Title: Islam
Author: Small, Ann Hunter
Language: English
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Transcriber’s note:

      The second and third sections of this book are presented as an
      historical document on the prejudices of Christians in Europe
      and America against Islam at the time this book was written.



Studies in the Faiths. II.

ISLAM

[All rights reserved.]


[Illustration: PEARL MOSQUE, AGRA.]


ISLAM

by

ANNIE H. SMALL

Author of
‘Yeshudas,’ ‘Suwarta,’ ‘Studies in Buddhism,’ etc.


[Illustration: Publisher’s logo]



1905
London
J. M. Dent & Co.
New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,
Bread Street Hill, E.C., and
Bungay, Suffolk.



PREFACE


Perhaps mutual understanding and sympathy are more difficult between
Christianity and Islam than between any two of the world’s living
Faiths. On the side of Islam is the too-little remembered fact that the
only Christianity of which she is, so to speak, officially conscious,
is the least true, the least pure; while on the Christian side, we tend
to turn even from such points of contact as exist between ourselves
and this latest of the Faiths with an undefined shrinking from the
possibility of sympathy: the prophet repels us, the religion repels us,
the moral code repels us, the history repels us. When we discover that
Islam claims to supersede Christianity, we are filled with indignation
and horror. When we discover, as we do at intervals, how dark the
darkness of Muslim lands and how cruel the tender mercies of Muslim
rule may be, we desire nothing better than that Islam should be blotted
from off the face of the earth.

But Islam is still a world power, before which the Christian nations
of Europe have stood helpless even while fellow-Christians have been
cruelly and wickedly entreated. Islam cannot be ignored nor despised.
Rather it is imperative that it should be studied, if possible with
sympathy, by the Christian peoples, in order that the Muslim motive
power may be understood, and that Islam may be met face to face, as it
must one day be met by Christianity, worthily and Christianly. What
if the inevitable battle should be fought by the armies of the Cross,
rather than by the armies of the Nations?

This little book has been prepared, not primarily as a study of Islam,
but rather to indicate directions which Christian, and especially
Missionary, thought might profitably take. For the sake of those who
have not already some knowledge of Islam itself, or of its doctrines as
they compare with those of our own Faith, the chapters have followed
these two lines; but matters of great importance to the special student
have been necessarily omitted; and others have been very lightly
touched upon. For the guidance of any who are desirous of making a
more exhaustive study of this most important of all subjects, to those
who have at heart the honour of Christ and His speedy reign, there is
available a very large literature, in English, German, and French, upon
Islam and its relation to Christianity.



CONTENTS


                                                           PAGE
  Preface                                                     v
  Contents                                                   ix

  I. ISLAM                                                   11
    1. THE APOSTLE OF ISLAM                                  13
    2. THE GREAT THOUGHTS OF ISLAM                           20
    3. THE RELIGIOUS LIFE IN ISLAM                           32
    4. THE SOLIDARITY OF ISLAM                               42

  II. ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY                                 47
    1. MUHAMMAD AND JESUS                                    49
    2. THE FATHER-GOD                                        54
    3. THE CHRISTIAN LIFE                                    57
    4. THE FAILURE OF CHRISTIANITY                           61

  III. THE COMING BATTLE                                     67

  A Short Bibliography of Accessible Books Upon the Subject  73
  Transcriber’s Note



I

ISLAM

      IN THE NAME OF THE MOST MERCIFUL GOD.

      _Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds—
      The most merciful—
      The King of the day of Judgment.
      Thee only do we worship, and to Thee do we cry for help.
      Guide Thou us in the straight way—
      In the way of those to whom Thou hast been gracious—
      With whom Thou art not angry—
      And who go not astray. Amen._

                                              The great Prayer of Islam.



THE APOSTLE OF ISLAM.

      “_By the brightness of the morning,
        and by the night when it groweth dark—
      Thy Lord hath not forsaken thee,
        Neither doth He hate thee.
      Verily the life to come shall be better for thee
          than this present life,
        and thy Lord shall give thee a reward
          with which thou shalt be well pleased._

      “_Did He not find thee an orphan,
        and hath He not taken care of thee?
      Did He not find thee wandering in error,
        and hath He not guided thee into the truth?
      Did He not find thee needy,
        and hath He not enriched thee?
      Wherefore oppress not the orphan, neither
          repulse the beggar,
        but declare the goodness of the Lord._”

                                                              Sura XCVI.


There is in the story of Islam an interest quite unique; it is the work
of one unaided mind, the mind of a man unlettered and ignorant, who
came of an isolated people, and who gained such knowledge as he had of
the great world from hearsay as he travelled between Central Arabia
and Syria in charge of the merchant caravan of his mistress. This man,
morally very frail to our thinking, is all but divine to two hundred
millions of men and women. His word is final to them; it alone reveals
God, it alone guides life, it alone commands all Muslim rulers, and it
defies Christianity as no other power has done.

Muhammad lived six hundred years after Christ, his Faith came into
existence in full view of Christianity, it publicly claims to be a
higher revelation and to supersede Christianity; and the Christian
nations have not yet disproved the claim. The attempt has not indeed
been made, unless we reckon the chivalrous and ill-fated missions of
the Crusades to redeem the Holy Sepulchre from the hands of the Muslim.
Whether Christianity realizes the fact of her failure in this respect,
or not, Islam is fully conscious of it.

[Sidenote: Muhammad]

Muhammad—the Praised One—was born at Mecca on August 29th, 570 A.D.
He was left an orphan while still a little child, and was adopted by an
uncle. Later he became steward to a lady of Mecca, Khadija, who asked
him to become her husband, and was, until her death, his faithful and
loving wife. This marriage procured for Muhammad that which he coveted
above all things, leisure for the study of the things of God.

[Sidenote: The Call]

The time was past when the idolatrous worship of his tribe—the
religious tribe of Arabia—had any meaning for him. He had had glimpses
of a purer, a more satisfying Faith. Both Jews and Christians had
crossed his path, who had spoken of the one God: Creator, Ruler,
Provider; and the idea had seized and held his imagination. Upon this
idea he now meditated in his chosen retreat, a cave near Mecca, until
it possessed him; he dreamed dreams and saw visions, and at length came
forth to make them known, being assured that he had been called to
proclaim the reign of the one only God upon earth.

[Sidenote: Rejection]

But the people of Mecca, custodians of the religious traditions of
Arabia, would have none of this new doctrine; they fiercely opposed the
preacher, and very soon drove him and his little company of disciples
(of whom his wife had been the first) from the city.

[Sidenote: Flight]

The _Hajrat_, or Flight, from which dates the Muhammadan era, took
place on July 16th, 622 A.D.

A refuge was found in the rival city of Madina.

[Sidenote: Madina]

At Madina, Muhammad found leisure to mature and carry out the Idea
which had now possessed him that he should found a Reign of God upon
the earth. “Behind the quiet and unobtrusive exterior,” writes Sir
William Muir, “lay hid a resolve, a strength and fixedness of will,
a sublime determination, destined to achieve the marvellous work
of bowing towards himself the heart of all Arabia as the heart of
one man.” There is, to the sympathetic student of his life, nothing
wonderful in the hold which Muhammad took upon his followers. He
mastered men by the force of his iron will, and then won them by the
force of his noble and generous nature.

[Sidenote: Character]

Many words have been wasted upon the problems of the character of this
sixth-century Prophet, and it is not intended to enter upon them here.
It must be remembered that if the vision of Muhammad was world-wide
while his personal life remained at the limit of his time and his
isolated race, there are not lacking similar examples elsewhere of
great leaders whose private lives we explain by their generation and
surroundings; also, it is probably wise, that until we know and are
able to sympathize with the Arabic character, we of the West should say
little in way of condemnation, all the more that condemnation of the
Prophet is not the method to win men from his allegiance.

[Sidenote: Personal Claim]

There is a far more important question which may not be passed over.
Did Muhammad realize the _personal_ claim involved in his religious
message? Was his soul so pre-occupied with the grand Idea that his own
relation to it was not at first apparent? For, it cannot be forgotten
that from the beginning the second Article of the Muslim Creed was
inherent in the first. God is known as God to the Muslim only because
the Apostle of God has proclaimed Him to be God. Muhammad is the
Revealer of God, and God is God. This is the true and inevitable order.

This claim, as a foundation of belief, was the source of success of
the arms of Islam in the past, and is the living power of Islam to-day;
at the same time, it was and is the test of the man and of his message.
Is Muhammad the Revealer of God? There is possible one answer only to
the question, so far as the disciples of the Christ Whom he claimed to
supersede are concerned; but the answer does not end the story of the
relation between Christianity and the Arabian Prophet. Would that it
did!

[Sidenote: Death]

Muhammad died at Madina on June 9th, 632 A.D., in his sixty-second
year. His death was peace. His last words were, “The blessed
Companionship on high.”

[Sidenote: The dead hand]

Being dead this man still rules. In all human history there is no more
striking illustration of the might of the “dead hand” than is presented
in Islam.



THE GREAT THOUGHTS OF ISLAM.


1. GOD.

 _La-ilaha-Il-lal-laho. There is no God save God._

 “_Say, God is one God; the eternal God: He begetteth not, neither is
 begotten: There is not any one like unto Him._

 “_Dost thou not know that God is almighty? Dost thou not know that
 unto God belongeth the Kingdom of Heaven? neither have ye any
 protector or helper except God._

 “_To God belongeth the East and the West; therefore wheresoever
 ye turn yourselves to pray, there is the face of God; for God is
 omnipresent and omniscient._

 “_Your God is one God, there is no God but He, the most merciful._”

It was with a very simple message, apparently, that Muhammad came forth
from his long meditation in his lonely cave. The message was not even
original. Not only had Arab mystics already dreamt of the aloneness of
God, but there were Jews and Christians, inheritors of the same supreme
truth, settled here and there over the land; and Muhammad had come
into contact with both during his early Syrian journeys. The Idea had
become familiar to him long before.

[Sidenote: The God of Muhammad]

But, the God of Muhammad’s contemplations was not the God of Judaism,
nor the God of Christianity; he deliberately rejected both Faiths.
True, God is Spirit, God is one, God is alone, God is Creator; He is
the al-knowing, al-present, al-governing One. High attributes are
ascribed to Him, as in the ninety-nine Names which the pious Mussulman
reverently repeats with the aid of his string of beads; but neither
these, nor the various attributes ascribed to Him in the Quran itself,
largely affect the Muslim conception of God.

The God of Muhammad is a Being of two supreme characteristics. He is
the supreme Will, and His Will is carried into effect by His supreme
Power.

Will: absolute, eternal, unchanging; far above such human distinctions
as right and wrong, justice and injustice. That which the Will of God
ordains, that is right, just, and final.

Power: so unrestrained, so awful, carries that Will into effect, that
there exists no will or power save God’s alone. That which is ordained,
good or evil, righteous or unrighteous in man’s poor view, is of God.
He is the only Doer. “_In the creation of heaven and earth, and in the
ship which sails on the sea_ ... ALL IS GOD.” All creatures, even man,
are in the awful grip of this great Spirit, helpless; they do that
which He ordains, that and no other.

“Why are you so naughty?”

“God knows.”

The reply of the little child is the reply of Islam to all problems. It
is the secret of the awful fatalism which paralyzes men’s emotions and
will. Two countenances remain, after many years, vividly impressed upon
my memory; that of a man, guilty of crime and under severe sentence,
whom no appeal could move from his perfect serenity. He was not a
hardened criminal; he was simply convinced that God was the Doer of
the deed and he himself only the instrument for the carrying out of
His will. The other was a father, carrying in his arms a dearly-loved
little child to the grave. He moved rapidly down the crowded street at
the head of the procession of mourners, unconscious either of curiosity
or of sympathy around him. The set grim expression might have suggested
the idea of Spartan endurance, save for the deep eyes which gazed into
the far distance, and told unmistakably of the submission of a strong
will to a Stronger, the will of his God.

This awful God has taken hold of the imagination of all Islam. He was
very real to the Prophet, and the Prophet has communicated his faith
to those who have followed him. Mussulmans may be, in our sense, bad
men, but they are rarely irreligious men. There are no atheists in
Islam. A man who, under the influence of English secular education,
lightly declared that he had grown beyond so childish a superstition,
which however he declared to be “good for women and children,” changed
countenance while we discussed the religious education of his wife. He
could not rid himself easily of the convictions of his childhood, as
the grave face and reverent voice bore witness.

But, the Will of God is far more present in the thought of the Muslim
than is God Himself. God touches his life through His Will only. God is
apart; seeing, knowing and judging indeed, but apart in His absolute
sovereignty, in the inexorable way in which He carries out His Purpose.
We have, therefore, as a corollary to the teaching regarding the Will,
the teaching of the pitiful helplessness of man in His Hand. God may
crush me; He can do it; I can say nothing. In conversation with a
woman on one occasion reference was made to the Christian doctrine of
the assurance of the child relation with God. She exclaimed, “Surely
that is blasphemy; it is almost like saying _what the Will of God for
you is_. If saved, God is merciful; if cast into _Jahannam_ (hell), God
is just.”

       *       *       *       *       *

ISLAM means resignation, submission, homage, to this Will of God. The
relation of the Muslim to his God is truly expressed in the word.

       *       *       *       *       *

Thus early do Christ and Muhammad part company.


2. THE WORD OF GOD.

 “_It is He Who hath sent down unto you the book of the Quran,
 distinguishing between good and evil; and they to whom We gave the
 scripture know that it is sent down from thy Lord, with truth; Be not
 therefore one of these who doubt thereof. The words of the Lord are
 perfect in truth and justice; there is none who can change His words;
 He both heareth and knoweth._”

[Sidenote: Quran]

The Will of God is supreme in His universe; Islam tells in one word the
relation of the Faithful to that Will; and the Will is revealed to men
in its final form the Quran. The Quran descended from highest heaven
complete, and was passed on by the Angel to the Prophet Sura by Sura,
as its message was required. The Quran supersedes all other scriptures,
it is the eternal Divine Word; there is no further truth to be
revealed, for this is literally the last word of God to man. The human
language medium is Arabic, and as each several word is an Act of God,
the very words are sacred. There cannot, therefore, be any authorized
translation of the Quran; and, as in its completeness it is one
undivided message, to issue it in parts would be grievous sin. The book
is published and used in many lands, and passes through many hands, but
so great has been the care that it should be preserved perfect, that
it is believed to be practically unchanged since the scattered leaves
were gathered reverently together after the Prophet’s death. There is
no doctrine of inspiration so high as this.


3. THE THOUGHT OF SIN.

 “_Man chooseth to be wicked for the time which is before him. He
 asketh, When shall the day of resurrection be? But when the night
 shall be dazzled, and the moon shall be eclipsed, and the sun and the
 moon shall be in conjunction, on that day man shall say, Where is a
 place of refuge? By no means; there shall be no place to fly unto.
 With thy Lord shall be a sure mansion of rest in that day; on that day
 shall man be told that which he hath done, first and last. Yea, a man
 shall be an evidence against himself; and though he offer his excuses,
 they shall not be received._”

 “_There shall every soul experience that which it shall have sent
 before it._”

[Sidenote: Sin]

As is the God so are His worshippers; and the conception of the
religious life in Islam follows naturally upon the conception of God.
Thus, sin is terrible, but not first as a deviation from a standard
of absolute righteousness; it is terrible because it is rebellion
against an awful majesty. This is fundamental. Yet to say that Islam
is non-moral, that sin is an arbitrary term, and that reward and
punishment are in the hands of an arbitrary God, is not the whole
truth. There are two kinds of sin (reminding us of the Roman Catholic
doctrine), sin greater and lesser. Among the greater sins are

      Unfaithfulness to God.
      Despair of the mercy of God, or
      Too strong an assurance of God’s mercy.
      False witness when on oath.
      The practice of magic.
      Drunkenness.
      Theft.
      Usury.
      Murder.
      Disobedience to parents.
      Flight before unbelievers in battle.
      Seizing the property of the orphan.

And the constant repetition of lesser sins becomes a greater sin.

Lesser sins are very many, and are not enumerated; among them are
gambling, the use of images in worship, and slander. Punishment
awarded by the law is very severe; the punishment awarded by God is as
He shall ordain. The future has a great share in the thought of the
people of the East; they are less materialistic, less bound up in the
present life than those of the West. Therefore the present life is
more affected by the future possibilities, and in the case of a larger
proportion of men and women than is the case with us.


4. THE JUDGMENT OF GOD.

 “_The striking. What is the striking? and what shall make thee to
 understand how terrible the striking will be? On that day men shall be
 like moths scattered abroad, and the mountains shall be like carded
 wool of various colours driven by the wind; moreover, he whose balance
 shall be heavy with good works shall lead a pleasing life; but as to
 him whose balance shall be light his dwelling shall be the pit of
 hell. What shall make thee to understand how frightful the pit of hell
 is? It is a burning fire._”

[Sidenote: Judgment]

Much has been said and written about the Muslim Paradise, and there
are indeed no parts of the Quran so weak as those which dwell upon
the sweets of the future life of the Faithful. Serious Mussulmans,
when on rare occasions I have heard them refer to this subject, have
invariably explained these passages as symbolical. However that may be,
the passages in the Quran which teach of the day of resurrection and of
judgment are frequent and solemn. No doubt the judgment of God is used
as a threat against unbelievers, but it is also continually addressed
to the Faithful as a motive; and these teachings have, as I believe,
far greater influence upon the life of the religious Muslim than all
the promised joys of Paradise.

 “_What thinkest thou of him who denieth the future judgment as a
 falsehood? It is he who pusheth away the orphan, and stirreth not
 up others to feed the poor. Woe be unto those who pray and who
 are negligent at their prayer; who play the hypocrites, and deny
 necessaries to the needy._”

This was the message of the Arabian Apostle.



THE RELIGIOUS LIFE IN ISLAM.

      “_Clothe not the truth with vanity,
        neither conceal the truth against your own knowledge;
      Observe the stated seasons of prayer,
        and pay your legal alms,
        and bow down yourselves with those who bow down.
      Will ye command men to do justice,
        and forget your own souls?
      Yet ye read the books of the law;
        do ye not therefore understand?_”


1. THE REPETITION OF THE CREED.

_La iláhá Il-lal-laho, Muhammad-ur-Rasúl-Ullah._

_God is the alone God, and Muhammad is the Apostle of God._

[Sidenote: Kalima]

The Creed must be repeated by the true Muslim once at the least during
his lifetime. This is the confession of the lips, and must be made
correctly and without hesitation; it is also the confession of the
heart, and must be held till death.


2. THE DAILY DEVOTIONS.

      “_Therefore glorify God when the evening overtaketh
        you, and when ye rise in the morning;
      And unto him be praise in heaven and earth, and at
        sunset, and when ye rest at noon._”

[Sidenote: Sulát]

There are five services of prayer daily, observed with great regularity
by all religious men and women. The form is liturgical; the word
_Sulát_ has rather the meaning of devotional service than of hours of
prayer. [Sidenote: Hours] The first hour is at dawn of day. The second
is at noon. The third is between four and five in the afternoon. The
fourth service is held as the sun disappears beneath the horizon. The
fifth is at the retiring hour at night.

[Sidenote: Preparation]

Before prayer all Mussulmans cleanse face, ears and nostrils, hands and
feet; that they may be free of all bodily pollution before entering
the presence of God. Many change their garments each time they pray.
The room is cleaned, and the worshipper who has cleaned the room
changes his garments before engaging in the service.

[Sidenote: Solemnity]

This service of prayer in the case of serious worshippers is very
touching to the sympathetic witness; it is true, as so many critics
of Islam have noted, that prayer is formal, and is repeated in an
unknown tongue; but to those who know the heart hunger which constantly
finds expression in that five-times-repeated daily liturgy, who would
fain change the constant refrain “God is great” for the gladder “God
is love,” the service, whether in the mosque, in the home, or on the
wayside, is one of the most pathetic appeals addressed to the unknown
God by any people.

There is no mediation; prayer is offered directly to God, the only
reference to the Prophet being a prayer “for Muhammad and his
descendants.”

Prayer is always offered in the sacred language.


3. RAMADHÁN, THE MONTH OF FASTING.

 “_O true believers, a fast is ordained you, as it was ordained to
 those before you, that ye may fear God. A certain number of days shall
 ye fast; but he among you who shall be sick, or on a journey, shall
 fast an equal number of other days. And those who can keep it and do
 not, must reckon their neglect by maintaining of a poor man. And he
 who voluntarily dealeth better with the poor man than he is obliged,
 this shall be better for him. But if ye fast it will be better for
 you, if ye knew it._”

[Sidenote: Roza]

It is probable that Muhammad ordained the month of fasting in imitation
of the Christian Lent. Ramadhán, the ninth month of the year, made
sacred for ever by the descent of the Quran from highest heaven, to
be revealed to the Angel Gabriel (who delivered it as required to the
Prophet), is set apart for this religious sacrifice. Every Mussulman
is on the look-out for the first appearance of the new moon, sign of
the beginning of the fast (the lunar year is followed), and from that
evening for thirty days, from dawn until sunset neither food nor water
is touched. When Ramadhán in the course of the years occurs in the hot
season, the fast is terrible in its severity. Cloudless sky, scorching
sun, burning winds, and not one drop of water to quench the awful
thirst; and at the same time additional prayers, with the accompanying
genuflections; this while the day’s task must still be accomplished; it
is a terrible test of the obedience and devotion of the Faithful. It
is true that travellers, invalids, women nursing little children, and
the weak, are exempt; but the fasts are supposed to be made up, and we
have known many who have struggled through the month, who were quite
unfit for it. The early morning and evening meal—taken before dawn
and after sunset—is not appetizing, for it is always composed of stale
food.

I have never known any religious man or woman who regarded the fast
as a hardship. “It is little we can do to serve God,” said one woman.
Little children plead to be allowed to fast. Boys and girls become
utterly exhausted, parched and fainting, in homes where religious
observances are faithfully kept.


4. ALMSGIVING.

[Sidenote: Zakát]

 “_Forget not liberality among you, for God seeth that which ye do._”

 “_The Lord is surely in a watch-tower, whence he observeth the actions
 of men. Moreover man, when his Lord trieth him by prosperity, and
 honoureth him, and is bounteous to him, saith:—My Lord honoureth me;
 but when he proveth him by afflictions, and withholdeth His provisions
 from him, he saith:—My Lord despiseth me. By no means; but ye honour
 not the orphan, neither do ye excite one another to feed the poor;
 and ye devour the inheritance of the weak, with undistinguishing
 greediness; and ye love riches with much affection...._

 “_O thou soul which art at rest, return unto thy Lord, well pleased
 with thy reward, and well pleasing unto our God; enter among my
 servants, and enter Paradise._”

A fortieth part of the income belongs to the poor, and is, in Muslim
lands, a compulsory tax. It is distinct from private almsgiving.


5. PILGRIMAGE.

[Sidenote: Hajj]

 “_They who shall disbelieve, and obstruct the way of God, and hinder
 men from visiting the holy temple at Mecca, which We have appointed
 for a place of worship unto all men: the inhabitant thereof and the
 stranger have an equal right to visit it._”

Islam is scattered in many lands; but the idea of Muhammad was of a
universal Kingdom. The idea was never realized, but the grip of the
master hand is felt to this day. Each of the duties of the Faith is a
symbol of its unity; but the constraining symbol is the centralization
at Mecca. This is the sole remaining sign of the great vision. Islam
is far scattered; it is broken into many sects; there are language
separations, and deeper racial separations; but the whole unwieldy
system and following is bound together by the Mecca pilgrimage, the
least spiritual thing in the whole system. Muhammad made a brave battle
for the unity and pure spirituality of God. But it was the deepest
desire of his heart to win Mecca. He did so at the expense of his
central belief. Mussulmans visit the idolatrous city to-day as they did
in the long past idolatrous ages. The visible church of Islam is not a
pure and beautiful and worthy mosque; it is the old idolatrous stone of
Mecca.

Every true Muslim is bound to visit Mecca at the least once in his
lifetime.


6. SOCIAL MORALITY.

[Sidenote: Social Morality]

The social morality of Islam is—notwithstanding the marriage
laws—very high, and is guided by such virtues as these: modesty,
honesty, kindness and brotherliness. When Muhammad fled from Mecca
with his followers, and settled in Madina, the little community was
a commonwealth, and that ideal has been retained in wonderful manner
throughout the centuries and the far wanderings. There is no caste
in Islam, neither the Eastern nor the Western form of that system.
Each man stands in the same relation to the God Who rules him, and
the consequent brotherhood is a very real thing. Poor and rich are
not divided, to be poor is in itself a claim, and if a poor man comes
to a rich man for aid, the rich man regards it as a favour. The laws
of hospitality are most noble; strangers are assured in any Muslim
house of a welcome, a meal, a rest, and if need be, even of clothing.
Hospitality is an act of worship.

The aged are held in a beautiful reverence; the poor, and especially
the orphan, is cared for as a religious duty; in the home the
patriarchal system still rules, the servant is a part of the family,
and is treated with kindness.—Is he not a brother in the Faith?

The position of woman remains as it was left by Muhammad thirteen
hundred years ago—for there is no growth in Islam—and it is not easy
to define it. On the one hand is the marriage law, which gives to the
husband full power over his wife or wives; on the other, the property
law, which grants to a woman holding property in her own right,
absolute control over it. In the latter respect, therefore, the law
of Islam is in advance of the law of Great Britain. I have known the
curious anomaly of a woman whose person was at the mercy of a brutal
drunken wretch, whom she yet held in some degree in check through his
dependence upon her for the means with which to live his chosen life.



THE SOLIDARITY OF ISLAM.

 “_They seek to extinguish God’s light with their mouths; but God will
 perfect His light, though the infidels be averse thereto. It is He
 Who hath sent His Apostle with the direction, and the religion of
 truth, that He may exalt the same above every religion, although the
 idolators be averse thereto._”


There are two closely associated characteristics of Islam which impress
every student:—[Sidenote: Rigidity] the immovable _rigidity_ which
paralyzes individual action as well as social and religious progress
and for ever holds its professors arrested at the stage and within
the limit of Arab conditions as they were thirteen centuries ago;
[Sidenote: Solidarity] and the _solidarity_ of the world of Islam as it
exists to-day.

It is at this point that the contrast between the methods of
Jesus and of Muhammad is most sharply emphasized. The founder of
Christianity neither wrote, nor left instructions for the preservation
of His teachings; His method is best typified by His own favourite
illustration; His message is a seed, growing of its own living life,
mysteriously, silently, slowly, producing fruit after its kind indeed,
but each several fruit during each several season drawing its own
share of nourishment even as it drew its life directly from the root,
original and distinct from any other. Muhammad spoke, in the most
literal sense, the last word; the teaching has crystallized; principle
and detail are alike unyielding.

[Sidenote: Muhammad’s Vision]

Muhammad was a statesman as well as a poet; he had in view not only
the conversion of the world to God and to himself, but also a world
kingdom based upon the religious idea; and for the second end he worked
possibly even “better than he knew.”

[Sidenote: Symbols of Solidarity:]

The study of the symbols of this bond of uniformity—not of union—is
illuminating:—[Sidenote: 1. Creed] The _Creed_, binding to the God
of Islam through the Apostle of that God; [Sidenote: 2. Prayer] the
daily _Prayer Ritual:_ it has been truly said that “each Muslim is a
Church,” it is no less true that the Muslim world is a Church, bound
indissolubly by this uniform service of devotion; [Sidenote: 3. Quran]
the _Quran_ and [Sidenote: 4. Fast] _Ramadhán_, the Book, and the Fast
which commemorates the gift of the Book; and above all, [Sidenote: 5.
Pilgrimage] the _Pilgrimage to Mecca_, the local habitation of Islam,
sublime notwithstanding the apparent foolishness of the ceremonial.
“Thither the tribes go up,” from Turkey, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan,
India, China, Egypt and other North African lands, and Arabia herself.
National distinctions are forgotten; slave and master travel as
brother worshippers; Islam feels her solidarity through the far-seeing
provision of the centralization of her religious life, in the city
which is sacred to the memory of the Apostle.

The fact that Islam is broken up into as many sects as is Christianity,
does not affect this solidarity so greatly as might be supposed
from the experience of Christianity; in face of the Unbeliever the
Faithful stand a solid army, the separations touch none of these
symbols of unity. A solid army confronts the world. It has been
asserted by one who knew Islam well, that the conversion to another
Faith of an insignificant Muslim in an obscure village is known and
mourned (or resented) over the whole Muslim world. However that may
be, the solidarity of Islam is a grave and a suggestive fact; and
the Faith which hopes one day to win it, would do well to oppose the
statesmanship of Muhammad with a statesmanship and a wisdom equal with
his.



II

ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY

WHEN YE PRAY, SAY—

      _Father,
      Hallowed be Thy Name.
      Thy Kingdom come.
      Give us day by day our daily bread.
      And forgive us our sins: for we ourselves also forgive every one
        that is indebted to us.
      And bring us not into temptation._

                                                            Amen.

                                      The great Prayer of Christianity.



1. MUHAMMAD AND JESUS.

 “_Jesus is no other than a servant, Whom We have favoured with the
 gift of prophecy; and We appointed Him for an example unto the
 children of Israel (if We pleased, verily We could from ourselves
 produce angels, to succeed you in the earth), and He shall be a sign
 of the approach of the last hour; wherefore doubt not thereof._”

 “_O ye who have received the Scriptures, exceed not the just bounds
 of your religion, neither say of God other than the truth. Verily
 Jesus Christ the Son of Mary is the Apostle of God, and His Word
 Which He conveyed to Mary, and a Spirit proceeding from Him. Believe,
 therefore, in God and His apostles, and say not, There are three Gods.
 Forbear this. It will be better for you._”

 “_The Christians say, Christ is the son of God. This is their saying
 in their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who were unbelievers
 in former times. May God resist them. How are they infatuated, they
 take their priests and their monks for their lords, besides God and
 Christ the son of Mary; although they are commanded to worship one
 God only: there is no God but He. Far be that from Him which they
 associate with Him. They seek to extinguish the light of God with
 their mouths; but God willeth no other than to perfect His light,
 although the infidels be averse thereto._”


There are in the Quran many references to our Lord Jesus Christ, but
there is practically no historic knowledge. It must be remembered
that in Muhammad’s time there was no Arabic version of the Bible; he
was therefore dependent for information upon the Jews and Christians
with whom he came into contact. That he formed conclusions upon very
insufficient knowledge is the terrible blunder of his life, of which
full use has been made by Christian writers. Enough has not been
made of the responsibility of the church which had no better tales
to tell, no truer account to give, of their Lord and their Faith.
The Christianity presented to this Seeker after God was painfully
inadequate to his need.

The little Muhammad discovered led to his acknowledgment of the Jewish
and Christian books, which he had never read, with reservations. It
led also to a far more important admission. The Jesus of the Quran is
denied Divinity, but the character of Jesus did not fail of effect.
All criticism is directed towards the professors of the Christian
Faith, and their doctrines. This “son of Mary” is, in Muhammad’s view,
that which he never dreamt of claiming for himself, a man unstained
by sin. Not only so, but titles and honours are yielded to Him little
short of Divine:—He is _Masih_, the Messiah; _Qaul-ul-Haqq_, the Word
of Truth; _Kalima_, the word; He is “the Apostle of God to confirm the
law, and to announce an Apostle who should come after Him, whose name
should be Ahmad;” He had near access to God, and was “illustrious in
this world and the next.”

Yet Muhammad supersedes Jesus Christ!

[Sidenote: The Death of Jesus]

There is another part of the problem of the rejection of our Lord; the
attitude of the Quran towards the Death of Jesus. The death upon the
Cross is indignantly denied.

 “_They have not believed on Jesus, and have spoken against Mary a
 grievous calumny; and have said, Verily we have slain Christ Jesus
 the Son of Mary, the Apostle of God; yet they slew Him not, neither
 crucified Him, but He was represented by one in His likeness; ... They
 did not really kill Him; but God took Him up unto Himself; and God is
 mighty and wise ... on the day of resurrection He shall be witness
 against them._”

It is said that Muhammad so hated the sign of the Cross, that if any
article, however valuable, came into his possession bearing the mark,
it was destroyed at once. The horror of the thought that Jesus should
have died the abhorred death, or that God Himself should have permitted
it, seems to be the argument against its having occurred. In the Quran
that which is symbolized by the Cross—the approach of God to sinful
man in mercy and love—is entirely lacking. There is no hint that
the Christian Message of Atonement through the Gift of the Saviour’s
life to God in man’s name had ever reached the Prophet. There is
therefore no assurance, save the Prophet’s word for it, that God upon
His far Throne, hears, or hearing answers and forgives the sin of His
creatures; there is no assurance of salvation in Islam.

It is a tragic story; the responsibility for which it has been
the habit of Christian writers to cast largely upon Muhammad. The
apportionment of guilt is not so lightly determined.



2. THE FATHER-GOD.

 “_To me, I confess, it seems a very considerable thing, just to
 believe in God; difficult indeed to avoid honestly, and not easy to
 accomplish worthily; a thing not lightly to profess, but rather humbly
 to be sought; not to be found at the end of any syllogism, but in the
 inmost fountains of purity and affection; not the sudden gift of the
 intellect, but to be earned by a loving and brave life._”

 “_I believe in God the Father Almighty._”


These simple, solemn, tender words contain the Christian Thought of
God. In the one word “Almighty” is summed up Muhammad’s idea of supreme
Will and Power; the Christian prefixes a Name to the attribute which so
governs the sphere of the exercise of that will and power that it is
difficult to conceive that the two teachings represent the same Being.

[Sidenote: Fatherhood]

In the view of Him to Whom we owe the Father Idea, the All of God and
the All of His universe are summed up in the Fatherhood; that is,
Jesus did not think of the al-might of God as exerted from without, the
oneness of Creator and Created is in His view indissoluble. The birds
could not maintain their little life, nor the lilies their delicate
tints, without the Father; and words fail Him to tell of the closeness
of the Fatherly interest in each member of His nearer offspring. “_The
very hairs of your head are numbered._”

[Sidenote: The Parable of Jesus]

And when words have failed, He takes up His parable; “_My Father
worketh, and I work_.” The lifework of Jesus is, He tells us, the
Father’s work made visible.

Gentle, healing Hands were laid upon the suffering; sufficient food
was provided for the hungry; Feet, never weary, travelled hither and
thither on errands of pity; Arms were open to gather in the little
children; Eyes spoke of love and understanding where words missed their
object; happy human fellowship was offered: and all was a parable of
the work of the Father-God.

[Sidenote: The Father-Gift]

It was not a new thought to His hearers that the profoundest attribute
of God is holiness, and that distinctions between right and wrong
become acute in His presence; but it was a revelation to which the
world of men has not yet become accustomed that the Father is so set
upon goodness in the children who had miserably failed of it, that no
sacrifice was too great, _even for Him_, to secure it; and that this
austerity towards evil and purpose to subdue it, was the Father love in
its highest exercise. In the Cross, symbol at once of man’s sin and of
His own grace, our Lord is still speaking the parable of the Father’s
“work.” “The Father worketh, and I work.” “God so loved the world that
He gave”—JESUS.

Muhammad felt after God, and attained the idea of His apartness,
aloneness, immensity.

Jesus knew God, and revealed to us that man had never been, and never
could be, outside of God; and that the only true home of man’s spirit
is in His presence, under His gracious rule; for man and God are
actually _akin_, first by nature, doubly so through His Revealer and
our Brother, Jesus Christ. _Therefore, we “believe in God the Father
Almighty, AND in Jesus Christ His only Son our Lord.”_



3. THE CHRISTIAN LIFE.

 “_Christianity is the bearing in upon us of a character until we find
 the character irresistible._”


The study of the Muslim ideal of life throws into prominence several
too-rarely considered peculiarities of Christ’s ideal life.

[Sidenote: At-one-ment of Life]

1. There is, in Christ’s view, no division between the secular and
the religious life. The beginning of His revelation of the Father’s
work was His meeting of a difficulty at a village wedding feast, which
thereupon became a sacrament; and from that time onward we find no
trace of any distinction in His own Life or in His teaching. To Him all
life was sacred; and consisted in loyalty to the Father, and service
of the brethren, one undivided duty. “Inasmuch,” He taught, “as ye did
your unconscious daily brotherly task, _you did it to Me_;” and “_I and
the Father are One_.”

[Sidenote: Freedom]

2. The Christian view of life is one of perfect freedom. We are not
slaves, but sons, and free. Free, that is, as children are; free of
the Father’s presence, gifts, love; free within the Family traditions;
free, in sympathy with the Father to choose always the better and the
best; without any suggestion of limit to the possibilities of the child
nature. “_Perfect as the Father is perfect_” is Christ’s own amazing
word.

[Sidenote: Progress]

3. Freedom, and therefore progress, for each son in his own life, for
each generation of sons according to the situation and the call. Not
uniformity within the Brotherhood, but individuality within the limits
of the Family likeness, under the safe direction of the Spirit of the
Father present with each one. The spaciousness of the Life-plan for
every son of the Father cannot be exaggerated; there is no rigidity in
Christianity.

[Sidenote: Brotherhood]

4. There is another Christian idea suggested by a study of Islam, which
emerges from the last, the idea of the Brotherhood of the Father’s
children. This is of the very essence of Christianity as it is of
Islam; but has never been carried into effect in the same magnificent
way. There are various illustrations of this. The absence of all
caste distinction in Muslim society, the kindly relations which exist
between master and servant, rich and poor, Mussulmans of various
races. Christianity has much to learn in these directions. [Sidenote:
The Missionary Impulse] Again, the desire to bring men within the
Brotherhood is a passion with every true Muslim. “Every Mussulman is
more or less of a missionary—that is, he intensely desires to secure
converts from non-mussulman peoples.... All the emotions which impel
a Christian to proselytize are in a Mussulman, strengthened by all
the motives which impel a political leader, and all the motives which
sway a recruiting sergeant, until proselytism has become a passion,
which whenever success seems practicable and especially success on a
large scale, develops in the quietest Mussulman a fury of ardour which
induces him to break down every obstacle, his own strongest prejudices
included, rather than stand for an instant in a neophyte’s way.”[1]
Until the same imperialism—the word is hackneyed, but best conveys the
idea—has seized the Christian imagination and conscience, the children
of the Father will not have proved worthy of their name; for He loved
and longed after the world of men, and His children should one and all
do likewise.

[1] Meredith Townsend, in _Asia and Europe_.



4. THE FAILURE OF CHRISTIANITY.

 “_We do not see God’s preparations._”


The lack of the Imperialist vision set before the Faithful by
Christ has been the weakness of Christendom during long periods of
her history. There have indeed been imperialisms—as in the great
hierarchical systems—but they have been of the order of World-power
visions which Christ definitely rejected, and they were foredoomed to
failure, so far as He was concerned.

[Sidenote: The Kingdom Vision]

The Vision of Christ has nothing material in it, it relates itself at
no point with the World. He compares it continually to the little seed
fallen into the ground, dying to live, growing silently from within
of the power of its own mysterious hidden life; observation hardly
discloses its growth; but as surely as comes the harvest of the farmer,
with its thirty—sixty—hundred-fold result, so surely shall come the
Kingdom of the Father.

[Sidenote: The Church]

The Church, as the visible responsible organ of the mystic Brotherhood,
to which it fell to carry out the Purpose of the Kingdom, and to
present the idea of solidarity and continuity from age to age, has, as
we acknowledge in thoughtful moods, pitifully failed of this mission.
She is stately and impressive, but nineteen centuries have not been
sufficient to win this little world for the Father.

There are many reasons for this failure. Notably, the Church is in the
world, and has been greatly influenced by world methods.

              “The world is still deceived by ornament,”
and the Church has tended to concentrate her energies upon such
details of her task as yield most rapid and visible results; results
which too often have small relation to the object in view. She has
also wasted much energy upon the mere machinery of her task. There
is truth in the severe words of Dr. Martineau, “Christ came to bring
fire upon earth; and His disciples after eighteen centuries are still
discussing the best patent match to get it kindled.” “On furlough,”
remarked a missionary, “one is overwhelmed by the complexity, and the
labour, and the roar of Church machinery. I suppose it is all needful,
but one dreads that the means may loom so large that the end shall be
forgotten.”

[Sidenote: Comparison with Islam]

The story of Islam, the Church which has grown up side by side with the
Church of Christ, is laden with suggestions upon this subject of the
failure of the latter to bring in the Kingdom of the Father. One or two
of these only can be noted.

1. Reference has already been made to several of the most noteworthy;
_e.g._, the reality of the Muslim Brotherhood, and the easily-kindled
missionary ardour; to the same category belongs another striking
fact. The Muslim is never ashamed to confess His faith. His devotion
to God and his loyalty to the Prophet are not matters too sacred for
conversation. They are his deepest life, wherefore should he shun
reference to them? When as much can be said of the members of each
Christian Church, much will be gained.

      “I’m not ashamed to own my Lord,
        Or to defend His cause.”

2. Islam is broken up into some two hundred sects; Christianity into
as many, or more. The family feuds have, in each case, been fiercely
maintained. But, at the call—“_Fight for the religion of God_,”
Islam rallies as one man, a solid front is offered to the enemies of
the Faith. Just at this point, once again, Christianity has failed.
The family feud is carried into the enemy’s country, and weakens the
aggressive warfare, as only those who have taken part in that warfare
can tell.

3. The solidarity of societies is a rarely realized but very solemn
fact. The Church of Christ cannot divide herself into portions, and
fling responsibilities from division to division, from age to age.
Whether consciously or not, when one member suffers all suffer, when
one member sins sin has come upon all; and history teaches no lesson
more plainly than that the harvest of the deeds of one generation is
reaped by another. Thus, the most solemn lesson provided by the story
of Islam is contained in the very existence of Islam. A disloyal
Church presented a false Faith to one of the most earnest Seekers
after God who has ever gone forth upon the great Quest; and the Church
has spent much wrath upon the “false Prophet” who has ever since been
her greatest opponent. But she has never fairly faced her sin, nor
acknowledged that the Islam of to-day is to all intents the harvest
of the seed of false doctrine she sowed thirteen centuries ago. To
discuss the truth or the falsehood of Muhammad’s claim will be the
task of Islam when she is brought face to face with the true Christ;
it is beside the mark for the Church of Christ. To her falls the far
more awful duty of wiping out as best she may, and at whatever cost,
the darkest blot which has marred her long history. Can it be that her
Lord cannot largely own her aggressive work done in His Name, until the
wrong has been righted?



III

THE COMING BATTLE

 “_Fight for the religion of God, and know that God is He Who heareth
 and knoweth._”

                                                              Muhammad.

 “_Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations ... and lo, I
 am with you alway, even unto the end of the world._”

                                                          Jesus Christ.


THE COMING BATTLE.

Islam and Christianity are not sister religions, as some would have us
believe. The very existence of Islam is a challenge to Christianity;
and since Muhammad sent out his missionary armies, the two Faiths have
been constant rivals and enemies. All apologists of any weight on both
sides acknowledge the mutual exclusion of Christ and Muhammad. Nothing
is gained on either side by denial of this position.

History has corroborated this view only too literally. In Muslim
lands those bearing the Christian name have suffered and do
suffer in proof of it. “_To remain a Christian_,” writes Mrs.
King Lewis, in her book—‘Critical Times in Turkey, and England’s
Responsibility,’—“_means to court death in some terrible manner_.”
The best that can be said of other lands is that there is an armed
neutrality.

The two antagonists must one day meet; and the war, on the one side
at least, will be a religious war. It will be a terrible war, waged
at fearful cost. It could hardly be otherwise, for the wrongs to be
avenged on either side are deep and of long standing.

It is a saying with Mussulmans that Christianity fears to meet Islam.
Missionaries in Arabia have been taunted with the fact that parties of
two or three men are sent by the Church of Christ to convert Arabia,
and the inference is drawn that the older Faith dares not seriously to
confront the younger. Some colour is given to the reproach by the fact
that Christian Europe dares not to confront the moribund Turkish Empire
in defence of those who bear the Christian name.

The question of Christianity is, whether the inevitable war shall be
primarily or entirely a war of the nations, bloody and disastrous; or
whether it is not possible even yet for the Church to unite her forces,
and to meet the common enemy with a frank avowal of the first wrong,
and an offer, belated indeed, but now earnest and sincere, of the
knowledge of Christ.

The approach of Christian to Mussulman must always be a difficult and
delicate task. He is prepossessed against Christ, he cannot believe
that Christianity is other than a polytheistic Faith, “The very bells
of the churches ring, Jesus, Mary; Jesus, Mary,” said a Muslim woman.
Disdain of the Prophet rouses his bitterest antagonism. Discussions and
arguments end as they began.

But there is a soul of honour in him, and a fair approach meets, as
a rule, with a fair response. “You have read the Quran? Bring me a
Bible,” said a bigotted Muslim woman to the writer.

“Shall we talk the matter quietly over? Tell me of your Faith, and
of what it means to you; and will you give me also a hearing?” Such
an appeal rarely fails; and if Christ and His message be fairly
introduced, the result may safely be left with Him.


                                THE END



A SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ACCESSIBLE BOOKS UPON THE SUBJECT.


  _A Dictionary of Islam._ By the REV. T. P. HUGHES, late of Peshawar.

  _Notes on Muhammadanism._ By the REV. T. P. HUGHES, late of Peshawar.

  _The Life of Mahomet._ By SIR WILLIAM MUIR.

  _Mahomet and Islam._ By SIR WILLIAM MUIR.

  _Mohammed, Buddha, and Christ._ By PROFESSOR DODS.

  _The Religion of the Crescent; or, Islam: Its Strength, Its Weakness,
    Its Origin, Its Influence._ By the REV. W. ST. CLAIR TISDALL, M.A.

  _Christianity and Islam._ Epochs of Church History Series. (A. D. F.
    Randolph and Co., New York.)

  _The Quran._ Of which there are several translations.


                     RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED,
                     BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND
                            BUNGAY, SUFFOLK



      *      *      *      *      *      *



Transcriber’s note:

Archaic and unusual spellings have been maintained from the original
book.

Obvious errors in printing have been corrected, as detailed below.

The Table of Contents was expanded to include the Preface, Table of
Contents, A Short Bibliography of Accessible Books Upon the Subject,
and this Transcriber’s Note.

The book cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in
the public domain.

Details of the changes:

  Page 15  had crossed his path, who had spoken or[of]

  Page 24  corrolary[corollary] to the teaching regarding the Will,

  Page 34  pullution[pollution] before entering the presence of

  Page 41  Islam is in advance of the law of great[Great] Britain





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