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Title: The children's book of Christmas
Author: - To be updated
Language: English
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CHRISTMAS ***
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[Illustration: Decoration]
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO
SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED
LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
THE CHILDREN’S BOOK OF CHRISTMAS
[Illustration: woman in bed]
[Illustration:
THE
CHILDREN’S BOOK
OF CHRISTMAS
Compiled by
J. C. DIER
The MACMILLAN COMPANY
1911
All rights reserved
]
[Illustration: Decoration]
COPYRIGHT, 1911,
BY
THE MACMILLAN
COMPANY
Set up and electrotyped.
Published, October, 1911.
Norwood Press
J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co.
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
_IS THERE A SANTA CLAUS?_
[_This question addressed to_ The Sun, _New York, received this
reply_.]
_We take pleasure in answering at once and thus prominently
the communication below, expressing at the same time our great
gratification that its faithful author is numbered among the friends
of_ The Sun:—
_Dear Editor: I am 8 years old._
_Some of my little friends say there is no Santa Claus.
Papa says, “If you see it in_ The Sun _it’s so.”
Please tell me the truth; is there a Santa Claus?_
_VIRGINIA O’HANLON._
_Virginia, your little friends are wrong. They have been afflicted by
the scepticism of a sceptical age. They do not believe except they
see. They think that nothing can be which is not comprehensible by
their little minds. All minds, Virginia, whether they be men’s or
children’s, are little. In this great universe of ours man is a mere
insect, an ant, in his intellect, as compared with the boundless
world about him, as measured by the intelligence capable of grasping
the whole of truth and knowledge._
_Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as
love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound
and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! how dreary
would be the world if there were no Santa Claus! It would be as
dreary as if there were no Virginias. There would be no childlike
faith then, no poetry, no romance, to make tolerable this existence.
We should have no enjoyment, except in sense and sight. The eternal
light with which childhood fills the world would be extinguished._
_Not believe in Santa Claus! You might as well not believe in
fairies. You might get your papa to hire men to watch in all the
chimneys on Christmas Eve to catch Santa Claus, but even if they did
not see Santa Claus coming down, what would that prove? Nobody sees
Santa Claus, but that is no sign that there is no Santa Claus. The
most real things in the world are those that neither children nor men
can see. Did you ever see fairies dancing on the lawn? Of course not,
but that’s no proof that they are not there. Nobody can conceive or
imagine all the wonders that are unseen and unseeable in the world._
_You may tear apart the baby’s rattle and see what makes the noise
inside, but there is a veil covering the unseen world which not the
strongest man, nor even the united strength of all the strongest
men that ever lived, could tear apart. Only faith, fancy, poetry,
love, romance, can push aside that curtain and view and picture the
supernal beauty and glory beyond. Is it all real? Ah, Virginia, in
all this world there is nothing else real and abiding._
_No Santa Claus! Thank God! he lives, and he lives forever. A
thousand years from now, Virginia, nay, ten times ten thousand years
from now, he will continue to make glad the heart of childhood._
_FRANK P. CHURCH._
[Illustration: Decoration]
CONTENTS
PAGE
IS THERE A SANTA CLAUS? v
An Editorial by the late Frank P. Church in the New York _Sun_.
CHRISTMAS GREENS 1
Adapted from _Some Curiosities of Popular Customs_ by William
S. Walsh.
I SAW THREE SHIPS COME SAILING IN 2
A Kentish Version of an old English Christmas Carol.
THE ANGELS AND THE SHEPHERDS 4
The Gospel Story as in the Children’s Series of the Modern
Reader’s Bible, edited by R. G. Moulton.
WHILE SHEPHERDS WATCHED 6
The famous Christmas hymn written in about 1700 and attributed
to Nahum Tate.
THE WISE MEN FROM THE EAST 7
The Gospel Story as in the Children’s Series of the Modern
Reader’s Bible, edited by R. G. Moulton.
STROOIAVOND IN HOLLAND 9
Adapted from _Holland_ by Beatrix Jungman in the Peeps at Many
Lands Series, with one paragraph simplified from _Servia and the
Servians_ by Chedo Mijatovich.
HOW ST. NICHOLAS CAME TO VOLENDAM 12
From the volume on _Holland_ by Beatrix Jungman in the Peeps at
Many Lands Series.
KEEPING CHRISTMAS IN THE OLD WAY 16
From an entertaining old pamphlet published in 1740 entitled
“Round about Our Coal Fire, or Christmas Entertainments,” quoted
in _Christmas: Its Origin and Associations_ by W. F. Dawson.
AS JOSEPH WAS A-WALKING 20
An Old English Christmas Carol known as The Cherry-tree Carol. In
many versions another stanza said to be of later origin is added.
THE “JULE-NISSEN” AND BLOWING IN THE YULE 21
From _The Old Town_ by Jacob A. Riis, copyright by The
Macmillan Company, 1909.
CHRISTMAS EVE IN MERRY ENGLAND 23
From _Marmion_ by Sir Walter Scott.
WHEN CHRISTMAS WAS NOT MERRY 25
Compiled from _Christmas: Its Origin and Associations_ by W. F.
Dawson, and from general sources.
GOING HOME FOR CHRISTMAS 28
From _Old Christmas at Bracebridge Hall_ by Washington Irving.
GOD REST YOU MERRY, GENTLEMEN 31
An Old English Carol.
THE DATE OF RUSSIA’S CHRISTMASTIDE 33
Compiled from general sources, and in part from _Russia_ by L.
Edna Walter in the Peeps at Many Lands Series.
ST. BARBARA’S GRAIN 37
Adapted from an unsigned article in _Macmillan’s Magazine_ and
from creole folk-lore.
BEFORE THE PALING OF THE STARS 38
By Christina Rossetti.
A MIDNIGHT MASS IN FRANCE 39
Adapted from an article in _Macmillan’s Magazine_ with added
details drawn from an article in _The Century_ by Mme. Th. Bentzon.
THE CHRISTCHILD AND THE PINE TREE 42
A weaving together of bits of folk-lore drawn chiefly from _The
Child and Childhood in Folk-thought_ by Alexander F. Chamberlain.
A BIRTHDAY GIFT 44
Part of a hymn for children by Christina Rossetti.
THE CHRISTMAS FIRE IN SERVIA 45
Adapted from _Servia and the Servians_ by Chedo Mijatovich.
THE DAY OF THE LITTLE GOD 47
From _Servia and the Servians_ by Chedo Mijatovich.
NATURE FOLK-LORE OF CHRISTMASTIDE 50
Compiled from several sources, including _The Old Town_ by Jacob
A. Riis and magazine articles.
GOOD KING WENCESLAS 53
An Old English Carol in the version by John Mason Neale.
A MEXICAN “MYSTERY” SEEN BY BAYARD TAYLOR 54
From _Eldorado_ by Bayard Taylor.
BREAKING THE PIÑATE 57
Collated from _Mexico, the Wonderland of the South_ by W. E.
Carson, copyright by The Macmillan Company, 1909.
CHRISTMAS UPON A GREENLAND ICEBERG 59
Collated from _Christmas: Its Origin and Associations_ by W. F.
Dawson, and _The Great White North_ by Helen S. Wright.
LUTHER’S CHRISTMAS CAROL FOR CHILDREN 61
Translator unknown.
THE GOOD NIGHT IN SPAIN 63
Adapted from the account by Ferdinand Caballero, translated by
Katharine Lee Bates.
A CHRISTMAS TREE IN JAPAN 66
From _Letters from Japan_ by Mary Crawford Fraser, copyright by
The Macmillan Company, 1899.
FROM FAR AWAY 72
A Christmas Carol by William Morris.
LORDINGS, LISTEN TO OUR LAY 73
A fragment of the earliest existing carol; sung in the thirteenth
century.
WHERE THE CHRISTMAS TOYS COME FROM 74
Compiled from general sources, including _In Toyland_, an article
in _The Royal Magazine_, copyright by C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd.
THE MAKING OF A CHRISTMAS DOLL 76
The material of this article also has been drawn from _The Royal
Magazine_ by permission of its publishers, C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd.
IRINA’S DAY ON THE ESTATES 79
Adapted from _Russia_ by L. Edna Walter in the Peeps at Many Lands
Series.
A VISIT FROM ST. NICHOLAS 83
By Clement C. Moore.
THE CRATCHITS’ CHRISTMAS DINNER 85
From _A Christmas Carol_ by Charles Dickens.
AFTER THE CHRISTMAS DINNER 88
From _The Old Town_ by Jacob A. Riis, copyright by The
Macmillan Company, 1909.
HANG UP THE BABY’S STOCKING 89
Author unknown.
A GERMAN CHRISTMAS 90
Collated from _Home Life in Germany_ by Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick,
_Music Study in Germany_ by Amy Fay, and _Elizabeth and Her
German Garden_.
CROWDED OUT 95
By Rosalie M. Jonas.
AN ENGLISH “ADORATION” 96
Adapted from _The Children’s Book of Art_ by Miss A. E. Conway
and Sir Martin Conway.
THE CHILDREN’S OWN SAINT 99
Based on legends chiefly drawn from _Curiosities of Popular
Customs_ by W. S. Walsh.
THE BEFANA FAIR IN ROME 102
From _Ave Roma Immortalis_ by F. Marion Crawford, copyright by
The Macmillan Company, 1898.
THE GOLDEN CAROL 104
An Old English Epiphany Carol.
BABOUSCKA 105
By Carolyn S. Bailey. Copyright by the Milton Bradley Company.
Reprinted by permission from _For the Children’s Hour_.
THE THREE KINGS 107
Adapted by permission from _The Memoirs of Mistral_, copyright by
the Baker and Taylor Company, 1907.
CHRISTMAS PEACE 110
From _The Little City of Hope_ by F. Marion Crawford, copyright by
The Macmillan Company, 1907.
PLATES IN COLORS
The Annunciation _Dante Gabriel Rossetti_ _Frontispiece_
PAGE
The Nativity _Botticelli_ _Facing_ 4
Shepherds and Shepherd Boy 20
In a Christmas Market on the Neva 36
The Yule Sheaf 52
Nuremberg Where the Toys are Made 72
Roumanian Boys in a Religious Procession 80
An English “Adoration” 96
ILLUSTRATIONS IN BLACK AND WHITE
The Shepherds Adoring _Ghirlandajo_ 8
The Adoration of the Magi _Bernadino_ 12
The Adoration of the King _Veronese_ 16
Holy Night _C. Müller_ 24
A Christmas Gift on the Way to Christmas Dinner 28
The Holy Night _Correggio_ 32
The Bells _Blashfield_ 40
The Triumph of the Innocents _Hunt_ 44
Bethlehem _Hofmann_ 48
The Christmas Tree Market in New York 56
Heads of the Christ Child from Raphael’s Paintings 60
The Holy Family with the Shepherds _Titian_ 64
Making Glass and Tinsel Ornaments for Christmas Trees 68
Doll-making 76
Wig-making 78
A Christmas Tree at the Immigration Station, New York 84
“We joined hands and danced around the tree” 88
Dressing Dolls in Germany for American Christmas Trees 92
An American Christmas Tree 100
The Adoration of the Magi _Memling_ 104
The Adoration of the Shepherds _Bouguereau_ 108
COMPILER’S NOTE
Wherever it has been possible, the material used has been quoted in
the exact words of the writer. In some cases omissions have been made
of sentences which would be unintelligible because that part of the
original book to which they refer is not herein included. In a very
few cases where the books quoted were not written for children, the
selections have been condensed and the language simplified. It is
hoped that injustice has been done to none.
[Illustration: Decoration]
THE CHILDREN’S BOOK OF CHRISTMAS
Christmas Greens
It is hard for you who have never felt the lack of heat and light to
know what the long dark winter must have meant to the men of long ago
who first kept the midwinter feast. Many of them really believed that
as the days grew shorter and shorter, and the nights long and cold,
there was danger that the sun might go out altogether and the whole
world die in the darkness. When, late in December, the days began to
lengthen, and they saw that the sun was coming back to bring again
the flowers and the summer heat, they fancied that a new sun had been
born. So then for gladness they kept a feast which naturally in later
years was changed into a festival in honor of the birth of Christ,
“the sun of righteousness.”
With the feast itself some other of their old customs have been
handed down to us, and among them is that of bringing into the house
in midwinter the boughs of Christmas green. For these far-away folk
believed that wood-spirits—you know them as brownies, fairies, and
elves—were living in the forests outside, and were so sorry to think
of them shivering under the snow-laden trees and in damp icy caves,
that they used to place in the corners of their houses great branches
of hemlock and balsam fir, that “the good little people” might creep
into the sort of shelters they loved and be warm. And as the heat of
the fire brought out the sweet smell of the fir, it seemed to them
like a “thank you” from their friends of the summer woods. Thus they,
first of all men, felt the wish to give which is the heart of the
Christmas spirit. And soon they began to hang little gifts for their
unseen guest upon the green boughs, and to make them bright with
the berries of holly and ash. After that it may be that some night
hunter, crouching in the underbrush, looked up to the stars, and felt
that his tree was incomplete without twinkling lights. However that
may be, the custom of trimming the house with evergreens, holly, and
lights at Christmas time is an old, old one.
I saw Three Ships come sailing in
I saw three ships come sailing in,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day;
I saw three ships come sailing in,
On Christmas day in the morning.
And what was in those ships all three,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day?
And what was in those ships all three,
On Christmas day in the morning?
The Virgin Mary and Christ were there,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day;
The Virgin Mary and Christ were there,
On Christmas day in the morning.
Pray, whither sailed those ships all three,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day?
Pray, whither sailed those ships all three,
On Christmas day in the morning?
O they sailed into Bethlehem,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day;
O they sailed into Bethlehem,
On Christmas day in the morning.
And all the bells on earth shall ring,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day;
And all the bells on earth shall ring,
On Christmas day in the morning.
And all the Angels in Heaven shall sing,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day;
And all the Angels in Heaven shall sing,
On Christmas day in the morning.
And all the souls on earth shall sing,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day;
And all the souls on earth shall sing,
On Christmas day in the morning.
Then let us all rejoice amain,
On Christmas day, on Christmas day;
Then let us all rejoice amain,
On Christmas day in the morning.
The Angels and the Shepherds
Now in the days of Herod, King of Judea, the angel Gabriel was sent
from God unto a city in Galilee named Nazareth, unto a virgin whose
name was Mary, to whom he said: Hail, thou that art highly favored!
the Lord is with thee! blessed art thou among women! But she was
greatly troubled by his greeting and wondered what such words could
mean. Fear not, Mary! for thou hast found favor with God, he said,
and went on to tell her of the Son who should be hers, and whom she
was to call Jesus. He shall be great, she was told, and shall be
called the Son of the Most High; and the Lord God shall give unto him
the throne of his father David; and he shall reign over the house of
Jacob forever; and of his kingdom there shall be no end.
Now it came to pass there went out a decree from Cæsar Augustus, that
all the world should be enrolled. And all went to enroll themselves,
every one to his own city. And Joseph also went up from Galilee, out
of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which
is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house of the family of
David; to enroll himself with Mary. And it came to pass, while they
were there she brought forth her firstborn son; and she wrapped him
in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger, because there was no
room for them in the inn.
[Illustration: manger]
And there were shepherds in the same country abiding in the field,
and keeping watch by night over their flock. And an angel of the
Lord stood by them, and the glory of the Lord shone round about
them: and they were sore afraid. And the angel said unto them, Be
not afraid; for behold I bring you good tidings of great joy which
shall be to all the people: for there is born to you this day in the
city of David, a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this is the
sign unto you; ye shall find a babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, and
lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude
of the heavenly host praising God, and saying:
Glory to God in the highest,
And on earth peace
Among men in whom he is well pleased.
And it came to pass, when the angels went away from them into heaven,
the shepherds said one to another, Let us now go even unto Bethlehem,
and see this thing that is come to pass, which the Lord hath made
known unto us. And they came with haste, and found both Mary and
Joseph, and the babe lying in the manger. And when they saw it they
made known concerning the saying which was spoken to them about
this child. And all that heard it wondered at the things which were
spoken unto them by the shepherds. But Mary kept all these sayings,
pondering them in her heart. And the shepherds returned, glorifying
and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen,
even as it was spoken unto them.
And when eight days were fulfilled his name was called
JESUS.
While Shepherds Watched
While shepherds watch’d their flocks by night,
All seated on the ground,
The Angel of the Lord came down,
And glory shone around.
“Fear not,” said he (for mighty dread
Had seized their troubled mind);
“Glad tidings of great joy I bring
To you and all mankind.
“To you in David’s town this day
Is born of David’s line
The Saviour, who is Christ the Lord;
And this shall be the sign:
“The heavenly Babe you there shall find
To human view display’d,
All meanly wrapt in swathing-bands;
And in a manger laid.”
Thus spake the seraph; and forthwith
Appear’d a shining throng
Of angels praising God, and thus
Address’d their joyful song:
“All glory be to God on high,
And to the earth be peace;
Good-will henceforth from heaven to men
Begin, and never cease!”
The Wise Men from the East
Now when Jesus was born, behold, Wise men from the east came to
Jerusalem, saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? for
we saw his star in the east, and are come to worship him. And when
Herod the king heard it, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with
him. And gathering together all the chief priests and scribes of the
people, he inquired of them where the Christ should be born. And
they said unto him, In Bethlehem of Judea: for thus it is written
by the prophet: _And thou Bethlehem, land of Judah, art in no wise
least among the princes of Judah: for out of thee shall come forth a
governor, which shall be shepherd of my people Israel._ Then Herod
privily called the Wise men, and learned of them carefully what time
the star appeared. And he sent them to Bethlehem, and said, Go and
search out carefully concerning the young child; and when ye have
found him, bring me word that I also may come and worship him. And
they, having heard the king, went their way; and lo, the star, which
they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over
where the young child was. And when they saw the star, they rejoiced
with exceeding great joy. And they came into the house and saw the
young child with Mary his mother; and they fell down and worshipped
him; and opening their treasures they offered unto him gifts, gold
and frankincense and myrrh. And being warned of God in a dream that
they should not return to Herod, they departed into their own country
another way.
Now when they were departed, behold an angel of the Lord appeareth
to Joseph in a dream, saying, Arise and take the young child and his
mother and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I tell thee: for
Herod will seek the young child to destroy him. And he arose and took
the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt; and
was there until the death of Herod. Then Herod, when he saw that he
was mocked of the Wise men was exceeding wroth, and sent forth, and
slew all the male children that were in Bethlehem, and in all the
borders thereof, from two years old and under, according to the time
which he had carefully learned of the Wise men. Then was fulfilled
that which was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet, saying: _A voice was
heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her
children; and she would not be comforted, because they are not._
But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeareth in a
dream to Joseph in Egypt, saying, Arise and take the young child and
his mother, and go into the land of Israel: for they are dead that
sought the young child’s life. And he arose and took the young child
and his mother, and came into the land of Israel. But when he heard
that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the room of his father
Herod, he was afraid to go thither; and being warned of God in a
dream, he withdrew into the parts of Galilee, and came and dwelt in a
city called Nazareth: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by
the prophets, that he should be called a Nazarene.
[Illustration:
_Girlandajo_
THE SHEPHERDS ADORING]
Strooiavond in Holland
A Dutch boy does not have to wait until December 25 for the
great gift-day of the year. He is one of those who look for the
gift-bringing saint on the eve of his own day which falls on December
6. For days beforehand the shops have been filled with toys and gaily
trimmed, and on the evening of December 5 St. Nicholas is supposed
by the little ones to make choice of the special treasure intended
for little Dutch Jan or Martje. Indeed, it is one of the children’s
treats to go out on that night to see the shops; and in the doorway
of many of them stands a gorgeously clad likeness of the saint.
At home the children in turn are visited by the saint; in he walks
carrying a big sackful of candies, oranges, apples, and so forth,
which he scatters on the floor. Indeed, the Eve of St. Nicholas is
called in Holland _Strooiavond_, which means “strewing evening.” This
idea of a strewing evening crops up curiously often as one reads of
the various customs connected with the December holidays the world
over. In southern France the Provençal women strew wheat on the
surface of shallow dishes of water, planting St. Barbara’s grain; in
Mexico the children try to break with a long stick a bag or jug swung
high above their heads, scattering the contents at last all over the
floor.
In some parts of Servia there is found among the Christmas customs
one which is probably the remnant of an early rite from which all of
these “strewing evenings” come. In that country, after the Christmas
fire has been started with due ceremonies, the mother of the family
brings in a bundle of straw which has been made ready early in the
day. All the young children arrange themselves behind her in a row.
She then starts walking slowly about the hall, and all the adjoining
rooms, throwing on the floor handfuls of straw, and at the same time
imitating the hens sounds, “Kock ... kock ... kock;” while all the
children, representing the hen’s little chickens, merrily follow
shouting, “Peeyoo! ... peeyoo! ... peeyoo!” The floor well strewn
with straw, and the little folk in breathless heaps upon it, the
oldest man of the family throws a few walnuts in every corner of
the hall. After this a large pot, or a small wooden box, is filled
with wheat and placed a little higher than a man’s head in the east
corner of the hall. In the middle of the wheat is fixed a tall candle
of yellow wax. The father of the family then reverently lights the
candle, and, folding his arms on his breast, he prays, while all who
are present stand silently behind him, asking God to bless the family
with health and happiness, to bless the fields with good harvests,
the beehives with plenty of honey, the sheep with many lambs, the
cows with rich creamy milk, and so on. When he finishes his prayer,
he bows deeply before the burning candle, and all those standing
behind him do the same. He then turns toward them and says, “May
God hear our prayer, and may He grant us all health!” to which they
answer, “God grant it. Amen!”
In Holland the very little children believe that while they are busy
gathering up the saint’s goodies, or else in the night, he hides
away the presents meant for them all over the house. Before they go
to bed they place their largest shoes—wooden sabots, such as you
see in almost every picture of Dutch children—in the chimney place,
where in the morning they find them stuffed with fruit, nuts, and
sweets. There are no lie-a-beds in Holland on St. Nicholas’ morning.
There is a glorious game of “seek-and-find” going on in every house
where there are children. Piet takes down one of the shining copper
saucepans hanging beside the chimney place and finds curled up
inside it the many-petticoated doll which of course he hands over to
a delighted little sister, who has somewhere discovered his box of
gaily painted leaden soldiers. There are plenty of hiding holes in
an old Dutch house; thick oak beams support the walls and roofs and
make wide ledges upon which Rupert may find a packet containing two
flat silver buttons which once belonged to his great-grandfather.
He is the oldest son, beginning to be particular about his striped
waistcoats and the tight fit of his blue or red coat. He will be
immensely proud to wear, as every other man in the old village does,
two silver buttons at the waist of his baggy trousers. In the parts
of Holland where the new fashions have not spoiled the old, silver
buttons are to the men what such coral necklaces as Rupert’s sister
wears are to the women. These buttons are always as big as the men
can afford, and sometimes are like saucers; the little boys, even the
tiniest ones, are dressed exactly after the pattern of their fathers,
but their two flat buttons are smaller, about as large as fifty-cent
pieces, and stamped with some design, the favorite one being a ship.
When all the gifts have been hunted out (down to a pair of skates
with long curved tips for a boy so little that you would think St.
Nicholas must have made a mistake if you did not know that Dutch
children learn to skate almost as early as you learn to walk),
the children are ready for the season’s other special treat, the
gingerbread cakes. Delicately spiced gingerbread is made into many
fantastic shapes, but every one, young or old, receives a gingerbread
doll. Figures of men are given to the women folk, and of women in
ruffles and straight skirts to the men. It is interesting to see
how exactly like these gingerbread figures are in outline to those
in early Dutch paintings. The models from which they are patterned
frequently date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
How St. Nicholas Came to Volendam
One winter I was staying with my husband at the little fishing
village of Volendam, and we wished that the little Volendamers, who
are all very poor, should for once have a splendid St. Nicholas. A
French artist, who was there at the same time, was of our opinion,
and we were equally supported by our host Spaander and his wife and
their family of blooming daughters. In the wooden hotel there is
a “coffee-room,” long and low, of really vast proportions. In the
summer-time half of it forms the drawing-room. At the farther end
of this apartment is a small stage, with wings. On this occasion
(thanks to Spaander) the whole of it was covered in spotless white,
tables were erected, and upon their surface were arranged about
a thousand toys and as many oranges and cakes. A white throne was
placed for St. Nicholas, whose part was taken by the Frenchman. He
wore a long white woollen robe falling over a purple silk underdress,
a cape of costly old yellow brocade, and a gorgeous jewelled mitre,
and he was made venerable by long white hair and beard. The dress
of the black slave, whose part was taken by my husband, was equally
correct and effective—a long tight-fitting garment of green velvet,
showing a white robe underneath; an orange silk turban was wound
round the black locks of a disguising wig and lit up his cork-black
face. So much for the preparations, completed with considerable
trouble and a great deal of amusement.
[Illustration:
_Bernadino Luini_
ADORATION OF THE MAGI]
My husband painted a large poster, on which was set forth a notice
to all the children of Volendam that at 6.30 a boat would land upon
the quay, bearing St. Nicholas and his faithful slave laden with
gifts. One may easily imagine the joy and delight of these poor
fisher-children, into whose uneventful lives what English children
call a treat hardly ever enters. They crowded about the announcement,
and read that St. Nicholas would come laden with gifts. Who can say
what wild, beautiful hopes filled their hearts? Before five o’clock
the youngsters began to assemble. The quay was crowded with them, so
was the narrow road leading from the quay to the hotel. The parents
also were there, quite as excited and almost as credulous as their
children. Indeed, all Volendam turned out to welcome the saint. Rain
began to fall; but, although it soaked their poor clothes, it seemed
to have no damping effect upon their spirits, all afire as they were
with expectation. Meanwhile, the saint and his slave rowed out to
their boat. It was now almost dark, but in the faint light one could
still distinguish the fishing-boats which always crowd the harbor,
their tall masts and sails dimly defined against the gray sky, and
their narrow flags gently flapping in the rain. At one point there
was an opening between the boats, a glimmering waterway, where those
who were in the secret expected the boat to appear. The time passed
slowly. It was seven o’clock; and every one was very wet. Still, all
Volendam was full of cheerful good humor.
At length a blaze of bright light far out on the water revealed
the saint—a venerable figure standing in the boat, crosier in
hand, evidently blessing the expectant crowd. In a few moments the
boat reached the landing-place. With blare of trumpets, and by the
light of the torches, a procession was formed. How radiant were the
faces illumined by the flickering glow! Soon the warm, well-lighted
café was reached. The saint sat on his throne, and his good slave
rapidly distributed presents to the little ones, safely housed from
the inclement weather! Alas! they were very wet; but, as not one
of the seven hundred coughed during the distribution, it may be
concluded that the young Volendamers do not easily take cold. Their
surroundings are so damp that they are almost amphibious.
Every face beamed with happiness. The genial St. Nicholas and his
hard-worked slave; the Spaander family all helping vigorously; the
three fine, tall Volendamers, who, in their yellow scarves of office,
kept order so gently and gaily; down to the very youngest child,—all
the faces were sweet and patient, and aglow with the pleasure either
of giving or receiving.
The crowd of children looked plump and healthy, and although many
garments were much patched, there were no rags; the poorest seemed to
be well cared for and comfortable.
Seven hundred of them were made happy with toys and fruit; but there
was no scrambling or pushing, nothing but happy expectation, and then
still more happy satisfaction. All too soon it was over; the last
child clattered down the long room with its precious armful.
Afterwards we heard from the schoolteachers and the children’s
parents that most of them believed firmly that it was the real saint
descended from heaven who had laid his hands on their heads in
benediction as they received their presents from the black slave.
—BEATRIX JUNGMAN.
[Illustration: Decoration]
Keeping Christmas in the Old Way
There is an amusing account of how Christmas used to be observed in
England in the time of George II, in a little book called “Round
about our Coal Fire, or Christmas Entertainments,” published in 1740.
The author begins:——
“First acknowledging the sacredness of the Holy Time of _Christmas_,
I proceed to set forth the Rejoicings which are generally made at the
great Festival.
“You must understand, good People, that the manner of celebrating
this great Course of Holydays is vastly different now to what it
was in former days: There was once upon a time Hospitality in the
land; an _English_ Gentleman at the opening of the great Day, had
all his Tenants and Neighbours enter’d his Hall by Day-break, the
strong Beer was broach’d, and the Black Jacks went plentifully about
with Toast, Sugar, Nutmeg, and good Cheshire Cheese; the Rooms were
embower’d with Holly, Ivy, Cypress, Bays, Laurel, and Misselto, and
a bouncing _Christmas_ Log in the Chimney glowing like the cheeks of
a country Milk-maid; then was the pewter as bright as _Clarinda_,
and every bit of Brass as polished as the most refined Gentleman;
the Servants were then running here and there, with merry Hearts
and jolly Countenances; every one was busy welcoming of Guests, and
look’d as smug as new licked Puppies; the Lasses as blithe and buxom
as the maids in good Queen _Bess’s_ Days, when they eat Sir-Loins of
Roast Beef for Breakfast; _Peg_ would scuttle about to make Toast for
_John_, while _Tom_ run _harum scarum_ to draw a Jug of Ale for
_Margery_: Gaffer _Spriggins_ was bid thrice welcome by the ’Squire,
and Gooddy _Goose_ did not fail of a smacking Buss from his Worship
while his Son and Heir did the Honours of the House: in a word, the
Spirit of Generosity ran thro’ the whole House.
[Illustration:
_Paolo Veronese_
THE ADORATION OF THE KINGS]
“In these Times all the Spits were sparkling, the _Hackin_ (a great
sausage) must be boiled by Day-break, or else two young Men took the
Maiden (the cook) by the Arms, and run her round the Market-place,
till she was ashamed of her Laziness. And what was worse than this,
she must not play with the Young Fellows that Day, but stand Neuter,
like a Girl doing penance in a Winding-sheet at a Church-door.
“But now let us enquire a little farther, to arrive at the Sense of
the Thing; this great Festival was in former Times kept with so much
Freedom and Openess of Heart, that every one in the Country where
a Gentleman resided, possessed at least a Day of Pleasure in the
_Christmas_ Holydays; the Tables were all spread from the first to
the last, the Sir-loins of Beef, the Minc’d Pies, the Plum-Porridge,
the Capons, Turkeys, Geese, and Plum-puddings, were all brought upon
the board; and all those who had sharp stomachs and sharp Knives eat
heartily and were welcome, which gave rise to the Proverb—
_Merry in the Hall, when Beards wag all._
* * * * *
“A merry Gentleman of my Acquaintance desires I will insert, that the
old Folks in the Days of yore kept open House at _Christmas_ out of
Interest; for then, says he, they receive the greatest part of their
rent in Kind; such as Wheat, Barley or Malt, Oxen, Calves, Sheep,
Swine, Turkeys, Capon, Geese, and such like; and they not having Room
enough to preserve their Cattle or Poultry, nor Markets to sell off
the Overplus, they were obliged to use them in their own Houses; and
by treating the People of the country, gained credit amongst them,
and riveted the Minds and Goodwill of their Neighbours so firmly in
them that no one durst venture to oppose them. The ’Squire’s Will was
done whatever came on it; for if he happened to ask a Neighbour what
it was a Clock, they returned with a low Scrape, it was what your
Worship pleases.
“The Dancing and Singing of the Benchers in the great Inns of the
Court in _Christmas_, is in some sort founded upon Interest; for they
hold, as I am informed, some Priviledge by Dancing about the Fire in
the middle of their Hall, and singing the Song of _Round about our
Coal Fire_, &c.
“This time of the year being cold and frosty, generally speaking, or
when Jack-Frost commonly takes us by the Nose, the Diversions are
within Doors, either in Exercise or by the Fire-side.
“Country-Dancing is one of the chief Exercises....
“Then comes Mumming or Masquerading, when the ’Squire’s Wardrobe
is ransacked for Dresses of all Kinds, and the coal-hole searched
around, or corks burnt to black the Faces of the Fair, or make
Deputy-Mustaches, and every one in the Family except the ’Squire
himself must be transformed from what they were....
“Or else there is a match at _Blind-Man’s-Buff_, and then it is
lawful to set anything in the way for Folks to tumble over....
“As for _Puss in the Corner_, that is a very harmless Sport, and one
may romp at it as much as one will....
“The next game to this is _Questions and Commands_, when the
Commander may oblige his Subject to answer any lawful Question, and
make the same obey him instantly, under the penalty of being smutted,
or paying such Forfeit as may be laid on the Aggressor; but the
Forfeits being generally fixed at some certain Price, as a Shilling,
Half a Crown, &c., so every one knowing what to do if they should be
too stubborn to submit, making themselves easy at discretion.
“As for the game of _Hoop and Hide_, the Parties have the Liberty of
hiding where they will, in any part of the House; and if they happen
to be caught the Dispute ends in Kissing, &c.
“Most of the Diversions are Cards and Dice, but they are seldom set
on foot, unless a Lawyer is at hand, to breed some dispute for him to
decide, or at least to have some Party in.
“And now I come to another Entertainment frequently used, which is of
the Story-telling Order, _viz._ of Hobgoblins, Witches, Conjurors,
Ghosts, Fairies, and such like common Disturbers.”
[Illustration: Decoration]
As Joseph was a-walking
As Joseph was a-walking,
He heard an angel sing,
“This shall be the birth-night
Of Christ our heavenly king.
“His birth-bed shall be neither
In housen nor in hall,
Nor in the place of paradise,
But in the oxen’s stall.
“He neither shall be rockèd
In silver nor in gold,
But in the wooden manger
That lieth in the mould.
“He neither shall be washen
With white wine nor with red,
But with the fair spring water
That on you shall be shed.
“He neither shall be clothèd
In purple nor in pall,
But in the fair white linen
That usen babies all.”
As Joseph was a-walking,
Thus did the angels sing,
And Mary’s son at midnight
Was born to be our King.
[Illustration: two men]
The “Jule-Nissen” and Blowing in the Yule
I do not know how the forty years I have been away have dealt with
“Jule-nissen,” the Christmas elf of my childhood. He was pretty old
then, gray and bent, and there were signs that his time was nearly
over. So it may be that they have laid him away. I shall find out
when I go over there next time. When I was a boy we never sat down to
our Christmas Eve dinner until a bowl of rice and milk had been taken
up to the attic, where he lived with the marten and its young and
kept an eye upon the house—saw that everything ran smoothly. I never
met him myself, but I know the house-cat must have done so. No doubt
they were well acquainted; for when in the morning I went in for the
bowl, there it was, quite dry and licked clean, and the cat purring
in the corner. So, being there all night, he must have seen and
likely talked with him.... The Nisse was of the family, as you see,
very much of it, and certainly not to be classed with the cattle. Yet
they were his special concern; he kept them quiet and saw to it, when
the stableman forgot, that they were properly bedded and cleaned and
fed. He was very well known to the hands about the farm, and they
said that he looked just like a little old man, all in gray and with
a pointed red nightcap and long gray beard. He was always civilly
treated, as he surely deserved to be, but Christmas was his great
holiday, when he became part of it, indeed, and was made much of. So,
for that matter, was everything that lived under the husbandman’s
roof, or within reach of it.
Blowing in the Yule from the grim old tower that had stood eight
hundred years against the blasts of the North Sea was one of the
customs of the Old Town that abide, that I know. At sun-up, while
yet the people were at breakfast, the town band climbed the many
steep ladders to the top of the tower, and up there, in fair weather
or foul,—and sometimes it blew great guns from the wintry sea,—they
played four old hymns, one to each corner of the compass, so that no
one was forgotten. They always began with Luther’s sturdy challenge,
“A Mighty Fortress is Our God,” while down below we listened
devoutly. There was something both weird and beautiful about those
far-away strains in the early morning light of the northern winter,
something that was not of earth and that suggested to my child’s
imagination the angel’s song on far Judean hills. Even now, after all
these years, the memory of it does that.
[Illustration: Decoration]
Christmas Eve in Merry England
On Christmas Eve the bells were rung;
On Christmas Eve the mass was sung;
That only night in all the year,
Saw the stoled priest the chalice rear.
The damsel donned her kirtle sheen;
The hall was dressed with holly green;
Forth to the wood did merry-men go,
To gather in the mistletoe.
Then open’d wide the baron’s hall
To vassal, tenant, serf, and all;
Power laid his rod of rule aside
And Ceremony doff’d his pride.
The heir, with roses in his shoes,
That night might village partner choose;
The Lord, underogating, share
The vulgar game of “post and pair.”
All hail’d, with uncontroll’d delight,
And general voice, the happy night,
That to the cottage, as the crown,
Brought tidings of salvation down.
The fire, with well-dried logs supplied,
Went roaring up the chimney wide;
The huge hall table’s oaken face,
Scrubb’d till it shone, the day to grace,
Bore then upon its massive board
No mark to part the squire and lord;
Then was brought in the lusty brawn,
By old blue-coated serving man;
Then the grim boar’s head frown’d on high,
Crested with bays and rosemary.
Well can the green-garb’d ranger tell,
How, when, and where, the monster fell;
What dogs before his death he tore,
And all the baiting of the boar.
The wassel round, in good brown bowls,
Garnish’d with ribbons, blithely trowls;
There the huge sirloin reek’d; hard by
Plum-porridge stood, and Christmas pie;
Nor fail’d old Scotland to produce,
At such high tide her savory goose.
Then came the merry maskers in,
And carols roar’d with blithesome din;
If unmelodious was the song,
It was a hearty note, and strong.
Who lists may in their mumming see
Traces of ancient mystery;
White shirts supplied the masquerade,
And smutted cheeks the visors made;
But, O! what maskers, richly dight,
Can boast of bosoms half so light!
England was merry England, when
Old Christmas brought his sports again.
[Illustration:
_C. Müller_
THE HOLY NIGHT]
When Christmas was not Merry
Christmas was not always “Merry Christmas” in old England, for at one
time a strong effort was made to do away with the holiday entirely,
after some of the older ways of celebrating the season had become
too boisterous for decent God-fearing folk. “At this season,” says
old Dr. Stubbs, “all the wild-heads of the parish flocking together
choose them a grand captain of Mischief, whom they crown with great
solemnity and the title of Lord of Misrule, who chooseth as many
as he will to guard his noble person. Then every one of these men
he dresseth in liveries of green, of yellow, or other light color;
and as though they were not gaudy enough, they bedeck themselves
with scarves, ribbons, laces, and jewels. This done they tie about
either leg twenty or forty bells, with rich handkerchiefs on their
heads, and sometimes laid across their shoulders and necks.... Then
march this heathenish company to the church, their pipes piping,
their drums thundering, their bells jingling, their handkerchiefs
fluttering about their heads like madmen, their hobby horses,
dragoons, and other monsters skirmishing among the throng. And
in this sort they go to church though minister be at prayer or
preaching,—dancing and singing with such a confused noise that no man
can hear his own voice.” “My Lord of Misrule’s badges” were given to
those who contributed money to pay the expense of this wild fooling;
those who refused were sometimes ducked in the cow pond, he adds. It
is admitted that these abuses were quite as bad as he described,
and that they were among the chief reasons why, in the seventeenth
century, Cromwell tried to put down the great old holiday. His
Puritan government ordered that the shops were to be opened, that
markets were to be held, that all the work of the world should go
on as if there had never been carols sung or chimes set ringing “on
Christmas Day in the morning.” Instead of merry chimes, people heard
a criers harsh-sounding bell and his monotonous voice telling every
one “No Christmas! No Christmas!”
In Scotland about the same time bakers were ordered to stop baking
Yule cakes, women were ordered to spin in open sight on Yule day,
farm laborers were told to yoke their ploughs. In both countries the
masks, or Christmas plays, which had been so popular in the houses of
rich nobles, were absolutely forbidden; and if one were given, those
who merely looked on might be fined and the actors whipped.
But the people would not have their holiday taken away. Shops might
open, but few would come to buy. In Canterbury on one Christmas
Day the townspeople asked the tradesmen to close their shops. The
tradesmen feared the law’s penalties, so refused. In the riot that
followed the mob broke the shop windows, scattered the goods, and
roughly handled the shopkeepers.
In London even Christmas decorations were forbidden, but when the
Lord Mayor sent a man to take down some holiday greens from one of
the houses, the saucy London ’prentice-boys swarmed out with sticks
and stones and sent him flying. Then came on horseback, fat and
lordly, even the great Lord Mayor himself, who thought his dignity
would overawe the unruly boys. But they only laughed and shouted
until his horse took fright and ran away—and perhaps he was glad to
be let off so easily. Even where the people dared not openly fight
the new laws, they did not obey them more than they could help.
Spinning-wheels were idle because there was no flax, and ploughs were
“gone to be mended” on Christmas Day in many an English village until
after the death of Cromwell, when the holiday came to its own again
in “merrie England.”
The same dislike for the festival of Christmas, with its drinking,
dancing, and stage plays, came over to the New World with the
Puritans. Only a year after the landing at Plymouth Governor Bradford
called his men out to work, “on ye day called Christmas Day,” as on
other days. But certain young men, who had just come over in the
little ship _Fortune_, held back and said it went against their
consciences to work on that day. So the governor told them that he
would spare them till they were better informed. But when he and the
rest came home at noon from their work, he found them in the street
at play openly, some pitching the bar and some at ball and such like
sports. So he went to them and took away their implements and told
them it was against _his_ conscience that they should play and others
work. If they made the keeping of it matter of devotion, he said, let
them keep their houses, but there should be no gaming or revelling in
the street. Later, in 1659, a law was made that anybody found to be
keeping “by feasting, or not working, or in any other way, any such
day as Christmas Day, shall pay for every offense five shillings.”
Going Home for Christmas.
In the course of a December tour in Yorkshire, I rode for a long
distance in one of the public coaches, on the day preceding
Christmas. The coach was crowded, both inside and out, with
passengers, who, by their talk, seemed principally bound to the
mansions of relations or friends to eat the Christmas dinner. It
was loaded also with hampers of game, and baskets and boxes of
delicacies; and hares hung dangling their long ears about the
coachman’s box—presents from distant friends for the impending feast.
I had three fine rosy-cheeked schoolboys for my fellow-passengers
inside, full of the buxom health and manly spirit which I have
observed in the children of this country. They were returning home
for the holidays in high glee, and promising themselves a world
of enjoyment. It was delightful to hear the gigantic plans of
pleasure of the little rogues, and the impracticable feats they
were to perform during their six weeks’ emancipation from the
abhorred thraldom of book, birch, and pedagogue. They were full of
anticipations of the meeting with the family and household, down to
the very cat and dog; and of the joy they were to give their little
sisters by the presents with which their pockets were crammed; but
the meeting to which they seemed to look forward with the greatest
impatience was with Bantam, which I found to be a pony, and,
according to their talk, possessed of more virtues than any steed
since the days of Bucephalus. How he could trot! how he could run!
and then such leaps as he would take—there was not a hedge in the
whole country that he could not clear.
[Illustration:
_Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
A CHRISTMAS GIFT ON THE WAY TO A CHRISTMAS DINNER]
They were under the particular guardianship of the coachman, to
whom, whenever an opportunity presented, they addressed a host of
questions, and pronounced him one of the best fellows in the whole
world. Indeed, I could not but notice the more than ordinary air of
bustle and importance of the coachman, who wore his hat a little on
one side, and had a large bunch of Christmas greens stuck in the
buttonhole of his coat. He is always a personage full of mighty care
and business, but he is particularly so during this season, having so
many commissions to execute in consequence of the great interchange
of presents....
Perhaps the impending holiday might have given a more than usual
animation to the country, for it seemed to me as if everybody was in
good looks and good spirits. Game, poultry, and other luxuries of
the table were in brisk circulation in the villages; the grocers’,
butchers’, and fruiterers’ shops were thronged with customers. The
housewives were stirring briskly about, putting their dwellings
in order; and the glossy branches of holly, with their bright red
berries, began to appear at the windows. The scene brought to mind an
old writer’s account of Christmas preparations: “Now capons and hens,
besides turkeys, geese, and ducks, with beef and mutton—must all
die; for in twelve days a multitude of people will not be fed with a
little. Now plums and spice, sugar and honey, square it among pies
and broth. Now or never must music be in tune, for the youth must
dance and sing to get them a heat, while the aged sit by the fire.
The country maid leaves half her market, and must be sent again, if
she forgets a pack of cards on Christmas Eve. Great is the contention
of Holly and Ivy, whether master or dame wears the breeches. Dice and
cards benefit the butler; and if the cook do not lack wit, he will
sweetly lick his fingers.”
I was roused from this fit of luxurious meditation by a shout from
my little travelling companions. They had been looking out of the
coach windows for the last few miles, recognizing every tree and
cottage as they approached home, and now there was a general burst of
joy—“There’s John! and there’s old Carlo! and there’s Bantam!” cried
the happy little rogues, clapping their hands.
At the end of a lane there was an old sober-looking servant in livery
waiting for them; he was accompanied by a superannuated pointer, and
by the redoubtable Bantam, a little old rat of a pony, with a shaggy
mane and long rusty tail, who stood dozing quietly by the roadside,
little dreaming of the bustling times that awaited him.
I was pleased to see the fondness with which the little fellows
leaped about the steady old footman, and hugged the pointer, who
wriggled his whole body for joy. But Bantam was the great object
of interest; all wanted to mount at once; and it was with some
difficulty that John arranged that they should ride by turns, and the
eldest should ride first.
Off they set at last; one on the pony, with the dog bounding and
barking before him, and the others holding John’s hands; both talking
at once, and overpowering him by questions about home, and with
school anecdotes. I looked after them with a feeling in which I do
not know whether pleasure or melancholy predominated; for I was
reminded of those days when, like them, I had neither known care nor
sorrow, and a holiday was the summit of earthly felicity. We stopped
a few moments afterwards to water the horses, and on resuming our
route, a turn of the road brought us in sight of a neat country-seat.
I could just distinguish the forms of a lady and two young girls in
the portico, and I saw my little comrades, with Bantam, Carlo, and
old John, trooping along the carriage road. I leaned out of the coach
window, in hopes of witnessing the happy meeting, but a grove of
trees shut it from my sight.
God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen
God rest you merry, gentlemen,
Let nothing you dismay,
For Jesus Christ, our Saviour,
Was born upon this day;
To save us all from Satan’s power,
When we were gone astray.
_O tidings of comfort and joy,
For Jesus Christ our Saviour
Was born on Christmas Day._
In Bethlehem in Jewry
This blessed babe was born,
And laid within a manger
Upon this blessed morn;
The which His mother Mary
Nothing did take in scorn.
From God, our Heavenly Father,
A blessed Angel came,
And, unto certain shepherds,
Brought tidings of the same;
How, that in Bethlehem was born
The Son of God by name.
The Shepherds at those tidings,
Rejoiced much in mind,
And left their flocks a-feeding
In tempest, storm, and wind,
And went to Bethlehem straightway,
This blessed Babe to find.
But when to Bethlehem they came,
Where as this Infant lay,
They found him in a manger
Where oxen feed on hay,
His mother Mary kneeling
Unto the Lord did pray.
Now to the Lord sing praises
All you within this place,
And with true love and brotherhood
Each other now embrace,
This holy tide of Christmas
All others doth deface.
_O tidings of comfort and joy,
For Jesus Christ our Saviour
Was born on Christmas Day._
[Illustration:
_Correggio_
THE HOLY NIGHT]
The Date of Russia’s Christmastide
Real winter in Russia is supposed to start on the feast of St.
Nicholas of which the date, written in Russian style, is December
6/19. The first figure gives the date of the month as it is known in
Russia and Greece, the second the date according to the calendar in
use in all other civilized countries.
The calendar which was brought into use by Julius Cæsar, and was
carried all over the then known world by the Romans, aimed to measure
the year by the time it takes the earth to move once around the sun.
His Egyptian astronomer figured that this required 365¼ days, so the
practice was begun of having three years of 365 days, followed by a
leap year, to which an extra day is given. As a matter of fact, the
length of the average year is _not exactly_ 365¼ days. To be sure,
that is only 11¼ seconds or so out of the way, and this may seem a
very small matter out of a whole year; but what happens is that every
128 years or so the calendar of Julius Cæsar or the Julian Calendar,
as it is called, gets a day behind. By the year 1582, when Gregory
XIII was Pope, the calendar was ten days slow. So Pope Gregory issued
an order that the year was to take a new start and that thereafter
three leap years out of every four centuries should be omitted, which
keeps the calendar very nearly correct. But though Pope Gregory might
decree, it did not follow that every one would obey at once; the
ignorant thought that by the change of date they were losing ten
days of time and, of course, of wages. After some confusion all the
Roman Catholic countries obeyed. England, being a Protestant country,
ignored Pope Gregory’s commands. But it could not so easily dismiss
the knowledge of its own astronomers that the Gregorian Calendar,
as it is called, is nearer the truth than the Julian. In 1752,
therefore, the date of the day of the year was changed by an Act of
Parliament. The day after September 3 was to be called September
14, which it would have been if the calendar had not been slow. And
naturally the change was also made in America, to which the new style
had been brought already by French and Spanish settlers from Catholic
countries.
There were always hot jealousies between the Eastern Church, ruled
from Constantinople, and the Western, ruled from Rome. The Eastern
or Greek churches refused to change their calendar on the order of a
Latin Pope, and to this day retain the old style, the Julian dates.
This is why their Christmas follows our Twelfth Day, for by this time
their calendar is thirteen days behind the Gregorian. But to avoid
confusion the double date is very generally in use.
During the time between the Day of St. Nicholas and Christmas it
seems as if half Russia streams out upon the ice of the river
Neva in St. Petersburg. All through the summer the boats come and
go, bringing food, fuel, building materials, everything the city
needs, from the interior; but the river is frozen for six months
of the year, and in those months it is used as if it were public
land. St. Petersburg is a very gay capital in winter, when the
wealthier Russian nobles have left their country estates, and come
down to exchange visits, to give balls, or go dashing about in gay
sleighs to join the sleighing or skating contests for which a part
of the frozen river is reserved. All around the cleared spaces on
the ice, merchants have set up temporary booths; here you may buy
tea and nutcakes; there holy pictures, or ikons, pictures of all
the possible saints, some costing a few pennies, others with gold
and silver backgrounds costing many roubles, a rouble being worth
about fifty cents. On another part of the river a great provision
market is held a little before Christmas, and the booths stretch
for miles. Everything is frozen. Countless oxen, piles of sheep and
goats, pyramids of pigs, form a frozen range of hillocks to which
the butcher comes to make his choice. With hatchet or saw he divides
the animal, ox, or pig, or it may be a bear, into sections which
his customers store in the ice-cellars which have all been freshly
filled. Thousands of workmen are engaged during the winter in cutting
and drawing the ice from yet another part of the Neva, and on a still
frosty morning the clink of their axes against iron ice-breakers can
be heard at a long distance from the river.
A great ceremony of the Greek Church takes place each year at the
end of their Christmas season—the Benediction of the Waters—in every
town and village in Russia and down along the coasts of Greece. In
St. Petersburg the ceremony is performed by the Czar outside the
Winter Palace. A wooden temple is put up out on the ice, decorated
with gilt and paintings within, and surrounded by a hedge of fir
boughs without. A hole is made in the ice, and to this a long
procession makes its way; troops with bright banners, gorgeously
robed bishops, and priests carrying lighted tapers and big ikons,
are followed by more soldiers, the Czar and Czarina in magnificently
jewelled robes, and after them their Court brilliant in uniforms and
beautiful fur-trimmed dresses. They have all attended one service
in the Imperial Chapel; they now have another on the ice. The water
is blessed, evil spirits flee away, the soldiers fire a salute,
and every one is sprinkled with the now holy water. The procession
returns to the city, carrying with it great vessels of the holy water
to be used later in all the churches. Then the people who have been
looking on try to get to the hole; some draw up pailfuls of the cold
liquid; others plunge bodily into the icy water, believing that so
they will be cleansed from sin or sickness; many have even plunged
delicate babies into it, content, if the child does not survive the
shock, in the belief that its soul is forever saved. And over every
door in the great city on that day rests the sign of the cross, lest
the evil spirit expelled from the water should enter any home.
[Illustration: Decoration]
[Illustration: Men and women]
St. Barbara’s Grain
Only in the south of France, they say, is to be found the custom of
planting St. Barbara’s grain on the fourth of December. Earthenware
dishes an inch or two in depth are half filled with water, on the
surface of which wheat is scattered, or the small, flattened seeds of
the lentil, a leafy-stemmed plant whose honey-laden blossoms will,
later in the year, draw swarms of golden bees to the fields where it
is planted. The dish is then set in the warm ashes of the fireplace,
or on the deep stone sill of a sunny window, and the grain is left
to sprout and grow so that on the table of the Christmas Eve supper
there may be this tender promise of the harvest of the year to come—a
pale, delicate young greenness in strong contrast with the darker
evergreens. The bent old _gran’mère_ by the hearth will tell you,
that as the growth is thick and sturdy or scattered and thin, so will
be the later harvests of grain, or honey.
The yellow daffodil, or narcissus, is a plant which first grew in
southern France, and along the Mediterranean, and it may be that it
was some early settler from Languedoc or Provence, who introduced
into Louisiana a custom common half a century ago, that had a dim
resemblance to this planting of St. Barbara’s grain. The daffodil
bulbs were planted in shallow earthenware dishes on the eve of All
Saints, and set for three weeks in the warm dark, and later in the
sun. The older creoles foretold a fruitful year if the flower bud
were well formed by St. Barbara’s day.
Before the Paling of the Stars
Before the paling of the stars,
Before the winter morn,
Before the earliest cockcrow,
Jesus Christ was born:
Born in a stable,
Cradled in a manger,
In the world His hands had made
Born a stranger.
Priest and King lay fast asleep
In Jerusalem,
Young and old lay fast asleep
In crowded Bethlehem:
Saint and Angel, ox and ass,
Kept a watch together
Before the Christmas daybreak
In the winter weather.
Jesus on His Mother’s breast
In the stable cold,
Spotless Lamb of God was He,
Shepherd of the fold:
Let us kneel with Mary Maid,
With Joseph bent and hoary,
With Saint and Angel, ox and ass,
To hail the King of Glory.
A Midnight Mass in France
The great time for making gifts in France is the _Jour de l’An_, the
day of the year, our New Year’s Day, when there is a great exchange
of cards, good wishes, visits, and presents. On Christmas Eve,
everything else used to pale before the exciting adventure of going
to the church at midnight. After church came the Grand Supper, a
family gathering from which the children were sent to bed long before
they were ready to go, comforting themselves as they climbed the
stair by asking each other, “What do you think P’tit Noël will put in
your shoe?” But they were always too sleepy to lie awake long enough
to see whose hand it was that dropped into each little shoe under
the mantelpiece a few goodies or bits of silver coin. Sometimes one
was guiltily afraid that a black record of naughtiness deserved the
disgracing gift of a few pebbles, but then,—surely Petit Jesus was
forgiving and next year one would be very good, yes, of a certainty,
_most_ good.
Earlier in the evening the children had been allowed to play any
game they liked, however noisy, quite up to eleven o’clock, which
was unusual enough by itself. Then began a great bundling up in furs
and mufflers before the plunge from the warm candle-lighted room
into the frosty night, where stars shone like gold nails driven
into blue-black velvet; the frost crunched under wooden shoes; the
lanterns threw strange, wavering shadows; a dry branch fell with a
sudden crackle; far away a horse whickered and stamped just as one
was coming toward the deepest blackness of all, where the great gray
church and the tall buildings about it threw the Grande Place into
densest shadow. Nothing in that sound should frighten one, but every
child had heard the peasants tell of this enchanted hour when animals
in their stables could talk like men; still, nothing could harm a
child on the way to mass, of course, so one plucked up courage and
sang out extra loudly in the refrain of whatever carol was being rung
on the chimes in the ivy-covered tower.
The old church had always seemed large, very large for the few who
worshipped in it, but now it was majestic, reaching up toward the
skies as if to gather from the angelic choir the great waves of music
that rolled down the valley to be heard miles away. And how could one
help gasping when a gust of wind swept him suddenly into the porch;
there through the open door he was caught and drawn forward, adoring,
by the full splendor of the altar, studded with lights, dazzling
against dark walls, green with pine and laurel.
At one side was the crêche, the miniature stable scene, where the
mother ever watched in wondering love the Holy Child. Down the long
nave, from the damp stone floor which had never known the luxury
of matting, great pillars lost themselves in the blackness of the
arches. But each who entered brought his lantern and set it on the
stones in front of him; one after another the little lights like
stars came twinkling out all over the church. And each newcomer
joined in the carols sung before the mass was begun—old, old
carols with beloved refrains which one heard only at Christmas time.
[Illustration:
_Blashfield_
THE BELLS]
The old mysteries, quaint plays in which long ago the peasants of
Southern France acted the simple stories of the adoration of the Babe
by the angels, the shepherds, and the Wise Men, are seen no more,
but it is said that until very recently, in some of the provinces,
at a certain pause in the mass, a shepherd knocks loudly on the
great church door, the hollow sound echoing in the solemn hush. From
without is heard singing, the voices of shepherds asking to come in.
Slowly the doors swing back, the people part and the shepherds enter,
passing up the nave between a double row of worshippers. In front
are two or three boys playing softly on simple musical instruments,
one has a flute, another a tambourine. Then begins a quaint musical
dialogue between these peasants in their long, weather-stained
cloaks, and those who stand on either side.
From one hand comes the question, in high treble,
_Where hast thou been?_
And it is echoed from the other,
_What hast thou seen?_
And the deep musical voices of the shepherds answer:—
“_Deep in a manger, a little child,
On the dry straw, slumbered and smiled._”
So they move slowly, carrying a little fruit, a measure of grain, a
pair of pigeons, to where the priest stands waiting to bless their
simple gifts and lay them at the foot of the altar.
The Christchild and the Pine Tree
On the Holy Night when the Christchild was born, the earth lay very
near to heaven; all the world was at peace, and there was no noise of
war to keep men on earth from hearing the angels sing.
Animals and birds and trees alike were glad because of the coming of
the Holy Babe, and like the shepherds and the Wise Men came to bring
to Him their gifts. Most of all the little pine tree beside the road
longed to take something to the Christchild.
The cedars, instead of pointing their branches upward in pointed
slender trees, spread their branches wide, as Cedars of Lebanon
do to this day, and bent low to shelter the Mother and Child. But
the little pine was too small to shelter anything, and though he
stretched and stretched, he was not even tall enough to keep the sun
out of the eyes of the Wonderful Babe. He was barely tall enough
for the wind to make a whispering sound in the tips of his little
branches.
The thorn, although it was midwinter, suddenly blossomed out and
brought its white flowers to make a coverlet for the Child’s cradle.
And the little pine tree tried so hard to blossom that pine-needles
came out in tufts all over him, but that was all; only the wind
through his branches now sounded like a sigh.
The “bird of God,” which we call the wren, flew quickly and brought
soft moss and feathers to make His cradle warm. “I will pull off
all my needles to make a bed for Him,” the pine tree said. But when
he began to do that, Mother Mary smiled and shook her head. “Your
needles would only prick Him, little pine,” she said. And the little
pine rocked in pain and the wind sighed through his branches.
The olive came and brought sweet-smelling oil, with which to rub the
Christchild’s little limbs; and the pine tree saw her and ached so
for something to give that the resin stood out in big drops along his
stem. “Oh!” he cried joyfully, “I, too, have oil to give.” And Mother
Mary’s smile was very tender as she shook her head again and said
gently, “But your drops are sticky, and they would hurt His tender
skin, dear little pine.” So the little pine was very unhappy because
it had nothing to offer the Christchild. And year by year as he grew
taller, and remembered the Holy Night, the wind swept through his
branches with a sound that was almost a moan; and ever since you can
hear that sound from pine trees all the world over.
Now for hundreds of years after, on each Christmas Eve, the
Christchild comes again, in the likeness of a poor child, gathering
fallen sticks in the forest. Up and down the hills He goes, shivering
in the icy cold, knocking at every door, whether it is of a cabin
or a castle, until He finds some one who, remembering His lesson of
love, calls Him in to find warmth and shelter; and such a home He
blesses. Some there are who, like the pine tree, long to serve Him,
and these place a candle in the window, that if He pass along their
way, He may see it and come in.
But one night there was no door open and as He walked wearily through
the pine wood the wind shrieked through the trees bending before Him.
Then the Christchild turned aside and crept under the low branches of
a pine tree, which was large enough now to shelter Him; and the moss
lifted itself from the snow to make a soft bed for the tired Child.
And the pine tree, drawing its branches close above Him, was so happy
that tears of joy ran down his branches and freezing, hung in slender
icicles. And as the first red rays of the sun on Christmas morning
shone upon them they glittered like the candles on your Christmas
tree, and the Christchild opened His eyes and smiled.
A Birthday Gift
What can I give Him,
Poor as I am?
If I were a shepherd
I would bring a lamb,
If I were a Wise Man
I would do my part,
Yet what I can give Him,—
Give my heart.
[Illustration: Decoration]
[Illustration:
_Hunt_
THE TRIUMPH OF THE INNOCENTS]
The Christmas Fire in Servia
Servia is one of the countries in which the old, old customs have
lasted longest. They began in the times when men looked forward
longingly to “the days in which the sun, having gone far enough into
the snowy plains of the winter, turns back toward the green fields
of summer.” The celebration begins on the day before Christmas,
which the older Servian songs call “the day of the old Badnyak.” No
one seems to know who Badnyak was; but some have believed that the
fast-day was first kept in honor of the old sun-god, who was thought
of as grown weak and faint, and as giving place to a younger. For on
the next day was the feast of “the little God,” the new sun who was
to bring summer back again. Nowadays, the name is given to logs cut
for the Christmas fire.
Every Servian boy is up before daylight on the day before Christmas,
for he, of course, must be on hand when the strongest young men of
the family start out with a cart and a pair of oxen to cut a young
oak tree and bring it home. Upon the chosen tree they throw a handful
of wheat with the greeting, “Happy Badnyi Day to you!” Then they
begin to cut it very carefully, timing the strokes of the axes and
placing them so that the tree shall fall directly toward the rising
sun, and at the exact moment when its red ball begins to show at the
edge of the world. If by any mischance, or a stroke of the axe in
the wrong place, the tree falls toward the west, there will be great
distress, for this is thought to mean that very bad luck will follow
the family through all the coming year. If the tree should fall in
the right direction but catch in the branches of another, the good
fortune of the family will only be delayed for a while. The small
boy’s part is to watch very closely where the first chip falls, for
it is most important to carry home that first oak chip. The trunk of
the tree is trimmed and cut into two or three logs, of which one is
a foot or more longer than the others. They are then dragged to the
house, but are not taken inside until sunset; in the meantime they
stand in the courtyard on either side the door. The house mother
leaves her work as they are brought home to break a flat cake of
purest wheat flour upon the longest log, while the little girls sing
special songs. But soon she goes back to her work, for there is a
deal to be done before sunset; the women are making Christmas cakes
in the shape of lambs and chickens, and most often of little pigs
with blunt-pointed noses and curly tails. For the pig belongs to a
Servian Christmas as much as turkey does to an American Thanksgiving.
Long ago the pagan Servians used to sacrifice a pig to the sun-god
on the day of the old Badnyak; and to this day you will not find
one Servian house in which “roast pig” is not the chief dish of the
Christmas dinner. While the women bake, the men prepare the pig for
the next day’s roasting. The boy who so carefully brought home that
first oak chip put it at once into a wooden bowl, and his little
sister and he cover the chip, and fill the bowl with wheat.
Just at sunset the whole family gathers in the big kitchen. The
mother of the family gives a pair of woollen gloves to one of the
men—most often to the father, sometimes to the strongest of her
sons, who goes outside to bring in the Badnyak. Tall wax candles
are set on either side the open door, and in front of it the mother
stands with the wooden bowl in her hands. As the log is brought in
she throws a handful of wheat at the bearer, who says, “Good evening,
and may you have a happy Badnyi Day.” He is answered by a chorus of
greetings from all in the room. In some parts of the country each
man present brings in a log and at each is thrown a little wheat
in sign of the wish that, in the year to come, food may be plenty
enough to throw away. A glass of red wine is then sprinkled on the
log, and the oldest and the strongest of the family together place
it on the burning fire in such a way that the thick end of the log
sticks out above the hearth for about a foot. And sometimes you may
see a prudent father smear the end of it with honey and place on it
a bowl of wheat, an orange, and the ploughshare, that they may be so
warmed by the Christmas fire that the cattle shall be fed, the bees
industrious, and the trees and fields be fruitful, through all the
year.
The Day of the Little God
There is so little sleep for the Servian peasant on a Christmas
morning that very few except the old and the babies go to bed at all
on the night before “the day of the little God,” as it is called. For
one thing, the new Badnyak, the great log on the Christmas fire, must
be kept burning all the time, and brightly. Then the all-important
pig must be set to roast early. When it is ready and laid before the
fire, some one goes outside and fires off a gun or pistol; and when
the roasted pig is taken from the fire, the shooting is repeated.
From four to eight o’clock on a Christmas morning every Servian
village reëchoes as if it were celebrating the Fourth of July with
cannon crackers.
Just before sunrise some young girl of the family goes to the
fountain, or the brook from which they usually get their drinking
water. Before she fills her pots or jars she greets the water,
wishing it a happy Christmas, and throws into it a handful of wheat.
The first cupfuls of water drawn are put into a special jar and
are used to make the “Chesnitza,” the Christmas cake, which is to
be divided into a piece for each member of the family, present or
absent. A small silver coin baked into it is supposed to fall to the
lot of that member of the family who is to meet with special good
fortune during the coming year.
[Illustration:
_H. Hofmann_
BETHLEHEM]
No other visitor is allowed to enter the house before the “Polaznik,”
the Christmas guest, has come. The part is usually taken by some boy
from a neighbor’s family, who comes very early and brings with him a
woollen glove full of wheat. When at his knock the door is opened,
he showers the wheat over those around the brightly burning fire and
into all corners of the room with the greeting, “Christ is born.” The
mother of the family throws a handful of wheat at him and all the
others shout, “In truth, He is born!” The guest then walks straight
to the fire, and with the heavy shovel strikes the burning log with
all his force repeatedly, so that thousands of sparks rise high in
the chimney, while he says, “May you have this year so many oxen,
so many horses, so many sheep, so many pigs, so many beehives of
honey, so much good luck, so much success and happiness.” After this
good wish he kisses his host, drops to his knees before the Christmas
log on the fire, kisses one end of it, which sticks out of the
fireplace into the room, and places a coin upon it as his gift. As he
rises, a woman offers him a low wooden chair, but just as he seats
himself draws it away so that he sits down hard upon the ground, and
is thus supposed to fix to it firmly every good wish he has spoken.
Finally he is wrapped in a thick blanket, and with it around him sits
quietly for a few minutes while the young folks who are to tend the
flocks and herds in the coming year come to the hearth and kiss each
other solemnly across the Christmas log. The wearing of the blanket
is said to insure thick cream in the next year, and the shepherds’
kisses will make for peace and plenty among the cattle.
Before the chief meal of the day, all the members of the family
gather about its head, each with a lighted candle in hand, while he
prays briefly. Then they turn and kiss each other with such greetings
as: “Peace of God be with us!” “Christos is born!” “In truth, He is
born!” “Therefore let us bow before Christos and His birth.” And
toward the end of the meal all stand to drink “to the glory of God
and of the birth of Christ,” which marks the end of the Christmas
celebration.
Nature Folk-lore of Christmastide
Among all the older peoples of Europe there are many bits of folk
stories which tell of the wonderful peace which fell upon the world
on the night of the Holy Eve. A Bosnian legend says that at the
time of the birth of Christ “the sun in the east bowed down, the
stars stood still, the mountains and the forests shook and touched
the earth with their summits, and the green pine tree bent, ...
the grass was beflowered with opening blossoms, incense sweet as
myrrh pervaded upland and forest, birds sang on the mountain top,
and all gave thanks to the great God.” This belief in the holy and
gracious kinship of all nature at this season finds expression in
many countries in an added tenderness for all living things during
Yuletide. The very sparrows, whose nests the boys are free to raid at
any other time, have a sheaf of rye set up for their Christmas feast,
says Mr. Riis, who tells that once, stranded in a Michigan town, he
was wandering about the streets and came upon such a sheaf raised
upon a pole in a dooryard. “I knew at once,” he says, “that one of my
people lived in that house and kept Yule in the old way. So I felt as
if I were not quite a stranger.”
In England, robins are the birds of Christmas time; an old legend has
it that on the day of Christ’s suffering the robin fluttered beside
Him, and in trying to pluck thorns from His crown stained its breast
crimson.
So ever when the snow comes round
To crown the wintry year,
Perched high upon the holly bough
Red Robin warbles clear.
No other songster on the spray
At Christmas time is heard,
But when the Saviour’s birth we keep,
We hear the Saviour’s bird.
The Spanish show special kindness at this time to any ass or cow,
believing that on Holy Night they breathed upon the Christchild to
keep Him warm. Many other quaint old beliefs used to be common about
how the animals act at Christmas time. From northern Canada comes
the Indian saying that on the Holy Night the deer all kneel and look
up to the Great Spirit, but that whoever spies upon them will have
stiffness in his knees for all the year to come. In the German Alps
it was believed that animals have the gift of speech on Christmas
Eve, but that he who listens will surely hear them foretell some evil
for the listener. Of a like belief Mr. Riis says that, when he was a
boy:—
“All the animals knew perfectly well that the holiday had come, and
kept it in their way. The watch-dog was unchained. In the midnight
hour on the Holy Eve the cattle stood up in their stalls and bowed
out of respect and reverence for Him who was laid in a manger when
there was no room in the inn, and in that hour speech was given them,
and they talked together. Claus, our neighbor’s man, had seen and
heard it, and every Christmas Eve I meant fully to go and be there
when it happened; but always long before that I had been led away
to bed, a very sleepy boy, with all my toys hugged tight, and when I
woke up the daylight shone through the frosted window-panes, and they
were blowing good morning from the church tower; it would be a whole
year before another Christmas. So I vowed, with a sigh at having
neglected a really sacred observance, that I would be there sure on
the next Christmas Eve. But it was always so, every year, and perhaps
it was just as well, for Claus said that it might go ill with the one
who listened, if the cows found him out.”
In the older parts of Montenegro, the head of the family and his
shepherd boy still follow the quaint old custom of lighting the
animals to their stalls on Christmas Eve. Each takes a lighted wax
candle and they go together into every stall in turn, holding the
candles for a moment in each of its corners. Then, at the stable
door they take stand, one at each side of it, and hold their candles
high while the little shepherdess drives the animals in. One by one,
sheep, goats, and oxen, they pass between the flickering lights.
After that, the shepherd boy and the little shepherdess kiss each
other “that the cattle may live in peace and love,” they say.
[Illustration: Decoration]
[Illustration: Deer]
Good King Wenceslas
Good King Wenceslas looked out
On the Feast of Stephen,
When the snow lay round about,
Deep, and crisp, and even.
Brightly shone the moon that night,
Though the frost was cruel,
When a poor man came in sight,
Gath’ring winter fuel.
“Hither, page, and stand by me,
If thou know’st it telling,
Yonder peasant, who is he?
Where and what his dwelling?”
“Sire, he lives a good league hence,
Underneath the mountain;
Right against the forest fence,
By St. Agnes’ fountain.”
“Bring me flesh, and bring me wine,
Bring me pine logs hither;
Thou and I will see him dine,
When we bear them thither.”
Page and monarch forth they went,
Forth they went together;
Through the rude wind’s wild lament,
And the bitter weather.
“Sire, the night is darker now,
And the wind blows stronger;
Fails my heart, I know not how,
I can go no longer.”
“Mark my footsteps, good my page!
Tread thou in them boldly;
Thou shalt find the winter’s rage
Freeze thy blood less coldly.”
In his master’s steps he trod,
Where the snow lay dinted;
Heat was in the very sod
Which the saint had printed.
Therefore, Christian men, be sure,
Wealth or rank possessing,
Ye who now will bless the poor,
Shall yourselves find blessing.
A Mexican “Mystery” seen by Bayard Taylor
Against the wing-wall of the Hacienda del Mayo, which occupied one
end of the plaza, was raised a platform, on which stood a table
covered with a scarlet cloth. A rude bower of cane leaves on one end
of the platform represented the manger of Bethlehem, while a cord
stretched from its top across the plaza to a hole in the front of the
church bore a large tinsel star, suspended by a hole in its centre.
There was quite a crowd in the plaza, and very soon a procession
appeared, coming up from the lower part of the village. The three
kings took the lead; the Virgin, mounted on an ass that gloried in
a gilded saddle and rose-besprinkled mane and tail, followed them,
led by the angel; and several women, with curious masks of paper,
brought up the rear. Two characters, of the harlequin sort—one with a
dog’s head on his shoulders, and the other a bald-headed friar, with
a huge hat hanging on his back—played all sorts of antics for the
diversion of the crowd. After making the circuit of the plaza, the
Virgin was taken to the platform, and entered the manger. King Herod
took his seat at the scarlet table, with an attendant in blue coat
and red sash, whom I took to be his Prime Minister. The three kings
remained on their horses in front of the church; between them and the
platform, under the string on which the star was to slide, walked
two men in long white robes and blue hoods, with parchment folios
in their hands. These were the Wise Men of the East, as one might
readily know from their solemn air, and the mysterious glances which
they cast toward all quarters of the heavens.
In a little while, a company of women on the platform, concealed
behind a curtain, sang an angelic chorus to the tune of “Opescator
dell’ onda.” At the proper moment, the Magi turned toward the
platform, following the star, to which a string was conveniently
attached that it might be slid along the line. The three kings
followed the star till it reached the manger, when they dismounted,
and inquired for the sovereign, whom it had led them to visit.
They were invited upon the platform and introduced to Herod, as
the only king; this did not seem to satisfy them, and, after some
conversation, they retired. By this time the star had receded to the
other end of the line and commenced moving again, they following.
The angel called them into the manger, where, upon their knees, they
were shown a small wooden box, supposed to contain the sacred infant:
they then retired, and the star brought them back no more. After
this departure, King Herod declared himself greatly confused by what
he had witnessed, and was very much afraid this newly found king
would weaken his power. Upon consultation with his Prime Minister,
the Massacre of the Innocents was decided upon, as the only means of
security.
The angel, on hearing this, gave warning to the Virgin, who quickly
got down from the platform, mounted her bespangled donkey, and
hurried off. Herod’s Prime Minister directed all the children to be
handed up for execution. A boy, in ragged sarape, was caught and
thrust forward; the Minister took him by the heels in spite of his
kicking, and held his head on the table. The little brother and
sister of the boy, thinking he was really to be decapitated, yelled
at the top of their voices, in an agony of terror, which threw the
crowd into a roar of laughter. King Herod brought down his sword with
a whack on the table, and the Prime Minister, dipping his brush into
a pot of white paint which stood before him, made a flaring cross on
the boy’s face. Several other boys were caught and served likewise;
and finally, the two harlequins, whose kicks and struggles nearly
shook down the platform. The procession then went off up the hill,
followed by the whole population of the village.
[Illustration:
_Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
THE CHRISTMAS TREE MARKET IN NEW YORK]
Breaking the Piñate
If you were in Mexico the week before Christmas you would not find
one Christmas tree, unless it were in some town where Americans
have been living for a good while. But everywhere children would
be talking about breaking a piñate (pronounced pin-yah-tay) as you
talk of having a tree. In the small stalls set up in the plazas
for the sale of Christmas gifts there are hundreds of different
gayly colored piñates. Some are bowl-shaped or oval jars made out
of the coarse red earthenware of Puebla, painted with dashes of
yellow and black in patterns that have been copied from old Indian
pottery. Others are made of paper in gay stripes of red and yellow,
in shape like tissue-paper balloons, and are decorated with tinsel
ornaments and streamers of bright-colored paper, such as are hung
on Christmas trees. Others still are made in the shape of grotesque
figures, clowns with baggy trousers, dancing girls in wide-spread
skirts, monks in long cloaks, and animals. All of them, jars or
paper figures, are easily breakable; they are stuffed with sweets,
crackers, rattles, whistles, or any other toys which are small and
light, and parents hang them—usually on Christmas Eve—from the
ceiling of a room or from a branch of a tree in the courtyard. Each
child of the family in turn after being blindfolded, given a long
stick, and led some distance away from the hanging piñate, is allowed
to grope toward where he thinks it is and to strike out at it three
times in the effort to break it. If he fails, another is given the
chance. Mexican families are large and often a father and all his
sons live together in square, flat-roofed buildings of sun-dried
brick around a common courtyard. So there is a deal of laughter and
excitement as one child after another makes his trial. At last one
manages to hit the piñate so that it breaks open and toys, sweets,
and ornaments come down in a shower. This is the moment for which
the children crowding around have been waiting, and they swoop down
upon the dainties in a joyous scramble. The successful child usually
receives a special prize; for, blindfolded as he is, he stands small
chance of getting anything else.
Breaking the piñate usually follows a curious ceremony in which all
those present walk together around the house several times chanting a
litany. The procession is in memory of the night when Joseph and Mary
journeyed to Bethlehem and found no room in the inn. Often even the
donkey belonging to the family is brought into the ceremony. After
the litany some go within the house while others outside sing a plea
for admittance, which is at first roughly refused. Finally they are
admitted, and another hymn is followed by feasting and merry-making,
of which breaking the piñate is the children’s part.
[Illustration: Decoration]
Christmas upon a Greenland Iceberg
One hot June day in 1869 there was a great stir in the new harbor
of Bremerhaven in Germany; at its entrance lay two stout ships,
the _Germania_ and the _Hansa_, fully fitted out for Arctic
exploration. Visitors and messengers were going back and forth. The
King of Prussia himself, with many of his nobles, the Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg, Schwerin, Count Bismarck, and General von Moltke among
them, had come from Berlin to say Godspeed to the commander and the
scientific gentlemen who were braving unknown dangers, and certain
privations and hardships “for the honor of the German navy and of
German science,” as his Majesty expressed it.
The last of the cases of stores hoisted on board the _Hansa_ were
stowed away with a peculiar laughing tenderness. They were stout
chests cased in lead in which friends of these explorers had placed
such friendly little trifles as are inseparable from the celebration
of Christmas wherever the Germans may be.
There is no place in this book for the story of their adventures
in the slow voyage up beyond the ice line. In July, by some
misunderstanding of signals, the two ships separated, never to
meet again. In September the _Hansa_ was caught in a great field
of floating ice and was carried for two hundred days thereafter in
the drift of the floe. An October storm so racked the ship that her
captain and crew were forced to abandon her and carry everything
out upon the ice. The great coal-bin of the ship was taken out and
turned into a store hut. All the supplies were taken there, the
ship’s three boats were carefully secured, everything was taken from
the _Hansa_ which could be used for fuel, and at last the ship was
cut away from the ice lest in sinking she destroy them.
Then began a frightful period of drifting. Storm after storm put them
in danger of a sudden death which may have seemed more desirable
than waiting for the winds and currents to carry them slowly into a
warmer sea and toward the natural breaking up of the ice-floe. Hope
of rescue in those lonely waters was faint.
But they lived bravely and worked steadily, constructing around
the main hut, from the timbers saved from the _Hansa_, small black
shelters in which, all but buried in the snow, the men lived. And
that they kept Christmas in true German fashion the log of the vessel
tells:—
“The tree was erected in the afternoon, while the greater part of the
crew took a walk; and the lonely hut shone with wonderful brightness
amid the snow. Christmas upon a Greenland iceberg! The tree was
artistically put together of firwood and ravelled matweed [hemp?],
and Dr. Laube had saved a twist of wax taper for the illumination.
Chains of colored paper and newly baked cakes were not wanting, and
the men had made a knapsack and a revolver case as a present for
the captain. We opened the leaden chests of presents from Professor
Hochstetter and the Geological Society, and were much amused by their
contents. Each man had a glass of port wine; and we then turned
over the old newspapers which we found in the chests, and drew lots
for the presents, which consisted of small musical instruments, such
as fifes, jews’-harps, trumpets, etc., with draughts and other games,
puppets, crackers, etc. In the evening we feasted on chocolate and
gingerbread.”
[Illustration:
_From paintings by Raphael_
HEADS OF THE CHRIST CHILD]
“We observed the day very quietly,” wrote Dr. Laube in his diary. “If
this Christmas be the last we are to see, it was at least a cheerful
one; but should a happy return home be decreed for us, the next will,
we trust, be a far brighter. May God so grant!”
And He did. But that is not a Christmas story, and you will have to
look elsewhere for it.
Luther’s Christmas Carol for Children
Good news from Heaven the angels bring,
Glad tidings to the earth they sing:
To us this day a child is given,
To crown us with the joy of heaven.
This is the Christ, our Lord and God,
Who in all need shall aid afford:
He will Himself our Saviour be,
From sin and sorrow set us free.
To us that blessedness He brings,
Which from the Father’s bounty springs:
That in the heavenly realm we may
With Him enjoy eternal day.
All hail, Thou noble Guest, this morn,
Whose love did not the sinner scorn!
In my distress Thou cam’st to me:
What thanks shall I return to Thee?
Were earth a thousand times as fair,
Beset with gold and jewels rare,
She yet were far too poor to be
A narrow cradle, Lord, for Thee.
Ah, dearest Jesus, Holy Child!
Make Thee a bed, soft, undefiled,
Within my heart, that it may be
A quiet chamber kept for Thee.
Praise God upon His heavenly throne,
Who gave to us His only Son:
For this His hosts, on joyful wing,
A blest New Year of mercy sing.
[Illustration: Decoration]
The Good Night in Spain
If you were a child in Spain, you would not be talking of Christmas
trees in the late December days, but of _navidades_, or “nativities.”
These are tiny models of a scene supposed to be Bethlehem. Some of
them are very simple, made of cardboard, colored paper, bits of stone
and sand. On one side is a hill, built up of paper or plaster, and
in the side of it is the cave to which the gentle cattle were used
to come for food and shelter. By its crude match-wood manger stand
or sit little figures of the Holy Family. Often these are modelled
from beautiful designs, the work of famous artists who put their
highest skill into creating the tiny images of the mother and the
Holy Child. Outside the cave stand the patient oxen, and perhaps the
donkey upon which the Infant Christ is to be carried out of the reach
of Herod. Overhead sparkles a shining star. Some of these simple
“nativities” can be bought for a few cents. Others made of better
materials, or with greater care, and with many figures, are more
costly. These have, besides the Holy Family, perhaps, a fire of ruddy
tinfoil around which shepherds gather, looking, in their straight
brown cloaks, as if they might have stepped from your Noah’s ark, and
back of them, on a hillside of green cloth, little white wool lambs
feed quietly. In still another you may even see a smuggler with a
slouch hat pulled down over his eyes, hiding with a load of tobacco
behind a paper rock to leave the road free for the Three Kings who in
all their tinsel go journeying to worship the Holy Child. The roads
are rough with bits of cork, the river is a strip of glass, and the
bridge over which the camels of the Wise Men pass is clearly of paper
stone; the rabbit hiding in the evergreens is quite as large as the
donkey saddled for the flight into Egypt; but in the magic of “the
Holy Night” all seem to be real, to live and feel, so natural and
tender is the children’s faith in these simple “nativities,” which
are repeated on a larger scale in all the churches.
On Christmas Eve, or the Good Night, as the Spanish children say,
every one must go to the church for the midnight mass, and of course
no one goes to bed before that. Early in the dusk the toy dealers
bring their booths and flaming naphtha torches to the village plaza,
and the children swarm around them like flies to sweets. All the week
before groups of these children have been going from door to door at
night singing to familiar tunes ballads which tell the story of the
Nativity, and he is a poor Spaniard who cannot find some small coins
for the band of singers. On Holy Night, too, after they have made
the small round of the toy-dealers’ stands, they go to each other’s
houses to look at the different nativities and sing one carol after
another in which a single voice carries a verse, remembered or made
up at the time, and the others join in the refrain while two of them
dance. At the end of each verse the two whose turn it has been to
dance go up to the nativity with flushed cheeks and bright eyes, open
wide their little arms and fall on their knees, with the exclamation
“For Thee.” In some places the children will instead carry a nativity
into the plaza, singing carols in which every one joins.
[Illustration: Woman with baby]
One such carol is this lullaby:—
“The Baby Child of Mary,
Now cradle He has none;
His father is a carpenter
And he shall make Him one.
_His father is a carpenter
And he shall make Him one._
“The Lady, good St. Anna,
The Lord, St. Joachim,
They rock the Baby’s cradle
That sleep may come to Him.
_They rock the Baby’s cradle
That sleep may come to Him._
“Then sleep thou, too, my baby,
My little heart so dear;
The Virgin is beside thee,
The Son of God is near.
_The Virgin is beside thee,
The Son of God is near._”
[Illustration: Decoration]
A Christmas Tree in Japan
It was a huge Christmas tree, the first that had ever grown in
our compound,[1] for the children of our servants and writers and
employees, who make up the number of our Legation population to close
on two hundred. I could not have the tree on Christmas Day, owing to
various engagements; so it was fixed for January 3, and was quite the
most successful entertainment I ever gave!
When I undertook it, I confess that I had no idea how many little
ones belonged to the compound. I sent our good Ogita round to invite
them all solemnly to come to Ichiban (Number One) on the 3d at
five o’clock. Ogita threw himself into the business with delighted
good-will, having five little people of his own to include in the
invitation; but all the servants were eager to help as soon as they
knew we were preparing a treat for the children. That is work which
would always appeal to Japanese of any age or class. No trouble is
too great, if it brings pleasure to the “treasure flowers,” as the
babies are called. Some of them were not little, and these were more
difficult to buy presents for; but after many cold hours passed in
the different bazaars, it seemed to me that there must be something
for everybody, although we had really spent very little money.
The wares were so quaint and pretty that it was a pleasure to sort
and handle them. There were work-boxes in beautiful polished woods,
with drawers fitting so perfectly that when you closed one the
compressed air at once shot out another. There were mirrors enclosed
in charming embroidered cases; for where mirrors are mostly made of
metal, people learn not to let them get scratched. There were dollies
of every size, and dolls’ houses and furniture, kitchens, farmyards,
rice-pounding machines—all made in the tiniest proportions, such
as it seemed no human fingers could really have handled. For the
elder boys we bought books, school-boxes with every school requisite
contained in a square the size of one’s hand, and penknives and
scissors, which are greatly prized as being of foreign manufacture.
For decorations we had an abundant choice of materials. I got forests
of willow branches decorated with artificial fruits; pink and white
balls made of rice paste, which are threaded on the twigs; surprise
shells of the same paste, two lightly stuck together in the form of
a double scallop shell, and full of miniature toys; _kanzashi_, or
ornamental hairpins for the girls, made flowers of gold and silver
among my dark pine branches; and I wasted precious minutes in opening
and shutting these dainty roses—buds until you press a spring, when
they open suddenly into a full-blown rose. But the most beautiful
things on my tree were the icicles, which hung in scores from its
sombre foliage, catching rosy gleams of light from our lamps as
we worked late into the night. These were—chopsticks, long glass
chopsticks, which I discovered in the bazaar; and I am sure Santa
Klaus himself could not have told them from icicles. Of course every
present must be labelled with a child’s name, and here my troubles
began. Ogita was told to make out a correct list of names and ages,
with some reference to the calling of the parents; for even here
rank and precedence must be observed, or terrible heart-burnings
might follow. The list came at last, and if it were not so long,
I would send it to you complete, for it is a curiosity. Imagine
such complicated titles as these: “Minister’s second cook’s girl,
Ume, age 2;” “Minister’s servant’s cousin’s boy, age 11;” “Student’s
interpreter’s teacher’s girl;” “Vice-Consul’s jinrikisha-man’s boy.”
And so it went on, till there were fifty-eight of them of all ages,
from one up to nineteen. Some of them, indeed, were less than a year
old; and I was amused on the evening of the 2d at having the list
brought back to me with this note (Ogita’s English is still highly
individual!) “Marked X is declined to the invitation.” On looking
down the column, I found that ominous looking cross only against
one name, that of Yasu, daughter of Ito Kanejiro, Mr. G——’s cook.
This recalcitrant little person turned out to be six weeks old—an
early age for parties even nowadays. Miss Yasu, having been born in
November, was put down in the following January as two years old,
after the puzzling Japanese fashion. Then I found that they would
write boys as girls, girls as boys, grown-ups as babies, and so
on. Even at the last moment a doll had to be turned into a sword,
a toy tea-set into a work-box, a history of Europe into a rattle;
but people who grow Christmas trees are prepared for such small
contingencies, and no one knew anything about it when on Friday
afternoon the great tree slowly glowed into a pyramid of light,
and a long procession of little Japs was marshalled in, with great
solemnity and many bows, till they stood, a delighted, wide-eyed
crowd, round the beautiful shining thing, the first Christmas
tree any of them had ever seen. It was worth all the trouble to see
the gasp of surprise and delight, the evident fear that the whole
thing might be unreal and suddenly fade away. One little man of two
fell flat on his back with amazement, tried to rise and have another
look, and in so doing rolled over on his nose, where he lay quite
silent till his relatives rescued him. Behind the children stood the
mothers, quite as pleased as they, and with them one very old lady
with a little child on her back.
[Illustration:
_Copyright, 1908, by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
MAKING GLASS AND TINSEL ORNAMENTS FOR CHRISTMAS TREES]
The children stood, the little ones in front and the taller ones
behind, in a semicircle, and the many lights showed their bright
faces and gorgeous costumes, for no one would be outdone by another
in smartness—I fancy the poorer women had borrowed from richer
neighbors—and the result was picturesque in the extreme. The older
girls had their heads beautifully dressed, with flowers and pins and
rolls of scarlet crape knotted in between the coils; their dresses
were pale green or blue, with bright linings and stiff silk obis; but
the little ones were a blaze of scarlet, green, geranium pink, and
orange, their long sleeves sweeping the ground, and the huge flower
patterns on their garments making them look like live flowers as they
moved about on the dark velvet carpet. When they had gazed their
fill, they were called up to me one by one, Ogita addressing them all
as “San” (Miss or Mr.), even if they could only toddle, and I gave
them their serious presents with their names, written in Japanese
and English, tied on with red ribbon—an attention which, as I was
afterwards told, they appreciated greatly. It seemed to me that
they never would end; their size varied from a wee mite who could
not carry its own toys to a tall, handsome student of sixteen, or a
gorgeous young lady in green and mauve crape, and a head that must
have taken the best part of the day to dress.
In one thing they were all alike; their manners were perfect. There
was no pushing or grasping, no glances of envy at what other children
received, no false shyness in their sweet, happy way of expressing
their thanks. I was puzzled by one thing about the children: although
we kept giving them sweets and oranges off the tree, every time I
looked around the big circle all were empty-handed again, and it
really seemed as if they must have swallowed the gifts, gold paper
and ribbon and all. But at last I noticed that their square, hanging
sleeves began to have a strange, lumpy appearance, like a conjurers
waistcoat just before he produces twenty-four bowls of live goldfish
from his internal economy; and then I understood that the plunder was
at once dropped into these great sleeves, so as to leave hands free
for anything else that Okusama might think good to bestow. One little
lady, O’Haru San, aged three, got so overloaded with goodies and
toys that they kept rolling out of her sleeves, to the great delight
of the Brown Ambassador dachshund, Tip, who pounced on them like
lightning, and was also convicted of nibbling at cakes on the lower
branches of the tree.
The bigger children would not take second editions of presents, and
answered, “Honorable thanks, I have!” if offered more than they
thought their share; but babies are babies all the world over! When
the distribution was finished at last, I got a Japanese gentleman
to tell them the story of Christmas, the children’s feast; and then
they came up one by one to say “_Sayonara_” (“Since it must be,”
the Japanese farewell), and “_Arigato gozaimasu_” (“The honorable
thanks”).
“Come back next year,” I said; and then the last presents were given
out—beautiful lanterns, red, lighted, and hung on what Ogita calls
bumboos, to light the guests home with. One tiny maiden refused to
go, and flung herself on the floor in a passion of weeping, saying
that Okusama’s house was too beautiful to leave, and she would stay
with me always—yes, she would! Only the sight of the lighted lantern,
bobbing on a stick twice as long as herself, persuaded her to return
to her own home in the servants’ quarters. I stood on the step, the
same step where I had set the fireflies free one warm night last
summer, and watched the little people scatter over the lawns, and
disappear into the dark shrubberies, their round, red lights dancing
and shifting as they went, just as if my fireflies had come back, on
red wings this time, to light my little friends to bed.
[Illustration: Decoration]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The British Legation compound is the enclosure in which the
official representatives of the English government in any Japanese
city live with their assistants, families, and servants.
From Far Away
From far away we come to you.
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
To tell of great tidings, strange and true.
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor.
From far away we come to you,
To tell of great tidings, strange and true._
For as we wandered far and wide,
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
What hap do you deem there should us betide?
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor._
Under a bent when the night was deep,
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
There lay three shepherds, tending their sheep.
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor._
“O ye shepherds, what have ye seen,
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
To stay your sorrow and heal your teen?”
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor._
“In an ox stall this night we saw,
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
A Babe and a maid without a flaw.
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor._
“There was an old man there beside;
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
[Illustration: village and river]
His hair was white, and his hood was wide.
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor._
“And as we gazed this thing upon,
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
Those twain knelt down to the little one.
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor._
“And a marvellous song we straight did hear,
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
That slew our sorrow and healed our care.”
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor._
News of a fair and a marvellous thing,
_The snow in the street, and the wind on the door_,
Nowell, Nowell, Nowell, we sing.
_Minstrels and maids, stand forth on the floor.
From far away we come to you,
To tell of great tidings, strange and true._
Lordings, listen to our Lay
Lordings, listen to our lay—
We have come from far away
To seek Christmas;
In this mansion we are told
He his yearly feast doth hold:
’Tis to-day!
May joy come from God above,
To all those who Christmas love.
Where the Christmas Toys Come From
Almost all the wooden toys come from Germany, where peasants in
the mountains of the Tyrol and Bavaria still make them by hand. A
herd-boy on the hillside will see that his cattle are safely feeding
in a narrow valley which they cannot leave without passing him, and
then he will sit on the grass or on a rock and whittle and whistle
or jodel as the soft wood shapes itself in his fingers, through a
long summer day. And during the winter, while the snow lies deep on
the mountain paths, entire families give their time to making Noah’s
arks, toy villages with stiff little green trees, toy furniture,
carved figures of all kinds. Anything which a man’s knife can make
from poplar or plane wood is carved during the long weeks when
outdoor work is impossible. At one time whole German villages used to
work in their own homes on cheap wooden toys of all kinds. Nowadays,
since the invention of the machines by which the simpler forms are
made, most of the toy trades have been swept into the factories of
German cities.
Toy reins, such as you see with tinkling sleigh-bells on them, may
be woven elsewhere in New England, but it is fairly certain that the
bells at least were made in Connecticut, where the industry is a very
old one, and where most of the sleigh-bells in the country have been
made, as well as cow-bells and the tiny tinkler on the tea-table.
And, naturally, the state in which are so many clock factories
produces those toys which are made to go by a winding key.
Hundreds of thousands of tin trumpets, and other toy musical
instruments which used to be made in France and Germany, are now
made in this country, mainly in Pennsylvania and New York. It is
fascinating to watch the making of them by machinery. Pull a handle
here! Click! down comes a frame and a long sheet of metal is cut
into pieces of the exact shape wanted. See! the frame on which the
metal rested is a moving belt bringing a fresh sheet of metal under
the stamps and at the same time carrying the cut pieces forward over
a row of steel cones where a set of clamps like steel jaws catches
each separate bit. The clamps close once, nip! open, and each cone
pushes forward with a jerk into another which with one motion adds
a mouthpiece. What passes on now is a bent tube which needs only
a touch of solder to keep it closed, a few rings of paint to make
it gay, and perhaps a curved handle, to be a very presentable toy
trumpet.
Drums are almost all made in Massachusetts; marbles, the best of
them, come from Saxony; the old-fashioned kinds of music-boxes, some
of them very elaborate and beautiful, still come from Switzerland.
Glass ornaments for Christmas trees are made in Germany; many of the
tinsel and cut-paper ornaments also come from Nüremburg and other
German cities which are the great toy markets of the world. In one
French village near Paris almost all the bone dominoes have been made
for years; another section of France turns out nearly all the bone
chessmen—such figures as Alice found in the Looking-Glass country;
and a quantity of the furry rabbits, silky-haired dogs, and woolly
lambs on green-painted bellows which bleat _ba-a-a_, have been made
by one Parisian family for many years. The old proprietor, his sons
and daughters and even grandchildren, have lived and worked together
at the very top of an old house in one of the side streets of the
city, from a time beyond the memory of all but few.
As for dolls—the making of a Christmas doll—that is another story.
The Making of a Christmas Doll
Does it seem to you that it would be a delightful business to make
hundreds of thousands of dolls every year? H’m! Does this huge kettle
of bad-smelling mush make you think of the dainty, smiling dolls in
the toy-shop window? Dolly is made, though you would never guess it,
of chopped up bits of old kid gloves and pieces of cardboard boiled
to a pulp in a gum made from the horns of goats. And here is a man
shovelling sawdust into a kettle half full of boiling water. Now he
is turning the mass into a big mixing trough, adding one shovelful
after another of the gluey mush. The machinery creaks and turns and
cuts and slaps as this mixture is kneaded into a composition pulp.
Now he is carrying some of it in a hod, for all the world like sticky
mortar, to a weighing table! Sweep! it is spread out in an even
thickness. Clip! down come the knives which part it into the right
quantities, and it is swiftly pressed and moulded to the shape
of a body, an arm, or a leg. In one factory alone the parts of as
many as forty thousand dolls are thus made in one day, and the ugly,
greenish shapes set aside to harden. Another day they pass quickly
under the brushes in the painters’ hands after which they have the
more familiar rosy pink color, and dolly can now be put together
except for the head.
[Illustration:
_Copyright, 1908, by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
DOLL-MAKING]
Of these dolls the heads are to be of porcelain. Once for all, long
ago, some artist made the model of which many duplicate moulds stand
ready. Into these moulds liquid porcelain clay is poured; before it
hardens the openings for the eyes are cut and tiny holes made by
which it can be joined to a body. After the moulds are opened, as the
rows and rows of little heads stand in metal trays, a painter comes
by, covers them with a glaze-wash, tints the cheeks and outlines the
brows and lashes. Now into the oven goes the tray for hours of slow
baking. But even with the head sewed on we have but a sad-looking
dolly, both blind and bald.
If all goes well, the eyes and the wig come next. The eyes are not
made in this factory at all. They come from Germany, and it would
probably give you a queer, scared feeling to see the making of them.
Look into this long, dark room, and when your eyes are a little
used to the strange shadowiness, you will see that down its sides
there are rows of tables, before each of which sits a woman with a
blue-flame gas lamp in front of her. At little distances are retorts
of glowing molten glass, and each woman dips her short glass tube
into the melted glass, and, keeping it soft by the help of that
weird blue flame of the blowpipe jet, blows a little oblong globe
which she colors white for the eyeball, and then upon it paints a
pupil of blue, brown, or black, as the doll-makers may have ordered.
The musical click which you hear all the time is the sharp stroke
which breaks the finished and cooled eye from the glass rod, letting
it drop into a box lined with cotton by her side. This boy coming
out has been collecting them, and it makes us shiver to see those
hundreds of eyes rolling uncannily at us from the bottom of his
basket. Come away!
A wig for an inexpensive doll is an easy matter; the chosen strands
of hair are laid along a double thread, which passes below one
strand and above the next. This thread makes the “part,” and under
it is stuck a bit of pasteboard by which the wig is fastened on. A
quick-fingered French woman can turn out over a hundred dozen such
wigs in a day. And with the wig dolly is made at last.
Her clothes, of course, are a separate matter, just as yours are;
there are dolls’ shoemakers, and dolls’ dressmakers, and the
elaborate completeness of dolly’s outfit depends only upon the price
one is willing to pay.
[Illustration:
_Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
WIG-MAKING]
Irina’s Day on the Estates
Irina is a Russian who answers promptly if you ask her what Christmas
she remembers best, “The one we spent on the estates.” But that
may be because it was so unusual to be there at all in the winter.
Christmas Eve is the great time in Russia, but Santa Claus does not
come until evening and the day before Christmas being a fast-day is
usually somewhat depressing.
Old Mashinka, who comes in to open the heavy, outer shutters, usually
has some lively gossip to tell while she lets in the light. Perhaps
wolves slipped into the courtyard in the night and were fighting with
the watch-dogs; perhaps the snow has fallen again and is so deep that
Ivan and the stablemen have been out since daybreak cutting new paths
to the kitchens, stables, and farm buildings, and breaking out the
roads. Or perhaps Dmitri, who moved yesterday into a new house, took
with him a cock and hen, and this morning the cock refused to crow at
dawn so that all the family are sure that evil fortune will enter the
house with the new year. But on this morning she has no news to tell;
she moves silently and slowly, for it is a fast-day.
Even Irina, who is always ready to run and jump, feels oppressed
by the still, silent house. The dining room is desolate with its
breakfastless table, usually so cosy with its steaming samovar. As
a rule they are at this time in St. Petersburg where, though Irina
stays quietly all day in an upper room, except when attending church
services, she can at least look out upon all the coming and going on
the river and the Nevski Prospect. But this year Andrei the steward
is raising questions about the plans and locations for new stables
and barns, so they are here where everything is depressingly still
and silent, and upstairs her father and mother are praying in their
rooms. So she puts on fur-lined boots, a long fur coat with deep
collar, and a fur cap which comes well down over the forehead, and
once outside the house finds herself in the thick forest. Further on
she comes to a frozen river, and fast-days and solemn services are
all forgotten, for there are her two fur-wrapped brothers busy with
a little sledge. The red scarves of the boys are taken for guiding
reins, and far along the ice for two hours or more she drives her
team. They have passed beyond the forest and out upon the steppes,
where for miles ahead no trees are to be seen except where willows
mark the curve of the river, or a few stunted saplings show black
against the snow. On one side is a long, low sheepfold belonging to
Irina’s father, and out comes the shepherd with a clamor of dogs.
He has no chairs, so he throws down three heaps of clean straw for
the children to sit on; and he, too, forgets that it is a fast-day
as he reaches cakes of dark brown bread from a shelf below the tiny
square window, and pours for them cups of goats’ milk. Black crust
and all—it goes quickly, and then they rest and stroke the half-tamed
sheep that come to nibble the straw while the shepherd tells the
children stories. He cannot read, to be sure, but when he was a
boy his old grandmother told them to him. Perhaps, because it is the
Christmas season, he tells them of the old woman whom the Russians
call Babouscka and the Italians Befana. Irina’s favorite is one that
would remind you of Cinderella, although the fairy godmother is much
more like an old witch; and as the children start off for home they
wonder a little fearfully if this forest is not very like the one in
the shepherd’s story.
[Illustration: three boys]
On arriving home they confess their sins—only the little matter of
the rye bread is really forgotten. Everybody is busy; the cook is
getting the supper, and father in the drawing-room has the door
locked. Some one has said there will be no Christmas tree, for
there are no shops here; but why was mother away for four days, and
why did that pedler who came by a few days ago stay so long? Irina
finds a book, curls up on a rug, and tries to read, but she does
not understand Kryloff’s “Fables” very well; the day out-doors has
made her drowsy and she does not quite know what becomes of the time
until her brothers shake her a little, the clock rings out “Cuckoo”
six times, and then open comes the door. There _is_ a Christmas
tree after all, a tall one with a shining star at the top. Hundreds
of burning candles light it up, and tiny wax figures dance among
hanging oranges. At the foot of the tree lie four or five heaps of
parcels,—ah, then, mother _was_ shopping; no one is forgotten and
every one is merry. Then comes Pavel to say that supper is ready.
But the white cloth looks very different from usual; it is not laid
smoothly at all. Underneath it has been spread a layer of hay, and
each one as he sits down pulls out a straw. Irina gives a cry of joy:
her piece is quite complete, with its yellow, dried flower—which
shows that she will be lucky all the next year.
There is no meat at this Christmas Eve supper, only fish dishes and
the special _Kostya_, or puddings which belong to the season very
much as do mince pie and plum pudding in England. Of these puddings
there are two kinds,—the white _Kostya_, made of rice, almonds, and
raisins, and the black _Kostya_, made of honey, barley, and walnuts.
During supper the children from the village school which Irina’s
mother has started come and sing carols outside the window until
Pavel with a handful of coins tells them to be off. Other young
villagers follow to acknowledge their gifts with more singing. Lastly
comes the church choir, who are invited in to supper after Irina and
her brothers have returned to the tree and their new toys. For each
there is a gift and from each a torrent of good wishes.
This practice of carol singing is probably in its origin akin to
the religious processions which one may see on any holy day in
all the villages of Greece, the Balkan provinces, and up through
Russia,—wherever, in fact, the Greek church has diverted into the
service of religion the old customs of the people. For centuries back
and probably long before the Christian era, it was the practice of
the young people here and elsewhere to gather into bands and go about
the country roads at this time of year singing hymns which were
at first, no doubt, songs of rejoicing that the shortest days were
over and the sun returning to the world again. Nowadays the songs
are chants or carols, and the village boys are proud to carry in
religious processions pictures of the saints and the banners of the
church.
A Visit from St. Nicholas
’Twas the night before Christmas, when all through the house
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;
The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,
In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there;
The children were nestled all snug in their beds,
While visions of sugar-plums danced in their heads;
And mamma in her kerchief, and I in my cap,
Had just settled our brains for a long winter’s nap—
When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,
I sprang from my bed to see what was the matter.
Away to the window I flew like a flash,
Tore open the shutters and threw up the sash.
The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow
Gave a lustre of midday to objects below;
When what to my wondering eyes should appear,
But a miniature sleigh and eight tiny reindeer,
With a little old driver so lively and quick
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick!
More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
And he whistled and shouted, and called them by name:
“Now, Dasher! now, Dancer! now, Prancer and Vixen!
On, Comet! on, Cupid! on, Donder and Blitzen!
To the top of the porch, to the top of the wall!
Now, dash away, dash away, dash away all!”
As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,
When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky,
So up to the house-top the coursers they flew,
With the sleigh full of toys—and St. Nicholas, too.
And then in a twinkling I heard on the roof,
The prancing and pawing of each little hoof.
As I drew in my head, and turning around,
Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound.
He was dressed all in fur from his head to his foot,
And his clothes were all tarnished with ashes and soot;
A bundle of toys he had flung on his back,
And he looked like a pedler just opening his pack.
His eyes, how they twinkled! his dimples, how merry!
His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry;
His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,
And the beard on his chin was as white as the snow.
The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth,
And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath.
He had a broad face and a little round belly
That shook, when he laughed, like a bowl full of jelly.
He was chubby and plump—a right jolly old elf;
And I laughed when I saw him, in spite of myself.
A wink of his eye and a twist of his head
Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread.
[Illustration:
_Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
A CHRISTMAS TREE AT THE IMMIGRANT STATION, NEW YORK]
He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work,
And filled all the stockings; then turned with a jerk,
And laying his finger aside of his nose,
And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose.
He sprang in his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle,
And away they all flew like the down of a thistle;
But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight:
“Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good-night!”
The Cratchits’ Christmas Dinner
You might have thought a goose the rarest of all birds; a feathered
phenomenon, to which a black swan was a matter of course; and in
truth, it was something like it in that house. Mrs. Cratchit made
the gravy (ready beforehand in a little saucepan) hissing hot;
Master Peter mashed the potatoes with incredible vigor; Miss Belinda
sweetened up the apple sauce; Martha dusted the hot plates; Bob took
Tiny Tim beside him in a tiny corner at the table; the two young
Cratchits set chairs for everybody, not forgetting themselves, and
mounting guard upon their posts, crammed spoons into their mouths,
lest they should shriek for goose before their turn came to be
helped. At last the dishes were set on, and grace was said. It was
succeeded by a breathless pause, as Mrs. Cratchit, looking slowly
all along the carving knife, prepared to plunge it in the breast;
but when she did, and when the long-expected gush of stuffing issued
forth, one murmur of delight arose all around the board, and even
Tiny Tim, excited by the two young Cratchits, beat on the table with
the handle of his knife, and feebly cried Hurrah!
There never was such a goose. Bob said he didn’t believe there
ever was such a goose cooked. Its tenderness and flavor, size and
cheapness, were the themes of universal admiration. Eked out by the
apple sauce and mashed potatoes, it was a sufficient dinner for
the whole family; indeed, as Mrs. Cratchit said with great delight
(surveying one small atom of a bone on the dish), they hadn’t ate it
all at last! Yet every one had had enough, and the youngest Cratchits
in particular were steeped in sage and onion to the eyebrows! But
now, the plates being changed by Miss Belinda, Mrs. Cratchit left the
room alone—too nervous to bear witnesses—to take the pudding up and
bring it in.
Suppose it should not be done enough! Suppose it should break in
turning out! Suppose somebody should have got over the wall of the
back yard, and stolen it, while they were merry with the goose; a
supposition at which the two young Cratchits became livid! All sorts
of horrors were supposed.
Hallo! A great deal of steam! The pudding was out of the copper.
A smell like a washing-day! That was the cloth. A smell like an
eating-house and a pastry cook’s next door to each other, with a
laundress next door to that! That was the pudding. In half a minute
Mrs. Cratchit entered, flushed, but smiling proudly, with the pudding
like a speckled cannon-ball, so hard and firm, blazing in half of
half-a-quartern of ignited brandy, and bedight with Christmas holly
stuck into the top.
Oh, a wonderful pudding! Bob Cratchit said, and calmly, too, that he
regarded it as the greatest success achieved by Mrs. Cratchit since
their marriage. Mrs. Cratchit said that now the weight was off her
mind she would confess she had had her doubts about the quantity of
flour. Everybody had something to say about it, but nobody said or
thought it was at all a small pudding for so large a family. It would
have been flat heresy to do so. Any Cratchit would have blushed to
hint at such a thing. At last the dinner was all done, the cloth was
cleared, the hearth swept, and the fire made up. The compound in the
jug being tasted and considered perfect, apples and oranges were put
upon the table, and a shovelful of chestnuts on the fire. Then all
the Cratchit family drew round the hearth in what Bob Cratchit called
a circle, meaning half a one; and at Bob Cratchit’s elbow stood the
family display of glass—two tumblers and a custard-cup without a
handle.
These held the hot stuff from the jug, however, as well as golden
goblets would have done; and Bob served it out with beaming looks,
while the chestnuts on the fire sputtered and cracked noisily. Then
Bob proposed:
“A merry Christmas to all, my dears. God bless us!”
Which all the family reëchoed.
“God bless us every one!” said Tiny Tim the last of all.
[Illustration: Decoration]
After the Christmas Dinner
When dinner had had time to settle and all the kitchen work was done,
Father took his seat at the end of the long table, with all the
household gathered about, the servants included and the baby without
fail, and read the story of The Child: “And it came to pass in those
days,” while Mother hushed the baby. Then we sang together “A Child
is Born in Bethlehem,” which was the simplest of our hymns, and also
the one we children loved best, for it told of how in heaven we were
to walk to church
“On sky-blue carpets, star-bedeckt,”
which was a great comfort. Children love beautiful things, and we had
few of them. The great and precious treasure in our house was the
rag carpet in the spare room, which we were allowed to enter only on
festive occasions such as Christmas. It had an orange streak in it
which I can see to this day. Whenever I come across one that even
remotely suggests it, it gives me yet a kind of solemn feeling. We
had no piano,—that was a luxury in those days,—and Father was not
a singer, but he led on bravely with his tremulous bass and we all
joined in, Ane the cook and Maria the housemaid furtively wiping
their eyes with their aprons, for they were good and pious folk and
this was their Christmas service. So we sang the ten verses to end,
with their refrain “Hallelujah! hallelujah!” that always seemed to me
to open the very gates of Yule.
[Illustration: “WE JOINED HANDS AND DANCED AROUND THE TREE”]
And it did, literally; for when the last hallelujah died away, the
door of the spare room was flung wide and there stood the Christmas
tree, all shining lights, and the baby was borne in, wide-eyed, to
be the first, as was proper; for was not this The Child’s holiday?
Unconsciously we all gave way to those who were nearest Him, who had
most recently come from His presence, and were therefore in closest
touch with the spirit of the holiday. So, when we joined hands and
danced around the tree, Father held the baby, and we laughed and were
happy as the little one crowed his joy and stretched the tiny arms
toward the light.
Hang up the Baby’s Stocking
Hang up the baby’s stocking:
Be sure you don’t forget;
The dear little dimpled darling!
She ne’er saw Christmas yet;
But I’ve told her all about it,
And she opened her big blue eyes;
And I’m sure she understood it—
She looked so funny and wise.
Dear! what a tiny stocking!
It doesn’t take much to hold
Such little pink toes as baby’s
Away from the frost and cold;
But then for the baby’s Christmas
It will never do at all;
Why, Santa wouldn’t be looking
For anything half so small.
I know what will do for the baby.
I’ve thought of the very best plan:
I’ll borrow a stocking of grandma,
The longest that ever I can;
And you’ll hang it by mine, dear mother,
Right here in the corner, so!
And write a letter to Santa,
And fasten it on the toe.
Write, “This is the baby’s stocking
That hangs in the corner here;
You never have seen her, Santa,
For she only came this year;
But she’s just the blessedest baby!
And now before you go,
Just cram her stocking with goodies,
From the top clean down to the toe.”
A German Christmas
In Germany a little girl begins to think about Christmas almost as
soon as she gets back from a summer holiday, for it is still very
much the custom there to make something yourself for those you love
best, and German girls learn while they are still little to embroider
beautifully all kinds of articles for household use,—a monogram
on a fine handkerchief, or spray of flowers on a bit of linen
to wear at the neck. An older girl makes such things as a canvas
traveller’s-case, or a set of shoe-bags, embroiders a sofa-cushion
or knits a silk necktie. Mothers and aunts are more likely to make
soberly useful gifts of stockings, underclothing, dresses; nothing is
thought out-of-place. But every one must give to every one else. That
is _law_. And every one aims to keep as a secret what she is making;
it must be hidden at least from the one for whom it is intended,
so there is quite an air of “I know something nice, but I cannot
tell it,” about a German household through all the weeks before the
holiday.
About a fortnight before Christmas the fair begins which Mrs.
Sidgwick tells us is to be seen “in any one of the old German cities
in the hill country, when the streets and the open places are covered
with crisp clean snow, and the mountains are white with it, and the
moon shines on the ancient houses, and the tinkle of sledge bells
reaches you when you escape from the din of the market, and look down
at the bustle of it from some silent place, a high window, perhaps,
or the high empty steps leading into the cathedral. The air is cold
and still, and heavy with the scent of the Christmas trees brought
from the forest for the pleasure of the children. Day by day you
see the rows of them growing thinner, and if you go to the market
on Christmas Eve itself you will find only a few trees left out in
the cold. The market is empty, the peasants are harnessing their
horses or their oxen, the women are packing up their unsold goods.
In every home in the city one of the trees that scented the open air
about a week ago is shining now with lights and little gilded nuts
and apples, and is helping to make that Christmas smell, all compact
of the pine forest, wax candles, cakes, and painted toys, you must
associate so long as you live with Christmas in Germany.”
We have Christmas trees in plenty, but to the German mind we have
them all wrong. In the first place, their trees are small, and every
one, from the Emperor down to the poorest laborer, has a tree.
But he has it at home, on Christmas Eve if he can, less often on
Christmas Day, and only sometimes on the day after, which they call
the Second Christmas Day. A German family never invites a _party_ to
its Christmas tree, only relatives or intimate friends. As a rule,
there is one tree, fixed on a small stand in the centre of a large
square table covered with a snow-white cloth, and around the tree
the presents are arranged, those for each person in a separate pile.
The tree is lighted for beauty, and is decorated with ornaments of
glass and tinsel, sweetmeats, apples, gilded nuts, and a few very
small toys. Some of the sweetmeats made for German trees are very
elaborate. There are _Kringeln_, transparent sugar candies twisted
in figure eights or circles, so that they easily hang on. There are
sugar candy animals of every shape and color; and here and there a
fascinating scene in colored sugar on a white background, a sportsman
in a red coat, perhaps, pointing his gun at an enormous rabbit that
sits up almost touching the end of the gun-barrel. The celebrated
_Lübecker Marzipan_ (a kind of almond paste which you have tasted,
maybe, on bride-cake) imitates all kinds of fruit and vegetables so
well that they can easily be mistaken for real.
[Illustration:
_Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
DRESSING DOLLS IN GERMANY FOR AMERICAN CHRISTMAS TREES]
The trees are set in the front rooms and the curtains are drawn up to
give any passer-by a glimpse of their beauty. The family gathers in
the room behind, sometimes a carol or hymn is sung, and at its end
suddenly the parlor doors fly back, showing the little green tree all
alight and the piles of presents for every one. Then comes a scramble
and search for one’s own pile,—a long silence while parcels are
opened breathlessly. Such a handshaking and embracing and thanking as
follows!
In some families where there are several children and plenty of
money, each person may have a tree of his own, and at any rate will
have his own table covered with presents and things to eat. Of such a
family the mother writes:—
Every time the three babies go into the garden they expect to meet
the Christ Child with His arms full of gifts. They firmly believe
that it is thus their presents are brought, and it is such a charming
idea that Christmas would be worth celebrating for its sake alone.
The library is uninhabitable for several days before and after, as
it is there that we have the trees and presents. All down one side
are the trees, and the other three sides are lined with tables, a
separate one for each person in the house. When trees are lighted,
and stand in their radiance shining down on the happy faces, I forget
all the trouble it has been, and the number of times I have had to
run up and down stairs, and the various aches in head and feet, and
enjoy myself as much as anybody. First the June baby is ushered in,
then the others and ourselves according to age, then the servants,
then come the head inspector and his family, and other inspectors
from the different farms, the mamsells, the bookkeepers and
secretaries, and then all the children, troops and troops of them—the
big ones leading the little ones by the hand and carrying the babies
in their arms, and the mothers peeping round the door. As many as can
get in stand in front of the trees, and sing two or three carols;
then they are given their presents, and go off triumphantly, making
room for the next batch. My three babies sung lustily, too, whether
they happened to know what was being sung or not....
When they came to say good night they were all very pale and subdued.
The April baby had an exhausted-looking Japanese doll with her,
which she said she was taking to bed, not because she liked him, but
she was so sorry for him, he seemed so very tired. They kissed me
absently, and went away, only the April baby glancing at the trees as
she passed and making them a courtesy.
“Good-by, trees,” I heard her say; and then she made the Japanese
doll bow to them, which he did, in a very languid and blase fashion.
“You’ll never see such trees again,” she told him, giving him a
vindictive shake, “for you’ll be brokened long before next time.”
She went out, but came back as though she had forgotten something.
“Thank the Christkind so much, Mummy, won’t you, for all the lovely
things He brought us. I suppose you’re writing to Him now, isn’t
you?”
Crowded Out
Nobody ain’t Christmas shoppin’
Fur his stockin’,
Nobody ain’t cotch no turkey,
Nobody ain’t bake no pie.
Nobody’s laid nuthin’ by;
Santa Claus don’t cut no figger
Fur his mammy’s little nigger.
Seems lak everybody’s rushin’
An’ er crushin’;
Crowdin’ shops an’ jammin’ trolleys,
Buyin’ shoes an’ shirts an’ toys
Fur de white folks’ girls an’ boys;
But no hobby-horse ain’t rockin’
Fur his little wore-out stockin’.
He ain’t quar’lin’, recollec’,
He don’t spec
Nuthin’—it’s his not expectin’
Makes his mammy wish—O Laws!—
Fur er nigger Santy Claus,
Totin’ jus’ er toy balloon
Fur his mammy’s little coon.
An English “Adoration”
Art in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was far more closely
connected with the church than it is to-day. The most beautiful
buildings were those of the church, and the art of painting was soon
called upon for their decoration. Books at that time were rare and
costly, and the stories of the saints whose “holydays” were times
of festivity for the people, were mostly handed down by word of
mouth, and often with a good deal of confusion of times and people.
And naturally, when the rich men of 1300 called in a workman to
decorate a church or to paint a panel which could be moved from one
building to another, they liked to see on their walls pictures of
their favorite saints and heroes, pictures which reminded them of the
stories they could not read. It made no difference to them if saint
and hero and king lived hundreds of years apart.
There is one such picture, one of the oldest in England, so old that
no one knows who painted it, which is interesting because it is so
easy to see that the king who ordered it painted was thinking of the
old Christmas story of the Adoration of the Magi, who were always
thought of in the Middle Ages as being kings. The picture is painted
on two wooden panels, joined with hinges so that it can be closed,
and is in bright colors against a background of gold.
[Illustration: two pictures]
The English king who probably ordered it to celebrate his coronation
was Richard II. of England, son of the famous Black Prince. One
likes to think that although he thought of himself as one of a long
line of kings ruling by divine right, whom it was natural to see
surrounded by persons royal and divine, yet he wished to be painted
not in the act of receiving but of giving homage. After all, in spite
of the king’s crown and the robe of state, too big for a child’s
figure, he was only a boy barely eleven, and whatever he became
later here he is shown offering his kingdom to the Holy Child in His
Mother’s arms.
There was a special reason for Richard’s having his picture resemble
pictures of the Adoration of the Magi for the Day of the Kings,
January 6, was not only his own birthday, but also the day upon which
he was crowned. And an account of his coronation tells us that after
the ceremony he made an offering at the Shrine of Our Lady at Pewe,
nearby, of “eleven angels,” one for each year of his young life.
Exactly what these eleven angels were no one now knows; they may have
been gold coins with an angel stamped upon them, or they may have
been small images. But perhaps he remembered his eleven years and
this offering when he told the painter to surround Mother Mary with
the eleven angels in sapphire blue whom you see in the picture. One
sees at least that they are _his_ angels, for each wears his special
badge, the Jewel of the White Hart, and the Collar of Broom-pods.
Almost all the Magi pictures represent one of the kings as kneeling,
with the two others standing behind him, and one can imagine Richard
boyishly choosing the other two kings. He was crowned in Westminster
Abbey, so it is natural enough that one of them should be Edward
the Confessor who founded the Abbey; the other, holding an arrow, is
St. Edmund, an early king of England who is said to have been shot
to death with arrows by the Danes, because he refused to abandon
Christianity. Joseph, too, is a customary figure in paintings of the
Adoration, but cannot you hear the boy king saying, “No, I do not
want St. Joseph; my father died in midsummer so I really became king
about the time of St. John’s Day, if I _am_ crowned at Epiphany;
so I will have St. John with a lamb and Edward the Confessor; and
Edward shall hold a ring?” There is a pretty story that St. John the
Evangelist, wandering in the disguise of a beggar, asked alms of King
Edward the Confessor; and, that the king, rather than refuse a poor
man, gave him a ring from his finger, because he had no money with
him. And it would be so like a boy not to care that the two St. Johns
were not at all the same. That which mattered is that one of the
angels was holding toward the Holy Child’s reaching hands the banner
of England as the gift of the kneeling boy.
[Illustration: Decoration]
The Children’s Own Saint
What a most convenient thing it is that good St. Nicholas does not
have to keep the Christmas holiday in all the world at once! He has
been the children’s own saint, you know, ever since he ceased to be
a bishop in far-away Asia Minor. The oldest story we hear of him is
that once three little boys on their way to school at Athens stopped
over night at an inn, of which the innkeeper was also a butcher, and
a robber besides. This wicked man killed the boys in the night and
threw their bodies into his salting tub. But the very next morning
the saint walked in and asked for them, for though he was only
Bishop Nicholas then, he knew all about it in some wonderful way.
The trembling butcher took him out to the pork barrel; the saint
struck the edge of it sharply with his staff and called the boys by
name. Out jumped the three little pickles all alive, and of course
the wicked butcher was punished and Nicholas became the school-boys’
saint.
There is also a story that one night Bishop Nicholas wished to
carry a purse of gold to a worthy nobleman who was so proud and so
unwilling to have his poverty noticed that it was a difficult matter
to make the gift without hurting his feelings. When the house was
reached the old noble was to be seen through the window fast asleep
by the fire, and without disturbing him good St. Nicholas climbed
to the top of the wide chimney and dropped the purse, intending it
to fall on the hearth. But as the old man’s daughter had hung her
father’s stockings by the fire to dry, it chanced to fall into one of
them. There it was found the next day and most opportunely provided
a marriage portion for the oldest daughter. The story goes on to say
that after that whenever one of the noble’s daughters was of marrying
age he hung up a stocking,—and St. Nicholas’s gift was never lacking.
They say that all this happened early in December, and in some
countries December 6 is the great day for the children. In Holland,
on St. Nicholas Eve, December 5, the children go out with their
parents to see the brilliantly decorated shops, and in the doorways
of many of them stands the saint, gorgeously dressed and handing to
every child who passes a tiny toy or a sweet. No wonder the good
saint must needs go to the seashore for a day before his next heavy
job of being Santa Claus to all America on the twenty-fifth,—to say
nothing of merry England!
At any rate, we find that in a certain seaport of southern Italy it
is the sailors’ custom on December 6 to take the image of the saint
from the beautiful church of St. Nicholas and, with a long procession
of boats, carry it far out to sea. Toward nightfall they return and
in the glory of the gold and crimson sunset are met on landing by
all the townspeople. Hundreds of quaintly dressed pilgrims from the
country round join the crowd that welcomes the home-coming saint with
songs, bonfires, and torches, and brings him back to his own place.
[Illustration:
_Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York_
AN AMERICAN CHRISTMAS TREE]
His next appearance is in those countries where the Greek Church is
the national religion. Their Day of St. Nicholas, which is December 6
elsewhere, comes upon what we should call December 19, and the saint
is supposed to bring the winter with him. On the frozen river by
Peter’s city it is celebrated with a skating and sleighing carnival.
Lines of track are laid down on the ice like small-sized street-car
lines. Tiny cars run here and there along them, back and forth from
the smooth ice-fields roped off for sleigh races or skating contests.
Perhaps it was in that cold country he found the high cap, the furs,
and the coat he wears for his hard work of chimney scrambling and
running the reindeer express on the Christmas Eve we know.
Once more after his strenuous American holiday week is over the
hard-worked saint appears again. From the little whitewashed villages
of Greece north to ice-bound Archangel and east even to Vladivostok
the saint swings wearily on thousands of wax-lighted Christmas trees
(their Christmas Eve comes, you must remember, thirteen days after
ours). But he is a sadly wasted saint by this time—a mere waxen image
a few inches long—able only to dance a little at the tip of a branch
of a Christmas tree, and that is all he is asked to do. But in some
houses you would find him with a queer cotton tassel in the top of
his cap, and what happens then is this: some boy or girl comes by,
touches his cotton tassel into flame from a lighted taper, and he
burns and melts and grows shorter as if he were just an ordinary wax
candle until he is all gone.
But in spite of that, in the next December, when the little children
in Holland beg their mothers to take them out to see the lighted
shops, there he is again with his bag of sweets. And if you want to
know what happens to him after that you will only have to read this
story over again.
The Befana Fair in Rome
In Rome the season of making gifts corresponding to our Christmas
comes twelve days later, and the gift-bringer would not be called
Santa Claus or Saint Nicholas, but Befana, a gruff little old woman.
Perhaps she is in some way connected with the old woman of whom the
legend is told that she was sweeping out her house when the Three
Kings rode by with gifts for the infant Christ. “Come,” they said,
“and see the _Bambin Gesù_.” She said she would when she had finished
her sweeping. But though she took her gifts and started, she was too
late then, of course, so she gave the presents to good children and
bits of charcoal to those who had been naughty. The name is really a
short form of Epifania, the Feast of Epiphany, and it is given both
to the gift-bringer and to one of the most extraordinary popular
festivals ever invented to amuse children and to turn grown people
into children. It is a night fair opened every Eve of Epiphany in the
great square called Piazza Navona, where long, long ago one of the
Roman emperors, Domitian, once had his race-course. In the days just
after Christmas workmen begin to bring out from queer underground
storerooms all the lumber and other material needed for setting up
booths and decorating the square for the Befana. From year to year it
lies somewhere, ready for use at a moment’s notice, and when needed
it is suddenly produced without confusion, marked and numbered, all
ready to be put together and regilded, or repainted, or hung with
acres of bright-colored draperies. The Romans are masters of the
art of managing public displays and change the empty, windy square
as if by magic suddenly into a great oval street of booths enclosing
the whole circus-shaped space. At dark on the Eve of the Epiphany
the Befana begins. The hundreds of booths are choked with toys, and
gleam with thousands of little lights. In the open spaces the moving
crowd of children, parents, and grandparents grows closer and closer
between sunset and midnight, and every one is splitting the air with
some sort of whistle, horn, or trumpet. Noise is the chief need of
a successful Befana, and the first thing every one buys who comes
must be a tin horn or one of the grotesque little figures made of
painted clay, always with a whistle in some part of it. Their very
ugliness is attractive, and they are daubed with a kind of bright
and harmless paint of which every Roman child remembers the taste
so long as he lives. Round and round the crowd moves in a stream of
young, old, and middle-aged, all blowing horns and whistles with a
ridiculously solemn persistency, bent on making all the noise it is
possible to get out of one small toy. Now and then they stop to buy
at some booth, or to greet a friend; one group attacks another with a
specially strong burst of noise almost too much to stand when shrill
whistles are brought close to ears, and there are shouts of laughter
when the party which can make the most hideous noise drives off the
other half deaf from the din.
In one long-remembered year, in the old English Protestant church
about a mile away, the organ was rebuilt and the organist, a
practical Anglo-Saxon, had the useless old pipes sold at the night
fair for the benefit of the church. The braying of the high cracked
reeds was frightful and never to be forgotten.
Thousands upon thousands of people throng the square; even under the
clear winter sky it is not cold; the flaring, smoking, wind-blown
torches throw strange shadows down upon the old women who behind
the booths sit warming their skinny hands over earthen pots of
glowing coals. They look on without a smile on their wrinkled faces
while their sons and daughters sell little old women of clay, the
very images of their mothers, to passing customers. And there is no
confusion, no accident, no trouble, there are no drunken men and no
pickpockets. But Romans are not like other people.
The Golden Carol
(Of Melchior, Balthazar, and Gaspar, the Three Kings.)
We saw the light shine out a-far,
On Christmas in the morning,
And straight we knew Christ’s Star it was,
Bright beaming in the morning.
Then did we fall on bended knee,
On Christmas in the morning,
And prais’d the Lord, who’d let us see
His glory at its dawning.
Oh! ever thought be of His Name,
On Christmas in the morning,
[Illustration:
_Memling_
THE ADORATION OF THE MAGI]
Who bore for us both grief and shame,
Afflictions sharpest scorning.
And may we die (when death shall come),
On Christmas in the morning,
And see in heav’n, our glorious home,
The Star of Christmas morning.
Babouscka
It was the night the dear Christ Child came to Bethlehem. In a
country far away from Him, an old, old woman named Babouscka sat
in her snug little house by her warm fire. The wind was drifting
the snow outside and howling down the chimney, but it only made
Babouscka’s fire burn more brightly.
“How glad I am that I may stay indoors!” said Babouscka, holding her
hands out to the bright blaze.
But suddenly she heard a loud rap at her door. She opened it, and her
candle shone on three old men standing outside in the snow. Their
beards were as white as the snow, and so long that they reached the
ground. Their eyes shone kindly in the light of Babouscka’s candle,
and their arms were full of precious things—boxes of jewels, and
sweet-smelling oils, and ointments.
“We have travelled far, Babouscka,” they said, “and we stop to tell
you of the Baby Prince born this night in Bethlehem. He comes to
rule the world and teach all men to be loving and true. We carry Him
gifts. Come with us, Babouscka!”
But Babouscka looked at the driving snow, and then inside at her cozy
room and the crackling fire. “It is too late for me to go with you,
good sirs,” she said, “the weather is too cold.” She went inside
again and shut the door, and the old men journeyed on to Bethlehem
without her. But as Babouscka sat by her fire, rocking, she began to
think about the little Christ Child, for she loved all babies.
“To-morrow I will go to find Him,” she said; “to-morrow, when it is
light, and I will carry Him some toys.”
So when it was morning Babouscka put on her long cloak, and took her
staff, and filled her basket with the pretty things a baby would
like, gold balls, and wooden toys, and strings of silver cobwebs—and
she set out to find the Christ Child.
But, oh! Babouscka had forgotten to ask the three old men the road to
Bethlehem, and they had travelled so far through the night that she
could not overtake them. Up and down the roads she hurried, through
woods and fields and towns, saying to whomsoever she met: “I go to
find the Christ Child. Where does He lie? I bring some pretty toys
for His sake.”
But no one could tell her the way to go, and they all said, “Farther
on, Babouscka, farther on.” So she travelled on, and on, and on for
years and years—but she never found the little Christ Child.
They say that old Babouscka is travelling still, looking for Him.
When it comes Christmas Eve, and the children are lying fast asleep,
Babouscka comes softly through the snowy fields and towns, wrapped in
her long cloak and carrying her basket on her arm. With her staff
she raps gently at the doors and goes inside and holds her candle
close to the little children’s faces.
“Is He here?” she asks. “Is the little Christ Child here?” And then
she turns sorrowfully away again, crying, “Farther on, farther on.”
But before she leaves she takes a toy from her basket and lays it
beside the pillow for a Christmas gift. “For His sake,” she says
softly and then hurries on through the years and forever in search of
the little Christ Child.
The Three Kings
If you had been a child in Provence when Mistral was a boy, you
might perhaps have joined the excited party of curly-headed boys and
fair-haired girls in hoods and clacking wooden shoes who went with
him to meet the Three Kings, the Wise Men from the East, coming to
worship the Holy Child on the night before Epiphany. Mistral told of
it long afterwards in this way:—
With hearts beating and eyes bright we started forth on the road to
Arles, bearing our gifts of welcome, cakes for the Kings, figs for
the boy pages, sweet hay for the tired camels. The wind blew cold,
the robin and wren hopped shivering in the branches of the leafless
trees. The fields were empty except for perhaps an old woman picking
up sticks, or a ragged snail-gatherer under the hedge.
“Where are you going so late, my little ones?” some one would ask.
“We go to meet the Kings,” we said, singing and laughing, sliding and
running along the white, wind-swept road. But the daylight faded, the
black, pointed cypress trees hid the bell-tower of Maillane, and the
long, white road stretched away empty.... Then we met a shepherd, his
long, brown cloak held tight around him.
“Have you seen the Kings? Are they still a long way off?”
“Ah! the Kings! You should see them soon. They are not so far away.”
Then we set off running again, with our gifts for the Kings and
the pages, and handfuls of hay for the camels. The bravest of us
flagged a little as a great cloud over the mountain hid the sun, when
suddenly a flash of golden splendor and a glory of yellow and crimson
shone just where the white road curved from behind the mountain.
“The Kings! The Kings! See their mantles! See the banners! They are
coming.”
And so we stood amazed; but instead of growing brighter as if the
Kings were coming nearer, the glory faded with the sunset and we
found ourselves alone in the dark highway.
“Which way did the Kings go?”
“They have gone behind the mountain.”
[Illustration:
_Bouguereau_
ADORATION OF THE SHEPHERDS]
The white owls hooted, the wind was chill, and night-shadows
frightened us; so close together with backward glances we hurried
toward the village again. The hay we threw away, but the cakes we
had brought to give the Kings and the figs for the boy pages—they
were comforting. And at home our mothers asked us: “Well, did you see
them?”
“Only a long way off. They went behind the mountain.”
“But what road did you take?”
“The road to Arles.”
“Ah, my poor lambs—but the Kings never come by that road. They come
from the East—you should have taken the Roman road. Ah, the beautiful
sight when they entered Maillane! the banners and trumpets! the pages
leading the camels! But what a show! Now they are gone to the church
to offer their adoration. After supper you shall go and see them.”
Suppers were swallowed quickly, mine at my grandmother’s, and then
we all ran to the church. Sure enough, high above the manger hung
the glittering star, and on bended knees before the Holy Child were
the Three Kings—Gaspar, in a crimson cloak, with gifts of gold;
Melchior, in yellow, offering incense; and Balthasar, in a mantle
blue, presenting a vase of myrrh. How reverently we admired the gayly
dressed pages who carried the Kings’ long trains, and the great
camels whose heads and humps rose high above St. Joseph’s ass and the
oxen!...
Many a time since those days I have been on the Arles road at this
season when the robin and wren haunt the hawthorne hedges. The
snail-gatherer still searches under the hedge and the owls hoot in
the winter evening. But I see no more in the glory of the sunset
clouds the banners of the Kings.
“Which way did they go, the Kings?”
“Behind the mountain.”
Christmas Peace
That sweetly prophetic evening silence, before the great feast of
Good-Will, does not come over everything each year, even in a lonely
cottage on an abandoned farm in Connecticut, than which you cannot
possibly imagine anything more silent or more remote from the noise
of the world. Sometimes it rains in torrents just on that night,
sometimes it blows a raging gale that twists the leafless birches and
elms and hickory trees like dry grass and bends the dark firs and
spruces as if they were feathers, and you can hardly be heard unless
you shout, for the howling and screaming and whistling of the blast.
But now and then, once in four or five years perhaps, the feathery
snow lies a foot deep, fresh-fallen, on the still country side and
in the woods; and the waxing moon sheds her large light on all,
and Nature holds her breath to wait for the happy day and tries to
sleep, but cannot from sheer happiness and peace. Indoors, the fire
is glowing on the wide hearth, a great bed of coals that will last
all night and be enough, because it is not bitter weather, but only
cold and clear and still, as it should be; or if there is only a poor
stove, the iron door is open and a comfortable, cheery red light
shines out from within upon the battered iron plate and the wooden
floor beyond; and the older people sit around it, not saying much,
and thinking with their hearts rather than with their heads; but
small boys and girls know that interesting things have been happening
in the kitchen all the afternoon, and are rather glad that the
supper was not very good, because there will be more room for good
things to-morrow; and the grown-ups and the children have made up any
little differences of opinion they may have had before supper time,
because Good-Will must reign, and reign alone, like Alexander; so
that there is nothing at all to regret, and nothing hurts anybody any
more, and they are all happy in just waiting for King Christmas to
open the door softly and make them all great people in his kingdom.
But if it is the right sort of house, he is already looking in
through the window, to be sure that every one is all ready for him,
and that nothing has been forgotten.
[Illustration: Decoration]
[Illustration: Decoration]
The following pages contain advertisements of a few of the Macmillan
books for children
THE CHILDREN’S PLEASURE BOOK SERIES
CHILDREN’S BOOK OF ART
By MISS A. E. CONWAY and SIR MARTIN CONWAY.
With 16 full-page illustrations in color from public and private
galleries.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
An entertaining and attractive volume. The paintings reproduced
have been chosen because of their undoubted appeal to young minds.
CHILD’S WORLD IN PICTURES
By CLOTILDE VON WYSS.
With 32 full-page illustrations in color and 30 in black and white.
Dec. boards, 12mo, $.75 net; by mail $.85.
Story-like descriptions, illustrated by pictures of life in
far-away and unknown lands, certain to appeal to a child’s vivid
imagination.
CHILDREN’S BOOK OF STARS
By G. E. MITTON.
With 11 full-page illustrations in color and other illustrations.
Dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
A capital introduction to astronomy written in a most pleasing
manner for children’s comprehension and interest and well
illustrated.
CHILDREN’S BOOK OF GARDENING
MRS. ALFRED SIDGWICK and MRS. PAYNTER.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Mrs. Cayley-Robinson.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
Tells the juvenile reader how to make his garden grow. It is
written from a child’s point of view and supplies the information a
child can use.
CHILDREN’S BOOK OF CELTIC STORIES
By ELIZABETH W. GRIERSON.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Allan Stewart.
Dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
A collection of stories, some of them strange and weird, but quite
as fascinating as any of the better known fairy tales. They are
retold in words as near the original as possible.
CHILDREN’S TALES FROM SCOTTISH BALLADS
By ELIZABETH W. GRIERSON.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Allan Stewart.
Dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
Seventeen of the most famous Scottish ballads retold in simple
English for children.
CHILDREN’S TALES OF ENGLISH MINSTERS
By ELIZABETH W. GRIERSON.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by various artists.
Dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail, $2.15. Also separately:
Canterbury, Durham, Ely, Lincoln, St. Albans, St. Paul’s, York. Each
with a colored illustration, 50 cents net; by mail 55 cents.
Stories of saints, monarchs, statesmen and warriors connected with
the founding of ten of the best known English cathedrals.
CHILDREN’S BOOK OF LONDON
By G. E. MITTON.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by John Williamson.
Dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
“A book as thoroughly charming as it is variously instructive ...
fitted to kindle in the imagination of a child a lively sense
of what great London is, as also of what it has been.”—_Chicago
Tribune._
CHILDREN’S BOOK OF EDINBURGH
By ELIZABETH W. GRIERSON.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Allan Stewart.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
In simple language Miss Grierson writes about the modern interests
of the city.
THE BOOK OF THE RAILWAY
By G. E. MITTON.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Allan Stewart.
Dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.00; by mail $2.15.
There is nothing technical in it; it is written so clearly that a
young child can understand it and yet grown up children will find a
great deal that is entirely new to them.
THE ADVENTURES OF PUNCH
By ASCOTT R. HOPE.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Stephen Baghot De La
Bere.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
A book full of thrilling experiences and illustrated with lively
color pictures. It will hold the attention of boy or girl from the
first to the last word.
THE PILGRIM’S PROGRESS
By JOHN BUNYAN.
With 8 full-page illustrations in color by Gertrude D. Hammond.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
This great allegory illustrated with pictures which are remarkable
for the manner in which they portray the spirit of Bunyan’s famous
text.
WILLIAM TELL TOLD AGAIN
By P. G. WODEHOUSE.
With 16 full-page illustrations in color by Philip Dadd.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
Accompanying the prose story and supplementing the pictures are
delightfully humorous verses revealing a lighter side to the story.
THE ADVENTURES OF DON QUIXOTE
By MIGUEL DE CERVANTES.
Translated and abridged by Dominick Daly.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Stephen Baghot De La
Bere.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
A selection of the more interesting and amusing parts of Cervantes’
great composition.
THE KING WHO NEVER DIED
By DOROTHY SENIOR.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $1.50.
BEASTS AND BIRDS
By CLOTILDE VON WYSS.
With 55 illustrations, of which 31 are in color.
Dec. boards, 8vo, 75 cents net.
A nature book for boys and girls.
RED CAP ADVENTURES
By S. R. CROCKETT.
With 16 full-page illustrations in color by Allan Stewart.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $1.75.
A collection of nineteen stories founded upon Sir Walter Scott’s
“Ivanhoe,” “Fortunes of Nigel,” “Quentin Durward,” and “The Pirate.”
RED CAP TALES
By S. R. CROCKETT.
With 16 full-page illustrations in color by Allan Stewart.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.20.
Here Mr. Crockett adapts “Waverley,” “Rob Roy,” “Guy Mannering,”
and “The Antiquary” for the benefit of young readers.
ADVENTURES IN MANY LANDS NORTH AMERICA
By ASCOTT R. HOPE.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by Henry Sandham.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $1.75
A collection of personal narratives of adventure, remarkable not
only for their own interest, but because they represent notable
phases of American life.
THE BULL OF THE KRAAL
By DUDLEY KIDD.
With 12 full-page illustrations in color by A. M. Goodall.
Dec. cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
A story of the exciting adventures of a delightful little Kafir
Prince and a number of his small, black friends.
GOD’S LANTERN BEARERS
By REV. R. C. GILLIE.
With 32 full-page illustrations in black and white by John Sargent
and others.
Dec. cloth, 8vo, $2.00 net; by mail $2.15.
A retelling of certain Bible stories in the language of children,
each illustrated by photogravures of ideal portraits. The lantern
bearers are holy men who, in each age, passed on the light of
heavenly truth to those beyond them.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK
Transcriber’s Notes
pg 58 Changed: a deal of laughter and excitment
to: a deal of laughter and excitement
pg 109 Changed: were the Three Kings—Gaspard
to: were the Three Kings—Gaspar
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