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Title: Practical Pointers for Patentees
Author: Cresee, Franklin
Language: English
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[Illustration: A GOOD PATENT, PROPERLY HANDLED, IS A STEPPING STONE TO
SUCCESS AND FORTUNE.]
PRACTICAL
POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES
CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION
AND ADVICE ON THE SALE
OF PATENTS
AN ELUCIDATION OF THE BEST METHODS
EMPLOYED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL INVENTORS
IN HANDLING THEIR INVENTIONS
_By_
F. A. CRESEE, M.E.
Revised and Corrected, with New Forms and Tables of Population
of the United States in Accordance with the 1910 Census
[Illustration]
MUNN & CO., INC.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE
361 Broadway
NEW YORK
1912
_Copyright, 1901, by the_
POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY
_Copyright, 1902, by_
MUNN & COMPANY
_Copyright, 1906, by_
MUNN & COMPANY
_Copyright, 1912, by_
MUNN & CO., Inc.
New York
MACGOWAN & SLIPPER
30 Beekman Street
PREFACE
The original conception and working out of an invention is usually a
labor of love on the part of the inventor: having perfected his
invention in every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel waiting to
prepare and prosecute his application for patent before the Patent
Office Examiner. When the patent is allowed or issued, the patentee's
real work begins--that of turning the patent into money. This is the
business end of the inventor's work, which is generally to his interest
financially to undertake himself, or to have under his immediate
supervision.
The object of this little work, based upon the experience and
observation of the author and other successful inventors, is to give the
patentee such information and advice as will enable him to proceed more
intelligently, on the most successful and economical basis, to realize
from his invention.
The American Government issues annually over thirty-five thousand
patents, a large number of which are offered for sale by their
respective patentees, who in many cases have no definite lines to pursue
in negotiating their patents; many realizing little or nothing from
their inventions through careless or bad management, while others,
through incompetency, drift into the hands of unscrupulous
patent-selling agents only to be swindled.
The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking practical, reliable, and
up-to-date information as to the best and most successful methods of
realizing from the product of their ingenuity, has led the author, after
due deliberation, to prepare and present this work to the American
inventor, with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the hope that
it will save them many expensive experiments in handling their patents,
and advance them on the road to success.
It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover briefly every subject
that is usually encountered by patentees in disposing of their patents,
not only in the matter of selling, but also in the equally important and
perplexing questions of arriving at the value of patents, legal forms,
statistics, etc., etc.
Realizing that the work may be deficient in many respects, the hope that
it will prove instructive, and the belief that it contains many
practical pointers for patentees is still entertained by
THE AUTHOR.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT.
PAGE
Monopoly in Patents--Industrial Progress Based upon
the Patent System 9-12
CHAPTER II.
INCOME FROM INVENTIONS.
Independence through Successful Invention--Unprofitable
Patents--Money in Patents--Business Capacity
of the Inventor--Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity
to Advance 13-19
CHAPTER III.
SECURING CAPITAL.
Danger in an Undivided Interest--A Better Plan--Form
of Agreement--Perfecting Inventions--Exhibit
of Inventions--To Avoid Being "Squeezed"--Value
of Record of Invention--Newspaper Notoriety 20-29
CHAPTER IV.
HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT.
Pecuniary Value--Commercial Value--Basis for
Estimation--General Rules for Valuation--How Rating for
Royalty Is Figured--Stock in Stock Companies--Prices
for Territorial Rights--Valuation Tables 30-40
CHAPTER V.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.
Patent-selling Agencies--The Best Selling Agent--In
Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling--Methods
of Selling Patents--About Advertising--How
to Write an Advertisement--Correspondence as
a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested
Parties--How to Correspond with
Manufacturers--Circulars--Illustrations--About
Getting up Circulars--Copies of Patents, How to
Secure--Uses of Printed Copies--First
Impressions All--important--Value of Models--Working
Drawings 41-54
CHAPTER VI.
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS.--_Continued_.
Value of Personal Influence--Personal Solicitation
Advisable--Selling Outright--Assigning an Undivided
Interest--Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of
Rights--Granting Licenses--Placing upon
Royalty--Manufacturing and Forming Companies--To
Organize Stock Companies--Trading as a Last Resort 55-72
CHAPTER VII.
CANADIAN PATENTS.
About Canadian Patents--Selling Canadian Patents--
Population of Canadian Cities 73-78
CHAPTER VIII.
DECISIONS AND NOTES.
Assignments--Territorial Grants--Licenses--Patent
Title--Rules of Practice--Assignments--Assignees--
Grantees--Mortgages--Licensees--Must be Recorded--
Conditional Assignments--State Laws on
Selling Patents 79-91
CHAPTER IX.
THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS.
Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined--The Language
of Law--Assignment of Entire Interest in
Letters Patent--Assignment of an Undivided Interest--Grant
of a Territorial Interest--License; Shop
Right--License; Non-exclusive, with Royalty--License;
Exclusive, with Royalty 92-105
CHAPTER X.
TABLES AND STATISTICS.
Map of the United States--Official Census of the United
States by Counties for 1910--Population of
Cities of the United States--Number, Acreage
and Value of Farms, by States--Table of
Occupations 106-141
INDEX 142-146
PRACTICAL POINTERS _for_ PATENTEES
CHAPTER I
DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT
That there is a demand for inventions of merit which can be readily
disposed of at a reasonable profit to the inventor, there can be no
doubt. There perhaps never was a time in the history of our country when
the demand for meritorious inventions was so great as the present. The
conveniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations and callings,
require continual changes and improvements in the apparatuses and
implements used in order to save time, labor, and expense, and to keep
pace with the never-ceasing progress of civilization.
At no time in the past has there been so deep an interest manifested by
the public generally in the inventions of our bright-minded men and
women, and at no time has capital been more readily interested and ready
to invest in any practical improvement which can offer a fair chance of
monopoly under the patent laws.
Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are ever on the alert for
new and desirable inventions, which will supersede in utility those
which are already on the market. By purchasing such inventions, they
secure novelties which will not only enable them to avoid the keen
competition and to a great extent monopolize the trade in their own
respective lines of business, but also to make sales more easily, and
thus make their business more profitable.
[Sidenote: Monopoly in Patents.]
Every well-informed person knows that a monopoly is the desideratum of
business men. The monopoly or protection of an industry afforded by the
patent laws is, perhaps, the one monopoly that directly benefits the
world. Were it not for the protection and monopoly offered inventors by
governments, for a certain number of years, to disclose their
inventions, inventors would simply keep them secret, or if used at all,
would do so only in such a manner as would prevent the world at large
from learning of or utilizing them, thus debarring the public as a whole
from their benefits. This monopoly in patents has had much to do with
the material progress of the world during the century just ended.
Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade article is assured of a
fortune. If capitalists and manufacturers can secure the control of any
new invention of merit for their sole use and purposes, which can be
manufactured and sold more cheaply than those now on the market, and
which will perform its work in a quicker and better manner than the
devices now in use, they will be only too willing to pay patentees
handsomely for patents covering such inventions.
There are numerous staple articles of commerce whose manufacture is open
to all, and which every mercantile house in the country is handling at a
profit, notwithstanding the great number engaged in their manufacture
and sale in every section of the country. Now, if there can be supplied
some better or cheaper article in any line of industry, the firm or
person who secures the monopoly of its manufacture and sale, simply
controls the market, and human endurance and energy are the only limits
to the degree of profits such a firm or person can secure from the
manufacture and sale of such an article, if adequately protected by a
valid patent.
[Sidenote: Industrial Progress Based on the Patent System.]
In an official report the Commissioner of Patents clearly sets forth
that from six to seven eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of
the United States is either directly or indirectly based upon patents.
This vast amount of money, upward of six thousand millions of dollars,
continually employing great armies of people, in industries based upon
patents of every class, supplies the country with improved articles of
every description. It has been well said that, "Patents and trade go
hand in hand."
The largest and most opulent manufacturers in the country will be found
to be the heaviest owners of patents, developers of inventions, and
patrons of the Patent Office. While all inventions are not telegraphs,
telephones, sewing-machines, or electric lights; nor can all business
houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, Bells, or Edisons, yet all
over this country, and others as well, there are springing up a great
number of moderately large growing firms who, ever on the alert for
success, devise or secure control of some valuable patent, by which they
can successfully invade and control to a certain extent particular lines
of industry.
Nearly every leading factory in the world owes its commencement and
success to the prestige and protection afforded by the possession of a
good and valid patent.
CHAPTER II
INCOME FROM INVENTIONS
It has been aptly said that the products of all the gold, silver, and
diamond mines in the world would not equal in value the annual income of
American inventors. It has been carefully estimated that there are at
least fifty patents in the United States which yield over $1,000,000
annually, some 300 that yield over one-half million, from 500 to 800
which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and between 15,000 and 20,000
that bring over $100,000 annuities. Besides these, there are thousands
upon thousands of patents which yield yearly more profit to their
fortunate possessors than could be accumulated in a lifetime by a
wage-earner.
[Sidenote: Independence through Successful Invention.]
There are thousands of patents sold outright every year by the patentees
of the United States for thousands of dollars; and, to the already long
list of successful inventors, each year adds many more, who have become
independent through the proper handling of the product of their
ingenuity. Indeed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way for the
average person to attain independence and wealth than by inventing
something of real worth and merit that can be quickly turned into money.
The inventive field is large, and each invention opens up a new field
for improvements, and it is the "improver," without question, that reaps
the greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the ever forward
progress of civilization, there is no limit to the possible improvements
in the sciences, arts, and manufactures.
[Sidenote: Unprofitable Patents.]
It must, however, be borne in mind that all patents are not
remunerative, neither are all gold mines productive of fortunes, and one
may lose money in patents as well as in any other business. There are
thousands of patents, many having merit no doubt, which have never been
sufficiently brought before the public to test their merits, effect
their sale, or manufacture; this in many instances is owing to
incompetency, or bad management on the part of the patentee or his
agents. There are thousands of other patents that do not prove
remunerative because they do not supply a real want, while still others
are such slight improvements upon existing inventions that they
necessitate such narrow claims, which render the patent of little or no
value. One has only to look over the weekly issue of patents to see many
of the last class.
As before stated, while there are many thousands of patents that do not
pay--and many no doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case in
any other business or investment; on the other hand, the far greater
proportion of patents granted are productive of handsome profits, if
properly managed.
[Sidenote: Money in Patents.]
That the majority of patents taken out prove lucrative is evident from
the fact that upward of seventy thousand applications for patents and
designs are filed each year in the United States Patent Office, and
approximately eight hundred are granted and issued each week. Probably
about one-fifth of these patentees obtain their patents with a definite
view of manufacturing their inventions, and the remainder obtain theirs
with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights to manufacture.
It may be said, as a general thing, there is more money in small
inventions than in larger ones, from the fact that they can be easily
manufactured anywhere with but little outlay of capital; they usually
fill a general need, and the profit derived from their manufacture is
large, besides the patent is more readily disposed of; while with larger
inventions it requires more money and ability in handling the patent,
and the invention must be unusually promising to justify the erection of
a plant costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. However, when
large and complicated inventions do pay, they usually pay well.
[Sidenote: Business Capacity of the Inventor.]
It must be remembered that the actual cash value of a patent is not in
the patent itself, but in the sale or use of the monopoly it affords,
and the amount realized from any invention frequently depends upon the
business capacity of the inventor or his agents. Owing to his business
ability, one person may make a fortune out of an unpromising
improvement, while another, through bad or careless management, will
realize little or nothing from a brilliant invention.
Speaking along this line in an official report the chief examiner of the
Patent Office says: "A patent, if it is worth anything, when properly
managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from $1,000 to $50,000.
These remarks only apply to patents of ordinary or minor value. They do
not include such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber
patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the first kind
will better illustrate my meaning:
"A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in straw cutters, took
a model of his invention through the Western States, and after a tour of
eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or its equivalent.
"Another inventor in about fifteen months made sales that brought him
$60,000, his invention being a machine to thrash and clean grain. A
third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and refused $50,000, and
finally sold it for about $60,000.
"These are ordinary cases of minor inventions embracing no very
considerable inventive powers and of which hundreds go out from the
Patent Office every year. Experience shows that the most profitable
patents are those which contain very little real invention, and are to a
superficial observer of little value."
Under the writer's personal observation has come many instances where
inventors have secured patents on improvements which to a casual
observer would appear insignificant, yet through shrewd management they
have been made to yield princely incomes. Among these one case worthy of
note is that of a young man in Pennsylvania who secured a patent on a
toy game which any person could have thought of, but few would have
considered worth protecting by letters patent. He was offered $1,000 for
the patent by one manufacturer at the outset which he refused, and
afterward he placed it on royalty with quite a number of large
manufacturers throughout the country. He receives but one cent on each
one manufactured, yet his income averages over $12,000 a year. Another
borrowed part of the money with which to obtain a patent on a railway
tie plate, which was bought by a corporation for $25,000, after having
manufactured it for two years on royalty. And many others, who have
realized from one to five thousand dollars on such slight improvements
on which few would have thought worth applying for a patent.
Patentees who would realize any considerable amount from their patents
must not sit down and expect the other fellow to make money out of their
inventions for them.
[Sidenote: Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity to Advance.]
Invention is sometimes called the "genius of the poor," and it is a
singular fact that there are a greater number of inventions made by men
and women of limited means than by those whose wealth, education, and
other advantages would seem to have especially fitted them for success
in a field dominated so completely by "brains." This may be explained in
a measure by the fact that people of moderate means are brought into
closer contact with the arts and manufactures, and are thus the first to
discover and improve their defects.
A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to the writer about patents,
said: "I know of no business or vocation requiring so small amount of
capital, and yielding such immense profits as that of invention.
Certainly no person of inventive genius can employ his time and
ingenuity to better or more profitable advantage than to invent
something that is really needed. Many poor men, through the art of
invention, have risen from poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and
taken high places among noted men of all times.
Our moneyed kings may have enriched themselves by stock jobbing, but
this precarious procedure requires large capital, and the few enormous
fortunes accumulated are merely the monuments marking the graves of
thousands of foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of
speculation."
CHAPTER III
SECURING CAPITAL
It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that people who have
inventive genius often lack the means to carry out their ideas. An
inventor who has ample means can secure his patent and proceed to turn
it into money without the necessity of being compelled to solicit
financial aid from anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally the
case with inventors; indeed, many are often barely able to stand the
expense incident to taking out the patent. Patentees laboring under this
disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with a small interest in
their patents for the sake of securing sufficient funds to carry on the
promotion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and in doing this
the inexperienced patentee is apt to make the fatal mistake of assigning
to another an undivided interest in his invention.
[Sidenote: Danger in an Undivided Interest.]
Such an assignment may appear well enough on the face of it, and many
patentees have been misled, supposing that under the assignment the
proceeds from the patent should be divided _pro rata_, according to the
several interests. This, however, is not the case in such assignments,
and joint-ownership of a patent, or interest therein, does not of
itself, without an express agreement to that effect, make the parties
partners. They are merely tenants in common, each having the right to
separately make, use, or sell the invention so assigned without
liability to account to their co-owners for any part of the profits
derived from the invention through their own efforts.
In an assignment of an undivided interest, the assignee is afforded an
opportunity of manufacturing, using, and selling to others to be used
the article covered by the patent; also, to grant territorial grants,
such rights being unlimited by the terms of the assignment, and it is
actually of little consequence how small an interest is thus conveyed,
the assignee can proceed with the patent in much the same way as if he
were the sole owner; therefore, whenever it is intended that the
relation of co-partnership shall exist between the patentee and the
assignee of an undivided interest, and that the profits arising from the
invention shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there must be an
express agreement between them to that effect, otherwise the assignee
will have a decided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined to be
dishonorable, and there are numerous cases on record where patentees
have virtually lost their patents by such assignments. Patentees should
especially guard against strangers who offer to purchase an undivided
interest in their patents.
[Sidenote: A Better Plan.]
A better procedure to secure means necessary for the development,
introduction, and sale of an invention is to borrow the money from a
friend contingent on the sale of the patent, sell a State or county
right, or enter into a contract with a party willing to furnish the
means for a certain proportion of the proceeds derived from the
invention. Generally speaking, it will not be hard to find a party
willing to advance sufficient means to promote an invention which is
protected by a patent for a certain percentage of the net receipts
arising from its manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the
patentee will probably find a person among his own acquaintances who
will not only be glad to furnish the means necessary, but also be of
value to the patentee in realizing from his invention. In any case,
whatever is agreed upon should be put in the form of a contract, or an
agreement, couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as to the
understanding between the parties. The following form secures both
parties, and will be suggestive of others:
[Sidenote: Form of Agreement.]
_Whereas_ I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of
Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have invented
certain new and useful improvements in Telegraph Keys, for
which I have obtained Letters Patent of the United States,
bearing date January 1, 1901, and number 000,000, and
whereas John Roe, of Camden, County of Camden, and State of
New Jersey, is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net
profits arising from the sale or working of the said
invention covered by the said Letters Patent.
Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that for and in
consideration of one dollar by each of the parties hereto
paid to the other, the receipt of which is hereby
acknowledged, it is stipulated and agreed as follows:
First, That the said John Roe shall pay all moneys necessary
to the construction of a suitable model to represent the
said invention; that he shall pay all necessary expense in
advertising and bringing said invention before interested
parties (and such other clauses as may be deemed necessary
and agreed upon, such as the expense of constructing a
working model, or carrying out a process, etc.); that he
shall make diligent effort to promote the said invention,
its manufacture, and sale.
Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner of said
invention and Letters Patent, in consideration of the
payment of the moneys above mentioned, agrees to pay the
said John Roe twenty-five per cent. (or other amount agreed
upon) of all the net receipts in any manner arising from
the sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during the
term for which said patent is granted.
Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of January, A.D.
1901.
RICHARD DOE,
JOHN ROE.
In the presence of:
JOHN SMITH,
THOS. JONES.
[Sidenote: Perfecting Inventions.]
Should an inventor defer the filing of his application until his
invention is fully developed as regards the detail construction and
arrangement of the parts? The best opinion seems to be in favor of the
prompt filing of the application. The final form of the details can best
be determined by the manufacturer and expert machinists and designers,
who appreciate the matter of economical manufacture, which is quite as
essential as the efficiency of the device or machine. Clearly,
therefore, the inventor cannot decide as to all the details; why then
should he delay his application?
The safest course for an inventor is to file his application for a
patent as soon as his invention is complete in its principal features,
so as to conform to the requirement of the Patent Law that an invention
be sufficiently complete to be theoretically operative. The mechanical
details are rarely of great importance as far as the patentable
features of the invention are concerned. Still, it is well to give the
attorney full particulars of whatever details the inventor has in mind.
[Sidenote: Exhibit of the Invention.]
Under the security thus afforded for the main features involved in his
idea, the inventor can proceed more deliberately in perfecting and
improving his invention, and can then file an additional application if
necessary, to secure special protection on particular improvements or
the improved invention as a whole. The early filing of an application
may turn out to be important in securing to the inventor his right of
priority. When the inventor comes to exhibit his invention, with the
idea of bringing it to the attention of the public in general, there is
no question that he should then have his invention in the best form he
can, and in as attractive shape as possible.
[Sidenote: To Avoid being "Squeezed."]
The patentee who proposes to realize from his invention should never let
it be known that he is in want; of course, in some cases he cannot help
himself, but he should endeavor to obtain the necessary assistance from
his acquaintances, and under no circumstances let those with whom he is
trying to deal get an insight into his financial condition, as
capitalists and others will very often take the advantage of an inventor
when known to be in straitened circumstances, and the patentee probably
would not realize as much from his patent as he otherwise could.
Therefore, it is advisable in all cases for the patentee to manifest no
impatience, remain silent as to his financial condition, and strive to
impress those with whom he is dealing that he is in no condition to be
"squeezed."
[Sidenote: Value of Record of Invention.]
Inventors, while working on a complicated machine, should not overlook
the value and importance of keeping a record of the progress of the
development, illustrating it with sketches, signing and dating them with
each new addition, and, when practical, having it witnessed by one or
more persons. This plan is preferred by many inventors to filing a
caveat. Such a record will be found very valuable in case of an
infringement, as it enables the inventor to ascertain the various steps
of his invention, and is a sort of evidence that cannot be impeached.
Such a record of a complicated invention, when the inventor has put much
time and study upon the subject in perfecting it, will also be found
valuable in effecting sales, and in fixing the price of the patent.
[Sidenote: Prejudice against Patents.]
It cannot be denied that at the present time there seems to be in many
sections of the country a strong prejudice against patents, which
sometimes makes it difficult to get people sufficiently interested to
take hold of any patent; especially is this true when the patentee
endeavors to sell his patent piecemeal; that is, by county, township,
shop, or farm rights. No matter how important or valuable the invention
may be, there seems to be a disposition on the part of the public to
look upon such rights as a fraud, and to be very cautious how they
invest in them.
The public is not wholly to blame for this, as in recent years there has
been a class of men who have canvassed the country with patent rights,
not caring what representations they made so long as they were able to
effect a sale; consequently, many people have been lured into purchasing
patent rights for a small territory which in many instances were
worthless or not as represented, causing them to be more or less
skeptical of all patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling
patents generally into ill repute. With manufacturers and capitalists,
this prejudice does not exist to any great extent, as with them the
patent rests solely upon its own merits.
[Sidenote: Newspaper Notoriety.]
Many inventors overlook the importance of interesting newspaper men in
their inventions. This is a matter of great consequence to the inventor
in exploiting his invention, and should be given some attention.
Newspapers desire items of interest of every description, and readers
are usually interested in brief accounts of any new invention
possessing novelty or merit; so that when the inventor once gets his
invention into the newspapers it is generally copied by other papers,
with the result that the invention gets a large amount of free
advertising and publicity. These items frequently attract the attention
of capitalists, manufacturers, and others, and at once put the invention
in a favorable position before the public as could be done possibly in
no other way--certainly in no cheaper way.
Many of the trade journals and other periodicals are also open to
receive technical descriptions of inventions of merit concerning
industrial improvements. Such articles should be written in good form,
containing not over five hundred or a thousand words, and if admitted to
this class of publications will be of the utmost value and importance in
creating favorable public opinion, and in advancing the inventor's
interests.
With hardly an exception, if an invention strikes editors favorably and
is adjudged to be of sufficient interest to form an article of news in
newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a description in the trade
papers, it is pretty certain to prove a success and bring the inventor
large returns.
If the invention is of such a character as to strike newspaper men
unfavorably, the inventor can resort to the advertisement columns;
using the large daily papers, or such publications which in some way
relate to the industry to which the patent appertains, and such as have
the largest circulation among the class of people it is desired to
reach. See about advertising on page 46.
CHAPTER IV
HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT
Most inventors are not concerned so much about the fame or honor their
inventions will bring them, or how much their inventions will advance
civilization, or build up a nation, or administer to the conveniences
and pleasures of mankind generally, as they are about how much it will
net them in dollars and cents; but the patentee should not lose sight of
the fact that the profits are in the exact proportion to the actual
usefulness of the invention, and its general adaptability. It is
immaterial whether the inventor himself intends to deal with the public,
or to deal with a man or set of men who are afterward to deal with the
public, the conditions are the same, and the profits must ultimately
come from the sale of the manufactured article.
[Sidenote: Pecuniary Value.]
It may seem superfluous to say that mere Letters Patent aside from an
invention is of no value, though many inventors are under the erroneous
impression that if an invention possesses patentability, it must also
necessarily have pecuniary value. To be of any pecuniary value
whatever, the invention must cover something for which there is a
demand, or for which there can be a demand created, for it cannot be
disputed, that if an invention will not bring in money by manufacturing
it, it is, in a financial sense, worthless; and the patent thereon is
therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars less than nothing.
[Sidenote: Commercial Value.]
An invention, to have commercial value, as previously stated, must cover
something for which there is a demand, or for which there can be a
demand created. It may be an entirely new device, or it may be an
improvement upon an existing invention, but in any event it must contain
a certain degree of utility. In rare cases inventors are able to hit
upon an invention in an entirely new field; for these a demand has to be
created. For improvements, however, as a general thing, the demand
already exists; then the important question arises in determining the
commercial value of the patent. "Does the invention in question possess
sufficient merit to successfully compete with existing devices of the
same class?" In order to do this, it must be of a simpler or cheaper
construction, so that it can be manufactured and put on the market at a
lower figure; or, it must yield better results, work quicker and at less
expense, or economize power, labor, or time. A patented improvement
upon an article that can be sold more cheaply, or one which will yield
better results than those now selling well on the market, has a decided
commercial value and can easily be disposed of at a good price. If the
inventor be fortunate enough to combine both of these features in his
invention, the value is doubled and success certain.
[Sidenote: Basis for Estimation.]
Perhaps one of the hardest questions that confronts the patentee is how
to arrive at a just valuation of his patent, and to know just exactly
what he should receive for it. This is a very important question, and
one which should be looked into before undertaking negotiations.
Patentees should not, of course, undervalue their patents, or accept the
first small offer made for fear of not receiving another; at the same
time, they should not fall into the common error of asking a price that
cannot be obtained, which too frequently precludes all chances of a
sale. Many business men would rather lose the patent than waste their
time constantly dickering about an unreasonable price.
Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, and consider that the
purchaser must have a fair share of the profits. He cannot expect to
realize all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, patentees usually
find that men willing to establish a business on the basis of their
untried patents will require the greater bulk of the profits to be
derived from it.
[Sidenote: General Rules for Valuation.]
It is evident that only the most general rules for valuation can be
given, as each invention must be studied and valued strictly upon its
own merits. Undoubtedly, the best and most practical method of
ascertaining the value of any invention which is susceptible of being
manufactured on a small scale is to have a limited quantity of the
articles manufactured--say five hundred or a thousand--and try the
experiment of introducing them in a small territory; that is, in a
certain county, city, or town, taking great precaution in selecting a
person who is capable of carrying forward the business in a
business-like manner. This method demonstrates conclusively whether or
not the invention will meet with success, and with these figures at hand
the patentee will be prepared to prove, to the satisfaction of
interested parties, just what the patent is really worth.
This method of procedure not only enables the patentee to get a just
valuation of his patent, but also puts it in a more favorable position
to be sold; since the commercial value is known and established, it no
longer remains an experiment. Interested parties can take their
calculations from these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in
proportion to the success of the trial experiment.
In order to thus demonstrate the value of a patent, the patentee must
possess and advance the necessary means to carry it forward, though, if
the experiment prove at all successful, the profits derived from the
articles sold will in nearly all cases more than offset the expense
incurred. This is a very popular course with inventors, especially in
handling small inventions, known as novelty or specialty patents.
If the patentee have not the means to successfully demonstrate the value
of his patent by actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best
course would be to inquire among reliable manufacturers and ascertain
the lowest price for which the invention can be manufactured in large
quantities, and the highest price at which it will retail; and then, by
carefully studying the market, the patentee should be able to estimate
the amount of competition, cost of selling, probable number of sales,
interest on the investment, etc., and on these figures base the price he
should receive for the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser a
liberally fair profit.
While there are at present about ninety-five million inhabitants in the
United States, it is scarcely probable that any invention has yet or
ever will be made that will reach half this number of people. With an
article of the most general adaptability, including both sexes, the
inventor can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of the entire
population, though, of course, the invention may be subject to regular
consumption, so that the people reached would naturally purchase the
article again a number of times during the course of a year.
The statistics in the last chapter are given with the view of assisting
patentees in determining what proportion of the population will likely
want their inventions, and to enable them to estimate prices. In
estimating the price to ask for a patent, patentees should not conceive
and hang their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate wealth, which
too often dooms ambitious inventors to bitter disappointment; they
should rather endeavor to look at their inventions from the purchaser's
stand-point, and try to see it in the light in which others view it. It
may be well to remember that the million mark of patents issued in the
United States, including re-issues and designs, was passed in 1911, and
it is quite probable that any one inventor may not have the only good
thing in the line of patents.
[Sidenote: How Rating for Royalty Is Figured.]
Many patents are more profitable by being placed upon royalty than by
any other means, and quite often the patent can be placed this way when
it is not possible to sell outright at a satisfactory price. In
determining what royalty the patentee should receive, he should
carefully estimate, in connection with the probable number of sales,
what profit the manufacturer can probably make on each, or a number of
the articles containing the patented improvements, and should require
about twenty-five per cent. of the profits as royalty. Another method
used by some inventors is to ascertain the price at which the article
can be retailed, and figure the royalty at between one-twentieth and
one-tenth of the retail price. Either of the above should give the
approximate figure to ask for exclusive royalty contracts. For
non-exclusive rights the patentee should ask about one-half of that for
exclusive rights.
[Sidenote: Stock in Stock Companies.]
There is another class of patents that can be best realized from by
organizing the proper kind of joint stock companies, and manufacturing
the invention, the inventor taking a certain amount of the stock and
assigning the patent to the company. The patentee should receive between
one-fourth and one-half of the capital stock in consideration of his
assigning his patent and rights to the company.
The inventor should see that a good portion of the stock is subscribed
for and the amount actually paid into the treasury of the company before
making the assignment. As a rule, inventors' stock is full paid and
non-assessable.
[Sidenote: Prices for Territorial Rights.]
In calculating the prices for territorial rights, the application of the
invention to that section must be taken into consideration, as well as
the advancement in manufacturing, etc. If the invention belongs to that
class of inventions which may be generally adapted in all States alike,
such as domestic articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the
population will form a very satisfactory basis for valuation.
There are other inventions, however, that apply almost wholly to a
certain section of the country, while still others apply more to one
section than to another; thus, for instance, mechanical contrivances of
the higher order, such as writing machines, mathematical instruments,
etc., the North and East are the most valuable; for mining and
agricultural implements, etc., the West; while such as the cotton-gin,
seeders, and presses apply almost wholly to the South. States and
counties having large cities and large towns are also usually more
valuable than other States and counties of same population.
[Sidenote: Valuation Tables.]
The following tables are given as a general estimate of the relative
value of the different States and divisions in the majority of cases;
however, these tables are only arbitrary at best, and cannot be applied
to all classes of inventions satisfactorily, though they may serve to
materially aid the patentee in determining what price to put upon each
State in his own case. Having determined the value of the patent as a
whole, the aggregate of the State prices should be about two-thirds
more, as there are always some States that cannot be sold separately,
while others may have to be sold at a discount.
TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS
-----------------+--------------------------------------------------
STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE.
TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
| $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000
-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
Maine | 35 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700
New Hampshire | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600
Vermont | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600
Massachusetts | 50 | 225 | 500 | 750 | 1,000
Rhode Island | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400
Connecticut | 35 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700
New York | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200
Pennsylvania | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200
New Jersey | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800
+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
N. ATLANTIC | $370 | $1,775 | $3,700 | $5,450 |$7,200
DIVISION | | | | |
-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_
-----------------+--------------------------------------------------
STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE.
TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
| $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000
-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
Delaware | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400
Maryland | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800
District of | 15 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300
Columbia | | | | |
Virginia | 35 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800
West Virginia | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700
North Carolina | 35 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600
South Carolina | 35 | 150 | 350 | 500 | 700
Georgia | 40 | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800
Florida | 15 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300
+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
S. ATLANTIC | $270 | $1,325 | $2,700 | $3,950 |$5,400
DIVISION | | | | |
| | | | |
Ohio | 60 | 300 | 600 | 900 | 1,100
Indiana | 55 | 275 | 550 | 800 | 1,000
Illinois | 65 | 300 | 650 | 950 | 1,200
Michigan | 45 | 200 | 350 | 600 | 800
Wisconsin | 40 | 150 | 275 | 400 | 500
Minnesota | 45 | 200 | 350 | 600 | 800
Iowa | 40 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700
Missouri | 45 | 225 | 450 | 650 | 900
North Dakota | 25 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300
South Dakota | 30 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400
Nebraska | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600
Kansas | 40 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700
+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
N. CENTRAL | $485 | $2,325 | $4,525 | $6,850 |$9,000
DIVISION | | | | |
-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS--_Continued_
-----------------+--------------------------------------------------
STATES AND | PRICE AS A WHOLE.
TERRITORIES. |---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
| $1,000 | $5,000 | $10,000 | $15,000 | $20,000
-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+----------
Kentucky | 40 | 200 | 375 | 600 | 700
Tennessee | 30 | 175 | 350 | 500 | 700
Alabama | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600
Mississippi | 30 | 150 | 300 | 450 | 600
Louisiana | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700
Texas | 35 | 175 | 300 | 500 | 700
Oklahoma | 20 | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400
Arkansas | 20 | 75 | 150 | 200 | 300
+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
S. CENTRAL | $230 | $1,200 | $2,275 | $3,500 |$4,700
DIVISION | | | | |
| | | | |
Montana | 15 | 100 | 175 | 250 | 300
Colorado | 40 | 175 | 350 | 350 | 700
New Mexico | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200
Arizona | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200
Utah | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200
Idaho | 10 | 50 | 75 | 100 | 200
Washington | 15 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200
Oregon | 20 | 75 | 125 | 200 | 300
California | 50 | 250 | 450 | 700 | 900
+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
WESTERN DIVISION | $235 | $975 | $1,800 | $2,750 |$3,700
+=========+=========+==========+==========+========
GRAND TOTAL | $1,600 | $7,600 | $15,000 |$22,500 |$30,000
-----------------+---------+---------+----------+----------+--------
CHAPTER V
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS
While the inventor may put much hard study upon his invention and make
many costly experiments, this part of his work is usually a pleasure;
and in securing the patent he invariably has able counsel in his
attorney with no anxiety on his part; but with the commercial proceeding
of selling his patent, which involves the greatest prudence and care in
managing, it is different, and here is where the inventor's real work
begins if he expects to reap the benefit of his invention.
[Sidenote: Patent-selling Agencies.]
For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is deemed expedient to
give a word of warning here regarding the host of so-called
patent-selling agencies, which under various imposing titles, coupled
with an apparently honest and straightforward method of business, tempt
each patentee, upon the issue of his patent, to place the same in their
hands and authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof. Their
propositions are very attractive and temptingly prepared; their offers
appear to be "gilt edge"; their circulars are high-sounding and
rose-colored; their contracts are formal looking, and drawn up in an
impressive way, highly advantageous to the patentee; but it will be
noted in all cases that they will require the patentee to pay down a
certain sum under some pretence,--such as to cover the cost of
advertising the patent, to have circulars printed, to secure copies of
the patent for distribution, to have a cut made illustrating the
invention, or for membership fee, and so on, it matters not what, so
long as it is an advance fee. Many will also agree to sell both the
United States and Canadian patents, if the patentee will file the
Canadian application through them; it is evident, however, that this is
only a scheme to get the patentee to take out the Canadian patent
through them--they having no facilities for disposing of either of the
patents.
The writer is not prepared to say that there are no honestly conducted
patent-selling agencies, but from long experience and observation, has
never known where a patentee was ever materially benefited by placing
his interests in the hands of these concerns, and has yet to learn of
them ever making a sale solely through their own efforts. Very few of
these concerns have any facilities whatever for selling patents; all of
their time being taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to inventors
immediately upon the publication of the _Official Gazette_, and working
inventors up to the remitting point which usually ends the matter so
far as they are concerned, unless they believe they can get another fee
out of the patentee.
There may be exceptions, but patentees should fully satisfy themselves
as to the integrity of these firms before placing business in their
hands, as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his report in the
Webberburn case, 81 O. G., 191 K, clearly pointed out that the methods
of these concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather than their
patents.
[Sidenote: The Patentee the Best Selling Agent.]
That the patentee himself is the best selling agent there can be no
doubt, for he is familiar with the construction and operation of his
invention in every detail, and knows its merits and superior points far
better than anyone else, besides manufacturers and others wishing to
purchase patents invariably desire to deal with the patentee himself.
Business men, it may be said as a rule, do not think very much of an
invention which the inventor has abandoned to others to negotiate,
moreover the personal push of the inventor is, in nearly all cases,
essential to the successful termination of a sale.
Subtract the personal energy and presence of the inventor from the
successful inventions of the past and of to-day, and the chances are
that they would not have succeeded as they did. It is not only a
question of material interest, but also of enthusiasm and confidence,
and each patentee, having but one patent or a set of patents to push,
can lend thereto that individual attention which insures good work and
success.
[Sidenote: In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling.]
However, if from any reason the patentee is unable to handle his own
invention and must engage the services of an agent or salesman, he
should select one from among his own acquaintances, in whom he has
confidence. He should if possible get a person who has had experience in
the line of the invention, as such a person would likely understand it
and the trade better than others. It is not really necessary that he
should have had experience in selling patents; if he is a good talker,
knows how to approach business men, and thoroughly understands the
invention, he will probably make money for the inventor and himself. The
patentee should have him submit all offers of value for his
consideration, and should not give the agent power to sign or collect.
The patentee should name a reasonable price for the patent, allowing the
agent a liberal commission upon the price, and encouraging the agent by
allowing him a certain percentage of all he may be able to get over and
above the price named. This will encourage the agent to work for the
highest price obtainable. The inventor should make every effort to be
able to personally attend to the details of selling, and keep the
business under his personal supervision.
[Sidenote: Methods of Selling Patents.]
There are a number of plausible methods to which the patentee may resort
in disposing of his patent without the aid of questionable selling
agents, and it is the purpose of the following pages and succeeding
chapter to set forth such methods as have in the past proved beneficial
to patentees; those along which success have been achieved, and such as
are employed by the most successful inventors of the present time in
handling their patents.
It is true that no definite method or system can be given that will
apply to all patents alike, as the method in each case will depend more
or less upon the character of the invention, and to the particular art
to which it belongs; however, from the following pages the patentee
should be able to judge what particular methods will best apply to his
individual case, and proceed along these lines.
There are many patents issued which the patentees thereof can as
successfully dispose of from the smallest hamlet in the United States as
from New York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, of course,
there are others which only those directly connected with the largest
and wealthiest corporations can hope to dispose of successfully. The
main thing is not to become discouraged or give up until one succeeds
in making a sale.
[Sidenote: About Advertising.]
To make the merits and importance of an invention publicly known is, in
many cases, one of the best ways of bringing about the introduction and
sale of a patent. If the inventor has a patent on an invention that
manufacturers or others want, and can make its merits and superior
qualities known to them, negotiations will soon follow. There is no way
for patentees to place themselves in communication with prospective
investors quite equal to an advertisement in the proper medium. Here it
may be well to state that patentees who decide to advertise their
patents for sale or otherwise should place their advertisements in
publications of known standing, such as the leading daily newspapers. A
brief, well-worded advertisement in the "Business Opportunities" column
of these papers bring quick and good results, though, perhaps a better
class of inquiries may be obtained by advertising in the trade journals
of the class to which the invention relates, and while the trade
journals may not bring about as many inquiries as the dailies, those
that answer will be more apt to be interested and talk business. Either
of the above are good mediums, but in advertising patents for sale
patentees should carefully avoid those publications that are published
at uncertain intervals, and usually for the express purpose of
circulating among inventors for various purposes. They do not reach the
class of people that invest in patents. Inventors should know the class
of people that would be likely to become interested in their inventions,
and advertise in such mediums as have the largest circulation among that
class.
[Sidenote: How to Write an Advertisement.]
In the construction of an advertisement there is often too much waste by
using too much verbiage, too many unnecessary words or sentences,
sometimes too much display. Prudence in the arrangement, and care in
editing an advertisement, will save much expense. The size of an
advertisement of this class has really little to do with its pulling
qualities.
The statements should be assuming, and at the same time truthful, as any
deception in an advertisement is sure to work an injury. There should
not be more claimed in the advertisement than sounds reasonable, even
though it be stating facts; if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it
will not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes become so
enthusiastic over their inventions that they exaggerate unintentionally.
A good rule is for the inventor to read over the advertisement, and ask
himself, "If this statement was read by me, would I believe it; would it
convince me?" etc.
Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is always one of the best
factors in writing good advertisements. The inventor should put himself
in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and reason what would
induce him to investigate its merits; what would likely cause him to
take it up, and so on; he should think and write fully along these
general lines, incorporate these reasons into an advertisement; then
boil it down by cutting out the unnecessary words and sentences; prune,
remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief advertisement, clear, concise,
and to the point.
[Sidenote: Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents before
Interested Parties.]
While to advertise, as suggested in the foregoing pages, would require a
very moderate outlay, and be, perhaps, the better course to pursue:
however, in connection with it, or if the patentee does not feel that he
can afford the expense of advertising, a very good plan is for him to
secure copies of a number of the trade journals of the class to which
his invention relates, and carefully look over the advertisements
therein, and select a list of such manufacturers as would seem likely to
be induced to purchase the patent in question, or manufacture the
article on royalty. In this manner the patentee will probably get the
best up-to-date list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, with
very few exceptions, that if manufacturers and dealers who make and
handle just such articles as the patent calls for cannot be interested,
it is very hard to interest others not engaged in such line, except when
the invention is large, and requires a great deal of capital to work the
same.
[Sidenote: How to Correspond with Manufacturers.]
To each of the parties of the list thus selected, or to a number of
them, the inventor should write a well-composed and convincing letter
setting forth the invention in its best light, and stating just why it
would be to the interest of the parties solicited to investigate the
same. Some time should be spent on this letter before attempting to
write it, and the writer should weigh well in his own mind what would be
best to say, and the proper way of expressing it. He should be as brief
as possible, consistent with legibility. The statements should be
assuming, yet in every respect true. He should state in brief terms just
what the invention is, what it will do, the points and advantages it
has, and at the same time endeavoring to get the parties interested so
that they will inquire into the invention, rather than attempt to come
to terms in the first letter.
The letter should be brief and pointed, and plainly written upon
business-size paper; and if the inventor has a typewriter, or access to
one, he should use it. If he has printed circulars he should send one
with his first letter, which will enable him to make the letter briefer
and more business-like.
In correspondence it is well not to name a price until the parties are
interested, and first endeavor to get them to make an offer. The
patentee should be patient and should not expect to jump right into a
bargain at once. If the invention is a meritorious one there will be
more than one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee may write, who
will become interested, and when such a state exists, the patentee can
begin to be more exacting as to his demands since competition has been
created between the manufacturers.
[Sidenote: Circulars.]
A few dollars invested in circulars will frequently be found of great
value to the patentee if he intends to negotiate the sale of his patent
mainly by advertising and correspondence, as they will save a great deal
of writing and explaining as well as appear more business-like and
attractive, and may be the means of more readily effecting a sale.
[Sidenote: Illustrations.]
If the patentee can afford the additional expense of an illustration, it
will greatly increase the appearance of the circular, and make it more
readily understood and interesting. The cut should be neat and set forth
the invention in its best light. It would be better to entrust the
procuring of the cut to the printer, for he will know just what is
wanted and can secure the same at a better price. A sufficient number
of well printed circulars, with illustration, can be obtained of any
printer for a few dollars.
[Sidenote: About Getting up Circulars.]
The circulars should be attractive, convincing, and logical; nicely
arranged, and neatly printed upon good paper. A mistake is often made in
sending out trashy-looking circulars, poorly printed upon cheap paper;
they repel rather than attract, and do not have the desired effect.
The circular should have good head-lines so as to attract the attention
of its recipient at a glance, and his interest should be held by having
the uses and advantages of the invention well written.
Many of the pointers suggested in advertising and letter-writing will
equally apply to the writing and getting up of the circulars, and need
not be treated further here, except that the patentee should dwell
especially upon the merits of the invention, its uses, and advantages
over like articles. This should be done in the most interesting manner
possible, describing it so that its value will be fully understood.
[Sidenote: Uses of Printed Copies.]
It will be well for the patentee to order some printed copies of his
patent, as manufacturers and others usually ask for them if interested,
in order that they may examine the patent, or have an expert to examine
it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, and what protection is really
afforded by the patent. It cannot be denied that in either case the
invention will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination, and must stand
or fall solely upon its merits. If, however, the invention is adjudged
to have real merit and properly protected by the Letters Patent,
business negotiations will likely begin, and the patentee will perhaps
speedily make a satisfactory deal.
[Sidenote: First Impressions All-Important.]
Some inventors use printed copies of their patents instead of circulars,
but, while they fully set forth the invention in a technical way, it
cannot be said that in all cases it is advisable to send copies of the
patent until called for. Many parties who become interested in patents
are not familiar with mechanical drawings and technical specifications,
and very often do not get a very favorable impression from a copy of the
patent; and it is very important that the first impressions should be
favorably created, for upon this much will depend. If parties become
sufficiently interested to fully investigate an invention, they are very
apt to form a favorable opinion of it.
[Sidenote: Value of Models.]
There is no way of so easily creating a favorable impression and gaining
the interest in an invention as by a neat and perfect working model of
the invention. Man never loses the child-love for toys, and a perfect
miniature machine of any description will attract more attention than
one of full size. With a model the inventor has the full and immediate
attention of his prospective purchasers at once. If the patentee, or his
agent, intends visiting manufacturers, or to sell the patent by
territorial rights, he will find a model of his invention almost
indispensable.
Inventors should be very careful about sending models to unknown
parties, and should mark the number of the patent and their name and
address upon the model. It should invariably be understood in advance
who is to pay the transportation charges, before sending a model with
any charges to collect.
While models are very helpful in setting forth an invention and making
sales, high prices exclude many inventors from their use. Model-makers
usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man working upon the model,
and market price for the material used; from these figures the inventor
may make a rough estimate of what a model of his invention will cost.
[Sidenote: Working Drawings.]
Working drawings are different from those forming a part of the patent
in that they are more detailed, giving the size of each piece and the
material of which it is constructed. While working drawings are not
quite as expensive as models, they do not show the invention to the
advantage that models do, and are of little value to those who do not
understand them. On the other hand, working drawings have the advantage
of being easily sent through the mails, and can be duplicated at small
cost. Manufacturers prefer working drawings to models in quoting prices
on manufacturing the invention in quantities.
CHAPTER VI
HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS--_Continued_
In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest difficulty is most
frequently experienced in getting manufacturers or others sufficiently
interested to look into the merits and possibilities of the invention.
If the inventor can get the parties to actually consent in their own
minds to the proposition of taking up the invention, the question of
terms and conditions can soon be arranged. Until the parties solicited
can see beyond a doubt that there is large profits in it for them, the
price of the patent is out of the question; therefore, the first step is
to demonstrate its merits and commercial value, and get the parties
thoroughly interested.
Patentees should not labor under the impression that because a patent is
offered at a very low price that it will be quickly snapped up as a
bargain; as before stated, if a patent will not bring in money by
manufacturing and selling the article, it is worthless; and its real
value is in exact proportion to the amount of profits that can be made
from its manufacture.
Should the patentee find that his patent has no commercial value, it is
almost useless to spend more time and money in trying to realize
anything from it; he had better start again, and endeavor to invent
something that has value and can be sold.
[Sidenote: Value of Personal Influence.]
Inventors should use the full extent of their personal influence to
spread particulars of their inventions as far as possible, for this
indirect work is often a leading factor in creating a favorable
impression that frequently results in the adaption of an invention.
However unacquainted he may be in a business way, every patentee can,
more or less, in his immediate neighborhood, consult with merchants,
friends, and others in the line of his invention, who can post him upon
the right parties to submit the patent to, and the best way to see them
about it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might be interested
in the invention.
[Sidenote: Personal Solicitation Advisable.]
In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for the patentee to call on
the manufacturers or interested parties personally whenever it is
possible for him to do so. This brings about a more satisfactory
understanding between them. Many inventors, however, prefer opening up
communication by correspondence, and after the parties manifest a
willingness or desire to look into the invention more closely, then
arrange to visit them personally.
Having determined upon a visit, the patentee should endeavor to get a
friend known by the parties to go with him to make their acquaintance.
If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will probably give him a
note of introduction. It may happen that his friend does not know the
parties whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he may know of
someone who does, to whom he can introduce the patentee and who in turn
may either go with him or arrange to make him known to the parties
solicited. An introduction, of course, is not absolutely necessary, but
it invariably has a good effect and is generally worth the effort.
The patentee should be prepared to make a straightforward, business-like
presentation of his invention by means of a suitable model or drawings;
carefully explaining its merits and advantages, showing as clearly as
possible just what the value of the invention is and what can be made
out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would be to the interest
of the parties solicited to invest in the patent. If the patentee is
dealing with a manufacturer it is well to point out not only the
possible advantage he may have by securing the control of the patent,
but also the possible loss that his business may suffer by allowing one
of his competitors to obtain its control. Many businesses have been
hopelessly crippled by an enterprising firm securing control of a good
patent and introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, or one
that will do its work in a better and more satisfactory manner.
[Sidenote: Selling Outright.]
Many inventors prefer to sell their patents outright; that is, in
consideration of a specified sum of money the patentee assigns his
entire interest in the patent, in the same manner that a person would
sell a piece of real estate. This is a very good method and one of the
quickest ways for the patentee to turn his invention into money, though
it must be remembered that to sell a patent outright is usually for a
very much smaller sum than could be realized if handled by other
methods.
The day for obtaining enormous sums or fortunes from the sale of a
patent outright is past; at present to realize any considerable amount,
the patentee generally has to share in the risks as well as the profits,
unless the invention is very highly developed, and even then he cannot
expect to get as much out of an outright assignment as he could by
sharing in the success of the invention commercially. If, however, the
patentee is content to take the utmost cash his patent will bring him
outright, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free from any
chances of the article not selling well when placed upon the market.
Before signing and delivering the assignment, the patentee will, of
course, see that he has the consideration, or its equivalent, for which
the assignment is made. If the transaction is made through
correspondence he should send the assignment duly executed to the
purchaser through the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount.
[Sidenote: Assigning an Undivided Interest.]
In a preceding chapter, the dangers and disadvantages of an undivided
interest are set forth, and it cannot be considered a wise course under
any consideration to part with any undivided interest in the
proprietorship of the patent, unless unusually well paid, or there
exists an agreement of copartnership between the patentee and the
assignee. By such an assignment, no matter how small, the patentee loses
control of his patent.
[Sidenote: Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of Rights.]
Many patents, from the nature of the invention, can be subdivided into
different classes of rights, and each class sold or granted separately
as the patentee may choose. Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other
appliances for a bicycle, could license one party to make the same for
bicycles and another for automobiles. In like manner a car-coupler could
be divided between those who build railway equipments and those who
build street-cars, and so on.
Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vulcanizing rubber, divided
his patent up into many different rights, licensing one company for
manufacturing rubber combs, licensing another for hose pipes, another
for shoes, another for clothing, and a number of other different rights,
for which each company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the
continuous loom, also divided his patent into many different rights; one
company weaving carpets, another corsets, another bags, another
sheeting, etc.
In every case where the invention covers articles not in the same line
of manufacture, the patentee should not fail to divide the rights into
different classes, granting each party only such rights as they may be
interested in. In this way the patentee can quite often double or treble
the receipts from his invention.
The patentee may, if he desires, have his machines built and require the
purchasers to pay him a regular annual rental on each machine, or a
tariff upon the goods produced, in addition to the price of the machine.
Companies are sometimes organized to manufacture an invention, and
employ travelling men to place the article on annual rental instead of
selling.
[Sidenote: Selling by Territorial Rights.]
Another method is to sell State and county rights. This consists of a
license whereby the patentee, in consideration of a certain sum of money
paid him, grants unto another person or persons the exclusive right to
make and sell the invention, and to authorize others to make and sell
the same, within a specified territory, during the life of the patent.
This plan of disposing of a patent has often been highly profitable, but
it must be said that these territorial sales have been conducted in such
a manner in the past, as to bring the whole system of selling patent
rights into disrepute, and in recent years patentees have found some
difficulty in making sales in this way, unless the device is of unusual
great novelty and attraction to householders or the general public.
Occasionally, however, there are patents issued for meritorious
inventions that are susceptible of this mode of procedure, and which can
be disposed of to the greatest advantage by territorial grants. Such
inventions as household novelties possessing great merit and utility
have been most successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be
remembered that the value of the system rests upon its capabilities of
effecting sales of the manufactured article to a vast proportion of the
people.
In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to begin with the small
places with the idea of working the business up and effecting larger
sales on the basis of the smaller ones; it is better to shove the sales,
as much as possible in the start, and after the more valuable portion
of the territory is disposed of, proceed with the balance until it
ceases to be profitable.
Experience teaches that it is usually advisable to accept any reasonable
offer made for a small right, even if it does not come up to the
patentee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of other territory
left, and may lose much time and money in finding another in the same
territory willing to pay more; besides, the purchaser of such a right
may, by his energy and good judgment, advertise the invention in such a
way as to greatly benefit the patentee in making further sales.
Some patentees employ good and reliable special agents to travel and
dispose of the patent rights; others advertise for and appoint State
agents to sell their respective county rights. In either case these
agents expect to make money by the operation, and require a liberal
proportion of the proceeds for their remuneration; generally speaking,
they will require about one-third the selling price, unless the patentee
can show that the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating can
be made lower.
[Sidenote: Granting Licenses.]
The patentee may also sell licenses under his patent; that is, in
consideration of a certain sum, the patentee licenses a manufacturer to
make the invention at his own place of business; it being a personal
privilege and is not transferable unless its terms so state.
Unless there are a great many manufacturers in the line of industry to
which the patent relates, and unless the invention has real merit so
that it will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the patentee
cannot hope to realize any considerable amount from selling shop-rights
alone. As a general thing, patents for mechanical inventions can be
disposed of to better advantage by other means, or by selling
shop-rights in connection with other methods; for example, if the
patentee was selling his patent by territorial grants, he might grant
shop-rights in such territory as he has not sold; or if he is placing
the patent upon non-exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant
shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he does not contemplate
using otherwise.
Some inventions, such as methods or processes, as a general rule, have
to ultimately be sold by licenses. Such patents can be employed most
profitably by selling licenses, county and State rights; thus, in the
case of a method of constructing fences, the patentee could sell State
and county rights to parties, who in turn could grant farm rights, etc.
[Sidenote: Placing upon Royalty.]
The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best and most popular method
with inventors for realizing from their inventions. This, in effect,
involves a contract between the patentee and the manufacturer, by which
the latter in consideration of a license to manufacture the article
covered by the patent, agrees to pay the patentee a certain specified
sum as royalty for each article manufactured or sold bearing the
patented improvement.
Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking chances, but if the
patentee has full confidence in his article selling well, he should by
all means take royalty in preference to selling the patent in its
entirety. Many valuable patents are sold by their owners for from $1,000
to $10,000, which yield the purchasers, when the article is on the
market and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in profits. This
calls to the author's mind a patent for which at the outset was
doubtfully offered $3,000, but before the negotiations terminated, the
patentee succeeded in placing it upon an exclusive royalty basis. The
royalties paid to the patentee during the first four years amounted to
over $50,000, and the manufacturers subsequently made an offer of
$100,000, for the patent.
In making royalty contracts with parties, the patentee should
investigate the standing, rating, and capabilities of the manufacturer,
and, above all, should be certain that the parties have the right motive
in view, and that the contract is so drawn that it will fully protect
his own interests. Many patentees have been caught by manufacturers
offering large royalties for the sole purpose of gaining possession of
the patent, that they might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article
out of the market, so that the sale of some similar article in which
they are interested would not be interfered with by the introduction of
a similar or better article, such as the patent anticipates.
There are others who propose and make royalty contracts with patentees
with no other object than that of making the special tools, patterns,
dies, etc., for which they charge the patentee an extortionate price.
The best and safest way for the patentee to guard against having his
patent tied up is to bind the parties to do certain things in the way of
pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at their own expense, and
commencing its manufacture within a reasonable time, paying an advance
royalty, or annexing some such condition to the agreement by which they
will be the loser should they fail to push the inventor's interests.
Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the patentee should not transfer
his rights merely in consideration of receiving a certain sum on each
article sold, as however sterling the character of the manufacturer,
there would be no certainty of the sales being pushed. The patentee
should endeavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee that the royalties
shall amount to at least a certain pre-stipulated sum each year, or
within a period of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be paid to
him by the manufacturer, irrespective of sales. This insures that the
manufacturer will be obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it
justice, since if he neglects his duty purposely, or from lack of
energy, he is out of pocket, and the patentee is sure of a certain
income, with the addition of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales
may yield him. However, manufacturers are not always willing to agree to
this condition, unless the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable;
they will usually simply agree to do their best, and if the sales do not
reach a certain figure each year, the patentee shall have the option of
cancelling the agreement, and receiving back the patent free and clear.
Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non-exclusive; that is, with
an exclusive contract the manufacturer has the exclusive right to
manufacture the article, excluding all others; non-exclusive is simply a
shop-right, in consideration of which the manufacturer agrees to pay the
patentee or owner of the patent a stipulated price or percentage upon
each article made or sold. The license can also be exclusive in a
certain section, county, State, or a number of States, as may be agreed
upon.
Any number of conditions that may be agreed upon may be annexed to and
form a part of the contract, and such an agreement should be drawn up in
compliance with the terms and conditions agreed upon by a competent
attorney, or one skilled in matters of this kind.
[Sidenote: Manufacturing and Forming Companies.]
If the patentee has a really good invention, often he cannot do better
than to retain the patent and work it himself, in case he has the
ability to do so. If he cannot conduct the manufacturing alone, he may
be able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds, and equal common
sense and business acumen, to add the necessary elements to the firm to
achieve success.
In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to retain the whole patent
for his own use, an excellent plan is to commence the manufacture of the
invention in a suitable locality, and after the business is so far under
way as to show progress and profit, then sell out the business with
license under the patent. To illustrate: a gentleman in Illinois, having
obtained a patent on a farming implement, succeeded in interesting a
party in his own neighborhood to join with him in its manufacture, which
soon proved successful and remunerative, and in a short time he was able
to sell out his interest in the business to his partner, with license
under the patent, after which the patentee started its manufacture in a
number of places elsewhere, and, at the same time, granting licenses and
selling territory in still other sections, where he was unable to work
the invention. In this way he made a fair fortune from his invention,
realizing about as much from each business established as he could have
probably obtained for the entire patent if sold outright at first.
In this manner the patentee, with a valuable patent on an article of
general usefulness, could go on and establish its manufacture in any
number of places, and sell out with license under the patent. If the
first experiment is successful, it is an easy matter to carry the method
out in other places, and the business can be readily disposed of
anywhere, if it can be shown to be on a paying basis.
[Sidenote: To Organize Stock Companies]
In recent years many inventors have been quite successful in organizing
stock companies on the basis of their patents. This is considered one of
the best ways for handling patents for large and promising inventions,
and it is a method that any patentee, with ordinary business ability,
should be able to carry out successfully, providing his invention is of
sufficient merit and importance to form a suitable basis for a
successful stock company.
Many stock companies are incorporated under the laws of New Jersey, but
it is believed the State of West Virginia is also very favorable to
corporations. The entire expense for incorporating a company under the
laws of the latter State should not exceed $150. The company can be
incorporated for any amount; large or small, one hundred dollars or five
millions, cost and fees being the same. The incorporators need not be
residents of the State. No annual statements required. The meetings of
the directors can be held at any place, and need not be held in the
State where the charter is granted.
Before applying for a charter for a corporation or stock company, the
patentee should mention his plan to some of his friends and get five
persons who will promise to subscribe for one or more shares of the
stock and act as incorporators of the company.
Next he should secure the services of a reliable attorney, familiar with
corporation laws, to prepare the necessary articles of incorporation and
legal papers. The attorney will advise the patentee how to proceed
properly in organizing his company, and as to the securing of the stock
certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, including the
attorney's fee, should not cost the patentee more than $50.
It is well to have some stationery printed with the proposed name of the
company and business displayed thereon; and also a prospectus
published, setting forth the invention and the plans of the company for
introducing it, etc.
Quite often the patentee can find enough idle capital in his immediate
neighborhood to float a good portion of the stock. Capital is more
easily secured by the formation of a stock company than by any other
means, as people can subscribe for small or large amounts, and they
often prove good investments.
In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desirable to get as many
prominent and influential men to buy one or more shares at first to head
the list--their names will be a great aid in making further sales.
Ordinarily the promoter only collects ten per cent, of the amount
subscribed, the balance being subject to the call of the board of
directors.
After it is ascertained that the shares or stock are being rapidly
subscribed for and selling fully up to expectation, the patentee can
have the incorporators sign the charter application and have the
attorney file it with the proper State authorities. This will cost the
patentee about $100 more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc.
When sufficient stock has been subscribed for, a meeting of the
stockholders should be called to elect directors, and to transact such
other business as may be deemed necessary in regard to locating and
building the plant and getting the company in shape.
The patentee should receive about one-half the capital stock in
consideration of his transferring his rights and franchises to the
corporation, the remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of the
company to create a working capital. The patentee may sell a portion of
his stock, if he desires, but should also retain a good portion of it to
show his own confidence in the business.
After the meeting of the stockholders, the direction of the business
will probably be taken out of the hands of the inventor, and the control
will lie in the board of directors of the company. As a rule it is
better that the inventor does not take an active part in the management
of the company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for the
position.
If the company is provided with ample capital, and if the business
manager is a competent man, there is little chance of failure if the
invention has real merit.
[Sidenote: Trading as a Last Resort.]
Patentees are sometimes offered securities or other property in trade
for a patent. It is not deemed a wise course by most inventors to
consider any proposition for a trade, especially in the early life of a
patent. Only as a last resort, after failing to realize from a patent by
any other means, is it advisable to trade a patent; and, before finally
agreeing upon a trade, the patentee should have a reputable attorney to
look fully into the value and title of the property offered. He should
also insist upon receiving an abstract of title, or a title guarantee
from a reliable title insurance company.
Unless known to himself, the patentee should never engage the services
of an attorney or broker recommended by the parties offering the trade
to look into the value and title of the property. Inventors should be on
the lookout for a set of sharpers who make a business of offering
worthless securities and property in exchange for patents.
CHAPTER VII
ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS
The geographical nearness of Canada to the United States, and the
intimate commercial relations existing between the two countries, render
Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial market of America; and
owing to its liberal patent laws, which are based closely upon our own,
inventors generally find it advantageous to protect their interests in
this country, which can be done from time to time by a very small
outlay, and thus giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of his
patent or dropping it if not found remunerative, before expending the
total cost of the patent.
The commercial and manufacturing interests of Canada are extensive,
increasing yearly, and are closely knit with our own. If the invention
is not protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured there and sent
here without paying royalty to the inventor.
Copies of the "Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office" and "The
Patent Act" can be obtained upon application to the Hon. Commissioner of
Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 of the Patent Act, revised May, 1898,
provides:
"Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for his invention in a
foreign country before obtaining a patent for the same invention in
Canada, may obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be applied for
within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent
for such invention; and,
"If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent,
the inventor give notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply
for a patent in Canada for such invention, then no other person having
commenced to manufacture the same device in Canada during such period of
one year, shall be entitled to continue the manufacture of the same
after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Canada, without the
consent or allowance of the inventor."
The Patent Act as amended does not now require a Canadian patent to
expire at the earliest date at which a foreign patent for the same
invention expires.
Under the section just cited the patentee has three months, after the
issue of his patent, within which to protect his interests in Canada. If
within these three months he has not sufficiently demonstrated the
commercial value of his home patent, and the advisability of taking out
a Canadian patent, he is advised to give notice to the Commissioner of
Patents, Ottawa, of his intention of doing so, which will fully protect
his interests for one year, as under the above provision; and if the
patentee fail to give this formal notice, he cannot obtain redress from
any person who has commenced to manufacture his invention in Canada
during the year.
There is also an advantage sometimes in giving this formal notice within
three months and delaying the grant of the patent for one year, as the
patentee is allowed to import the patented article into Canada during
one year only, after the grant of the Canadian patent.
The construction or manufacturing of the invention in Canada must be
commenced within two years from the date of the patent, and continuously
carried on from that time, though the extension of this time may be
secured upon timely application to the Commissioner, giving any good and
proper reason. The time for importation is also sometimes extended upon
proper application.
Canadian patents are granted originally for a term of eighteen years,
the Government fee being $60 for the eighteen years, but at the election
of the patentee this fee may be divided into three payments of $20 each,
as follows: $20 at the time of the grant, $20 at the expiration of the
sixth year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, if not he can
allow the patent to become forfeited; and at the end of the twelfth
year, if it is still desired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee
of $20 may be paid. If the patentee in the meantime assigns his patent,
the assignee will pay the required government fees at the end of the
sixth and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its validity.
The Canadian patent covers and affords full protection in the following
provinces:
------------------------+----------+-------------
PROVINCES. | Area | Population
|Sq. Miles.| 1911
------------------------+----------+-------------
Alberta | 253,000 | 372,919
British Columbia | 390,000 | 362,768
Manitoba | 72,870 | 454,691
New Brunswick | 28,000 | 351,815
Nova Scotia | 20,600 | 461,847
Ontario | 222,000 | 2,519,902
Prince Edward Island | 2,000 | 93,722
Quebec | 347,000 | 2,000,697
Saskatchewan | 250,000 | 453,508
Northwest Territories |1,922,750 | 10,000
Yukon | 200,000 | ----
|----------+------------
TOTAL |3,708,220 | 7,081,869
------------------------+----------+------------
[Sidenote: Selling Canadian Patents.]
In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will proceed in much the same
way as in the United States, though he cannot expect, nor should he ask,
more than about one-third as much for the Canadian patent as he
receives, or expects, from the United States patent. Patents are not as
readily sold in Canada as here, but if the inventor has a useful
invention of merit, which is being manufactured profitably in the United
States, he will have no trouble in disposing of his Canadian patent at a
satisfactory price.
It is in nearly all cases advisable for the inventor to first put his
invention upon the market in the United States before trying to realize
from his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult to interest
Canadian capital in a patent that has not been first put into practice
here; and if the patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent at
all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum; whereas, on the other
hand, if the patentee fully protects his interests there, and proceeds
to put the invention upon the home market, he will not only be able to
present his Canadian patent in a more favorable and forcible way by
proving its commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get better offers,
and realize full value for his Canadian interests, in exact proportion
to the success of his invention in the United States.
POPULATION OF CANADIAN CITIES
(_Compiled from the Census of 1911_)
Montreal 406,197 | New Westminster 13,394
Toronto 376,240 | Stratford 12,929
Winnipeg 135,440 | Owen Sound 12,555
Vancouver 100,333 | St. Catharines 12,460
Ottawa 86,340 | Saskatoon 12,002
Hamilton 81,897 | Verdun 11,622
Quebec 78,067 | Moncton 11,319
London 46,177 | Port Arthur 11,216
Halifax 46,081 | Lachine 10,778
Calgary 43,736 | Chatham 10,760
St. John 42,363 | Galt 10,299
Victoria 31,620 | Sault Ste. Marie 10,179
Regina 30,210 | Sarnia 9,936
Edmonton 24,882 | Belleville 9,850
Brantford 23,046 | St. Hyacinthe 9,797
Kingston 18,815 | Valleyfield 9,447
Maissonneuve 18,674 | Brockville 9,372
Peterboro 18,312 | Woodstock 9,321
Windsor 17,819 | Niagara Falls 9,245
Sydney Town 17,617 | Sorel 8,419
Hull 17,585 | Nanaimo 8,305
Glace Bay 16,561 | Lethbridge 8,048
Fort William 16,498 | Vancouver, North 7,781
Sherbrooke 16,495 | North Bay 7,718
Vancouver, South 16,021 | St. Boniface 7,717
Berlin 15,192 | Sydney Mines 7,464
Guelph 15,148 | Levis 7,448
St. Thomas 14,050 | Oshawa 7,433
Brandon 13,837 | Collingwood 7,077
Moose Jaw 13,824 | Fredericton 7,028
CHAPTER VIII
DECISIONS AND NOTES
The following digest will be found to contain much useful information
for the patentee, it being a carefully selected list of decisions
affecting assignments, territorial grants, licenses, State laws, etc.;
including those rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, the
Circuit Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various Commissioners of
Patents, all of which decisions enunciate well-settled and controlling
principles of Patent Law.
[Sidenote: Assignments.]
Assignments of patents are not required to be under seal. The statutes
simply provide that "every patent, or any interest therein shall be
assignable in law by an instrument in writing." (_Gottfried_ vs.
_Miller, U. S. S. C. Decided Jan. 23, 1882._)
A contract assigning a patent and all future improvements thereon is
enforceable against assignees of such improvements who take notice of
the contract. (_Westinghouse Air Brake Co._ vs. _Chicago Brake and Mfg.
Co., 85 F. R., 786._)
Each co-owner of a patent may use his right without the concurrence of
the others and license at will. (_Washburn & Moen Co._ vs. _Chicago Wire
Fence Co., 109 Ill., 71._)
Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and each, as an incident of
his ownership, has the right to use the patent or manufacture under it.
But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to join in such use or
work, or be liable for the losses which may occur, or to account for the
profits which may arise from such use. (_De Witt_ vs. _Elmira Nobles
Mfg. Co., 12 N. Y. Spur., 301._)
Joint owners of a patent, right are not copartners, and in the absence
of any express contract each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may
think fit, without any liability to or accounting to the other for
profits or losses. (_Vose_ vs. _Singer, 4 Allen (Mass.), 226; vide Pitt
vs. Hall, 3 Blatch., 201._)
Although an assignment of patent is not recorded within three months, it
is binding on the assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. (_Ex
parte Waters, Com. Dec., 1899, p. 42._)
A verbal license or interest in an invention has no effect as against a
subsequent assignee without notice of such verbal license or interest.
(_U. S. S. C., Gates Iron Works_ vs. _Fraser et al., 1894, C. D., 304._)
An assignment to assign future patents, in consideration of the
assignee's paying the expense of taking them out, is broken by his
refusal to pay for and take out a particular patent when requested, and
a subsequent assignment to another conveys a perfect title. (_Buck_ vs.
_Timony, 78 Fed. Rep., 487._)
Any assignment which does not convey to the assignee the entire and
unqualified monopoly which the patentee holds in the territory
specified, or an undivided interest in the entire _monopoly,_ is a mere
license. (_Sanford_ vs. _Messer, 2 O. G., 470._)
When a party does license, grant, and convey any invention which he may
hereafter make, this gives only an equitable right to have an assignment
made, and this right may be defeated by assignment of the patent to a
purchaser for value without notice of this equity. (_Regan Vapor Engine
Co._ vs. _Pacific Gas Engine Co. (Nineth Cir.), 7 U. S., App., 73._)
[Sidenote: Territorial Grants.]
A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from advertising and selling
within his territory, even though the purchasers may take the patented
article outside the vendor's territory. (_Hatch_ vs. _Hall, 22 Fed.
Rep., 483._)
One who buys patented articles of manufacture from an assignee for a
specified territory becomes possessed of an absolute property in such
articles, unrestricted in time or place. (_U. S. S. C., Keller et al._
vs. _Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O. G., 451._)
The sale of a patented machine by one authorized to sell, conveys the
whole ownership to the purchaser, who may sell it again to another.
(_Morgan Envelope Co._ vs. _Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U.
S. 425._)
[Sidenote: Licenses.]
Every person who pays the patentee for a license to use his process
becomes the owner of the product, and may sell it to whom he pleases, or
apply it to any purpose, unless he binds himself by covenants to
restrict his rights of making and vending certain articles that may
interfere with the special business of some other licensee. (_Met.
Washing Machine Co._ vs. _Earl, 2 Fish., 203; 2 Wall., Jr., 230._)
A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of royalties in the absence
of express provisions to that effect. (_Wagner Typewriter Co._ vs.
_Watkins, 84 Fed. Rep., 57; 1898._)
A shop right is a personal license and is not assignable. (_Gibbs_ vs.
_Hoefner, 19 Fed. Rep., 323; 22 Blatch., 36._)
A license to a person to use an invention only "at his own
establishment" does not authorize a use at an establishment owned by him
and others. (_Rubber Co._ vs. _Goodyear, 9 Wallace, 788._)
A license is not transferable unless its terms so state. (_Olmer_ vs.
_Rumford Chemical Co., 109 U. S., 75._)
A license merely to make and not to sell does not impair the patent
owner's right to sue for infringement outside of the license; and the
purchaser of the licensee's tools and materials would not carry the
right to sell the product made thereon. (_American Graphophone Co._ vs.
_Walcut, 87 Fed. Rep., 556; 1898._)
A license to use a machine carries with it the right to repair the
machine, and replace worn parts until the essential original parts of
the machine have disappeared. (_Robinson on Patents, Sec. 827._)
A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee or grantee, within his
own territory, carries with it the right to use such article throughout
the whole United States. (_Adams_ vs. _Burke, 5 O.G., 118_; _Hobbie_ vs.
_Smith. 27 Fed. Rep., 636._)
When an applicant in certain instruments assigned his right, title, and
interest in an invention, retaining for himself the exclusive right to
employ the invention in the manufacture of a certain class of machines,
Held, that such instruments do not convey the entire interest in the
invention or any undivided part thereof, and they are construed to be
nothing more than licenses. (_Ex parte Rosback, 89 O. G., 705. Decided
Oct. 5, 1899._)
An implied license to use a patented improvement without payment of any
royalties during the continuance of employment of the inventor, and
thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed for other parties, is
shown where the inventor applies the patent to his employer's work
without any agreement for compensation for its use further than a notice
that he would require pay after his employment terminated. (_Keys_ vs.
_Eureka Consol. Min. Co., U. S. S. C., 158 U. S., 150._)
A breach of a covenant in a license does not work a forfeiture of the
license unless it is so expressly agreed. (_Consol. Middlings Purifier
Co._ vs. _Wolf, 37 O. G., 567._)
[Sidenote: Patent Title.]
A patent right, like any other personal property, is understood by
Congress to vest in the executors and administrators of the patentee, if
he dies without having assigned it. (_Shaw Relief Valve Co._ vs. _City
of New Bedford, 19th Fed. Rep., 758._)
A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant is not void for the want
of a grantee, but vests in his heirs or assigns. (_U. S. S. C, De La
Vergne Ref. Machine Co._ vs. _Featherstone, 1893, C. D., 181._)
A court of equity may direct a sale of an inventor's interest in his
patent to satisfy a judgment against him, and will require the patentee
to assign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he refuses, will
appoint a trustee to make the assignment. (_Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G.,
1311._)
A patent right cannot be seized and sold on execution. (_Carver_ vs.
_Peck, 131 Mass., 291._)
A receiver cannot, under his general powers, convey the legal title to a
patent (_Adams_ vs. _Howard, 23 Blatch., 27_), but a court may compel an
insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or receiver. (_Pacific Bank_
vs. _Robinson, 20 O. G., 1314_; _Murray_ vs. _Ager, 20 O. G., 1311._)
A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, when sued for infringement,
contest the validity thereof. (_Griffith_ vs. _Shaw, 89 Fed. Rep.,
313._)
RULES OF PRACTICE
The following from the "Rules of Practice in the United States Patent
Office" may be perused with interest to the patentee; a copy of which,
together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will be mailed free to any
person upon addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Washington,
D. C., requesting the same; these being the only books or pamphlets
published by the Office for gratuitous distribution.
[Sidenote: Assignments.]
Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an
instrument in writing; and the patentee or his assigns or legal
representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an exclusive right
under the patent to the whole or any specified part of the United
States. Interests in patents may be vested in assignees, in grantees of
exclusive sectional rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees.
[Sidenote: Assignees.]
An assignee is a transferee of the whole interest of the original patent
or of an undivided part of such whole interest, extending to every
portion of the United States. The assignment must be written or printed
and duly signed.
[Sidenote: Grantees.]
A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive right under the patent to
make and use and to grant to others the right to make and use, the thing
patented within and throughout some specified part of the United States,
excluding the patentee therefrom. The grant must be written or printed
and be duly signed.
[Sidenote: Mortgages.]
A mortgage must be written or printed and duly signed.
[Sidenote: Licensees.]
A licensee takes an interest less than or different from either of the
others. A license may be oral, written, or printed, and if written or
printed, must be duly signed.
[Sidenote: Must be Recorded.]
An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a patent will be void as against
any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration
without notice unless recorded in the Patent Office within three months
from the date thereof. If any such assignment, grant, or conveyance of
any patent shall be acknowledged before any notary public of the several
States or territories, or the District of Columbia, or any commissioner
of the United States Circuit Court, or before any secretary of legation,
or consular officer authorized to administer oaths or perform notarial
acts under Section 1750 of the Revised Statutes, the certificate of such
acknowledgment, under the hand and official seal of such notary or other
officer, shall be _prima facie_ evidence of the execution of such
assignment, grant, or conveyance.
No instrument will be recorded which does not, in the judgment of the
Commissioner, amount to an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien,
encumbrance, or license, or which does not affect the title of the
patent or invention to which it relates. Such instruments should
identify the patent by date and number; or, if the invention is
unpatented, the name of the inventor, the serial number, and date of the
application should be stated.
[Sidenote: Conditional Assignments.]
Assignments which are made conditional on the performance of certain
stipulations, as the conditional payment of money, if recorded in the
office are regarded as absolute assignments until cancelled with the
written consent of both parties, or by the decree of a competent court.
The office has no means for determining whether such conditions have
been filled. (_Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898._)
STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS
In some States, laws have been passed by which attempts have been made
to regulate or prevent the sale of patent rights within their borders,
by imposing upon patentees or their agents certain State restrictions,
such as requiring the filing of copies of patents, making and filing
proofs, taking out licenses, procuring certificates, complying with
forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to be given for a patent.
While it has never been squarely brought before the United States
Supreme Court, with the result that much conflicting legislation has
been enacted by the different States, it may be said, as a general
proposition, that a State or municipality, through the medium of its
Legislature or officials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce
laws which in any way affect or control the transfer, sale, or other
disposition of United States Letters Patent; or to interfere in any
manner with the patentee going into the open market anywhere to sell his
rights conferred by the patent.
It is a well-established principle of law that Congress has exclusive
right and power to legislate on the subjects specially assigned to it by
the Constitution, while power is delegated to the several States to
legislate on those subjects not thus expressly placed within the
control of Congress. It would seem clear that there can be no State
interference with the rights which are incident to the grant of Letters
Patent and expressly conferred thereby.
Ohio was the first State attempting to place restrictions upon the
handling of patent rights, which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any
person, before offering for sale a patent right in any county, to submit
the patent to the Probate Judge of the county, and make affidavit before
said judge that the patent was in force, and that the applicant had the
right to sell, and also requiring that any written obligation taken on
the sale of such right should bear on its face the words, "Given for a
Patent Right."
The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the making and filing proofs
was subsequently made the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska,
and Kansas, while the requirement that written obligations given for a
patent right should bear such statement written upon its face was made
the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York,
Connecticut, and Arkansas.
In view of the decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United
States in the cases of _ex parte_ Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber
_vs._ Virginia, 103 U. S., 347; 20 O. G., 136, some of the States
repealed their statutes relating to the filing of proofs, while others
did not--notably Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still remains in
force.
While the Supreme Court in the above cases did not decide the
constitutionality of the State statutes, it was clearly indicated that
property in inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Congress, and
that no State had any right to interfere with its enjoyment, or to annex
conditions to the grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into
the open market anywhere in the United States and sell his property. It
also established the proposition that a State may require the taking out
of a license for the sale of the manufactured article covered by the
patent; and the patentee should keep in mind the distinction between
selling patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of goods or
manufactured articles, as all who sell goods, whether patented or not,
must conform with the local and State laws relating to same.
The statute requiring the insertion in written obligations of the words,
"Given for a Patent Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the
higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Nebraska, and
by the Circuit Courts in the southern district of Ohio, and in the
district of Indiana; while its validity has been sustained by the courts
of last resort in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas.
Therefore, the validity of the State statutes on the point referred to
may be regarded as finally established in the last-named States until
brought before the Supreme Court of the United States.
CHAPTER IX
THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS
It frequently occurs to the patentee that a knowledge of the legal
requirements of the transfer of patent rights would save him much time
and trouble. Patentees should carefully scrutinize all papers offered by
the parties in whose favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should
have his attorney to examine them.
There are three classes of persons in whom the patentee can vest an
interest of some kind. They are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive
sectional right, and a licensee.
[Sidenote: Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined.]
"An _assignee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing the whole
interest in the original patent, or any undivided part of such whole
interest in every portion of the United States. And no one, unless he
has such an interest transferred to him, is an assignee.
"A _grantee_ is one who has transferred in writing the exclusive right
under the patent, to make and use, and to grant to others to make and
use, the thing patented, within and throughout some specified part or
portion of the United States. Such right must be an exclusive sectional
right, excluding the patentee therefrom.
"A _licensee_ is one who has transferred to him in writing, or orally, a
less or different interest than either the interest in the whole patent,
or an undivided part of such whole interest, or an exclusive sectional
interest." (_Potter_ vs. _Holland, 1 Fish, 327._)
[Sidenote: The Language of Law.]
If a man were to give another an orange he would simply say, "I give you
this orange"; but if the transaction be intrusted to a lawyer to draw up
according to the requirements of law, says the _Observer_, he would most
probably put it in the following language: "I hereby give, grant, and
convey to you all my interest, right, title, and advantage of and in
said orange, together with its rind, skin, juice, pulp, and pits, and
all right and advantage therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or
otherwise eat the same or to give the same away, as fully and
effectually as I, the said A. B., am now entitled to cut, bite, or
otherwise eat the same, or give away the same with or without the rind,
skin, juice, pulp, or pits; anything hereinbefore or hereafter or in any
other deed or deeds, instruments of nature or kind whatsoever to the
contrary in anywise notwithstanding."
It is always better and more satisfactory to have assignments, royalty
contracts, agreements, etc., drawn up specially to accord with the
facts, details, and covenants of each particular case; and there is no
one probably better able to do this than the attorney who secured the
patent. However, if in the case the parties to the transaction cannot
well delay proceedings to have the papers prepared by an attorney, by
adhering to the following forms in any such transactions, both the
purchaser and seller may rest assured that their rights are protected.
ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN LETTERS PATENT
_Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County of Franklin,
State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United
States for an improvement in Typewriting Machines, which
Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date January
1, 1901; and whereas I am now sole owner of said patent, and
of all rights under the same; and whereas the Ohio
Typewriter Company, a corporation, of Cincinnati, County of
Hamilton, and State of Ohio, is desirous of acquiring an
interest in the same:
_Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known,
that for and in consideration of the sum of five thousand
dollars to me in hand paid by the aforesaid corporation, the
receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the said
Richard Doe have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by
these presents do sell, assign, and transfer unto the said
Ohio Typewriter Company, its successors and assigns, the
entire right, title and interest in and to said Letters
Patent and the invention therein patented; the same to be
held and enjoyed by the said corporation for its own use and
behoof, and for the use and behoof of its successors and
assigns, to the full end of the term for which said Letters
Patent are or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the
same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this
assignment and sale not been made.
_In testimony whereof_, I have hereto set my hand and
affixed my seal, at Columbus, County and State aforesaid,
this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901.
RICHARD DOE. (_Seal._)
In presence of
JOHN SMITH,
THOS. JONES.
STATE OF OHIO, }_ss._:
COUNTY OF FRANKLIN, }
Subscribed and acknowledged before me this tenth day of
January, A.D. 1901.
_Seal._ JOHN RICE, _Notary Public_.
If it is the intention of the assignor to convey to the assignee the
right to recover for past infringement of the patent, a clause like the
following should be added:
And for the same consideration, I do hereby sell, assign and transfer
unto the aforesaid corporation, all claims and demands, both at law and
in equity, which may have accrued to me by reason of the infringement of
the aforesaid Letters Patent with the right to sue and recover therefor
in its own name and for its own use and behoof.
ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST
_Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County of
Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, did obtain Letters
Patent of the United States for improvements in Locomotive
Headlights, which Letters Patent are numbered 000,000, and
bear the date of June 26, 1900; and whereas, John Roe, of
Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia and State of
Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the
same: _Now, therefore_, this indenture witnesseth, that for
and in consideration of the sum of one thousand dollars to
me in hand paid by said John Roe, the receipt of which is
hereby acknowledged, I do hereby sell, assign, and transfer
unto the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns, one undivided
one-half interest in and to the aforesaid Letters Patent
and the invention therein patented; the same to be held and
enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and assigns to the
full end of the term for which said Letters Patent are or
may be granted as fully and entirely as the same would have
been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale had
not been made.
And I do hereby declare that I have not conveyed to any
other party the rights and interest herein transferred to
the said John Roe.
Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of January, A.D.
1901,
RICHARD DOE.
In presence of
JOHN SMITH,
THOS. JONES.
STATE OF PENNA., } _ss._:
COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA,}
Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day
of January, A.D. 1901.
_Seal._ JOHN RICE,
_Notary Public._
GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST
_Whereas_, I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of Montgomery,
State of Ohio, did obtain Letters Patent of the United
States for improvements in Corn-Cultivators, which Letters
Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear date the first day of
January, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole owner of said
patent, and of all rights under the same in the
below-recited territory; and whereas, John Roe, of
Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of Indiana, is
desirous of acquiring an interest in the same;
_Now, therefore_, to all whom it may concern, be it known,
that for and in consideration of the sum of one thousand
dollars to me in hand paid, by the said John Roe, the
receipt of which is hereby acknowledge, I, the said Richard
Doe, have sold, assigned, and transferred, and by these
presents do sell, assign and transfer unto the said John
Roe, his heirs and assigns, the entire right, title and
interest in and to said Letters Patent, and in and to the
invention therein patented for the States of Indiana and
Illinois, and in no other place or places; the same to be
held and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs and
assigns, within and throughout the above specified
territory, but not elsewhere, to the full end of the term
for which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, as
fully and entirely as the same would have been held and
enjoyed by me had this assignment and sale not been made.
_In testimony whereof_, I have hereunto set my hand and
affixed my seal this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, in the
presence of the subscribing witnesses.
RICHARD DOE.
In presence of
JOHN SMITH,
THOS. JONES.
STATE OF INDIANA, }_ss._:
COUNTY OF MARION, }
On this tenth day of January, A.D. 1901, personally appeared
before me Richard Doe, to me known and known to me to be the
individual who executed the foregoing instrument, and who
acknowledged to me that he executed the same for the purpose
therein expressed.
_Seal._ JOHN RICE,
_Notary Public._
LICENSE:--SHOP-RIGHT
_In consideration_ of the sum of two hundred dollars to me
paid by The John Roe Company, a corporation of Pennsylvania,
located in the city of Pittsburg, I do hereby license and
empower said company to make and use at its foundry and
machine shop in said Pittsburg, and in no other place or
places, in connection with its own business only, or that of
its successors and assigns, the improvements in Lathes, for
which Letters Patent of the United States No. 000,000, were
granted to me January 1, 1901, to the full end of the term
for which said Letters Patent are granted.
Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County of
Allegheny, State of Pennsylvania, this tenth day of January,
A. D. 1901.
RICHARD DOE.
TO JOHN ROE COMPANY,
Pittsburg, Pa.
LICENSE:--NON-EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY
_This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901,
between Richard Doe, of Wilmington, County of New Castle,
State of Delaware, party of the first part, and the Metallic
Railway Tie Company, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and
State of Illinois, party of the second part,
_Witnesseth_, that whereas Letters Patent of the United
States, No. 000,000, for an improvement in Metallic
Railroad-Ties, were granted to the party of the first part
January 1, 1901; and whereas the party of the second part is
desirous of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties containing
the said patented improvements:
_Now, therefore_, the parties hereto have agreed as follows:
I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers
the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the
conditions herein named, at their plant in Chicago, and in
no other place or places, to the end of the term for which
said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Railroad-Ties
containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same
within the United States.
II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and
true returns to the party of the first part, under oath,
upon the first days of January and July in each year, of all
Metallic Railroad-Ties containing said patented improvements
manufactured by them.
III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of
the first part five dollars as a license fee upon each and
every thousand Metallic Railroad-Ties manufactured by the
party of the second part containing the patented
improvements: provided, that if the said fee be paid upon
the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, or within
ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be
made from said fee for prompt payment.
IV. The party of the second part agrees to put forth their
best efforts and use due diligence in the manufacture and
sale of the Metallic Railroad-Ties containing the said
patented improvements, and if the royalties do not amount to
five hundred dollars semi-annually, the party of the first
part may terminate this license by serving a written notice
upon the party of the second part.
V. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to make
returns or to make payment of license fees, as herein
provided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the
party of the first part may terminate this license by
serving a written notice upon the party of the second part;
but the party of the second part shall not thereby be
discharged from any liability to the party of the first part
for any license fees due at the time of the service of such
notice.
_In witness whereof_, the parties above named have hereto
set their hands the day and year first above written, at
Chicago, County of Cook, and State of Illinois.
RICHARD DOE,
_Metallic Railway Tie Company_,
Per John Roe, President.
LICENSE:--EXCLUSIVE--WITH ROYALTY
_This agreement_, made this tenth day of January, 1901,
between Richard Doe, of Boston, State of Massachusetts,
party of the first part, and the Roe Vending Machine
Company, a corporate body under the laws of the State of New
Jersey, located and doing business at the city of New York,
in the State of New York, party of the second part,
_Witnesseth_, that whereas, Letters Patent of the United
States, No. 000,000, were, on the first day of January,
1901, granted to the said party of the first part, for
improvements in Coin-Controlled Machines, and whereas said
party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing and
selling said patented article: Now, therefore, the parties
hereto have agreed as follows:
I. The party of the first part gives to the party of the
second part the exclusive right to manufacture and sell the
said patented improvements, to the end of the term of said
patent, subject to the conditions hereinafter named.
II. The party of the second part agrees to make full and
true returns, on the first days of January and July in each
year, of all machines manufactured and sold by them
containing the said patented improvements in the six
calendar months next preceding the date of any such notice;
and if the party of the first part shall not be satisfied in
any respect with any such return, then shall the party of
the first part have the right, either by himself or by his
attorney, to examine any and all books of account of said
party of the second part concerning any items, charges,
memoranda, or information relating to the manufacture or
sale of said patented Coin-Controlled Machines; and upon
request made, said party of the second part shall produce
all such books for said examination.
III. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of
the first part five dollars as a license fee upon every one
of the said patented Coin-Controlled Machines manufactured
by them, the whole of said license fee for each term of six
months to be due and payable on the days hereinabove
provided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said fee
be paid upon the days herein provided, or within fifteen
days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent, shall be made
from said fee for prompt payment.
IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay the party of
the first part at least two thousand dollars, less discount,
as said license fee upon each of the semi-annual terms, even
though they should not make enough of said patented machines
to amount to that sum at the regular royalty of five dollars
each.
V. The party of the second part shall cast, or otherwise
permanently place, upon every such machine made under this
license the word "Doe," and in close relation thereto the
word "Patented," and the number and date of said patent.
VI. The party of the second part shall not, during the life
of this license, make or sell any article which can compete
in the market with said Coin-Controlled Machines.
VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second part to
keep each and all of the conditions of this license and
agreement, the party of the first part may, at his option,
terminate this license, and such termination shall not
release said party of the second part from any liability due
at such time to the party of the first part.
_In witness whereof_, the above-named parties (the said Roe
Vending Machine Company, by its president) have hereto set
their hands the day and year first above written,
RICHARD DOE,
_Roe Vending Machine Company_,
By John Roe, President.
No general legal forms should be relied upon too implicitly as suiting
particular cases, and an inventor, in order to fully protect his
interests, should consult a reliable patent attorney, and have the forms
properly prepared to suit his individual case.
[Illustration: Map of Continental USA]
CHAPTER X
TABLES AND STATISTICS
OFFICIAL CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, FOR 1910
(_From the Bulletin of the Director of the Census_)
ALABAMA.--Area, 51,998 square miles.
Autauga 20,038 | Dallas 53,401 | Marengo 39,923
Baldwin 18,178 | Dekalb 28,261 | Marion 17,495
Barbour 32,728 | | Marshall 28,553
Bibb 22,791 | Elmore 28,245 | Mobile 80,854
Blount 21,456 | Escambia 18,889 | Monroe 27,155
| Etowah 39,109 |
Bullock 30,196 | Fayette 16,248 | Montgomery 82,178
Butler 29,030 | Franklin 19,369 | Morgan 33,781
Calhoun 39,115 | | Perry 31,222
Chambers 36,056 | Geneva 26,230 | Pickens 25,055
Cherokee 20,226 | Greene 22,717 | Pike 30,815
| Hale 27,883 |
Chilton 23,187 | Henry 20,943 | Randolph 24,659
Choctaw 18,483 | Houston 32,414 | Russell 25,937
Clarke 30,987 | | St. Clair 20,715
Clay 21,006 | Jackson 32,918 | Shelby 26,949
Cleburne 13,385 | Jefferson 226,476 | Sumter 28,699
| Lamar 17,487 |
Coffee 26,119 | Lauderdale 30,936 | Talladega 37,921
Colbert 24,802 | Lawrence 21,984 | Tallapoosa 31,034
Conecuh 21,433 | | Tuscaloosa 47,559
Coosa 16,634 | Lee 32,867 | Walker 37,013
Covington 32,124 | Limestone 26,880 | Washington 14,454
| Lowndes 31,894 |
Crenshaw 23,313 | Macon 26,049 | Wilcox 33,810
Cullman 28,321 | Madison 47,041 | Winston 12,855
Dale 21,873 | |
TOTAL 2,138,093
ARIZONA.--Area, 113,956 square miles.
Apache 9,196 | Maricopa 34,488 | Santa Cruz 6,766
Cochise 34,591 | Mohave 3,773 | Yavapai 15,996
Coconino 8,130 | Navajo 11,491 | Yuma 7,733
Gila 16,780 | Pima 22,818 |
Graham 23,547 | Pinal 9,045 |
TOTAL 204,354
ARKANSAS.--Area, 53,335 square miles.
Arkansas 16,103 | Garland 27,271 | Newton 10,612
Ashley 25,268 | Grant 9,425 | Ouachita 21,774
Baxter 10,389 | Greene 23,852 | Perry 9,402
Benton 33,389 | Hempstead 28,285 | Phillips 33,535
Boone 14,318 | Hot Spring 15,022 | Pike 12,565
| |
Bradley 14,518 | Howard 16,898 | Poinsett 12,791
Calhoun 9,894 | Independence 24,776 | Polk 17,216
Carroll 16,829 | Izard 14,561 | Pope 24,527
Chicot 21,987 | Jackson 23,501 | Prairie 13,853
Clark 23,686 | Jefferson 52,734 | Pulaski 86,751
| |
Clay 23,690 | Johnson 19,698 | Randolph 18,987
Cleburne 11,903 | Lafayette 13,741 | St. Francis 22,548
Cleveland 13,481 | Lawrence 20,001 | Saline 16,057
Columbia 23,820 | Lee 24,252 | Scott 14,302
Conway 22,729 | Lincoln 15,118 | Searcy 14,825
| |
Craighead 27,627 | Little River 13,597 | Sebastian 52,278
Crawford 23,942 | Logan 26,350 | Sevier 16,616
Crittenden 22,447 | Lonoke 27,983 | Sharp 11,688
Cross 14,042 | Madison 16,056 | Stone 8,946
Dallas 12,621 | Marion 10,203 | Union 30,723
| |
Desha 15,274 | Miller 19,555 | Van Buren 13,509
Drew 21,960 | Mississippi 30,468 | Washington 33,889
Faulkner 23,708 | Monroe 19,907 | White 28,574
Franklin 20,638 | Montgomery 12,455 | Woodruff 20,049
Fulton 12,193 | Nevada 19,344 | Yell 26,323
TOTAL 1,574,449
CALIFORNIA.--Area, 158,297 square miles.
Alameda 246,131 | Glenn 7,172 | Marin 25,114
Alpine 309 | Humboldt 33,857 | Mariposa 3,956
Amador 9,086 | Imperial 13,591 | Mendocino 23,929
Butte 27,301 | Inyo 6,974 | Merced 15,148
Calaveras 9,171 | Kern 37,715 | Modoc 6,191
| |
Colusa 7,732 | Kings 16,230 | Mono 2,042
Contra Costa 31,674 | Lake 5,526 | Monterey 24,146
Del Norte 2,417 | Lassen 4,802 | Napa 19,800
Eldorado 7,492 | Los Angeles 504,131 | Nevada 14,955
Fresno 75,657 | Madera 8,368 | Orange 34,436
| |
Placer 18,237 | San Mateo 26,585 | Sutter 6,328
Plumas 5,259 | Santa Barbara 27,738 | Tehama 11,401
Riverside 34,696 | Santa Clara 83,539 | Trinity 3,301
Sacramento 67,806 | Santa Cruz 26,140 | Tulare 35,440
San Benito 8,041 | Shasta 18,920 | Tuolumne 9,979
| |
San Bernadino 56,706 | Sierra 4,098 | Ventura 18,347
San Diego 61,665 | Siskiyou 18,801 | Yolo 13,926
San Francisco 416,912 | Solano 27,539 | Yuba 10,042
San Joaquin 50,731 | Sonoma 48,394 |
San Luis Obispo 19,383 | Stanislaus 22,522 |
TOTAL 2,377,549
COLORADO.--Area, 103,948 square miles.
Adams 8,892 | Garfield 10,144 | Morgan 9,577
Arapahoe 10,263 | Gilpin 4,131 | Otero 20,201
Archuleta 3,302 | Grand 1,862 | Ouray 3,514
Baca 2,516 | Gunnison 5,897 | Park 2,492
Bent 5,043 | Hinsdale 646 | Phillips 3,179
| |
Boulder 30,330 | Huerfano 13,320 | Pitkin 4,566
Chaffee 7,622 | Jackson 1,013 | Prowers 9,520
Cheyenne 3,687 | Jefferson 14,231 | Pueblo 52,223
Clear Creek 5,001 | Kiowa 2,899 | Rio Blanco 2,332
Conejos 11,285 | Kit Carson 7,483 | Rio Grande 6,563
| |
Costilla 5,498 | La Plate 10,812 | Routt 7,561
Custer 1,947 | Lake 10,600 | Saguache 4,160
Delta 13,688 | Larimer 25,270 | San Juan 3,063
Denver 213,381 | Las Animas 33,643 | San Miguel 4,700
Dolores 642 | Lincoln 5,917 | Sedgwick 3,061
| |
Douglas 3,192 | Logan 9,549 | Summit 2,003
Eagle 2,985 | Mesa 22,197 | Teller 14,351
El Paso 43,321 | Mineral 1,239 | Washington 6,002
Elbert 5,331 | Montezuma 5,029 | Weld 39,177
Fremont 18,181 | Montrose 10,291 | Yuma 8,499
TOTAL 799,024
CONNECTICUT.--Area, 4,965 square miles.
Fairfield 245,322 | Middlesex 45,637 | New London 91,253
Hartford 250,182 | | Tolland 26,459
Litchfield 70,260 | New Haven 337,282 | Windham 48,361
TOTAL 1,114,756
DELAWARE.--Area, 2,370 square miles.
Kent 32,721 | Newcastle 123,188 | Sussex 46,413
TOTAL 202,322
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.--Area, 70 square miles.
The District 331,069
FLORIDA.--Area, 58,666 square miles.
Alachua 34,305 | Hillsboro 78,374 | Osceola 5,507
Baker 4,805 | Holmes 11,557 | Palm Beach 5,577
Bradford 14,090 | Jackson 29,821 | Pasco 7,502
Brevard 4,717 | Jefferson 17,210 |
Calhoun 7,465 | | Polk 24,148
| Lafayette 6,710 | Putnam 13,096
Citrus 6,731 | Lake 9,509 | St. John 13,208
Clay 6,116 | Lee 6,294 | St. Lucie 4,075
Columbia 17,689 | Leon 19,427 | Santa Rosa 14,897
Dade 11,933 | Levy 10,361 |
De Soto 14,200 | | Sumter 6,696
| Liberty 4,700 | Suwanee 18,603
Duval 75,163 | Madison 16,919 | Taylor 7,103
Escambia 36,549 | Manatee 9,550 | Volusia 16,510
Franklin 5,201 | Marion 26,941 | Wakulla 4,802
Gadsden 22,198 | Monroe 21,563 |
Hamilton 11,825 | | Walton 16,460
| Nassau 10,525 | Washington 16,403
Hernando 4,997 | Orange 19,107 |
TOTAL 752,619
GEORGIA.--Area, 59,265 square miles.
Appling 12,318 | Clayton 10,453 | Forsyth 11,940
Baker 7,973 | Clinch 8,424 | Franklin 17,894
Baldwin 18,354 | Cobb 28,397 | Fulton 177,733
Banks 11,244 | Coffee 21,953 | Gilmer 9,237
Bartow 25,388 | Colquitt 19,789 | Glascock 4,669
| |
Ben Hill 11,863 | Columbia 12,328 | Glynn 15,720
Berrien 22,772 | Coweta 28,800 | Gordon 15,861
Bibb 56,646 | Crawford 8,310 | Grady 18,457
Brooks 23,832 | Crisp 16,423 | Greene 18,512
Bryan 6,702 | Dade 4,139 | Gwinnett 28,824
| |
Bulloch 26,464 | Dawson 4,686 | Habersham 10,134
Burke 27,268 | Decatur 29,045 | Hall 25,730
Butts 13,624 | Dekalb 27,881 | Hancock 19,189
Calhoun 11,334 | Dodge 20,127 | Haralson 13,514
Camden 7,690 | Dooly 20,554 | Harris 17,886
| |
Campbell 10,874 | Dougherty 16,035 | Hart 16,216
Carroll 30,855 | Douglas 8,953 | Heard 11,189
Catoosa 7,184 | Early 18,122 | Henry 19,927
Charlton 4,722 | Echols 3,309 | Houston 23,609
Chatham 79,690 | Effingham 9,971 | Irwin 10,461
| |
Chattahoochee 5,586 | Elbert 24,125 | Jackson 30,169
Chattooga 13,608 | Emanuel 25,140 | Jasper 16,552
Cherokee 16,661 | Fannin 12,574 | Jeff Davis 6,050
Clarke 23,273 | Fayette 10,966 | Jefferson 21,379
Clay 8,960 | Floyd 36,736 | Jenkins 11,520
| |
Johnson 12,897 | Paulding 14,124 | Tift 11,487
Jones 13,103 | Pickens 9,041 | Toombs 11,206
Laurens 35,501 | Pierce 10,749 | Towns 3,932
Lee 11,679 | Pike 19,495 | Troup 26,228
Liberty 12,924 | Polk 20,203 | Turner 10,075
| |
Lincoln 8,714 | Pulaski 22,835 | Twiggs 10,736
Lowndes 24,436 | Putnam 13,876 | Union 6,918
Lumpkin 5,444 | Quitman 4,594 | Upson 12,757
McDuffie 10,325 | Rabun 5,562 | Walker 18,692
McIntosh 6,442 | Randolph 18,841 | Walton 25,393
| |
Macon 15,016 | Richmond 58,886 | Ware 22,957
Madison 16,851 | Rockdale 8,916 | Warren 11,860
Marion 9,147 | Schley 5,213 | Washington 28,174
Meriwether 25,180 | Screven 20,202 | Wayne 13,069
Miller 7,986 | Spalding 19,741 | Webster 6,151
| |
Milton 7,239 | Stephens 9,728 | White 5,110
Mitchell 22,114 | Stewart 13,437 | Whitfield 15,934
Monroe 20,450 | Sumter 29,092 | Wilcox 13,486
Montgomery 19,638 | Talbot 11,696 | Wilkes 23,441
Morgan 19,717 | Taliaferro 8,766 | Wilkinson 10,078
| |
Murray 9,763 | Tattnall 18,569 | Worth 19,147
Muscogee 36,227 | Taylor 10,839 |
Newton 18,449 | Telfair 13,288 |
Oconee 11,104 | Terrell 22,003 |
Oglethorpe 18,680 | Thomas 29,071 |
TOTAL 2,609,121
IDAHO.--Area, 84,313 square miles.
Ada 29,088 | Cassia 7,197 | Lemhi 4,786
Bannock 19,242 | Custer 3,001 | Lincoln 12,676
Bear Lake 7,729 | | Nez Perce 24,860
Bingham 23,306 | Elmore 4,785 | Oneida 15,170
Blaine 8,387 | Fremont 24,606 | Owyhee 4,044
| Idaho 12,384 |
Boise 5,250 | Kootenai 22,747 | Shoshone 13,963
Bonner 13,588 | Latah 18,818 | Twin Falls 13,543
Canyon 25,323 | | Washington 11,101
TOTAL 325,594
ILLINOIS.--Area, 56,665 square miles.
Adams 64,588 | Christian 34,594 | Douglas 19,591
Alexander 22,741 | Clark 23,517 | Dupage 33,432
Bond 17,075 | Clay 18,661 | Edgar 27,336
Boone 15,481 | Clinton 22,832 | Edwards 10,049
Brown 10,397 | Coles 34,517 | Effingham 20,055
| |
Bureau 43,975 | Cook 2,405,233 | Fayette 28,075
Calhoun 8,610 | Crawford 26,281 | Ford 17,096
Carroll 18,035 | Cumberland 14,281 | Franklin 25,943
Cass 17,372 | Dekalb 33,457 | Fulton 49,549
Champaign 51,829 | Dewitt 18,906 | Gallatin 14,628
| |
Greene 22,363 | McHenry 32,509 | Rock Island 70,404
Grundy 24,162 | McLean 68,008 | St. Clair 119,870
Hamilton 18,227 | Macon 54,186 | Saline 30,204
Hancock 30,638 | Macoupin 50,685 | Sangamon 91,024
Hardin 7,015 | Madison[*] 89,847 | Schuyler 14,852
| |
Henderson 9,724 | Marion 35,094 | Scott 10,067
Henry 41,736 | Marshall 15,679 | Shelby 31,693
Iroquois 35,543 | Mason 17,377 | Stark 10,098
Jackson 35,143 | Massac 14,200 | Stephenson 36,821
Jasper 18,157 | Menard 12,796 | Tazewell 34,027
| |
Jefferson 29,111 | Mercer 19,723 | Union 21,856
Jersey 13,954 | Monroe 13,508 | Vermilion 77,996
Jo Daviess 22,657 | Montgomery 35,311 | Wabash 14,913
Johnson 14,331 | Morgan 34,420 | Warren 23,313
Kane 91,862 | Moultrie 14,630 | Washington 18,759
| |
Kankakee 40,752 | Ogle 27,864 | Wayne 25,697
Kendall 10,777 | Peoria 100,255 | White 23,052
Knox 46,159 | Perry 22,088 | Whiteside 34,507
Lake 55,058 | Platt 16,376 | Will 84,371
Lasalle 90,132 | Pike 28,622 | Williamson 45,098
| |
Lawrence 22,661 | Pope 11,215 | Winnebago 63,153
Lee 27,750 | Pulaski 15,650 | Woodford 20,506
Livingston 40,465 | Putnam 7,561 |
Logan 30,216 | Randolph 29,120 |
McDonough 26,887 | Richland 15,970 |
TOTAL 5,638,591
INDIANA.--Area, 36,354 square miles.
Adams 21,840 | Fayette 14,415 | Johnson 20,394
Allen 93,386 | Floyd 30,293 | Knox 39,183
Bartholomew 24,813 | Fountain 20,439 | Kosciusko 27,936
Benton 12,688 | Franklin 15,335 | Lagrange 15,148
Blackford 15,820 | Fulton 16,879 | Lake 82,864
| |
Boone 24,673 | Gibson 30,137 | Laporte 45,797
Brown 7,975 | Grant 51,426 | Lawrence 30,625
Carroll 17,970 | Greene 36,873 | Madison 65,224
Cass 36,368 | Hamilton 27,026 | Marion 263,661
Clark 30,260 | Hancock 19,030 | Marshall 24,175
| |
Clay 32,535 | Harrison 20,232 | Martin 12,950
Clinton 26,674 | Hendricks 20,840 | Miami 29,350
Crawford 12,057 | Henry 29,758 | Monroe 23,426
Daviess 27,747 | Howard 33,177 | Montgomery 29,296
Dearborn 21,396 | Huntington 28,982 | Morgan 21,182
| |
Decatur 18,793 | Jackson 24,727 | Newton 10,504
Dekalb 25,054 | Jasper 13,044 | Noble 24,009
Delaware 51,414 | Jay 24,961 | Ohio 4,329
Dubois 19,843 | Jefferson 20,483 | Orange 17,192
Elkhart 49,008 | Jennings 14,203 | Owen 14,053
| |
Parke 22,214 | Scott 8,323 | Vermilion 18,865
Perry 18,078 | Shelby 26,802 | Vigo 87,930
Pike 19,684 | Spencer 20,676 | Wabash 26,926
Porter 20,540 | Starke 10,567 |
Posey 21,670 | | Warren 10,899
| Steuben 14,274 | Warrick 21,911
Pulaski 13,312 | Sullivan 32,439 | Washington 17,445
Putnam 20,520 | Switzerland 9,914 | Wayne 43,757
Randolph 29,013 | Tippecanoe 40,063 | Wells 22,418
Ripley 19,452 | Tipton 17,459 |
Rush 19,349 | | White 17,602
| Union 6,260 | Whitley 16,892
St. Joseph 84,312 | Vanderburg 77,438 |
TOTAL 2,700,876
IOWA.--Area, 56,147 square miles.
Adair 14,420 | Franklin 14,780 | Monroe 25,429
Adams 10,998 | | Montgomery 16,604
Allamakee 17,328 | Fremont 15,623 | Muscatine 29,505
Appanoose 28,701 | Greene 16,023 |
Audubon 12,671 | Grundy 13,574 | O'Brien 17,262
| Guthrie 17,374 | Osceola 8,956
Benton 23,156 | Hamilton 19,242 | Page 24,002
Blackhawk 44,865 | | Palo Alto 13,845
Boone 27,626 | Hancock 12,731 | Plymouth 23,129
Bremer 15,843 | Hardin 20,921 |
Buchanan 19,748 | Harrison 23,162 | Pocahontas 14,808
| Henry 18,640 | Polk 110,438
Buena Vista 15,981 | Howard 12,920 | Pottawattamie 55,832
Butler 17,119 | | Poweshiek 19,589
Calhoun 17,090 | Humboldt 12,182 | Ringgold 12,904
Carroll 20,117 | Ida 11,296 |
Cass 19,047 | Iowa 18,409 | Sac 16,555
| Jackson 21,258 | Scott 60,000
Cedar 17,765 | Jasper 27,034 | Shelby 16,552
Cerro Gordo 25,011 | | Sioux 25,248
Cherokee 16,741 | Jefferson 15,951 | Story 24,083
Chickasaw 15,375 | Johnson 25,914 |
Clarke 10,736 | Jones 19,050 | Tama 22,156
| Keokuk 21,160 | Taylor 16,312
Clay 12,766 | Kossuth 21,971 | Union 16,616
Clayton 25,576 | | Van Buren 15,020
Clinton 45,394 | Lee 36,702 | Wapello 37,743
Crawford 20,041 | Linn 60,720 |
Dallas 23,628 | Louisa 12,855 | Warren 18,194
| Lucas 13,462 | Washington 19,925
Davis 13,315 | Lyon 14,624 | Wayne 16,184
Decatur 16,347 | | Webster 34,629
Delaware 17,688 | Madison 15,621 | Winnebago 11,914
Des Moines 36,145 | Mahaska 29,860 |
Dickinson 8,137 | Marion 22,995 | Winneshiek 21,729
| Marshall 30,279 | Woodbury 67,616
Dubuque 57,450 | Mills 15,811 | Worth 9,950
Emmet 9,816 | | Wright 17,951
Fayette 27,919 | Mitchell 13,435 |
Floyd 17,119 | Monona 16,633 |
TOTAL 2,224,771
KANSAS.--Area, 82,158 square miles.
Allen 27,640 | Greeley 1,335 | Osborne 12,827
Anderson 13,829 | Greenwood 16,060 | Ottawa 11,811
Atchison 28,107 | Hamilton 3,360 | Pawnee 8,859
Barber 9,916 | Harper 14,748 | Phillips 14,150
Barton 17,876 | Harvey 19,200 | Pottawatomie 17,522
| |
Bourbon 24,007 | Haskell 993 | Pratt 11,156
Brown 21,314 | Hodgeman 2,930 | Rawlins 6,380
Butler 23,059 | Jackson 16,861 | Reno 37,853
Chase 7,527 | Jefferson 15,826 | Republic 17,447
Chautauqua 11,429 | Jewell 18,148 | Rice 15,106
| |
Cherokee 38,162 | Johnson 18,288 | Riley 15,783
Cheyenne 4,248 | Kearny 3,206 | Rooks 11,282
Clark 4,093 | Kingman 13,386 | Rush 7,826
Clay 15,251 | Kiowa 6,174 | Russell 10,800
Cloud 18,388 | Labette 31,423 | Saline 20,338
| |
Coffey 15,205 | Lane 2,603 | Scott 3,047
Comanche 3,281 | Leavenworth 41,207 | Sedgwick 73,095
Cowley 31,790 | Lincoln 10,142 | Seward 4,091
Crawford 51,178 | Linn 14,735 | Shawnee 61,874
Decatur 8,976 | Logan 4,240 | Sheridan 5,651
| |
Dickinson 24,361 | Lyon 24,927 | Sherman 4,549
Doniphan 14,422 | McPherson 21,521 | Smith 15,365
Douglas 24,724 | Marion 22,415 | Stafford 12,510
Edwards 7,033 | Marshall 23,880 | Stanton 1,034
Elk 10,128 | Meade 5,055 | Stevens 2,453
| |
Ellis 12,170 | Miami 20,030 | Sumner 30,654
Ellsworth 10,444 | Mitchell 14,089 | Thomas 5,455
Finney 6,908 | Montgomery 49,474 | Trego 5,398
Ford 11,393 | Morris 12,397 | Wabaunsee 12,721
Franklin 20,884 | Morton 1,333 | Wallace 2,759
| |
Geary 12,681 | Nemaha 19,072 | Washington 20,229
Gove 6,044 | Neosho 23,754 | Wichita 2,006
Graham 8,700 | Ness 5,883 | Wilson 19,810
Grant 1,087 | Norton 11,614 | Woodson 9,450
Gray 3,121 | Osage 19,905 | Wyandotte 100,068
TOTAL 1,690,949
KENTUCKY.--Area, 49,598 square miles.
Adair 16,503 | Boyle 14,668 | Carroll 8,110
Allen 14,882 | Bracken 10,308 | Carter 21,966
Anderson 10,146 | Breathitt 17,540 | Casey 15,479
Ballard 12,690 | Breckinridge 21,034 | Christian 38,845
Barren 25,293 | Bullitt 9,487 | Clark 17,987
| |
Bath 13,988 | Butler 15,805 | Clay 17,789
Bell 28,447 | Caldwell 14,063 | Clinton 8,153
Boone 9,420 | Calloway 19,867 | Crittenden 13,296
Bourbon 17,462 | Campbell 59,369 | Cumberland 9,846
Boyd 23,444 | Carlisle 9,048 | Daviess 41,020
| |
Edmonson 10,469 | Knox 22,116 | Ohio 27,642
Elliott 9,814 | Larue 10,701 | Oldham 7,248
Estill 12,273 | Laurel 19,872 | Owen 14,248
Fayette 47,715 | Lawrence 20,067 | Owsley 7,979
Fleming 16,066 | Lee 9,531 | Pendleton 11,985
| |
Floyd 18,623 | Leslie 8,976 | Perry 11,255
Franklin 21,135 | Letcher 10,623 | Pike 31,679
Fulton 14,114 | Lewis 16,887 | Powell 6,268
Gallatin 4,697 | Lincoln 17,897 | Pulaski 35,986
Garrard 11,894 | Livingston 10,627 | Robertson 4,121
| |
Grant 10,581 | Logan 24,977 | Rockcastle 14,473
Graves 33,539 | Lyon 9,423 | Rowan 9,438
Grayson 19,958 | McCracken 35,064 | Russell 10,861
Green 11,871 | McLean 13,241 | Scott 16,956
Greenup 18,475 | Madison 26,951 | Shelby 18,041
| |
Hancock 8,512 | Magoffin 13,654 | Simpson 11,460
Hardin 22,696 | Marion 16,330 | Spencer 7,567
Harlan 10,566 | Marshall 15,771 | Taylor 11,961
Harrison 16,873 | Martin 7,291 | Todd 16,488
Hart 18,173 | Mason 18,611 | Trigg 14,539
| |
Henderson 29,352 | Meade 9,783 | Trimble 6,512
Henry 13,716 | Menifee 6,153 | Union 19,886
Hickman 11,750 | Mercer 14,063 | Warren 30,579
Hopkins 34,291 | Metcalfe 10,453 | Washington 13,940
Jackson 10,734 | Monroe 13,663 | Wayne 17,518
| |
Jefferson 262,920 | Montgomery 12,868 | Webster 20,974
Jessamine 12,613 | Morgan 16,259 | Whitley 31,982
Johnson 17,482 | Muhlenberg 28,589 | Wolfe 9,864
Kenton 70,355 | Nelson 16,830 | Woodford 12,571
Knott 10,791 | Nicholas 10,601 |
TOTAL 2,289,905
LOUISIANA.--Area, 48,506 square miles.
Acadia 31,847 | East Carroll 11,637 | Natchitoches 36,455
Ascension 23,887 | East Feliciana 20,055 | Orleans 339,075
Assumption 24,128 | Franklin 11,989 | Ouachita 25,830
Avoyelles 34,102 | Grant 15,958 | Plaquemines 12,524
Bienville 21,776 | Iberia 31,262 | Pointe Coupee 25,289
| |
Bossier 21,738 | Iberville 30,954 | Rapides 44,545
Caddo 58,200 | Jackson 13,818 | Red River 11,402
Calcasieu 62,767 | Jefferson 18,247 | Richland 15,769
Caldwell 8,593 | La Salle 9,402 | Sabine 19,874
Cameron 4,288 | Lafayette 28,733 | St. Bernard 5,277
| |
Catahoula 10,415 | Lafourche 33,111 | St. Charles 11,207
Claiborne 25,050 | Lincoln 18,485 | St. Helena 9,172
Concordia 14,278 | Livingston 10,627 | St. James 23,009
De Soto 27,689 | Madison 10,676 | St. John the
East Baton Rouge 34,580 | Morehouse 18,786 | Baptist 14,338
| | St. Landry 66,661
| |
St. Martin 23,070 | Terrebonne 28,320 | Webster 19,186
St. Mary 39,368 | Union 20,451 | West Baton Rouge 12,636
St. Tammany 18,917 | Vermilion 26,390 | West Carroll 6,249
Tangipahoa 29,160 | Vernon 17,384 | West Feliciana 13,449
Tensas 17,060 | Washington 18,886 | Winn 18,357
TOTAL 1,656,388
MAINE.--Area, 33,040 square miles.
Androscoggin 59,822 | Kennebec 62,863 | Piscataquis 19,887
Aroostook 74,664 | Knox 28,981 | Sagadahoc 18,574
Cumberland 112,014 | Lincoln 18,216 | Somerset 36,301
Franklin 19,119 | Oxford 36,256 | Waldo 23,383
Hancock 35,575 | Penobscot 85,285 | Washington 42,905
| | York 68,526
TOTAL 742,371
MARYLAND.--Area, 12,327 square miles.
Allegany 62,411 | Charles 16,386 | Prince Georges 36,147
Anne Arundel 39,553 | Dorchester 28,669 | Queen Annes 16,839
Baltimore 122,399 | | St. Marys 17,030
Baltimore City 558,485 | Frederick 52,673 | Somerset 26,455
Calvert 10,325 | Garrett 20,105 |
| Hartford 27,965 | Talbot 19,620
Caroline 19,216 | Howard 16,106 | Washington 48,671
Carroll 33,934 | Kent 16,957 | Wicomico 26,815
Cecil 23,759 | | Worcester 21,841
TOTAL 1,294,450
MASSACHUSETTS.--Area, 8,266 square miles.
Barnstable 27,542 | Franklin 43,600 | Norfolk 187,506
Berkshire 105,259 | Hampden 231,369 | Plymouth 144,337
Bristol 318,573 | Hampshire 63,327 | Suffolk 731,388
Dukes 4,504 | Middlesex 669,915 | Worcester 399,657
Essex 436,477 | Nantucket 2,962 |
TOTAL 3,366,416
MICHIGAN.--Area, 57,980 square miles.
Alcona 5,703 | Berrien 53,622 | Delta 30,108
Alger 7,675 | Branch 25,605 | Dickinson 20,524
Allegan 39,819 | Calhoun 56,638 | Eaton 30,499
Alpena 19,965 | Cass 20,624 | Emmet 18,561
Antrim 15,692 | Charlevoix 19,157 | Genesee 64,555
| |
Arenac 9,640 | Cheboygan 17,872 | Gladwin 8,413
Baraga 6,127 | Chippewa 24,472 | Gogebic 23,333
Barry 22,633 | Clare 9,240 | Grand Traverse 23,784
Bay 68,238 | Clinton 23,129 | Gratiot 28,820
Benzie 10,638 | Crawford 3,934 | Hillsdale 29,673
| |
Houghton 88,098 | Mackinac 9,249 | Ontonagon 8,650
Huron 34,758 | Macomb 32,606 | Osceola 17,889
Ingham 53,310 | | Oscoda 2,027
Ionia 33,550 | Manistee 26,688 | Otsego 6,552
Iosco 9,753 | Marquette 46,739 | Ottawa 45,301
| Mason 21,832 |
Iron 15,164 | Mecosta 19,466 | Presque Isle 11,249
Isabella 23,029 | Menominee 25,648 | Roscommon 2,274
Jackson 53,426 | | Saginaw 89,290
Kalamazoo 60,427 | Midland 14,005 | St. Clair 52,341
Kalkaska 8,097 | Missaukee 10,606 | St. Joseph 25,499
| Monroe 32,917 |
Kent 159,145 | Montcalm 32,069 | Sanilac 33,930
Keweenaw 7,156 | Montmorency 3,755 | Schoolcraft 8,681
Lake 4,939 | | Shiawassee 33,246
Lapeer 26,033 | Muskegon 40,577 | Tuscola 34,913
Leelanau 10,608 | Newaygo 19,220 | Van Buren 33,185
| Oakland 49,576 |
Lenawee 47,907 | Oceana 18,379 | Washtenaw 44,714
Livingston 17,736 | Ogemaw 8,907 | Wayne 531,590
Luce 4,004 | | Wexford 20,769
TOTAL 2,810,173
MINNESOTA.--Area, 84,628 square miles.
Aitkin 10,371 | Isanti 12,615 | Polk 36,001
Anoka 12,493 | | Pope 12,746
Becker 18,840 | Itasca 17,208 | Ramsey 223,675
Beltrami 19,337 | Jackson 14,491 |
Benton 11,615 | Kanabec 6,461 | Red Lake 15,940
| Kandiyohi 18,969 | Redwood 18,425
Bigstone 9,367 | Kittson 9,669 | Renville 23,123
Blue Earth 29,337 | | Rice 25,911
Brown 20,134 | Koochiching 6,431 | Rock 10,222
Carlton 17,559 | Lac qui Parle 15,435 |
Carver 17,455 | Lake 8,011 | Roseau 11,338
| Le Sueur 18,609 | St. Louis 163,274
Cass 11,620 | Lincoln 9,874 | Scott 14,888
Chippewa 13,458 | | Sheburne 8,136
Chisago 13,537 | Lyon 15,722 | Sibley 15,540
Clay 19,640 | McLeod 18,691 |
Clearwater 6,870 | Mahnomen 3,249 | Stearns 47,733
| Marshall 16,338 | Steele 16,146
Cook 1,336 | Martin 17,518 | Stevens 8,293
Cottonwood 12,651 | | Swift 12,949
Crow Wing 16,861 | Meeker 17,022 | Todd 23,407
Dakota 25,171 | Mille Lacs 10,705 |
Dodge 12,094 | Morrison 24,053 | Traverse 8,049
| Mower 22,640 | Wabasha 18,554
Douglas 17,669 | Murray 11,755 | Wadena 8,652
Faribault 19,949 | | Waseca 13,466
Fillmore 25,680 | Nicollet 14,125 | Washington 26,013
Freeborn 22,282 | Nobles 15,210 |
Goodhue 31,637 | Norman 13,446 | Watonwan 11,382
| Olmsted 22,497 | Wilkin 9,063
Grant 9,114 | Otter Tail 46,036 | Winona 33,398
Hennepin 333,480 | | Wright 28,082
Houston 14,297 | Pine 15,878 | Yellow Medicine 15,406
Hubbard 9,831 | Pipestone 9,553 |
TOTAL 2,075,708
MISSISSIPPI.--Area, 46,865 square miles.
Adams 25,265 | Itawamba 14,526 | Pearl River 10,593
Alcorn 18,159 | Jackson 15,451 | Perry 7,685
Amite 22,954 | Jasper 18,498 |
Attala 28,851 | | Pike 37,272
Benton 10,245 | Jefferson 18,221 | Pontotoc 19,688
| Jefferson Davis 12,860 | Prentiss 16,931
Bolivar 48,905 | Jones 29,885 | Quitman 11,593
Calhoun 17,726 | Kemper 20,348 | Rankin 23,944
Carroll 23,139 | Lafayette 21,883 |
Chickasaw 22,846 | | Scott 16,723
Choctaw 14,357 | Lamar 11,741 | Sharkey 15,694
| Lauderdale 46,919 | Simpson 17,201
Claiborne 17,403 | Lawrence 13,080 | Smith 16,603
Clarke 21,630 | Leake 18,298 | Sunflower 28,787
Clay 20,203 | Lee 28,894 |
Coahoma 34,217 | | Tallahatchie 29,078
Copiah 35,914 | Leflore 36,290 | Tate 19,714
| Lincoln 28,597 | Tippah 14,631
Covington 16,909 | Lowndes 30,703 | Tishomingo 13,067
De Soto 23,130 | Madison 33,505 | Tunica 18,646
Forrest 20,722 | Marion 15,599 |
Franklin 15,193 | | Union 18,997
George 6,599 | Marshall 26,796 | Warren 37,488
| Monroe 35,178 | Washington 48,933
Greene 6,050 | Montgomery 17,706 | Wayne 14,709
Grenada 15,727 | Neshoba 17,980 | Webster 14,853
Hancock 11,207 | Newton 23,085 |
Harrison 34,658 | | Wilkinson 18,075
Hinds 63,726 | Noxubee 28,503 | Winston 17,139
| Oktibbeha 19,676 | Yalobusha 21,519
Holmes 39,088 | Panola 31,274 | Yazoo 46,672
Issaquena 10,560 | |
TOTAL 1,797,114
MISSOURI.--Area, 69,420 square miles.
Adair 22,700 | Cape Girardeau 27,621 | Daviess 17,605
Andrew 15,282 | Carroll 23,098 | Dekalb 12,531
Atchison 13,604 | Carter 5,504 | Dent 13,245
Audrain 21,687 | Cass 22,973 | Douglas 16,664
Barry 23,869 | Cedar 16,080 | Dunklin 30,328
| |
Barton 16,747 | Chariton 23,503 | Franklin 29,830
Bates 25,869 | Christian 15,832 | Gasconade 12,847
Benton 14,881 | Clark 12,811 | Gentry 16,820
Bollinger 14,576 | Clay 20,302 | Greene 63,831
Boone 30,533 | Clinton 15,297 | Grundy 16,744
| |
Buchanan 93,020 | Cole 21,957 | Harrison 20,466
Butler 20,624 | Cooper 20,311 | Henry 27,242
Caldwell 14,605 | Crawford 13,576 | Hickory 8,741
Callaway 24,400 | Dade 15,613 | Holt 14,539
Camden 11,582 | Dallas 13,181 | Howard 15,653
| |
Howell 21,065 | Montgomery 15,604 | St. Clair 16,412
Iron 8,563 | | St. Francois 35,738
Jackson 263,522 | Morgan 12,863 | St. Louis 82,417
Jasper 89,673 | New Madrid 19,488 |
Jefferson 27,878 | Newton 27,136 | St. Louis City 587,029
| Nodaway 28,833 | Ste. Genevieve 10,607
Johnson 26,297 | Oregon 14,681 | Saline 29,448
Knox 12,403 | | Schuyler 9,062
Laclede 17,363 | Osage 14,283 | Scotland 11,869
Lafayette 30,154 | Ozark 11,926 |
Lawrence 26,583 | Pemiscot 19,559 | Scott 22,372
| Perry 14,898 | Shannon 11,443
Lewis 15,514 | Pettis 33,913 | Shelby 14,864
Lincoln 17,033 | | Stoddard 27,807
Linn 25,253 | Phelps 15,796 | Stone 11,559
Livingston 19,453 | Pike 22,556 |
McDonald 13,539 | Platte 14,429 | Sullivan 18,598
| Polk 21,561 | Taney 9,134
Macon 30,358 | Pulaski 11,436 | Texas 21,458
Madison 11,273 | | Vernon 28,827
Maries 10,088 | Putnam 14,308 | Warren 9,123
Marion 30,572 | Ralls 12,913 |
Mercer 13,355 | Randolph 26,182 | Washington 13,378
| Ray 21,451 | Wayne 15,181
Miller 16,717 | Reynolds 9,592 | Webster 17,377
Mississippi 14,557 | | Worth 8,007
Moniteau 14,375 | Ripley 13,099 | Wright 18,315
Monroe 18,304 | St. Charles 24,695 |
TOTAL 3,293,338
MONTANA.--Area, 146,572 square miles.
Beaverhead 6,446 | Gallatin 14,079 | Powell 5,904
Broadwater 3,491 | Granite 2,942 | Ravalli 11,666
Carbon 13,962 | Jefferson 5,601 | Rosebud 7,985
Cascade 28,833 | Lewis and Clark 21,853 | Sanders 3,713
Chouteau 17,191 | Lincoln 3,638 | Silver Bow 56,848
| | Sweet Grass 4,029
Custer 14,123 | Madison 7,229 |
Dawson 12,725 | Meagher 4,190 | Teton 9,546
Deer Lodge 12,988 | Missoula 23,596 | Valley 13,630
Fergus 17,385 | Park 10,731 | Yellowstone 22,944
Flathead 18,785 | |
TOTAL 376,053
NEBRASKA.--Area, 77,520 square miles.
Adams 20,900 | Butler 15,403 | Dakota 6,564
Antelope 14,003 | Cass 19,786 | Dawes 8,254
Banner 1,444 | Cedar 15,191 | Dawson 15,961
Blaine 1,672 | Chase 3,613 | Deuel 1,786
Boone 13,145 | Cherry 10,414 | Dixon 11,477
| |
Boxbutte 6,131 | Cheyenne 4,551 | Dodge 22,145
Boyd 8,826 | Clay 15,729 | Douglas 168,546
Brown 6,083 | Colfax 11,610 | Dundy 4,098
Buffalo 21,907 | Cuming 13,782 | Fillmore 14,674
Burt 12,726 | Custer 25,668 | Franklin 10,303
| |
Frontier 8,572 | Kimball 1,942 | Richardson 17,448
Furnas 12,083 | Knox 18,358 | Rock 3,627
Gage 30,325 | Lancaster 73,793 | Saline 17,866
Garden 3,538 | Lincoln 15,684 |
Garfield 3,417 | | Sarpy 9,274
| Logan 1,521 | Saunders 21,179
Gosper 4,933 | Loup 2,188 | Scotts Bluff 8,355
Grant 1,097 | McPherson 2,470 | Seward 15,895
Greeley 8,047 | Madison 19,101 | Sheridan 7,328
Hall 20,361 | Merrick 10,379 |
Hamilton 13,459 | | Sherman 8,278
| Morrill 4,584 | Sioux 5,599
Harlan 9,578 | Nance 8,926 | Stanton 7,542
Hayes 3,011 | Nemaha 13,095 | Thayer 14,775
Hitchcock 5,415 | Nuckolls 13,019 | Thomas 1,191
Holt 15,545 | Otoe 19,323 |
Hooker 981 | | Thurston 8,704
| Pawnee 10,582 | Valley 9,480
Howard 10,783 | Perkins 2,570 | Washington 12,738
Jefferson 16,852 | Phelps 10,451 | Wayne 10,397
Johnson 10,187 | Pierce 10,122 | Webster 12,008
Kearney 9,106 | Platte 19,006 |
Keith 3,692 | | Wheeler 2,292
| Polk 10,521 | York 18,721
Keyapaha 3,452 | Redwillow 11,056 |
TOTAL 1,192,214
NEVADA.--Area, 110,690 square miles.
Churchill 2,811 | Eureka 1,830 | Nye 7,513
Clark 3,321 | Humboldt 6,825 | Ormsby 3,089
Douglas 1,895 | Lander 1,786 | Storey 3,045
Elko 8,133 | Lincoln 3,489 | Washoe 17,434
Esmeralda 9,695 | Lyon 3,568 | White Pine 7,441
TOTAL 81,875
NEW HAMPSHIRE.--Area, 9,341 square miles.
Belknap 21,309 | Grafton 41,652 | Rockingham 52,188
Carroll 16,316 | | Strafford 38,951
Cheshire 30,659 | Hillsboro 126,072 | Sullivan 19,337
Coos 30,753 | Merrimack 53,335 |
TOTAL 430,572
NEW JERSEY.--Area, 8,224 square miles.
Atlantic 71,894 | Hudson 537,231 | Passaic 215,902
Bergen 138,002 | Hunterdon 33,569 | Salem 26,999
Burlington 66,565 | | Somerset 38,820
Camden 142,029 | Mercer 125,657 | Sussex 26,781
Cape May 19,745 | Middlesex 114,426 | Union 140,197
| Monmouth 94,734 |
Cumberland 55,153 | Morris 74,704 | Warren 43,187
Essex 512,886 | Ocean 21,318 |
Gloucester 37,368 | |
TOTAL 2,537,167
NEW MEXICO.--Area, 122,634 square miles.
Bernalillo 23,606 | Luna 3,913 | Sandoval 8,579
Chaves 16,850 | | Santa Fe 14,770
Colfax 16,460 | McKinley 12,963 |
Curry 11,443 | Mora 12,611 | Sierra 3,536
Dona Ana 12,893 | Otero 7,069 | Socorro 14,761
| Quay 14,912 | Taos 12,008
Eddy 12,400 | Rio Arriba 16,719 | Torrance 10,119
Grant 14,813 | | Union 11,404
Guadalupe 10,927 | Roosevelt 12,064 |
Lincoln 7,822 | San Juan 8,504 | Valencia 13,320
| San Miguel 22,930 |
TOTAL 327,396
NEW YORK.--Area, 49,204 square miles.
Albany 173,666 | Herkimer 56,356 | Rensselaer 122,276
Allegany 41,412 | Jefferson 80,382 | Richmond 85,969
Broome 78,809 | Kings 1,634,351 | Rockland 46,873
Cattaraugus 65,919 | Lewis 24,849 | St. Lawrence 89,005
Cayuga 67,106 | Livingston 38,037 | Saratoga 61,917
| |
Chautauqua 105,126 | Madison 39,289 | Schenectady 88,235
Chemung 54,662 | Monroe 283,212 | Schoharie 23,355
Chenango 35,575 | Montgomery 57,567 | Schuyler 14,004
Clinton 48,230 | Nassau 83,930 | Seneca 26,972
Columbia 43,658 | New York 2,762,522 | Steuben 83,362
| |
Cortland 29,249 | Niagara 92,036 | Suffolk 96,138
Delaware 45,575 | Oneida 154,157 | Sullivan 33,808
Dutchess 87,661 | Onondaga 200,298 | Tioga 25,624
Erie 528,985 | Ontario 52,286 | Tompkins 33,647
Essex 33,458 | Orange 116,001 | Ulster 91,769
| |
Franklin 45,717 | Orleans 32,000 | Warren 32,223
Fulton 44,534 | Oswego 71,664 | Washington 47,778
Genesee 37,615 | Otsego 47,216 | Wayne 50,179
Greene 30,214 | Putnam 14,665 | Westchester 283,055
Hamilton 4,373 | Queens 284,041 | Wyoming 31,880
| |
| | Yates 18,642
TOTAL 9,113,614
NORTH CAROLINA.--Area, 52,426 square miles.
Alamance 28,712 | Burke 21,408 | Clay 3,909
Alexander 11,592 | Cabarrus 26,240 | Cleveland 29,494
Alleghany 7,745 | Caldwell 20,579 | Columbus 28,020
Anson 25,465 | Camden 5,640 | Craven 25,594
Ashe 19,074 | Carteret 13,776 | Cumberland 35,284
| |
Beaufort 30,877 | Caswell 14,858 | Currituck 7,693
Bertie 23,039 | Catawba 27,918 | Dare 4,841
Bladen 18,006 | Chatham 22,635 | Davidson 29,404
Brunswick 14,432 | Cherokee 14,136 | Davie 13,394
Buncombe 49,798 | Chowan 11,303 | Duplin 25,442
| |
Durham 35,276 | Lincoln 17,132 | Robeson 51,945
Edgecombe 32,010 | McDowell 13,538 | Rockingham 36,442
Forsyth 47,311 | Macon 12,191 | Rowan 37,521
Franklin 24,692 | | Rutherford 28,385
Gaston 37,063 | Madison 20,132 | Sampson 29,982
| Martin 17,797 |
Gates 10,455 | Mecklenburg 67,031 | Scotland 15,363
Graham 4,749 | Mitchell 17,245 | Stanly 19,909
Granville 25,102 | Montgomery 14,967 | Stokes 20,151
Greene 13,083 | | Surry 29,705
Guilford 60,497 | Moore 17,010 | Swain 10,403
| Nash 33,727 |
Halifax 37,646 | New Hanover 32,037 | Transylvania 7,191
Harnett 22,174 | Northampton 22,323 | Tyrrell 5,219
Haywood 21,020 | Onslow 14,125 | Union 33,277
Henderson 16,262 | | Vance 19,425
Hertford 15,436 | Orange 15,064 | Wake 63,229
| Pamlico 9,966 |
Hyde 8,840 | Pasquotank 16,693 | Warren 20,266
Iredell 34,315 | Pender 15,471 | Washington 11,062
Jackson 12,998 | Perquimans 11,054 | Watauga 13,556
Johnston 41,401 | | Wayne 35,698
Jones 8,721 | Person 17,356 | Wilkes 30,282
| Pitt 36,340 |
Lee 11,376 | Polk 7,640 | Wilson 28,269
Lenoir 22,769 | Randolph 29,491 | Yadkin 15,428
| Richmond 19,673 | Yancey 12,072
TOTAL 2,206,287
NORTH DAKOTA.--Area, 70,837 square miles.
Adams 5,407 | Griggs 6,274 | Pierce 9,740
Barnes 18,066 | Hettinger 6,557 | Ramsey 15,199
Benson 12,681 | Kidder 5,962 | Ransom 10,345
Billings 10,186 | Lamoure 10,724 | Richland 19,659
Bottineau 17,295 | Logan 6,168 | Rolette 9,558
| |
Bowman 4,668 | McHenry 17,627 | Sargent 9,202
Burleigh 13,087 | McIntosh 7,251 | Sheridan 8,103
Cass 33,935 | McKenzie 5,720 | Stark 12,504
Cavalier 15,659 | McLean 14,578 | Steele 7,616
Dickey 9,839 | Mercer 4,665 | Stutsman 18,189
| |
Dunn 5,302 | Mountrail 8,491 | Towner 8,963
Eddy 4,800 | Morton 25,289 | Traill 12,545
Emmons 9,796 | Nelson 10,140 | Walsh 19,491
Foster 5,313 | Oliver 3,577 | Ward 42,185
Grand Forks 27,888 | Pembina 14,749 | Wells 11,814
| |
| | Williams 20,249
TOTAL 577,056
OHIO.--Area, 41,040 square miles.
Adams 24,755 | Auglaize 31,246 | Champaign 26,351
Allen 56,580 | Belmont 76,856 | Clark 66,435
Ashland 22,975 | Brown 24,832 | Clermont 29,551
Ashtabula 59,547 | Butler 70,271 | Clinton 23,680
Athens 47,798 | Carroll 15,761 | Columbiana 76,619
| |
Coshocton 30,121 | Jefferson 65,423 | Pike 15,723
Crawford 34,036 | Knox 30,181 | Portage 30,307
Cuyahoga 637,425 | Lake 22,927 | Preble 23,834
Darke 42,933 | Lawrence 39,488 | Putnam 29,972
Defiance 24,498 | Licking 55,590 | Richland 47,667
| |
Delaware 27,182 | Logan 30,084 | Ross 40,069
Erie 38,327 | Lorain 76,037 | Sandusky 35,171
Fairfield 39,201 | Lucas 192,728 | Scioto 48,463
Fayette 21,744 | Madison 19,902 | Seneca 42,421
Franklin 221,567 | Mahoning 116,151 | Shelby 24,663
| |
Fulton 23,914 | Marion 33,971 | Stark 122,987
Gallia 25,745 | Medina 23,598 | Summit 108,253
Geauga 14,670 | Meigs 25,594 | Trumbull 52,766
Greene 29,733 | Mercer 27,536 | Tuscarawas 57,035
Guernsey 42,716 | Miami 45,047 | Union 21,871
| |
Hamilton 460,732 | Monroe 24,244 | Van Wert 29,119
Hancock 37,860 | Montgomery 163,763 | Vinton 13,096
Hardin 30,407 | Morgan 16,097 | Warren 24,497
Harrison 19,076 | Morrow 16,815 | Washington 45,422
Henry 25,119 | Muskingum 57,488 | Wayne 38,058
| |
Highland 28,711 | Noble 18,601 | Williams 25,198
Hocking 23,650 | Ottawa 22,360 | Wood 46,330
Holmes 17,909 | Paulding 22,730 | Wyandot 20,760
Huron 34,206 | Perry 35,396 |
Jackson 30,791 | Pickaway 26,158 |
TOTAL 4,767,121
OKLAHOMA.--Area, 70,057 square miles.
Adair 10,535 | Dewey 14,132 | Logan 31,740
Alfalfa 18,138 | Ellis 15,375 | Love 10,236
Atoka 13,808 | Garfield 33,050 | McClain 15,659
Beaver 13,631 | Garvin 26,545 | McCurtain 20,681
Beckham 19,699 | Grady 30,309 | McIntosh 20,961
| |
Blaine 17,960 | Grant 18,760 | Major 15,248
Bryan 29,854 | Greer 16,449 | Marshall 11,619
Caddo 35,685 | Harmon 11,328 | Mayes 13,596
Canadian 23,501 | Harper 8,189 | Murray 12,744
Carter 25,358 | Haskell 18,875 | Muskogee 52,743
| |
Cherokee 16,778 | Hughes 24,040 | Noble 14,945
Choctaw 21,862 | Jackson 23,737 | Nowata 14,223
Cimarron 4,553 | Jefferson 17,430 | Okfuskee 19,995
Cleveland 18,843 | Johnston 16,734 | Oklahoma 85,232
Coal 15,817 | Kay 26,999 | Okmulgee 21,115
| |
Comanche 41,489 | Kingfisher 18,825 | Osage 20,101
Craig 17,404 | Kiowa 27,526 | Ottawa 15,713
Creek 26,223 | Latimer 11,321 | Pawnee 17,332
Custer 23,231 | Le Flore 29,127 | Payne 23,735
Delaware 11,469 | Lincoln 34,779 | Pittsburg 47,650
| |
Pontotoc 24,331 | Seminole 19,964 | Tulsa 34,995
Pottawatomie 43,595 | Sequoyah 25,005 | Wagoner 22,086
Pushmataha 10,118 | Stephens 22,252 | Washington 17,484
Roger Mills 12,861 | Texas 14,249 | Washita 25,034
Rogers 17,736 | Tillman 18,650 | Woods 17,567
| |
| | Woodward 16,592
TOTAL 1,657,155
OREGON.--Area, 96,699 square miles.
Baker 18,076 | Hood River 8,016 | Multnomah 226,261
Benton 10,663 | Jackson 25,756 | Polk 13,469
Clackamas 29,931 | Josephine 9,567 |
Clatsop 16,106 | | Sherman 4,242
Columbia 10,580 | Klamath 8,554 | Tillamook 6,266
| Lake 4,658 | Umatilla 20,309
Coos 17,959 | Lane 33,783 | Union 16,191
Crook 9,315 | Lincoln 5,587 | Wallowa 8,364
Curry 2,044 | Linn 22,662 |
Douglas 19,674 | | Wasco 16,336
Gilliam 3,701 | Malheur 8,601 | Washington 21,522
| Marion 39,780 | Wheeler 2,484
Grant 5,607 | Morrow 4,357 | Yamhill 18,285
Harney 4,059 | |
TOTAL 672,765
PENNSYLVANIA.--Area, 45,126 square miles.
Adams 34,319 | Erie 115,517 | Northampton 127,667
Allegheny 1,018,463 | | Northumberland 111,420
Armstrong 67,880 | Fayette 167,449 | Perry 24,136
Beaver 78,353 | Forest 9,435 |
Bedford 38,879 | Franklin 59,775 | Philadelphia 1,549,008
| Fulton 9,703 | Pike 8,033
Berks 183,222 | Greene 28,882 | Potter 29,729
Blair 108,858 | | Schuylkill 207,894
Bradford 54,526 | Huntingdon 38,304 | Snyder 16,800
Bucks 76,530 | Indiana 66,210 |
Butler 72,689 | Jefferson 63,090 | Somerset 67,717
| Juniata 15,013 | Sullivan 11,293
Cambria 166,131 | Lackawanna 259,570 | Susquehanna 37,746
Cameron 7,644 | | Tioga 42,829
Carbon 52,846 | Lancaster 167,029 | Union 16,249
Center 43,424 | Lawrence 70,032 |
Chester 109,213 | Lebanon 59,565 | Venango 56,359
| Lehigh 118,832 | Warren 39,573
Clarion 36,638 | Luzerne 343,186 | Washington 143,680
Clearfield 93,768 | | Wayne 29,236
Clinton 31,545 | Lycoming 80,813 | Westmoreland 231,304
Columbia 48,467 | McKean 47,868 |
Crawford 61,565 | Mercer 77,699 | Wyoming 15,509
| Mifflin 27,785 | York 136,405
Cumberland 54,479 | Monroe 22,941 |
Dauphin 136,152 | |
Delaware 117,906 | Montgomery 169,590 |
Elk 35,871 | Montour 14,868 |
TOTAL 7,665,111
RHODE ISLAND.--Area, 1,248 square miles.
Bristol 17,602 | Newport 39,335 | Washington 24,942
Kent 36,378 | Providence 424,417 |
TOTAL 542,674
SOUTH CAROLINA.--Area, 30,989 square miles.
Abbeville 34,804 | Dillon 22,615 | Marion 20,596
Aiken 41,849 | Dorchester 17,891 | Marlboro 31,189
Anderson 69,568 | Edgefield 28,281 | Newberry 34,586
Bamberg 18,544 | Fairfield 29,442 | Oconee 27,337
Barnwell 34,209 | Florence 35,671 | Orangeburg 55,893
| |
Beaufort 30,355 | Georgetown 22,270 | Pickens 25,422
Berkeley 23,487 | Greenville 68,377 | Richland 55,143
Calhoun 16,634 | Greenwood 34,225 | Saluda 20,943
Charleston 88,594 | Hampton 25,126 | Spartanburg 83,465
Cherokee 26,179 | Horry 26,995 | Sumter 38,472
| |
Chester 29,425 | Kershaw 27,094 | Union 29,911
Chesterfield 26,301 | Lancaster 26,650 | Williamsburg 37,626
Clarendon 32,188 | Laurens 41,550 | York 47,718
Colleton 35,390 | Lee 25,318 |
Darlington 36,027 | Lexington 32,040 |
TOTAL 1,515,400
SOUTH DAKOTA.--Area, 77,615 square miles.
Armstrong 647 | Fall River 7,763 | Minnehaha 29,631
Aurora 6,143 | Faulk 6,716 |
Beadle 15,776 | Grant 10,303 | Moody 8,695
Bonhomme 11,061 | | Pennington 12,453
Brookings 14,178 | Gregory 13,061 | Perkins 11,348
| Hamlin 7,475 | Potter 4,466
Brown 25,867 | Hand 7,870 | Roberts 14,897
Brule 6,451 | Hanson 6,237 |
Buffalo 1,589 | Harding 4,228 | Sanborn 6,607
Butte 4,993 | | Schnasse 292
Campbell 5,244 | Hughes 6,271 | Spink 15,981
| Hutchinson 12,319 | Stanley 14,975
Charles Mix 14,899 | Hyde 3,307 | Sterling 252
Clark 10,901 | Jerauld 5,120 |
Clay 8,711 | Kingsbury 12,560 | Sully 2,462
Codington 14,092 | | Tripp 8,323
Corson 2,929 | Lake 10,711 | Turner 13,840
| Lawrence 19,694 | Union 10,676
Custer 4,458 | Lincoln 12,712 | Walworth 6,488
Davison 11,625 | Lyman 10,848 |
Day 14,372 | McCook 9,589 | Yankton 13,135
Deuel 7,768 | | Pine Ridge Indian
Dewey 1,145 | McPherson 6,791 | Reservation 6,607
| Marshall 8,021 | Rosebud Indian
Douglas 6,400 | Meade 12,640 | Reservation 3,960
Edmunds 7,654 | Miner 7,661 |
TOTAL 583,888
TENNESSEE.--Area, 42,022 square miles.
Anderson 17,717 | Hancock 10,778 | Morgan 11,458
Bedford 22,667 | Hardeman 23,011 | Obion 29,946
Benton 12,452 | | Overton 15,854
Bledsoe 6,329 | Hardin 17,521 | Perry 8,815
Blount 20,809 | Hawkins 23,587 | Pickett 5,087
| Haywood 25,910 |
Bradley 16,336 | Henderson 17,030 | Polk 14,116
Campbell 27,387 | Henry 25,434 | Putnam 20,023
Cannon 10,825 | | Rhea 15,410
Carroll 23,971 | Hickman 16,527 | Roane 22,860
Carter 19,838 | Houston 6,224 | Robertson 25,466
| Humphreys 13,908 |
Cheatham 10,540 | Jackson 15,036 | Rutherford 33,199
Chester 9,090 | James 5,210 | Scott 12,947
Claiborne 23,504 | | Sequatchie 4,202
Clay 9,009 | Jefferson 17,755 | Sevier 22,296
Cocke 19,399 | Johnson 13,191 | Shelby 191,439
| Knox 94,187 |
Coffee 15,625 | Lake 8,704 | Smith 18,548
Crockett 16,076 | Lauderdale 21,105 | Stewart 14,860
Cumberland 9,327 | | Sullivan 28,120
Davidson 149,478 | Lawrence 17,569 | Sumner 25,621
Decatur 10,093 | Lewis 6,033 | Tipton 29,459
| Lincoln 25,908 |
Dekalb 15,434 | Loudon 13,612 | Trousdale 5,874
Dickson 19,955 | McMinn 21,046 | Unicoi 7,201
Dyer 27,721 | | Union 11,414
Fayette 30,257 | McNairy 16,356 | Van Buren 2,784
Fentress 7,446 | Macon 14,559 | Warren 16,534
| Madison 39,357 |
Franklin 20,491 | Marion 18,820 | Washington 28,968
Gibson 41,630 | Marshall 16,872 | Wayne 12,062
Giles 32,629 | | Weakley 31,929
Grainger 13,888 | Maury 40,456 | White 5,420
Greene 31,083 | Meigs 6,131 | Williamson 24,213
| Monroe 20,716 |
Grundy 8,322 | Montgomery 33,672 | Wilson 25,394
Hamblen 13,650 | Moore 4,800 |
Hamilton 89,267 | |
TOTAL 2,184,739
TEXAS.--Area, 265,896 square miles.
Anderson 29,650 | Bastrop 25,344 | Brazos 18,919
Andrews 975 | Baylor 8,411 | Brewster 5,220
Angelina 17,705 | Bee 12,090 | Briscoe 2,162
Aransas 2,106 | Bell 49,186 | Brown 22,935
Archer 6,525 | Bexar 119,676 | Burleson 18,687
| |
Armstrong 2,682 | Blanco 4,311 | Burnet 10,755
Atascosa 10,004 | Borden 1,386 | Caldwell 24,237
Austin 17,699 | Bosque 19,013 | Calhoun 3,635
Bailey 312 | Bowie 4,827 | Callahan 12,973
Bandera 4,921 | Brazoria 13,299 | Cameron 27,158
| |
Camp 9,551 | Gaines 1,255 | Knox 9,625
Carson 2,127 | Galveston 44,479 | La Salle 4,747
Cass 27,587 | Garza 1,995 | Lamar 46,544
Castro 1,850 | Gillespie 9,447 | Lamb 540
Chambers 4,234 | Glasscock 1,143 | Lampasas 9,532
| |
Cherokee 29,038 | Goliad 9,909 | Lavaca 26,418
Childress 9,538 | Gonzales 28,055 | Lee 13,132
Clay 17,043 | Gray 3,405 | Leon 16,583
Cochran 65 | Grayson 65,996 | Liberty 10,686
Coke 6,412 | Gregg 14,140 | Limestone 34,621
| |
Coleman 22,618 | Grimes 21,205 | Lipscomb 2,634
Collin 49,021 | Guadalupe 24,913 | Live Oak 3,442
Collingsworth 5,224 | Hale 7,566 | Llano 6,520
Colorado 18,897 | Hall 8,279 | Loving 249
Comal 8,434 | Hamilton 15,315 | Lubbock 3,624
| |
Comanche 27,186 | Hansford 935 | Lynn 1,713
Concho 6,654 | Hardeman 11,213 | McCulloch 13,405
Cooke 26,603 | Hardin 12,947 | McLennan 73,250
Coryell 21,703 | Harris 115,693 | McMullen 1,091
Cottle 4,396 | Harrison 37,243 | Madison 10,318
| |
Crane 331 | Hartley 1,298 | Marion 10,472
Crockett 1,296 | Haskell 16,249 | Martin 1,549
Crosby 1,765 | Hays 15,518 | Mason 5,683
Dallam 4,001 | Hemphill 3,170 | Matagorda 13,594
Dallas 135,748 | Henderson 20,131 | Maverick 5,151
| |
Dawson 2,320 | Hidalgo 13,728 | Medina 13,415
De Witt 23,501 | Hill 46,760 | Menard 2,707
Deaf Smith 3,942 | Hockley 137 | Midland 3,464
Delta 14,566 | Hood 10,008 | Milam 36,780
Denton 31,258 | Hopkins 31,038 | Mills 9,694
| |
Dickens 3,092 | Houston 29,564 | Mitchell 8,956
Dimmit 3,460 | Howard 8,881 | Montague 25,123
Donley 5,284 | Hunt 48,116 | Montgomery 15,679
Duval 8,964 | Hutchinson 892 | Moore 561
Eastland 23,421 | Irion 1,283 | Morris 10,439
| |
Ector 1,178 | Jack 11,817 | Motley 2,396
Edwards 3,768 | Jackson 6,471 | Nacogdoches 27,406
El Paso 52,599 | Jasper 14,000 | Navarro 47,070
Ellis 53,629 | Jeff Davis 1,678 | Newton 10,850
Erath 32,095 | Jefferson 38,182 | Nolan 11,999
| |
Falls 35,649 | Johnson 34,460 | Nueces 21,955
Fannin 44,801 | Jones 24,299 | Ochiltree 1,602
Fayette 29,796 | Karnes 14,942 | Oldham 812
Fisher 12,596 | Kaufman 35,323 | Orange 9,528
Floyd 4,638 | Kendall 4,517 | Palo Pinto 19,506
| |
Foard 5,726 | Kent 2,655 | Panola 20,424
Fort Bend 18,168 | Kerr 5,505 | Parker 26,331
Franklin 9,331 | Kimble 3,261 | Parmer 1,555
Freestone 20,557 | King 810 | Pecos 2,071
Frio 8,895 | Kinney 3,401 | Polk 17,459
| |
Potter 12,424 | Sherman 1,376 | Val Verde 8,613
Presidio 5,218 | Smith 41,746 |
Rains 6,787 | Somervell 3,931 | Van Zandt 25,651
Randall 3,312 | | Victoria 14,990
Reagan 392 | Starr 13,151 | Walker 16,061
| Stephens 7,980 | Waller 12,138
Red River 28,564 | Sterling 1,493 | Ward 2,389
Reeves 4,392 | Stonewall 5,320 |
Refugio 2,814 | Sutton 1,569 | Washington 25,561
Roberts 950 | | Webb 22,503
Robertson 27,454 | Swisher 4,012 | Wharton 21,123
| Tarrant 108,572 | Wheeler 5,258
Rockwall 8,072 | Taylor 26,293 | Wichita 16,094
Runnels 20,858 | Terrell 1,430 |
Rusk 26,946 | Terry 1,474 | Wilbarger 12,000
Sabine 8,582 | | Williamson 42,228
San Augustine 11,264 | Throckmorton 4,563 | Wilson 17,066
| Titus 16,422 | Winkler 442
San Jacinto 9,542 | Tom Green 17,882 | Wise 26,450
San Patricio 7,307 | Travis 55,620 |
San Saba 11,245 | Trinity 12,768 | Wood 23,417
Schleicher 1,893 | | Yoakum 602
Scurry 10,924 | Tyler 10,250 | Young 13,657
| Upshur 19,960 | Zapata 3,809
Shackelford 4,201 | Upton 501 | Zavalla 1,889
Shelby 26,423 | Uvalde 11,233 |
TOTAL 3,896,542
UTAH.--Area, 84,990 square miles.
Beaver 4,717 | Kane 1,652 | Tooele 7,924
Boxelder 13,894 | Millard 6,118 | Uinta 7,050
Cache 23,062 | Morgan 2,467 | Utah 37,942
Carbon 8,624 | Piute 1,734 | Wasatch 8,920
Davis 10,191 | Rich 1,883 | Washington 5,123
| |
Emery 6,750 | Salt Lake 131,426 | Wayne 1,749
Garfield 3,660 | San Juan 2,377 | Weber 35,179
Grand 1,595 | Sanpete 16,704 |
Iron 3,933 | Sevier 9,775 |
Juab 10,702 | Summit 8,200 |
TOTAL 373,351
VERMONT.--Area, 9,564 square miles.
Addison 20,010 | Franklin 29,866 | Rutland 48,139
Bennington 21,378 | Grand Isle 3,761 | Washington 41,702
Caledonia 26,031 | Lamoille 12,585 | Windham 26,932
Chittenden 42,447 | Orange 18,703 | Windsor 33,681
Essex 7,384 | Orleans 23,337 |
TOTAL 355,956
VIRGINIA.--Area, 42,627 square miles.
Accomac 36,650 | Amherst 18,932 | Bland 5,154
Albemarle 29,871 | Appomattox 8,904 | Botetourt 17,727
Alexandria 10,231 | Augusta 32,445 | Brunswick 19,244
Alleghany 14,173 | Bath 6,538 | Buchanan 12,334
Amelia 8,720 | Bedford 29,549 | Buckingham 15,204
| |
Campbell 23,043 | Highland 5,317 | Prince Edward 14,266
Caroline 16,596 | Isle of Wight 14,929 | Prince George 7,848
Carroll 21,116 | James City 3,624 |
Charles City 5,253 | King and Queen 9,576 | Prince William 12,026
Charlotte 15,785 | King George 6,378 | Princess Anne 11,526
| | Pulaski 17,246
Chesterfield 21,299 | King William 8,547 | Rappahannock 8,044
Clarke 7,468 | Lancaster 9,752 | Richmond 7,415
Craig 4,711 | Lee 23,840 |
Culpeper 13,472 | Loudoun 21,167 | Roanoke 19,623
Cumberland 9,195 | Louisa 16,578 | Rockbridge 21,171
| | Rockingham 34,903
Dickenson 9,199 | Lunenburg 12,780 | Russell 23,474
Dinwiddie 15,442 | Madison 10,055 | Scott 23,814
Elizabeth City 21,225 | Mathews 8,922 |
Essex 9,105 | Mecklenburg 28,956 | Shenandoah 20,942
Fairfax 20,536 | Middlesex 8,852 | Smyth 20,326
| | Southampton 26,302
Fauquier 22,526 | Montgomery 17,268 | Spotsylvania 9,935
Floyd 14,092 | Nansemond 26,886 | Stafford 8,070
Fluvanna 8,323 | Nelson 16,821 |
Franklin 26,480 | New Kent 4,682 | Surry 9,715
Frederick 12,787 | Norfolk 52,744 | Sussex 13,664
| | Tazewell 24,946
Giles 11,623 | Northampton 16,672 | Warren 8,589
Gloucester 12,477 | Northumberland 10,777 | Warwick 6,041
Goochland 9,237 | Nottoway 13,462 |
Grayson 19,856 | Orange 13,486 | Washington 32,830
Greene 6,937 | Page 14,147 | Westmoreland 9,313
| | Wise 34,162
Greenesville 11,890 | Patrick 17,195 | Wythe 20,372
Halifax 40,044 | Pittsylvania 50,709 | York 7,757
Hanover 17,200 | Powhatan 6,099 |
Henrico 23,437 | |
Henry 18,459 | |
TOTAL 2,061,612
WASHINGTON.--Area, 69,127 square miles.
Adams 10,920 | Grant 8,698 | Pierce 120,812
Asotin 5,831 | Island 4,704 | San Juan 3,603
Benton 7,937 | | Skagit 29,241
Chehalis 35,590 | Jefferson 8,337 | Skamania 2,887
Chelan 15,104 | King 284,638 | Snohomish 59,209
| Kitsap 17,647 |
Clallam 6,755 | Kittitas 18,561 | Spokane 139,404
Clarke 26,115 | Klickitat 10,180 | Stevens 25,297
Columbia 7,042 | | Thurston 17,581
Cowlitz 12,561 | Lewis 32,127 | Wahkiakum 3,285
Douglas 9,227 | Lincoln 17,539 | Walla Walla 31,931
| Mason 5,156 |
Ferry 4,800 | Okanogan 12,887 | Whatcom 49,511
Franklin 5,153 | Pacific 12,532 | Whitman 33,280
Garfield 4,199 | | Yakima 41,709
TOTAL 1,141,990
WEST VIRGINIA.--Area, 24,170 square miles.
Barbour 15,858 | Kanawha 81,457 | Pocahontas 14,740
Berkeley 21,999 | | Preston 26,341
Boone 10,331 | Lewis 18,281 | Putnam 18,587
Braxton 23,023 | Lincoln 20,491 |
Brooke 11,098 | Logan 14,476 | Raleigh 25,633
| McDowell 47,856 | Randolph 26,028
Cabell 46,685 | Marion 42,794 | Ritchie 17,875
Calhoun 11,258 | | Roane 21,543
Clay 10,233 | Marshall 32,388 | Summers 18,420
Doddridge 12,672 | Mason 23,019 |
Fayette 51,903 | Mercer 38,371 | Taylor 16,554
| Mineral 16,674 | Tucker 18,675
Gilmer 11,379 | Mingo 19,431 | Tyler 16,211
Grant 7,838 | | Upshur 16,629
Greenbrier 24,833 | Monongalia 24,334 | Wayne 24,081
Hampshire 11,694 | Monroe 13,055 |
Hancock 10,465 | Morgan 7,848 | Webster 9,680
| Nicholas 17,699 | Wetzel 23,855
Hardy 9,163 | Ohio 57,572 | Wirt 9,047
Harrison 48,381 | | Wood 38,001
Jackson 20,956 | Pendleton 9,349 | Wyoming 10,392
Jefferson 15,889 | Pleasants 8,074 |
TOTAL 1,221,119
WISCONSIN.--Area, 56,066 square miles.
Adams 8,604 | Iowa 22,497 | Polk 21,367
Ashland 21,965 | | Portage 30,945
Barron 29,114 | Iron 8,306 | Price 13,795
Bayfield 15,987 | Jackson 17,075 |
Brown 54,098 | Jefferson 34,306 | Racine 57,424
| Juneau 19,569 | Richland 18,809
Buffalo 16,006 | Kenosha 32,929 | Rock 55,538
Burnett 9,026 | | Rusk 11,160
Calumet 16,701 | Kewaunee 16,784 | St. Croix 25,910
Chippewa 32,103 | La Crosse 43,996 |
Clark 30,074 | Lafayette 20,075 | Sauk 32,869
| Langlade 17,062 | Sawyer 6,227
Columbia 31,129 | Lincoln 19,064 | Shawano 31,884
Crawford 16,288 | | Sheboygan 54,888
Dane 77,435 | Manitowoc 44,978 | Taylor 13,641
Dodge 47,436 | Marathon 55,054 |
Door 18,711 | Marinette 33,812 | Trempealeau 22,928
| Marquette 10,741 | Vernon 28,116
Douglas 47,422 | Milwaukee 433,187 | Vilas 6,019
Dunn 25,260 | | Walworth 29,614
Eau Claire 32,721 | Monroe 28,881 | Washburn 8,196
Florence 3,381 | Oconto 25,657 |
Fond du Lac 51,610 | Oneida 11,433 | Washington 23,784
| Outagamie 49,102 | Waukesha 37,100
Forest 6,782 | Ozaukee 17,123 | Waupaca 32,782
Grant 39,007 | | Waushara 18,886
Green 21,641 | Pepin 7,577 | Winnebago 62,116
Green Lake 15,491 | Pierce 22,079 |
| | Wood 30,583
TOTAL 2,333,860
WYOMING.--Area, 97,914 square miles.
Albany 11,574 | Fremont 11,822 | Sheridan 16,324
Bighorn 8,886 | Johnson 3,453 | Sweetwater 11,575
Carbon 11,282 | Laramie 26,127 | Uinta 16,982
Converse 6,294 | Natrona 4,766 | Weston 4,960
Crook 6,492 | Park 4,909 | National Park
| | Reservation 519
TOTAL 145,935
POPULATION OF CITIES
OF THE
UNITED STATES
_Census of 1910_
Cities of over 100,000 population
Albany, N. Y. 100,253 | Minneapolis, Minn. 301,408
Atlanta, Ga. 154,839 | Nashville, Tenn. 110,364
Baltimore, Md. 558,485 | Newark, N. J. 347,469
Birmingham, Ala. 132,685 | New Haven, Conn. 133,605
Boston, Mass. 670,585 | New Orleans, La. 339,075
|
Bridgeport, Conn. 102,054 | New York, N. Y. 4,766,883
Buffalo, N. Y. 423,715 | Oakland, Cal. 150,174
Cambridge, Mass. 104,839 | Omaha, Neb. 124,096
Chicago, Ill. 2,185,283 | Paterson, N. J. 125,600
Cincinnati, Ohio 364,463 | Philadelphia, Pa. 1,549,008
|
Cleveland, Ohio 560,663 | Pittsburgh, Pa. 533,905
Columbus, Ohio 181,548 | Portland, Ore. 207,214
Dayton, Ohio 116,577 | Providence, R. I. 224,326
Denver, Colo. 213,381 | Richmond, Va. 127,628
Detroit, Mich. 465,766 | Rochester, N. Y. 218,149
|
Fall River, Mass. 119,295 | St. Louis, Mo. 687,029
Grand Rapids, Mich. 112,571 | St. Paul, Minn. 214,744
Indianapolis, Ind. 233,650 | San Francisco, Cal. 416,912
Jersey City, N. J. 267,779 | Scranton, Pa. 129,867
Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 | Seattle, Wash. 237,194
|
Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 | Spokane, Wash. 104,402
Louisville, Ky. 223,928 | Syracuse, N. Y. 137,249
Lowell, Mass. 106,294 | Toledo, Ohio 168,497
Memphis, Tenn. 131,105 | Washington, D. C. 331,069
Milwaukee, Wis. 373,857 | Worcester, Mass. 145,986
Cities of from 25,000 to 100,000 population
Akron, Ohio 69,067 | Auburn, N. Y. 34,668
Allentown, Pa. 51,913 | Augusta, Ga. 41,040
Altoona, Pa. 52,127 | Aurora, Ill. 29,807
Amsterdam, N. Y. 31,267 | Austin, Tex. 29,860
Atlantic City, N. J. 46,150 | Battle Creek, Mich. 25,267
Bay City, Mich. 45,166 | Hoboken, N. J. 70,324
Bayonne, N. J. 55,545 | Holyoke, Mass. 57,730
Berkeley, Cal. 40,434 | Houston, Tex. 78,800
Binghamton, N. Y. 48,443 | Huntington, W. Va. 31,161
Bloomington, Ill. 25,768 | Jackson, Mich. 31,433
|
Brockton, Mass. 56,878 | Jacksonville, Fla. 57,699
Brookline, Mass. 27,792 | Jamestown, N. Y. 31,297
Butte, Mont. 39,165 | Johnstown, Pa. 55,482
Camden, N. J. 94,538 | Joliet, Ill. 34,670
Canton, Ohio 50,217 | Joplin, Mo. 32,073
|
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 32,811 | Kalamazoo, Mich. 39,437
Charleston, S. C. 58,833 | Kansas City, Kans. 82,331
Charlotte, N. C. 34,014 | Kingston, N. Y. 25,908
Chattanooga, Tenn. 44,604 | Knoxville, Tenn. 36,346
Chelsea, Mass. 32,452 | La Crosse, Wis. 30,417
|
Chester, Pa. 38,537 | Lancaster, Pa. 47,227
Chicopee, Mass. 25,401 | Lansing, Mich. 31,229
Clinton, Iowa 25,577 | Lawrence, Mass. 85,892
Colorado Springs, Colo. 29,078 | Lewiston, Me. 26,247
Columbia, S. C. 26,319 | Lexington, Ky. 35,099
|
Council Bluffs, Iowa 29,292 | Lima, Ohio 30,508
Covington, Ky. 53,270 | Lincoln, Nebr. 43,973
Dallas, Tex. 92,104 | Little Rock, Ark. 45,941
Danville, Ill. 27,871 | Lorain, Ohio 28,883
Davenport, Iowa 43,028 | Lynchburg, Va. 29,494
|
Decatur, Ill. 31,140 | Lynn, Mass. 89,336
Des Moines, Iowa 86,368 | Macon, Ga. 40,665
Dubuque, Iowa 38,494 | McKeesport, Pa. 42,694
Duluth, Minn. 78,466 | Madison, Wis. 25,531
Easton, Pa. 28,523 | Malden, Mass. 44,404
|
East Orange, N. J. 34,371 | Manchester, N. H. 70,063
East St. Louis, Ill. 58,547 | Meriden, Conn. 27,265
El Paso, Tex. 39,279 | Mobile, Ala. 51,521
Elgin, Ill. 25,976 | Montgomery, Ala. 38,136
Elizabeth, N. J. 73,409 | Mount Vernon, N. Y. 30,919
|
Elmira, N. Y. 37,176 | Muskogee, Okla. 25,278
Erie, Pa. 66,525 | Nashua, N. H. 26,005
Evansville, Ind. 69,647 | Newark, Ohio 25,404
Everett, Mass. 33,484 | New Bedford, Mass. 96,652
Fitchburg, Mass. 37,826 | New Britain, Conn. 43,916
|
Flint, Mich. 38,550 | Newburgh, N. Y. 27,805
Fort Wayne, Ind. 63,933 | Newcastle, Pa. 36,280
Fort Worth, Tex. 73,312 | Newport, Ky. 30,309
Galveston, Tex. 36,981 | Newport, R. I. 27,149
Green Bay, Wis. 25,236 | New Rochelle, N. Y. 28,867
|
Hamilton, Ohio 35,279 | Newton, Mass. 39,806
Harrisburg, Pa. 64,186 | Niagara Falls, N. Y. 30,445
Hartford, Conn. 98,915 | Norfolk, Va. 67,452
Haverhill, Mass. 44,115 | Norristown, Pa. 27,875
Hazleton, Pa. 25,452 | Ogden, Utah 25,580
Oklahoma City, Okla. 64,205 | South Omaha, Nebr. 26,259
Orange, N. J. 29,630 | Springfield, Ill. 51,678
Oshkosh, Wis. 33,062 | Springfield, Mass. 88,926
Pasadena, Cal. 30,291 | Springfield, Mo. 35,201
Passaic, N. J. 54,773 | Springfield, Ohio. 46,921
|
Pawtucket, R. I. 51,622 | Stamford, Conn. 25,138
Peoria, Ill. 66,950 | Superior, Wis. 40,384
Perth Amboy, N. J. 32,121 | Tacoma, Wash. 83,743
Pittsfield, Mass. 32,121 | Tampa, Fla. 37,782
Portland, Me. 58,571 | Taunton, Mass. 34,259
|
Portsmouth, Va. 33,190 | Terre Haute, Ind. 58,157
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 27,936 | Topeka, Kans. 43,684
Pueblo Colo. 44,395 | Trenton, N. J. 96,815
Quincy, Ill. 36,587 | Troy, N. Y. 76,813
Quincy, Mass. 32,642 | Utica N. Y. 74,419
|
Racine, Wis. 38,002 | Waco, Tex. 26,425
Heading, Pa. 96,071 | Waltham, Mass. 27,834
Roanoke, Va. 34,874 | Warwick, R. I. 26,629
Rockford, Ill. 45,401 | Waterbury, Conn. 73,141
Sacramento, Cal. 44,696 | Waterloo, Iowa 26,693
|
Saginaw, Mich. 50,510 | Watertown, N. Y. 26,730
St. Joseph, Mo. 77,403 | West Hoboken, N. J. 35,403
Salem, Mass. 43,697 | Wheeling, W. Va. 41,641
Salt Lake City, Utah 92,777 | Wichita, Kans. 52,450
San Antonio, Tex. 96,614 | Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 67,105
|
San Diego, Cal. 39,578 | Williamsport, Pa. 31,860
San Jose, Cal. 28,946 | Wilmington, Del. 87,411
Savannah, Ga. 65,064 | Wilmington, N. C. 25,748
Schenectady, N. Y. 72,826 | Woonsocket, R. I. 38,125
Sheboygan, Wis. 26,398 | Yonkers, N. Y. 79,803
|
Shenandoah, Pa. 25,774 | York, Pa. 44,750
Shreveport, La. 28,015 | Youngstown, Ohio 79,066
Sioux City, Iowa 47,828 | Zanesville, Ohio 28,026
Somerville, Mass. 77,236 |
South Bend, Ind. 53,684 |
NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.
-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------
| NUMBER | LAND | VALUE OF | VALUE OF | IMPLEMENTS
| OF | IN | FARMS. | FARMS. | AND
STATE.| FARMS. | FARMS. | (LAND.) | (BUILDINGS.) | MACHINERY.
| | (ACRES.) | | |
-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------
The United | | | |
States |6,398,491| 75,788,000|$28,457,789,000|$6,302,777,000|$1,270,528,000
Alabama 262,720| 20,713,000| 216,510,000| 71,163,000| 16,279,000
Arizona 8,078| 1,242,000| 42,116,000| 4,918,000| 1,779,000
Arkansas 214,275| 17,377,000| 245,137,000| 62,992,000| 16,806,000
California 87,670| 27,883,000| 1,315,718,000| 132,842,000| 36,393,000
Colorado 45,839| 13,448,000| 361,680,000| 45,335,000| 12,761,000
Connecticut | | | |
| 26,431| 2,176,000| 71,527,000| 65,094,000| 6,865,000
Delaware 10,800| 1,037,000| 34,810,000| 18,117,000| 3,202,000
District of | | | |
Columbia 214| 6,000| 5,466,000| 835,000| 62,000
Florida 49,834| 5,231,000| 93,288,000| 24,335,000| 4,429,000
Georgia 290,499| 26,866,000| 369,120,000| 108,483,000| 20,883,000
Idaho | 30,741| 5,269,000| 219,346,000| 25,074,000| 10,459,000
Illinois 250,853| 32,471,000| 3,081,564,000| 429,630,000| 73,533,000
Indiana 214,741| 21,264,000| 1,325,475,000| 264,750,000| 40,880,000
Iowa | 216,807| 33,905,000| 2,799,025,000| 454,694,000| 95,273,000
Kansas | 177,299| 43,261,000| 1,534,552,000| 199,101,000| 48,244,000
Kentucky 258,742| 22,159,000| 483,127,000| 150,655,000| 20,793,000
Louisiana 120,270| 10,519,000| 189,071,000| 49,611,000| 18,951,000
Maine | 59,773| 6,291,000| 85,923,000| 72,753,000| 14,476,000
Maryland 48,769| 5,051,000| 163,023,000| 77,751,000| 11,845,000
Massachusetts | | | |
| 36,512| 2,870,000| 104,273,000| 87,025,000| 11,512,000
Michigan 206,376| 18,913,000| 612,143,000| 284,914,000| 49,771,000
Minnesota 155,759| 27,623,000| 1,016,889,000| 242,621,000| 52,243,000
Mississippi | | | |
| 273,820| 18,419,000| 250,715,000| 79,580,000| 16,726,000
Missouri 276,081| 34,516,000| 1,441,529,000| 268,976,000| 50,769,000
Montana 25,946| 13,499,000| 225,819,000| 24,666,000| 10,522,000
Nebraska 129,419| 38,553,000| 1,613,077,000| 198,480,000| 44,215,000
Nevada | 2,660| 2,585,000| 34,876,000| 4,277,000| 1,558,000
-------+---------+-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------
NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF FARMS, BY STATES: 1910.--Continued
-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
| NUMBER | LAND | VALUE OF | VALUE OF | IMPLEMENTS
| OF | IN | FARMS. | FARMS. | AND
STATE. | FARMS. | FARMS. | (LAND.) |(BUILDINGS.) | MACHINERY.
| | (ACRES.) | | |
-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
New Hampshire| 26,913| 3,242,000| $44,327,000| $41,215,000| $5,870,000
New Jersey | 33,161| 2,562,000| 122,357,000| 90,784,000| 12,955,000
New Mexico | 35,032| 11,225,000| 98,496,000| 12,934,000| 4,101,000
New York | 214,650| 21,998,000| 703,214,000| 473,008,000| 83,330,000
North | | | | |
Carolina | 253,425| 22,400,000| 342,545,000| 113,170,000| 18,415,000
North Dakota | 74,165| 28,392,000| 729,896,000| 92,139,000| 43,887,000
Ohio | 271,383| 24,074,000| 1,283,827,000| 366,919,000| 51,115,000
Oklahoma | 189,438| 28,717,000| 647,178,000| 89,295,000| 27,002,000
Oregon | 45,128| 11,628,000| 409,949,000| 43,622,000| 13,135,000
Pennsylvania | 218,394| 18,556,000| 627,185,000| 408,115,000| 70,547,000
Porto Rico | 58,371| 2,085,000| 73,968,000| 8,752,000| 8,711,000
Rhode Island | 5,191| 442,000| 14,837,000| 12,619,000| 1,753,000
South | | | | |
Carolina | 176,180| 13,469,000| 267,931,000| 63,902,000| 14,067,000
South Dakota | 77,314| 25,952,000| 901,134,000| 102,317,000| 33,762,000
Tennessee | 245,509| 20,011,000| 370,783,000| 108,823,000| 21,260,000
Texas | 416,377|109,226,000| 1,613,513,000| 209,200,000| 56,533,000
Utah | 21,426| 33,540,000| 98,891,000| 17,987,000| 4,451,000
Vermont | 32,598| 4,653,000| 58,255,000| 54,072,000| 10,162,000
Virginia | 183,762| 19,476,000| 393,837,000| 137,081,000| 18,079,000
Washington | 55,744| 11,663,000| 515,918,000| 54,224,000| 16,653,000
West Virginia| 95,876| 9,961,000| 205,610,000| 56,848,000| 6,962,000
Wisconsin | 176,546| 21,012,000| 909,462,000| 288,096,000| 52,783,000
Wyoming | 10,980| 8,543,000| 88,877,000| 8,983,000| 3,765,000
-------------+--------+-----------+--------------+-------------+-----------
TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS
_Census of 1890_
ALL OCCUPATIONS (persons engaged in) 22,735,861
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND MINING, total, 9,013,336
Agricultural labore 3,004,061
Apiarists 1,778
Dairymen and dairywomen 17,895
Farmers, planters, and overseers 5,281,557
Fishermen and oystermen 60,162
Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers 72,601
Lumbermen and raftsmen 65,866
Miners (coal) 208,545
Miners (not otherwise specified) 141,047
Quarrymen 37,656
Stock raisers, herders, and drovers 70,729
Wood choppers 33,697
Other agricultural pursuits 17,747
PROFESSIONAL SERVICE, 944,333
Actors 9,728
Architects 8,070
Artists and teachers of art 22,496
Authors and literary and scientific persons 6,714
Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists 4,503
Clergymen 88,203
Dentists 17,498
Designers, draughtsmen, and inventors 9,391
Engineers (civil, mechanical, electrical, and
mining and surveyors) 43,239
Journalists 21,849
Lawyers 89,630
Musicians and teachers of music 62,155
Officers of the United States army and navy 2,926
Officials (Government) 79,664
Physicians and surgeons 104,805
Professors in colleges and universities 5,393
Teachers 341,952
Theatrical managers, showmen, etc. 18,055
Veterinary surgeons 6,494
Other professional service 1,569
DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE, 4,360,577
Barbers and hairdressers 84,982
Bartenders 55,806
Boarding and lodging house keepers 44,349
Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) 139,765
Hotel keepers 44,076
Housekeepers and stewards 92,036
Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 2,534
Janitors 21,556
Laborers (not specified) 1,913,373
Launderers and laundresses 248,463
Nurses and midwives 47,586
Restaurant keepers 19,283
Saloon keepers 71,385
Servants 1,454,791
Sextons 4,982
Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) 27,819
Watchmen, policemen, and detectives 74,629
Other domestic and personal service 13,063
TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION, 3,326,122
Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance,
etc.) and collectors 174,582
Auctioneers 3,205
Bankers and brokers (money and stocks) 30,008
Boatmen and canalmen 16,716
Bookkeepers and accountants 159,374
Brokers (commercial) 5,960
Clerks and copyists 557,358
Commercial travellers 58,691
Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc 368,499
Foremen and overseers 36,084
Hostlers 54,036
Hucksters and pedlers 59,083
Livery stable keepers 26,757
Locomotive engineers and firemen 79,463
Merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals
(retail) 46,375
Merchants and dealers in drygoods (retail) 42,527
Merchants and dealers in groceries (retail) 114,997
Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors (retail) 10,078
Merchants and dealers in wines and liquors
(wholesale) 3,643
Merchants and dealers not specified (retail) 446,262
Merchants and dealers (wholesale), importers and
shipping merchants 27,443
Messengers, and errand and office boys 51,355
Newspaper carriers and newsboys 5,288
Officials of banks and insurance, trade,
transportation, trust and other companies 39,900
Packers and shippers 24,946
Pilots 4,259
Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses) 24,356
Sailors 55,899
Salesmen and saleswomen 264,394
Steam railroad employés (not otherwise specified) 382,750
Stenographers and typewriters 33,418
TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.--_Continued_.
Street railway employés 37,434
Telephone and telegraph operators 52,314
Telephone and telegraph linemen and electric
light and power company employés 11,134
Undertakers 9,891
Weighers, gaugers, and measurers 3,860
Other persons in trade and transportation 3,883
MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES. 5,091,393
Agricultural implement makers (not otherwise
classified) 3,755
Apprentices (blacksmiths') 4,244
Apprentices (boot and shoe makers') 1,031
Apprentices (carpenters and joiners') 6,760
Apprentices (carriage and wagon makers') 852
Apprentices (dressmakers') 4,340
Apprentices (leather curriers', etc.) 421
Apprentices (machinists') 9,738
Apprentices (masons') 1,927
Apprentices (milliners') 1,204
Apprentices (painters') 2,321
Apprentices (plumbers') 4,624
Apprentices (printers') 4,635
Apprentices (tailors') 2,625
Apprentices (tinsmiths') 2,037
Apprentices (not otherwise specified ) 35,698
Artificial flower makers 3,046
Bakers 60,197
Basket makers 5,225
Blacksmiths 205,337
Bleachers, dyers, and scourers 14,210
Bone and ivory workers 1,691
Bookbinders 23,858
Boot and shoe makers and repairers 213,544
Bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers 7,230
Box makers (paper) 17,757
Box makers (wood) 10,883
Brass workers (not otherwise specified) 17,265
Brewers and maltsters 20,362
Brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers 60,214
Britannia workers 904
Broom and brush makers 10,115
Builders and contractors 45,988
Butchers 105,456
Butter and cheese makers 11,211
Button makers 2,601
Cabinetmakers 35,915
Candle, soap, and tallow makers 3,450
Carpenters and joiners 611,482
Carpet makers 22,302
Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise
classified) 34,538
Charcoal, coke, and lime burners 8,704
Chemical works employés 3,628
Clock and watch makers and repairers 25,252
Compositors 30,060
Confectioners 23,251
MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_.
Coopers 47,486
Cooper workers 3,384
Corset makers 6,533
Cotton mill operatives 173,142
Distillers and rectifiers 3,314
Door, sash, and blind makers 5,041
Dressmakers 289,164
Electroplaters 2,756
Electrotypers and stereotypers 1,471
Engravers 8,320
Fertilizer makers 732
Fish curers and packers 1,279
Gas works employés 5,224
Glass workers 34,382
Glove makers 6,416
Gold and silver workers 20,263
Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers 9,158
Hair workers 1,254
Harness and saddle makers and repairers 43,480
Hat and cap makers 24,013
Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 29,555
Iron and steel workers 144,921
Lace and embroidery makers 5,256
Lead and zinc workers 4,616
Leather curriers, dressers, finishers, and tanners 39,332
Machinists 177,090
Manufacturers and officials of manufacturing
companies 101,610
Marble and stone cutters 61,070
Masons (brick and stone) 158,918
Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers 5,830
Mechanics (not otherwise specified) 15,485
Metal workers (not otherwise specified) 16,694
Mill and factory operatives (not specified) 93,596
Millers (flour and grist) 52,841
Milliners 60,842
Model and pattern makers 10,300
Moulders 66,289
Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified) 652
Nail and tack makers 4,583
Oil well employés 9,147
Oil works employés 5,624
Painters, glaziers, and varnishers 219,912
Paper hangers 12,369
Paper mill operatives 27,817
Photographers 20,840
Piano and organ makers and tuners 14,683
Plasterers 39,002
Plumbers and gas and steam fitters 56,607
Potters 14,928
Powder and cartridge makers 1,385
Printers, lithographers, and pressmen 86,893
Print works operatives 6,701
Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers 6,284
Roofers and slaters 7,043
Rope and cordage makers 8,001
Rubber factory operatives 16,162
Sail, awning, and tent makers 3,257
Salt works employés 1,765
Saw and planing mill employés 133,637
MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRIES.--_Continued_.
Seamstresses 150,044
Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified) 880
Sewing machine operators 7,126
Ship and boat builders 22,951
Shirt, collar, and cuff makers 21,097
Silk mill operatives 34,855
Starch makers 746
Steam boiler makers 21,339
Stove, furnace, and grate makers 8,932
Straw workers 3,666
Sugar makers and refiners 2,616
Tailors and tailoresses 185,400
Tinners and tinware makers 55,488
Tobacco and cigar operatives 111,385
Tools and cutlery (not otherwise specified) 17,985
Trunk, valise, leather case, and pocket-book makers 6,297
Umbrella and parasol makers 3,403
Upholsterers 25,666
Well borers 4,854
Wheelwrights 12,856
Whitewashers 3,996
Wire workers 12,319
Wood workers (not otherwise specified) 67,360
Woolen mill operatives 84,109
Other persons in manufacturing and mechanical
industries 76,714
INDEX.
A Better Plan, 22
About Advertising, 46
" Canadian Patents, 73
" Getting Up Circulars, 51
Acreage of Farms by States, 135
Advertisements, How to Write, 47
Agreement, Form of, 22
Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined, 92
Assigning an Undivided Interest, 58
Assignments, 79
" Conditional, 87
Basis for Estimation, 32
Business Capacity of the Inventor, 16
Canadian Cities, Population of, 78
" Patents, About, 73
" " Selling, 76
Capital, Securing, 20
Circulars, 50
" About Getting Up, 51
Cities in the United States, Population of, 132
Classes of Rights, Dividing a Patent into, 59
Commercial Value, 31
Companies, Forming, and Manufacturing, 67
" Stock in Stock, 36
" To Organize Stock, 68
Conditional Assignments, 87
Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents Before
Interested Parties, 48
Danger in an Undivided Interest, 26
Decisions and Notes, 79
" Assignments, 79
" Licenses, 82
" Patent Title, 84
" Territorial Grants, 76
Demand for Inventions of Merit, 9
Dividing Patents into Classes of Rights, 59
Drawings, Working, 53
Estimating Prices for State Rights, 38
Estimation, Basis for, 32
Exhibit of Inventions, 25
Farms in Each State, Number, Acreage and Value of, 135
First Impressions All-important, 52
Form, Assignment of an Undivided Interest, 96
" " of Entire Interest, 94
" Grant of a Territorial Interest, 97
" License, Exclusive With Royalty, 102
" " Non-exclusive With Royalty, 100
" " Shop-right, 99
" of Agreement (Securing Capital), 22
Forming Companies, and Manufacturing, 67
Forms, Legal, of Value to Patentees, 92
General Rules for Valuation, 33
Grantee, 86
Granting Licenses, 62
Grants, Territorial, 81
How Rating for Royalty Is Figured, 33
" to Arrive at the Value of a Patent, 30
" " Conduct the Sale of Patents, 41, 55
" " Correspond with Manufacturers, 49
" " Write an Advertisement, 47
Illustrations for Circulars, 50
In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake Selling, 44
Income from Inventions, 13
Independence Through Successful Invention, 13
Industrial Progress Based upon Patent System, 11
Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity, 18
" Exhibit of, 25
" Income from, 13
" of Merit, Demand for, 9
" Perfecting, 24
" Value of Record of, 26
Inventor, Business Capacity of the, 16
Law, the Language of, 93
Laws, State, on Selling Patents, 88
Legal Forms of Value to Patentees, 92
Licensee, 86
Licenses, Decisions, 82
" Granting, 62
Manufacturers, How to Correspond with, 49
Manufacturing, and Forming Companies, 67
Map of the United States, 106
Methods of Selling Patents, 45
Models, Value of, 52
Money in Patents, 15
Monopoly in Patents, 10
Mortgages, 86
Must Be Recorded (Transfer of Patents), 86
Newspaper Notoriety, 27
Number of Farms in Each State, 135
Occupations, Table of, 137
Official Census of the United States for 1910, 107
Organizing Stock Companies, 68
Outright Assignments, 58
Patent, How to arrive at the Value of a, 30
" Selling Agencies, 41
" System, Industrial Progress Based upon, 11
" Title, 79
Patents, Canadian, 73
" Copies, How to Secure, 51
" How to Conduct the Sale of, 41, 55
" Money in, 15
" Monopoly in, 10
" Prejudice against, 26
" State Laws on, 88
" Unprofitable, 14
Pecuniary value, 30
Perfecting Inventions, 24
Personal Influence, Value of, 56
" Solicitation Advisable, 56
Pigeon-holing Patents, 65
Placing upon Royalty, 64
Population of Canadian Cities, 78
" " Cities of the United States, 1910, 132
" " Counties of Each State, 1910, 107
Prejudice against Patents, 26
Prices of Territorial Rights, 37
Printed Copies of Patents, Uses of, 51
Recorded, Must Be (Transfer of Patents), 86
Royalty, How Rating for, Is Figured, 35
" Placing upon, 64
Rules for Valuation, General, 33
" of Practice, 85
" " " Assignees, 86
" " " Assignments, 85
" " " Conditional Assignments, 87
" " " Licensees, 86
" " " Grantees, 86
" " " Mortgages, 86
" " " Must Be Recorded, 86
Sale of Patents, How to Conduct, 41, 55
Securing Capital, 20
Selling Agencies, Patent, 41
" Agent, The Patentee the Best, 43
" by Territorial Rights, 61
" Canadian Patents, 76
" In Case Patentee Cannot Undertake the, 44
" Outright, 58
" Patents, Methods of, 45
Solicitation, Personal, Advisable, 56
State Laws on Selling Patents, 88
" Rights, Table for Estimating Prices of, 38
Statistics and Tables, 107
Stock Companies, To Organize, 68
" in Stock Companies, 36
"Squeezed," To Avoid Being, 25
Table of Occupations, 137
Tables, Statistics and, 107
" Valuation, 37
Territorial Grants, 81
" Rights, Prices for, 37
" " Selling by, 61
The Language of Law, 92
" Patentee the Best Selling Agent, 43
Title, Patent, 84
To Avoid Being "Squeezed", 25
To Organize Stock Companies, 68
Trading as a Last Resort, 71
Uses of Printed Copies (Patents), 51
Undivided Interest, Assigning an, 59
" " Dangers in an, 20
United States, Map of the, 106
" " Population of Cities of the, 132
" " " " by Counties, 1910, 107
Unprofitable Patents, 14
Valuation, General Rules for, 33
" Tables, 37
Value, Commercial, 31
" of Farms, by States, 1910, 135
" " Models, 52
" " Patent, How to Arrive at the, 30
" " Personal Influence, 56
" " Record of Invention, 26
" " Pecuniary, 30
Working Drawings, 54
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+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transcriber's Note. |
| |
| Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully |
| as possible, including obsolete and variant spellings and other |
| inconsistencies. |
| |
| Minor punctuation and printing errors have been corrected. |
| |
| [*] Madison (Illinois), p. 122. The original has a footnote |
| anchor, but no corresponding footnote appears in the text. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
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