, and who
would rather prefer to operate after a somewhat slow but (in their
opinion) therefore surer, older method. They shall not be disappointed
by perusing our book and in looking up something which they would want
to try in practice, and for them especially we supplement our book
with the following Appendix, containing a number of practically tested
recipes for dyeing ostrich feathers.
APPENDIX.
GENERAL REMARKS.
The cultivated taste of the present age, requiring a large variety
of natural and artificially produced or embellished material for
adornment, employs almost any kind of bird's feathers, either in their
natural coloring or dyed. None of them, however, are used in the
condition as they are plucked from the body of the live or dead bird,
but all must undergo a cleaning process, which not only serves to
improve their appearance, but is an exceedingly essential requisite for
the preservation of the material from decay and the attacks of moth and
other insects, and is, above all, the first condition and indispensable
preparatory operation for dyeing feathers, whether the costly feather
of the ostrich or the common feather of our domestic chicken or pigeon.
The cleaning or washing process is the same for all kinds of feathers;
the ostrich feather, however, requires drying after every treatment in
a bath, and a special operation for the purpose of opening the fine
flues, which gives the plumage of the ostrich its characteristic and
distinguishing beauty and rich, downy appearance of luxurious softness.
The feathers of the ostrich, which are used for dress-feathers, are
taken from the wings and tail of the bird, whose spurred wings, by
their peculiar construction render it entirely unfit for flight. The
wings seem rather only fit to serve for the purpose of holding the body
of the bird in equilibrium while running, and of preventing it from
sinking to any depth into the loose sand of the deserts, which are the
home of the ostrich. The natural colors of the ostrich feathers are
white, black and gray, or rather a dark drab. They are, therefore,
sorted according to their natural color, to be bleached white, or
dyed in light colors, or to be used for dark shades. Practical men in
the general dyeing business, and in garment dyeing or re-dyeing, hold
that it is unnecessary to bleach, respectively strip, the material for
dyeing dark colors, and garment dyers strip their material only to a
certain extent, so as to leave upon it a bottom of color which they can
advantageously use for their new dye. This method appears correct, if
as "practical" as all that is designated, which results in a saving of
expense or labor; but it is evident that a clear color of the highest
possible beauty can never be obtained upon a bottom of a different hue;
the bottom color will always, more or less, show and impair the purity
of the topping color; but compound or mixed colors can be thus produced
in an advantageous manner and to good effect, if the color of the
bottom enters into their composition. The same is unquestionably the
case with ostrich feathers, and the dyer is often compelled and must be
prepared to bleach the gray or black and white feathers in order to dye
them any light shade. The bleaching of naturally purely black feathers
is probably but seldom required, as these are ordinarily left as nature
has made them, but merely cleaned to heighten their beauty and gloss.
Owing to the delicate nature of the material, the dyeing of ostrich
feathers bears much similarity to that of silk; both being high in
price, carelessness and negligence in their treatment is apt to entail
heavy losses. The utmost cleanliness of all utensils is an absolute
requirement; dyestuffs, drugs and chemicals must never be added to
baths in substance, but always in solution, and never while the
material is in the bath; but the material must be taken up while the
dyestuff or salt, etc., solution is being added to the bath, and only
re-entered after stirring well. Solutions, as well as decoctions,
must always be filtered, respectively strained, before adding them to
the dye bath, even if they have been prepared beforehand, because any
undissolved or solid particle of substance deposited upon the feathers
would necessarily produce a spot or mark of a darker or lighter shade,
as the case may be, according to the character of the undissolved
substance. Although alkalies and heat are applied and necessary for
washing or scouring, that is, cleaning and ungreasing the feathers,
strong alkaline and excessive heat operating together are as fatal for
feathers as they are for any other animal fibre,--wool or silk,--and
strong heat applied to dry feathers is apt to irretrievably ruin them.
The soap with which feathers are to be treated, must, therefore, be as
neutral as possible, and if recipes speak of "boiling" the feathers, it
must be understood in the sense as in wool-dyeing, that is, to apply a
heat near the boiling point, when the baths begin to throw up bubbles,
but not actually boil.
That the water used for any purpose in ostrich feather dyeing, for
washing, bleaching, dyeing or rinsing, must be perfectly clean, needs
hardly to be mentioned.
UTENSILS.
The utensils required for feather dyeing are of a very simple
character, few and inexpensive. For small establishments an ordinary
stove, a common wash-boiler, to have constantly hot water on hand,
an ordinary wash tub, a white china wash-basin for dyeing, a clean
board for starching and a few bottles, together with a small tin
pan or kettle and funnel, for making solutions and decoctions and
filtering them, is all that is necessary besides the work table. More
recently, flat, oval upper pans, tinned for special purposes, have been
introduced as dye-vessels, which are neatly provided with a moveable
perforated false-bottom, and are heated either upon a direct fire, or
a gas jet, or by direct steam. In large establishments copper pans are
generally used, for the better grades of ostrich feathers especially,
and for ordinary goods wooden tubs, both heated by steam. Where wooden
tubs are used, several of them are set apart for the color most in
demand, such as black, brown, gray, mode, etc.
PREPARATION OF THE FEATHERS.
The bundles received from the dealer being opened, the feathers are
sorted according to color and size, and those for white and light
colors, to be bleached, are laid from those of dark colors, which are
ordinarily not bleached, that is, the black or gray ones. When going
to work the feathers are put on strings, that is, they are firmly tied
singly, about an inch apart from one another, and about an inch above
the end of the quill, 20 or 25 with one string, seldom more, as they
would make the bundle too thick and unhandy. The feathers are then
ready for the steep, which operation ought always and for any method be
the first step of treatment before proceeding to washing, scouring and
bleaching proper.
For this purpose a strong solution of soap is made in boiling water;
when cooled down to about 150° F., it is well stirred, the feathers
entered and left in the bath over night. The temperature may be kept up
over night. It is necessary, however, to lay the feathers down in the
steep so that the liquid can reach every part of them, and to keep them
well immersed in the steep, for which purpose it is advisable to weigh
them down by clean sticks of wood or some other means. Instead of soap,
soda may be used for the steep; taking about one and one-half ounces of
soda crystals to one gallon of water.
By the steep the impurities, dirt and grease, covering the feather are
loosened, and thereby the following cleaning operations materially
facilitated.
CLEANING AND BLEACHING OF FEATHERS.
The ostrich feathers, like all material taken from the covering of the
animal body, wool, hair, etc., which are embellished by dyeing for the
use of man or woman in dress, contain by nature a certain amount of
fat, and in their raw condition are more or less covered with dust,
dirt and a greasy exudation, which must be removed for dyeing; that is,
they are scoured or washed and then bleached or whitened, because the
feathers, like all other so-called white animal matter, have always a
faint yellowish tint, sometimes yellowish spots which cannot be removed
without injury to the material, but obliterated by bleaching, which,
in the case of white feathers, is called bleaching or whitening. The
bleaching of gray and black feathers and the stripping or decoloring of
dyed feathers are different operations.
For scouring or washing, novel methods are recommended, which, however,
differ from one another very little, and are, on the whole, represented
by the following: Prepare a good handwarm bath (100-120° F.), in
which dissolve two ounces Marseilles soap in per gallon of water and
beat up to a good lather. Enter feathers and rub them well, string for
string, by hand. They may even be taken upon a wash-board and rubbed
with a brush, which does not hurt them, notwithstanding their delicate
structure, because the soap steep has given them great elasticity and
resistance to the manipulation. Continue the operations until the
tank is exhausted and dirty; then give another fresh bath of the same
composition and temperature; treat the feathers as in the first bath
and rinse them perfectly clean from every particle of soap in two or
three luke-warm (100°) waters; for, every trace of soap remaining upon
the feathers will hinder the dye from running up and cause uneven
colors, or, upon white feathers, yellow stains. Then prepare a cold
bath with solution of bioxolate of potash (one-eighth to one-sixth
ounce of salt to one gallon), enter feathers, pass them in the bath for
15-20 minutes, take up and rinse them in cold water three to four times
to remove the salt. For feathers which have to remain white, the latter
bath is composed of one and one-quarter ounces bioxolate of potash and
one and one-eighth ounces oxalic acid to one gallon of water, and the
feathers laid down in it until perfectly white; when they are taken out
and rinsed clean from acid in luke-warm water.
The feathers being rinsed clean from the oxolate of potash bath, if
destined for white, are then whitened, or rather blued, for the purpose
of covering the yellowish tint above mentioned. To this purpose a cold
bath is prepared with only so much methyl violet or methylene blue,
as to give the water a very faint tint. To ascertain whether this is
the case, a white china plate is held about a foot below the surface of
the bath, when its appearance will show the shade of blue that will be
produced by the bath. The feathers are then entered and gently agitated
in the bath until they have the desired tint.
DRYING OR STARCHING.
The feathers coming from the bioxolate of potash bath, after rinsing,
or from the blue baths, are squeezed out by pulling them through the
hand, and pressing them between the laps of a dry clean piece of white
muslin, whereupon they are immediately passed through a bath of raw
starch, that is, unboiled starch, consisting of about one-half pound of
starch to a gallon of water. After passing them through the hand the
feathers are then again pressed between the cloth; then the waves are
lightly drawn by hand over the stems, and the feathers either beaten
between the hands or upon a clean board over a stove until dry, or they
are agitated by hand or by a suitable mechanical contrivance before an
open fire or gas-jet, or hung in a warm room and frequently shaken
until dry, that is, until all starch has dropped out; and finally the
remaining starch is beaten out between the hands or upon the board by
means of a soft brush. By this treatment the feathers are not only
dried, but the flues opened besides. It needs not to be specially
mentioned, that the feathers are dried, or finished, as it were, in the
same manner after dyeing.
In case the flues are not sufficiently opened, although all the starch
has been beaten out, dip the feathers into clean benzine and swing or
agitate them until dry, which takes place in a few minutes, while the
flues are opened in the most perfect manner. For white feathers the
benzine may be blued, but in this case, they must be dried between
muslin.
BLEACHING OR DECOLORING NATURALLY GRAY FEATHERS.
The feather dyer is often required to dye light colors upon naturally
gray or even black feathers. As above remarked, the natural color
would show even under dark colors dyed upon them to a greater or less
extent, unless they are first decolorized, that is, their natural
color destroyed or blackened. Much more necessary is, therefore, this
operation for light colors to be dyed upon naturally colored ostrich
feathers. The only known chemical agent affecting such a bleach to
nearly white is peroxyd of hydrogen or oxygenated water. For bleaching
ostrich feathers a bath is prepared of peroxyd of hydrogen to which so
much liquid ammonia is added as to give the bath a sharp pungent odor.
The feathers, which must be previously cleaned as above mentioned, and
well rinsed, are entered and left immersed in the bath until they have
assumed a nearly white cream color, whereupon the feathers are taken up
and thoroughly rinsed or laid down in running water until every trace
of ammonia has disappeared. It must be observed, however, that only
acid aniline colors can be dyed upon such decolorized feathers and that
in dyeing only a moderate heat must be applied.
Dr. P. Ebell, of Linden, near Hanover, one of the first and still
largest manufacturers of peroxyd of hydrogen, writes on the subject
of feather bleaching as follows: The assorted and picked feathers are
cleaned from dirt and fat with soap and water by means of soft brushes,
which operation is continued until the feathers (after drying) are
readily wetted by water; when they are laid down for some time in pure
water. The liquids are removed from the feathers by a centrifugal
machine or a wringer (the latter is evidently meant for ordinary
feathers, other than ostrich feathers). Mix in a clean wooden tub
twenty litres peroxyd of hydrogen (Koenigswæter & Ebell) with four
hundred and fifty grammes ammonia 20° B. (=0.9 sp. gra.) and heat to
34° C., by a leaden steam pipe at the bottom of the tub. Enter 5 kilo.
cleaned feathers, which work by hand and turn every hour. In twenty
four hours the bleach is completed. If pure white feathers are wanted,
give a second bath, but for a shorter period. The bleached feathers are
carefully removed from the bleaching bath and laid down, for an hour
and a half, in a cold bath of one hundred litres water containing one
hundred grammes sulphuric acid 66° B., and then completely lixiviated
in pure, soft water. While moist (after squeezing) they are then passed
through a milk of unboiled starch which is lightly blued with aniline
blue or violet, and slowly dried, in the air or in a warm room, under
repeated shaking to prevent the flues from sticking together. After
removing the starch by beating, the feathers are ready for curling, etc.
PEROXYD OF HYDROGEN.
This most valuable bleaching agent is a contraction of hydrogen and
oxygen, of the formula HO_{2}, sp. grv. 1.45 (chemically given), or
94.12 per cent. oxygen with 5.88 per cent. hydrogen. It consists in a
limpid, syrupous liquid, of characteristic color, and when heated to
15° C., is decomposed into water and oxygen, upon which property its
great bleaching power is based. Experiments to reduce it to a solid
form by refrigeration and pressure have thus far been unsuccessful.
The commercial article is somewhat modified by the addition of water
to prevent its ready decomposition under the influence of a warm
temperature. For the same reason it is advisable to always keep it in a
cool place.
LIGHT BLUE.
I. To dye this delicate color well, special care must be taken in
cleaning the feathers, for which purpose only olive-oil soap of the
best quality, with a little ammonia, ought to be employed. When they
are perfectly clean and no more grease upon the stems, rinse them
first in one or two lukewarm waters, then in cold water until the
last trace of soap is removed. Then fill your basin or dyeing pan
three-quarters full of cold water; put in, for a dozen feathers, one
hundred and eighty grammes (about eight ounces) of raw starch in a
sufficient quantity of good indigo extract to give the starch-bath
the desired shade. Enter the feathers and work them gently until they
are completely dyed, that is, for about fifteen or twenty minutes.
Then take them out, squeeze out the starch by putting them between the
fingers and thumb of your hand, and shake them before the stove, or in
a well-warmed chamber until dry. While drying, beat them from time to
time upon the board, or between the hands to remove the adhering starch.
II. Prepare a lukewarm bath acidulated with a few drops of sulphuric
acid, so as to give a faint sour taste, to which add, according to
shade, solution of methyl blue B. (Actien Gesellschaft fuer Anilin
Fabrikation, Berlin). Enter the feathers and leave them in the bath
until cold, or until uniformly dyed.
NOTE.--Some dyers use alkaline blue, which is not, however,
recommendable, because alkaline baths, as above remarked, are injurious
to the feathers and must be avoided as much as possible.
III. Prepare bath of lukewarm water, dissolve in it about one-half
ounce tartaric acid per one quart, and add one ounce indigo carmine
per quart of liquid; stir well, enter the feathers and agitate or lay
down in the bath until the required shade is obtained. This color shows
little fastness to light and air, which can be improved, however, by
adding to the dye bath one-quarter ounce alum per quart. The shade
being obtained, take up the feathers and pass, without rinsing, through
raw starch milk, dry and beat as described.
Light blues, as is easy to understand, can only be dyed upon white
feathers for the most delicate shades; nearly white, or developed gray
feathers may be used for the shades approaching a light medium blue.
NAVY BLUE.
I. For this color naturally gray or semi-bleached feathers may be
used. It requires a mordant, like wool. For this purpose prepare a
bath of forty per cent. (of the weight of feathers) tannin at 167°
F., enter the feathers and agitate them from time to time for three
hours. Then take them up, drain and squeeze them out, enter a cold
bath of pyrolignite of iron (black liquor) marking 5° B., and work
them for half hour; take them out, drain and squeeze, and then expose
them, well spread out upon the strings, for one hour to the action of
the air. Then rinse and dye upon a fresh warm bath with a mixture of
aniline blue and a little methyl violet, using about twenty per cent.
of the weight of feathers. Add the dyestuff in the beginning only in
small doses and slowly in order to prevent the production of a bronzy,
undesirable lustre upon the stem, as is often the case in dying with
aniline dyestuffs if they are added to the bath in too large doses.
II. Prepare a hot bath, to which add as much indigo carmine as to bring
the color of the bath pretty near the shade to be produced. Enter
the feathers and agitate them in the bath for one hour. Then take up
the feathers, add alum and a solution of cloth-blue S. to the bath,
re-enter the feathers and work them while raising the temperature to
boiling point, when the steam or gas is turned off, or the pan removed
from the fire, and the feathers allowed to lie for fifteen or twenty
minutes longer in the bath. They are then taken out, rinsed, starched
and dried and beaten.
III. Have the feathers properly cleaned and well rinsed from the soap,
respectively soda. Gray feathers may be used unbleached, but a purer
color is obtained upon them when bleached. Prepare a hot bath, to which
so much sulphuric acid is added, that it has a feeble sour taste;
add the solution of two per cent. (of the weight of feathers), navy
blue, one per cent. fast blue or black, and one-eighth per cent. acid
fuchsine. Stir well, enter the feathers, manipulate while raising the
temperature to boiling point, but not to actual boiling, continue at
this temperature for one half hour; then stop off the steam, lay the
feathers down in the bath until cool, lift and dry as usual.
GENDARME BLUE.
This color requires a pure bottom, that is, naturally white or
bleached. After cleaning, respectively washing in warm soap, which
must not even be omitted with bleached feathers, and thorough rinsing,
prepare a bath and dye as for dyeing light blue with indigo carmine.
Then add some aniline green and navy blue to the bath, re-enter the
feathers which have been taken up before making the addition, work them
well while raising the temperature to the boiling point; continue at
this temperature for one-half hour longer, lift, rinse, starch and dry
as usual.
PLUM OR PRUNE.
I. For this color, which has in itself a subdued tone of brown, or has
the color of gray ostrich feathers, such naturally colored feathers may
be used unbleached, but well cleaned and rinsed before dyeing. Prepare
a luke-warm bath, to which add about one-half ounce tartaric acid to
per quart of water and solution of methyl violet 6 B., according to
shade, with a little aniline ponceau or fast brown for toning. While
working the feathers, raise the temperature and continue dyeing at
nearly boiling for one-half hour; then take out, wash and dry.
Or,
II. Prepare a boiling hot bath with alum, sulphuric acid and tartar; to
which add acid fuchsine; enter the feathers, and dye one-half hour to a
blue red, which tone, by the addition of decoction of logwood, continue
at nearly boiling heat for one-half hour longer, lift, rinse lightly,
starch, beat and dry.
III. Take a hot bath, upon which violet has been dyed, and refresh it
with some solution of methyl violet, 5 B., and a few drops of sulphuric
acid, or prepare a hot bath with the same ingredients, and indigo
carmine, according to shade; or, instead of indigo carmine, indigo
substitute, fast blue B. A., and indigotine; preferably, however, use
indigo carmine, which develops more slowly, and therefore is surer to
give better results, while the aniline dyestuffs run up more rapidly,
and are apt to dye unevenly, unless their solutions are added gradually
and the feathers handled quickly and carefully.
LIGHT YELLOW.
I. Light yellow is comparatively very little in demand for ostrich
feathers, and scarcely used for trimming hats of children and young
misses as a set-off for other colors. To produce it, prepare a pretty
hot bath with a little sulphuric acid, so as to give it a slightly
acid taste, add very little quinoline yellow, lay down the feathers in
the bath for one-half hour, turning and agitating them from time to
time, lift, rinse and dry. For this color, as well as for light blues
and roses, the feathers must be perfectly white. (For this dye the
quinoline yellow manufactured by the Actien Gesellschaft fuer Anilin
Fabrikation, Berlin, is specially suitable). As the purity of all light
shades of delicate colors greatly depends upon the purity of the water,
it is advisable to bring the bath, before preparing it, to boil with
some bran and chloride of tin and skim it off well.
MEDIUM YELLOW.
Various shades of yellow can also be produced with the old natural
dyestuffs, which are not, however, equal in brilliancy to the foregoing
described colors. The feathers must be bleached for these as well as
for any clear color, which would be materially impaired by an impure
bottom; still developed grays may be employed. After scouring and
thoroughly rinsing the feathers, prepare a cold bath of alum, about one
ounce to one gallon of clear water, or of acetic acid; lay the feathers
down until well opened, so that the liquid can uniformly act upon all
parts, for one hour. Then take them out, squeeze and centrifugate them,
and dye the shade upon a fresh warm bath with the required quantity of
flavine, decoction of color or of fustic; lift, rinse and starch as
usual.
Or, dissolve a sufficient quantity of turmeric in boiling water,
filter and enter the feathers while the filtrate is still well hot.
Agitate them for five minutes, then take them up, add to the bath a
small quantity of tartaric acid, this to promote its dissolution; then
re-enter the feathers, work them again for five minutes, lift, rinse in
cold water, and dry.
If these colors are to have a light reddish or warmer tone, add, when
nearly done, some anotto to the dye bath.
DARK YELLOW.
Bleached grays answer for this color as well as naturally white
feathers. Scour and rinse them well. Prepare a bath, feebly acidulated
with sulphuric acid, and add the filtered solution of two and one-half
per cent. of the weight of feathers, dark yellow, (manufactured by the
Leipziger Anilin Fabrik, formerly Bayer & Kegel). Enter the feathers
in the cold and work them diligently until the color is well up, then
raise the temperature slowly to 170° F., dye to shade, lift, rinse in
clear cold water, starch and dry.
II. A new light yellow, which is fast to light and air, is obtained by
products of Leonhardt & Co., at Manheim, viz: redarine and acme yellow.
Add to a hot bath of 170-190° F., a quite small quantity of redarine
and still less acme yellow; enter the feathers, manipulate for one-half
hour, take out, rinse and dry them with starch, and beat well out. This
color being extremely sensitive, the purification of the water for the
bath is as necessary as the most scrupulous cleanliness of utensils and
workshops.
GOLDEN YELLOW.
I. The feathers being scoured and rinsed clean of soap, prepare a bath
of five per cent., of the weight of feathers, bisulphate of soda,
add solution (filtered) of azo orange, according to shade. Enter the
feathers at 120° F.; heat up slowly to 170° F., while working the
feathers; lift when the shade is obtained, squeeze out, starch and dry.
II. Prepare a bath with three per cent. (of the weight of the feathers)
Glauber salt and one per cent. sulphuric acid. Enter the feathers at
100-120° F., after adding to the bath the solution of one per cent.
golden yellow S. (of Gust. Doerr, Frankfort-on-Main), work the feathers
repeatedly during one-half hour, when they all have assumed a rich,
nourished color; take up, rinse lightly; starch and beat them dry.
OLD GOLD.
Have the naturally white or decolorized gray feathers well washed in
soap and rinsed clean from it. Prepare a hot bath at 170° F., to which
add so much aniline cream as to color it dark reddish yellow. Enter the
feathers and agitate them from five to ten minutes, according to the
shade desired. Then take them up, add some sulphuric acid to the bath,
re-enter the feathers, work for two minutes; then lift, rinse and dry.
The bath can be preserved for further use.
GRAY.
So unpretending this color appears, so difficult is it to produce,
and it requires a considerable amount of practice and good judgment
to bring out a good color from the beginning, as very little too much
or too little will spoil a color either in tone or in shade. A very
good logwood gray, which with proper attention seldom fails to turn
out satisfactory, is made as follows: Prepare a hot bath, to which add
a small quantity of decoction of logwood; enter the feathers and work
them in the bath for fifteen or twenty minutes, according to shade
desired. Then take them up, add to the bath very little pyrolignite of
iron, that is, only as much as to turn the color of the bath; re-enter
the feathers, agitate them again for fifteen or twenty minutes in the
liquid; then lift, rinse and starch as usual. This color might be
best described as dark ash gray. Instead of pyrolignite of iron, some
solution of copperas may be used. It will be easily understood, that
the more concentrated the decoction of logwood is, the darker turns out
the color, and it is in that respect particularly that the dyer has
to use good judgment in producing shades from silver gray to dark ash
gray. This color, besides, presents the advantage, that by topping it
with solutions of blue, brown, yellow or green coal-tar dyestuffs a
great variety of mode colors can be produced.
PEARL GRAY.
After scouring and rinsing well, prepare a warm bath (100-120° F.) with
five per cent., of the weight of feathers, bisulphate of soda, to which
add solution of Victoria blue and of extract of archil, according to
sample. Acid violet may be used, but requires a temperature near the
boiling point, which ought to be avoided wherever possible in dyeing
ostrich feathers. To be on the safe side, make the solutions of the
dyestuffs of medium concentration, use only the clear of them, or
better filter the same, and add it slowly and gradually first in small
doses, finally by drops, for which purpose the use of a burette with
squeeze-cock is recommendable.
SILVER GRAY.
Scour, respectively bleach, and rinse the feathers well clean, prepare
a bath, work the solution of five per cent., of the weight of feathers,
silver gray (Actein Gesellschaft fuer Anilin Fabrikation, Berlin),
feebly acidulated with sulphuric acid; enter the feathers in the cold,
work well to make the color dye up evenly; then raise the temperature
slowly under diligent working, to 170° F., continue at this temperature
for five to ten minutes, lift, rinse and dry.
BROWN.
The series of brown colors, partly produced by combinations of spectrum
colors, partly of direct brown dyestuffs, presents a large range of
modifications and shades, from a light rust brown or buff to nearly
black, blueish, yellowish, reddish, olive brown, etc., and is in this
respect only inferior to the non-descript endless variety of modes.
With the exception of the very lightest shades, which require perfectly
white feathers, they can be dyed upon half-bleached, and the deeper
shades upon unbleached gray feathers; the dyer, must, however, in the
latter case, bear in mind, that the gray bottom color always influences
to a certain degree, the tone of the color that is to be dyed upon it.
Nevertheless, as to the proportions of the dyestuffs to be employed for
a given tone or shade cannot be given, because the tinctorial value of
artificial dyestuffs is very changeable and not even constant with the
same makers. Experience, skill and trial dyes must, therefore, guide
the dyer in composing the baths for browns as well as for modes, the
majority of the latter being modifications of brown. In general the
following may be observed:
I. After scouring the feathers and rinsing them perfectly clean of
the scouring material, whether soap or soda, prepare a bath of 170 to
190° F., to which add fifteen per cent., of the weight of feathers,
bisulphate of soda, indigo carmine, extract of archil and azo yellow.
According to the proportionally greater or smaller quantity of
either dyestuff added to the dyebath either browns are obtained, or
olives, Russia green, reseda, or a variety of modes. The trouble with
all colors into whose compositions indigo carmine enters is, that
this dyestuff requires a comparatively high temperature to run up,
preferably a boiling bath, which, however, is decidedly objectionable
with ostrich feathers. To avoid this difficulty, the new acid Victoria
blue is used instead of indigo carmine, and fuchsine S. instead
of extract of archil. Victoria blue dyes up readily at a moderate
temperature.
II. The feathers being scoured and rinsed clean, prepare a boiling
bath with so much sulphuric acid as to give a feebly sour taste, and
add fast aniline brown, turmeric, and indigo carmine or cloth-blue
S., according to the tone and shade desired. Prepare the bath so that
it shows exactly this tone of color which is to be dyed, and bring it
to boil in order to produce a perfect mixture of the three dyestuffs,
or rather their filtered solutions. Then chill the bath to about 120°
F., enter the feathers, while raising the temperature in about fifteen
minutes to near the boiling point; then dye to shade, lift, rinse and
dry.
It is advisable, in order to obtain a level dye, to add not the whole
amount of dyestuff solution required at one time, but at least in two
times; which rule altogether applies to all aniline dyestuffs, more or
less, as they mostly run up very rapidly and are apt, therefore, to
give uneven dyes.
If a yellowish tint is wanted, use a little azo yellow or azo orange;
picric acid, which was formerly very freely used for this purpose, has
been almost entirely abandoned.
LIGHT BROWN.
Clean and rinse them as usual, prepare a bath of 170-190° F., with
redarine, a trace of orange O, and some acid green; enter feathers
and work for one-half hour, then lift, rinse and dry. By varying the
proportions of dyestuffs, a series of modes is obtainable. (Dyestuffs
manufactured by Leonhardt & Co., of Mannheim).
RUST BROWN.
Prepare a slightly acidulated warm bath with three per cent., of the
weight of feathers, fast aniline brown, one per cent. azo yellow, one
percent. extract of indigo, and a little sulphuric acid; enter the
well scoured and rinsed feathers at 120-140° F., work the feathers for
one-half hour, while slowly raising the temperature to the boiling
point; continue dyeing at that degree of heat, but not boiling, for
five minutes; lift, rinse, starch and dry.
RED BROWN.
I. Scour and rinse well; prepare a warm bath, in which dissolve three
per cent., of the weight of feathers, alum, add twenty-five per
cent. extract of archil, one and one half per cent. azo yellow, and
if required for shade, one-half per cent. indigo carmine; enter at
170° F., dye to shade while slowly raising the temperature to near
the boiling point, continue at that temperature for ten to fifteen
minutes longer; then lift, rinse and dry. Instead of indigo carmine,
cloth-blue S. may be used, in which case enter at 120° and raise the
temperature slowly, not above 190° F. Or,
II. Prepare a bath at 190° F., add five per cent. bisulphate of soda,
when dissolved, add solution of extract of archil, fast yellow and
indigo carmine as required for the shade, and dye at that temperature
to sample. Instead of archil, any red or orange azo dyestuff may be
used, preferably bordeaux.
COFFEE BROWN.
Have the feathers will cleaned and rinsed, bleaching being not
required, prepare a bath with three per cent. alum (of the weight of
feathers), at 170° F., add indigo carmine, bordeaux and azo yellow,
according to sample, and dye to shade while slowly raising the
temperature to near the boiling point, but bring not to boil, but
continue until the indigo carmine is well up. A less fast color is
obtained with archil, indigo carmine and picric acid. When finished
dyeing, rinse, starch and dry as usual.
The dyestuffs for brown being nearly the same for all shades, while the
depth and tone of the color is produced by differently proportioning
the quantities of the different dyestuffs and the time of dyeing, it
is advantageous to have the solutions of dyestuffs near by on hand;
it is advisable, however, if good work is intended, to always filter
before using solutions which have been standing for some time. This
precaution is necessary, because from most solutions, if allowed to
stand for a day or longer, some dyestuff which was not dissolved but
only suspended in the liquid, separates out forming a more or less
copious sediment which, if it passes into the dye bath, settles upon
the feathers causing spots or streaks of a different shade than the
rest of the feathers.
PUCE.
Scour and rinse the feathers well; grays can be used in their natural
color without bleaching. Prepare a warm bath, in which dissolve
eighty per cent., of the weight of feathers, tartaric acid and eighty
per cent. Glauber salt; then add sixteen per cent. aniline fast
brown; eight per cent. azo yellow, and sixteen per cent. induline
or nigrosine, and bring the bath to a boil; after a few minutes of
boiling, chill by the addition of cold water, enter the feathers and
work them at hand-heat for fifteen or twenty minutes until the color
has become level; then bring the bath again to near the boiling point;
lay the feathers down in the bath, shut off the steam, or withdraw from
the fire, and let the bath cool down. When cold, that is in about one
or two hours, take out the feathers, rinse and dry.
FAWN.
Prepare a warm bath with five per cent. bisulphate of soda, add
solutions of azo orange, acid violet and some archil cautiously in
several doses until the bath has the desired color. Enter the scoured
and rinsed feathers and agitate for fifteen or twenty minutes, to
produce a level dye; then raise the temperature slowly to 190-200° F.,
dye for a few minutes longer, lift, rinse and dry.
By varying the proportions of the dyestuffs, drab, wood brown, lead
color, etc., can be obtained, and olives by increasing the quantity of
acid violet and omitting the extract of archil.
CHESTNUT BROWN.
Scour and rinse the feathers well; natural grays may be used
unbleached. Prepare a decoction of one and one quarter pound cudbear,
and six ounces turmeric in two gallons of water, strain through a
cloth and enter the feathers at hand heat (about 90-100° F.); work them
for twenty or thirty minutes, or until they have attained a nourished
garnet color. Then take them out, rinse, lay them down for five minutes
in a cold solution of about six ounces copperas in one-half gallon
of water, take them up and rinse in cold water. Then return to the
first bath, operate for fifteen minutes at hand heat, enter again,
after rinsing, the iron bath, and continue alternately dyeing upon the
two baths until the required shade is obtained. Rinse every time on
shifting from one bath to the other, in clean water, and finally rinse
well, starch and dry.
HAVANNA.
I. For this color it is advisable to use naturally white or bleached
feathers, scour or wash them clean in soap and warm water and remove
the soap by thoroughly rinsing in two warm and one cold waters. Prepare
a bath slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid, to which add eighty per
cent., of the weight of feathers, tartaric acid, eight per cent. azo
yellow, six per cent. fast brown, and three and a quarter per cent.
acid green. Enter the feathers at 100-120° F. and manipulate at that
temperature for ten or fifteen minutes. Then raise the temperature to
the boiling point (but do not boil), lay the feathers down in the bath
for one-half to one hour, while the bath cools down, lift, starch and
finish as usual.
II. Prepare a bath slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid, bring to
nearly boiling, add a concentrated solution of orange S. and some acid
green, enter the feathers and dye to shade; then pass them through a
week oil-bath, and dry them, placed straight between several laps of
clean muslin.
III. Prepare a bath of the decoction of twelve and a half per cent.,
of the weight of feathers, alum and twenty-five per cent. turmeric;
strain, enter the feathers at 170-190° F., and let them lie in the
bath over night. On the following day dye, at 100° F., with decoction
of fustet, tone with decoction of logwood or of brazil, according to
sample, starch and dry.
MUSHROOM.
I. For this elegant color take naturally white or bleached gray
feathers, scour and rinse them well. Prepare a hot bath with five per
cent., of the weight of feathers, bisulphate of soda, to which add,
as required, filtered solutions of fast yellow, indigo carmine and
ponceau G. Enter the feathers at 170° F., work them for ten or fifteen
minutes and raise the temperature slowly to near the boiling point. Add
the dyestuffs in small quantities gradually, making the additions only
when the dyestuff of the bath has been completely absorbed, and then by
drops so as to be able to correct the color without waste of dyestuff.
Bear in mind, that the indigo carmine dyes up slowly and requires a
high temperature. An easier process is, therefore, the following:
II. After cleaning and rinsing well, prepare a bath at 170° F., with
four per cent. bisulphate of soda, to which add gradually in small
quantities, as required, some nigrosine, azo orange and a little
mandarin or nigrosine, alkaline blue and fuchsine S., rinse, starch and
dry.
LIGHT DRAB.
Scour and rinse the feathers as usual; bleached grays may be used.
Prepare a bath with five per cent., of the weight of feathers,
bisulphate of soda and the clear solutions of acid violet, azo orange
and fuchsine S.; add the dyestuff in small portions and finally by
drops, until the bath has the desired shade of color; then enter the
feathers and dye at 170° F. to sample, squeeze or centrifugate, starch
and dry.
BEIGE.
I. For this color take either naturally white or well-bleached gray
feathers, scour or wash and rinse them clean. Prepare pretty thin
solutions of aniline orange (chrysaniline) and violet, add very little
of them at a time and finally by drops to the dyestuffs containing
either five per cent. bisulphate of soda or a small dose of sulphuric
acid; enter the feathers at 145° F. and dye to shade at the same
temperature, which will require about twenty or thirty minutes; lift,
rinse, squeeze and starch.
II. Have the feathers well cleaned, respectively, bleached, and rinsed.
Prepare a hot bath (170-190° F.), with a little sulphuric acid, just
enough to give it a slightly sour taste, add a few drops of solution of
fast brown and a little more solution of acid green (both dyestuffs of
the Farbwerke, formerly Meister, Lucius & Bruening, Hoechst-on-Main);
take of them one or two drops, respectively two or three drops
per gallon of water for a light shade and increase quantities
proportionally for darker shades. Rinse after dying, starch and dry.
III. Take white feathers or grays very well bleached to nearly white,
scour and rinse them well. Prepare a bath of warm water, 100-120° F.
and some vinegar so as to give it a distinct sour taste; add to a basin
full, or about one-half gallon of the bath a little solution of fast
brown, one or two drops of indigo carmine, and a trace of turmeric. Lay
the feathers down in the bath for fifteen or twenty minutes and agitate
them repeatedly in the liquid to make them level.
For a Gray Beige, add a little nigrosine to the bath and proceed as
above.
MODES.
For the modes it is impossible to give generally applicable directions,
as these colors are of an indefinitely varying character, consisting in
modifications of other compound or mixed colors which are affected by
sometimes very trifling, unmeasureable additions of a toning dyestuff,
and coloring effects are produced which cannot be described nor defined
by names, but must be judged by the experienced eye of the dyer. Most
of these colors are derived from grays or browns as above remarked,
and the safest way for the dyer is, to begin dyeing with light shades
of the prevalent characteristic color and give them the peculiar tone
by the addition of other colors by drops. The proportions of dyestuffs
thus ascertained for light shades, are then easy to increase for deeper
shades. It needs not to be remarked, that for these colors the feathers
must be bleached, especially for light and medium shades, and that,
if unbleached, grays are to be dyed in dark shades, the effect of the
natural color must be considered in composing the dye.
In general all modes are dyed upon a bath which is acidulated with
bisulphate of soda, with azo orange, azo yellow, azo brown, acid
violet, indigo carmine, solid blue or cloth blue, induline or
nigrosine, archil or acid fuchsine. For brown modes, solution of
Bismarck brown may be added at the beginning, in which case the other
dyestuffs serve only for giving the peculiar tone.
For a yellowish green mode take orange O, azo yellow, and solid blue
(fast blue); for darker shades add a little violet 6 B., or a few drops
sulphate of indigo. If alizarine dyestuffs are to be employed, use
tartaric acid as mordant, but for neutral dyestuffs add also a little
alum to the dyebath.
For gray modes use the same dyestuffs as above, excepting the orange,
instead of which a blue-red dyestuff is to be employed, such as azo
rubine, bordeaux, fuchsine, etc., with the addition of a little acid
green. The bath must be acidulated with a little sulphuric acid, or
better with tartaric acid, or tartaric acid and alum, and after dyeing
the feathers must be rinsed, starched and dried as usual.
For particularly fast modes add only tartaric acid to the dyebath and
no alum, and a few drops of solution of thio-scarlet, thio-rubine,
and thio-brown; for grays add a little azo yellow and sadden with
solid blue. Alum does not agree with the thio dyestuffs which are
manufactured by Dahl & Co., Barmin, and are fast against soap and
light. Feathers dyed with these dyestuffs which have become soiled, can
be washed, therefore, with neutral soap without injury to the color,
but must naturally be dressed anew.
RESEDA.
Scour the white, respectively bleached feathers and rinse well. Prepare
a bath with five per cent., of the weight of feathers, bisulphate of
soda, to which add gradually and carefully the filtered solution of
acid violet, fast yellow and fuchsine S., making the additions from
the beginning in small quantities only, until the desired tone and
shade are obtained; then enter and work the feathers to sample at 173°
F.
It is for this dye particularly important that the bisulphate of soda
used be crystallized, that is, pure bisulphate free from surplus
sulphuric acid, while the commercial article is often nothing but a
mixture of Glauber salt (sulphate of soda) into sulphuric acid, answer
for this dye.
A good reseda is also easily obtained by adding to the acidulated bath
small quantities of decoction of logwood and turmeric, so as to give a
feeble bath. Enter the scoured and bleached feathers, after rinsing, at
170° F., work them for about fifteen minutes, until level, and sadden
with a little solution of blue stone. Rinse, starch and dry as usual.
ORDINARY GREEN.
For two and one-half pounds of feathers boil two and one-half pounds of
fustic for one-half hour with three quarts of water, pour the decoction
off and boil the chips again for one-half hour with three quarts of
water, mix the two decoctions and strain. Add three ounces alum and
one and one-half ounces tartar, enter the feathers well scoured and
rinsed, and dye to shade at 170° F. Or, prepare the dyestuffs of
decoction of fustic or turmeric, and indigo carmine, according to
shade, enter at 170° F., work for one-half hour while slowly raising
the temperature to near the boiling point, and dye to sample; lift,
rinse, squeeze and starch as usual.
LIGHT GREEN.
I. Scour, respectively bleach, and rinse the feathers. Prepare a hot
bath with the solution of forty per cent., of the weight of feathers,
tannin, and treat the feathers in it for 1 hour at 170°F. Prepare a
bath with a filtered solution of methyl green, according to shade,
tone, if a yellowish green is wanted, with the clear solution of picric
acid, and dye to sample at 150° F. Lift, squeeze and starch without
rinsing.
II. A better color is obtained upon a lightly acidulated bath (with
sulphuric acid) with acid green, malachite green, fast green, etc.,
that is, with the filtered solutions of these dyestuff's, added to the
bath in quantities of from ten to twenty per cent. to suit the shade.
Enter at 170° F.; dye for twenty or thirty minutes, lift, rinse,
squeeze and dry with starch. If a yellowish tone is wanted, add the
clear solution of picric acid, or of acid yellow.
MOSS GREEN.
Scour and rinse the feathers well; for dark shades unbleached grays
may be used. Prepare a feebly acidulated bath with sulphuric acid, at
a temperature near the boiling point; add turmeric freely and Guinea
green G less. Enter the feathers and manipulate at the same temperature
for fifteen or twenty minutes, according to the desired tone, re-enter
and dye to shade.
By varying the proportions of the three dyestuffs, a great variety of
green-brownish modes can be produced, which approach medium and dark
bronzes the more the fast brown predominates in the composition of the
color.
BOG GREEN.
This color is preferably dyed upon unbleached gray feathers. Scour and
rinse them, prepare a decoction of green walnut husks or of sumac; lay
the feathers down in it for two hours, working them from time to time;
then add some decoction of logwood and dye to shade at 170° F., or
indigo carmine and dye to shade while slowly raising the temperature to
near the boiling point. Rinse, squeeze, starch and dry.
GRASS GREEN.
Scour, respectively bleach, and rinse the feathers. Prepare a boiling
bath with turmeric and indigo carmine; chill, enter the feathers at
170° F., dye for one-half hour, raise the temperature slowly to near
the boiling point and dye to shade, take up, rinse and pass through a
handwarm bath of tartar; lift, squeeze, starch and dry.
RUSSIA GREEN.
I. Scour the feathers as usual and rinse well. Prepare a bath slightly
acidulated with sulphuric acid, add two per cent., of the weight of
feathers, acid green and one per cent. aniline navy blue dissolved
in warm water and filtered acid, according to sample, some filtered
decoction of turmeric or solution of fast yellow. Dye at 170° F. to
shade, lift rinse and dry with starch.
II. Have the feathers well cleaned and rinsed. Prepare a bath twenty
per cent., of the weight of feathers, new green, eight per cent.
canarine, sixteen per cent. aniline blue black, sixty per cent. alum,
and one-quarter litre sulphuric acid (for two and a half pounds of
feathers). Bring the bath to a brisk boil, then chill with cold water,
enter the feathers and work them for one hour; finally sadden and
tone by adding some decoction of fustic and of logwood. Lift, rinse,
squeeze, starch and dry.
III. Prepare a sharp hot bath with a little sulphuric acid; add Guinea
green, according to shade, and tone by the addition of indigo carmine
and turmeric; for very deep shades add also some nigrosine or fast
blue-black, dissolved and filtered. Enter as hot as the feathers can be
handled, work for one half hour; then raise the temperature slowly to
near the boiling point and dye to shade.
The bath for deeper shades being not exhausted can be preserved for
further use, refreshed by suitable additions of dyestuffs as required,
but caution must be used as regards the subsequent additions of
sulphuric acid, that not so much be added as to injure the feathers.
For Russia green, especially the darker shades of it, naturally gray
and even black feathers can be used unbleached.
ROSE.
I. For this delicate color, as well as for the lightest shades of
blue and pure yellow, absolutely white feathers must be used; scour
them carefully and rinse them perfectly clean from soap or soda, and
have the dyestuffs well dissolved and the solutions filtered. Prepare
a handwarm bath with a little tartaric acid or acetic acid, to which
some solution of eosine, rhodamine, azoeosine, safranine, coccine or
ponceau 6 R. B. or ponceau R. R. Be particularly cautious in adding the
dyestuff solutions gradually in small quantities, even by drops, to
avoid over-dyeing, as by partly stripping of a too dark shade, a fine
color can never be obtained, and the nature of the material demands
that all unnecessary handling be avoided. After dyeing, rinse lightly,
pass through starch and dry. The dyes with the ponceaus are faster than
those with eosine or safranine.
II. Prepare a bath at hand heat with carthamine (extract of safflower),
well dissolved and filtered, which add very gradually in small
quantities, taking up the feathers each time before making a fresh
addition, until the desired shade is nearly obtained, then add a little
tartaric acid to the bath, re-enter the feathers and dye to shade; or
dye first to shade upon the safflower bath, and then pass through a
fresh, handwarm feeble bath of tartaric acid, which in this case can
be used again for other colors, either as a fixing bath or in the
composition of the dye bath.
RED.
Scour and rinse the feathers well; grays must be bleached as near to
white as possible, and these ought only to be dyed dark shades of
red. Prepare a bath with twenty per cent., of the weight of feathers,
bisulphate of soda, and see, as in all cases, that it is well
crystallized and dry. (Never use the article when it looks decayed,
forms lumps or is moist). Add four to six per cent. azo red, according
to the shade wanted, raise the temperature to 170° F., enter the
feathers and work to shade; take out, starch and dry.
FAST ALIZARINE RED.
I. Scour and rinse the white, respectively bleached gray, feathers and
prepare a bath of boiling water with eight per cent., of the weight of
feathers, alum, four per cent. tartaric acid, two or three per cent.
oxalic acid, and three per cent. alizarine red; let the bath boil
for fifteen minutes, then let the temperature go down just below the
boiling point. Lay down the feathers in the bath, which keep at near
the boiling point for at least one hour before allowing it to go down
to hand-heat; then continue for two or three hours longer, agitating
the feathers from time to time; lift, rinse, starch and dry.
By using alizarine acid 2 A. bl. bl., a pure red, similar to Turkey
red is obtained. Alizarine 1 W. S. gives scarlets. If the feathers are
passed, before rinsing, through a strong soap bath, pretty blue tones
are produced.
II. For a fuller red, striking towards bordeau, prepare a well
concentrated boiling bath in the same manner with three per cent.
bichromate of potash, one and one-half to two per cent. tartaric acid,
one per cent. oxalic acid, and eight per cent. alizarine red 2 A.
bl. bl. When all is dissolved, let the temperature go down below the
boiling point, enter the feathers, and proceed as above.
SCARLET.
I. For this color naturally white feathers are preferably used, but
well bleached grays may also be employed; scour and rinse well. Then
fill your pan with boiling water, add a few handfuls of bran, let it
well boil up, remove the bran from the bath and rub the feathers in
the bath as in washing; then pass them three times through clean, cold
water. While the feathers are draining, prepare another fresh bath of
lukewarm water, to which add a little chloride of tin and, for one
pound of feathers, about two pinches of starch and ninety grammes
cochineal; then bring the bath to boil and let it gently boil for
eight or ten minutes, shut off the steam or remove the pan from the
fire, let it stand for a few minutes. Then lay the feathers down in
the bath, taking care that they are well kept down in the liquid, work
for twenty minutes diligently, then let them lodge in the bath for six
to eight hours. As the combination of cochineal and the chloride is
readily oxydized and changed to violet by the oxygen of the air, it is
advisable to dye in a tinned pan with cover to shut out the air.
Then pass through three lukewarm waters, the last of which contains a
little chloride of tin and about a pinch of cream of tartar.
II. Prepare a hot bath with twenty per cent. (of the weight of
feathers) bisulphate of soda, well crystallized and dry, and four to
six per cent. azo red, according to shade. Enter the feathers at 170°
F., dye to sample in fifteen or twenty minutes, lift, starch and dry.
According to the brand of azo red which is used, either scarlet or
ponceau is obtained. By mixing the various brands of azo red, a very
fine ponceau is produced. If a very blue tone is desired, add to the
bath some solution of coccinine (azo red blue touch).
PONCEAU.
I. Scour and rinse the white, respectively bleached feathers well.
Prepare a nearly boiling bath, acidulated with sulphuric acid, to which
simply add ponceau R. R. extra. Enter the feathers, operate at boiling
heat one-half hour, then lay down the feathers and let them lodge until
level; lift, rinse, starch and dry.
II. Prepare a sharp handwarm bath with one per cent. tartaric acid
(of the weight of feathers), or with one per cent. Glauber salt
and one-fourth per cent. sulphuric acid, to which add the filtered
solutions of ponceau R. B., ponceau 6 R. B., and eosine S. extra B.
Enter the feathers and agitate for twenty to thirty minutes, or until
the desired shade is obtained; lift, rinse, starch and dry.
III. Lay down the feathers for four hours in a cold bath in which some
chloride of tin has been dissolved; then dye for one-half hour in a
hand warm bath of cochineal, lift and dry.
IV. Prepare a bath with one and one-half per cent., of the weight of
feathers, saccharic acid, one-quarter per cent. tin salt, and six to
seven per cent. cochineal, bring the bath to boil for one minute; then
chill. Enter the scoured and rinsed feathers at hand heat, dye for
three-quarters of an hour, take up and expose them for two hours to the
air, rinse, starch and dry.
BORDEAUX.
Scour and rinse the feathers well. Prepare a boiling hot bath slightly
acidulated with sulphuric acid, to which add a liberal quantity of
ponceau 6 R. B., a few drops solution of aniline blue, and some yellow
dyestuff, such as turmeric, fast yellow, or quinoline yellow, and bring
the bath to boil for a few minutes. Then chill to sharp hand-heat,
enter the feathers and work until level, and sample; if still too
light, add some more of all these dyestuffs. As the bath shows from
the beginning the color it will produce, it can be corrected before
entering the feathers.
GARNET (RED).
I. Scour and rinse the feathers well clean, grays ought to be bleached.
Prepare the dyebath as for ponceau (I.), or use an old ponceau bath,
and add to it some aniline cerise (cherry red) and very little extract
of indigo, or solution of fast blue-black. Enter feathers as hot as
possible to handle, work for fifteen to twenty minutes while raising
the temperature to boiling heat; then stop heating, lay down the
feathers, and let them lodge until level; lift, rinse and dry.
II. Prepare a boiling hot, not boiling, bath of anotto, according
to shade, enter the feathers, work them well through, then lay them
down in the bath for twelve hours. Take them up, rinse, pass through
a moderately strong alum bath, rinse again, and dye at 170°F., with
either decoction of red wood (brazil, camwood, etc.,) or fuchsine; lift
and dry.
GARNET (BROWN).
For very deep shades naturally gray feathers may be used unbleached
with proper consideration of the tone of the bottom color. Have the
feathers well cleaned and rinsed, and add to a bath of two gallons of
water, one and one-quarter pounds cudbear and five ounces turmeric.
Bring the bath to boil, boil for five or ten minutes, let cool down to
100° F., enter the feathers and dye to shade. Lift, starch and dry.
Or, utilize a used ruby bath (following) and add to it five ounces
turmeric.
RUBY.
For a good color the feathers must be white, naturally or bleached;
scour and rinse them well. Add to two gallons of water one and one-half
pounds good cudbear, stir well, enter the feathers and work them, while
slowly heating, as long as the hands can stand it. Then lay them down
until colored to shade, lift, rinse well, starch and dry.
SALMON.
I. Salmon or "flesh" may be dyed upon bleached naturally gray feathers,
in which case the creamy tint of the feathers must be taken into
consideration and can be utilized for certain broken tones of the
color. Have the feathers well washed in soap or soda, and rinsed
perfectly clean. For dyeing prepare a bath as for rose, preferably
with ponceau B. R., or utilize an old bath for rose, according to
its strength and the shade to be produced, and add in either case a
suitable, small quantity of filtered decoction of turmeric. Proceed as
stated for dyeing rose, with the difference only, that the acid may be
added to the dyebath at once, if the bath is made fresh. Particularly
fine shades are obtained with rhodamine and turmeric, in a bath
slightly acidulated with acetic acid, upon bleached grays.
II. Prepare a bath as for rose, with some solution of eosine, a little
quinoline yellow, according to tone, and a little acetic acid, just
enough to give the bath a slightly sour taste. Enter the well cleaned,
or bleached feathers after rinsing, at hand heat and agitate them until
the bath is well exhausted, or a level color, according to sample,
obtained, rinse lightly, starch and dry.
AMARANTH.
After scouring and rinsing, prepare a bath with one and one-half ounces
alum per gallon of water, at 75-80° F., and lay the feathers down in it
over night. On the next morning rinse them in cold water; then dye them
at hand-heat to nearly boiling heat in a strained decoction of Brazil
wood (or camwood, hypernic, etc.) until the required shade is obtained,
and rinse in warm water to which some tartar has been added; starch
and dry.
BRONZE.
For this color naturally gray feathers may be used if a deep shade is
to be dyed; for light shades they ought to be bleached. Scour and rinse
the feathers well; then prepare a bath with five per cent., of the
weight of feathers, bisulphate of soda, to which add azo orange, acid
violet and extract of archil. Dissolve the dyestuffs, each separately
in water, filter, add the clear solutions gradually in small quantities
until the shade is nearly reached, then, in order to correct, by
drops, until the exact depth and tone are obtained. Enter the feathers
and dye to shade at 170° F. Instead of acid violet indigo carmine
may be used; in this case, however, as the dyestuff runs up slowly
and difficultly, work at 170° F., for twenty to thirty minutes, then
raise the temperature slowly to near the boiling point and continue at
that temperature, without actual boiling, until the required color is
obtained. Then rinse, squeeze, starch and dry.
Bronze is also produced like drab, that is, with azo orange, acid
violet and fuchsine S., but with greater quantities of dyestuff.
Bronze is also obtained with the recipe for any dark brown, by making
the yellow in it predominant; particularly good bronzes are in this
manner obtained from dark chestnut brown.
OLIVE.
I. Clean the feathers by laying them down for six hours, or over night,
in a weak warm solution of soda crystals (1° B.) to which add so much
ammonia as to give it a faint odor; take up when completely ungreased
and rinse well in lukewarm and cold waters. Prepare the dyebath with
five per cent., of the weight of feathers, bisulphate of soda, to which
add filtered solutions of indigo carmine, archil and fast yellow as
required for the sample. As the indigo carmine is slow to dye up and
requires boiling heat or a temperature near it, dye first the feathers
blue with indigo carmine, then let the bath cool down to 170° F.,
and add the solutions of archil and fast yellow in small successive
quantities, so as to be able to give the accurate tone.
Instead of extract of archil, fast red or bordeaux may be employed.
To avoid any possible injury to the feathers by the high temperature
necessary for indigo carmine to run up, in its stead a solution of
alkaline blue or of acid Victoria blue. Take up and dry the feathers
without rinsing.
II. Scour well and rinse the feathers, and prepare a bath with three
per cent. alum (of the weight of feathers), to which add azo orange
and some indigo carmine; enter at 170° F., dye for fifteen or twenty
minutes, then raise the temperature slowly to near the boiling point
and dye to shade. Lift and dry.
By beginning with small quantities of the dyestuffs and successively
increasing them and varying their proportions, a series of fine shades
from light old gold to the deepest olive, near black can be produced.
III. Prepare a boiling bath, in which dissolve one per cent., of the
weight of feathers, alum, one per cent. Glauber salt, and add a little
sulphuric acid; let cool down to 170° F., add some fast yellow, a
little solution of archil and of sulphate of indigo, work for fifteen
minutes while raising the temperature to the boiling point, and sadden
with blue black, lift, rinse and dry with starch.
IV. Prepare a sharp handwarm bath with a little sulphuric acid, to
which add the clear solution of a little quinoline yellow or turmeric,
and acid green; enter the feathers and work for fifteen minutes, or
until they have taken a sufficiently nourished yellow-green color;
then take them up, add to the bath some solution of fast brown, as
required by the sample and dye at 170° F. to shade; rinse, squeeze,
starch and dry. The brown dyestuff must be added very carefully in
small doses, best by drops, in order to obtain with certainty any of
the great varieties of shades, from olive green to olive brown, as
required.
VIOLET.
Naturally gray feathers may be used unbleached, but only for very
deep shades as the bottom color acts dulling upon the dye, and
brilliant colors can only be obtained upon a pure white bottom. Scour,
respectively bleach well, and rinse clean. Prepare a hot bath to which
add some filtered solution of methyl violet, according to tone, that
is, more or less blue, enter the feathers and work until cool, then add
gradually more dyestuff solution according to shade while raising the
temperature to near the boiling point and continue at this temperature
until the desired shade is nearly obtained. If too blue, tone with a
little solution of fuchsine S. Towards the end of the operation take
up the feathers, add some alum to the bath, and when it is dissolved,
shut off the steam, re-enter the feathers and work to shade for about
ten minutes. Then lift, rinse and dry.
HELIOTROPE AND LILAC.
I. These colors being simply medium and light shades of violet, proceed
as for the latter color, selecting for heliotrope the bluish brands
of methyl violet, and for lilac the red touch mark. The dyebath is
acidified with a little tartaric acid, so as to give it a feeble
sourish taste and dyeing done at hand-heat until a level color is
obtained with very little solution of the dyestuff, and more of it
gradually added, while the temperature is raised to nearly boiling, as
required for the shade to be produced. Or,
II. Prepare the dyebath simply of cold water acidulated with a little
sulphuric acid, add a few drops of the filtered solution of methyl
violet (4 B. for heliotrope), and dye to shade without heating. In both
cases rinse after dyeing, pass through a bath of raw starch and dye as
usual.
CREAM.
I. The lightest shade of this delicate color can be produced upon
naturally gray ostrich feathers by simply bleaching them; this color,
however, is extremely sensitive, probably because the action of peroxyd
of hydrogen continues under the influence of the oxygen of the air.
Bleached grays require, therefore, dying as well as naturally white
feathers. The feathers being well scoured and rinsed, prepare in a
white basin (preferable to the copper pans, because the coloring of the
dyebath is easier and more correctly discerned over the white bottom) a
bath of pretty hot water, to which add a pinch of tartaric acid, and a
little decoction of turmeric or solution of fast aniline yellow or of
azo yellow, but only enough to give the water a light tint; work the
feathers in it for four to six minutes. Then sample and correct, if
necessary, by adding more dyestuff solution. The shade being obtained,
pass through cold water, starch and dry us usual.
II. Prepare in a white basin a handwarm bath with three or four drops
of sulphuric acid and a few drops of the filtered solutions of picric
acid, fast aniline yellow, quinoline yellow, or mandaric yellow extra,
but preferably turmeric which dyes up more evenly than the other
dyestuffs. Enter the feathers and agitate them for fifteen or twenty
minutes; then lay them down in the bath for one-half hour longer to
insure a level dye; lift, draw through lukewarm water, starch and dry.
WHITE AND BLACK.
Science teaches that white is the source of light or the product of
combination of all other colors, because the light of the sun, which
is assumed to be white, when broken up by means of a prism, shows in
its image reflected upon a white plain, the three primary, and three
secondary colors with the uncounted number of intermediary products of
combinations of fractions of the primary colors forming the transition
from one to the other, which can be perceived by the eye but not
exactly separated from one another, but may quantitatively determined
to an approximate degree of accuracy. Black, on the other hand, is
described as the absence of all light, and it is denied, therefore, by
theory a place among the colors.
Practice asserts the direct contrary of the theory developed by
science by way of conclusion. While philosophers assert that they
have succeeded in producing white light by the combination of lights
of the various colors, for which combination, however, they give no
formula, no dyer with the greatest patience and with the most subtile
proportioning of dyestuffs, giving pure reproductions of the primary
colors as seen in the spectrum or image of the broken sunbeam, can
ever be able to produce anything of a color approaching white. But
every dyer knows how to produce white by bleaching, that is, by the
destruction of all color. And this operation is comparatively simple
and easy to perform, since the great achievements of modern chemistry
have placed into the hand of the dyer the most energetic and effectious
color destroying agents. The ostrich feather dyer of to-day is able to
convert naturally gray and even black feathers into nearly pure white,
which undertaking his father would have called the boast of a deranged
mind and an absolute physical impossibility. And with the aid of a
complementary color dyed upon the bleached feathers the tint remaining
upon them is obliterated, or neutralized, which operation is generally
called "white dyeing," although certainly white cannot be "dyed" with
a blue or violet dyestuff as little as blue or violet can be produced
with a yellow dyestuff.
Black, on the other hand, although the name and rank of a color is
denied it by the doctrines of theory is, for the dyer, most essentially
a color requiring for its production the contribution of all colors,
as can be shown by a simple experiment. If, for instance, within a
circle, three equal circles, whose diameters are greater than half the
diameter of the surrounding circle, are printed, one blue, one red
and one yellow, so that the points of contact with the periphery of
the outer circle are equidistant from one another, or form a regular
triangle, their segments overlapping one another form four spherical
triangles, one violet where red and blue cover one another, one orange
where red and yellow come together, one green where yellow and blue
are mixed, but the fourth is the centre, where parts of the three
differently colored segments cover one another, is black, but toned by
the color of the greatest intensity. In fact, black requires for its
production more color, and is more difficult to dye than any color of
the spectrum. It is not strange, therefore, that many more methods have
been proposed and have been tried and adopted to dye black than for
the production of any other color. Yet all these blacks are more or
less tinted and are nothing more than the deepest shade, which can be
produced with the aid of metallic salts, of blue, brown, gray, violet,
green and even red. The only black upon ostrich feathers which may be
justly called an absolute black is that produced after the method of
Mr. Paul, as described in the front part of this book (page 53-56).
It presents, besides, the advantage, that it can be completely done in
eighteen minutes, while there are older methods which require not less
than three days. Such, of course, will find no room here, but only the
most reliable and expeditious, and safest of the older methods will be
selected with due regard both to beauty of color and preservation of
the precious material.
WHITE.
Naturally white ostrich feathers and bleached grays, like all material
taken from the animal realm, retains even after scouring and bleaching
a more or less noticeable yellowish tint, which becomes visible after
some time even upon such as appear snow-white immediately after
scouring. The cause is, probably, that the fat which is contained in
feathers, as well as in wool and hair, and a part of which remains
after the cleaning process, is oxydized by the action of the air.
To perfectly and completely extract this remaining small amount of
fat which does not hinder the subsequent dyeing operations, is not
advisable; for, it has been observed that in that case, the feathers
become brittle, and for this reason, scouring with soap is preferable
to scouring with soda. It has been observed that colored matter
taken from the animal body in the course of time loses its brilliancy
of color and becomes dull; white feathers turn yellowish, even if
perfectly protected against dust. To prevent this alteration, the
bleached feathers are "dyed white," or rather blued or tinted; that is,
the brilliancy of the white is heightened and the faint yellowish tinge
neutralized by the application of a very light, scarcely perceptible
tint of a complementary color.
For this purpose, for instance, indigo carmine (greenish white), indigo
carmine with a very small addition of ammoniacal cochineal (reddish
white), induline or extract of indigo (bluish white), or methyl violet
6 B. (direct white), are employed, and a few drops of acid added to
the bath, either sulphuric, acetic or oxalic acid. The acid, however,
can be dispensed with, as it scarcely has anything to act upon, and
as only a diminutive amount of it is employed, the blued feathers are
not rinsed but immediately dried from the blue-bath. The additions
of dyestuff to baths must be made so small that they do not affect a
coloring of the feathers but only a faint tinting. Rather too little
dyestuff may be added, which defect can at all times be corrected by
adding a few drops more of the coloring solution, than too much. In
the latter case it would become necessary to bleach the feathers again
and go over the whole process of preparing the raw material for dyeing.
BLACK.
I. CHROME BLACK.--Black being the most difficult color to produce, as
above remarked, the feathers require a specially careful preparatory
treatment in order to remove everything that might interfere with the
purity, uniformity and brilliancy of the color, or cause less dyed,
dull spots and streaks. Naturally gray feathers, however, need not to
be bleached or decolorized but only careful treatment and attention.
The feathers are for twenty-four hours laid down in a solution of
twice their weight of calcined soda, ammonia soda being preferable for
this purpose to Lablanc soda (old process soda), then taken up and
carefully rinsed clean from the alkaline in warm water, or better, in
two warm waters. In the case of particularly valuable feathers it is
recommendable, before laying them down in the soda solution, to rub
the stains of the feathers off with a piece of carbonate of ammonia or
with a large soda crystal. After rinsing, the feathers are entered for
one hour, at 170° F., in a bath containing forty per cent., of the
weight of feathers, chromate of potash, forty per cent. copperas, and
twenty per cent. tartar, and several times turned and agitated during
the specified period while the entering temperature is maintained. Then
the feathers are taken up, and the adhering liquid squeezed out by hand
or by rolling them through a clothes wringer with rubber roller. In
the meantime a logwood bath of medium concentration is prepared either
with a fresh decoction or with extract of logwood and twenty per cent.
Marsailles soap dissolved in it. The feathers are entered in this bath
at hand-heat, diligently agitated for twenty or thirty minutes and, if
necessary, while the temperature is raised to 200° F., laid down in the
bath until the correct shade and a level dye are obtained. The feathers
are then lifted, squeezed, very thoroughly rinsed in cold water, passed
through starch and dried with frequent shaking, respectively beating
upon the board or between the hands.
It occurs sometimes, that the stems of the feathers are imperfectly
died and present light brown or gray places. This is attributable to
insufficient scouring. In this case the defective portions of the stems
must be scraped with a sharp penknife and dyed over. This operation,
however, is difficult and requires much practice and a light hand, as
too much scraping removes the horny glossy surface of the stem and,
when dyed over, the only change effected is, that a dull black mark
takes the place of the discolored or brown spot. Often, however, the
defect can be remedied by touching the imperfect portions up with
a feeble alcoholic solution of shellac, in which some nigrosine is
dissolved. With properly scoured feathers this mishap does not occur.
Another trouble, however, which is not unfrequent with blacks, is that
the feathers are over-dyed and become brownish black instead of black.
But in this case the remedy is as simple as its occurrence is frequent;
a quick passage through sulphuric acid diluted with water to 2° B.
strips off the excessive dye and produces a good color. Besides, this
operation gives the feathers a brilliant lustre. Many dyers, therefore,
methodically avail themselves of this effect of sulphuric acid and
deliberately over dye their feathers (See IV below) and then apply the
sulphuric acid passage for the purpose of imparting the feathers that
peculiar lustre. A passage through a solution of sodium chloride, of 2°
B. strength, has the same effect as a passage in sulphuric acid 2° B.
For this purpose lay the feathers down in the warm sodium chloride
solution, until the black cotton strings with which the feathers have
been tied together, as in the beginning described, begin to turn gray.
Then take up the feathers, rinse them very thoroughly in cold water,
drain, starch and dry.
Sodium chloride can be prepared in a simple way as follows: rub
one-half pound fresh chloride of lime in a porcelain mortar with a
little water into a smooth milk, which pour into a bucket, dilute with
cold water, and add, under stirring, the solution of one pound Glauber
salt; let settle and use the clear liquid. Instead of Glauber salt
(sodium sulphate), soda crystals (sodium carbonate) may be used; the
latter, however, is a little higher in price and renders the solution
strongly alkaline.
II. IRON BLACK.--Lay down the feathers over night in a warm bath, in
which one hundred per cent., of the weight of feathers, soda crystals
have been dissolved. On the following day take them up, squeeze them
out and lay them down for two hours in a proportionally strong solution
of carbonate of ammonia, take them up and rinse well in warm water.
Lay down for six hours upon a bath of nitrate of iron 10° B.; take up,
rinse, and dye at 170° F. with the decoction of ten per cent. logwood
in which five per cent. Marseilles soap has been dissolved. If a dead
black is wanted, add some decoction of quercitron or turmeric to the
bath. The desired depth being obtained, lift, rinse, starch and
dry. In case the color is over-dyed, strip with sodium chloride (or
sulphuric acid) 2° B., as above described, drain, squeeze and dry.
III. LOGWOOD BLACK.--Scour and rinse the feathers well. Prepare a bath
with three per cent., of the weight of feathers, carbonate of lime, six
per cent. blue stone, and five per cent. tartar. Enter the feathers at
170° F., maintain this temperature for one hour; then let it go down,
but leave the feathers in the bath for six hours longer, agitating
them frequently during that time. Take them up, drain and squeeze, or
centrifugate, and enter a handwarm bath containing some decoction of
logwood, to which some decoction of fustic is added. Work for fifteen
or twenty minutes, then raise the temperature to nearly boiling heat.
Continue adding decoction of logwood, until a nourished black is
obtained. This dye being hard to correct by the ordinary means, the
additions of logwood decoction must be made with caution towards the
end of the operation, in order to prevent over-dyeing. If a brownish
touch is desired, add some more decoction of fustic when the black is
nearly done. Then lift, rinse, starch and dry as usual under continual
agitation, beating and shaking of the feathers. This chrome black is
superior to iron black, because it imparts, to the ostrich feathers,
more lustre.
IV. Whatever kind of feathers are to be dyed, white, grays or old
blacks, wash them perfectly clean in two or three warm soap baths
and remove the soap by rinsing in two or three warm and several cold
waters. Colored feathers which are to be redyed blacks must be stripped
of their color as much as possible by washing in hot soap to which
some ammonia is added, whereupon this must be rinsed in several waters
absolutely clear from soap and alkali; it is an erroneous notion to
neutralize the last trace of alkali which may remain, by a passage
through a feeble acid bath. The feathers thus prepared for dyeing, make
a bath of two parts nitrate of iron to one part hot water at 170° F.,
enter the feathers, work them through a few times, and then lay them
down in the bath for twelve hours (over night). Then lift and rinse
the feathers in several (three or four) cold waters Prepare a pretty
strong decoction of logwood and fustic, for which take two parts of the
former to one part of the latter; let the temperature go down to about
208-210° F., when enter the feathers and maintain that temperature
for fifteen or twenty minutes. Then shut off the steam or remove the
dye-vessel from the fire, as the case may be, and let the feathers
cool in the bath. When cold take them out, prepare a fresh bath of
logwood and fustic like the first, enter the feathers at 208-210° F.,
after fifteen or twenty minutes add about a teaspoonful of copperas
for one gallon of water, and leave the feathers in the bath for six
or eight hours longer; then lift and rinse in several cold waters.
The feathers are at this stage black with a strong brown touch which
is removed by a cleaning bath of Eau de Javelle (sodium chloride).
The latter is prepared by rubbing one-quarter pound chloride of lime
to a smooth milk with a little cold water (in a porcelain or a marble
mortar) and adding this milk to the solution of one-half pound Glauber
salt in three parts water. After good stirring the mixture is then
allowed to settle, when the clear solution is poured off and put up for
use in well stoppered bottles. Of this liquid so much is added to a
basin or pan full of warm water that it gives a slippery feel between
the fingers, similar to that of a solution of soda.
In this bath the feathers are agitated for six or eight minutes, or
until the liquid has assumed a yellowish color. Then the feathers
are taken out, rinse in two or three warm waters, passed through raw
starch, pressed out between several laps of a clean piece of muslin,
and dried either by rubbing them in pulverized and sifted potato
starch or by shaking them before an open fire or gas-flame.
The nitrate of iron bath can be preserved and used for the same purpose
for eight or ten days, but the first logwood bath becomes useless and
is let out. As above observed (I) sulphuric acid can also be employed
for correcting the over-dyed feathers and reducing that brownish color
to a pure lustrous black, but a much shorter passage is given: the
feathers are entered by single strings, well opened, agitated in the
sulphuric acid bath for a few seconds, and immediately rinsed. Where
week work is done, it is advisable to have two men employed at this
operation, one of whom passes the feathers in the acid bath and hands
them over to the other man for rinsing.
CONTRASTS AND SHADINGS, OR OMBREES.
Fashion and fancy sometimes requires the dyer of ostrich feathers
to dye upon one feather two, or even three contrasting colors, or
different shades of the same color, that is, the tips of the feathers
in another color or shade than that of the lower part of the feather.
Generally in these combinations the tip is dyed the lighter color or
shade, and the lower part considerably deeper or in a heavier color.
Very popular combinations are: the tip light blue and the bottom
brown, the tip rose and the lower part bordeaux, the tip light orange
or dark yellow and the lower part garnet brown, tip rose with olive
bottom part, or even three colors, such as the tip rose, the part
below it medium olive green, and the lowest part deep violet. That
such combinations are very handsome cannot be asserted; but fashion
dictates, and fancy sometimes prefers oddity to beauty. More rational
are at any rate the ombrées, or combinations of two or three shades of
the same color upon one feather. The operation is the same for both
styles; but contrasts are generally dyed only upon single feathers,
while ombrées, being in greater demand, are dyed by strings or even in
greater lots. The feathers being scoured and rinsed as usual, are first
dyed wholly in the lightest color or shade to be produced, according
to recipe, say light blue for the tip, and dried. Then wrap the top,
as far as it is to be light blue, in paper (some dyers use for this
purpose oiled or waxed paper) and tie the paper firmly, but not so hard
as to injure the feather, with a string, not so loosely as to allow
the paper envelope to slip out of place during the manipulation. Then,
holding the feathers by the top, dip them into the boiling hot bath
for the other color, or shade, to be dyed, but only so deep that the
paper just touches the surface of the dye-liquid. This method is the
safest for learners or new beginners. For more experienced workers it
is unnecessary to use the paper wrapping; they simply first dye the
light bottom shade, dry or not, according to the characters of the two
colors (for shadings, half-dry feathers, that is, drained and squeezed
out, are rather preferable), and loosely hold them in the bath for the
second color, or deeper shade. They have it thereby in their power to
effect a more gradual transition from one color or shade to the other.
As the color becomes deeper, the longer the feather is immersed in the
bath, it is plain that the dyer can easily produce upon one feather a
complete graduated scale of shades. Each time, after a shade has been
dyed to the required depth, the feathers are rinsed in cold water and
some more dyestuff solution added to the bath. These additions require
good judgment, because too much dyestuff added would cause an abrupt,
dull contrast instead of a desirable gradual shaking off, or transition
from one shade to the other. There ought only a little more dyestuff
be added each time, than has been absorbed from the bath by dyeing the
preceding shade. If paper wrappings are used, they must naturally be
untied for rinsing and replaced by longer pieces before entering the
bath for the following darker shade. After rinsing the feathers must
always be well squeezed out. If two colors are to be dyed, for instance
light blue tip with brown lower part, dye first the whole feather light
blue, rinse, dry, tie up the tip in paper, and dye the lower half brown.
It needs not to be mentioned that for dyeing two or three contrasting
colors upon one feather only such dyes must be chosen as can serve
for bottoming and topping one another without materially altering the
character of the topping color.
EDGINGS OR BORDERS.
For this style of feather dyeing, use feathers of good quality, with
wide and well developed vanes. They are dyed in two colors and shades
only, presenting one color, mostly of a light shade, or a white "black"
on both sides along the stems, while the outer edges for the vanes, or
ends of the fibres, are dyed in a different color or darker shade. They
make a particularly handsome effect when curled over the stem, setting
off the edges in a fine contrast against the black showing through the
curls.
To produce edgings an oval pan, as described in the beginning, or other
dye-vessel of greater length than the feathers, and three or four
inches deep must be used. The well scoured, respectively bleached,
and rinsed feathers are first dyed the color for the middle part, as
usual on strings. After rinsing and drying they are taken off from the
strings and "edged" singly. For this purpose prepare the dye-bath for
the edging color, heat to the proper temperature, take the tip and
quill respectively between the fore-finger and the thumb of both hands,
dip the feathers edgewise, that is, with the ends of the fibres on
one side of the stem, or the edge of the vane only, into the dye-bath
as deep as the edging is to be wide, and move the feather in this
position horizontally forward and backward in the bath until the shade
is obtained. Then place the feather between several laps of clean dry
muslin, squeeze it out by passing the hand over it, and dye the other
edge in the same manner as the first. Finally rinse, starch and dry the
feather as usual.
In this connection a chemical reaction is worthy of mention,
which was discovered about two years ago by an accident, and may
be advantageously employed for the production of edgings upon
ostrich feathers, if further developed by experiments. In a large
feather-dyeing establishment, in Berlin, a sheet of paper which
had been wetted with ammonia, and had become dry, had been left on
a work-table, when one of the employees, who was handling a lot of
feathers freshly dyed with methyl violet, inadvertently put one of
the feathers, which was still moist, upon the impregnated paper.
After a while, when the feather was picked up, it was found that the
violet, all round the edge of the feather, had turned brilliant green,
producing a very pleasing effect. It is rational to suppose that with
mixed colors, in whose composition methyl violet largely enters,
similar effects can be produced by the action of ammonia; and probably
the same is the case with other aniline dyestuffs.
GILDING AND SILVERING.
Gilded and silvered ostrich feathers are but seldom in demand, and then
only for grand evening dresses or stage effects, and for short seasons,
which generally return far between. Their production is by no means a
dyeing process, but rather an operation of surface ornamentation, still
the dyer is sometimes requested to perform it. While goose feathers
and other feathers of small value are wholly gilded or silvered, the
gilding of ostrich feathers consists chiefly in a sprinkling with
metallic dots, or sometimes in an edging, or is only applied to the tip
of the feathers, which, from the nature of the operation, are treated
singly. Such ornamented feathers, white as well as dyed, being only
used for short periods, a permanent fixation of the gold or silver upon
them is not required, but rather undesirable, as they will soon be
redyed for other uses.
For gilding, respectively silvering, a sufficiently adhesive solution
of possibly colorless gum arabic is prepared and distributed by hand,
and by means of a fine hair-brush, in smaller or larger dots, as
required, over the upper side of the feather or along the edges, and
before the gum solution becomes dry, sprinkled over with finely divided
gold-leaf or silver-leaf. The feather is then turned over, given a
few light taps with the hand to remove the loose dust of metal, and
vigorously shaken, partly to prevent the fibres from sticking together,
partly to remove the remaining loosely adhering particles of metal.
The operation must be performed as rapidly as possible to prevent the
gum solution from drying before the metallic dust is shaken off. The
smaller the gum-dots are made, the quicker must the work be done, but
the less is the danger of the fibres being pasted together, and the
more elegant the appearance of the feather. The dots or spangles are
made of different shapes, in little circles or squares, and sometimes
arranged so as to form angular designs, according to taste and skill of
the operator.
Another very pretty, scarcely more permanent, but more frequently
applied ornamentation of ostrich feathers, is the following.
FROSTING.
For this purpose the feathers are first dyed in a light or medium shade
of any color, the effect of frosting feathers of a dark color being
rather unfavorable. The feathers are then, after drying, covered on
the upper side with a solution of clear gum arabic, as for gilding,
but more closely, or may even be entirely brushed over with the gum
solution, and are then, before the gum dries, sprinkled over with
finely ground white glass, or mica, the latter giving the appearance
of frosted silver. The glass powder or mica powder is then quickly
and vigorously shaken off, to open the fibres and flues as much as
possible, while drying. Finally, to complete the opening of the fibres,
the feathers are steamed at the under side, and shaken in the air until
open and dry.
Great care is required in curling gilded or frosted feathers, that
the metal or glass powder is not rubbed off in passing the fibres
of the vane over the curling-knife. This operation being extremely
difficult and dangerous, the use of a curling-iron, like that used
by hair-dressers, is preferable to that of the knife. The iron is
moderately heated, so as not to singe the feathers; then, beginning at
the lower end of the feather, a part of the fibres on one side of the
stem are taken by their ends between the shanks of the iron, the latter
closed and the fibres wound downwards around it, the iron being carried
on the under side of the feather towards the stem. Then first one side
of the vane is successively curled from the quill up to the tip, when
the same operation is repeated upon the other half of the feather. If,
in this manner, the feather should be curled too strongly, the fibres
are taken between the shanks of the warm curling-iron at the stem and
simply drawn through the iron.
Numerous ostrich feather dyers and dressers use the curling-iron
altogether, instead of the knife; the only difficulty for the beginner
is to get the proper heat, which, however, is soon learned.
Very pretty effects are also obtained by dyeing the feathers a light
shade of color, drying, gumming and sprinkling them with either
powdered black glass or jet.
RENOVATING FEATHERS.
White ostrich feathers which, by long exposure to the show-window, or
by lying in store for a protracted time, have lost their whiteness and
turned yellow, and dyed feathers which, from the same causes, have
become dirty, pale and discolored, can be restored to their former
beauty by washing, respectively redyeing, as follows:
I. A washing process, which is ordinarily only applied to white
feathers which have become yellow, is as follows: Prepare a bath of
two gallons of water at 145°F., to which add half a gallon of liquid
ammonia (spirits of sal ammoniac, ammonia water); enter the feathers,
work them once well through with the hands, and lay them down in the
bath over night. On the following day take them up, wash them once
through a soap-bath at 145°F., pass them again through the first
ammoniacal bath, and rinse well and let them drain. Then prepare a
bath of cold water, to which add so much of a clear solution of methyl
violet 6 B., that a white china plate held about a foot below the
surface of the water, appears with a faint bluish tint, or such a blue
tone as is desired; and add to the bath so much sulphurous acid, that
it gives the liquid a well defined odor. When the sulphurous acid mixes
with the tinted liquid, the violet color of the latter disappears and
changes to a greenish tint, which, however, turns again to blue upon
the feathers when they are afterwards exposed to the action of the
air. The feathers are then passed, singly, if possible, through the
blue-bath, well drained, centrifugated or whizzed, starched and dried
as usual.
Colored feathers which have lost their freshness, and are to be redyed,
are simply washed clean with soap and rinsed, or they are stripped
of their color, as much as possible, with soap and oxalic acid, or
bleached with peroxyd of hydrogen, as described in the beginning;
whereupon they are dyed and treated like bleached new feathers, always
taking into consideration, however, what of the old color may remain
upon the feathers, may be utilizable as a bottom for the new color, or
even as a component of it, for instance, in the case of many modes and
several browns.
II. Another method of renovating ostrich feathers presents the
advantages that it is executed without the application of heat, that
it is a simple cleaning process which attacks no color, and that it
leaves the curling of the feathers intact, which is unavoidably taken
out of them by washing with warm water and soap, or any other alkaline
detergent substance. It is, therefore, only applied to feathers which
have lost their purity of color by exposure, and whose curling is to be
preserved, or is worthy of preserving. It is, in part, the same process
which is known as "dry washing" among scourers and dyers of garments,
and can be applied to feathers of any color and shade, white and even
black, without exception.
For this operation fill a basin or small wooden hand-tub with benzene,
add a handful or two of potato flour (sifted potato starch), enter the
feathers and rub them well through with the starch until clean; then
squeeze then out by hand and press between muslin, finally whiz or
shake them in the air until dry.
This process is partly chemical, in so far as the benzene loosens the
dust and other impurities which have settled upon the feathers, partly
mechanical, as the numerous fine particles of the potato starch, which
do not dissolve in benzene as soap does in water, rub these impurities
off from the feather. By the combined action of the benzene and starch,
and the friction applied, the feathers are not only cleaned, but the
flues completely opened, so that the feather thus treated looks
perfectly like new.
A remarkable feature of this process is that the starch carries nearly
all the impurities down with itself to the bottom of the wash-basin,
and becomes soiled, while the benzene takes up every little of them,
and can, therefore, after settling, be poured off from the starch
sediment, and can be used several times before it needs to be purified
or eventually becomes unfit for use.
In using benzene, which is a highly combustible substance, the utmost
precaution must be observed that no open flame or fire be in the
work-room, neither open lamps nor a fire in the stove burning. Even
doors leading to adjoining rooms, where lights or fires are burning,
ought to be kept closed while working with benzene, because the benzene
vapors, which may be carried to the flame by a draft of air, would
inevitably ignite and cause an explosion and fire. Occurrences of this
kind have been not unfrequently observed.
Feathers which have been cleaned by this process, as well as new
feathers, may be dyed by the following process.
DYEING IN THE COLD WAY.
This process is a real dyeing process, as well as a renovating process,
both, however, to a limited extent, inasmuch as it can be applied
only to white feathers or to such as are dyed with light and medium
shades of certain colors which are to be freshened up; but it does not
answer for dark colors. It is, however, extremely simple and easy to
execute; besides, almost instantaneous, and therefore of great utility
where rapid work is required, because it leaves the feathers perfectly
in shape, like the benzene washing process, and does not affect the
curling of the feather, if there is such. Old feathers which were
already dyed cream, rose, salmon, light blue, light gray, light green,
sea green, golden yellow, heliotrope or beige, can be redyed in the
same colors, but must previously be washed with benzene; new white
feathers do not require such washing.
For this method of dyeing, aniline dyestuffs soluble in alcohol are
used, viz.: for
Cream, Curcumine or Aniline Orange,
Rose, Eosine or Ponceau,
Salmon, Curcumine and Eosine,
Light Blue, Water Blue and Methylene Blue,
Gray, Nigrosine,
Sea-green, Malachite Green,
Golden Yellow, Orange and Fast Brown,
Heliotrope, Methyl violet 6 B.,
Beige, Methylene Blue, Curcumine and Fast Brown,
mixed according to tone and shade.
Operate as follows: Fill a white basin with a sufficient quantity
of alcohol to completely wet the feathers in it; add, according to
shade, a smaller or greater quantity of the clear alcoholic solution
of the required dyestuff, or mixture of dyestuffs, pass the feathers
singly, without previously wetting them, three or four times through
the alcohol bath; then press them out between clean muslin, put a few
handfuls of sifted potato starch upon a clean sheet of paper, and rub
the feathers with it until thoroughly dry; finally, shake out the
starch.
RECAPITULATION OF GENERAL RULES.
At all times have the feathers, which are to be dyed, scoured well,
that is, washed clean from all externally adhering impurities, fat,
etc.; naturally colored feathers bleached for all light and medium
shades to be dyed upon them, and rinsed perfectly clean from the
scouring or bleaching bath, first in two or three warm waters and then
in cold water.
On taking the feathers from any bath, always squeeze the liquid out
first by drawing the feathers through the hand closed upon them, then
by placing them straight between several laps of clean dry muslin and
repeatedly passing the hand with quite a smart pressure over it. Never
transfer the feathers, in any case, from one bath to another in a wet,
but in a moist condition, or nearly dry.
Never allow the feathers to become dry in the course of operations. If
it is necessary to interrupt work, or to put feathers to one side for
further treatment, dry them properly by first passing them through a
bath of raw starch, in order to have the flues at all times as well
opened as possible.
In no case let the temperature of a bath, in which feathers are
treated, rise to actual boiling, although for some dyestuffs a
temperature near the boiling point is required to make them dye up, to
become level or to fix them.
In every instance, where an acid or acid salt is employed, either in a
separate mordanting or fixing bath, or as a component of the dyebath,
rinse well before drying.
When sulphuric acid is used in the composition of a bath, add only so
much of it as to give the water a very slight, scarcely perceptible
acid taste.
Although some artificial dyestuffs dye up without an addition of acid
to the dye bath (basic dyestuffs), the addition of sulphuric acid, in
a very small quantity, to the dye-bath is advantageous, rendering the
colors brighter and also faster.
When bisulphate of soda is employed, it is not necessary to also add
sulphuric acid to the dye-bath; if it is added, however, it must only
be in a very small quantity; careful rinsing in several warm and cold
waters after dyeing is required.
When alum alone is used without any other addition as mordant,
sulphuric acid may be added, but only in the proportion of one tenth
or, at the most, up to one fifth of the weight of alum, and careful
rinsing in several warm and cold waters is the more indispensably
required the more acid has been employed.
All solutions of dyestuffs, as well as of chemicals, ought to be
carefully filtered, and decoctions of woods, etc., strained before
adding them to the bath; never add dyestuffs, drugs or chemicals
in substance to any bath, in order to prevent solid particles from
settling upon the feathers.
Never add all the dyestuff probably required or prescribed by a recipe
to the dye-bath at one time, but in several small quantities, each time
after taking up the feathers, stir the bath after making the addition,
re-enter the feathers and watch the progress of the dyeing carefully;
when approaching the desired shade, add the dyestuff very cautiously,
by drops if necessary, particularly with mixed colors, such as modes.
Sample in proper time, and take not a whole feather for it, but pull
off two or three fibres from the lower part of a feather, dry them
quickly by squeezing between dry muslin, match, correct the bath and
finish dyeing.
While drying keep the feathers as much as possible in constant motion,
shake and beat them.
Do not interrupt operations, if it can be avoided, but do the work
rapidly and continuously, without pausing.
Keep every utensil scrupulously clean.
THE END.
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Preface i
Growth of the Ostrich Feather Trade, etc. 1
The Bird, Its Plumage and Habits 3
Sketch of Dyestuffs, etc. 5
Logwood 5
Turmeric 7
Bichromate of Potash 7
Archil 8
Safranine 10
Oxalic Acid 11
Indigo Blue 11
Sulphuric Acid 12
Copperas 13
Bismarck Brown 14
Concentrated Cotton Blue 14
Roceline 15
Recipes for Dyeing 16
Hints about the Dye-house 85
Miscellaneous Information 88
Washing Raw Stock 91
Shading 94
Paring, Steaming and Curling 95
Note of the Publisher 99
INDEX TO RECIPES.
B. PAGE.
BEIGE 62
BLACK 53
BLEACHING LIGHT COLORS WHITE 18
BLEACHING NATURAL GRAYS OR BLACKS WHITE 82
BLUE, ARMY 59
BLUE, ELECTRIC 65
BLUE, GENDARME 57
BLUE, LIGHT 21
BLUE, MEDIUM 67
BLUE, NAVY 31
BRONZE 74
BROWN, BISMARCK 28
BROWN, MEDIUM 66
BROWN, OLIVE 81
BROWN, SEAL 29
C.
CARDINAL 33
CHOCOLATE 75
COFFEE 79
CORN 64
CREAM 25
D.
DRAB, FELT 46
DRAB, PLAIN 78
E.
ECRU 23
G.
GARNET 40
GRAY, SILVER 26
GREEN, BOTTLE 43
GREEN, MEDIUM 61
GREEN, PEA 80
L.
LAVENDER 38
LEMON 52
LILAC 56
M.
MAGENTA 69
MAROON 51
MOSS 76
O.
OLD-GOLD 39
OLIVE 36
ORANGE 48
P.
PINK, LIGHT 20
PLUM 35
PURPLE 60
S.
SALMON 71
SCARLET 50
SEA-FOAM 70
SLATE 47
STEEL 45
STONE 73
STRAWBERRY, CRUSHED 34
T.
TERRA COTTA 42
TRILEUL 58
W.
WHITE 16
INDEX TO SAMPLES.
B. PAGE.
BEIGE 34a
BLACK 70a
BLUE, ARMY 46a
BLUE, ELECTRIC 70a
BLUE, GENDARME 40a
BLUE, LIGHT 26a
BLUE, MEDIUM 24a
BLUE, NAVY 64a
BRONZE 64a
BROWN, BISMARCK 76a
BROWN, MEDIUM 82a
BROWN, OLIVE 52a
BROWN, SEAL 76a
C.
CARDINAL 82a
CHOCOLATE 34a
COFFEE 52a
CORN 34a
CREAM 26a
D.
DRAB, FELT 40a
DRAB, PLAIN 58a
E.
ECRU 30a
G.
GARNET 40a
GRAY, SILVER 30a
GREEN, BOTTLE 52a
GREEN, MEDIUM 82a
GREEN, PEA 64a
L.
LAVENDER 26a
LEMON 20a
LILAC 20a
M.
MAGENTA 64a
MAROON 46a
MOSS 70a
O.
OLD-GOLD 82a
OLIVE 58a
ORANGE 76a
P.
PINK, LIGHT 20a
PLUM 58a
PURPLE 46a
S.
SALMON 26a
SCARLET 70a
SEA-FOAM 30a
SLATE 40a
STEEL 46a
STONE 52a
STRAWBERRY, CRUSHED 76a
T.
TERRA COTTA 58a
TRILEUL 30a
W.
WHITE 20a
CONTENTS OF APPENDIX.
PAGE.
General Remarks 103
Utensils 107
Preparation of Feathers 107
Cleaning, Bleaching, etc. 109
Drying or Starching 111
Bleaching or Decolorizing Natural Grays 112
Peroxyd of Hydrogen 114
Light Blue 115
Navy Blue 117
Gendarme Blue 119
Plum or Prune 119
Light Yellow 121
Medium Yellow 121
Dark Yellow 122
Golden Yellow 123
Old-Gold 124
Gray 125
Pearl Gray 126
Silver Gray 126
Brown 127
Light Brown 129
Rust Brown 130
Red Brown 130
Coffee Brown 131
Puce 132
Fawn 133
Chestnut Brown 133
Havanna 134
Mushroom 135
Light Drab 136
Beige 137
Modes 138
Reseda 140
Ordinary Green 141
Light Green 142
Moss Green 143
Bog Green 143
Grass Green 144
Rose 146
Red 147
Fast Alizarine Red 147
Scarlet 148
Ponceau 150
Bordeaux 151
Red Garnet 152
Brown Garnet 152
Ruby 153
Salmon 153
Amaranth 154
Bronze 155
Olive 156
Violet 158
Heliotrope and Lilac 159
Cream 160
White and Black 161
White 164
Black 166
Contrasts, Shadings, etc. 173
Edging or Borders 176
Gilding and Silvering 178
Frosting 180
Renovating Feathers 182
Dyeing in the Cold Way 186
Recapitulation of General Rules 187
SPECIALTIES
FOR FEATHER AND SILK DYERS
PH. H. KARCHER & CO., 55 CEDAR ST., NEW YORK,
Sole Agent for GILLIARD, P. MONNET and CARTIER'S FRENCH ANILINE DYES
IMPORTERS OF DYESTUFFS, EXTRACTS, CHEMICALS, &c.
* * * * *
ESTABLISHED 1861
HENRY A. GOULD & CO.
IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF Indigo, Cutch, Dyewoods.
GENERAL AGENTS
Celebrated "Berlin Brand" Non-Poisonous Aniline Colors, including
Substantive Dyes, and many varieties Soloble in Oils, &c.
MANUFACTURED BY
Actien Gesellschaft fur Anilin-Fabrikation,
BERLIN, GERMANY.
17 & 19 Pearl Street, Boston. 78 William Street, New York.
71 North Front Street, Philadelphia.
* * * * *
A. KLIPSTEIN,
52 Cedar Street, NEW YORK.
ANILINE COLORS,
And all Dyestuffs and Chemicals used in Feather Dyeing.
{ 134 Milk St., Boston.
BRANCH OFFICES: { 120 Arch St., Philadelphia.
* * * * *
WM. J. MATHESON & CO.,
20 Cedar Street, New York.
{ 147 Milk St., Boston.
BRANCH HOUSES: { 18 N. Front St., Philadelphia.
{ 22 S. Water Street, Providence, R. I.
IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN
Coal Tar Colors and Dyestuffs
MANUFACTURERS OF
Dyewood, Sumac and Indigo Extracts, and Carmines.
* * * * *
American
Ultramarine
and Globe
Anilin
Works
HELLER
&
MERZ,
PROPRIETORS,
55 Maiden Lane,
New York.
P.O. Box 3508.
Rose Bengal, Erythrosine,
Fuchsine, Phloxine,
Eosine, Violet,
of Superior Quality.
* * * * *
John M. Sharpless & Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
SOLID AND PASTE
EXTRACTS OF DYEWOODS
CUT AND BOLTED
DYEWOODS
IMPORTERS OF
Cutch, Indigo, Chemicals, &c.
Office: 20 & 22 N. Front St., Philadelphia, Pa.
* * * * *
R. HOLLIDAY'S SONS,
128 MILK ST., BOSTON. MASS.
45 N. FRONT ST., PHILADELPHIA.
PRINCIPAL OFFICE: 7 PLATT ST., NEW YORK.
MANUFACTURERS OF ALL
ANILINE COLORS, ARCHIL, EXTRACT OF INDIGO, &c.
PATENTED OF ACID MAGENTA.
WORKS--Brooklyn, N. Y.; Huddersfield and Wakefield, England.
* * * * *
SCHOELLKOPF,
HARTFORD &
MACLAGAN, L't'd
[Illustration]
3 Cedar St., 103 Milk St.,
NEW YORK. BOSTON.
42 N. Water St., PHILADELPHIA.
SOLE AGENTS FOR SCHOELLKOPF ANILINE AND CHEMICAL CO.
BUFFALO, N. Y.
* * * * *
TEXTILE COLORIST
A Monthly Journal
DEVOTED TO
PRACTICAL DYEING, BLEACHING,
PRINTING AND FINISHING,
DYES, DYESTUFFS, AND CHEMICALS AS
APPLIED TO DYEING,
Textile Machinery, Carding, Spinning, Weaving,
DESIGNING AND IMPROVED PROCESSES IN TEXTILE
MANUFACTURING.
ESTABLISHED, JANUARY, 1879.
Published on the 15th of each month, at
506 ARCH STREET,
PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A.
Transcriber's Notes:
Corrected obvious typos and inconsistencies in punctuation:
p34a. BIEGE -> BEIGE (also in Index and Index to samples).
p54. half a century age -> half a century ago.
terra-cotta (Index) -> terra cotta (text).
triluel -> trileul.
p65. luke water -> luke-warm water.
p104. certian -> certain.
p122. turmeric is boiling -> turmeric in boiling.
p124. analine -> aniline.
p151. Lay down the feathers for four hours is a cold.
bath -> Lay down the feathers for four hours in a cold bath.
p162. most energetic and and effectious -> most energetic and
effectious.
p173. and hand them over -> and hands them over.
p187. Operate of follows -> Operate as follows.
p188. to put feathers one side -> to put feathers to one side.
p189. composion -> composition
In the Sample Index, the page for BLUE, MEDIUM should be 34a not 24a.
Some inconsistencies and oddities in spelling and hyphenation have been
left as printed:
hand heat and hand-heat.
centrifugated (in text) and soloble (in printed advertisement).
redyed, re-dyed.
peroxyd and peroxide.
luke warm, lukewarm and luke-warm.
p114. The correct formula for hydrogen peroxide is H_{2}O_{2}
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