Title: Olla Podrida
Author: Marryat, Frederick, 1792-1848
Language: English
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Olla Podrida, by Captain Marryat.

________________________________________________________________________
Captain Frederick Marryat was born July 10 1792, and died August 8 1848.
He retired from the British navy in 1828 in order to devote himself to
writing.  In the following 20 years he wrote 26 books, many of which
are among the very best of English literature, and some of which are
still in print.

Marryat had an extraordinary gift for the invention of episodes in his
stories.  He says somewhere that when he sat down for the day's work, he
never knew what he was going to write.  He certainly was a literary
genius.

"Olla Podrida" was published in 1840, the fifteenth book to flow from
Marryat's pen.  It consists of short stories, articles, his Diary on the
Continent, (as opposed to his Diary in America), short plays.  Except
for "The Modern Town House" there is very little of great importance in
the book.

________________________________________________________________________
OLLA PODRIDA, BY CAPTAIN MARRYAT.



CHAPTER ONE.

April 3, 1835.

Reader, did you ever feel in that peculiarly distressing state of mind
in which one oppressing idea displaces or colours every other,
absorbing, intermingling with, empoisoning, and, like the filth of the
harpy, turning every thing into disgust--when a certain incubus rides
upon the brain, as the Old Man of the Mountain did upon the shoulders of
Sinbad, burdening, irritating, and rendering existence a misery--when,
looking around, you see but one object perched everywhere and grinning
at you--when even what you put into your mouth tastes of but that one
something, and the fancied taste is so unpleasant as almost to prevent
deglutition--when every sound which vibrates in your ear appears to
strike the same discordant note, and all and every thing will remind you
of the one only thing which you would fain forget;--have you ever felt
any thing like this, reader?  If you have not, then thank God, by way of
grace, before you out with your knife and fork and begin to cut up the
contents of these pages.

I have been and am now suffering under one of these varieties of
"Phobias," and my disease is a Politicophobia, I will describe the
symptoms.

I am now in the metropolis of England, and when I walk out every common
house appears to me to be the House of Commons--every lordly mansion the
House of Lords--every man I meet, instead of being a member of society,
is transferred by imagination into a member of the senate--every
chimney-sweep into a bishop, and a Bavarian girl, with her "Py a proom,"
into an ex-chancellor.  If I return home, the ring at the bell reminds
me of a Peel--as I mount the stairs I think of the "Lobby"--I throw
myself on the sofa, and the cushion is transformed into a woolsack--if a
solitary visitor calls in, I imagine a public meeting, and call out
chair! chair!--and I as often address my wife as Mr Speaker, as I do
with the usual appellative of "my dear."

This incubus, like the Catholic anathema, pursues me everywhere--at
breakfast, the dry toast reminds me of the toasts at public dinners--
tea, of the East India charter--sugar, of the West India question--the
loaf, of agricultural distress--and, as every one knows that London eggs
are a lottery, according as they prove bad or good, so am I reminded of
a Whig or Tory measure.  When the newspaper is brought in, I walk round
and round it as a dog will do round the spot he is about to lie down
upon.  I would fain not touch it; but at last, like a fascinated bird
who falls per force into the reptile's mouth, so do I plunge into its
columns, read it with desperation, and when the poison has circulated,
throw it away in despair.  If I am reminded to say grace at dinner, I
commence "My Lords, and gentlemen;" and when I seek my bed, as I light
my taper, I move "that the House do now adjourn."  The tradesmen's bills
are swelled by my disease into the budget, and the checks upon my banker
into supplies.  Even my children laugh and wonder at the answers which
they receive.  Yesterday one brought me her book of animals, and
pointing to a boa constrictor, asked its name, and I told her it was an
_O'Connell_.  I am told that I mentioned the names of half the members
of the Upper and Lower House, and at the time really believed that I was
calling the beasts by their right names.  Such are the effects of my
unfortunate disease.

Abroad I feel it even worse than at home.  Society is unhinged, and
every one is afraid to offer an opinion.  If I dine out, I find that no
one will speak first--he knows not whether he accosts a friend or foe,
or whether he may not be pledging his bitter enemy.  Every man looks at
his neighbour's countenance to discover if he is Whig or Tory: they
appear to be examining one another like the dogs who meet in the street,
and it is impossible to conjecture whether the mutual scenting will be
followed up by a growl or a wag of the tail; however, one remark will
soon discover the political sentiments of the whole party.  Should they
all agree, they are so busy in abuse that they rail at their adversaries
with their mouths full--should they disagree, they dispute so vehemently
that they forget that they were invited to dinner, and the dishes are
removed untasted, and the duties of the Amphytryon become a sinecure.
Go to an evening party or a ball and it is even worse, for young ladies
talk politics, prefer discussion to flirtation, and will rather win a
partner over to their political opinions than by their personal charms.
If you, as a Tory, happen to stand up in a cotillion with a pretty Whig,
she taps you with her fan that she may tap your politics; if you agree,
it is "_En avant deux_," if not, a "_chassez croisee_."  Every thing
goes wrong--she may _set_ to you indeed, but hers is the set of
defiance, and she shakes her _wig_ against your _Tory_.  To _turn your
partner_ is impossible, and the only part of the figure which is
executed _con amore_ is _dos a dos_.  The dance is over, and the lady's
looks at once tell you that you may save your "oaths," while she "takes
her seat."

I have tried change of scene--posted to watering places; but the deep,
deep sea will not drown politics.  Even the ocean in its roaring and
commotion reminded me of a political union.

I have buried myself in the country, but it has been all in vain.  I
cannot look at the cattle peacefully grazing without thinking of
O'Connell's tail, Stanley's tail, and a short-docked pony reminded me of
the boasted little tail of Colonel Peel.  The farm-yard, with its noisy
occupants, what was it but the reality so well imitated by the members
of the Lower House, who would drown argument in discord?  I thought I
was in the lobby at the close of a long debate.  Every tenth field,
every tenth furrow, (and I could not help counting,) every tenth animal,
and every tenth step, reminded me of the Irish tithes; and when I saw a
hawk swoop over a chicken, I thought of the Appropriation Bill--so I
left the country.

I have tried every thing--I have been every where, but in vain.  In the
country there was no relaxation--in society no pleasure--at home no
relief.  England was disjointed, never to be united until it was
dismembered--and there was no repose.  I had my choice, either to go
abroad, or to go mad; and, upon mature deliberation, I decided upon the
former, as the lesser evil of the two.  So I gave--I sold--I
discharged--I paid--I packed up, and I planned.  The last was the only
portion of my multifarious duties not satisfactorily arranged.  I looked
at the maps, plied my compasses that I might compass my wishes, measured
distances that I might decide upon my measures--planned, looked over the
maps--and planned again.



CHAPTER TWO.

Well, as I said in my last chapter, I planned--and planned--but I might
as well conjugate it, as many others assisted--it was I planned, thou
plannedst, he planned, we planned, ye planned, and they planned--and
what annoyed me was, that I could not help considering that "the whole
house was in a committee," and without being able "to report progress."
At first it was _decided upon_ that we should proceed up the Rhine, and
not leave off paddling until we had arrived at Manheim, at which town I
fancied that I should at least be out of political distance.  We read
all about Manheim, found out that it was a regular-built town, with a
certain number of inhabitants--with promenades, gardens, and a fine view
of the Rhine.  "So you're going abroad--where?"  Manheim, was the reply,
and all the world knew that we were bound to Manheim; and every one had
something to say, or something that they had heard said, about Manheim.
"Very nice place--Duchess Dowager Stephanie--very cheap--gay in winter--
masters excellent"--were the variety of changes rung, and all was
settled; but at last one unlucky observation raised a doubt--another
increased--a third confirmed it.  "A very dull place--German cookery bad
for children--steam-boats from Rotterdam very bad, and often obliged to
pass two nights on deck."  A very influential member of the committee
took alarm about the children being two nights on deck, and it was at
last decided that to go up to Manheim by steam-boat at 4 pounds, 9
shillings a-head, and children at half-price was not to be thought of.

"I wonder you don't go to Bruges," observed a committee man; "nice quiet
place--excellent masters--every thing so cheap--I once bought eighty
large peaches there for two francs."

And all the children clapped their little hands, and cried out for
Bruges and cheap peaches.

It was further submitted that it was convenient--you might go the whole
of the way by water--and Bruges was immediately under consideration.

"If you go to Bruges, you will find it very dull," observed another;
"but you'll meet Mrs Trollope there--now Brussels is very little
farther, and is a delightful place;" and Brussels was also referred to
the committee.

"You won't like Brussels--there is such a mixture, and house-rent is
dear.  Now I should recommend Spa for the summer--it is a most beautiful
spot--and excellent company."  And Spa was added to the list.

Then after a day or two came an Anti-Teutonic, who railed against
Germany--and Germans--German towns, German travelling, and German
_French_, which was detestable--German cookery, which was nothing but
grease.  "You may imagine," said he, "and so have many more, that
Germany is more pleasant and less expensive than France; but they have
been disappointed, and so will you be.  Now, for a quiet place, I should
recommend Saint Omer--only thirty miles from Calais--so convenient--and
very pretty."

Saint Omer--humph--very quiet and retired--and no politics--and Saint
Omer was occasionally canvassed.

"Saint Omer!" said another who called the next day, "you'll die of
ennui.  Go to Boulogne--it is delightful--you may be there as retired or
as gay as you please."

Boulogne to be taken into consideration many inquiries made and all very
satisfactory--good sands and excellent jackasses for the children.

"My dear friend, Boulogne is something like the King's Bench--at least
most of the people only go there in preference.  Every body will suppose
that you've _levanted_.  Pray don't go to Boulogne."

"Why don't you go by Southampton to Havre--there you'll have quiet and
amusement--beautiful country about Honfleur--scenery up the Seine
splendid; and then you can go up to Rouen by water, if you intend to go
on to Paris."

Havre and Honfleur submitted to the committee.

But then came Dieppe, and Brest, and the environs of Paris, Versailles,
Saint Germain, Passy, and other recommendations, in which every one
particular place was proved incontestably to be more particularly suited
to us than any other, and the committee sat for three weeks, at the end
of which, upon examining the matured opinions of the last seven days, I
found them to have fluctuated as follows:--

Monday morning, Manheim.  Evening, Spa.

Tuesday morning, Bruges.  Evening Brussels.

Wednesday morning, Saint Omer.  Evening, Boulogne.

Thursday morning, Havre.  Evening Honfleur.

Friday morning, Dieppe.  Evening, Passy.

Saturday morning, Versailles.  Evening, Saint Germain.

Sunday morning, Spa.  Evening, Brussels.

The fact was, that there was a trifling difference of opinion in the
committee--the great object appeared to be, and the great difficulty at
the same time, to find a place which would suit all parties, that is to
say, a place where there were no politics, plenty of gaiety, and cheap
peaches.



CHAPTER THREE.

Paddle, paddle--splash, splash--bump, thump, bump.  What a leveller is
sea-sickness--almost as great a radical as death.  All grades, all
respect, all consideration are lost.  The master may summon John to his
assistance, but John will see his master hanged before he'll go to him;
he has taken possession of his master's great coat, and he intends to
keep _it--he_ don't care for warning.

The nurses no longer look after the infant or the children, they may
tumble overboard--even the fond yearnings of the mother at last yield to
the overwhelming sensation, and it it were not for the mercenary or
kind-hearted assistance of those who have become habituated to the
motion of a vessel, there is no saying how tragical might be the
commencement of many a party of pleasure to the Continent.

"O lauk, Mary, do just hold this child," says the upper nurse to her
assistant; "I do feel such a _sinking_ in my stomach."

"Carn't indeed, nurse, I've such a _rising_."

Away hurried both the women at once to the side of the vessel, leaning
over and groaning heavily.  As for the children, they would soon have
been past caring for, had it not been for my protecting arms.

Decorum and modesty, next to maternal tenderness, the strongest feelings
in woman, fall before the dire prostratiou of this malady.  A young lady
will recline unwittingly in the arms of a perfect stranger, and the
bride of three months, deserted by her husband, will offer no resistance
to the uncouth seaman, who, in his kindness, would loosen the laces that
confine her heaving bosom.

As for politeness, even the _ancien regime_ of the noblesse of France
put it in their pockets as if there were a general chaos--self is the
only feeling; not but that I have seen occasional traits of good-will
towards others.  I once witnessed a young lady smelling to a bottle of
Eau de Cologne, as if her existence depended upon it, who handed it over
to another, whose state was even more pitiable, and I was reminded of
Sir Philip Sidney and the cup of water, as he lay wounded on the field
of battle, "Thy necessity is greater than mine."  And if I might have
judged from her trembling lips and pallid countenance, it was almost an
equal act of heroism.  Paddle, paddle, splash, splash, bump, thump,
bump--one would really imagine that the passengers were so many pumps,
all worked at once with the vessel by the same hundred horse power, for
there were an hundred of them about me, each as sick as a horse.  "_Sic
omnes_," thought I.

I have long passed the ordeal, and even steam, and smoke, and washing
basins, and all the various discordant and revolting noises _from those_
who suffer, have no effect upon my nervous system--still was I doomed to
torment, and was very sick indeed.  For some time I had been watched by
the evil eyes of one, whom the Yankees would designate, as _almighty
ugly_.  He was a thin, spare man, whose accost I could well have spared,
for he had the look of a demon, and, as I soon found, was possessed with
the demon of politics.  Imagine what I must have suffered when I found
out that he was a button-holder to boot.  Observing that I was the only
one who was in a state to listen, he seized upon me as his victim.  I,
who had fled from politics with as much horror as others have done from
the cholera--I, who had encountered all the miseries of steam
navigation, and all the steam and effluvia of close cabins, to find
myself condemned with others "alike to groan--" what with King Leopold,
and William of Nassau, and the Belgian share of the debt, and the French
and Antwerp, and his pertinacious holding of my button.  "Shall I knock
him down," thought I; "he insists upon laying his hands upon me, why
should I not lay my hands upon him?"  But on second consideration, that
would not have been polite; so I made other attempts to get rid of him,
but in vain; I turned the subject to far countries--the rascal had been
everywhere; at one moment he would be at Vienna, and discuss the German
confederation--at another in South America, canvassing the merits of
Bolivar and Saint Martin.  There was no stopping him; his tongue was
like the paddle of a steam-boat, and almost threw as much spray in my
face.  At last I threw off my coat, which he continued to hold in his
hand by the third button, and threw myself into one of the cribs
appropriated to passengers, wishing him a good night.  He put my coat
down in the crib beneath, and as he could no longer hold the button, he
laid hold of the side of the crib, and continued his incessant clack.
At last I turned my back to him, and made no answer, upon which he made
a retreat, and when I awoke the next morning, I found that he was too
ill to spout politics, although as he progressed, he spouted what was
quite as bad.

Par parenthese, he was a great liar, and as he drew a long bow when he
was able to talk, so did he prove a long shot when he was sea-sick.
Confound the fellow, I think I see him now--there he stood, a tall,
gaunt misery, about the height of a workhouse pump, and the basin was on
the floor of the cabin, nearly three feet from his two feet; without
condescending to stoop, or to sit down, or to lift up the basin, so as
to lessen the distance, he poured forth a parabola, "quod nunc
describere" had just as well be omitted.  I shall therefore dismiss this
persecuting demon, by stating, that he called himself a baron, the truth
of which I doubted much; that he was employed by crowned heads, which I
doubted still more.  On one point, however, I had little doubt, although
he did not enter upon the subject, (and his tongue to a great degree
confirmed it) that he was a _chevalier d'industrie_.

"I am rid of him, thank God," exclaimed I, as I went on deck to breathe
a little fresh air, having lighted my cigar in the steward's berth as I
ascended.  The first objects which attracted my attention, were a young
gentleman and lady, the former standing by the latter, who was sitting
in a pensive position, with her elbow leaning on the gunnel.  She was in
deep mourning, and closely veiled.

"And how does the beautiful Maria find herself this morning?" said the
young gentleman, leaning over her with his hand on the rail to support
himself.

The beautiful Maria!  How was it possible not to be attracted by such a
distinguishing appellation?  The beautiful Maria!  I thought of Sterne's
Maria, and the little dog with a string, and I trimmed my ear like a
windsail in the tropics to catch the soft responding, and most
assuredly, to my expectant imagination, melodious vibration of the air
which would succeed.

At last there was a reply.  "Oh! _tol, lol_!"  And that in anything but
a melodious voice.  "Oh! tol, lol!"  What a bathos!  The beautiful
Maria, whom in my imagination I had clothed with all the attributes of
sentiment and delicacy, whom I had conjured up as a beau ideal of
perfection, replies in a hoarse voice with, "Oh! tol, lol!"  Down she
went, like the English funds in a panic--down she went to the zero of a
Doll Tearsheet, and down I went again into the cabin.  Surely this is a
world of disappointment.

Perhaps I was wrong--she might have been very beautiful, with the voice
of a peacock; she might also have the plumage--but no, that is
impossible--she must, from her sex, have been a peahen.  At all events,
if not very beautiful, she was very sick.  I left the beautiful Maria
screeching over the gunnel.  If the young gentleman were to repeat the
same question now, thought I, the beautiful Maria will hardly answer,
"_Oh! tol, lol_!"

It was very cold on deck, blowing fresh from the East.  I never heard
any one give a satisfactory reason why a west wind should be warm, and
an east wind cold in latitude 50 degrees N.  It is not so in the tropics
when the east wind follows the rarefaction occasioned by the sun.  Yet,
does not Byron say:--

  "'Tis the land of the east, 'tis the clime of the sun."

Certainly our east winds are not at all poetical.

"Very cold, sir," said I, addressing a round-faced gentleman in a white
great coat, who rested his chin and his two hands upon a thick cane.
"You are fortunate in not being sea-sick."

"I beg your pardon, I am not fortunate.  I am worse than sea-sick, for I
want to be sea-sick and I can't.  I do believe that everything is
changed now-a-days, since that confounded Reform Bill!"

Politics again, thought I; what the devil has sea-sickness to do with
the Reform Bill?  Mercy on me, when shall I be at peace?  "There
certainly has been some change," observed I.

"Change, sir! yes, everything changed.  England of 1835 is no more like
merry England of olden time, than I am like Louis the Fourteenth--
ruined, sir--every class suffering, sir--badly ruled, sir."

"Things are much cheaper."

"Much cheaper!  Yes, sir; but what's the good of things being cheap when
nobody has any money to purchase with?  They might just as well be dear.
It's a melancholy discovery, sir, this steam."

"Melancholy just now to those who are on board, and suffering, I grant."

"Pooh, nonsense! melancholy to those on shore, sir; the engines work
while man looks on and starves.  Country ruined, sir--people miserable--
thrown out of employment, while foreigners reap the benefit; we sell
them our manufactures at a cheaper rate; we clothe them well, sir, at
the expense of our own suffering population.  But is this all, sir?
_Oh, no_!"

And here the gentleman dropped his chin again upon his hands, and looked
very woeful indeed.  After a few seconds, he resumed.

"We are dismembered, sir--ruined by faction.  Society is disintegrated
by political animosities; thousands have retreated from the scene of
violence and excitement, to find peace and repose in a foreign land."

I nodded an assent.

"Ay, sir, and thousands will follow, withdrawing from the country its
resources, circulating millions which enrich other nations, and avoiding
their own share of the national burdens, which fall still heavier upon
those who remain.  But is that all, sir?  _Oh, no_!"

This second "oh, no!" was pronounced in a more lugubrious note: he shook
his head, and after a pause, he recommenced.  "England is no longer
priest-ridden, sir; but she is worse, she is _law-ridden_.  Litigation
and law expenses have, like locusts, devoured up the produce of
industry.  No man is safe without a lawyer at his elbow, making over to
him a part of his annual income to secure the remainder.  And then
there's Brougham.  But, sir, is that all?  _Oh, no_!"

Another pause, and he continued.  "I never grumble--I hate grumblers; I
never talk of politics--I hate politics; but, sir, is it not the case,
that madmen and fools have united to ruin the country?  Is it not true,
sir, that unable to rise by their talents, and urged by a wicked
ambition, they have summoned main force, and the power of numbers to
their assistance, and have raised a spirit which they cannot put down
again?  Is it not true, sir, that treason walks barefaced through the
land, pointing to general destruction--to a violation of all rights, to
anarchy, confusion, and the shedding of blood? is not reason borne down
by faction, sir? but, sir, is that all?  _Oh, no_!"

This last "oh, no!" was more melancholy than the preceding, but I
considered that my companion must have nearly exhausted his budget of
miseries, and was curious to ascertain what would come next.

"What, is there more, sir?" inquired I, innocently.

"More, sir.  Yes, sir, plenty more.  I ask you whether even the seasons
have not changed in our unhappy country; have we not summer with
unusual, unexampled heat, and winters without cold; when shall we ever
see the mercury down below sixty degrees again? never, sir.  What is
summer but a season of alarm and dread?  Does not the cholera come in as
regularly as green peas--terrifying us to death, whether we die of it or
not?  Of what advantage are the fruits of the earth so bountifully
bestowed--have they not all been converted into poisons?  Who dares to
drink a light summer wine now?  Are not all vegetables abjured, peaches
thrown to the pigs, and strawberries ventured upon only by little boys
who sweep the streets, with the broom in one hand and the pottle in the
other?  Are not melons rank poison, and cucumbers sudden death?  And in
the winter, sir, are we better off?  Instead of the wholesome frosts of
olden days, purifying the air and the soil, and bracing up our nerves,
what have we but the influenza, which lasts us for four months, and the
spasmodic cough which fills up the remainder of the year?  I am no
grumbler, sir, I hate and abhor anything like complaining, but this I
will say, that the world has been turned upside down--that everything
has gone wrong--that peace has come to us unattended by plenty--that
every body is miserable; and that vaccination and steam, which have been
lauded as blessings, have proved the greatest of all possible curses,
and that there is no chance of a return to our former prosperity, unless
we can set fire to our coal mines, and re-introduce the small-pox.  But,
sir, the will of Heaven be done, I shall say no more; I don't wish to
make other people unhappy; but pray don't think, sir, I've told you all.
_Oh, no_!"

At this last "oh, no!" my companion laid his face down upon his
knuckles, and was silent.  I once more sought the deck, and preferred to
encounter the east wind.  "Blow, blow, thou wintry wind, thou art not so
unkind," soliloquised I, as I looked over the bows, and perceived that
we were close to the pile entrance of the harbour of Ostend.  Ten
minutes afterwards there was a cessation of paddle, paddle, thump,
thump, the stern-fast was thrown on the quay, there was a rush on board
of commissionnaires, with their reiterated cries accompanied with cards
thrust into your hands, "Hotel des Bains, Monsieur."  "Hotel Waterloo,
Monsieur."  "Hotel Bellevue."  "Hotel Bedford, Monsieur."  "Hotel
d'Angleterre," _ad infinitum_--and then there was the pouring out of the
Noah's Ark, with their countenances wearing a most paradoxical
appearance, for they evidently showed that they had had, quite enough of
water, and, at the same time, that they required a great deal more.  I
looked at my children, as they were hoisted up from the ladies' cabin,
one after another; and upon examination I decided that, with their
smudged faces, the Hotel des _Bains_ would be the most appropriate to
their condition; so there we went.



CHAPTER FOUR.

Ostend, April 18, 1835.

I was confoundedly taken in by a rascal of a commissionnaire, and aware
how the feelings of travellers are affected by the weather or the
treatment they receive at any place they may pass through, I shall
display the heroism of saying nothing about the place, except that I
believe Ostend to be the most rascally hole in the world, and the sooner
the traveller is out of it so much the better will it be for his purse
and for his temper.

April 19.

It has been assumed as an axiom that every one in this world is fond of
power.  During our passage in the track-schuyt I had an evidence to the
contrary, for as we glided noiselessly and almost imperceptibly along, a
lady told me that she infinitely preferred the three-horse power of the
schuyt to the hundred-horse power of the steam-packet.  We arrived at
Bruges, escaping all the horrors and difficulties of steam navigation.

House rent at Bruges is cheap, because one half of the houses are
empty--at least that was the cause assigned to me, although I will not
vouch for its being the true one.  The reader may remember that this was
the site of cheap peaches, but none met our sight, the trees not being
yet in blossom.  I ought to observe, for the satisfaction of the Foreign
Bible Society, that at the hotel at Bruges I saw a book of their
exportation lying on the chimney-piece in excellent preservation.

April 21.

As to what passed on our canal voyage to Ghent, I can only say that
every thing passed us--for the roads were very heavy, the horses very
lazy, and the boys still lazier--they rode their horses listlessly,
sitting on them sideways, as I have seen lads in the country swinging on
a gate--whereby the _gait_ of the track-schuyt could not be styled a
swinging pace.  We did arrive at last, and thus ended our water
carriage.  At Ghent we went to the Hotel Royal, from out of the windows
of which I had a fine view of the belfry, surmounted by the Brazen
Dragon brought from Constantinople; and as I conjured up times past, and
I thought how the belfry was built and how the dragon got there, I found
myself at last wandering in the Apocrypha of "Bel and the Dragon."

We went to see the picture by Van Eck, in the cathedral of Saint Bovin.
The reader will probably wish to know who was Saint Bovin--so did I--and
I asked the question of the sacristan: the reader shall have the benefit
of the answer, "Saint Bovin, monsieur, il etait un _saint_."

That picture of Van Eck's is worth a van full of most of the pictures we
see: it was Van Eck who invented, and was indeed the father of painting
in oil.  It is a wonderful production.

Mrs Trollope says that people run through Belgium as if it were a mere
railroad to other countries.  That is very true--we did the same--for
who would stop at Ostend to be swindled, or at Bruges to look at empty
houses, or at Ghent, which is nothing but a Flanders Birmingham, when
Brussels and King Leopold, and the anticipation of something more
agreeable, were only thirty miles off.  Not one day was our departure
postponed; with post-horses and postilions we posted post haste to
Brussels.



CHAPTER FIVE.

April 22.

The Queen of Belgium "a fait un enfant."  On the Continent it is always
the wife who is considered as the faiseuse; the husband is supposed, and
very often with justice to have had nothing to do in the matter--it
certainly does appear to be optional on the part of the ladies, for they
limit their family to their exact wishes or means of support.  How
different is it in England, where children will be born whether it is
convenient or not!  O Miss Martineau! you may talk about the "preventive
check," but where is it?  In England it would be as valuable as the
philosopher's stone.

I think that the good people of Paris would do well, as they appear just
now to have left religion in abeyance, to take up the manners and
customs of the empire of the Nahirs, a Mahratta nation, which I once
read about.  In that country, as in heaven, there is no marrying, nor
giving in marriage.  All are free, and all inheritance is through the
children of the sister; for although it is impossible to know who may be
the father of any of the children, they are very certain that the
sister's children must have the blood on the maternal side.  What a good
arrangement this would be for the Parisians--how many _peches a mortels_
would they get rid of--such as adultery, fornication, etcetera,--by
passing one simple law of the land.  By-the-by, what an admirable idea
for reforming a nation--they say that laws, now-a-days, are made to
prevent crime: but if laws were enacted by which crime should no longer
be considered as crime, what a deal of trouble might be saved.

The theatre is closed owing to the want of funds; the want of funds is
owing to the want of honesty on the part of the manager having run away
with the strong box, which was decidedly the very best box in the
theatre.

April 26.

I went to see a species of Franconi, or Astley's: there is little
variety in these performances, as there are only a certain quantity of
feats, which can be performed either by the horses or the riders,
nevertheless we had some novelty.  We had the very best feminine rider I
ever saw; she was a perfect female Centaur, looking part and parcel of
the animal upon which she stood; and then we had a regularly Dutch-built
lady, who amused us with a tumble off her horse, coming down on the
loose saw-dust, in a sitting posture, and making a hole in it as large
as if a covey of partridges had been husking in it for the whole day.
An American black (there always is a black fellow in these companies,
for, as Cooper says, they learn to ride well in America by stealing
their masters' horses) rode furiously well and sprained his ankle--the
attempt of a man in extreme pain to smile is very horrible--yet he did
grin as he bowed and limped away.  After that we had a performer, who
had little chance of spraining her ankle: it was a Miss Betsey, a female
of good proportions, who was, however, not a little sulky that evening,
and very often refused to perform her task, and as for forcing the
combined will of a female and an elephant to boot, there was no man rash
enough to attempt it, so she did as little as she pleased, and it
pleased her to do very little; one feat, however, was novel, she took a
musket in her mouth, and fired it off with her trunk.

When I was in India I was very partial to these animals; there was a
most splendid elephant, which had been captured by the expedition sent
to Martaban; he stood four or five feet higher than elephants usually
do, and was a great favourite of his master, the rajah.  When this
animal was captured there was great difficulty in getting him on board
of the transport.  A raft was made, and he was very unwillingly
persuaded to trust his huge carcass upon it; he was then towed off with
about thirty of the natives on the raft, attending him; the largest
purchases and blocks were procured to hoist him in, the mainyards doubly
secured, and the fall brought to the capstern.  The elephant had been
properly slung, the capstern was manned, and his huge bulk was lifted in
the air, but he had not risen a foot before the ropes gave way, and down
he came again on the raft with a heavy surge, a novelty which he did not
appear to approve of.  A new fall was rove, and they again manned the
capstern; this time the tackle held, and up went the gentleman in the
air; but he had not forgotten the previous accident, and upon what
ground it is impossible to say, he ascribed his treatment to the
natives, who were assisting him on the raft.  As he slowly mounted in
the air, he looked about him very wroth, his eyes and his trunk being
the only portions of his frame at liberty.  These he turned about in
every direction as he ascended--at last, as he passed by the main
channels, he perceived the half of a maintop-sail yard, which had been
carried away in the slings, lying on the goose-necks; it was a weapon
that suited him admirably; he seized hold of it, and whirling it once
round with his trunk, directed the piece of wood with such good aim,
that he swept about twenty of the natives off the raft, to take their
chance with a strong tide and plenty of alligators.  It was the
self-possession of the animal which I admired so much, swinging in the
air in so unusual a position for an elephant, he was as collected as if
he had been roaming in his own wild forests.  He arrived and was
disembarked at Rangoon, and it was an amusement to me, whenever I could
find time to watch this animal, and two others much smaller in size who
were with him; but he was my particular pet.  Perhaps the reader will
like to have the diary of an elephant when not on active service.  At
what time animals get up who never lie down without being ordered, it is
not very easy to say.  The elephants are stalled at the foot of some
large tree, which shelters them during the day from the extreme heat of
the sun; they stand under this tree, to which they are chained by their
hind legs.  Early in the morning the keeper makes his appearance from
his hovel, and throws the respective keys down to the elephants, who
immediately unlock the padlocks of the chains, cast themselves loose,
and in the politest manner return the keys to the keeper; they then
march off with him to the nearest forest, and on their arrival commence
breaking down the branches of the trees, selecting those which are most
agreeable to their palates, and arranging them in two enormous faggots.
When they have collected as much as they think they require, they make
withies and bind up their two faggots, and then twist another to connect
the two, so as to hang them over their backs down on each side, and
having thus made their provision, they return home; the keeper may or
may not be present during this performance.  All depends upon whether
the elephants are well trained, and have been long in servitude.  Upon
their return, the elephants pass the chains again round their legs, lock
the padlock, and present the key as before; they then amuse themselves
with their repast, eating all the leaves and tender shoots, and
rejecting the others.  Now when an elephant has had enough to eat, he
generally selects a long bough, and pulling off all the lateral
branches, leaves a bush at the end forming a sort of whisk to keep off
the flies and mosquitoes; for although the hide of the elephant is very
thick, still it is broken into crannies and cracks, into which the
vermin insert themselves.  Sometimes they have the following ingenious
method of defending themselves against these tormentors--they put the
end of their trunk down in the dust, draw up as large a quantity as they
can, and turning their trunks over their heads, pour it out over their
skin, powdering and filling up the interstices, after which they take
the long branch I have before mentioned, and amuse themselves by
flapping it right and left, and in all directions about their bodies,
wherever the insects may settle.

And now for an instance of self-denial, which I have often witnessed on
the part of my friend the large elephant.  I have observed him very
busy, flapping right and flapping left, evidently much annoyed by the
persecution of the mosquitoes; by-the-by, no one can have an idea how
hard the tiger-mosquito can bite.  I will, however, give an instance of
it, for the truth of which I cannot positively vouch; but I remember
that once, when it rained torrents, and we were on a boating expedition,
a marine who, to keep his charge dry, had his fore-finger inserted in
the barrel of his musket, pulled it out in a great hurry, exclaiming to
his comrade, "May I be shot, Bill, if one of them beggars ha'n't bit me
right through the barrel of my musket."  This _par parenthese_, and now
to proceed.  As I said before, the elephant showed, by constant
flagellation of his person, that he was much annoyed by his persecutors,
and just at that time, the keeper brought a little naked black thing, as
round as a ball, which in India I believe they call a child, laid it
down before the animal with two words in Hindostanee--"_Watch it_!" and
then walked away into the town.  The elephant immediately broke off the
larger part of the bough, so as to make a smaller and more convenient
whisk, and directed his whole attention to the child, gently fanning the
little lump of Indian ink, and driving away every mosquito which came
near it; this he continued for upwards of two hours regardless of
himself, until the keeper returned.  It was really a beautiful sight,
and causing much reflection.  Here was a monster, whose bulk exceeded
that of the infant by at least two thousand times, acknowledging that
the image of his Maker, even in its lowest degree of perfection, was
divine; silently proving the truth of the sacred announcement, that God
had "given to man dominion over the beasts of the field."  And here,
too, was a brute animal setting an example of devotion and self-denial,
which but few Christians, none indeed but a mother, could have
practised.  Would Fowell Buxton, surrounded by a host of mosquitoes,
have done as much for a fellow-creature, white or black? not he; he
would have flapped his own thighs, his own ears, his own face, and his
own every thing, and have left his neighbours to take care of
themselves; nor would I blame him.

As I am on the subject, I may as well inform my readers how and in which
way this elephant and I parted company, for it was equally
characteristic of the animal.  The army was ordered to march, and the
elephants were called into requisition to carry the tents.  The
quarter-master general, the man with four eyes, as the natives called
him, because he wore spectacles, superintended the loading of the
animals--tent upon tent was heaped upon my friend, who said nothing,
till at last he found that they were overdoing the thing, and then he
roared out his complaints, which the keeper explained; but there was
still one more tent to be carried, and, therefore, as one more or less
could make no difference, it was ordered to be put upon his back.  The
elephant said no more, but he turned sulky.  Enough was as good as a
feast with him, and he considered this treatment as no joke.  Now it so
happened that at the time the main street, and the only street of the
town, which was at least half a mile long, was crowded to suffocation
with tattoos, or little ponies, and small oxen, every one of them loaded
with a couple of cases of claret, or brandy, or something else, slung on
each side of them, attended by coolies, who, with their hooting, and
pushing, and beating, and screaming, created a very bustling and lively
scene.  When the last tent was put on the elephant he was like a
mountain with canvass on each side of him, bulging out to a width equal
to his own; there was just room for him to pass through the two rows of
houses on each side of the street, and not ten inches to spare; he was
ordered by the keeper to go on--he obeyed the order certainly, but in
what way--he threw his trunk up in the air, screamed a loud shriek of
indignation, and set off at a trot, which was about equal in speed to a
horse's gallop, right down the street, mowing down before him every
pony, bullock, and coolie that barred his passage; the confusion was
indescribable, all the little animals were with their legs in the air,
claret and brandy poured in rivulets down the streets, coolies screamed
as they threw themselves into the doors and windows; and at one fell
swoop the angry gentle man demolished the major part of the comforts of
the officers, who were little aware how much they were to sacrifice for
the sake of an extra tent.  With my eyes I followed my friend in his
reckless career, until he was enveloped and hid from my view in a cloud
of dust, and that was my farewell of him.  I turned round, and observed
close to me the quarter-master general, looking with all his _four eyes_
at the effects of his inhumanity.  But I have wandered some twenty
thousand miles from Brussels, and must return.



CHAPTER SIX.

                                                        Brussels, May 5.
His Belgian Majesty, the Belgian ministers, Belgian ambassadors, Belgian
authorities, and all the Belgian nobility and gentry, all the English
who reside in Brussels for economy and quiet, and all the exiles and
propaganda who reside here to kick up a row, have all left Brussels by
the Porte d'Anvers.  And all the Belgians who live at Brussels have shut
up their shops, and gone out by the Porte d'Anvers.  And the whole
populace, men, women, and children, have gone out of the Porte d'Anvers.
And all the infants have also gone, because the mothers could not leave
them at home.  And the generals, and their staffs, and the officers, and
all the troops, and all the artillery, have also left Brussels, and gone
out at the Porte d'Anvers, to keep the said populace quiet and in good
order.  So that there is no one left at Brussels, and Brussels must for
one day take care of itself.

And now you of course wish to know why they have all left Brussels, and
further, why they have gone through the Porte d'Anvers.

Because there is this day the commemoration of the inauguration of the
_Chemin de Fer_, which has just been completed from Brussels to Malines,
and which is on this day to be opened, that is to say, that three steam
tugs, whose names are the Stephenson, the Arrow, and the Elephant, are
to drag to Malines and back again in the presence of his majesty, all
his majesty's ministers, all the ambassadors who choose to go, all the
heads of the departments, and every body else who can produce a
satisfactory yellow ticket, which will warrant their getting into one of
the thirty-three omnibuses, diligences, or cars, which are attached to
the said three steam-tugs, the Arrow, the Stephenson, and the Elephant.
I shall go and see it--I will not remain at Brussels by myself, the
"last man."

                                                                  May 6.
It was a brilliant affair, and went off well, because the trains went on
well.  We were tugged through twelve miles of the most fertile pasture
in the universe, the whole line of road so crowded with spectators, as
to make evident the extreme populousness of the country.  For the first
mile it was one mass of people--and a Belgian crowd has a very agreeable
effect, from the prevailing colours being blue and white, which are very
refreshing, and contrast pleasantly with the green background.  Every
man had his blouse, and every woman her cap and straw bonnet; but if the
Belgians look well _en masse_, I cannot say that they do so in detail:
the men we do not expect much from, but the women are certainly the
plainest race in the whole world--I will not except the Africans.  In
some of our men-of-war it was formerly the custom to have an old knife,
which was passed from one to the other, as the men joined the ship,
being handed to the ugliest man they could find; he held the knife until
another came, more unfortunate in physiognomy than himself, when it was
immediately made over to the last, who was obliged in his turn to retain
it until he could discover some one even more unprepossessing.
Following up this principle with the women of Belgium, and comparing
them with other European states, they are most unequivocally entitled to
hold the knife, and unless they improve by crossing the breed, I am
afraid they will have it in their possession for centuries.

We arrived safe at Malines, and I was infinitely amused at the variety
of astonishment in the five hundred thousand faces which we passed.  In
one rich meadow I beheld a crowd of Roman Catholic priests, who looked
at the trains in such a manner as if they thought that they were
"heretical and damnable," and that the Chemin de Fer was nothing but the
Chemin d'Enfer.  At Malines we all got out, walked to a stone pillar,
where a speech was made to the sound of martial music, and we all got in
again.  And then to show the power of his engines, Mr Stephenson
attached all the cars, omnibuses, and diligences together, and directed
the Elephant to take us back without assistance from the other two
engines.  So the Elephant took us all in tow, and away we went at a very
fair pace.  It must have been a very beautiful sight to those who were
looking on the whole train in one line, covered with red cloth and
garlands of roses with white canopies over head, and decorated with
about three hundred Belgian flags, of yellow, red, and black.  However,
the huge animal who dragged this weight of eighty tons became thirsty at
Ville Vorde, and cast us off--it took him half an hour to drink--that is
to say, to take in water, and then he set off again, and we arrived
safely at Brussels, much to the delight of those who were in the cars
and also of his majesty, and all his ministers, and all his authorities,
and all the mercantile classes, who consider that the millennium is
come, but very much to the disappointment of the lower classes, who have
formed the idea that the _Chemin de Fer_ will take away their bread, and
who therefore longed for a blow-up.  And Mr Stephenson having succeeded
in bringing back in safety his decorated cars, has been _decore_
himself, and is now a Chevalier de l'Ordre Leopold.  Would not the
_Iron_ order of the Belgian patriots have been more appropriate as a
_Chemin de Fer_ decoration?

It is impossible to contemplate any steam-engine, without feeling wonder
and admiration at the ingenuity of man; but this feeling is raised to a
degree of awe when you look at a locomotive engine--there is such
enormous power compressed into so small a space--I never can divest
myself of the idea that it is possessed of _vitality_--that it is a
living as well as a moving being--and that idea, joined with its immense
power, conjures up in my mind that it is some spitting, fizzing,
terrific demon, who, if he could escape control, would be ready and
happy to drag us by thousands to destruction.

And will this powerful invention prove to mankind a _blessing_ or a
_curse_?--like the fire which Prometheus stole from heaven to vivify his
statue, may it not be followed by the evils of Pandora's fatal casket?

The lower classes of Belgium have formed an idea that the introduction
of steam is to take away their bread.  Let us examine whether there is
not in this idea a degree of instinctive and prophetic truth.

The axiom of our political economists is, that the grand object to be
sought and obtained is to produce the greatest possible results by the
smallest possible means.  The axiom, as an axiom by itself, is good; but
the axiom to be opposed to it is, that the well-being and happiness of
any state depends upon obtaining full employment for the whole industry
of the people.

The population of Belgium is enormous.  In England we calculate about
eighteen hundred souls to the square league.  In Belgium it amounts to
three thousand eight hundred souls to the square league.  Now it would
be impossible for Belgium to support this population, were it not, in
the first place, for her extensive manufactories, (for upon the cotton
manufactories alone, in which steam is as yet but partially introduced,
two hundred and fifty thousand souls depend for their existence,) and in
the second place, from the subdivision of the land in small portions,
arising from the laws of inheritance, which bar the right of
primogeniture; the consequence of which is, that the major part of
Belgium is cultivated by spade husbandry, and is in the very highest
state of fertility.  Nevertheless, the proportion of those who receive
relief in Belgium from public institutions and private charities of all
descriptions amounts even at present to _one in eight persons_.  Now,
allowing that the steam-engine should be generally introduced into this
country, the consequence must be, that machinery will supply the place,
and do the work of man.  And what may be the result? that thousands will
be thrown out of employment, and must be supported by the nation.  When
the population is so dense that there is not room for the labour of its
present inhabitants, it is clear that the introduction of machinery can
have but one effect--that of increasing pauperism.  Are not, then, the
Belgians right in thinking that it will deprive them of their bread?

That machinery has already had that effect to a certain degree in
England cannot be denied; and not only our manufacturing, but our
agricultural population, have been distressed from an adherence to the
same principle, of obtaining the greatest possible results from the
smallest possible means.  The subdivision of land will do more to
relieve the agricultural distress than anything else.  At present large
farms are preferred both by landlord and tenant, because a large farm
can be cultivated with a fewer number of men and horses; but how does
this act?  It throws a certain quantity of labourers out of employ, who
are supported in idleness.  Is the sum gained by farmers by employing
fewer men on large farms more than their proportion of the poor's rates
paid for unproductive industry?  That it may be more to the farmers is
possible, as they shift a great part of the onus upon others; but to the
nation it certainly is not--for the man who does not work must still be
fed.  May we not then consider the following propositions as correct?

That, producing the greatest possible results from the least possible
means, is an axiom which can only hold good when it does not interfere
with the industry of the people.  That, as long as the whole population
are employed, such powers become a benefit, and a source of extra
wealth.  But that, in proportion as it throws the population out of
employment, so much the more does it prove an injury, and must finally
lead to a state of things which must end in riot, anarchy, and
confusion.  _Quod est demonstrandum_--I hope it will not be in our time.



CHAPTER SEVEN.

                                                                Antwerp.
Every one has heard of the cathedral at Antwerp and the fine pictures by
Rubens--every one has heard of the siege of Antwerp and General Chasse,
and how the French marched an army of non-intervention down to the
citadel, and took it from the Dutch--and every one has heard how Lord
Palmerston protocol-ed while Marshal Gerard bombard-ed--and how it was
all bombard and bombast.  The name of Lord Palmerston reminds me that
conversing after dinner with some Belgians, the topic introduced was the
great dearth of diplomatic talent in a country like England, where
talent was in every other department so extremely prominent.  It was not
the first time that this subject had been canvassed in my presence by
foreigners.  Naturally envious of our general superiority, it is with
them a favourite point of attack; and they are right, as it certainly is
our weakest point.  They cannot disparage our army, or our navy, or our
constitution; but they can our climate, which is not our fault, but our
misfortune; and our diplomacy, which is our fault, and has too often
proved our misfortune also.

It certainly is the fact, that our diplomatic corps are very inferior,
and this can arise but from one cause; the emoluments which have been
attached to it having rendered admission into it an advantage eagerly
sought by the higher classes as a provision for the junior branches of
their families.  Of course, this provision has been granted to those to
whom government have felt most indebted for support, without the least
regard to the important point as to whether those who were admitted were
qualified or not; so that the mere providing for a younger son of an
adherent to the government may have proved in the end to have cost the
country millions from the incompetence of the party when placed in a
situation requiring tact and discrimination.  This evil is increased by
the system of filling up the vacant appointments according to
seniority--the exploded and absurd custom of "each second being heir
unto the first."  Should any man have proved, upon an emergency, that he
was possessed of the highest talent for diplomacy, it will avail him
nothing--he never, under the present system, will be employed--he cannot
be admitted into the corps without having entered as a private secretary
or attache.  It would be monstrous, unheard _of_; and the very idea
would throw Lord Aberdeen on the one side, or Lord Palmerston on the
other, into convulsions.  Is it therefore to be wondered at our being so
deficient in our diplomatic corps?  Surely if any point more than
another requires revision and reform, it is this; and the nation has a
right to insist upon it.

It may be asked, what are the most peculiar qualities necessary in a
diplomatist, taking it for granted that he has talents, education, and a
thorough knowledge of the routine of business?  The only term which we
can give to this `desideratum is' presence of mind--not the presence of
mind required in danger, but that presence of _mind_ which enables him,
when a proposition is made, at once to seize all its bearings, the
direction to which it tends, and the ultimate object (for that will
always be concealed at first) which the proposer may have in view.
Diplomatists, when they enter the field, are much in the situation of
two parties, one defending and the other attacking a stronghold.
Admissions are highly dangerous, as they enable the adversary to throw
up his first parallels; and too often, when you imagine that the enemy
is not one jot advanced, you find that he has worked through a covered
way, and, you are summoned to surrender.  It is strange that, at the
very time that they assert that it would be impossible to employ those
as diplomatists who have not been regularly trained to the service,
officers in the army, and captains in the navy are continually so
employed, and often under circumstances of vital importance.  Now it
would be supposed that the latter of all people they must be the most
unfit; as, generally speaking, they are sent to sea, _as unfit for
anything else_.  But it appears that once commanding a frigate, they are
supposed to be fit for everything.  A vessel is ordered for "particular
service," why so called I know not, except that there may be an elision,
and it means "particularly _disagreeable_ service."  The captain is
directed by the Admiralty to consider himself under the orders of the
Foreign Office, and he receives a huge pile of documents, numbered,
scheduled, and red-taped (as Bulwer says in his pamphlet), the contents
of which he is informed are to serve as a guide for his proceedings.  He
reads them over with all their verbiage and technicalities, sighs for
Cobbett's pure Saxon, and when he has finished, feels not a little
puzzled.  Document Number 4 contradicting document Number 12, and
document Number 1 opposed to Number 66; that is, as _he_ reads and
understands English.  Determined to understand them if possible, he
takes a dose of protocol every morning, until he has nearly learnt them
by heart, and then acts to the best of his knowledge and belief.  And it
is undeniable that, with very few exceptions, the navy have invariably
given satisfaction to the Foreign Office when they have been so
employed, and often under circumstances of peculiar difficulty.  I have
heard, from the best authority, that military men have also been equally
successful, although they have not so often been called into "particular
service."  By the bye, particular service is all done at the same price
as general service in his Majesty's navy, which is rather unfair, as we
are obliged to find our own red tape, pens, ink, and stationery.

As I was walking on the glacis with a friend, he pointed out to me at a
window an enormous fat man smoking his pipe, and told me that he had
been in the Dutch service under William of Orange; but not being a very
good hand at a forced march, he had been reduced with others to
half-pay.  He had not been many months in retirement when he went to the
palace, and requested an audience of his Majesty, and, when admitted,
stated that he had come to request that his Majesty would be pleased to
put him again upon full pay.  His Majesty raised many objections, and
stated his inability to comply with his request; upon which the
corpulent officer exclaimed, embracing with his arms as far as he could,
his enormous paunch, "My God! your Majesty, how can you imagine that I
can fill this big belly of mine with only my half-pay?"  This
_argumentum ad ventrem_ so tickled King William, that he was put on
_full pay unattached_, and has continued so ever since.  The first
instance I ever heard of a _man_ successfully pleading as ladies do at
the Old Bailey.

It is hard for a wanderer from childhood like me, to find out anything
new or interesting.  I have travelled too much and have seen too much--I
seldom now admire.  I draw comparisons, and the comparison drawn between
the object before my eyes, and that in my mind's eye, is unfortunately
usually in favour of the latter.  He who hath visited so many climes,
mingled with so many nations, attempted so many languages, and who has
hardly anything left but the North Pole or the crater of Vesuvius to
choose between; if he still longs for something new, may well cavil at
the pleasures of memory as a mere song.  In proportion as the memory is
retentive, so is decreased one of the greatest charms of existence--
novelty.  To him who hath seen much, there is little left but
comparison, and are not comparisons universally odious?  Not that I
complain, for I have a resource--I can fly to imagination--quit this
every-day world, and in the region of fiction create new scenes and
changes, and people these with new beings.

Moreover, there is still endless variety, endless amusement, and food
for study and contemplation, in our own species.  In all countries still
the same, yet ever varying:--

  "The proper study of mankind is man."

From which, I presume, we are to infer that it is time thrown away to
study woman.

At the same party in which the conversation was raised relative to
diplomacy, a person with whom I was, until that day, wholly
unacquainted, was sitting by me, and as it happened, the name of one
with whom I had long been on terms of intimacy was mentioned.  "Do you
know him?" said my neighbour, with a very peculiar expression.  I
replied that I had occasionally met him, for I thought there was
something coming forward.

"Well, all I can say is, that he is rather a strange person."

"Indeed!" replied I; "how do you mean?"

"Why, they say, that he is of a very uncertain temper."

"Indeed!" continued I, with the same look of inquiry, as if demanding
more information.

"Yes, yes, rather a dangerous man."

"Do you know him?" inquired I, in return.

"Yes; that is to say--not very intimately--the fact is, that I have
avoided it.  I grant that he is a very clever man--but I hear that he
quarrels with everybody."

"Who told you so?" replied I.

Oh! he was not authorised to give the name of the person.

"Then," replied I, "allow me to say that you have been misinformed.  I
have been on intimate terms with that person for nearly twenty years,
during which he never quarrelled with me or any one that I know of;
although, I grant, he is not over civil to those whom he may despise.
The only part of your communication which is correct is, that he is a
very clever man, and our government are of the same opinion."

My neighbour was discomfited, and said no more, and I joined the general
conversation.  What may have been his cause of dislike I know not--but I
have frequently remarked, that if a man has made himself enemies either
from neglect of that sophistry and humbug, so necessary to enable him to
roll down the stream of time with his fellows without attrition, if they
can find no point in his character to assail, their last resort is, to
assert that he is an uncertain tempered man, and not to be trusted.

This is the last, and although not the most empoisoned, still the surest
shaft in the whole quiver of calumny.  It does not exactly injure the
character, but it induces others to avoid the acquaintance of the party
so misrepresented.

It is rather singular, and perhaps I may have been fortunate, but in
more than half-a-dozen instances I have found the very parties to whom
this character has been given, although high-minded and high-spirited,
the very antithesis to the character which has been assigned them.  That
some do deserve the character is undoubted--but there is no species of
calumny to be received with such peculiar caution.  It may be right to
be on your guard, but it never should be the ground for a positive
avoidance of the party accused.  Indeed, in some degree, it argues in
his favour, for it is clear that the whole charge they can bring against
his character is an infirmity to which we are all more or less
subjected; and he who looks for perfection in his acquaintance or his
friends, will inevitably meet with disappointment.



CHAPTER EIGHT.

                                                               Brussels.
I have lost all my memoranda!  I cannot find them any where.  Well--
children are a great blessing when they are kept in the nursery--but
they certainly do interfere a little with a papa who has the misfortune
to be an author.  I little thought, when my youngest girl brought me up
a whole string of paper dolls, hanging together by the arms, that they
had been cut off my memoranda.  But so it was; and when I had
satisfactorily established the fact, and insisted upon an inquisition to
recover my invaluables, I found that they had had an auto-da-fe, and
that the whole string of dolls, which contained on their petticoats my
whole string of bewitching ideas, had been burnt like so many witches.
But as the man said in the packet--"Is that all?"  Oh, no!--they come
rushing in like a torrent, bounding, skipping, laughing, and screaming,
till I fancied myself like another Orpheus, about to be torn to pieces
by Bacchanals (they are all girls), and I laid down my pen, for they
drive all my ideas out of my head.  May your shadows never grow less,
mes enfans, but I wish you would not make such a cursed row.

The author and the author of existence do not amalgamate.  That's a
fact.

Their joyous countenances are answered by a look of despair--their
boiling-water heat drives my thermometer down to zero--their confounded
merriment gives me a confounded headache--their animal spirits drive me
to vegetable spirits--their cup of bliss running over makes me also
require a bumper--brandy restores the equilibrium, and I contrive to get
rid of them and my headache about one and the same time.

Talking about brandy--one morning at two o'clock, about the witching
time that ghosts do glide about in churchyards, as I was thinking
whether it would not be better to go to bed instead of writing nonsense,
in which opinion most of my readers may coincide with me, in stalked
three young men who were considerably the worse for potation.  There is
a great deal of character in inebriety--at the same time that no
estimate of character can be made from its effects; for we often find
the most quiet men when sober to be the most choleric in their cups--but
still there is character, and much that is curious in witnessing its
variety of effects.  Now these young men were each drunk in a very
different war--the first, in a way quite novel; for although he could
preserve his equilibrium, and stare immensely, he had lost the power of
speech; you saw his lips move, but no articulation or sound succeeded--
the second was laughing drunk; everything that was said, either by
himself or by any one else, was magnified into a pun or a _bon mot_--the
third, with whom I had no previous acquaintance, was _politely_ drunk.
I presume the idea of intruding himself upon a stranger, at such an
unseasonable hour, had produced that effect--but let me describe the
scene.

"Ha, ha, ha! we come to you--ha, ha! capital.  We want some brandy and
water; and, ha, ha! we know you always keep a stock," said the second,
seating himself in an armchair.

The first also took a chair, moved his lips for a few seconds, and then
sat bolt upright, staring at the two candles; how many he counted I
cannot pretend to say.

"Really," said Number Three, "we are--I'm afraid--taking a great
liberty--a very great liberty; but--an apology is certainly due--if you
will allow me to offer an apology for my two friends--will you allow me
to introduce them?"

"Many thanks, but I have the pleasure of knowing _them_ already."

"I really beg your pardon--it was quite unintentional on my part.  I
trust you are not offended?  Will you allow me to introduce myself?  I
am Captain C--, of the --.  Will you permit me to present my card, and
to say how happy I shall be to make your acquaintance?"  So saying, the
third gentleman presented me with his card, and returned the card-case
into his pocket.

"Capital!" cried Number Two.  "Ha, ha, ha! what an excellent joke, ha,
ha, ha!  Now for the brandy-and-water."

This was soon produced, and although Number One had lost all
articulation, he had still the power of deglutition; he filled his
glass, sat up more erect, stared at the candles, and drank his grog; the
other did the same, when Number Three again spoke.

"My dear Sir, I hope you will excuse the liberty, but my name is Captain
C--, of the --.  Will you allow me the honour of presenting my card, and
of saying how proud I shall be to make your acquaintance?"  So saying,
he presented me another card, which I put aside with the first.

"Ha, ha, ha! what a good joke, to find you up.  I said we should get
brandy-and-water here; wasn't that capital?--ha, ha, ha, ha!"

I could not exactly see the joke of being kept up for perhaps two more
hours, but I begged they would refill their glasses, as the sitting
would be sooner ended one way or the other--either by the bottle being
empty, or their falling under the table--I did not care which--when I
was again addressed by Number Three.

"I really beg your pardon, but--I'm afraid I have been very remiss--will
you allow me to introduce myself?  I am Captain C--, of the --.  Here is
my card, and I cannot say how happy I shall be if I may have the honour
of your acquaintance."

I bowed a third time, and received a third card.

"By heavens, I've finished my tumbler!  Ain't that capital?  Ha, ha, ha!
famous fun;--and so has Alfred."

"Famous fun, indeed," thought I, as the contents of the bottle
disappeared.

"And Alfred is going to help himself again; well, that is capital, ha,
ha, ha!--ha, ha, ha!--ha, ha, ha, ha!"

Alfred, who was Number One, moved his lips, but like the frozen horn of
Munchausen, sounds would not come out; he did, however, follow up the
joke, by refilling his tumbler for the third time.

"Upon my honour, I've been very rude, I ought to apologise," said Number
Three, again drawing out his card-case; "but will you allow me to offer
my card?  I am Captain C--, of the --, and I shall be most happy to make
your acquaintance."

I bowed again, and received the fourth card.

Thus were the changes rung by numbers, one, two, and three, until I was
tired out, two bottles more drank out, and I had received fifteen cards
from my very polite friend, whom I had never seen before.

At four o'clock they all rose to depart.

"Upon my soul, I do believe I'm drunk," said Number Two; "capital joke--
ha, ha, ha!"

Number One continued dumb, brandy had not thawed him; but he stared very
hard at me, as much as to say, I would speak if I could.

Number Three put into my hand the sixteenth card, and made a rash
attempt at a bow.

Having seen them fairly outside my door, I bolted it, saying with
Shakespeare--

  "O! that a man
  Should put an enemy in his mouth
  To steal away his brains!"

I have been this morning to visit an establishment founded by two
brothers, of the name of Van der Maelen.  It comprehends natural
history, botany, geography, and statistics, and they have, moreover, a
lithographic press for maps and plates.  It is a very curious, and very
spirited undertaking.  As yet, the whole has been effected by their own
means, which are extensive, and without any assistance from government.
How few people in this world employ their money so usefully!  This
establishment is but yet in its infancy, and the collections are not
very valuable, although rapidly increasing, from the interest felt by
every one in its welfare.

Of all collections of natural history, the fossil department is, to me,
the most interesting; there is room for speculation and reflection, till
the mind is lost in its own wanderings, which I consider one of the
greatest delights of existence.  We are indebted to the vast,
comprehensive mind, and indefatigable labour of Cuvier, for the gleams
of light which have lately burst upon us, and which have rendered what
was before mere speculative supposition now a source of interesting and
anxious investigation, attended with results that are as satisfactory as
they are undeniable.

That there was a period when the surface of the earth was almost
entirely covered with water--a state between chaos and order, when man
was not yet created (for that then the world had not yet been rendered
by the Almighty a fit receptacle for man), appears to be undoubted.  Yet
the principle of life had been thrown forth by the Almighty hand, and
monsters had been endowed with vitality, and with attributes necessary
for their existence upon an intermediate world.

These were the many varieties of the Ichthyosauri and the Plesiosauri,
of whose remains we have now such abundant specimens--all animals of the
lizard species; some supposed to have been supplied with wings, like the
flying fish of the present day.

But imagine an animal of the lizard species, one hundred and twenty feet
long--imagine such a monster--the existence of which is now proved
beyond a cavil, by the remains, deeply imbedded in the hard blue lias
rocks, and which remains are now in our possession.  What a terrific
monster it must have been!  We look with horror at an alligator of
twenty or thirty feet, but imagine an animal of that species extending
his huge bulk to one hundred and twenty feet.  Were they all destroyed
when the waters were separated from the hand, or did they gradually
become extinct when the earth was no longer a suitable habitation for
them, and no longer congenial to those properties with which they had
been endowed when ordered into existence by the Almighty power?  The
description of the Behemoth, by Job, has long been a puzzle to the
learned; we have no animal of the present time winch will answer to it,
but in many points, this description will answer to what may be supposed
would be the appearance, the muscular power, and the habits of this huge
denizen of a former world.

  "His force is in the navel of his belly.
  He moveth his tail like a cedar.
  His bones are as strong pieces of brass.
  His bones are like bars of iron.
  He lieth under the shady trees in the covert of the reeds and fens.
  The shady trees cover him with their shadow.
  The willows of the brook compass him about."

It may be a matter of deep surmise, whether all animals were created as
we now find them, that is, whether the first creation was final--or how
far the unerring hand has permitted a change to take place in the forms
and properties of animals, so as to adapt them to their peculiar
situations.  I would say, whether the Almighty may not have allowed the
principle of vitality and life to assume, at various epochs, the form
and attributes most congenial to the situation, either by new formation
or by change.

May not the monster of former worlds have dwindled down to the alligator
of this--the leviathan to the whale?  Let us examine whether we have any
proofs in existing creation to support this supposition.  We all know
that the hair of the goat and sheep in the torrid zones will be changed
into wool when they are taken to the colder climes, and that the reverse
will also take place--we know that the hare and weazel tribes, whose
security is increased from their colour so nearly approaching to that of
the earth in temperate latitudes, have the same protection afforded to
them when they are found in the regions of snow, by their changing to
white--and we know that the _rete mucosum_ of the African enables him to
bear the exposure to a tropical sun, which would destroy an European.
But this is not sufficient, we must examine further.  Sir Humphry Davy
has given us a very interesting account of a small animal found in the
pools of water in the caves in Carniola; this animal is called the
_Proteus Anguinus_ or Syren: it is a species of eel with two feet--a
variety only to be found in these caves--it lives in darkness, and
exposure to the light destroys it.  Now, here is an animal which we must
either suppose to have been created at the universal creation--and that
is to suppose that these caves and pools of water have also existed from
the time of the creation--or that the principle of vitality has been
permitted, at a later date, to take that form and those attributes
congenial to its situation: it is a curious problem.  Again, it is well
known that in the continent of New Holland there are animals who have a
property peculiar to that continent alone--that of a pouch or false
stomach, to contain their young after their birth; it has been surmised
that at one time the major part of that continent was under water, and
that this pouch was supplied to them for the safety of their young; nor
is this conjecture without strong grounds; if only the kangaroo and
opossum tribes, which are animals peculiarly indigenous to that
continent, were supplied with this peculiar formation, the conjecture
would fall to the ground, as it might fairly be said that this property
was only another proof of the endless variety in creation; but the most
remarkable fact is, that not only the kangaroo and opossum, animals
indigenous and peculiar to that portion of the globe, but that very
variety of squirrel, rat, and mouse, which in every other respect are of
the same species as those found in the other continents, are all of them
provided with this peculiar false pouch to contain their young.  Why,
therefore, should all these have been supplied with it, if not for a
cause?  And the question now arises, whether at the first creation they
had that pouch, or were permitted so far to change their formation, when
the pouch became necessary for the preservation and continuation of
these species?  That these changes are the changes of centuries, I
grant, and therefore are not likely to be observed by man, whose records
or whose knowledge are not permitted to be handed down beyond a certain
extent.  Knowledge is not happiness; and when the accumulation has
arrived to that height so as to render it dangerous, it is swept away by
the all-wise and benevolent Creator, and we are permitted to begin again
_de novo_.  After all, what we term posterity is but a drop of water in
the ocean of Time.



CHAPTER NINE.

                                                               Brussels.
There are few people in Brussels, indeed in Belgium, who do not complain
of the revolution; all that goes wrong is at once ascribed to this
cause--indeed I was rather staggered by one gentleman, at Ghent, telling
me very gravely that they had had no fat oxen since the revolution; but
this he explained by stating that the oxen were fattened from the refuse
of several manufactories, all of which had been broken up, the
proprietors having quitted for Holland.  The revolution has certainly
been, up to the present time, injurious to both countries, but it is
easy to foretell that eventually Belgium will flourish, and Holland, in
all probability, be the sufferer.  The expenses of the latter even now
are greater than her revenue, and when the railroads of Belgium have
been completed, as proposed, to Vienna, the revenue of Holland will be
proportionably decreased from her loss of the carrying trade.  It may be
urged that Holland can also have her railroads--but she cannot: so large
a proportion of her population find their support at present on the
canals, that a railroad would be productive of the most injurious
effects.  It is true that she can lower her rates of carriage, but the
merchant will save ten days of transport by the railroads, and this
rapidity of communication will always obtain the preference.

But whatever may be the future prospects of Belgium, it is certain that,
from the heavy expenses attending the support of so large an army, the
retirement into Holland of most of the influential and wealthy
commercial men, and the defection of almost all the nobility, at present
she is suffering.  Brussels, her capital, has perhaps been most injured,
and is no longer the gay and lively town which it was under the dynasty
of King William of Nassau.  When the two countries were united, it was
the custom of the Dutch court to divide the year between Brussels and
the Hague; and as there was not only the establishment of the King, but
also those of Princes William and Frederick (in fact three courts), as
well as all the nobility of Holland and Belgium, there was an overflow
of wealth, of company, and of amusement, which rendered Brussels one of
the most delightful winter residences on the Continent: but this has now
all passed away.  The court of Leopold, in consequence of the radical
party having the entire sway, is but a shadow, as nearly all the Belgian
nobility have retired from it.  The few who reside in town will not
visit at the palace, and live in seclusion, receiving no company, and
spending no money; the majority, however, have either removed from
Brussels to their country seats, or have left the kingdom to spend their
revenue amongst foreigners.

At present there are but few English here, it being no longer the scene
of gaiety, and there are other reasons which gradually decrease the
number.  The fact is, that Brussels is not a very cheap residence.  The
duties on every thing are now enormous, and the shop-keepers prey upon
the English as much as they can, having avowedly two prices, one for
them and the other for the Belgians.  There are very few amusements, and
the people, since the revolution, are rude and bearish, imagining that
by incivility they prove their liberty and independence.  The other
towns of Belgium are very dull and very cheap--Brussels is very dull and
very dear.  In another point, Brussels presents a contradiction to all
the other capitals of Europe, in which you generally find the most
polished manners, and the greatest beauty in the female sex,
concentrated.  At Brussels it is directly the reverse--the men are
uncivil and the women plain: whereas in the Belgian provinces you will
meet with civility and respect, and at Antwerp, Ostend, and most other
provincial towns, fall in with many fine countenances, reminding you of
the Spanish blood which has been for centuries mingled with that of the
Low Provinces.

Nevertheless there are many advantages in Brussels: the communication
with England is so rapid, and its situation so central, that it may be
considered as the point from which travellers diverge on their various
routes.

About the end of May the arrivals and departures from Brussels are
constant; this stream continues to pour through the city for three
months, after which, as the Belgians do not mix with the foreign
residents, the latter are left entirely to their own resources for
amusement.  But the greatest objection to Brussels is, that the English
have brought with them the _English feeling_.  I hardly know how else to
term it, but it certainly is a feeling peculiarly English, which has
taken deep root within this last half century, and which has already
produced much evil, and may eventually be productive of more serious
results.  I refer to the system of spending more money than you can
afford, to enable you to hold a certain position in the scale of
society.

For these last forty years, during which immense fortunes have been made
in England, there has been a continued struggle of wealth against rank.
_Parvenus_, as the aristocracy have been pleased to call them, have
started up in every direction, vying with, and even eclipsing the
nobility in lavish expenditure--in some instances, driving the
aristocracy to spend more money than they could afford, and thereby
impoverishing them; in others, forcing admittance into their circles.
Wealth and public opinion have latterly gained the ascendency, and the
aristocracy are now more looked up to on account of their large
possessions than of their high birth.  Now this has been nothing more
than a demand for greater liberty and more extended rights on the part
of the commoners of England, in proportion as they found themselves a
more important body in the state.  It has not been a case of Magna
Charta, but it is still analogous; for they have demanded that the
barrier raised between them and the aristocracy should be thrown down,
as soon as they possessed all the advantages, with the exception of that
nominal rank, the title too often conferred without discrimination on
the one hand or claims on the other.  As soon as a partial breach had
been made in this barrier,--every one rushed for admittance, displaying
wealth as their ticket of admission, and the consequence has been, that
wealth has now become the passport into society; but another consequence
has also ensued, which is, that to obtain entrance, almost everybody has
been living and keeping up an appearance which has not been warranted by
their means.  Many have exceeded their incomes, and then sunk down into
poverty; others have, perhaps, only lived up to their incomes; but in so
doing, have disappointed those who, induced by the appearance of so much
wealth, have married into the family and discovered that they have
obtained wives with expensive ideas, and no money.  But there have been
other reasons which have induced some to live beyond their means--they
have done it in the pure spirit of gambling.  In England, credit, next
to money, is of most value, and according to their supposed wealth, so
did the parties obtain credit; an expenditure beyond their means was,
therefore, with commercial men, nothing more than a speculation, which
very often succeeded, and eventually procured to the parties the means
of expenditure.  It is well known that the income tax, in many cases,
was paid double; commercial men preferring to give in their income at
twice its real value, and pay the tax to that amount, that they might be
supposed to possess more than they really had; indeed, as it was
imagined that a man would evade so heavy an impost as much as possible,
he was generally considered to be worth even more than what he himself
had stated.  It is from these causes that has arisen what I have called
the English feeling, for display beyond the means, and which has made
our countrymen look down upon those who cannot compete with them in
expense.  Let a married couple be ever so well connected--let them have
talent, and every other advantage, it will avail them nothing, if they
have not money, sufficient at least to keep a carriage, and not shock
the mistress of a house by the sound of the rattling steps of a
hackney-coach at her door; besides which, in our commercial country, the
principle of barter, of _quid pro quo_, is extended even to dinner and
evening parties--and the reason is obvious--when people live to the full
extent, or even beyond their incomes, a little management is required.
A dinner-party is so arranged, that the dinners received from others are
returned to them, and they cannot afford to ask a couple who cannot give
them a dinner in return, as they would fill up the places of others to
whom a dinner is due, and who, if not asked then, must be at another
time; and an extra dinner is an extra expense to be avoided.  The
English therefore, who have only moderate incomes, have the choice,
either to live beyond their means, and leave their children unprovided
for, or of being shut out from that society, to which every other is but
the adventitious claim of wealth, they are entitled.  The consequence
has been that since the peace thousands and thousands have settled on
the Continent, that they may make more display with a small income, and
thousands more, with a much better feeling, to avoid expense, and lay by
a provision for their children.  Of course all these remarks are made
with reservation, but with reservation, it may be said, that in England
we have, or soon shall have, only two classes left, the extreme rich and
the extreme poor, for the intermediate classes are gradually retiring to
the continent, emigrating to Canada and America, or sinking down into
the second class.

This is a most dangerous state of society, and, if carried to the
extreme, has always proved ruinous to the state.  Although the immense
extent of the Roman empire may be asserted as the ultimate cause of its
downfall, still that downfall was most certainly accelerated by the
rottenness at the core, the system of patrons and clients having thrown
all the wealth into the hands of a few.  Are we not rapidly advancing to
this state in England?  The landholders are almost at the mercy of the
fundholders, who, in fifty years' time, will probably have possession of
the land as well as of the money.  And should there be no check put to
this disintegration of society, then must come what the radicals are now
so anxious to obtain, the equitable adjustment--and in that case it is a
problem how far that may not be really _equitable_; for society may, by
degrees, arrive to a state so anomalous as to warrant that the few
should be sacrificed for the benefit of the community at large.



CHAPTER TEN.

                                                       Brussels, May 22.
Among the _lions_ of Brussels, a dog was pointed out to me, as he lay on
the pavement in front of the House of Assembly.  It was a miserable
looking cur; but he had a tale extra attached to him, which had
magnified him into a lion.  It was said that he belonged to a Dutch
soldier, who was killed in the revolution, at the spot where the dog
then lay, and that ever since (a period of four years) the animal had
taken up his quarters there, and invariably lain upon that spot.
Whether my informant lied, and the dog did not, I cannot pretend to say;
but if the story be true, it was a most remarkable specimen of fidelity
and ugliness.  And he was a sensible dog, moreover; instead of dying of
grief and hunger, as some foolish dogs have done, he has always
dedicated an hour every evening to cater for his support, and then
returns to pass the night on the spot.  I went up to him, and when
within two yards he thought proper to show his teeth, and snarl most
dog-matically; I may therefore, in addition to his other qualities,
state that he is an ill-natured dog.  How far the report was correct, I
cannot vouch; but I watched him three or four days, and always found him
at his post; and after such strict investigation, had I asserted ten
years instead of four, I have a prescriptive right, as a traveller, to
be believed.

It is singular that it is only in England that you can find dogs,
properly so called; abroad they have nothing but curs.  I do not know
anything more puzzling than the genealogy of the animals you meet with
under the denomination of dogs in most of the capitals of Europe.  It
would appear as if the vice of promiscuous and unrestricted intercourse
had been copied from their masters; and I have been almost tempted to
take up the opinion, that you may judge of the morality of a capital
from the degeneracy of the dogs.  I have often, at Paris, attempted to
make out a descent; but found it impossible.  Even the late Sir G
Naylor, with all the herald's office, stimulated by double fees, could
not manage to decipher escutcheons obliterated by so many crosses.

I am very partial to dogs; and one of my amusements, when travelling, is
to watch their meetings with each other; they appear to me to do
everything but speak.  Indeed, a constant observer will distinguish in
dogs many of the passions, virtues, and rices of men; and it is
generally the case, that those of the purest race have the nobler
qualifications.  You will find in them devotion, courage, generosity,
good temper, sagacity, and forbearance; but these virtues, with little
alloy, are only to be found in the pure breeds.  A cur is quite a
lottery: he is a most heterogeneous compound of virtue and vice; and
sometimes the amalgamation is truly ludicrous.  Notwithstanding which, a
little scrutiny of his countenance and his peculiar movements will soon
enable you to form a very fair estimate of his general character and
disposition.

One of the most remarkable qualities in dogs is the fidelity of their
attachments; and the more so, as their attachments are very often
without any warrantable cause.  For no reason that can be assigned, they
will take a partiality to people or animals, which becomes a feeling so
dominant, that their existence appears to depend upon its not being
interfered with.  I had an instance of this kind, and the _parties_ are
all living.  I put up, for an hour or two, at a livery stables in town,
a pair of young ponies.  On my taking them out again, the phaeton was
followed by a large coach-dog, about two years old, a fine grown animal,
but not well marked, and in very poor condition.  He followed us into
the country; but having my establishment of dogs (taxes taken into
consideration), I ordered him to be shut out.  He would not leave the
iron gates; and when they were opened, in he bolted, and hastening to
the stables, found out the ponies, and was not to be dislodged from
under the manger without a determined resistance.  This alternate
bolting in and bolting out continued for many days; finding that I could
not get rid of him, I sent him away forty miles in the country; but he
returned the next day, expressing the most extravagant joy at the sight
of the ponies, who, strange to say, were equally pleased, allowing him
to put his paws upon them, and bark in their faces.  But although the
ponies were partial to the dog, I was not; and aware that a voyage is a
great specific for curing improper attachments, I sent the dog down the
river in a barge, requesting the men to land him where they were bound,
on the other side of the Medway; but in three days the dog again made
his appearance, the picture of famine and misery.  Even the coachman's
heart was melted, and the rights and privileges of his favourite
snow-white terrier were forgotten.  It was therefore agreed, in a
cabinet council held in the harness room, that we must make the best of
it; and, as the dog would not leave the ponies, the best thing we could
do, was to put a little flesh on his bones, and make him look
respectable.  We therefore victualled him that day, and put him on our
books with the purser's name of Pompey.  Now this dog proved, that
sudden as was his attachment to the ponies, it was of the strongest
quality.  He never would and never has since left these animals.  If
turned out in the fields, he remains out with them, night as well as
day, taking up his station as near as possible half way between the two,
and only coming home to get his dinner.  No stranger can enter their
stables with impunity; for he is very powerful, and on such occasions
very savage.  A year or two after his domiciliation, I sold the ponies,
and the parties who purchased were equally anxious at first to get rid
of the dog; but their attempts, like mine, were unavailing, and, like
me, they at last became reconciled to him.  On my return from abroad, I
re-purchased them, and Pompey of course was included in the purchase.

We are none of us perfect--and Pompey had one vice; but the cause of the
vice almost changed it into a virtue.  He had not a correct feeling
relative to _meum_ and _tuum_, but still he did not altogether steal for
himself, but for his friends as well.  Many have witnessed the fact of
the dog stealing a loaf, or part of one, taking it into the stables, and
dividing it into three portions, one for each pony, and the other for
himself.  I recollect his once walking off with a round of beef,
weighing seventeen or eighteen pounds, and taking it to the ponies in
the field--they smelt at it, but declined joining him in his repast.
By-the-bye, to prove that lost things will turn up some day or another,
there was a silver skewer in the beef, which was not recovered until two
years afterwards, when it was turned up by the second ploughing.  One
day, as the ponies were in the field where I was watching some men at
work, I heard them narrating to a stranger the wonderful feats of this
dog, for I have related but a small portion.  The dog was lying by the
ponies as usual, when the servants' dinner-bell rang, and off went
Pompey immediately at a hard gallop to the house to get his food.
"Well, dang it, but he is a queer dog," observed the man, "for now he's
running as fast as he can, to _answer the bell_."



CHAPTER ELEVEN.

                                                                 May 23.
With all the faults of the Roman church, it certainly appears to me that
its professors extend towards those who are in the bosom of their own
church a greater share than most other sects, of the true spirit of
every religion--charity.  The people of the Low Countries are the most
bigoted Catholics at present existing, and in no one country is there so
much private as well as public charity.  It is, however, to private
charity that I refer.  In England there is certainly much to be offered
in extenuation, as charity is extorted by law to the utmost farthing.
The baneful effects of the former poor laws have been to break the links
which bound together the upper and lower classes, produced by protection
and good will in the former, and in the latter, by respect and
gratitude.  Charity by act of parliament has dissolved the social
compact--the rich man grumbles when he pays down the forced
contribution--while the poor man walks into the vestry with an insolent
demeanour, and claims relief, not as a favour, but as a right.  The poor
laws have in themselves the essence of revolution, for if you once
establish the right of the poor man to any portion of the property of
the rich, you admit a precedent so far dangerous, that the poor may
eventually decide for themselves what portion it may be that they may be
pleased to take; and this becomes the more dangerous, as it must be
remembered, that the effect of the poor laws is _repulsion_ between the
two classes, from the one giving unwillingly, and the other receiving
unthankfully.  How the new Poor Law Bill will work remains to be proved;
but this is certain, that much individual suffering must take place,
before it works out the great end which it is intended to obtain.

That the Roman Catholic laity are more charitable is not a matter of
surprise, as they are not subjected to forced contributions: but it
appears to me that the Catholic clergy are much more careful and kind to
their flocks than our own.  Now, indeed, can it be otherwise, when even
now, although so much reform in the Church has been effected, so many of
our clergymen are pluralists and non-residents, expending the major part
of the church revenue out of the parish, leaving to the curate, who
performs the duty, a stipend which renders it impossible for him to
exercise that part of his Christian duty to any extent?--for charity
_begins_ at home, and his means will not allow him to proceed much
farther.  That serious evils have arisen from the celibacy of the Roman
clergy is true, for priests are but men, and are liable to temptation;
but it is equally certain that when a Roman Catholic clergyman is a pure
and pious man, he has nothing to distract his attention from the
purposes of his high calling; and not only his whole attention is
devoted to his flock, but his existence, if necessary, is voluntarily
endangered.  At the period of the cholera, there were many remarkable
instances of this devotion to death on the part of the Roman priesthood,
and as many, I am forced to say, of the Protestant clergy flying from
the epidemic, and leaving their flocks without a shepherd.  And why so?
because the Protestant clergymen had wives and families depending upon
them for support, and whose means of existence would terminate with
their own lives.  It was very natural that they should prefer the
welfare of their own families to that of their parishioners.  But in
other cases not so extreme, the encumbrance of a family to a clergyman
in England is very often in opposition to his duty.  To eke out a scanty
remuneration, he sets up a school or takes in pupils.  Now if the duties
of a clergyman consisted in merely reading the services on a Sunday, and
christening, burying, and marrying, he might well do so; but the real
duties of a clergyman are much more important.  His duty is to watch
over the lives and conduct of his parishioners, to exhort, persuade, and
threaten, if necessary; to be ever among his flock, watching them as a
shepherd does his sheep.  And how can he possibly do this, if he takes
charge of pupils?--he must either neglect his pupils or neglect his
parish.  He cannot do justice to both.  As Saint Paul says to the
bishops, "Although it is better to marry than burn, still it is better
to be even as I am," unencumbered with wife and family, and with no ties
to distract my attention from my sacred and important calling.

But the _public_ charitable institutions abroad are much better
conducted than those of England, where almost every thing of the kind is
made a job, and a source of patronage for pretending pious people, who
work their way into these establishments for their own advantage.  It is
incredible the number of poor people who are effectually relieved on the
Continent in the course of the year, at an expense which would not meet
the weekly disbursements of a large parish in England.  But then, how
much more judicious is the system!  I know for a fact, that in the
county where I reside, and in which the hard-working labourer, earning
his twelve shillings a week, is quite satisfied if he can find
sufficient _bread_ for his family, (not tasting meat, perhaps, ten times
during the whole year,) that those who were idlers, supported by
charity, were supplied with meat three or four times a week; nay, even
the felons and prisoners in the county gaol were better fed than was the
industrious working man.  And this is what in England is called charity.
It is base injustice to the meritorious.  But many of the
charitable institutions in England, from mal-administration, and
pseudo-philanthropy, have become very little better than establishments
holding out premiums for idleness and hypocrisy.

Among the institutions founded by Roman Catholics and particularly
deserving of imitation, that of the Soeurs de la Charite appears to be
the most valuable.  It is an institution which, like mercy, is twice
blessed--it blesses those who give, and those who receive.  Those who
give, because many hundreds of females, who would otherwise be thrown
upon the world, thus find an asylum, and become useful and valuable
members to society.  They take no vows--they only conform to the rules
of the sisterhood during the time that they remain in it, and if they
have an opportunity, by marriage or otherwise, of establishing
themselves, they are at free liberty to depart.  How many young women,
now forced into a wretched, wicked life, would gladly incorporate
themselves into such a society in England; how many, if such a society
existed, would be prevented from falling into error!

It is well known, that to support a large community, the expenses are
trifling compared to what they are when you have the same number of
isolated individuals to provide for.  A company of two or three hundred
of these sisters living together, performing among themselves the
various household duties, washing, etcetera, and merely requiring their
food, would not incur the same expense in house rent, firing, and
provisions, as thirty or forty isolated individuals.  Soldiers in
barracks are even well fed, housed, and clothed, at a much less expense
than it costs the solitary labourer to eat his _dry bread_ in his own
cottage; and the expenses of such communities, if once established,
would very soon be paid by their receipts.

It would be a double charity, charity to those who would willingly
embrace the life, and charity to those who might require their
assistance.  It is well known how difficult it is to obtain a sick nurse
in London.  It is an avocation seldom embraced by people, until they are
advanced in years, and all feeling has been dried up by suffering or
disappointment.  Those who undertake the task are only actuated by gain,
and you can expect but eye-service.  Not being very numerous, and
constantly in demand, they are overworked, and require stimulants in
their long watchings.  In fact, they drink and dose--dose and drink
again.

But how different would it be if the establishments, which I have
referred to, were formed! those who are wealthy would send for one of
the sisters when required, and if the illness were tedious, her services
could be replaced by another, so that over-fatigue might not destroy
watchfulness and attention to the patient.  You would at once feel that
you had those in your house in whom you could confide.  If your means
enabled you, you would send a sum to the funds of the charity in return
for the service performed, and your liberality would enable them to
succour those who could only repay by blessings.  A very small
subscription would set afloat such a charity, as the funds would so
rapidly come in; and if under the surveillance of the medical men who
attended the hospitals, it would soon become effective and valuable.  I
trust if this should meet the eye of any real philanthropist who has
time to give, which is more valuable than money, that he will turn it
over in his mind:--the founder would be a benefactor to his country.



CHAPTER TWELVE.

                                                                 May 25.
"A man cannot die more than once," is an old apothegm, and it would
appear bold to dispute it; but still there are lives within lives, such
as political lives, literary lives, etcetera, and there is also such a
thing as being dead in the eye of the law; so that it is evident that a
man can die twice, that is, once professionally or legally, and once
naturally.

I presume, like all other scribblers, I must meet my literary death,
that is, when I have written myself down, or have written myself out.  I
have no objection, for I am very weary of my literary existence,
although authors are not so in general; on the contrary, they can
perceive in themselves no sign of decay when it is apparent to every
body around them.  Literary decay is analogous to the last stage of a
consumption, in which you believe you are not going to die, and plan for
the future as if you were in perfect health.  And yet to this complexion
must all authors come at last.  There is not a more beautiful, or more
true portrait of human nature, than the scene between the Archbishop of
Grenada and Gil Blas, in the admirable novel of Le Sage.  Often and
often has it been brought to my recollection since I have taken up the
pen, and often have I said to myself, "Is this homily as good as the
last?"  (perhaps homily is not exactly the right term my writings.)  The
great art in this world, not only in writing, but in everything else, is
to know when to leave off.  The mind as well as the body must wear out.
At first it is a virgin soil, but we cannot renew its exhausted vigour
after it has borne successive crops.  We all know this, and yet we are
all archbishops of Grenada.  Even the immortal Walter Scott might have
benefited by the honesty of Gil Blas, and have burnt his latter
homilies; but had he had such an unsophisticated adviser, would he not,
in all probability, have put him out by the shoulders, wishing him, like
the venerable hierarch, "a little more taste and judgment."

Since I have been this time abroad, I have made a discovery for which
all prose writers ought to feel much indebted to me.  Poets can invoke
Apollo, the Muses, the seasons, and all sorts and varieties of gods and
goddesses, naked or clothed, besides virtues and vices, and if none of
them suit, they may make their own graven image, and fall down before
it; but we prose writers have hitherto had no such advantage, no
protecting deity to appeal to in our trouble, as we bite our pens, or to
call upon to deliver us from a congestion of the brain.  Now being aware
that there were upwards of three hundred and fifty thousand canonised
saints on the Roman calendar, I resolved to run through the catalogue,
to ascertain--if there was one who took prose authors under his
protection, and to my delight, I stumbled upon our man.  By-the-bye, Tom
Moore must have known this, and he has behaved very ill in keeping him
all to himself.  But I must introduce him.  It is the most holy, and the
most blessed, Saint Brandon.  Holy Saint Brandon inspire me, and guide
my pen while I record thy legend!  In the first place, let me observe
that our patron saint was an Irishman, and none the worse for that, as
Ireland has had as good saints as any in the calendar.  And it is now
clear that he does protect us prosaic writers, by the number of
reporters and gentlemen of the press which have been sent over from the
sister kingdom.  But to proceed.

Saint Brandon, it appears, was a reading man, and amused himself with
voyages and travels; but Saint Brandon was an unbeliever, and thought
that travellers told strange things.  He took up the Zoology of Pliny,
and pursued his accounts of "Antres vast, and men whose heads do grow
beneath their shoulders."  He read until his patience was exhausted,
and, in a fit of anger, he threw the manuscript into the flames.  Now
this was a heavy sin, for a man's book is the bantling of his brain,
and, to say the least, it was a literary-infanticide.  That very night
an angel appeared to him, and as a penance for his foul crime (in the
enormity of which every author will agree with the angel), he was
enjoined to _make the book over again_, no easy task in those days, when
manuscripts were rare, and the art of book-making had not been invented.
The sinner, in obedience to the heavenly mission, goes to work; he
charters a vessel, lays in provisions for a seven years' voyage, and
with a crew of seven monks, he makes sail, and after going round the
world seven times, during which the world went round the sun seven
times, he completed his task in seven volumes folio, which he never
published, but carried his manuscript away with him to prove that he had
performed his penance.  For this miraculous voyage--and certainly with
such a ship's company, it was a miracle--he was canonised, and is now
the patron saint of all prose authors, particularly those whose works
are measured by the foot-rule.

And now that I have made known to my fraternity that we also have a
saint, all they have to do is to call upon him six or seven times, when
their brains are at sixes and sevens.  I opine that holy Saint Brandon
made a very _hazard-ous_ voyage, for it is quite clear that, in the
whole arrangement, it was--_seven's the main_.



CHAPTER THIRTEEN.

                                                       En route, May 26.
Passed Waterloo--was informed that two days before the Marquis of
Anglesey had arrived there, and stayed a short time to visit the
cemetery of his leg; a regular family visit of course, as all the
_members_ were present.

                                                                 May 27.
Slept at Namur.  The French are certainly superior to us in the art of
rendering things agreeable.  Now, even in the furnishing of a common
apartment, there is always something to relieve the eye, if not to
interest you.  I recollect when I was last in London, in furnished
apartments, that as I lay awake in the morning, my eye caught the
pattern of the paper.  It was a shepherdess with her dog in repose,
badly executed, and repeated without variation over the whole apartment.
Of course I had nothing to do but to calculate how many shepherdesses
and dogs there were in the room, which, by counting the numbers in
length and breadth, squaring the results, and deducting for door and
windows, was soon accomplished.  But how different was the effect
produced by the paper of the room in which I slept last night!  It was
the history of Dunois, the celebrated bastard of France, who prays in
his youth that he may prove the bravest of the brave, and be rewarded
with the fairest of the fair.  This was not the true history, perhaps,
of Dunois; but I am drawing the comparison between the associations and
reminiscences conjured up by this decoration in opposition to the dull
and tasteless recapitulation of the English manufacture.  From the
latter I could not extract a bare idea, except that shepherdesses are,
as a race, extinct, and that Lord Althorp had taken the tax off
shepherds' dogs, by way of a bonus, to relieve a distressed capital of
some hundred millions, to which the agricultural interest had very
properly replied, "Thank you for nothing, my Lord;" but from the sight
of the French paper what a host of recollections started up at the
moment!  The mind flew back to history, and was revelling in all the
romance of chivalry, from King Arthur and his Knights, to the Field of
the Cloth of Gold.

"Yet, after all," thought I, at the end of a long reverie, "divest
chivalry, so called, of its imposing effect, examine well into its
nature and the manners of the times, and it must be acknowledged that
the modern warfare has a much greater claim than the ancient to the
title of chivalry.  In former times men were cased in armour of proof,
and, before the discovery of gunpowder, had little to fear in a _melee_,
except from those who, like themselves, were equally well armed and
equally protected, and even then only from flesh wounds, which were
seldom mortal.  The lower classes, who served as common soldiers, were
at the mercy of the mounted spearsmen, and could seldom make any
impression upon their defences.  In those days, as in the present, he
who could command most gold carried the day, for the gold procured the
steel harness, and a _plump_ of spears brought into the field was more
than equal to a thousand common men.  He who had the best tempered
armour was the most secure, and that was it be only procured by gold.
He who could mount and case in iron the largest number of his followers
was the most powerful, and, generally speaking, the most lawless.
Divest chivalry of its splendour, which threw a halo round it, and it
was brutal, and almost cowardly.  Single combats did certainly prove
courage; but even in them, skill, and more than skill, personal
strength, or the best horse, decided the victory.  In fact, although not
the origin, it was the upholder of the feudal system, in which might was
right; and we may add, that the invention of gunpowder, which placed
every man upon a level, if not the cause of, certainly much assisted to
break up the system.  How much more of the true spirit of chivalry is
required in the warfare of the present day, in which every man must
stand for hours to be shot at like a target, witnessing the mowing down
of his comrades, and silently filling up the intervals in the ranks made
by their deaths, exposed to the same leaden messengers; a system of
warfare in which every individual is a part of a grand _whole_, acting
upon one concerted and extended plan, and forced a hundred times to
exhibit the passive and more perfect bravery of constancy, for once that
he may forget his danger in the ardour of the charge!  When shall we
learn to call things by their right names?"

                                                          Liege, May 28.
Our landlord is a most loyal man, but there is a reason for it.  Leopold
took up his quarters at this hotel in his way to Spa.  In every room we
have upon every article of _fayence_--"Leopold, with the Genius of
Belgium crowning him with laurels, while Truth is looking on."  Every
plate, every dish, is impressed with this proof print of loyalty.  But
this is not all, as the man said in the packet, "Oh, no!"  All the
wash-hand basins, jugs, and every other article required in a
bed-chamber, have the same loyal pattern at the bottom.  Now it appeared
to me, when I went to bed, that loyalty might be carried too far; and
what may have been intended as respect, may be the cause of his Majesty
being treated with the greatest disrespect; and not only his sacred
Majesty, but the glorious Belgian constitution also.  As for poor Truth,
she is indeed said to sojourn at the bottom of a well; but in this
instance, it would, perhaps, be as well that she should not be
insulted--I am wrong, she always is, and always will be, insulted, when
she appears in the purlieus of a court, or in the presence of a king.

After all, mine is a strange sort of Diary.  It is not a diary of
events, but of thoughts and reminiscences, which are thrown up and
caught as they float to the surface in the whirlpool of my brain.  No
wonder!--events are but as gleanings compared to the harvest of many
years, although so negligently gathered into store.  I have been
puzzling myself these last two hours to find out what a man's brain is
like.  It is like a kaleidoscope, thought I; it contains various ideas
of peculiar colours, and as you shift them round and past, you have a
new pattern every moment.  But no, it was not like a kaleidoscope, for
the patterns of a kaleidoscope are regular, and there is very little
regularity in my brain, at all events.

It is like a pawnbroker's shop, thought I, full of heterogeneous
pledges; and if you would take anything out, experience stands at the
counter, and makes you pay her compound interest, while many articles of
value are lost for ever, because memory cannot produce the duplicate.

And then I compared it to almost every thing, but none of my comparisons
would hold good.  After all, thought I, I have been only playing at
"What are my thoughts like?" which is a childish game; and how can I
possibly find out what my brain is like, when my brain don't choose to
tell?  So I rose, and opening the window, lighted my cigar, and smoked
myself into a reverie, as I watched the smoke ascending from the
chimneys of the good town of Liege.

And this is the city which travellers pass through, describing it as a
mere manufacturing town, thought I.  A city which has, in its time,
produced a greater moral influence upon society than any other in
existence--a city that has led the van in the cause of religion and
liberty.  Liege presents a curious anomaly among the states of Europe.
It is the only town and province, with the exception of Rome, which has
been, for centuries, ruled by the clerical power.  But be it
recollected, that at the very period that Christianity was offering up
her martyrs at the blood-stained arena of the Coliseum, it was from
Liege (or rather Tongres, for Liege was not then built) that she was
spreading wide her tenets, unpersecuted and unrestrained, for she was
too far removed from idolatry and imposture to be regarded.  The
province of Liege was the cradle of the Christian faith.  From the
earliest records there were bishops at Tongres; and it was about five
hundred years after Christ, that Saint Monulphe, the reigning bishop,
founded the city of Liege.  From that time until the French Revolution,
this town and these fertile provinces had always remained under clerical
authority.

Although these prince-bishops proved that, upon necessity, they could
change the crosier for the coat of mail, still, as by endowments and
benefactions they increased their revenues, so did they, by the mildness
of their sway, induce thousands to settle in their territory; and to
increase their population (which was to increase their wealth), they
first granted to their citizens those privileges and liberties, which
have, upon their precedent, been obtained by force or prayers by others.
The very boast of the English of the present day, that _every man_'s
_house is his castle_, was the sacred grant of one of the bishops to the
citizens at Liege, long before the feudal system had been abolished in
our island.

I may also observe, for it is to be gained from the chronicles of this
province, that the time at which it may be said that the primitive
Christian church first fell into error, appears to have been about one
thousand years after the death of our Saviour.  And as I thought of all
this, and a great deal more, and smoked my cigar, I felt a great deal of
respect for the good old city of Liege; and then I wandered back to the
country I had passed through the day before, excelling in all lovely
scenery.  I had seen it before, but it was many years ago; and it may be
seen many times without the least degree of satiety.  I do not know any
scenery which raises up such pleasurable sensations as that of the
Valley of Meuse, taking it the whole way from Namur to Liege, and from
Liege to Spa.  It is not so magnificent as the Rhine, to which it bears
a miniature resemblance.  It is not of that description creating a
strong excitement, almost invariably succeeded by depression; but it is
of that unchanging and ever-pleasing, joyous description, that you are
delighted without being fatigued, and have stimulus sufficient to keep
you constantly in silent admiration without demanding so much from the
senses as to weary them.  If I could have divested myself from the
knowledge that I was in motion, and have fancied that the scene was
moving past, I could have imagined myself seated at one of our large
theatres, watching one of Stanfield's splendid panoramas.  But the
lighted end of my cigar at last approximated so near to my nose, that I
was burnt out of my reverie; I took the last save--all whiffs, tried to
hit an old woman's cap with the end of it, as I tossed it into the
street, and retreated to the diurnal labour of shaving--of all human
miseries, certainly, the "unkindest cut of all"--especially when the
maids have borrowed your razor, during your absence, to pare down the
apex of their corns.



CHAPTER FOURTEEN.

                                                                  Liege.
I have been reading the "Salmonia" of Sir Humphry Davy: what a pity it
is that he did not write more! there are so many curious points started
in it.  I like that description of book, which, after reading a while,
you drop it on your knee, and are led into a train of thought which may
last an hour, before you look for the page where you left off.  There
are two cases argued in this work, which led me into a meditation.  The
one is, a comparison between reason and instinct, and the other, as to
the degree of pain inflicted upon fish by taking them with the hook.
Now it appeared to me, in the first question, what has been advanced is
by no means conclusive, and although it is the custom to offer a penny
for your thoughts, I shall give mine for nothing, which is perhaps as
much as they are worth, (I say that, to prevent others from making the
sarcastic remark), and in the second question, I think I can assist the
cause of the lovers of the _gentle_ art of angling--why _gentle_, I know
not, unless it be that anglers bait with _gentles_, and are mostly
_gentle_-men.

But before I attempt to prove that angling is not a cruel sport, I must
first get rid of "reason and instinct."  Of reason most undoubtedly a
philanthropist would reply, "Be it so;" nevertheless, I will argue the
point, and if I do not succeed, I have only to hedge back upon Solomon,
and inquire, "If man was born to misery as the sparks fly upwards, why
are not the inferior classes of creation to have their share of it?"

I do not think that any one can trace out the line of demarcation
between reason and instinct.  Instinct in many points in wonderful,
especially among insects, but where it is wonderful, it is a blind
obedience, and inherited from generation to generation.  We observe, as
in the case of the bees, that they obey the truest laws of mathematics,
and from these laws they never have deviated from their creation, and
that all animals, as far as their self-defence or their sustenance is
concerned, show a wonderful blind obedience to an unerring power, and a
sagacity almost superior to reason.  But wonderful as this is, it is
still but instinct, as the progenitors of the race were equally guided
by it, and it is handed down without any improvement, or any decay in
its power.  Now if it could be asserted that the instinct of animals was
only thus inherited from race to race, and could "go no farther," the
line of demarcation between reason and instinct would at once be
manifest, as instinct would be blindly following certain fixed laws,
while reason would ever be assisted by memory and invention.  But we
have not this boasted advantage on the side of reason, for animals have
both memory and invention, and, moreover, if they have not speech, they
have equal means of communicating their ideas.  That this memory and
invention cannot be so much exercised as our own, may be true, but it is
exercised to an extent equal to their wants, and they look no further;
that is to say, that if any want not prepared for, or anything should
take place interfering with their habits and economy, instinct will
enable them to meet the difficulty.  There is nothing more wonderful
than the application of mechanical power by ants.  No engineer could
calculate with greater nicety, and no set of men work together with such
combination of force.  After they have made ineffectual attempts to
remove a heavy body, you will observe them to meet together, consult
among themselves, and commence an entire new plan of operations.  Bees,
also, are always prepared to meet any new difficulty.  If the _sphinx
atropos_, or death's head moth, forces its way into the hive, the bees
are well known, after having killed it with their stings, to embalm the
dead body with wax--their reason for this is, that the body was too
large for them to remove through the passage by which it entered, and
they would avoid the unpleasant smell of the carcass.  It may be argued,
that instinct had always imparted to them this knowledge; but if so,
they must have had a fresh accession of instinct after they had been
domiciled with men: for it is well known that the hole in the tree, in
which the wild bees form their cells, is invariably too small to admit
any animal larger than themselves, and the bodies of such sized animals
they could remove with as much ease as they do the bodies of their own
dead.

I could cite a hundred instances, which would prove that animals have
invention independent of the instinct handed down from generation to
generation.  I will, however, content myself with one instance of
superior invention in the elephant, which occurred at Ceylon.  Parties
were employed felling timber in the forests of Candia, and this timber,
after having been squared, was dragged to the depot by a large party of
elephants, who, with their keepers, were sent there for that purpose.
This work was so tedious, that a large truck was made, capable of
receiving a very heavy load of timber, which might be transported at
once.  This truck was dragged out by the elephants, and it was to be
loaded.  I should here observe, that when elephants work in a body,
there is always one who, as if by common consent, takes the lead, and
directs the others, who never refuse to obey him.  The keepers of the
elephants, and the natives, gave their orders, and the elephants obeyed;
but the timber was so large, and the truck so high on its wheels, that
the elephants could not put the timber in the truck according to the
directions given by the men.  After several attempts, the natives gave
up the point, and retiring to the side of the road as usual, squatted
down, and held a consultation.  In the meantime, the elephant who took
the lead summoned the others, made them drag two of the squared pieces
to the side of the truck, laid them at right angles with it, lifting one
end of each on the truck, and leaving the other on the ground, thus
forming the inclined plane.  The timber was then brought by the
elephants, without any interference on the part of the keepers or
natives, who remained looking on, was pushed by the elephants with their
foreheads up the inclined plane, and the truck was loaded.  Here then is
an instance in which the inventive instinct of the animal--if that term
may be used--was superior to the humbler reasoning powers of the men who
had charge of them.

That animals have the powers of memory as well as man, admits of no
dispute.  In elephants, horses, and dogs, we have hourly instances of
it: but it descends much lower down--the piping bullfinch, who has been
taught to whistle two or three waltzes in perfect concord, must have a
good memory, or he would soon forget his notes.  To detail instances of
memory would therefore be superfluous; but, as it does occur to me while
I write, I must give an amusing instance how the memory of a good
thrashing overcame the ruling passion of a monkey, which is gluttony,
the first and only instance that I ever saw it conquered.

I had on board a ship which I commanded, a very large Cape baboon, who
was a pet of mine, and also a little boy, who was a son of mine.  When
the baboon sat down on his hams, he was about as tall as the boy was
when he walked.  The boy having tolerable appetite, received about noon
a considerable slice of bread and butter, to keep him quiet till
dinner-time.  I was on one of the carronades, busy with the sun's lower
limb, bringing it in contact with the horizon, when the boy's lower
limbs brought him in contact with the baboon, who having, as well as the
boy, a strong predilection for bread and butter, and a stronger arm to
take it withal, thought proper to help himself to that to which the boy
had been already helped.  In short, he snatched the bread and butter,
and made short work of it, for it was in his pouch in a moment.  Upon
which the boy set up a yell, which attracted my notice to this violation
of the articles of war, to which the baboon was equally amenable as any
other person in the ship; for it is expressly stated in the preamble of
every separate article, "All who are _in_, or _belonging_ to."
Whereupon I jumped off the carronade, and by way of assisting his
digestion, I served out to the baboon monkey's allowance, which is, more
kicks than halfpence.  The master reported that the heavens intimated
that it was twelve o'clock; and with all the humility of a captain of a
man-of-war, I ordered him to "make it so;" whereupon it was made, and so
passed that day.  I do not remember how many days it was afterwards that
I was on the carronade as usual, about the same time, and all parties
were precisely in the same situations,--the master by my side, the
baboon under the booms, and the boy walking out of the cabin with his
bread and butter.  As before, he again passed the baboon, who again
snatched the bread and butter from the boy, who again set up a squall,
which again attracted my attention.  Looked round, and the baboon caught
my eye, which told him plainly that he'd soon catch what was not "at all
_my eye_;" and he proved that he actually thought so, for he actually
put the bread and butter back into the boy's hands.  It was the only
instance of which I ever knew or heard of a monkey being capable of
self-denial when his stomach was concerned, and I record it accordingly.
(Par parenthese:) it is well known that monkeys will take the
small-pox, measles, and I believe the scarlet fever; but this poor
fellow, when the ship's company were dying of the cholera, took that
disease, went through all its gradations, and died apparently in great
agony.

As, then, invention and memory are both common to instinct as well as to
reason, where is the line of demarcation to be drawn; especially as in
the case of the elephants I have mentioned, superior instinct will
invent when inferior reason is at fault?  It would appear, if the two
qualities must be associated, that, at all events, there are two
varieties of instinct: blind instinct, which is superior to reason, so
far that it never errs, as it is God who guides; and inventive instinct,
which enables the superior animals to provide for unexpected
difficulties, or to meet those which memory has impressed upon them.
But if we examine ourselves, the difficulty becomes even greater--we
have decidedly two separate qualities.  We are instinctive as well as
reasonable beings; and what is inventive instinct but a species of
reason, if not reason itself?

But although I say that it is hardly possible to draw the line of
demarcation, I do not mean to say that they are one and the same thing;
for instinct and reason, if we are to judge by ourselves, are in direct
opposition.  Self-preservation is instinctive; all the pleasures of
sense, all that people are too apt to consider as happiness in this
world; I may say, all that we are told is wrong, all that our reason
tells us we are not to indulge in, is _instinct_.

Such are the advantages of being reasonable beings in _this world_;
undoubtedly, we have a right to claim for ourselves, and deny to the
rest of the creation, the enjoyments of the next.  Byron says:--

  "Man being reasonable, must get drunk."

That is to say, being reasonable, and finding his reason a reason for
being unhappy, he gets rid of his reason whenever he can.  So do the
most intellectual animals.  The elephant and the monkey enjoy their
bottle as much as we do.  I should have been more inclined to agree with
Byron, if he had said:--

  Man being reasonable, must _go to the devil_.

For what are poor reasonable creatures to do, when instinct leads them
to the "old gentleman;" and reason, let her tug as hard as she pleases,
is not sufficiently powerful to overcome the adverse force.

After all, I don't think that I have come to a very satisfactory
conclusion.  Like a puppy running round after his own tail, I am just
where I was when I set out; but, like the puppy, I have been amused for
the time.  I only hope the reader will have been so too.

And now, my brethren, I proceed to the second part of my discourse,
which is, to defend anglers and fly-fishers from the charge of cruelty.

It is very true that Shakespeare says, "The poor beetle that we tread
on, in mortal sufferance, feels a pang as great as when a giant dies;"
and it is equally true that it is as false as it is poetical.

There is a scale throughout nature, and that scale has been divided by
unerring justice.  Man is at the summit of this scale, being more
fearfully and wonderfully made, more perfect than any other of the
creation, more perfect in his form, more perfect in his intellect; he is
finer strung in his nerves, acuter in his sympathies; he has more
susceptibility to pleasure, more susceptibility to pain.  He has
pleasures denied to, and he has pains not shared with him by, the rest
of the creation.  He enjoys most, and he suffers most.  From man, the
scale of creation descends, and in its descent, as animals are less and
less perfect, so is meted out equal but smaller proportions of pleasure
and pain, until we arrive to the Mollusca and Zoophyte, beings existing
certainly, but existing without pleasure and without pain--existing only
to fill up the endless variety, and add the links to the chain of nature
necessary to render it complete.  The question which naturally will be
put is, "how do you know this? it is assertion but not proof."  But
arguments are always commenced in this way.  The assertion is the
_quid_, the _est demonstrandum_ always comes afterwards.  I handle my
nose, flourish my handkerchief, and proceed.

Man is the most perfect of creation.  What part of his body, if
separated from the rest, can he renew?  No part, except the hair and the
nail.  Reproduction can go no further.  With the higher classes of
animals, also, there is no reproduction: but even at this slight descent
upon the scale, we may already point out a great difference.  Although
there is no reproduction, still there are decided proofs of inferiority;
for instance, a hare or rabbit caught in a trap, will struggle till they
escape, with the loss of a leg; a fox, which is carnivorous, will do
more; he will _gnaw_ off his own leg to escape.  Do they die in
consequence? no, they live and do well; but could a man live under such
circumstances? impossible.  If you don't believe me, gnaw your own leg
off and try.  And yet the conformation of the Mammalia is not very
dissimilar from our own; but man is the more perfect creature, and
therefore has not the same resources.

I have hitherto referred only to the _limbs_ of animals; I will now go
further.  I had a beautiful little monkey on board my ship.  By accident
it was crushed, and received such injury that the backbone was divided
at the loins, and the vertebra of the upper part protruded an inch
outside of its skin.  Such an accident in a man would have produced
immediate death; but the monkey did not die; its lower limbs were of
course paralysed.  The vertebra which protruded gradually rotted off,
and in six weeks the animal was crawling about the decks with its fore
feet.  It was, however, such a pitiable object, that I ordered it to be
drowned.  Now, if we descend lower down in the scale until we come to
the reptiles and insects, we shall find not only that the loss of limbs
is not attended with death, but that the members are reproduced.  Let
any one take a spider by its legs, it will leave them in your hands that
it may escape.  Confine the animal under a glass, and in a few weeks it
will have all its members perfect as before.  Lizards are still more
peculiar in their reproduction.  I was at Madeira for many months, and
often caught the lizards which played about the walls and roofs of the
out-houses; and if ever I caught a lizard by the tail, he would make a
spring, and leave his tail in my hand, which seemed to snap off as
easily as would a small carrot.  Now the tail of the lizard is longer
than its body, and a continuation of the vertebrae of the back.  I soon
found out that lizards did not die from this extensive loss, but, on the
contrary, that their tails grew again.  Even the first week afterwards,
a little end began to show itself, and in about two months the animal
had reproduced the whole.  What I am about to say now will probably be
considered by some as incredible; they are, however, at full liberty to
disbelieve it.  One day I was looking out of the window with the late
Tom Sheridan, who lived in the same house, and we observed on the roof
of the out-house a lizard with two tails, but neither of them full
grown; and we argued that, at the time the animal lost his tail, he must
have suffered some division of the stump.  Being at that time a
naturalist, i.e. very cruel; I immediately caught a lizard, pulled off
his tail, notched the vertebra, and turned him loose again.  Our
conjectures were right; the animal in two or three weeks had two tails
growing out like the one we had seen.  I repeated this experiment
several times, and it always appeared to succeed; and all the two-tailed
lizards were called mine.

Now this power of reproduction increases as you descend the scale; as an
instance, take the polypus, which is as near as possible at the bottom
of it.  If you cut a polypus into twenty pieces, without any regard to
division, in a short time you will have twenty perfect polypi.

Now the deductions I would draw from these remarks are--

That the most perfect animals are least capable of reproduction, and
most sensible of pain.

That as the scale of nature descends, animals become less perfect, and
more capable of reproduction.

Ergo--they cannot possibly feel the same pain as the more perfect.

Now with respect to fish, they are very inferior in the scale of
creation, being, with the exception of the cetaceous tribe, which class
with the Mammalia, all cold-blooded animals, and much less perfect than
reptiles or many insects.  The nervous system is the real seat of all
pain; and the more perfect the animal, the more complicated is that
system: with cold-blooded animals, the nervous organisation is next to
nothing.  Most fish, if they disengage themselves from the hook, will
take the bait again; and if they do not, it is not on account of the
pain, but because their instinct tells them there is danger.  Moreover,
it is very true, as Sir H.  Davy observes, that fish are not killed by
the hook, but by the hooks closing their mouths and producing
suffocation.  How, indeed, would it otherwise be possible to land a
salmon of thirty pounds weight, in all its strength and vigour, with a
piece of gut not thicker than three or four hairs?

Upon the same grounds that I argue that fish feel very little
comparative pain, so do I that the worm, which is so low in the scale of
creation, does not suffer as supposed.  Its writhings and twistings on
the hook are efforts to escape natural to the form of the animal, and
can be considered as little or nothing more.  At the same time I
acknowledge and, indeed, prove, by my own arguments, that it is very
cruel to _bob for whale_.

To suppose there are no gradations of feeling as well as of perfection
in the animal kingdom, would not only be arguing against all analogy,
but against the justice and mercy of the Almighty, who does not allow a
sparrow to fall to the earth without his knowledge.  He gave all living
things for our use and our sustenance; he gave us intellect to enable us
to capture them: to suppose, therefore, at the same time, that he
endowed them with so fine a nervous organisation as to make them undergo
severe tortures previous to death, is supposing what is contrary to that
goodness and mercy which, as shown towards us, we are ready to
acknowledge and adore.

I cannot finish this subject without making a remark upon creation and
its perfectibility.  All _respectable_ animals, from man down to a
certain point in the scale, have their lice or parasites to feed upon
them.  Some wit, to exemplify this preying upon one another, wrote the
following:--

  "Great fleas have little fleas,
  And less fleas to bite them,
  These fleas have lesser fleas,
  And so--_ad infinitum_."

This, however, is not strictly true.  Parasites attach themselves only
to the great.  Upon those they can fatten.  Having your blood sucked, is
therefore, a great proof of high heraldry and perfectibility in the
scale of creation.  If animals were endowed with speech and pride like
man, we might imagine one creature boasting to another, as a proof of
his importance.

  "And I, too, also have my louse!"



CHAPTER FIFTEEN.

                                                        Liege, May 30th.
What strange meetings take place sometimes!  I recollect once, when I
was sitting at a _table d'hote_, at Zurich, being accosted by a lady
next to me, and being accused of having forgotten her.  I looked with
all my eyes, but could not discover that I had ever seen her before.  At
last, after allowing me to puzzle for some time, she said: "Sir, you and
I met at dinner four years ago, at Mr K--'s house in Demerara."  It was
very true; but who would have thought of running his memory over to
South America, to a cursed alluvial deposite, hatching monthly broods of
alligators, and surrounded by naked slaves, whilst out of the window
before him his eye rested upon the snow-covered mountains of
Switzerland, and he breathed the pure air of William Tell and liberty.
This morning I fell in with an acquaintance whom had not seen for years,
and him also I did not recollect.  I am very unfortunate in that
respect, and I am afraid that I have very often given offence without
intending it; but so imperfect is my memory of faces, that I have danced
with a lady in the evening, and the next day have not known her, because
she was in a bonnet and morning dress.  Sometimes the shifts I am put to
are quite ludicrous, asking all manner of questions, and answering those
put to me at random, to find out some clue as to who my very intimate
friend may be.  They ought not to be angry at my forgetting their names,
for sometimes, for a few minutes, I have actually forgotten my own.  It
does, however, only require one clue to be given me, and then all of a
sudden I recollect every thing connected with the party.  I remember one
day as I was passing Whitehall, somebody came up, wrung my hand with
apparent delight, and professed himself delighted to see me.  I could do
no other than say the same, but who he was, and where I had seen him
before, was a mystery.  "I am married since we parted," said he, "and
have a fine little boy."  I congratulated him with all my heart.  "You
must come and see me, and I will introduce you to Mary."

"Nothing would give me more pleasure;" but if he had only called his
wife Mrs So-and-so, I should have a _clue_.  "Let me see," said I,
"where was it we parted?"

"Don't you recollect?" said he, "At the Cape of Good Hope."

But I was still mystified, and after putting several leading questions,
I found myself quite as much in the dark as ever.  At last I asked him
for his card, that I might call upon him.  He had not one in his pocket.
I pulled out my tablets, and he took out the pencil, and wrote down his
address; but that was of no use to me.

"Stop, my good fellow, I have so many addresses down there, that I shall
be making some mistake; put your name down above it."

He did so, and when I saw the name every thing came fast like a torrent
into my recollection; we _had been_ very intimate, and he was fully
justified in showing so much warmth.  I could then talk to him about old
scenes, and old acquaintances; so I took his arm, and went forthwith to
be introduced to his Mary.  The knowledge of this unfortunate failing
makes me peculiarly careful not to avoid a person who appears to know
me; and one day a very absurd scene took place.  I was standing on some
door steps close to the Admiralty, waiting for a friend, and there was
another gentleman standing close to me, on the pavement.  A third party
came up, extending his hand, and I immediately took it, and shook it
warmly,--although who my friend was, I was, as usual, very much puzzled
to find out.  Now it so happened that the hand which I had taken was
extended to the gentleman standing by me, and not to me; and the party
whose hand I was squeezing looked me in the face and laughed.  I did the
same, and he then gave his hand to the right party, and walked off.  As,
however, we had said, "How d'ye do?" we had the politeness to say,
"Good-by;" both taking off our hats on the broad grin.

I _was_ observing, that I here met with a person whom I could not
recollect, and, as usual, I continued to talk with him, trusting to my
good fortune for the clue.  At last it was given me.  "Do you recollect
the little doctor and his wife at Bangalore?"  I did, and immediately
recollected him.  As the story of the doctor and his wife has often made
me laugh, and as I consider it one of the best specimens of _tit for
tat_, I will narrate it to my readers.  I have since been told that it
is not new--I must tell it nevertheless.

A certain little army surgeon, who was stationed at Bangalore, had
selected a very pretty little girl out of an invoice of young ladies,
who had been freighted-out on speculation.  She was very fond of gaiety
and amusement, and, after her marriage, appeared to be much fonder of
passing away the night at a ball than in the arms of her little doctor.
Nevertheless, although she kept late hours, in every respect she was
very correct.  The doctor, who was a quiet, sober man, and careful of
his health, preferred going to bed early, and rising before the sun, to
inhale the cool breeze of the morning.  And as the lady seldom came home
till past midnight, he was not very well pleased at being disturbed by
her late hours.  At last, his patience was wearied out, and he told her
plainly, that if she staid out later than twelve o'clock, he was
resolved not to give her admittance.  At this, his young wife, who, like
all pretty women, imagined that he never would presume to do any such
thing, laughed heartily, and from the next ball to which she was
invited, did not return till half-past two in the morning.  As soon as
she arrived, the palanquin-bearers knocked for admittance; but the
doctor, true to his word, put his head out of the window, and very
ungallantly told his wife she might remain all night.  The lady coaxed,
entreated, expostulated, and threatened; but it was all in vain.  At
last she screamed, and appeared to be frantic, declaring that if not
immediately admitted, she would throw herself into the well, which was
in the compound, not fifty yards from the bungalow.  The doctor begged
that she would do so, if that gave her any pleasure, and then retired
from the window.  His wife ordered the bearers to take her on her
palanquin to the well; she got out, and gave her directions, and then
slipped away up to the bungalow, and stationed herself close to the
door, against the wall.  The bearers, in obedience to her directions,
commenced crying out, as if expostulating with their mistress, and then
detaching a large and heavy stone, two of them plunged it into the
water; after which, they all set up a howl of lamentation.  Now the
little doctor, notwithstanding all his firmness and _nonchalance_, was
not quite at ease when he heard his wife express her determination.  He
knew her to be _very entetee_, and he remained on the watch.  He heard
the heavy plunge, followed up by the shrieks of the palanquin-bearers.
"Good God," cried he, "is it possible?" and he darted out in his shirt
to where they were all standing by the well.  As soon as he had passed,
his wife hastened in-doors, locked, and made all fast, and shortly
afterwards appeared at the window from which her husband had addressed
her.  The doctor discovered the _ruse_ when it was too late.  It was now
his turn to expostulate; but how could he "hope for mercy, rendering
none?"  The lady was laconic and decided.  "At least, then, throw me my
clothes," said the doctor.  "Not even your slippers, to protect you from
the scorpions and centipedes," replied the lady, shutting the
"jalousie."  At day-light, when the officers were riding their Arabians,
they discovered the poor little doctor pacing the verandah up and down
in the chill of the morning, with nothing but his shirt to protect him.
Thus were the tables turned, but whether this _ruse_ of the well ended
well,--whether the lady reformed, or the doctor conformed,--I have never
since heard.



CHAPTER SIXTEEN.

                                                          Liege, June 2.
The academy or college established at Liege in 1817 is very creditable
to the Liegeois.  Much has been done in fifteen years: the philosophical
apparatus, collections of minerals and natural history, are all
excellent for instruction, although the minerals are not very valuable.
The fossils found in the Ardennes are very interesting, and ought to be
a mine of wealth to the Liegeois, as by exchanging them they might soon
have a valuable collection.  It is a pity that the various museums of
Europe do not print catalogues, not of their own collections only, but
also of the duplicates which they can part with, so that they may be
circulated, not only among the national collections, but also among
private cabinets; by so doing they would all become more perfect.  It is
currently reported that more duplicates have been allowed to perish in
the cellars of the British Museum than would have furnished all the
cabinets in Europe.  It may be replied, that other cabinets had nothing
to offer in exchange; but that is only a surmise: and even if they had
not, they should have been presented to other institutions abroad.
Science ought not to be confined to country or people: it should be
considered as universal.

To the college is annexed a botanical garden.  There is nothing I
dislike more than a botanical garden.  I acknowledge the advantages,
perhaps the necessity, of such institutions; but they always appear to
me as if there was disarrangement instead of arrangement.  What may be
called order and classification seems to me to be disorder and
confusion.  It may be very well to class plants and trees for study, but
certainly their families, although joined by man, were never intended to
be united by God.  Such a mixture in one partition, of trees, and
shrubs, and creeping plants, all of which you are gravely told are of
one family.  I never will believe it: it is unnatural.  I can see order
and arrangement when I look at the majestic forest-trees throwing about
their wild branches, and defying the winds of heaven, while they afford
shelter to the shrubs beneath, which in their turn protect and shelter
the violets that perfume all around.  This is beautiful and natural--it
is harmony; but in a botanical garden every thing is out of its place.
The Scripture says, "Those whom God hath joined let no man put asunder;"
may we not add, Those whom God hath sundered let no man presume to join.
I felt as I looked at the botanical garden as if it were presumptuous
and almost wicked, and as it was on the banks of the Meuse, I sat down
on the wall and recovered myself by looking at the flowing river, and
thinking about utility and futility, "and all that sort of thing and
everything else in the world," as poor Matthews used to say,--and there
I sat for an hour, until my thoughts revolved on the propriety of going
back and eating my dinner,--as Mrs Trollope used to do when she was in
Belgium.

As I was walking about in the evening, I perceived a dirty little alley
illuminated with chandeliers and wax candles.  There must be a ball,
thought I, or some gaiety going on: let us inquire.  "No, sir," replied
a man to whom I put the question, "it's not a ball,--it is a Monsieur
who has presented to an image of the Virgin Mary which is up that court,
a petticoat, which, they say, is worth one thousand five hundred francs,
and this lighting-up is in honour of her putting it on."  The race of
fools is not extinct, thought I.  I wonder whether, like King Ferdinand,
he worked it himself.  Belgium is certainly at this present the
stronghold of superstition.



CHAPTER SEVENTEEN.

                                                                 June 3.
Went to Harquet's manufactory of arms, and was much amused.  They export
all over the world, and the varieties they make up for the different
markets are astonishing.  They were then very busy completing an order
for several thousand muskets for the Belgian troops, which load at the
breech and fire off without locks or priming.  They showed me a
fowling-piece on the same principle, which they fired off under water.
But the low prices of the arms astonished me.  There were a large
quantity of very long fowling-pieces with the _maker's_ name at
_Constantinople_, for the Turkish gentlemen, at thirty francs each: a
common musket was fourteen francs.  I perceived in a corner a large
number of muskets, of infamous workmanship, and with locks resembling
those awkward attempts made two hundred years back.  I asked what they
were for.  They were for the South American market, and made to order,
for the people there would use no others: any improvement was eschewed
by them.  I presume they had borrowed one of the Spanish muskets brought
over by Pizarro as a model, but, at all events, they were very cheap,
only eight francs each.  God help us, how cheaply men can be killed
now-a-days!

It is very seldom that you now meet with a name beginning with an X, but
one caught my eye as I was walking through the streets here.  _Urban
Xhenemont, negociant_.  I perceive there are still some to be found in
Greece; the only one I know of in England is that of Sir Morris Ximenes,
who, I presume, claims descent from the celebrated cardinal.  The
mention of that name reminds me of the songs of the improvisatore,
Theodore Hook, and his address in finding a rhyme for such an awkward
name as Ximenes.  Few possess the talent of improvising.  In Italy it is
more common, because the Italian language admits the rhyme with so much
facility; but a good improvisatore is rare even in that country.  There
was a Dutchman who was a very good improvisatore, a poor fellow who went
about to amuse companies with his singing and this peculiar talent.  One
day a gentleman dropped a gold Guillaume into a glass of Burgundy, and
told him if he would make a good impromptu, he should have both the wine
and the gold: without hesitation he took up the glass, and suiting the
action to the word, sang as follows:--

  "Twee Goden in een Glas,
  Wat zal ik van maken?
  K' steek Plutus in myn tas,
  K slaak Bacchus in myn Kaken."

Which may be rendered into French as follows:--

  "Quoi! deux dieux dans un verre,
  Eh bien! que vais-j'en faire?
  J'empocherai Plutus,
  J'avalerai Bacchus."

The gentleman, who gave me this translation, also furnished me with a
copy of extempore French verses, given by a gentleman of Maestricht, who
was celebrated as an improvisatore.  They certainly are very superior.
He was at a large party, and agreed to improvise upon any theme given
him by five of those present in the way of _Souvenir_.  The first person
requested the souvenir of _early youth_.

  "Vous souvient-il?  Amis de ma jeunesse,
  Des beaux momens de nos fougueux exploits?
  Quand la raison sous le joug de l'ivresse,
  Essaye en vain de soutenir ses droits.
  Ce tems n'est plus, cet age de folie,
  Ou tout en nous est presse de jouir:
  Mes bons amis, du printemps de la vie
  Gardons toujours le joyeux _souvenir_."

The next party requested a souvenir of the conscription, many of them,
as well as the poet, having been forced into the army of France.

  "Vous souvient-il? que plus tard, sous les armes
  Plusieurs donons, designes par le sort,
  Loin des parents; versant d'ameres larmes,
  Allaient trouver ou la gloire ou la mort.
  Ces jours de deuil par milliers dans l'histoire
  Ne viendront plus, sur nous s'appesantir
  Amis, volons an temple de Memoire
  Effacons-en le sanglant _souvenir_."

The third party requested a souvenir of his "first love."

  "Vous sonvient-il? de cet enfant de Guide
  Fripon ruse, volage et seducteur;
  Qui par les yeux d'une beaute timide,
  D'un trait de feu veut nous frapper au coeur.
  Du sentimens que sa fleche fit naitre,
  Et que la mort peut seul aneantir,
  Eternissons le ravissant bien-etre,
  En conservant un si beau _souvenir_."

The fourth proposed as a theme, the morning of his marriage.

  "Vous souvient-il? du jour ou l'hymenee
  Vint nous dicter ses eternelles loix,
  En attachant a notre destinee
  L'objet sacre de notre premier choix.
  Solennite qui par des voeux nous lie,
  De saints devoirs chargeant notre avenir,
  Solennite que le vulgaire oublie
  Nous te gardons en pieux _souvenir_."

The last party desired him to wind up with _friendship_.

  "Quel souvenir puis-je chanter encore,
  Apres celui ne dans la volupte?
  Il en est un que le tems corrobore,
  C'est le premier elan de l'amitie.
  Eh! qui de nous n'a pas dans sa jeunesse,
  Livre son coeur a ses charmes puissants,
  Sainte Amitie, jusqu'a dans la vieillesse,
  Console-nous des ravages du tems."

I should imagine that after the gentleman had finished all this, he must
have been pretty well out of breath.

About four miles from Liege is the celebrated manufactory of Seraing,
belonging to Messrs. Cockerell.  It is beautifully situated on the banks
of the Meuse, and was formerly the summer palace of the Prince
Archbishop.  But it is not only here that you observe these symptoms of
the times--all over France you will perceive the same, and the major
portion of the manufactories have the arms of princes or nobles
emblazoned over the facade, while the interiors, which once were the
abode of refinement and luxury, are now tenanted by artisans and
appropriated to utility.  The utilitarian system was, however, more
fully exemplified before the Belgian revolution, for William of Nassau
was, in fact, a partner of Mr Cockerell.  Mr Cockerell, the father,
who is now dead, came over from England before the peace, bringing with
him either the machinery for spinning cotton, or the knowledge necessary
for its construction, so jealously guarded by our manufacturers.  He
established himself at Liege, and soon gained patrons.  The firm has now
three or four manufactories at Liege besides the one at Seraing.  Large
as was the bishop's palace, it has been increased to about three times
its original size: it reminds me more of Portsmouth yard than any other
place.  The number of workmen employed in this manufactory alone is
between fourteen and fifteen hundred.  They make every variety of steam
engines, and not only supply this country, but Prussia, Austria, France,
and even Russia.  People talk of Mr Cockerell having done much mischief
to his country by furnishing foreigners with the machinery which enabled
us to undersell them.  I doubt it very much: I consider that the sooner
other countries are enabled to compete with us to a certain extent, the
better it will be for England.  At present we are in an unhealthy state,
and chiefly arising from the unlimited use of machinery.  Let us lose
that advantage, and, if not richer, at all events we shall be much
happier.  We are now suffering under a plethora of capital at the same
time that we are oppressed with debt.  As for Mr Cockerell, it may be
very well to cry out about patriotism, but the question is, would not
every other man have done the same?  Had he not a right to bring his
talents to the best market? and before he is accused of having had no
regard for his country, it may first be fairly asked, what regard had
his country shown for him?



CHAPTER EIGHTEEN.

                                                           Spa, June 10.
Here we are, and for a time at rest.  Rest! no, the wheels of the
carriage may rest, even the body for a time may rest, but the mind will
not.  We carry our restlessness with us wherever we go.  Like a
steam-engine, the mind works, and works, and works, sometimes, indeed,
with less rapidity of motion; but still it goes on, goes on in its
ever-continued labour; waking or sleeping, no repose; until the body,
which is the mechanical part of the engine, is worn out by constant
friction, or the steam of the mind is exhausted.  And people tell you,
and believe that there is rest in the grave.  How can that be?  The soul
is immortal and cannot exist without consciousness.  If not conscious,
it does not exist; and if conscious, it must work on, even beyond the
grave, and for ever.  To assert that there is rest in the grave, is
denying the immortality of the soul.  And what a contemptible, base
slave the body is to the soul!  I was going to say that he could not
call his soul his own; but that would be a Catachresis, and I hate and
abominate every thing which begins with _cat_.  It is singular that they
are all unpleasant, or unlucky, or unsafe; for instance--

+=============+=========================================+
Ý             Ýremind you of                            Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-acombs   Ýdeath, funerals, and mummies.            Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-alogue   Ýsale of effects, some poor devil done up.Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-aplasm   Ýa boil poulticed.                        Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-aract    Ýsore eyes, Sam Patch, and devastation.   Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-arrh     Ýhead stuffed, running of the glands.     Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-echism   Ýequally unpleasant in youth and marriage.Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-egorical Ýargument, which is detestable.           Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-erpillarsÝbeasts who foul nature.                  Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-erwaul   Ýhorrid variety of love.                  Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat-gut      Ýstreet music, hurdy-gurdy.               Ý
+-------------+-----------------------------------------+
ÝCat's-paw    Ýa calm, with a prize in sight.           Ý
+=============+=========================================+

As for a cat itself, I cannot say too much against it; and it is
singular, that the other meanings of the single word are equally
disagreeable; as to _cat_ the anchor, is a sign of _going to sea_, and
the _cat_ at the gangway is the worst of all.

Five o'clock in the morning,--the sun has not yet appeared above the
hills, but the mist is rising gradually.  The bell of the church in
front of my window is tolling;--it ceases; and the pealing of the organ,
with the chanting of the priests, comes distinct and clear upon my ear,
as the notes of the bugle over the still water, from some dashing
frigate in the Sound, beating off at sunset.  How solemn and how
beautiful is this early prayer!  The sun is rising, the mists of the
night are rolling off, and the voices and music resound at the same time
to heaven.  The church is full, and many remain outside, uncovered, and
kneeling in humility.  But who comes here, thought I, as a man in a
shabby coat walked to within a few yards of the church door, and laid
down his burden, consisting of a drum, a fiddle, a roll of canvass, a
chair, and a long pole.  This is a curious stock in trade, methinks; how
in the name of all the saints do you gain your livelihood?  This was
soon ascertained.  A minute before the mass was over, he fixed his pole
upright in the ground, hung his canvass on it, and unrolled it,
displaying a picture divided in six compartments.  He then hung his
fiddle to his button, took his drum, and putting his chair close to his
pole, stood upon it, giving a long, but not loud roll of his drum, which
he repeated at intervals, to attract attention.  He had taken his
station with judgment; and as the people came out of church, he had soon
a crowd about him, when he commenced with crossing himself, and then
continued to explain the legend which was attached to his pictures on
the canvass.  I could not hear all, but still I could understand enough
to fill up the rest.  It was the wonderful cure performed by a certain
saint; and as he told the story, he pointed to the different
compartments with his fiddlestick, for he had laid aside his drum as
soon as he had collected an audience.  Now and then he crossed himself
devoutly, and at last informed the crowd around him that he had the very
prayer, and the very remedy which had been prescribed.  He then played
his fiddle, singing the prayer in a solemn chaunt; and then he pulled
out of his pocket a packet of little books and little boxes.  They are
only one halfpenny each; and all that is necessary is, that they should
touch the figure of the saint on the canvass, to be imbued with the
necessary virtue.  He sells them rapidly; each time that he puts them to
the canvass crossing himself, and insisting that the party who purchases
shall do the same.  He takes his fiddle again, and sings the history of
the saint, pointing with his fiddlestick to the compartments of the
picture as he goes on; and now he pulls out more little books and more
boxes; and how fast they purchase them!  The stock in trade in his own
possession is certainly of little value; but he possesses a fruitful
mine in the superstition of others.  Ah, well!  Are not those inside the
church setting him the example of mixing up religion with quackery?

Spa is beautifully situated, between abrupt hills covered with verdure;
the walks cut in these hills are very beautiful, and much pains have
been taken to render the place agreeable;--no wonder, when we recollect
how many crowned heads have visited the place: but the sun of Spa has
set, probably never to rise again; for whatever may be the property of
its waters, to be frequented, a watering-place must be fashionable.
There are many causes for its desertion.  One is, the effects of the
Belgian revolution.  During the time that Belgium was attached to the
Netherlands, the king, with the prince and princess of Orange, came here
almost every year, bringing with them, of course, a great number of the
nobility; but now the nobility have deserted the court; and when Leopold
came here, no one followed.  He was disgusted, and remained but a few
days.  The Prussians used also to resort very much to Spa; but the king
of Prussia finding that so many young men were ruined at the
gaming-tables, and so much distress occasioned by it, with a most
fatherly despotism, has refused all the officers permission to visit
Spa, and has forbidden the medical men to recommend the waters.  The
Russians also flocked in great numbers to Spa; but the emperor, although
very indifferent about their losing their money, is very particular
about his subjects gaining revolutionary opinions; and Spa being in a
revolutionary country, has been condemned: they may just as well ask to
go to Siberia, for that would probably be their route; and lastly, there
is one more cause which, these two last seasons, has had a powerful
effect, neither more nor less than a certain book, called the "_Bubbles
of the Brunnen_."  I say for the last two seasons, for its influence
will not extend to a third, as hundreds and hundreds who have gone to
the Baths with the intention of passing this season, have already
returned in disgust.  A word upon this.

When Sir George Head published his "Bubbles," he set people almost as
mad as they were during the great "Bubble Mania;" and like all the
mining and other associations, they have proved but bubbles at last.  It
is said that one hundred and thirty-five thousand passports were taken
out last year to go up the Rhine, by people who wished to see the pigs
go through their daily manoeuvres, to an unearthly solo on the horn, and
to witness the decapitation of the Seltzer-water bottles, which were
condemned as traitors.  Now, so large an influx of people to these
German watering-places could have but one effect; that of a glorious
harvest to the innkeepers, and those who had lodgings to let.  The
prices, at these places, have now become so enormous, that three florins
have been asked for a single bed, and everything else has risen in the
same proportion.  The reaction has now begun to take place, and every
day and every hour we have carriages returning through Liege, and other
towns, from these watering-places, the occupants holding up their hands,
quite forgetting the pigs and bottles, and only exclaiming against
extortion, and everything German.  They have paid too dear for their
whistle, as Franklin used to say; the bubble has burst, and they look
with regret at their empty purses.  And yet, all that Head said in his
amusing book was true.  He rambled through a verdant and unfrequented
lane, and described what he felt as he stopped to pick blackberries.  An
immense multitude have followed him, the green lane has been beaten down
into a high road, and, as for blackberries, they are only to be procured
at the price of peaches in May.

And now let us reflect whether the bubble will not also burst with the
Germans.  Formerly they were contented with moderate profits, and
received their visitors with humility and thankfulness.  Now, that they
have suddenly made large profits, they have become independent and
unceremonious; and, like most people, because they have reaped a golden
harvest for two years, they anticipate that it will continue.  The value
of property at these places has risen, speculations have been entered
into on a large scale, provisions and the necessaries of life have
become dear; new houses are building against time, and the proprietors
smoke their pipes with becoming gravity, calculating upon their future
gains.  But the company will fall off more and more each succeeding
year, although the speculations will continue; for people always find a
good reason for a bad season, and anticipate a better one the next.  At
last, they will find that they are again deserted, and property will
sink in value to nothing; the reaction will have fully taken place,
prices will fall even lower than they were at first; honesty and
civility will be reassumed, although, probably, the principal will have
been lost.  Thus will the bubble burst with them, as it has already with
deserted Spa.

But when all idle people shall have visited all the bubbling fountains
of Germany, where are they to go next?  There are some very nice springs
in Iceland not yet patronised; but although the springs there are hot,
the Springs, vernally speaking, are cold.  I can inform travellers where
they will find out something new, and I advise them to proceed to the
boiling springs at Saint Michael's, one of the Western isles, and which
are better worth seeing than all the springs that Germany can produce.
I will act as _guide de voyage_.

When you land at Saint Michael's, you will find yourself in one of the
dirtiest towns in the world, and will put up at one of the worst hotels;
however, you will have to pay just as dear as if lodged at the
Clarendon, and fed at the _Rocher de Cancale_.  The town contains many
inhabitants, but more pigs.  German pigs are not to be compared to them.
You must then hire donkeys and ascend to the mountains, and after a hot
ride, you will arrive at a small valley in the centre of the mountains,
which was once the crater of a volcano, but is now used by nature as a
kettle, in which she keeps hot water perpetually boiling for those who
may require it.  There you will behold the waters bubbling and boiling
in all directions, throwing up huge white columns of smoke, brought out
in strong relief by the darker sides of the mountains which rear their
heads around you.  The ground you tread upon trembles as you walk; you
feel that it is only a thin crust, and that in a moment you may sink
into the vast cauldron below, and have a hot bath without paying for it.
Continue along the valley, and you will find lakes of still,
deadly-cold water, with hot springs at their verge, throwing the smoke
over their surface, while they pour in their boiling water as if they
would fain raise the temperature; depositing sulphur in cakes and
crystals in their course.  And in another spot there is a dark,
unfathomable hole, called the Devil's Mouth: you approach it, and you
hear low moanings and rumblings, as if nature had the stomach-ache; and
then you will have a sudden explosion, and a noise like thunder, and a
shower of mud will be thrown out to a distance of several yards.  Wait
again; you will again hear the moans and rumblings, and in about three
minutes the explosion and the discharge will again take place; and thus
has this eternal diarrhoea continued ever since the memory or tradition
of man.

Yet, upon this apparently insecure and dangerous spot have been erected
houses and baths, and it is resorted to by the fashionables of Saint
Michael's, who wish, by its properties, to get rid of certain cutaneous
disorders: for the whole air is loaded with sulphurous vapour, as the
eternal pot keeps boiling.

Observe the advantages of this place:--you may have a bath as hot as you
please, as cold as you please, or you may have a mud _douche_, if you
have that buffalo propensity; and then you will have to rough it, which
is so delightful; you will find little or nothing to eat, and plenty of
bedfellows in all their varieties, a burning sun, and a dense
atmosphere, and you will be very delighted to get back again, which,
after all, is the _summum bonum_ to be obtained by travel.

Not very far from this valley of hot water there is another valley,
containing four small lakes, and in those lakes are found the most
beautiful gold and silver fish, perhaps, in the world.  How they came
there, Heaven only knows; but I mention this because there is a curious
coincidence.  These lakes are known by the name of the Quadre Cidade, or
four cities.  Now, if my readers will recollect, in the "Arabian
Nights," there is a story of a valley with four lakes, which were once
four cities, and that in these lakes were fish of various beautiful
colours, who were once the inhabitants.  If I recollect right, when the
fish were caught and put into the frying-pan, they jumped up and made a
speech; (so would fish now-a-days, if they were not mute;) and the story
is told by a prince, whose lower extremities are turned into black
marble, very convenient, certainly, if he dined out every day, as he had
only his upper toilet to complete.  This coincidence appeared to me to
be very curious, and had I had time and opportunity I certainly should
have fried four of these unfortunate fish, to ascertain whether they
were of the real breed spoken of in the Arabian Tales, of the
authenticity of which no one, I presume, will venture to doubt.



CHAPTER NINETEEN.

                                                           Spa, July 15.
What a curious history might be afforded by Spa and its gaming tables!
When Spa was in its glory, when crowned heads met and dukes were forced
to remain in their carriages for want of accommodation, when it was the
focus of all that was _recherche_ and brilliant, for Spa was so before
the French revolution, the gaming tables were a source of immense
profit; and to whom do you imagine that a great portion of the profits
belonged?--to no less a person than the most sacred and puissant prince,
the Bishop of Liege, who derived a great revenue from them.  But it
would appear as if there was a judgment upon this anomalous secular
property, for these gaming-tables were the cause of the Prince Bishop
losing all, and being driven out of his territories.  There were two
gaming establishments at Spa, the Redoubt in the town, and the Vauxhall
about a quarter of a mile outside of it.  The Redoubt is a fine
building, with splendid ball-rooms and a theatre, but you must go
_through the gaming-rooms_ to enter either the ball-room or the theatre.
The Vauxhall has no theatre, but the rooms are even more spacious; but
when Spa was at its zenith, even these two immense edifices were barely
sufficient for the company.  Both these establishments were under the
same proprietors, and it so happened that the English nobility, who were
always a very strong party here, were displeased with the conduct of the
lessees, and immediately raised funds for the building of a second
Vauxhall.  The bishop ordered the building to be discontinued, but, as
by the privileges granted by former bishops, this was a violation of the
rights of the Liegeois, his order was disregarded, and the Vauxhall now
known by the name of _the Vauxhall_, was finished.  When finished, the
bishop would not permit it to be opened, but his commands being
disregarded, he came down with two hundred soldiers and two pieces of
cannon and took possession.  This created a revolution, and the bishop
was ultimately obliged to fly his territory and seek assistance.  The
Prussians marched an army into the city, and there was apparent
submission, but as soon as they quitted, the insurrection again took
place, and the bishop was forced again to solicit aid from the
Austrians, for Prussia would no longer interfere.  Metternich, who was
so fond of legitimacy that he considered the gaming-tables a legitimate
source of revenue to the apostle, marched in an Austrian army, and
hundreds were slaughtered that the bishop might obtain his rights.  Such
was the state of affairs when the French revolution broke out and
convulsed Europe, and the province of Liege was among the very first to
receive with open arms the _bonnet rouge_ and to join themselves with
France, and thus did the bishop lose his beautiful province for ever.
As far as Liege was concerned, the French revolution proved a blessing.
It certainly was a disgraceful finale to an ecclesiastical power, which,
as I have before mentioned, had formerly led the van in the march of
Christianity and liberty.

But it appears that the clergy are fated to have an interest in these
gaming-tables, the stipend of the English resident clergyman being, even
now, paid out of their profits; for when Belgium was made over to the
Netherlands, King William assumed his right to the bishop's former share
of the profits of the tables, and of course brought as many people down
here as he could to _lose their money_, as he pocketed his _thirds_.
Since the revolution, Leopold is in King William's shoes, but there are
little or no profits, as Spa is deserted and the expenses of the
establishments are great.  Perhaps there is no spot of ground in
Europe--I will not except Paris--where so much money has been lost by
gaming as at Spa.  I was walking with a friend who pointed out to me a
small pavilion in a garden.  "There," says he, "the Prince of Orange,
who played very deeply, lost to a Spanish gentleman those very jewels
that were pretended to be stolen.  It was well got up in the papers, but
that is the real truth."  How far it may be the truth or not, I cannot
pretend to say, and only know that in Spa you cannot pick your teeth
without all the world knowing it, and that this is fully believed at Spa
to be the real truth of the disappearance of the splendid jewels of the
princess, which have since been redeemed from the Spanish gentleman, who
now resides at the Hague.

Gaming has always been held up in abhorrence as a vice; but it is rather
a passion strongly implanted by nature, and abhorrent from the dreadful
effects produced by its overpowering influence, than a vice _per se_.
Life itself is a lottery, and the best part of our life is passed in
gambling.  It is difficult to draw the line between gambling and
speculation, for every speculation is a gambling transaction.  Is not
the merchant a gambler? in fact, is not every venture an act of
gambling?  As for the Stock Exchange, it is the very worst species of
gambling.  All we can say is, that gambling may be legitimate or
otherwise; that is, there are species of gambling which may enrich the
individual if he is fortunate, but whether it enriches him or not, at
all events it is beneficial to the community at large.  A merchant
speculates--he sends out manufactures of every description: he fails,
and is ruined: but the artisans have procured employment for their
industry, and, although the merchant fails, the community at large has
benefited.  This is legitimate gambling; but do people in business stop
there?  No: they will agree to deliver so many thousands of casks of
tallow or tons of hemp at such and such a time and at a certain price,
whatever the price may then be.  They cannot complete their engagement,
and they are ruined; but in this instance, which is simply termed
speculation, we have quite as much gambling as if the money were at once
laid down on the table, and the chances decided in an hour instead of so
many months.  But there is this difference, that this party does not
injure his character by such a transaction, whereas, if he lost his
money at the gaming-table he would.  The English are, with the exception
of the Americans, the most gambling nation under heaven; naturally so,
because they are the greatest mercantile nation.  The spirit of gambling
is innate, and when directed into the proper channel it becomes
enterprise.  It is doubtless a great moral error on the part of a
government to encourage vice with the view of increasing the revenue,
but, at the same time, there is no tax so well laid on as that which is
imposed on vice.  Again, there are certain propensities in man which
cannot be overcome, and which, if attempted to be wholly eradicated by
legal enactments, would occasion more evil still.  All that a judicious
government can or should attempt to effect is, to restrain them within
proper bounds, to regulate them, and as much as possible to keep them
out of sight, that the virus may not extend.  It is well known, that
certain houses are licensed by the magistrates, because, it being
impossible to eradicate the vice, they can do no more than to separate
it, that it may not be communicated to the healthier part of the
community.  Now upon this principle, which is the true principle of
sound legislation, I have often thought that it was a great error in our
legislature when they consented to put down the public lotteries in
England.  I am convinced that they were beneficial, acting as
safety-valves to the gambling spirit of the nation, and that their
prohibition has been productive of much crime and misery.  The spirit of
gambling cannot be eradicated; it ought, therefore, to be kept within
due bounds.  There was one great advantage in the English lottery; it
was drawn but once a year, and those who purchased the tickets were
content to remain quiet until their success was made known.  The
chances, although very distant, of so high a prize, satisfied the spirit
of gambling; if they lost, they purchased again, and waited patiently
for another year, trusting to be more fortunate.  Now, although they
gambled, they did not acquire the _habit_ of gaming.  What has been the
consequence since the lotteries have been abolished? that there are
hells of every description established throughout the metropolis, from
those which admit the stake of a shilling, to Crockford's splendid
Pandemonium; and those who were formerly content with a lottery ticket,
now pass their evenings away from their families, and ruin themselves in
a very short time.  The lottery never ruined any one.  The sum staked
might be large for the circumstances of the parties, but it was a yearly
stake, and did not interfere with the industry, the profits, or the
domestic happiness of the year.  One half the tradesmen who now appear
in the "Gazette," have been ruined by frequenting the low hells with
which the metropolis abounds.  From the above considerations, I do not
think it was advisable to abolish the lotteries.

The next question is one upon which I hesitate to offer an opinion; but
it is worthy of consideration how far it may be advisable to license and
tax gaming-houses.  Were it possible to put them down altogether, the
question need not be discussed; but it is impossible.  Has any
magistrate ventured to interfere with Crockford's, where it is well
known that the highest gaming is carried on every night?  Are you not
permitted to walk through the club at any hour of the day?  Do they not
have the tables exposed to the view of every one?  Yet who has
interfered, although you find that the smaller hells are constantly
broken in upon, and the parties had up to the police-office?  Are not
the laws made for all?  Is that an offence in the eyes of government in
a poor man which is not one in the rich?  Yet this is the case: and why
so?  Because the rich will game, and the government cannot prevent them.
Has not a man a right to do as he pleases with his own money?  You
legalise the worst of gambling on the Stock Exchange, for a man can
there risk what he cannot pay: you cannot control the gaming of the
race-course, and yet you would prevent a man from gambling after his own
fashion.  You wink at the higher classes ruining themselves, and you
will not permit the middle classes.  Now the consequence of not having
licensed tables is, that you have no control over them, and the public,
who will play, are the dupes of rascals who cheat in every way: whereas,
if a certain number were licensed and controlled, those who play would
have a better chance, and the licensed tables taxed by government would
take care to put down all others who were not.  We must legislate for
society as it is, not as it ought to be; and, as on other points, we
have found it necessary to submit to the lesser evil of the two, it is a
question whether in this also we might not do better by keeping within
due bounds that which it is impossible to prevent.

I was amused with an anecdote told me to-day.  An Englishman and a
Frenchman arrived at Spa in the same diligence.  They both took up their
quarters at the same hotel, but from that moment appeared to have no
further intimacy.

"Do you see that fellow?" would the Englishman say, pointing at the
Frenchman, "I know him, and he's a confounded rogue.  I recommend you to
be shy of him."

"Voyez-vous cet Anglais?" said the Frenchman as the Englishman passed
by.  "Gardez-vous en bien; c'est un coquin superieur."

Thus did they continue to warn the company of each other, until the
close of the season, when one fine day they both went off together in
the diligence, leaving all their debts unpaid, and their trunks and
portmanteaus for the benefit of the landlord of the hotel, who, on
opening them, found them to contain nothing but stones and rubbish.
This was a new species of holy alliance, but the _ruse_ was by no means
ill advised.  When you hear a man constantly proclaiming the roguery of
another, you are too apt to give him credit for honesty in his own
person.  Thus, with those whom each party associated and dealt with,
they obtained a credit for honesty, which enabled them to succeed in
their roguish endeavours.



CHAPTER TWENTY.

                                                                 Ostend.
From Spa to Liege, from Liege to Brussels, from Brussels to Ostend, how
detestable it is to go over the same ground again and again! only to be
imposed upon and cheated again and again.  What a weary world this is,
and what a rascally one!  How delightful a little honesty would be, by
way of a change!  Of all the rascality spread like butter on bread over
the surface of the globe, certainly the butter lies thicker on the
confines of each territory.  There is a concentration of dishonesty at
the ports of embarkation and debarkation.  Take London when you land
from a steam-boat, or Dover, or Calais, or Ostend.  It is nothing but a
system of extortion or over-reaching.  And why so? because in the hurry,
the confusion, the sickness, and the ignorance of what is right,
everything that is wrong can be practised with impunity.  These preyers
upon mankind at the confines, remind you of the sharks in India, who
always ply _in the surf_, where their motions cannot be seen, and the
unwary are invariably their prey.  I have knocked three down already,
and one would imagine they would hasten for redress; but they will not,
for that would take hours, and during these hours they will lose the
opportunity of making their harvest, so they get up again, and pocket
the affront, that they may not lose time in filling their pockets.
Talking about roguery, there was a curious incident occurred some time
back, in which a rascal was completely outwitted.  A bachelor gentleman,
who was a very superior draftsman and caricaturist, was laid up in his
apartments with the gout in both feet.  He could not move, but sat in an
easy chair, and was wheeled by his servant in and out of his chamber to
his sitting-room.  Now a certain well-known vagabond ascertained the
fact, and watched until the servant was sent upon a message.  The
servant came out of the front door, but left the area door open,
communicating with the kitchen.  Down went the vagabond, entered the
kitchen, and walked up stairs, where, as he anticipated, he found the
gentleman quite alone and helpless.

"I am sorry, sir, to see you in this situation," said the rogue; "you
cannot move, and your servant is out."

The gentleman stared.

"It is excessively careless of you to leave yourself so exposed, for
behold the consequences.  I take the liberty of removing this watch and
these seals off the table, and putting them into my own pocket; and, as
I perceive your keys are here, I shall now open these drawers, and see
what suits my purpose."

"Oh! pray help yourself, I beg," replied the gentleman, who was aware
that he could do nothing to prevent him.

The rogue did so accordingly; he found the plate in the sideboard
drawer, and many other articles which suited him, and in about ten
minutes, having made up his bundle, he made the gentleman a very low
bow, and decamped.  But the gentleman had the use of his hands, and had
not been idle; he had taken an exact likeness of the thief with his
pencil, and on his servant returning soon after, he despatched him
immediately to Bow Street with the drawing, and an account of what had
happened.  The likeness was so good, that the man was immediately
identified by the runners, and was captured before he had time to
dispose of a single article purloined.  He was brought to the gentleman
in two hours afterwards, identified, the property found on him sworn to,
and, in six weeks, he was on his passage to Botany Bay.



CHAPTER TWENTY ONE.

                                                       London, November.
We have the signs of the times here.  I peep through the fog and see
quite enough to satisfy me that the prosperity is but partial.  Money in
plenty, but lying in heaps--not circulated.  Every one hugs his bag, and
is waiting to see what the event may be.  Retrenchment is written up as
evident as the prophetic words of fire upon the walls of Belshazzar's
palace--_To let--to let--to let_.  Leave London in any direction, and
you find the same mystical characters every one hundred yards of the
road.  This beautiful villa, this cottage ornee, this capital house with
pleasure-grounds, this mansion and park--all--all to let.  It is said
that there are upwards of seven thousand of these country seats to let
within twelve miles of the metropolis.  Again, look at the arms of the
carriages which still roll through the streets, and you will perceive
that if not with a coronet or supporters, nine out of ten have the
widow's _lozenge_.  And why so? because they belong to the widows of
those who died in the times of plenty, and who left them large jointures
upon their estates.  They, of course, can still support and even better
support, the expense; but the estates now yield but sufficient to pay
the jointure, and the incumbent swallows up the whole.  And where are
the real owners of the properties?  At Paris, at Naples, at Brussels, if
they can afford to be in a Capital--if not, dispersed over Belgium,
Switzerland, and Italy--retrenching in other countries, or living more
comfortably upon their incomes.  How many millions, for it does amount
to millions, are now spent on the continent, enriching the people of
other countries, and in all probability laying up for those countries
the sinews for another war to be directed against England!  How much of
wretchedness and starvation has been suffered in our own country within
these few years, which, if our people had not been living abroad, might
never have been felt!  Where are the elite of our aristocracy?  Where
are our country gentlemen who used to keep open house at their estates,
disseminating their wealth and producing happiness?  All driven abroad--
society disjointed--no leader of fashion to set the example, by
luxurious entertainments, of disseminating that wealth which ultimately
finds its way into the greasy pocket of the labourer or mechanic.  Shops
opened late and closed early.  Gin palaces, like hell, ever open to a
customer.  The pulse of London hardly beats--it is perceptible, but no
more.  Nothing is active but the press, and the pressure from without.
But who would remain ten days in London in the month of November, when
he can go away, without he had serious thoughts of suicide?  Candles at
high noon, yellow fogs, and torches in mid-day, do not suit me, so I'm
off again to a purer atmosphere.



CHAPTER TWENTY TWO.

                                                           Spa, June 30.
Yesterday I fell in with two old friends, who, from a mere "truant
disposition," joined perhaps with a little good will towards me, came
over to Spa.  As soon as their arrival had been announced, I went to
them, and at their request joined their dinner.  After our first
greetings, B--, who not only appears, but really is, a man of fashion,
in the best sense of the term, wanted his snuff-box.  It was in his
bed-room, and his bed-room was locked by the servant, who had taken the
key and gone out.  The consequence was, that B-- had to wait some time,
and until the man came back.  I have always had a great aversion to a
valet when constantly moving about on the Continent, as a single man;
and, although I do not now, as I used to do when a midshipman, brush my
own clothes and black my own shoes, yet I like independence, in every
thing, and infinitely prefer doing anything myself, to being waited
upon; for, generally speaking, it is the master who waits and not the
man.

"I wonder you bother yourself with such a travelling appendage, B--,"
observed I, giving him a pinch of snuff to quiet his impatience.  "I
have never lately travelled with one."

"My dear fellow--the comfort of it--you have no idea.  It would be
impossible to get on without one."

"Quite impossible," observed W--, my other acquaintance.

"I have been brought up in a school in which the word impossible has
been erased from the language."

"Well, but the comfort of it.  When you arrive, dirty and dusty, your
portmanteau opened, all your articles of dress laid out."

"I can do all that myself sooner than he can; and, as I must wait till
it be done, I may as well do it myself."

"Yes, so you may, but then the security; every thing locked up, which,
in a strange hotel, is so necessary."

I lock my own room, and know where to find the key when I come in.

"Very likely; but still it is impossible to travel comfortably without a
valet."

"Quite impossible," rejoined W--.

"Be it so," replied I; "we differ in opinion.  All I can say is, that
necessary as a valet is when stationary, he is a nuisance when you
travel _en garcon_."

The conversation dropped, and we sat down to dinner; the time passed
away, as it always does, when old friends, who respect and like each
other, meet, after an absence of some months.  After dinner we smoked
cigars; and, as the evening advanced, there were none left on the table.
B-- rang the bell for his servant to procure others; the servant had
gone out and was no where to be found, and for _security_ had locked the
bed-room door and taken the key with him.  So we drank our claret, and
waited for his return.  "Thinks I to myself"--but I said nothing.  At
last, we waited till past twelve o'clock; but the gentleman's gentleman
was no where to be found.  B-- was angry with the man, W-- had thrown
himself on the sofa.  He wished to go to bed after a long day's travel;
but his key was also, for security, in the valet's pocket, who had been
searched for every where without success.  B-- begged me not to remain
out of politeness; but I did remain not out of politeness, but of
"_malice_," as the French term it.  "I had too much pleasure in their
company to think of leaving them;" and we continued to sip
brandy-and-water.  At last, three o'clock came, B-- was out of all
patience, W-- snoring on the sofa, and I, quite delighted.  The sun
should have poured his beams upon us before I would have gone away.  The
bell was rung, but in vain, for the waiters would wait no longer.  It
was proposed to send for a menuisier to pick the lock; but how was one
to be found at three o'clock in the morning?  At last the valet, drunk
and reeling in his morning jacket, entered the room.  "The keys the
keys!" demanded B-- in wrath.

"The key!" roared W--, who had woke up.

"I have them," replied the valet, with a most knowing leer, facetiously
smiling.  "I have them--all safe--all right, gentlemen.  Here they are,"
continued the man, pulling them out, and presenting them as if he had
done a very clever thing.  "Here they are, you see."

The man was too tipsy to be expostulated with, and the gentlemen took
their keys in silence.  "And now," said I, "gentlemen, I wish you a very
good night.  You have fully established the extreme _comfort_ of a
travelling valet, and the impossibility of doing without one."  It was a
glorious victory, although to get _out_ of the house I had to open a
window and leap from it, and to get _into_ my own house at that hour was
even more difficult.



CHAPTER TWENTY THREE.

I have been reading Jesse's "Gleanings."  Is he quite correct?  I have
my doubts.  In one point I certainly do not agree with him, in his
favourite opinion of cats.  I do, however, know an instance of misplaced
affection in a cat, which, although it does not add to the moral
character of the race, is extremely curious for more reasons than one,
and as it happened in my own family, I can vouch for its authenticity.
A little black spaniel had five puppies, which were considered too many
for her to bring up.  As, however, the breed was much in request, her
mistress was unwilling that any of them should be destroyed, and she
asked the cook whether she thought it would be possible to bring a
portion of them up by hand before the kitchen fire.  In reply, the cook
observed that the cat had that day kittened, and that, perhaps, the
puppies might be substituted for her progeny.  The experiment was made,
two of the kittens were removed, and two puppies substituted.  The cat
made no objections, took to them kindly, and gradually all the kittens
were taken away, and the cat nursed the two puppies only.  Now, the
first curious fact was, that the two puppies nursed by the cat were, in
a fortnight, as active, forward, and playful, as kittens would have
been: they had the use of their legs, barked, and gambolled about; while
the other three, nursed by the mother, were whining and rolling about
like fat slugs.  The cat gave them her tail to play with, and they were
always in motion; they very soon ate meat, and long before the others
they were fit to be removed.  This was done, and the cat became very
inconsolable.  She prowled about the house, and on the second day of
tribulation fell in with the little spaniel, who was nursing the other
three puppies.

"O ho!" says Puss, putting up her back, "it is you who have stolen my
children."

"No," replied the Spaniel, with a snarl, "they are my own flesh and
blood."

"That won't do," said the cat, "I'll take my oath before any justice of
peace that you have my two puppies."

Thereupon issue was joined, that is to say, there was a desperate
combat, which ended in the defeat of the spaniel, and the cat walking
proudly off with one of the puppies, which she took to her own bed.
Having deposited this one, she returned, fought again, gained another
victory, and redeemed another puppy.  Now it is very singular that she
should have only taken two, the exact number she had been deprived of.
Does this not prove to a certain extent the power of calculating numbers
in animals? and does not the precocity of the two puppies brought up by
the cat, infer there is some grounds for the supposition that with the
milk is imbued much of the nature and disposition of the mother?  A few
experiments made on these points would be interesting, and we should
have a new science, that of _lacteology_, to add to craniology, in our
nurture and rearing of the species.

This reminds me of a singular fact, little known.  The Burmahs, who are
disciples of Gaudma, equally with the inhabitants of Pegu and Syriam,
whose country they have conquered, worship the White Elephant, who is
considered as a god.  There have been but three white elephants since
the foundation of the Burmah dynasty by Alompraa.  The first one is
dead, and I have one of his teeth carved with figures, which was
consecrated to the great Dagon Pagoda.  The second now _reigns_--he is
attended by hundreds, wears a howdah, or cloth, studded with precious
stones; which is said to be worth a million of money.  He also wears his
bangles or armlets on each leg, and fares sumptuously every day.  White
elephants are very scarce; the colour is occasioned by a disease in the
animal, a species of leprosy.  Any elephant hunter in these countries,
who is fortunate enough to capture a white elephant, is immediately
created a noble, and advanced to high honour and wealth.  The third
white elephant, of which I am about to speak particularly, and who may
be considered as the heir apparent, was taken a few months previous to
our declaring war against the Burmahs.  He was very young; his mother
had been killed, and he yet required partial nourishment.  He was
brought to Rangoon, established in one of the best houses in the place,
and an edict was sent forth from the capital, ordering that twenty-four
of the most healthy young married women should be dedicated to his
wants, and if they fell off in powers of nourishment, be replaced by
others.  This was considered an honour--for were they not nursing a
_God_?  Major Canning, the political agent, who went to see this curious
spectacle, described it to me as follows: "The animal was not above
three feet and a few inches high, its colour was a dirty grey, rather
than white; it was very healthy, playful, and in good spirits.  When I
went into the room, which was very spacious, and built of teak-wood, the
twenty-four nurses were sitting or lying on mats about the room, some
playing at draughts and other games, others working.  The elephant
walking about, looking at them, and what they were doing, as if he
understood all about it.  After a short time, the little deity felt
hungry, and, with his trunk he pushed some of the women, but to annoy
him they would not yield to his solicitations.  When he became angry,
and was too rough for them, they submitted, and he put his trunk round
their waists in the most affectionate manner, while he was supplying
himself."  I did not see the animal myself, as immediately that they
heard of our arrival at the mouth of the river, they despatched him
under a strong guard to a place of security.  But I should like to
ascertain hereafter, whether his nurture made him a more reasonable
being than are elephants in general.

How one's thoughts fly away over time and space!  What a rush of
incidents crowd into my memory, merely from having mentioned this
circumstance of the white elephant.  I did once intend to have written a
narrative of what passed during our sojourn in that country, for I saw
more of the inhabitants than most people; but others have forestalled
me, and it is now too late.  Nevertheless, it will perhaps amuse the
reader, if, without entering into the military details, I mention a few
of the operations and scenes which then occurred.  It shall be so then,
and we will discourse a little about the Burmahs.

An Armenian merchant who resided there told me a story one day which was
curious.  The King of Pegu was possessed of the most splendid ruby in
the world, both as to size and colour.  This was well known; it was the
boast of the nation.  When the Burmahs subdued the kingdom of Pegu, the
old king with all his family were taken prisoners, vast treasure was
also captured, but the great ruby was not to be found, notwithstanding
the torture and beheading of thousands.  With the usual barbarity of
these countries, the old king, a miserable paralytic little man, was
stripped naked and confined in an iron cage, which I saw when I was at
Rangoon.  In this confinement he lived for ten or twelve years, every
festival day being brought out and exposed to the derision of the
populace.  At last he died, and his body was thrown out to be devoured
by the dogs and birds of prey.  One of the soldiers who assisted to drag
the body out of the cage, turned it over with his foot, and perceived
that his right hand grasped a hump of _damma_, (a sort of pitch,) which
curiosity induced the Burmah to force out with the point of his spear.
This had been observed before, but the Burmahs, who are very
superstitions and carry about them all sorts of charms, imagined it to
be a charm for his paralysis or palsy with which he was afflicted, and
therefore had allowed him to retain it.  But when the Burmah took it up,
the weight of it convinced him that it was not all damma: he examined
it, and found that it was the great ruby of the Pegu kingdom which had
been lost, and which the old man had for so many years, in a state of
nudity and incarceration, held in his left hand.  I asked one of the
Burmah chiefs whether this ruby now in the possession of the King of Ava
was so fine as represented: his answer was in truly Eastern
hyperbole--"Dip it in the Irrawaddy," said he, (that is, an enormous
river seven hundred miles long and in many parts several miles broad,)
"and the whole water will turn to blood."

I have said that the Burmahs are very superstitious: they have a great
variety of charms which they wear about their persons, but there is one
custom of theirs which is very singular.  They polish rubies; that is,
without cutting them in _facettes_, but merely the stone, whatever its
primitive shape, is rubbed down on every side until it is perfectly
smooth.  They then make an incision in the flesh, generally the arm or
leg, put in the ruby and allow the skin to heal over it, so that the
stone remains there.  Soldiers and sailors in search of plunder will
find out any thing, and this practice of the Burmahs was soon
discovered; and after the assault and carrying of a stockade, you would
see the men passing their hands over the bodies, and immediately they
felt a rising in the limb, out with their knives and cut in for the
rubies.  Indeed, the plunder was more considerable than might be
imagined, for every Burmah carried all his wealth about his person.

Another singular custom arising from their superstition prevails among
this people.  The king has a corps denominated _Invulnerables_, whose
ranks are filled up in this manner:--when a criminal is condemned to
death for certain offences, such as robbery, he is permitted to
challenge as an _invulnerable_.  This is proved by his standing at a
certain distance from several men who fire at him with ball.  Should he
not be wounded or killed, he is pronounced an invulnerable and enrolled
in the corps.  In every stockade we attacked, there were always one or
two of these men, and they really appeared to believe in their own
powers.  They generally stood above the timbers of the stockade, dancing
and capering as the boats advanced, and continued their extravagance
amidst a shower of bullets, exposing their persons in a most undaunted
manner.  There was one fellow who, dressed in a short red jacket, and
nothing else except the cloth round his loins, who was well known to our
men; they called him _Happy Jack_, from the capers which he used to cut,
and somehow or another it was his good fortune never to be hit, at
least, not that we know of, for taking stockade after stockade, at every
fresh attack there was Happy Jack to be seen capering and shouting as
usual, and never ceasing to expose himself until the troops had landed
and were about to scale the fortress.  It was quite amusing to hear the
men shout out with laughter, "By heavens, there's Happy Jack again."  I
hope he is alive at this moment; at all events, he deserves to be.



CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR.

                                                                    Spa.
Yes, now Spa is agreeable: we have no _redoubte_ open with fools losing
their money, no English _passants_ looking after amusement, no
valetudinarians drinking the _poupon_, no Spa boxes crowding every
window: we are now as a Spa should be, a _coterie_ of houses in a
ravine, surrounded by the mountains of the Ardennes, crowding and
shoving up together in mutual protection against the deep snow and the
forest wolves.  There is something new in this: most of the houses are
shut up; the shop-windows are all bare; the snow is two feet deep in the
streets; the mountains on every side are white; the icicles hang upon
the leafless boughs, and the rivulets are enchained.  All is one drear
blank; and except the two-horse diligence which heaves slowly in sight
three or four hours past its time, and the post, (which is now delivered
at nine o'clock instead of noon); there is no such thing as an arrival:
the boys slide upon their little sledges down the hills; the cattle are
driven home; the church clock strikes; and unless we are enlivened by
the crowd assembled round the countryman, who appears with the carcass
of a wolf which he has been fortunate enough to kill, we are all quiet,
monotony and peace: in fact, Spa, now that it is a desert, has become to
me, at least agreeable.

They say, this hard winter promises plenty of wolves; if so, I recommend
those who are fond of excitement come here.  Indeed, it will be
profitable, for if they are active huntsmen, they can pay their
expenses.  A dead horse costs little, and in Spa, as they give very
little to the horses to eat in summer, and nothing at all in the winter,
they die fast.  You have only to drag the carcass to an outhouse at a
little distance from the town, and with your rifle watch during the
night.  The wolves will come down to prey upon the carrion, and it is
hard if you do not kill your couple during the night, and then you are
rewarded by the commune.  I do not know what the price is now, but when
the King of Holland was in possession of Belgium it was one hundred
francs for a male, and three hundred francs for a female wolf.  Now a
brace a night, four hundred francs, or sixteen pounds, is not a bad
night's earning: in Spa it would keep a half-pay officer for three
months.  There is a curious story here, proving the sagacity of a wolf
which came down an hour before dusk into the town, and made off with a
child of two years old in her mouth.  The cry was raised, and the
pursuit immediate.  After following her track for many miles, she gained
upon them, it became quite dark, and the people returned homewards,
melancholy at the fate of the poor child.  When they were about half way
back, they heard the wail of an infant, and, guided by it, they arrived
at a thick bush, where they found the child alive and unhurt.  The wolf,
finding that her pursuers gained upon her, had deposited the child
there, intending to return and make a meal of it upon a more favourable
opportunity.

We have had nothing to excite us within these last few days but the
death and burial of an old curate.  He died in all the odour of sanctity
three days ago, and was buried yesterday.  He was not loved or even
liked, for he wanted that greatest of all gifts--charity.  His situation
was worth, with offerings, six thousand francs a year,--a large sum in
this country: but he did not give to the poor; he exacted from them, and
they religiously obeyed him, no one killing a pig or anything else
without a present of part of it to the curate.  When the old man was
told that he could not live, the ruling passion still governed him.  He
sent for a person to dispose of for him the sundry pieces of pork which
he had gathered as presents, then took the extreme unction, and died.
His will is not known, but he is supposed to be very rich, and whether
he leaves his wealth to some nephews, or to support a hospital here
which is at present without funds, is a question of some interest.  He
was buried in great parade and procession, followed by hundreds holding
candles.  He was dressed in his best, and every one said that he never
looked so clean or so well in his life.  He was carried on an open
_brancard_, with his canonical hat on his head, the snow fell fast and
settled on his face and clothes, but he felt it not.  The funeral was as
cold as his charity, the thermometer being exactly 130 below the
freezing point.  Except the procession of the dead curate and of a dead
wolf, we have had nothing to interest us for the last ten days.

But I promised to talk about the Burmahs.  There have been two or three
accounts of the military movements, but there has been no inquiry or
examination into the character of the people, which, in my opinion, is
of more importance than is generally supposed; for although the East
India Company may imagine that they have done with the Burmahs, it is my
conviction that the Burmahs have not done with them, and even I may live
to witness the truth of my assertion.

It certainly is a point of some interest to ascertain from whence the
Burmah nation originally came: that they are not aborigines, I think
most certain.  They are surrounded by the Cochin Chinese, the Chinese,
and the Hindoos, all races of inferior stature and effeminate in person,
with little or no beard.  Now the Burmahs are a very powerful race, very
muscular in their limbs, possessing great strength and energy: generally
speaking, I should say, that they are rather taller than Europeans.
They have the high cheek bones of the Tatar, but not the small eyes;
they have strong hair and beards, and certainly would remind you of a
cross between the Jew and the Tatar.  This is singular; and it gave the
idea to some of those who are fond of indulging in theory, that they
might be the remnants of that portion of the Jews who, when permitted to
leave Babylon, instead of going east with the others, bent their course
to the westward and were never spoken of afterwards.  But the only props
they had to this argument were the appearance of the people, the weight
in silver being called the _tekel_ or shekel, and the great pagoda
having the name of the _Dagon_ pagoda.  At least I heard of no more to
support the argument but those three, which can hardly be sufficient,
although the coincidence of the two words is singular.

The Burmahs are semi-barbarous: but this term must be used in the most
favourable light; because, surrounded on every side by people who are
wedded to their own customs, the Burmahs have a liberality and a desire
to improve, which is very remarkable.  I never met with any Burmah, not
even a lad, who could not read and write; they allow any form of
religion to be made use of, and churches of any description to be built
by foreigners, but they do not like missionaries making converts of
their own people; for as the king is the head of the religion,
conversion is a breach of allegiance.  One of the missionaries had an
audience with the king, and demanded permission to make proselytes.  The
king replied that the missionary might convert as many as he pleased,
but that he would cut all their heads off afterwards.  The missionary
had not much trouble, when this answer was made known, in counting the
heads of his proselytes.  In their own religion, which is Budhism, the
Burmahs appear to be very relax; it is too absurd for the energy of
their minds.  Those who enter the priesthood wear a yellow dress; but if
a priest at any time feels disposed to quit his profession, he is at
liberty so to do.  All he has to do is to throw off his yellow garment;
but at the same time he can never resume it.  The Burmahs are
superstitious about charms, but are not superstitious on religious
points.  In fact, there is very little religion among them, and had we,
at the close of the war, instead of demanding a crore of rupees,
insisted that they should embrace Christianity, the king would have
given the order, and the whole nation would have nominally been
Christians.  I once asked a Burmah soldier what was his idea of a future
state.  His idea of bliss was singular--"I shall be turned into a
buffalo, and shall lie down in a meadow of grass higher than my head,
and eat all day long, and there won't be a single mosquito to annoy me."
While on the subject of religion, I may here observe, that at the
capture of Rangoon I entered a Chinese temple, the altar-piece, if I may
use the term, was the Ganesa of the Hindoos, but not seated on the lotus
leaf, but on the Chinese rat.  On each side of this were two little
candelabras, formed of the Egyptian ibis, holding the oil cups in its
beak.  I also found the Hounyman, or monkey god of the Hindoos, and
Budhist figures.  I once observed some sepoys playing and laughing at a
bronze image they had picked up at the pagoda of Syriam, and on
examining it, I was surprised to find that it was a figure of the
Egyptian Isis, with her hand raised, and her person in the position
described as the correct one when blessing the world.  The art of
embalming appears to be known to the Burmahs, and is occasionally
practised by the priests.  At the capture of the old Portuguese fort at
Syriam, I found, not far from it, a sort of canopied shed, decorated
with carving, cut paper, and tinsel, and supported by four pillars, like
a bedstead.  Below lay the body of a priest, embalmed and gilt.  I
intended to have brought this home, but before I arrived there, I found
one of my marines, a graceless dog without religion or any other good
quality, very busy hammering the mummy to pieces with the butt end of
his musket.  I was very angry, and ordered him to desist.  In excuse, he
replied that it was an abominable molten image, and it was his duty, as
a _good Christian_, to destroy it--the only evidence of Christianity
ever witnessed on that fellow's part.  On examination, I found that the
body had been wrapped in sundry clothes, and, like the ark of Noah,
pitched within and without: over the clothes was a coat of damma, then
of chunam, and lastly it was gilt; the head of the mummy was fictitious,
and formed of a cocoa-nut, the real skull being where, in the mummy,
would have appeared to have been the breast of the body.  It did not
smell much, but there were a great many small scarabei inside, and it
was so mutilated that I did not remove it.  The Burmahs are cleanly in
their houses, which generally are raised from the ground a few feet, so
as to allow the pigs; which are the scavengers of the town, to walk
under.  They have houses of brick, or stone and mortar, such as the
custom-house at Rangoon, and one or two others; but the most substantial
houses are usually built of thick teak plank.  The smaller houses and
cottages are built of bamboo, the floors and walls being woven like
wicker-work: the cleanliness and the beauty of these houses when new are
very remarkable, and what is still more so, the rapidity with which they
are built.  I have known an officer order a house to be built of three
rooms, with doors and windows to each, and of a comfortable size, and
three or four Burmahs will complete this house in a day, and thatch the
roof over.  In another point, the Burmahs show a degree of civilisation,
which might be an example to the northern Athens--to every house there
is a very neat and clean cloaca.

The government, like all in Asia, is most despotic; and the people have
the faults which are certain to be generated by despotism--but not to
that degree which might be expected.  They have their hereditary
nobility, and the orders of it are very clearly defined.  They consist
of gold chains, worn round the neck, with four plates or chased bosses
dividing them; the lowest order wears the bosses linked together by
three chains, the next highest in degree with six, the next nine, and
the last and highest order has twelve; the king only wears twenty-four
chains.  The use of gold and silver, as drinking cups, etcetera, is only
permitted to the nobility.  They are very clever in chasing of metals,
and they have a description of work in glass and enamel, quite their
own, with which they decorate the temples, houses of the priests, and
coffers containing the sacred volumes.  Their ornamental writings in the
Pali language, a variety of the Sanscrit, known only to the priests, are
also very beautiful--especially that upon long leaves of ivory.  Upon
the whole, their manufactures are superior to all around them, except
perhaps the Chinese.

The women are small, and delicately formed, in proportion to the men;
they are not shut up, but go where they please; their dress is becoming;
they braid the hair with flowers, and they are much fairer than would be
supposed.  Those who keep much within doors are nearly as white as
Europeans.  They have a singular custom of putting a patch of white
chunam on the cheek bone, something in opposition to the black patches
which used formerly to be worn by our belles; and it is intended to show
how near they approach to white.  Indeed, when the men of the lower
class, who are exposed all day to the sun, remove their garments, it is
singular to witness how many shades lighter they are in that part of
their bodies which is covered up.  Usually, the men have but one wife,
but occasionally there are supernumeraries.

The laws of the Burmahs appear to be good, but, as in all despotic
countries, they are not acted upon, unless it please the ruler.  Slavery
of a certain species is allowed.  Should one man be in debt to another,
and is summoned before the chief; if he states his inability to pay, he
is asked how many children he has, and according to the debt, so are his
children given in bond slavery to his debtor, who writes off a certain
sum every year until they are free.  If he has no children, his wife, or
himself perhaps, will be bonded in the same manner.  But in this case,
where ill-treatment can be proved, the bondage will be removed; and
further, any person so bonded, may at his or her wish remove to the
service of another master, provided they can find one who will pay to
the debtor the amount still due, and thus finish the time of servitude
under one whom they like better.  These bonds are all in writing, and
must be produced.  Some of our military officers released several of the
young women from their slavery.

_Sitting down_ in your presence, is, among the Burmese, a mark of
respect.  Every poor man who is sent for, immediately drops down on his
hams in the corner of the room, or at the portal.  The use of the cocoa,
or betel nut, is universal among the men, but not so common with the
women until they grow old.  The consequence is, that the teeth of the
men are quite black and decayed, while those of the young women are very
good.

The most remarkable feature in the character of the Burmahs is their
_good temper_; I think they are the most even-tempered race, ever met
with.  They are always gay, always content under any privation.  I had,
as will be seen hereafter, more opportunities of seeing into the
character of this people than others had, for we mixed with them in
amity for some weeks.  They are very fond of marionettes, and puppet
playing, and are very amusing mimics.  They work very hard, and with the
greatest cheerfulness.  They have a high respect for the English, or the
white faces, as they call us; and the superiority of our warlike
instruments, and our ships, _was_ a subject of wonder, and, at the same
time, of most careful examination.  They perceive how far they are
behind us, and are most anxious to improve.  From this reason, joined to
others, it was a pity that we ever made war with the Burmahs; they had
made an easy conquest of those around them, and were satisfied with
their supposed superiority, but now they are not, for they are active
and enterprising, fond of war, and will not be content until they have
improved their system.  Twenty years hence we shall find the Burmahs a
much more formidable nation than they are at present, for they have
every quality necessary to become the first nation in the East: indeed,
when we consider with what weapons they defended themselves, and the
nature of the warfare, it is not a little to their credit that they held
out for nearly three years against the power of Great Britain.



CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE.

                                                         February, 1836.
The Burmahs are decidedly a brave nation: the government being despotic,
their rulers are cruel, but the people are not.  I state this, as
cowardice and cruelty usually go hand in hand.  Good temper and
generosity are the prominent features in their character--excellent
materials to work upon in judicious hands.  I witnessed acts of courage
at the early part of the war, before the Burmahs found out how
impossible it was to cope with our superior arms, which were most
surprising, and which excited our admiration.  They are peculiarly a
warlike nation; indeed, they are fond of war.  Every man is a soldier,
and when ordered out to join the ranks, obeys without receiving any pay,
providing his own arms.  This fact, at once, establishes that they are
inclined to war.  Their aims generally consist of a double-handed sword,
a weapon of great force, and very large spears; but every one will
possess a musket if he can, and if it has not a lock, he will fire it
with a match.  It is in this point that the Burmahs are so deficient in
aims: we used to consider it a very courageous act to venture to fire
off a Burmese musket, they were in such a wretched condition: and to
crown all, every man _makes his own gunpowder_.  Now it may be easily
imagined what stuff this must be; as, previous to an expected combat,
each Burmah sits down and composes the article to the best of his
knowledge and belief.  The consequences are, that when these muskets do
go off (and it is ten to one they do not), it is again ten to one that
the bullet falls short, from the inefficacy of the powder.  There is
another singular fact, and one which proves that they have been used to
muskets but a short time: it is, that they have no bullet-moulds or
leaden bullets.  All their bullets are of iron, hammered as round as
they can hammer them at the forge; of course the windage produced by
this imperfect shape, occasions it to deviate much from its intended
direction.

The guns on their stockades and war-boats are equally defective from bad
powder, and the hammered iron bullets.  It is difficult to know where
they could have collected such a curious assemblage.  Sometimes you will
fall in with a small brass piece of exquisite Spanish manufacture, at
others you will find them of the strangest forms that can be conceived.
I rather think they were purchased, or taken as a part of the duties on
vessels trading to Rangoon.  I recollect once at the first taking of a
stockade, we knocked off the trunnions of an old iron gun, and left it
there as useless.  The Burmahs reoccupied the stockade, and we had to
take it a second time, when we found that they had most ingeniously
supplied the want of trunnions with iron hoops and rivets, and the gun
was fired at us before we entered.  At another time, we entered a
stockade which had kept up a brisk fire for a few minutes, and to our
surprise found that they had made _wooden_ guns, very well bound and
braced with iron hoops.  Of course these guns would not fire more than
two or three shots each, as the touch-holes became inflamed, and were
soon so large as to render the guns unserviceable; but I mention these
points, to prove the perseverance of these people, and the efforts they
made in their own defence.  After the first campaign it is true that
they deserted, and the levies were made by force; but the reason of
this, for I inquired into it, was not that they had any objection to
fight, but that, fighting without pay, they wanted to go home and put
the seed into the ground, as otherwise their wives and families would
starve.

The Burmah war-boats are very splendid craft, pulling from eighty to one
hundred oars; the Burmahs manage them very dexterously, and will pull
them from seven to eight miles an hour.  They have a war-boat dedicated
to the Deity, which brought intelligence that saved the nation at the
time of the war with the empire of Pegu, in a space of time so short, as
almost to appear incredible.

As I before observed, the gun mounted on the boat's bow is of little
effect, but their spears are really formidable.  At a night attack upon
some of our vessels, anchored off a stockade which they wanted to
regain, I had an evidence of the force with which they are thrown.  The
sides of the vessels were covered with them, sticking out like
porcupine's quills, and they had entered the plank with such force, that
it required a very strong arm to pull them out again.  We lost some men
by them; the effect of a hundred spears hurtling through the air at the
same time was singularly appalling to our men, who were not accustomed
the sound, especially during the night.  I heard several of the sailors
observe afterwards that they "did not like that at all," and I am sure
they would have infinitely preferred to have been met with fire-arms.
Some of these spears were sixteen feet long, with an iron head, sharp at
both sides, weighing from twelve to fourteen pounds.  I have seen bows
and arrows in the possession of the Burmahs, but never have observed
that they used them in their conflicts with us.  They appeared to
despise them.  The system of warfare and defence pursued by these
people, is undoubtedly excellent for the peculiarities of the country.
Their stockades are usually built of any thick teak timber, or rather
squared trees, which are much too strong to be penetrated by any other
than battering cannon, and, in consequence, were invariably carried by
escalade.  Some of them are built of bamboos, running from a foot to two
feet in diameter.  These are equally strong, with the peculiarity that
if you fire cannon at them the bamboos yield, admit the shot, and then
close again.  If these stockades are not close to the river side, they
usually have a deep ditch round them, and are further protected by what
was more serious to us than the escalading, which were abbatis of
pointed bamboos, stuck in a slanting direction in the ground.  The
slight wounds made by these bamboos brought on lock-jaw, and too often
terminated fatally.  In the attacks upon us at Rangoon they made their
approaches with some degree of military skill, throwing up trenches as
they advanced.  Their fire-rafts on such a rapid river were also
formidable.  They have wells of petroleum up the country: their rafts
were very large, and on them, here and there, were placed old canoes
filled with this inflammable matter.  When on fire, it blazed as high as
our maintop, throwing out flames, heat, and stink quite enough to drive
any one away.

I have mentioned their mode of warfare and their deficiencies, to prove
that if the Burmahs had been as well provided with every species of arms
equal to our own, the country would not have been so soon subjugated as
it was.  Their system of defence was good, their bravery was undoubted,
but they had no effective weapons.  I strongly suspect that they will,
now that they have been taught their inferiority, use every means to
obtain them; and if so, they will really become a formidable nation.  As
one proof of their courage, I will mention, that at every stockade there
is a look-out man, perched on a sort of pole, about ten feet or more
clear of the upper part of the stockade, in a situation completely
exposed.  I have often observed these men, and it was not till the
cannonade had fairly commenced on both sides, that they came down, and
when they did, it was without hurry; indeed, I may say, in a most
leisurely and indifferent manner.  Of their invulnerables and their
antics I have already spoken.

In countries governed despotically, life is not so much valued as it is
in others.  The very knowledge that it may be taken in a moment at the
will of the rulers, renders even the cowardly comparatively indifferent.
Having been accustomed from our earliest years to anticipate an event,
when it actually arrives we meet it with composure and indifference.
The lad in England who is brought up to thieving, and who is continually
reminded by his parents, that he _must be hung_ before he is twenty goes
to the gallows when his turn comes with much _sang froid_.  So it is in
a despotic country, where the people witness the heads of their
companions roll on the ground, and surmise how soon their own turn will
come.  I had more than one evidence of this during my stay.  In one
instance I wished to obtain information from a prisoner, but could
extract none.  He had been sitting between the carronades on deck for
twenty-four hours, and some of the men or officers had given him a bowl
of grog and a couple of cigars, with which he was busy when I
interrogated him.  As he professed ignorance, I told him that if he
would not give me the desired information, I should take his head off;
and I sent for the serjeant of marines, who appeared with two of his
party, and with his drawn sword.  We called him out from between the
guns, but he begged through the interpreter to be allowed to finish his
grog, to which I consented: when that was done, he was again ordered
out, but requested leave to finish about an inch of cigar which remained
in his mouth.  To which I also acceded, not being in a particular hurry
to do that which I never intended to do.  During all this the man was
perfectly composed, and did not show the least alarm at his approaching
fate.  As soon as the cigar was finished, he bound his long hair up
afresh, and made preparation.  I again asked him if he would tell, but
he pleaded ignorance, and stepped forward, went down on his knees and
took off the cloth from about his loins, which he spread on the deck to
receive his head, and then putting his hands on the deck, held it in the
position to be cut off.  Not a muscle trembled, for I watched the man
carefully.  He was, of course, remanded, and the sailors were so pleased
with him, that he went on shore with more grog and more tobacco than he
had probably ever seen in his life.

The Burmahs have, however, a means of extracting information from spies,
etcetera, which I never saw practised by them, although it was borrowed
from them by us.  It was in our own quarter-master-general's office that
I witnessed this species of torture, so simple in its operation, and
apparently so dreadful in its effects.  It consists in giving one single
blow upon the region of the heart, so as to stop for some seconds the
whole circulation.  The way by which this is effected is as follows:--
the man--the Burmahs are generally naked to the waist--is made to sit
down on the floor; another man stands behind him, and leaning over him,
takes a very exact aim with his sharp bent elbow at the precise spot
over his heart, and then strikes a blow which, from its being propelled
so very mechanically, descends with increased force.

The effect appears dreadful; the dark hue of the sufferer's face turns
to a deadly white; the perspiration bursts out from his forehead, and he
trembles in every limb.  I never witnessed such apparent agony.  These
blows repeated three or four times, will unman the most resolute, and
they will call for death as a favour.

There is one point which must not be overlooked by the Indian
government, and which, connected with what I have already mentioned,
makes the Burmese nation more formidable; it is, the great contempt they
have for the sepoys.  And what is equally true, the fears which the
sepoys have of them.  The Burmahs are only afraid of the white faces, as
I shall very soon establish.  They despise the sepoys, although they are
so well armed.  Now, that the sepoys are good troops, there can be no
doubt; they have proved it often; but, at the same time, they are not,
as some of the Indian officers have asserted in my presence, the best
troops in the world, and preferable to Europeans.  That they are much
easier to control, and that they excel in discipline, I grant, because
they are never intoxicated; but they have, in the first place, very
little stamina, and are, generally speaking, a small and very
effeminately built race.  Still they have fought well--very well; but
they never fought well against the Burmahs; and for this simple
reason,--that superstition is more powerful than courage, and subdues
it.  The sepoys are very superstitious, and had the idea, which was
never eradicated, that the Burmahs were _charmed men_, and they never
went out against them willingly, even when they were headed by the
English troops.  As for the Burmahs' contempt of them, it was notorious.
I have myself seen one of the Burmah prisoners at Rangoon lift up a
piece of timber that six of the sepoys could hardly have moved, and
throw it down, so as to make it roll at the feet of the sepoy guard who
watched him, making them all retreat several paces, and then laugh at
them in derision.  But we had many more decisive proofs.  The Burmahs
had stockaded themselves about seven miles from Rangoon, and it was
determined to dislodge them.  Colonel S--, who was very partial to the
native troops, was ordered on this service, and he requested
particularly that he might have no troops but the sepoys.  Sir A
Campbell did not much like to consent, but, as the stockades were not
higher than breastworks, and the Burmahs not in very great force, he
eventually yielded to the Colonel's arguments.  Fifteen hundred sepoys
were ordered out, and the Colonel went on his expedition.  The Burmahs
had good intelligence that there were no European troops, and when the
sepoys arrived, they did not wait to be attacked, but attacked the
sepoys, and put them completely to the rout.  One half of the sepoys
were said to be killed; the others came back to Rangoon in parties of
ten or twelve, and in the utmost consternation and confusion.  Sir A
Campbell was, of course, much annoyed, and the next day a European force
was despatched against the Burmahs.  On their arrival they witnessed a
dreadful and disgusting scene.  A long avenue had been cut in the wood,
and on each side of it were hung by the heels, at equal distances,
shockingly mutilated, the naked bodies of the seven hundred and fifty
sepoys killed.  The Burmahs did not, however, attempt to resist the
European force, but after a few shots made their retreat.  Now, this is
a very important fact: and it is a fact which cannot be denied, although
it has not been made known.  In India there is a nominal force of three
hundred thousand men; but they are scattered over such a vast extent of
territory, that, allowing they could be made disposable, which they
could not, it would require many months before they could be collected,
and if the Burmahs despise the sepoys, and the sepoys dread the Burmahs,
the only check against the latter will be the European troops; and of
them how many can be called out.  Not ten thousand, at the very utmost;
and the difficulty of collecting them was well known at the commencement
of the Burmah war.  There certainly is a great difference between
attacking others in their own territories, and defending ourselves; but
if the Burmahs could hold out against us, as they did, for nearly three
years, without arms to cope with us, what might be the consequence if
they were supplied with arms and officers by any other nation?  We have
now a footing in the country, and it must be our object to prevent the
ingress of any other, and to keep the Burmahs as quiet and as peaceable
as we can.  But our very intercourse will enlighten them by degrees, and
we have more to dread from that quarter than from all the hordes of
Russia or Runjeet Sing, and the whole disaffection of India.

As I have more to say relative to the Burmahs, I will, in my next
chapter, enter into a short narrative of the expedition to Bassein.  It
was a bloodless one, although very important in its results: and
circumstances occurred in it which will throw much light upon the
character of the nation.



CHAPTER TWENTY SIX.

It was not until many months after the war had been carried on, that Sir
Archibald Campbell found himself in a position to penetrate into the
heart of the Burmah territory, and attempt the capital.  He wanted
almost every thing, and among the rest reinforcements of men; for the
rainy season had swept them off by thousands.  At last, when determined
to make the attempt, he did it with a most inadequate force; so small
that, had the Burmahs thought of even trenching up and barricading the
roads at every half mile, he must have been compelled, without firing a
shot, to have retreated.  Fortunately, he had an accession of
men-of-war, and his river detachment was stronger than he could have
hoped for.  I do not pretend to state the total force which was embarked
on the river or that which proceeded by hand, communicating with each
other when circumstances permitted, as the major part of the provisions
of the army were, I believe, carried up by water.  The united river
force was commanded by Brigadier Cotton, Captain Alexander, and Captain
Chads; the land forces, of course, by Sir A Campbell, who had excellent
officers with him, but whose tactics were of no use in this warfare of
morass, mud, and jungle.

It will be proper to explain why it was considered necessary to detach a
part of the forces to Bassein.  The Rangoon river joins the Irrawaddy on
the left, about one hundred and seventy miles from its flowing into the
ocean.  On the right of the Irrawaddy is the river of Bassein, the mouth
of it about one hundred and fifty miles from that of the Irrawaddy, and
running up the country in an angle towards it until it joins it about
four hundred miles up in the interior.  The two rivers thus enclose a
large delta of land, which is the most fertile and best peopled of the
Burmah provinces, and it was from this delta that Bundoola, the Burmah
general, received all his supplies of men.  Bundoola was in the strong
fortress of Donabue, on the Bassein side of the river, about half way
between where the Rangoon river joined it on the left, and the Bassein
river communicated with it a long way farther up on the right.  Sir A
Campbell's land forces were on the left of the river, so that Bundoola's
communication with the Bassein territory was quite open; and as the
river forces had to attack Donabue on their way up, the force sent to
Bassein, was to take him in the rear and cut off his supplies.  This was
a most judicious plan of the General's, as will be proved in the sequel.
Major S--, with four or five hundred men in three transports, the
Larne, and the Mercury, Hon.  Company's brig, were ordered upon this
expedition, which sailed at the same time that the army began to march
and the boats to ascend the river.

On the arrival at the mouth of the river we found the entrance most
formidable in appearance, there being a dozen or more stockades of great
extent; but there were but two manned, the guns of the others, as well
as the men, having been forwarded to Donabue, the Burmahs not imagining,
as we had so long left that part of their territory unmolested, that we
should have attempted it.  Our passage was therefore easy; after a few
broadsides, we landed and spiked the guns, and then, with a fair wind,
ran about seventy miles up one of the most picturesque and finest rivers
I was ever in.  Occasionally the right lines of stockades presented
themselves, but we found nobody in them, and passed by them in peace.
But the river now became more intricate, and the pilots, as usual, knew
nothing about it.  It was, however, of little consequence; the river was
deep even at its banks, over which the forest trees threw their boughs
in wild luxuriance.  The wind was now down the river, and we were two or
three days before we arrived at Bassein, during which we tided and
warped how we could, while Major S-- grumbled.  If the reader wishes to
know why Major S-- grumbled, I will tell him--because there was no
fighting.  He grumbled when we passed the stockades at the entrance of
the river because they were not manned; and he grumbled at every
dismantled stockade that we passed.  But there was no pleasing S--; if
he was in hard action and not wounded, he grumbled; if he received a
slight wound, he grumbled because it was not a severe one; if a severe
one, he grumbled because he was not able to fight the next day.  He had
been nearly cut to pieces in many actions, but he was not content.  Like
the man under punishment, the drummer might strike high or strike low,
there was no pleasing S--: nothing but the _coup de grace_, if he be now
alive, will satisfy him.  But notwithstanding this mania for being
carved, he was an excellent and judicious officer.  I have been told he
is since dead; if so, his Majesty has lost one of the most devoted and
chivalric officers in his service, to whom might most justly be applied
the words of Hotspur,--"But if it be a sin to covet honour, I am the
most offending soul alive."  [See note 1.]

As I before observed, the branches of the trees hung over the sides of
the river, and a circumstance occurred which was a source of great
amusement.  We had a little monkey, who had been some time on board, and
was a favourite, as usual, of the ship's company.  The baffling winds
very often threw us against the banks of the river, near which there was
plenty of water; and when this was the case, the boughs of the trees
were interlaced with the rigging of the ship.  This unusual embracing
between nature and art gave Jacko the idea of old times when he
frolicked in the woods, and unable to resist the force of early
associations, he stepped from the top-sail yard to the branch of a large
tree, and when the ship had hauled off clear, we found that Jacko had
deserted.  We lamented it, and ten minutes afterwards, thinking no more
about him, we continued our course up the river.  About an hour had
elapsed, during which we had gained upwards of a mile, when again
nearing the bank on that side, we heard a loud chattering and screaming.
"That's Jacko, sir," said one of the men, and others expressed the same
opinion.  We manned the jolly-boat, and sent it on shore towards the
place where the noise was heard.  The monkey did not wait till the bow
of the boat touched the shore, but springing into it when some feet off,
he took his seat very deliberately on the stern, and was pulled on
board, where immediately he flew up the side, caressing every one he
met.  The fact was, that Jacko had found several of his own race in the
woods, but, like all wild animals, they immediately attacked one who had
worn the chains of servitude, and Jacko had to fly for his life.  We
very often interlaced the rigging with the boughs after that, but the
monkey remained quiet on the booms, and showed not the slightest wish to
renew his rambles.

I think it was on the third day that we arrived below the town of
Naputah, which was defended by a very formidable stockade, commanding
the whole reach of the river.  The stockade was manned, and we expected
that it would be defended, but as we did not fire, neither did they; and
we should have passed it quietly, had not S-- grumbled so much at his
bad luck.  The next day we arrived at Bassein, one of the principal
towns in the Burman Empire.  Here again the Major was disappointed, for
it appeared that, on hearing of the arrival of the expedition at the
entrance of the river, the people had divided into two parties, one for
resistance, the other for submission.  This difference of opinion had
ended in their setting fire to the town and immense magazines of grain,
dismantling the stockades, and the major part of the inhabitants flying
into the country.  The consequence was, that we took possession of the
smoking ruins without opposition.

It was soon observed that the people were tired of the protracted war,
and of the desolation occasioned by it.  They wanted to return to their
wives and families, who were starving.  But up to this time the chiefs
had remained faithful to Bundoola, who had amassed stores and provisions
at Bassein, intending to retreat upon it, should he be driven out of the
fortress of Donabue; and as long as he held that fortress, receiving
from Bassein his supplies of men and of provisions.  The Burmahs were so
unwilling to fight any longer, that they were collected by armed bands,
and made prisoners by the chiefs, who sent them up as required; and many
hundreds were still in this way detained, enclosed in stockaded ground,
and watched by armed men, in several towns along the river.  An
expedition was first despatched up the river, to its junction with the
Irrawaddy, as there was a town there in which was the dockyard of the
Burmahs, all their war boats, and _canoes_ of every description being
_built_ at that place.  They ascended without difficulty, and, after a
little skirmishing, took possession of the place, burnt all the boats
built or building, and then returned to Bassein.

Of course, we had then nothing to do: Major S--'s orders were to join
Sir A Campbell, if he possibly could; which, with much difficulty, he
ultimately effected.  We must now return to the Irrawaddy expedition
sent up at the same time that Sir A Campbell marched by land, and our
expedition went up the Bassein river.

This force arrived at Donabue before we had gained Bassein.  It found a
most formidable fortress, or rather, three fortresses in one, mounting a
great number of guns, and, as I before observed, held by Bundoola, the
commander of the Burmah forces, in whom the Burmah troops placed the
greatest confidence.  I speak from hearsay and memory, but I believe I
am correct when I state that there were not less than ten thousand men
in Donabue, besides war elephants, etcetera.  Now the river force did
not amount in fighting men certainly to one thousand, and they were not
in sufficient strength to attack a place of this description, upon which
every pains had been taken for a long while to render it impregnable.
The attack was however made, and the smaller stockade of the three
carried; but when they had possession of the smallest stockade, they
discovered that they were at the mercy of the second, and in a sort of
trap.  The consequence was, defeat--the only defeat experienced by the
white troops during the whole war.  The troops were re-embarked, and the
boats were obliged to drop down the river clear of the fire of the fort.
I believe two hundred and fifty English troops were left dead in the
stockade, and the next day their bodies, crucified on rafts, were
floated down among the English boats by the triumphant Bundoola.  In the
meantime a despatch had been sent to Sir A Campbell, who was in advance
on the banks of the river; stating that the force afloat was not able to
cope with the fortress, the real strength of which no one had been aware
of.  The consequence was, that Sir A Campbell retraced his steps,
crossed the river, and attacked it in conjunction with the flotilla, Sir
A Campbell taking it in the rear.  After some hard fighting, in which
the elephants played their parts, the troops gained possession, and
Bundoola having been killed by a shell, the Burmahs fled.  Now it was
very fortunate that the expedition had been sent to Bassein, for
otherwise the Burmahs would have fallen back upon that place, which held
all their stores, and would thus have been able to continue in the rear
of Sir A Campbell, as he advanced up the river.  But they had heard of
the destruction and capture of Bassein, and consequently directed their
flight up the river towards the capital.  We were in possession of all
these circumstances shortly after we had taken possession of Bassein;
and although the death of Bundoola and taking of Donabue had dispirited
the Burmahs, yet there were many chiefs who still held out, and who, had
they crossed with their troops to the Irrawaddy, would have interrupted
the supplies coming up, and the wounded and sick who were sent down.  We
had, therefore, still the duty of breaking up these resources if
possible.  Having ascertained who the parties were, we sent a message to
one of the weakest to say, that if he did not tender his submission, and
come in to us, we should attack him, and burn the town to the ground.

The chief thought it advisable to obey our summons, and sent word that
he would come in on the ensuing day.  He kept his promise: about noon,
as we were sitting in the verandah of a large _Sammy_ house (a sort of
monastery), which we had taken possession of, we were informed that he
had arrived.  The token of submission on the part of the Burmahs is,
presenting the other party with _wax candles_.  If a poor man has a
request to make, or favour to ask of a great man, he never makes it
without laying a small wax candle at his feet.  Neither do they approach
the Rayhoon and Mayhoon without this mark of respect.

Some time after this, one of the chiefs who had submitted took up his
quarters at Bassein; and his little daughter, about eight or nine years
old, was very fond of coming to see me, as I generally made her little
presents.  She became very much attached to me, but she never appeared
without a little wax candle, which she dropped at my feet before she
threw herself into my lap.

In the present instance, the chief first made his appearance, and having
come within a few feet, sat down as a _mark of respect_.  He was
followed by six more, who each carried about two pounds of wax candles,
tastefully arranged in a sort of filigree work of coloured papers.
After these came about fifty men, carrying large baskets full of
vegetables and fruit, which they poured out on the floor before us, and
then walked away and squatted at a distance.  A few words of ceremony
were then exchanged, and the friendship cemented over a bottle of brandy
and some wine; which, notwithstanding the use of spirituous liquors is
against their religion, and forbidden by the government, they did not
object to.  Before he left I made him a present in return, and he went
away delighted with the gift.  Several more of the minor chiefs
afterwards came in, and the same formalities were gone through; but
there were three of the most important who would not make their
appearance; one, the chief of Naputah, the town which we had passed,
which did not fire at us from the stockades, and two others down at
another large arm of the river, who had many men detained for the
service of the army if required, and who were still at open defiance.
All these three were gold chatta chiefs, that is, permitted to have a
gold umbrella carried over their heads when they appeared in public.

After waiting a certain time for these people to send in their
submission, we sent word down to the chief of Naputah, that we should
visit him the next day, threatening him with the consequences of not
complying with our request.  Accordingly we weighed in the Larne, and
dropped down the river till we were abreast of the town and stockade,
which was about thirty miles distant from Bassein.  Our broadside was
ready; but as we were about to fire, we perceived that boats were
manning, and in about five minutes the chief of Naputah, in his own
war-boat, accompanied by about twelve others, and a great many canoes,
pulled off from the shore and came alongside.  He made his submission,
with the usual accompaniments, and we were soon very good friends.  We
gave him a beautiful little brass gun, which ornamented our poop, and he
went away very well pleased.  We here had an opportunity of witnessing
the dexterity with which they handle their boats.  They really appeared
to be alive, they darted through the water with such rapidity.  Many of
the Burmahs remained on board, examining every part of the vessel and
her equipment; and soon they were on the best of terms with the seamen
and the few troops which I had on board to assist us, for we were very
short manned.  We had gained intelligence that there were some guns sunk
in a creek, about three miles from Bassein, and we had despatched a boat
to look for them, having the assurance of a chief who was at Bassein
that the people were peaceable and well-disposed.  By some mistake, the
boat went up the wrong creek, and pulled many miles into the country,
without finding the spot pointed out by marks given.  At night they were
at the mercy of the Burmahs, who came to them to know what they
required.  The Burmahs told them that they had mistaken the creek, but
were very kind to them, giving them a good supper, and passing the night
among them, playing their marionettes.  The next day they showed them
their way, and when they came to the guns, the Burmahs dived, and made
ropes fast, and brought them up for them, sending a message that they
would come and see the _Great Water-dog_ (meaning me) the next day.

We remained two days at anchor, off the town of Naputah, waiting for
this boat, as it was our intention to go down the river, and attack the
two other gold chatta chiefs, if they did not send in their submission.
On the second day the chief came on board to ask us if we would attend a
Nautch which he gave that evening in compliment to us; but requested
that we would not bring all our people, as it would frighten his own.
Although it was not pleasant to trust ourselves on shore in the night,
in the midst of so large a force, yet, anxious to make friends with him,
we thought it advisable to accept the invitation in the manner he
desired.  I replied, "that I would only bring on shore a few officers,
and my usual attendants of six marines without arms."  At eight o'clock
some of the officers and I went on shore: it was quite dark, but we
found the chief at the landing-place ready to receive us.  The marines
had their bayonets, and the officers had pistols concealed in case of
treachery, and the first lieutenant kept a good look out, with the
broadside of the ship all ready at the first flash of a pistol, but
these precautions were unnecessary; the chief took me by the hand and
led me up to his house, in front of which had been erected a sort of
covered circus, brilliantly lighted up with oil in cocoa-nut shells, and
round which were squatted several hundred Burmahs.  He took us all to
the raised verandah of the house, which was fitted up for the ceremony,
where we found his wife, and all his attendants, but not his daughter,
who was said to be very handsome.  As soon as we had taken our seats the
Nautch commenced.  About twenty men struck up a very barbarous kind of
music, in which the bells and drums made the most noise.  After a few
minutes of discordant sound, the play began.  The actors were in a sort
of costume, and appeared quite at home in their parts.  The story
consisted in the attempts of a young prince to obtain the hand of a
young princess; and the dialogue was constantly interrupted by an actor
who appeared to be a looker-on, but who made his remarks upon what
passed, so as to excite bursts of laughter from the audience.  He was
the Jack Pudding, or wit of the piece, and several of his jokes were not
very delicate.  At all events, he was the Liston of the company, for he
never spoke nor moved without creating a laugh.  The play ended very
curiously; after the prince had gained the princess, they had a
procession, in which they made an imitation of a ship, out of compliment
to us; and then built a little house on the stage with singular
rapidity, to the door of which they conducted the youthful couple,
closed it, and then the play was over.  In the meantime _pickled tea_
(which is a great compliment and excessively nasty) was handed round to
us, and we all partook of it, taking it out with our fingers; but we
could not swallow it, so it remained like a quid of tobacco in our
cheeks until we had an opportunity of getting rid of it.

The purser had had the foresight to put a couple of bottles of wine, and
one of brandy, in the pockets of the marines, which were now produced,
while the band continued to play, and wrestling was introduced.  We
asked the chief to join us, but he refused; he handed down a sort of
picture, in which was represented the white elephant, pagodas, etcetera,
and told us that he was not only the war chief, but the head of the
religion at Naputah, and that it would not be right that he should be
seen by his people transgressing the laws.  In the meantime his
daughter, who did not come out to us, was very anxious to know what sort
of people we were, and she sent for one to be brought in to her.  My
clerk was the favoured party.  She examined him very closely, pulled his
dress about, made him bare his legs, to see how white they were, and
then dismissed him.  The clerk reported her as very handsome, and quite
as white as he was; splendidly dressed; and with an air of command,
which showed that she was aware of her importance.

We staid about two hours longer, and then we rose to go away.  The chief
walked with us down to the boats, and we were not sorry to find
ourselves on board again; for the population was much more numerous than
we had imagined, and had any treachery been attempted, we must have
fallen a sacrifice.



CHAPTER TWENTY SEVEN.

EXPEDITION TO BASSEIN CONTINUED.

                                                              May, 1836.
Although on friendly terms with the chief of Naputah, he was a person of
such weight in that part of the country, that it was advisable, if
possible, to identify him with us, so that he should never again fall
off, and oppose us, in the contingency of a reverse, on the Irrawaddy.
The next day we sent for him, informing him that it was to make him a
present in return for his civility the day before.  But before we handed
the present to him, we stated our intention of dropping down the river
to reduce the two gold chatta chiefs who still held out; and that, as we
did not exactly know where their towns were situated, we wished for some
of his people to go with me.  To this first proposition, after some
hesitation, he consented.  We then pointed out that our men were not
accustomed to work in the sun, and were often ill; that, as we were now
friends, we wished him to allow me some of his boats to assist the ship
in the river.  To this also he consented.  In fine, we brought forward
our last proposition, which was, that he should supply us with six or
eight war-boats, well manned, and that we would pay the men and officers
at the same rate per day as we paid our own men; stating the sum we
would give, and that, if he was really sincere in his friendship and
goodwill, we expected not to be refused.  Now, among the Burmahs who
were with him, there were many whose relations were detained to join the
army; a consultation ensued; the chief was pressed by his own people,
and, at last, gave his consent.  We then presented him with the piece of
plate, upon which his eyes had constantly been turned, and he went away,
promising us that the men and boats should be alongside by daylight the
next morning.

This chief adhered to his promise, and we weighed anchor the next day,
and made sail down with the war-boats, and three or four
despatch-canoes, pulled by four or five men.  These little canoes, when
put to their speed, dashed through the water at such a rate, that they
threw off from each bow one continued little fan-shaped _jet-d'eau_,
which had a very beautiful appearance, the sunbeams forming them into
rainbows.  As for our Burmah force, they were at one time pulling
against the vessel sailing; at others, hanging on, and the people
climbing about the rigging, and ascending the masthead of the vessel;
but they soon all congregated to the stand of muskets, for that was the
great object of attraction.  In the afternoon we had ball practice with
the small arms; and the Burmahs were, much to their delight, permitted
to fire.  It is surprising how exact they were in their aims,
considering the little practice they must have had.  Bad as all the
muskets are which are served out to the ships of war, I really believe
that there was not a Burmah who would not have laid down every thing he
possessed, except his life, to have obtained one.  One of them, when he
was permitted to take a musket, looked proudly round, and said, with a
smile of joy, "Now I'm a man!"

The next day we arrived at the branch of the river where one of the
chiefs held out.  At daylight our own boats were manned, and with the
Burmah boats ranged in line, made an imposing appearance, which was very
necessary, for at that time we were so short-handed, that we could not
send away more than forty men--a force so small, that, had the Burmahs
opposed to us seen it advance, they would probably have tried their
strength with us.  As it was, we pulled into the stockaded town in a
line, the despatch-boats flying across us backwards and forwards like
porpoises before the bows of a ship running down the trades: not that
they had any messages to carry, but merely to show their own dexterity.
When we had advanced to within a quarter of a mile, a boat came out and
communicated with one of the despatch-boats, saying that the Burmahs
would not fight if we did not attack them, and that they would deliver
up the men detained, and their chief as a prisoner.  We agreed to these
terms, landed, took possession of the chief with his gold chatta,
correspondence with Bundoolah, etcetera, and took him on board.  On this
occasion, we would not trust the Burmahs employed with muskets; it was
too soon; they had only their own swords and spears.

The chief was a fine tall man with a long beard.  Like all Burmahs, he
took his loss of liberty very composedly, sitting down between the guns
with his attendants, and only expressing his indignation at the
treachery of his own people.  We were very anxious to know what had
become of the guns of the dismantled stockade, which were said to be in
his possession, but he positively denied it, saying that they had been
despatched in boats across to the Irrawaddy.  Whether this were true or
not, it was impossible to say; but, at all events, it was necessary to
make some further attempts to obtain them, so we told him, that if he
did not inform us where the guns were, by the next morning his head
would be taken off his shoulders.  At this pleasant intelligence he
opened his betel-bag and renewed his quid.  The next day he was summoned
forth to account for the said guns, and again protested that they had
been sent to Donabue, which I really believe was false, as they were not
taken out of the stockade until after Donabue was in the possession of
Sir A.  Campbell: it was therefore judged proper to appear to proceed to
extremities; and this time it was done with more form.  A file of
marines was marched aft with their muskets, and the sergeant appeared
with his drawn sword.  Sand was strewed on the deck in front of the
marines; and he was led there and ordered to kneel down, so that his
head, if cut off, would fall where the sand was strewn.  He was again
asked if he would tell where the guns were concealed, and again stated
that they were at Donabue; upon which he was desired to prepare for
death.  He called one of his attendants and gave him his silver
betel-box, saying, "Take this to my wife,--when she sees it she will
know all."  I watched him very closely; his countenance was composed,
but, as he bent forward over the sand, the muscles of his arms and
shoulders quivered.  However, as it is not the custom to cut off
people's heads on the quarter-deck of his Majesty's ships, we very
magnanimously reprieved him, and he was afterwards sent a prisoner to
Calcutta.  But that he had the guns, we discovered afterwards, which
adds to his merit.

Having succeeded in this attempt, we made sail for the stockade of the
other chief, and arrived there that evening.  As he was supposed to be
greater in force than the other, we decided upon an attack in the dark,
when he would not be able to distinguish of what our force was composed;
and this time we gave muskets to our Burmah comrades.  The attack was
successful, we obtained possession, and the chief fled, but our Burmahs
pursued him nearly two miles, made him prisoner, and brought him aboard.
As he immediately tendered his submission, which the other would not
do, he was released the next day.

We had done all our work, and having employed the Burmahs for a few days
more in destroying the stockades at the entrance of the river, they were
paid and discharged from his Majesty's service.  They would not,
however, quit us; but, so long as we remained in the river they
continued to hang on to the ship, and discovered three guns which had
been sunk, which they weighed and brought on board.

I have entered into this short narrative, as it will give some idea of
the character of these people.  The government is despotic, cruel, and
treacherous, but the people are neither cruel nor treacherous: on the
contrary, I think they would make most excellent and faithful soldiers;
and it is singular to find, surrounded by natives who have not the
slightest energy of mind or body, a people so active, so laborious, and
so enterprising as the Burmahs.  The English seamen are particularly
partial to them, and declared they were "the best set of chaps they had
ever fallen in with."  They admitted the Burmahs to their messes, and
were sworn friends.  I forgot to say, that when the chiefs sent in their
submissions, at first, among other presents, they sent _slaves_, usually
females, which was rather awkward.  But not wishing to affront them, I
begged that the slaves sent might be children, and not grown up, as we
had no accommodation for them.  The consequence was, that I had quite a
young family when I left the river, which I distributed at Rangoon and
the presidencies on my return.  For if they were only bond-slaves, which
I suppose they were, it was a kindness to have them educated and taken
care _of_.  We lost one little fellow, that was a great favourite with
the men; he was about three years old, and could speak English.  He had
been christened by the sailors Billy Bamboo, and was quite as amusing as
the monkey.  The poor little fellow died very suddenly, and was much
regretted by all on board.

I certainly do think that we may eventually find the Burmahs to be the
most powerful enemy that we shall have to contend with in India; and, at
the same time, I cannot help giving my opinion as to the ridiculous fear
we entertain of the Russians ever interfering with us in that quarter.
That the extension of the Russian empire has been a favourite object
through many of her dynasties, is true: but it is so no longer: they
have discovered that already their empire is too extensive; and hardly a
year passes but they have outbreaks and insurrections to quell in
quarters so remote that they are scarcely heard of here.  That Russia
might _possibly_ lead an army through our Indian possessions, I admit;
but that she never could hold them if she did do so, is equally certain;
the conquest would be useless to her, after having been obtained at an
enormous sacrifice.  The fact is, the Russians (with the exception of
the Emperor Paul) never had any intention of the kind, and _never will
attempt it_: but they have discovered how very alive we are to the
possibility, and how very jealous and anxious we are on the subject, and
it is possible that they have made demonstrations in that direction to
alarm us; but I think myself, that the great object of Russia in these
advances has been to force a channel for trade, which in her present
situation she is to the south of her extensive empire nearly deprived
of.  Notwithstanding the outcry which has so often been raised against
the Russian empire, it has always appeared to me that _our natural ally_
is Russia; as for an alliance with France it is morally impossible that
two rival nations like us can continue very long at peace; our interests
are separate and conflicting, and our jealousy but sleeps for the
moment.  We have been at peace with France many years, and have not yet
succeeded in making a satisfactory commercial treaty with her; neither
will any of the other Continental powers permit our manufactures to
enter, with the exception of Russia, who not only takes them, but
returns to us what is most valuable for our marine.

Why, then, this outcry against the ambition of Russia? nothing but
tirades against _Russian_ ambition.  Does France show no ambition?  Does
America show no ambition?  Have we no ambition ourselves?  Why this
constant suspicion and doubt against a power whose interest it is to be
closely allied to us, and who can always prove a valuable aid in case of
emergency?--simply because Russia wishes to have an opening to the Black
Sea.  And this is very natural; her northern ports are closed nine
months in the year, and therefore her navy and mercantile marine are
almost useless.  She has no outlet, no means of raising either.  Does
she, then, ask too much?  Is a great empire like Russia to be blocked
up, her commerce and navy crippled, for the want of an outlet?  She does
require the opening of the Black Sea; it is all that she requires.  She
never will remain quiet until she obtains it; and obtain it sooner or
later she certainly will; and in my opinion she is perfectly justified
in her attempts.  What would be the consequence if she succeeded?--that,
if we were wise enough to continue on terms of amity with Russia, who
has invariably extended the hand of friendship to us, and has I believe
never failed in her treaties, we should have a balance of power to us
very important.  Whose navies shall we in future have to contend
against?--those of France and America; for it is certain that whenever
we go to war with France, America will back her, and their navies will
be united.  At present, the navy of America is not very large, but it
can soon be made so; and we should not be sorry to have the navy of
Russia on our side, to balance against the two which will always be
opposed to us.  It is, therefore, our interest to _assist_ Russia in the
object she has in view, and to keep up a firm alliance with her.  It is
the interest of France to excite jealousies between Russia and this
country; and her emissaries have been but too successful, at the very
time that France has, contrary to all treaty, and exclaiming against
_Russian_ ambition, seized upon Algiers, and is now playing her game, so
as if possible to command the whole of the Mediterranean.  The very
strides which France has made in that quarter should point out to us the
propriety of opening the Black Sea for Russia, so as to restore the
balance of power in that future site of contention.  I repeat that we
are blind in every way to our own interests, in not uniting ourselves
firmly by an alliance, offensive and defensive, with Russia; and that by
so doing, we should be the greatest gainers; for with France we must
never expect more than a _hollow truce_, concealing for the time her
jealousy and thirst for revenge,--a truce during which her secret
efforts to undermine us, will be still carried on as indefatigably as
ever, and which must only be considered as a mere feint to recover her
breath, before she again renews her frenzied efforts to humiliate
England, and obtain universal dominion.



CHAPTER TWENTY EIGHT.

London, June, 1837.

To one who has visited foreign climes, how very substantial everything
appears in England, from the child's plaything to the Duke of York's
column!  To use a joiners phrase, everything abroad is comparatively
scamp-work.  Talk about the Palais Royale, the Rue Richelieu, and the
splendour of the Parisian shops--why, two hundred yards of
Regent-street, commencing from Howell and James's, would buy the whole
of them, and leave a balance sufficient to buy the remainder of the
French _expositions_.  But still, if more substantial and massive, we
are at the same time also heavy.  We want more space, more air, more
room to breathe, in London; we are too closely packed; we want gardens
with trees to absorb the mephitic air, for what our lungs reject is
suitable to vegetation.  But we cannot have all we want in this world,
so we must do without them.

What wealth is now pouring into the country! and, thank God, it is now
somewhat better expended than it was in the bubble mania, which acted
upon the plethora certainly, but bled us too freely and uselessly.  The
rail-road speculators have taken off many millions, and the money is
well employed; for even allowing that, in some instances, the
expectations of the parties who speculate may be disappointed, still it
is spent in the country; and not only is it affording employment and
sustenance to thousands, but the staple produce of England only is
consumed.  In these speculations--in the millions required and
immediately produced, you can witness the superiority of England.
Undertakings from which foreign governments would shrink with dismay are
here effected by the meeting of a few individuals.

And now for my commissions.  What a list!  And the first item is--two
Canary birds, the last having been one fine morning found dead: nobody
knows how; there was plenty of seed and water (put in after the servant
found that they had been starved by his neglect), which, of course,
proved that they did not die for want of food.  I hate what are called
pets; they are a great nuisance, for they will die, and then such a
lamentation over them!  In the "Fire Worshippers" Moore makes his Hinda
say--

  "I never nursed a dear gazelle,
  To glad me with its soft black eye,
  But when it came to know me well
  And love me--it was sure to die."

Now Hinda was perfectly correct, except in thinking that she was
peculiarly unfortunate.  Every one who keeps pets might tell the same
tale as Hinda.  I recollect once a Canary bird died, and my young people
were in a great tribulation; so to amuse them we made them a paper
coffin, put the defunct therein, and sewed on the lid, dug a grave in
the garden, and dressing them out in any remnants of black we could find
for weepers, made a procession to the grave where it was buried.  This
little divertissement quite took their fancy.  The next day one of the
youngest came up to me and said, "Oh, papa, when will you die?"--A
strange question, thought I, quite forgetting the procession of the day
before.--"Why do you ask, my dear?"--"Oh, because it will be such fun
burying you."--"Much obliged to you, my love."

There is much more intellect in birds than people suppose.  An instance
of that occurred the other day, at a slate quarry belonging to a friend,
from whom I have the narrative.  A thrush, not aware of the expansive
properties of gunpowder, thought proper to build her nest on a ridge of
the quarry, in the very centre of which they were constantly blasting
the rock.  At first she was very much discomposed by the fragments
flying in all directions, but still she would not, quit her chosen
locality; she soon observed that a bell rang whenever a train was about
to be fired, and that, at the notice, the workmen retired to safe
positions.  In a few days, when she heard the bell, she quitted her
exposed situation, and flew down to where the workmen sheltered
themselves, dropping close to their feet.  There she would remain until
the explosion had taken place, and then return to her nest.  The
workmen, observing this, narrated it to their employers, and it was also
told to visitors who came to view the quarry.

The visitors naturally expressed a wish to witness so curious a specimen
of intellect; but, as the rock could not always be ready to be blasted
when visitors came, the bell was rung instead, and, for a few times,
answered the same purpose.  The thrush flew down close to where they
stood; but she perceived that she was trifled with, and it interfered
with her process of incubation: the consequence was, that afterwards,
when the bell was rung, she would peep over the ledge to ascertain if
the workmen did retreat, and if they did not, she would remain where she
was, probably saying to herself, "No, no, gentlemen; I'm not to be
roused off my eggs merely for your amusement."

Some birds have a great deal of humour in them, particularly the raven.
One that belonged to me was the most mischievous and amusing creature I
ever met with.  He would get into the flower-garden, go to the beds
where the gardener had sowed a great variety of seeds, with sticks put
in the ground with labels, and then he would amuse himself with pulling
up every stick, and laying them in heaps of ten or twelve on the path.
This used to irritate the old gardener very much, who would drive him
away.  The raven knew that he ought not to do it, or he would not have
done it.  He would soon return to his mischief, and when the gardener
again chased him (the old man could not walk very fast), the raven would
keep just clear of the rake or hoc in his hand, dancing back before him,
and singing as plain as a man could, "Tol de rol de rol; tol de rol de
rol!" with all kinds of mimicking gestures.  The bird is alive now, and
continues the same meritorious practice whenever he can find an
opportunity.



CHAPTER TWENTY NINE.

                                     June, Steam-boat Princess Victoria.
It certainly appears that the motion of a steam-vessel produces more
nausea than that of a sailing-vessel; and people appear to suffer in
some degree in proportion to the power of the engines.  This may be
accounted for by the vibration of the vessel increasing in the same
ratio.

We are now in a vessel of two hundred and fifty horse power, and the
consequence is that the passengers are as sick as two hundred and fifty
horses.  The effect of the vibration of the after part of the vessel
amounts to the ridiculous.

When dinner was put on the table, we had no occasion for a bell to
announce it, for every glass on the table was dancing to its own
jingling music.  And when the covers were taken off, it was still more
absurd--everything in the dishes appeared to be infected with Saint
Vitus's dance.  The boiled leg of mutton shook its collops of fat at a
couple of fowls which figured in a sarabande round and round their own
dish,--roast beef shifted about with a slow and stately movement--a ham
_glisseed croisee_ from one side to the other--tongues wagged that were
never meant to wag again--bottles reeled and fell over like drunken men,
and your piece of bread constantly ran away and was to be pulled back
into its proper place.  It was a regular jig-a-jig--a country-dance of
pousette, down the middle, and right and left.

The communication of motion was strange; the whole company seated on
long forms were jig-a-jigging up and down together--your knife jigged
and your fork jigged--even the morsel which was put into your mouth gave
one more jump before it could be seized.  However, we jigged it to some
purpose; for, in eighteen hours and a half, we passed from London to
Antwerp.

The English are naturally great _voyageurs_: the feeling is inherent
from our insular position.  I have been reflecting whether I can
recollect, in my whole life, ever to have been three months in one
place, but I cannot, nor do I believe that I ever was--not even when
sent to school; for I used to run away every quarter, just to see how my
family were--an amiable weakness, which even flogging could not
eradicate.  And then I was off to sea; there I had my wish, as
Shakespeare says, borne away by "the viewless winds, and blown with
restless violence about the pendent world," north, south, east, and
west; one month freezing, the next burning; all nations, all colours,--
white, copper, brown, and black; all scenery, from the blasted pine
towering amidst the frost and snow, to the cocoa-nut waving its leaves
to the sea-breeze.  Well, "homekeeping youths have homely wits," says
the same author; and he has told more truth than any man who ever wrote.
I certainly did hear of one young man who did not gain much by
travelling; he was a banker's clerk, and obtained three months' vacation
to go on the Continent.  He landed at Ostend, and the next day found
himself in the track-schuyt that is towed by horses, from Bruges to
Ghent.  The cabins were magnificent, velvet and gold the down cushions
luxurious, the dinner and breakfast sumptuous, the wine excellent, the
bed-rooms comfortable, and the expense moderate.  Moreover, the motion
was imperceptible.  What could a man wish more?  He arrived at Ghent,
and could not make his mind up to quit this barge; so he returned in her
to Bruges, and then back again to Ghent; and thus he continued between
the two towns, backwards and forwards, until the three months' leave had
expired, and he was obliged to return to the desk.  I have never yet
made up my mind whether this personage was a wise man or a fool.

But, until the opening of the Continent, the English were only
voyageurs, not travellers; and that, after having been so long debarred,
they should be desirous of visiting the various portions of Europe, is
not only natural but praiseworthy; but that they should make the
Continent their residence--should expatriate themselves altogether, is,
to me, a source of astonishment as well as of regret.

The excuse offered is the cheapness.  It is but an excuse, for I deny it
to be the fact: I have visited most places, with and without a family;
and I will positively assert, not for the benefit of others who have
already expatriated themselves, but as a check to those who feel so
inclined, that they will discover too soon that, at less expense, they
can command more good living and substantial comforts in England, than
in any part of the Continent they may fix upon as their habitation.

Let us enter a little into the subject.  First, as to the capitals,
Paris, Brussels, etcetera.

Let it first be remembered that we have no longer war prices in England,
that almost every article has fallen from thirty-five to fifty per cent.
It is true that some tradespeople who are established as fashionable
keep up their prices; but it is not absolutely necessary to employ them,
as there are those equally skilled who are more moderate.  But even the
most fashionable have been obliged, to a certain degree, to lower their
prices; and their present prices, reduced as they are, will most
assuredly die with them.

Everything will, by degrees, find its level; but this level is not to be
found at once.  Should peace continue, ten years from this date will
make a great alteration in every article, not only of necessity, but of
luxury; and then, after having been the dearest, England will become the
cheapest residence in the world.  House rent in the capitals abroad is
certainly as dear, if not dearer than it is in England.  There are
situations more or less fashionable in every metropolis; and if you wish
to reside in those quarters, you pay accordingly.  It is true that, by
taking a portion of a house, you to a certain degree indemnify
yourself;--a first, second, or third story, with a common staircase
loaded with dirt and filth; but is this equal to the comfort of a clean
English house, in which you have your own servants, and are not
overlooked by your neighbours?  If they were to let out houses in floors
in England as they do in Paris and elsewhere, a less sum would be
demanded.  You may procure a handsome house in a fashionable quarter,
well furnished, in London, for 300 pounds per annum.  Go to the Place
Vendome, or those quarters styled the English quarters, at Paris, and
which are by no means the most fashionable quarters, and you will pay
for a handsome front floor 700 francs per month; so that for one floor
of a house in Paris you will pay 336 pounds per annum, when in London
you will obtain the whole house for 300 pounds.  The proprietor of the
Paris house, therefore, receives much more by letting his floors
separate than the English do.  The common articles of necessity are as
dear, if not dearer abroad; the _octroi_ duty upon all that enters the
barriers raising the price excessively.  Meat at Paris or Brussels is as
dear as in London, and not so good; it is as dear, because they charge
you the same price all round, about 5 pence per pound, independent of
its inferiority and the villainous manner in which it is cut up.  Our
butchers only butcher the animal, but foreign butchers butcher the meat.
Poultry is as dear; game much dearer; and so is fish.  Indeed, fish is
not only dear, but scarce and bad.  Horses and carriages are quite as
dear abroad, in the capitals, as in London.  Clothes are in some
respects cheaper, in others dearer, especially articles of English
manufacture, which are more sought after than any others.

Amusements are said to be cheaper; but, admitting that, the places of
amusement are oftener resorted to, and in consequence as much money is
spent abroad as in England.  It is true that there are an immense number
of theatres in Paris, and that most of them are very reasonable in their
charges for admission; but be it recollected that there are not above
three of them which are considered fashionable, if even respectable; and
there the prices are sufficiently high.  If people went to Sadler's
Wells, the Coburg, Victoria, Queen's Theatre, Astley's, and other minor
theatres in London, as they do to the Theatres Saint Martin, Gymnase, et
Varietes at Paris, they would find no great difference in the prices.

What then is there cheaper?  Wine.  I grant it; and, it is also
asserted, the education of children.  We will pass over these two last
points for the present, and examine whether living is cheaper on the
Continent, provided you do _not_ hive in any of the capitals.

That at Tours and other places in the south of France, at Genoa, at
Bruges, in Belgium, you may live cheaper than in London, I grant; but if
any one means to assert that you can live cheaper than in the country in
England, I deny it altogether.  People go abroad, and select the
cheapest parts of the Continent to live in.  If they were to do the same
in England, they would find that they could live much cheaper and much
better; for instance, in Devonshire, Cornwall, and Wales, and, indeed,
in almost every county in England.

The fact is, it is not the cheapness of the living which induces so many
people to reside abroad.  There are many reasons; and as I wish to be
charitable, I will put forward the most favourable ones.

In England, we are money-making people, and we have the aristocracy of
wealth as well _as_ the aristocracy of rank.  It has long been the
custom for many people to live beyond their incomes, and to keep up an
appearance which their means have not warranted.  Many, especially the
landed proprietors, finding their rentals reduced from various causes,
have been necessitated to retrench.  They were too proud to put down
their carriages and establishments before the eyes of those who had
perhaps looked upon them with envy, and whose derision or exultation
they anticipated.  They therefore have retired to the Continent, where a
carriage is not necessary to prove that you are a gentleman.  Should
those return who have emigrated for the above reasons, they would find
that this striving for show is hardly perceptible now in England.  Those
who have remained have either had sense enough, or have been forced by
circumstances, to reduce their expenditure.

Another cause is the easy introduction into what is called good society
abroad on the Continent, but which is in reality very bad society.
Certainly there are a sufficient number of Counts, Viscounts, and
Marquesses to associate with; but in France high birth is not proved by
titles, which are of little or no value, and do not even establish
gentility.  This society may certainly be entered into at a much less
expense than that of England, especially in the metropolis; but, depend
upon it, there is a species of society dear at any price.

With respect to education of children, that boys may receive advantage
from a Continental education I admit; but woe be to the mother who
intrusts her daughter to the ruin of a French _Pension_!

In England there are many excellent schools in the country, as cheap and
cheaper than on the Continent: but the schoolmasters near London,
generally speaking, are ruining them by their adherence to the old
system, and their extravagant terms.  The _system_ of education on the
Continent is certainly superior to that of England, and the attention to
the pupils is greater: of course there are bad schools abroad as well as
in England; but the balance is much in favour of those on the Continent,
with the advantage of being at nearly one-half the expense.  A great
alteration has taken place in modern education; the living languages and
mathematics have been found to be preferable to the classics and other
instruction still adhered to in the English schools.

I have always considered, and have every reason to be confirmed in my
opinion, that the foundation of all education is mathematics.  Every
thing else may be obtained by rote, and without thinking; but from the
elements of arithmetic up to Euclid and algebra, no boy can work his
task without thinking.  I never yet knew a man who was a good
mathematician who was not well-informed upon almost every point; and the
reason is clear--mathematics have prepared his mind to receive and
retain.  In all foreign schools this important branch of education is
more attended to than it is in England; and that alone would be a
sufficient reason for me to give them the preference.  In point of
morals, I consider the schools of both countries much upon a par;
although, from the system abroad of never debasing a child by corporal
punishment, I give the foreign schools the preference even in that
point.

I consider, then, that boys are better educated abroad than in England,
and acquire much more correctly the living languages, which are of more
use to them than the classics.  So much I can say in favour of the
Continent; but in every other respect I consider the advantage in favour
of England.  Young women who have been brought up abroad I consider,
generally speaking, as unfitted for English wives; and that in this
opinion I am not singular, I know well from conversation with young men
at the clubs and elsewhere.  Mothers who have returned with their
daughters full of French fashions and ideas, and who imagine that they
will inevitably succeed in making good matches, would be a little
mortified and surprised to hear the young men, when canvassing among
themselves the merits of the other sex, declare that "such a young lady
may be very handsome and very clever, but she has received a
_Continental education_, and that won't do for them."  Many mothers
imagine, because their daughters, who are bold and free in their
manners, and talk and laugh loud, are surrounded by young men, while the
modest girl, who holds aloof, is apparently neglected, that their
daughters are more admired; but this is a great mistake.  Men like that
boldness, that coquetry, that dash, if I may use the term, because it
amuses for the time being; but although they may pay attention to women
on that account, marrying them is quite another affair.  No: the modest
retiring girl, who is apparently passed by, becomes the wife; the others
are flattered before their faces, and laughed at behind their backs.  It
certainly is unmanly, on the part of our sex, to behave in this manner,
to encourage young women in their follies, and ruin them for their own
amusement; as Shakespeare says:--

  "Shame to him whose cruel striking
  Kills for faults of his own liking."

But so it is, and so it will be so long as the world lasts, and mankind
is no better than it is at present.

If then, as I have asserted, there is so little to be gained by leaving
a comfortable home, what is the inducement which takes so many people
abroad to settle there?  I am afraid that the true reason has been given
by the author whom I now quote.  Speaking of the French metropolis, she
says--

"I have been lately trying to investigate the nature of the charm which
renders Paris so favourite a sojourn of the English.

"In point of gaiety (for gaiety read dissipation) it affords nothing
comparable with that of London.  A few ministerial fetes every winter
may perhaps exceed in brilliancy the balls given in our common routine
of things; but for one entertainment in Paris at least thirty take place
_chez nous_.  Society is established with us on a wider and more
splendid scale.  The weekly _soirees_, on the other hand, which properly
represent the society of this place, are dull, meagre, and formal to the
last degree of formality.  There is no brilliant point of reunion as at
Almack's,--no theatre uniting, like our Italian Opera, the charm of the
best company, the best music, and the best dancing.  Of the thousand and
one theatres boasted of by the Parisians, only three are of a nature to
be frequented by people of consideration, the remainder being as much
out of the question as the Pavilion or the Garrick.  Dinner parties
there are none; water parties none; _dejeuners_, unless given by a
foreign ambassadress, none.  A thousand accessories to London amusements
are here wanting.  In the month of May, I am told, the public gardens
and the Bois de Boulogne become enchanting.  But what is not charming in
the month of May?  Paris, perhaps, least of all places; for at the
commencement of the month every French family of note quits the
metropolis for its country seat, or for sea or mineral bathing.
Foreigners and the mercantile and ministerial classes alone remain.
What, then, I would fain discover, constitutes the peculiar merit of
inducing persons uninstigated by motives of economy to fix themselves in
the comfortless and filthy city, and call it Paradise?  Alas! my
solution of the problem is far from honourable to the taste of our
absentees.  _In Paris people are far less amenable than in London to the
tribunal of public opinion_; or, as a lady once very candidly said to
me, `One gets rid of one's friends and relations.'"

Indeed, there are so many petty annoyances and vexatious of life
attendant upon residents abroad, that it must require some strong
motives to induce them to remain.  Wherever the English settle they
raise the price of everything, much to the annoyance of the _rentiers_
and respectable people of the place, although of advantage to the
country generally.  The really highbred and aristocratic people will not
associate with the English, and look upon them with any feeling but good
will.  With regard to servants, they are invariably badly served,
although they pay two or three times the wages that are paid by the
inhabitants, who, in most places, have made it a rule never to take a
domestic that has once lived in an English family; the consequence is
that those engaged by the English are of the worst description, a sort
of _pariahs_ among the community, who extort and cheat their employers
without mercy.  If not permitted so to do, they leave them at a minutes
warning; and you cannot go to any foreign colony of English people
without listening to very justified tirades of the villany of the
servants.  Upon the same principle, there are few places abroad where
the tradespeople have not two prices; one for the English, and the other
for the inhabitants.

I was in company with an English lady of title, who gave me a very
amusing instance of the insolence of the Belgian servants.  She had a
large family to bring up on a limited income, and had taken up her abode
at Brussels.  It should be observed that the Belgians treat their
servants like dogs, and yet it is only with the Belgians that they will
behave well.  This lady, finding her expenses very much exceeding her
means, so soon as she had been some time in the country, attempted a
reformation.  Inquiring of some Belgian families with whom she was
acquainted what were the just proportions allowed by them to their
servants, she attempted by degrees to introduce the same system.  The
first article of wasteful expenditure was bread, and she put them upon
an allowance.  The morning after she was awoke with a loud hammering in
the saloon below, the reason of which she could not comprehend; but on
going down to breakfast she found one of the long loaves made in the
country nailed up with tenpenny nails over the mantelpiece.  She sent to
inquire who had done it, and one of the servants immediately replied
that she had nailed it there that my lady might see that the bread did
not go too fast.

There is another point on which the English abroad have long complained,
and with great justice,--which is, that in every litigation or petty
dispute which may appear before a smaller or more important tribunal,
from the Juge de Paix to the Cour de Cassation, the verdict invariably
is given against them.  I never _heard_ an instance to the contrary,
although there may have been some.  In no case can an Englishman obtain
justice; the detention of his property without just cause, all that he
considers as law and justice in his own country, is overruled: he is
obliged to submit to the greatest insults, or consent to the greatest
imposition.  This is peculiarly, observable at Paris and Brussels, and
it is almost a _jour de fete_ to a large portion of the inhabitants when
they hear that an Englishman has been thrown into prison.  It must,
however, be acknowledged that most of this arises not only from the wish
of the rentiers, or those who live upon their means (who have these
means crippled by the concourse of English raising the price of every
article), that the English should leave and return to their own country;
but also from the number of bad characters who, finding their position
in society no longer tenable in England, hasten abroad, and, by their
conduct, leave a most unfavourable impression of the English character,
which, when Englishmen _only travelled_, stood high, but, now they
reside to economise, is at its lowest ebb; for the only charm which the
English had in the eyes of needy foreigners was their lavishing their
money as they passed through the country, enriching a portion of the
community without increasing the prices of consumption to the whole.

As a proof of the insolence to which the English are subjected, I will
give the reader a verbatim copy of a letter sent to me by a friend not
more than a year ago.  I have heard of such a circumstance taking place
in France, but then the innkeeper was a Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour; but this case is even more remarkable.  Depend upon it, those
who travel will find many a Monsieur Disch before they are at the end of
their journey.  I will vouch for the veracity of every word in the
letter:--

                                                "Wisbaden, July 3, 1836.
"My Dear --, As you kindly said that you would be glad to hear of our
progress when any opportunity offered of writing you a letter, I now
avail myself of some friends passing through Brussels to let you know
that thus far we have proceeded in health and safety; but whether we
shall complete our project of wintering in Italy seems more and more
doubtful, as I believe the cholera to be doing its work pretty actively
in some of the states we propose to visit; and a gentleman told me
yesterday, who has lately left the country, that the Pope is so glad of
an excuse to keep heretics out of his dominions, that he has never taken
off the quarantine: so that, under any circumstances, we must vegetate
in some frontier hole for a fortnight before we can be admitted; a
circumstance in itself sufficiently deterring, in my opinion.  Besides
which, what with the perplexity of the coinage, and the constant attempt
at pillage which we have already met with, and which, I am told, is
quadrupled on the other side of the Alps, such a counterbalance exists
to any of the enjoyments of travelling, that I am heartily weary of the
continual skirmishing and _warfare_ I am subjected to;--warfare indeed,
as at Cologne I was _called out_.  The story is too good to be lost, so
I will tell it for your amusement and that of our friends at Brussels;
moreover that you may caution every one against Mons.  Disch, of the
Cour Imperiale:--We had _marchandeed_ with Madame Disch for rooms, who
at last agreed to _our_ terms; but when the bill came, she changed her
_own_.  We remonstrated, and the bill was altered; but Mons.  Disch made
his appearance before I could pay it, insisting on the larger sum,
saying his wife had no business to make a bargain for him.  I
remonstrated in vain, and Mrs -- commenced most eloquently to state the
case: he was, however, deaf to reason, argument, eloquence, and beauty.
At last I said, `Do not waste words the matter, I will pay the fellow
and have done with him, taking care that neither I nor my friends will
ever come to his house again,' at the same time snatching the bill from
his hand when he demanded, in a great fury, what I meant by that;
exclaiming, `I am Germans gentlemans,--you English gentlemans, I
challenge you--I challenge you.'  Although somewhat wroth before this.
I was so amused that I laughed in the rascal's face, which doubled his
rage, and he reiterated his mortal defiance; adding,--`I was in London
last year; they charge me twelve--fourteen shillings for my dinner at
coffee-house, but I too much gentlemans to ask them take off one
farding.  I challenge you--I challenge you.'  I then said, `Hold your
tongue, sir; take your money and be off.'  `Me take money!' replied he;
`me take money!  No, my servant take money; I too much gentlemans to
take money.'  Upon which the waiter swept the cash off the table, handed
it to his master, who immediately sacked it and walked off."

I certainly have myself come to the conclusion that the idea of going
abroad for economy is most erroneous.  As I have before observed, the
only article, except education, which is cheaper, is wine; and I am
afraid, considering the thirsty propensities of my countrymen, that is a
very strong attraction with the nobler sex.  If claret and all other
French wines were admitted into England at a much lower duty, they would
be almost as cheap in England as they are in foreign capitals; and, as
the increased consumption would more than indemnify the government, it
is to be lamented that it is not so arranged.--Formerly we shut out the
French wines, and admitted those of Portugal, as our ancient ally; but
our ancient ally has shown any thing but good-will towards us lately,
and we are at all events under no further obligation to support her
interests.  Let us admit French wines in bottles at a very low duty, and
then England will be in every respect as cheap, and infinitely more
comfortable as a residence than any part of the Continent.  The
absentees who are worth reclaiming will return; those who prefer to
remain on the Continent are much better there than if they were
contaminating their countrymen with their presence.  How true is the
following observation from the author I before quoted on her return from
abroad:--

"Home, home at last.  How clean, how cheerful, how comfortable!  I was
shown at Marthien the shabby, dirty-looking lodgings where the -- are
economising, in penance for the pleasure of one little year spent in
this charming house!  Poor people!  How they must long for England! how
they must miss the thousand trivial but essential conveniences devised
here for the civilisation of human life!  What an air of decency and
respectfulness about the servants! what a feeling of homeishness in a
house exclusively our own!  The modes of life may be easier on the
Continent,--but it is the ease of a beggar's ragged coat which has
served twenty masters, and is twitched off and on till it scarcely holds
together, in comparison with the decent, close-fitting suit
characteristic of a gentleman."



CHAPTER THIRTY.

                                                               Brussels.
Authors, like doctors, are very apt to disagree.  Reading, the other
day, a very amusing publication, called the "Diary of a Desennuyee,"
some passages in it induced me to fall back upon Henry Bulwer's work on
France.  Among his remarks upon literary influence in that country, he
has the following:--

"A literary Frenchman, whom I met not long ago in Paris, said to me that
a good-natured young English nobleman, whom I will not name, had told
him that dancers and singers were perfectly well received in English
society, but not men of letters.

"`Est il possible qu'on soit si barbare chez vous?'"

He subsequently adds:--"To be known as a writer is certainly to your
prejudice.

"First, people presume you are not what they call a gentleman; and the
grandfather who, if you were a banker or a butcher, or of any other
calling or profession, would be left quiet in his tomb, is evoked
against you."

Mr Bulwer then proceeds with a variety of argument to prove that
literary men are not _Maecenased_ by either the government or
aristocracy of Great Britain.  He points out the advantages which the
French literati have from their Institute, the ennoblements, the
decorations, and pensions which they receive; and certainly makes out a
strong case.

The author of the "Diary" would attempt to deny the statements of Mr
Bulwer; but, in the very denial, she admits all his points but one--to
wit that they are not so well received by the aristocracy in England as
they are in France.

She says--

"What does Henry Bulwer mean by the assertion that literary men are more
eagerly welcomed in society here than in England?

"They occupy, perhaps, a more independent and honourable position, are
less exposed to being lionised by patronising dowagers, and more sure of
obtaining public preferment; but, with the exception of Mignet and
Merimee--who are courted for their personal merits and official standing
rather than for their literary distinctions--I have scarcely met one of
them.  To the parties of the ministers of the _Grand Referendaire_, and
other public functionaries, artists and men of letters are admitted as
part of a political system; but they are not to be found--like Moore,
Rogers, Chantrey, Newton, and others--in the boudoirs of the _elite_, or
the select fetes of a Devonshire House.

"The calling of `_un homme de lettres_' is here, however, a profession
bearing its own rewards and profits, and forming an especial and
independent class.  In common with the artists they look to ennoblement
in the Academy, and under the existing order of things have been richly
endowed with places and pensions."

It appears then, in France, that to the parties of ministers, etcetera,
they are admitted as a part of the political system; and further, that
they have been festered by the government, by being ennobled and richly
endowed with places and pensions.  Therefore, upon his opponent's own
showing, Henry Bulwer has made out his case.  In another part of the
same work there is the following amusing passage, in advice given by a
lady of fashion to her protegee upon entering into London society.

"`Pore over their books as much as you please, but do not so much as dip
into the authors,' said she, when I proposed an introduction to one of
the most popular authors of the day.  `These people expend their spirit
on their works--the part that walks through society is a mere lump of
clay, like the refuse of the wine-press after the wine has been
expressed.'  In conversing with a clever author you sometimes see a new
idea brighten his eye or create a smile round his lip; but for worlds he
would not give it utterance.  It belongs to his next work, and is
instantly booked in the ledger of his daily thoughts, value 3 shillings
6 pence.  The man's mind is his mine; he can't afford to work it gratis,
or give away the produce."

If we are to draw any inference from this extract, it is, that although
some noblemen do extend their patronage to literary men, at all events
the general feeling is against them.  I must say that I never was more
amused than when I read the above sarcasm.  There is much truth in it,
and yet it is not true.  In future when I _do_ say good things, as they
call them, in company, I shall know precise value of my
expenditure during the dinner or evening party by reckoning up the
three-and-sixpences.  One thing is clear, that if an author say half a
dozen good things, he fully pays for his dinner.

In the "Student," Edward Bulwer makes some remarks which range in
opposition to the author of the above "Diary."  In arguing that most
authors may be known by their works, he says--

"Authors are the only men we really do know; the rest of mankind die
with only the surface of their character understood."

It appears, then, that people have no excuse for being disappointed in
authors; when they meet them in company they have but to read their
works, and if they like the works they must live the authors.  Before I
proceed I must be permitted to make a remark here.  An author's opinion
given as his own will allow the public to have an insight into his
character and feelings, and the public are justified in forming their
opinions of an author upon such grounds.  But it too often happens that
the public will form their opinion of an author from opinions put by him
into the mouths of the characters drawn in a work of fiction, forgetting
that in these instances it is not the author who speaks, but the
individuals which his imagination has conjured up; and that the opinions
expressed by these creatures of his brain, although perfectly in keeping
with the character, and necessary to produce that _vraisemblance_ which
is the great merit of fiction, may be entirely opposed to the real
sentiments of the author.  The true merit of fiction, and that which is
essential to its success, is the power of the author at the time that he
is writing to divest himself, as it were, of himself, and be for the
time the essence of the character which he is delineating.  It is
therefore a great injustice to an author to accuse him of being an
infidel because his infidel character is well portrayed, particularly
as, if he is equally fortunate in describing a character which is
perfect, the public do not ever give him the credit for similar
perfection.  That is quite another affair.  Again, Edward Bulwer says,
in opposition to the poverty of the _mine_:--

"A man is, I suspect, but of a second-rate order whose genius is not
immeasurably above his works,--who does not feel within him an
inexhaustible affluence of thoughts, feelings, and invention, which he
never will have leisure to embody in print.  He will die and leave only
a thousandth part of his wealth to posterity, which is his heir."

I like to bring all in juxtaposition.  There is excitement in making
mischief, and that is the reason why people are so fond of it.  Still,
the question at issue ought to be fairly decided; and, as in case of
arbitration, when the disputants cannot agree, a third party is called
in by mutual consent, I shall venture to take upon myself that office,
and will fairly argue the point, as there is more dependent upon it
than, upon the first view, the question may appear to merit.

If we turn back to the last century, in what position shall we find
authors?--looking up to patrons among the aristocracy, and dedicating
their works to them in panegyrics, fulsome from their obsequiousness and
flattery.  At that period the aristocracy and the people were much wider
apart than they are at present.

Gradually the people have advanced; and, as they have advanced, so have
the authors thrown off the trammels of servitude, and have attacked the
vices and follies as well as the privileges of those to whom they once
bowed the knee.

The advancement of the people, and the lowering of the aristocracy, have
both been effected through the medium of the press.  The position of
authors has been much altered.  Formerly we behold such men as Dryden,
Otway, and many others (giants in their days), humbling themselves for
bread.  Now we have seldom a dedication, and of those few we have the
flattery is delicate.  The authors look to the public as their patrons,
and the aristocracy are considered but as a part and portion of it.
These remarks equally hold good with respect to the government.  Authors
are not to be so easily purchased as formerly; they prefer writing in
conformity with public opinion to writing for government, because they
are better remunerated.  Now, if it will be recalled to mind that in the
rapid march of the people, in their assertion of their right to a
greater share in the government of the country, in the pointing out and
correcting of abuses, and in the breaking down of all the defences which
have gradually yielded in so many years, it is the authors and the press
who have led the van, and that in these continual inroads the
aristocracy have been the party attacked,--it is no wonder that there
has arisen, unwittingly perhaps on the part of the aristocracy, a
feeling against the press and against authors in general.

The press has been, and will probably for a long while continue to be,
the enemy of the aristocracy; and it is hardly reasonable to expect that
the aristocracy should admit the enemy within its camp.  For, be it
observed, whether a man write a political pamphlet or a novel, he has
still the same opportunity of expressing his sentiments, of flattering
the public by espousing their opinions; and as a writer of fiction,
perhaps, his opinions have more effect that as a pamphleteer.  In the
first instance, you are prepared to expect a political partisan; in the
latter, you read for amusement, and unconsciously receive the bias.  For
one who reads a political pamphlet (by-the-by, they are generally only
read by those who are of the same way of thinking as the author) there
are hundreds who read through a work of fiction, so that the opinions of
the latter are much more widely disseminated.  Now, as most works are
written for profit as well as reputation, they are naturally so worded
as to insure the good-will of the majority, otherwise they would not
have so extensive a sale.  The majority being decidedly liberal, every
work that now appears more or less attacks the higher orders.  When,
therefore, a gentleman who has been well received in the best society
ventures upon writing a work, it is quite sufficient to state that he is
an author (without his book being read) to occasion him to "_lose
caste_" to a certain degree.  Authors have been the enemies of the
higher classes.  You have become an author--consequently you have ranked
yourself with our enemies.  Henry Bulwer, therefore, is right where he
asserts that "to be known as an author is to your prejudice among the
higher classes."

Having made these observations to point out that the aristocracy and the
press are at variance, let us now examine into the merits of authors, as
mixing in society.  And here I think it will be proved that it is more
their misfortune than their fault that there should be a prejudice
against them.  They are overrated before they are seen, and underrated
afterwards.

You read the works of an author--you are pleased with them, and you wish
to become acquainted with the man.  You anticipate great pleasure--you
expect from his lips, in _impromptu_, the same racy remarks, the same
chain of reasoning, the same life and vigour which have cost him so many
hours of labour and reflection, or which have been elicited in his
happiest moods, and this from a person who comes, perhaps, almost a
total stranger into a large company.  Is this fair or just to him?  Did
you find any of your other friends, at first meeting, play the fiddle to
a whole company of strangers?  Are not authors as reserved and shy as
other people--even more so?  And yet you ask them, as if they were
mountebanks or jugglers with a certain set of tricks, to amuse the
company.  The very circumstance of being aware that this is expected of
him makes the man silent, and his very anxiety to come up to your
expectations takes away from his power.

The consequence is, that you are disappointed, and so are the company,
to whom you have announced that "Mr So-and-So" is to meet them.  Had
you become intimate with this person you would perhaps have found the
difference, and that he whom you pronounced as so great a failure, would
have turned out equally amusing.  At the same time there is some truth
in the remarks of the "Desennuyee" that "some authors will not let out
their new ideas, because they require them for their books."  But, as
Bulwer observes, they must be but second-raters, as the majority of
authors are.

In many instances they are punsters; but punning is not a standard of
authorship; or, perhaps, there may be other second-rate authors present,
and if so, they know that they are in the company of literary
pickpockets.

To prove that this remark of the "Desennuyee" can only apply to
second-rate authors, let us examine into the conversational powers of
those who are first-rate.  And here I can only speak of those whom I
have known--there may be many others.  Where could you find such
conversationists as Coleridge, Charles Lamb, Sir John Malcolm, and many
others, who are now gone?  And among those in existence, I have but to
mention Croker, Theodore Hooke, Professor Wilson, Bulwer, Lockhart, the
Smiths, and, in the other sex, Lady Blessington, Lady Morgan, Mesdames
Somerville, Austin, and Jameson.

Now these are all first-rate authors in their various styles; and I can
challenge any one to bring forward an equal number out of the whole mass
who are so powerful or delightful in society.  And there is still more
to be said in favour of authors.  I know many whose conversation is
superior to their writings; I will not name them as they, perhaps, would
not consider this to be a compliment but it fully tends to disprove the
remarks of the "Desennuyee" as to authors of talent reserving their
thoughts for their hooks, for, on the _contrary_, when in company, they
generally take the lead.  Still, there is a difference arising from the
variety of temperament: some, accustomed to mix constantly in society,
will be indifferent whether they are acquainted with the parties present
or not; others, more retiring, require to feel at their ease, and it is
only in small coteries, and among friends, that their real value can be
appreciated.  Theodore Hooke is a proof of the former, the late Charles
Lamb was of the latter.  Some shine most when they have no competitors;
others are only to be brought out when other men of talent are in
company, and, like the flint and steel, their sparks are only to be
produced by collision.

If I might be permitted to offer an opinion to the authors themselves,
it would be, not to mix in general company, but confine themselves to
their own friends.  They would stand much higher in reputation if they
adhered to this plan; above all, let them avoid what the author of the
"Desennuyee" terms those "Skinnerian lion feeds" given by those who have
no talent to appreciate, and who, to fill their menagerie, will mix you
up with foreign swindlers, and home-bred ruffians.  This is most
humiliating and has certainly injured the fraternity.

I have but one more remark to make.  Authors in England have little to
expect from the Government and the aristocracy.  Pensions and honours
have been given, but until Sir Robert Peel set a more worthy example,
they were bestowed for the support of political opinions, not as a
reward of talent.  That the aristocracy, with but a few exceptions, have
not fostered talent, is most true; and they are now suffering from their
want of judgment.  They have shut their doors to authors, and the
authors have been gradually undermining their power.  To what extent
this may be carried, it is impossible to say; but one thing is certain,
that the press is more powerful than either king or lords, and that, if
the conflict continue, the latter must yield to the influence of the
former, who will have ample retaliation for the neglect to which they
have been subjected.

What a superiority there is in England over France, and every other
nation, in the periodical and daily press, especially in the latter!
Take up the "Constitutionnel," or "Journal des Debats" at Paris, and
then look at the broad double sheets of the "Times" and other morning
papers, with the columns of information and original matter which they
contain.  Compare the flimsy sheets, bad printing, and general paucity
of information of the continental daily press, with the clear types,
rapid steam power called into action, the outlay, enormous expenditure,
and rapid information obtained by our leading journals from all quarters
of the globe.  I have looked with astonishment and admiration at the
working of the "Times" newspaper by its beautiful steam-engine; it is
one of the most interesting sights that can be beheld.

Nothing but the assistance of steam could, indeed, enable the great
daily newspapers to accomplish their present task.  When the reader
calls to mind that the debates in the House are sometimes kept up till
two or three o'clock in the morning; that the reporters, relieved every
twenty minutes, have to carry all their communications to the office;
that all this matter has to be arranged, put in type, and then worked
off; and that, notwithstanding this, the double sheet of matter is on
thousands and thousands of tables by nine o'clock the next morning, it
is really wonderful how it can be accomplished.  Saturday night appears
to be the only night on which those connected with these immense,
undertakings can be said to have any repose from year's end to year's
end.  What a life of toil what an unnatural life must theirs be, who
thus cater during the hours of darkness for the information and
amusement of the mass who have slept soundly through the night, and rise
to be instructed by the labour of their vigils!  It can be effected in
no other country in the world.  It is another link in the great chain of
miracles, which proves the greatness of England.

The editors of these papers must have a most onerous task.  It is not
the writing of the leading article itself, but the obligation to write
that article every day, whether inclined or not, in sickness or in
health, in affliction, distress of mind, winter and summer, year after
year, tied down to one task, remaining in one spot.  It is something
like the walking a thousand miles in a thousand hours.  I have a
fellow-feeling for them, for I know how a monthly periodical will wear
down one's existence.  In itself it appears nothing--the labour is not
manifest nor is it the labour--it is the continual attention which it
requires.  Your life becomes as it were the magazine.  One month is no
sooner corrected and printed than on comes the other.  It is the stone
of Sisyphus--an endless repetition of toil--a constant weight upon the
mind--a continual wearing upon the intellect and spirits, demanding all
the exertion of your faculties, at the same time that you are compelled
to do the severest drudgery.  To write for a magazine is very well, but
to edit one is to condemn yourself to slavery.

Magazine writing, as it is generally termed, is the most difficult of
all writing, and but few succeed in it; the reason of which is obvious--
it must always be what is termed "up to the mark."

Any one who publishes a work in one, two, or three volumes, may be
permitted to introduce a dull chapter or two: no one remarks it; indeed,
these dull chapters allow the mind of the reader to relax for the time,
and, strange to say, are sometimes favourable to the author.  But in
magazine-writing these cannot be permitted; the reader requires
excitement, and whether the article be political or fictitious, there
requires a condensation of matter, a pithiness of expression (to enable
you to tell your story in so small a space), which is very difficult to
obtain.  Even in continuations the same rule must be adhered to, for,
being read month after month, each separate portion must be considered
as a whole and independents of the other; it must not therefore flag for
one minute.  A proof of this was given in that very remarkable
production in "Blackwood's Magazine," styled "Tom Cringle's Log."  Every
separate portion was devoured by the public--they waited impatiently for
the first of the month that they might read the continuation, and every
one was delighted, oven to its close, because the excitement was so
powerful.  Some time afterwards the work was published in two volumes,
and then, what was the consequence?--people complained that it was
overcharged--that it was too full of excitement--gave no repose.  This
was true; when collected together it had that fault--a very good one, by
the by, as well as a very uncommon one; but they did not perceive that
until it was all published together.  During the time that it came out
in fragments they were delighted.  Although, in this instance, the
writing was overcharged, still it proved, from the popularity it
obtained when it appeared in the magazine, what force and condensation
of matter is required in writing for periodicals.



CHAPTER THIRTY ONE.

I am grave to-day; it is the birth-day of one of my children--a day so
joyful in youth, in more advanced life so teeming with thought and
serious reflections.  How happy the child is--and it is its happiness
which has made me grave.

How changed are our feelings as we advance in life!--Our responsibility
is increased with each fleeting year.  In youth we live but for
ourselves--self predominates in every thing.  In mature age, if we have
fulfilled the conditions of our tenure, we feel that we must live for
our children.  Fortunately, increase of years weans us from those
selfish and frivolous expenses which youth requires, and we feel it
little or no sacrifice to devote to our children the means which,
before, we considered so important to the gratification of our pride and
our ambition.  Not that we have lost either our pride or our ambition,
but they have become centred in other objects dearer to us than
ourselves--in the race springing up--to whom we shall leave our names
and worldly possessions when our own career is closed.

Worn out with the pursuit of vanity, we pause at a certain age, and come
to the conclusion that in this life we require but little else than to
eat, drink, prepare for a future existence, and to die.

What a miserable being must an old bachelor be!--he vegetates, but he
cannot be said to exist--he passes his life in one long career of
selfishness, and dies.  Strange, that children, and the responsibility
attached to their welfare, should do more to bring a man into the right
path than any denunciations from holy writ or holy men!  How many who
might have been lost, have been, it is to be hoped, saved, from the
feeling that they must leave their children a good name, and must
provide for their support and advancement in life!  Yes, and how many
women, after a life so frivolous as to amount to wickedness, have, from
their attachment to their offspring, settled down into the redeeming
position of careful, anxious, and serious-minded mothers!

Such reflections will rise upon a birth-day, and many more of chequered
hopes and fears.  How long will these flowers, now blossoming so fairly,
be permitted to remain with us?  Will they be mowed down before another
birth-day, or will they be permitted to live to pass through the ordeal
of this life of temptation?  How will they combat?  Will they fall and
disgrace their parents, or will they be a pride and blessing?  Will it
please Heaven to allow them to be not too much tempted, not overcome by
sickness, or that they shall be severely chastised?  Those germs of
virtue now appearing, those tares now growing up with the corn--will the
fruit bring forth good seed? will the latter be effectually rooted up by
precept and example?  How much to encourage! and how much to check!
Virtues in excess are turned to vice--liberality becomes extravagance--
prudence, avarice--courage, rashness--love, weakness--even religion may
turn to fanaticism--and superior intellect may, in its daring, mock the
power which granted it.  Alas! what a responsibility is here.  A man may
enjoy or suffer when he lives for himself alone; but he is doubly blest
or doubly cursed when, in his second stage, he is visited through his
children.  What a blessing is our ignorance of the future!  Fatal,
indeed, to all happiness in this world would be a foreknowledge of that
which is to come.  We have but to do our duty and hope for the best,
acknowledging, however severe may be the dispensation, that whatever is,
or is to be, is right.

How strange, although we feel in the midst of life we are in death, that
mortals should presume to reduce it to a nice calculation, and speculate
upon it!  I can sell my life now to an annuity-office for twenty years'
purchase or more, and they will share a dividend upon it.  Well, if ever
I do insure my life, I hope that by _me_ they will lose money, for, like
every body else in this world, I have a great many things to do before I
die.  There was but one man I ever heard of who could lie down and die,
saying, "Now, Lord, let thy servant depart in peace."  I have no warning
yet, no screw is loose in this complex mechanism; and yet, this very
day, a chimney-pot may fall on my head, and put an end to all my
calculations.

It is right that the precarious tenure of our existence should not be
wholly forgotten, but certainly was never intended that it should be
borne on the mind, for, if we had ever in our memory that we may die
this very hour, what a check there would be to all energy, and
enterprise, and industry.  Who would speculate with the anticipation of
large returns upon some future day, if he did not calculate upon living
to receive them?  We should all stop to say _Cui bono_?  If it were not
that our hopes support us, not only support us in all reasonable, but
even unreasonable calculations, the world would be at a stand-still.
No, no! we have our duty to perform towards our God; but we are also
enjoined to perform our duty towards our neighbour.  The uncertainty of
life is to be remembered as a check to our worldly passions, but not as
a drag-chain to our worldly career.



CHAPTER THIRTY TWO.

                                                 En route, August, 1837.
There is a great art in packing property, and in it our profession are
fortunately adepts.  A midshipman, for instance, contrives to put every
thing at the bottom of his chest.  No very easy matter to pack up and
arrange a carriage full of children, two birds, and a spaniel puppy--in
all, twelve living beings with all their appendages, down to the birds
and dogs' tails.  As for packing up a dog, that is impossible; the best
way is to pack it off.  Canary birds travel very well in the carriage
lamps, in the summer time, when they are not lighted; and I mention this
as a hint to those who travel with such indispensable appendages;
independent of their being out of the way, their appearance behind the
glass is a source of great amusement to those who are standing by where
you change horses.

Stopped at Saint Frond, and asked what was to be seen.  Nothing here but
churches and monks.  One of the little girls, three years old, looked
with avidity at the Virgin Mary, three feet high, in gold brocade.  The
old verger observing this, led her nearer to it, ascribing her
admiration probably to piety, when, to his horror, she screamed out,
"_Quel jolie poupee_!"  Solomon says, "Out of the mouths of babes shall
ye be taught wisdom."  The old man dropped her hand, and looked as if he
would have lighted the faggots had she been bound to the stake, as she,
in his opinion, deserved.

The perseverance of Belgian beggars is most remarkable, and equally
annoying.  The best way is to take out your purse, and pretend to throw
something over their heads; they turn back to look for it; and if you
keep pointing farther off, you distance them.  On the whole, I consider
that it is much more advisable not to give to beggars, than to relieve
them.  Begging is demoralising, and should be discountenanced in every
country.  If children are brought up to whine, cry, and humiliate
themselves as in Belgium, that feeling of pride and independence in
early youth, which leads to industry in after life, is destroyed.  And
yet, the aged and infirm would appear to be proper objects of charity.
In many cases, of course, they must be; but to prove how you may be
deceived, I will state a circumstance which occurred to me some years
ago.

I was driving up the road with a friend.  He was one of the pleasantest
and most honest men that nature ever moulded.  His death was most
extraordinary: of a nervous temperament, ill health ended in aberration
of intellect.  At that time Lord Castlereagh had ended his life of
over-excitement by suicide; the details in the newspapers were read by
him, and he fancied that he was Lord Castlereagh.  Acting precisely by
the accounts recorded in the newspapers, he went through the same forms,
and actually divided his carotid artery, using his penknife, as had done
the unfortunate peer.  Peace be with him!  To proceed.  I was driving in
a gig, a distance of about forty miles from town, on the Northern Road,
when, at the bottom of a steep hill, we fell in with a group who were
walking up it.  It consisted of a venerable old man, with his grey locks
falling down on his shoulders, dressed as a countryman, with a bundle on
a stick over his shoulders; with him were a young man and woman, both
heavily burdened, and five children of different sizes.  The appearance
of the old man was really patriarchal, and there was a placidity in his
countenance which gave a very favourable impression.  For a short time
they continued breasting the hill on the pathway: when about one-third
up, the old man crossed the road to us, as our horse was walking up, and
taking off his hat, said, "Gentlemen, if not too great a liberty, may I
ask how far it is to --?" mentioning a town about twelve miles off.  We
told him, and he replied, "That's a long way for old legs like mine, and
young legs of tired children."  He then informed us that they had lost
their employment in the country, and that, with his son and daughter,
and their children, he had gone to town to procure work, but had been
unsuccessful, and they were now on their return.  "God's will be done!"
continued he, after his narrative, "and thankful shall we be to find
ourselves at our cottages again, although twelve miles is a weary bit of
road, and I have but a few halfpence left; but that will buy a bit of
bread for the poor children, and we must do as we can.  Good morning,
and thank'ye kindly, gentlemen."

Now there was no begging here, certainly, except by implication.  The
effect, however, of his narrative was to extract a crown out of our
pockets, which was received with a shower of blessings on our heads.  We
drove off, observing how difficult it was to know how to select real
objects of charity, and flattering ourselves that alms in this instance
were worthily bestowed.  My readers will agree with me, I have no doubt.

It so happened that, about ten days afterwards, I was driving on the
Dover Road, in the same gig, and in company with the same gentleman,
when we came to the bottom of Shooters Hill.  Who should we fall in with
but the very same party, the venerable old man, the young people, and
the children trudging up the pathway.  The same plan of proceeding was
observed, for, although we recognised them immediately it appeared that
they did not recognise us.  We allowed the old fellow to tell his tale,
as before; it was just the same.  He first took off his hat, and
inquired the distance to --; and then entered into the same narrative,
only changing the place of abode, and ending with his few halfpence to
buy bread for the children.  I let him finish, and then I did not, as
before, give him a crown, but I gave him a cut across his face with the
whip, which made him drop his bundle, put his hands up to it; and we
left him, stamping with pain in the middle of the road, till we were out
of sight.  A young rogue I can easily pardon, but an old one, on the
verge of the grave, is a proof of hardened villainy, which admits of no
extenuation.  After giving him this _cut direct_, we never met again.

To return to Saint Frond.--In the last church we visited we had a scene.
A woman was in the confessional; the priest, with a white handkerchief
up to conceal his face, and prevent what he said being overheard,
attracted the attention of the children, who demanded an explanation.
Children ask so many questions.  "Do you think she has been very wicked?
Will he forgive her?"  Before I could offer my opinion upon this
important subject, the woman gave a loud scream, and fell back from the
confessional in a fit.  The priest rose, the handkerchief no longer
concealed his face, and he appeared to be burning with indignation.  She
was carried out of the church, and the priest hastened up the aisle to
the vestry.  What had she done?  At all events, something for which it
appeared there was no absolution.

Aix-la-Chapelle--alas!  What did we care for the tomb of Charles the
Great, and his extensive dominions, his splendour and power?  We had
lost something to us of much more importance--a carpet bag; not that the
carpet bag was of much value, for it was an old one, nor the articles
which it contained, for they were neither new nor of much worth; but we
lost in that carpet bag an invaluable quantity of comfort, for it
contained a variety of little absolute necessaries, the loss of which we
could not replace until our arrival at Cologne, to which town all our
trunks had been despatched.  The children could not be brushed, for the
brushes were in the carpet bag; they could not be combed, for the combs
were in the carpet bag; they were put to bed without nightcaps, for the
night-caps were in the carpet bag; they were put to bed in their little
chemises, reaching down to the fifth rib or thereabouts, for their
night-clothes were in the carpet bag: not only the children, but every
one else suffered by this carpet bag being absent without leave.  My
boots burst, and my others were in the carpet bag; my snuff-box was
empty, and the canister was in the carpet bag; and the servants
grumbled, for they had smuggled some of their things into the carpet
bag.

It would appear that everything had been crammed into this unfortunate
receptacle.  Had we lost a jewel-case, or a purse full of money, it
would have been a trifle compared to the misery occasioned by this
jumble up of every day conveniences of little value, showing how much
more comfort depends upon the necessaries than the luxuries of life.  I
may add, now that I read what I have written, that this carpet bag
increased in dimensions to a most extraordinary compass for several
weeks afterwards.  Everything that was missing was declared by the
servants to have been in the carpet bag, which, like the scape-goat of
the Jews, wandered in the wilderness, bearing with it all the sins of
all the nurses and every other domestic of the family.

On our road, the landlord of an inn put the following printed document
into my hands, which I make public for the benefit of those who are
sportsmen without being landholders.

  "COMFORTABLE INN.--The proprietor of the Red House, at Burgheim, on
  the road from Aix-la-Chapelle to Cologne, pleasantly situated in the
  middle of the town, opposite the Post-Office and Post-House, has the
  honour of recommending himself to travellers.  The `Galignani's
  Messenger' and other newspapers are taken in.  The English, German,
  and French languages spoken.  Having excellent preserves of game in
  the neighbourhood, he is happy to inform travellers that he can
  provide them with good sports in wild boar, deer, and hare hunting,
  and wild duck and partridge shooting.  Horses and carriages of all
  descriptions supplied for excursions in the neighbourhood.

  "AJ HONS."

_Prussia_.--I fear that our political economists are running after a
shadow, and that their reciprocity system will never be listened to.  It
is remarkable, that, after subsidising this and other powers to break up
the continental system established by Napoleon for the expulsion of
English manufactures and the consequent ruin of England, now that the
world is at peace, these very powers who, by our exertions and our
money, have been liberated from their thraldom, have themselves
established the very system of exclusion which we were so anxious to
prevent.  A little reflection will prove that they are right.  The
government of a country ought never, if possible, to allow that country
to be dependent upon any other for such resources as it can obtain by
its own industry.  We, ourselves, acted upon this principle when we
established the silk manufactories in Spitalfields; and it is the duty
of every government to do the same.

The indigenous productions of the soil may fairly be admitted on a
system of reciprocity and exchange, but not articles of manufacture, of
which the raw material is to be obtained by all.  For instance, the
lead, and iron, and tin of Great Britain, the wines of other countries,
are all articles to be exchanged or paid for by those who have not mines
of those metals, or do not possess vineyards.  Further than this
reciprocity cannot go, without being injurious to one, if not to both
parties.

Three of the carriage-wheels defective!  Add this to the carpet bag, and
people will agree in the trite observation that misfortunes never come
single.  This is not true; they do come single very often, and when they
do, they are more annoying than if they come in heaps.  You growl at a
single mishap, but if you find that Fortune is down upon you and
attempts to overload you, you rise up against her with indignation, snap
your fingers, and laugh at her.  The last mishap brought consolation for
all the others; if we had not so fortunately found out the defects in
the wheels, we might have broken our necks the next day, especially, as
some amateur took a fancy and helped himself to our _sabot_.  I only
wish he may be shod with it for the remainder of his days.

It is curious how the ignorant and simple always rise or depreciate
others, whatever their rank may be, to their own levels, when they talk
of them.  I listened to one little girl telling a story to another, in
which kings, queens, and princesses were the actors.

"And so," said the queen to the princess, "what a very pretty doll that
is of yours!"

"Yes, your majesty; papa bought it for me at the bazaar, and gave 5
shillings 6 pence for it," etcetera.

This reminded me of the sailors telling stories on board of a
man-of-war, who put very different language into the mouth of royalty.

"Well," says the king, "blow me tight if I'll stand this.  You must
buckle-to as fast as you please, Mrs Queen."

"I'll see you hanged first, and your head shaved too," answered her
majesty in a rage, etcetera, etcetera.  What queens may say in a rage it
is impossible to assert; but to the seamen this language appeared to be
perfectly regal and quite correct.

Some people form odd notions of gentility.  A cabman took up a
well-dressed female, who made use of expressions which rather startled
him, and he observed to a friend of his, a hackney-coachman, that he had
no idea that the higher classes used such language.

"Pooh! pooh!" replied the coachman, "she warn't a lady."

"I beg your pardon," replied the cabman, "a real lady, _hat and
feathers_!"

Cologne.--This is a regular Golgotha--the skulls of the Magi, _par
excellence_, and then the skulls of Saint Ursula and her 11,000 virgins.
I wonder where she collected so many!  Saint Ursula brought a great
force into the field, at all events, and, I presume, commands the right
wing of the whole army of martyrs.  I went into the golden chamber,
where there are some really pretty things.  The old fellow handed us the
articles one after another, but I observed that there were many things
which I had seen when here before, which were not presented to view, so
I looked into the cabinet and found them.  They were crystal vases,
mounted with gold and precious stones.  One had the thigh-bone of Saint
Sebastian; another, part of the ulna of Saint Lawrence; and a third a
bit of the petticoat of the Virgin Mary.  I handed them out to the
ladies, and asked him why he did not show us those as he used to do
before.  The old man smiled and turned the corners of his mouth down, as
if to say, "Its all humbug!"  Relics are certainly at a discount, even
among the Catholics.

I question whether the Bridge of Boats at Cologne don't pay better than
any other in the whole world, although by no means the handsomest; the
stream of passengers on it all day is as strong and as wide as the Rhine
itself.  As for Cologne, the best thing that could happen to it is to be
burnt down.  Narrow streets, badly ventilated, badly drained; your nose
is visited with a thousand varieties of smell as you pass along; and the
Eau de Cologne in the gutters is very different in savour from that
which you buy in the bottles.

We had a pleasant passage from Cologne to Coblentz, and from thence to
Mayence, because we had pleasant company.  It is singular, but it is a
fact, that you go on board a steamboat to avoid fatigue, and each night
you are more tired than if you had travelled by land.  You go to avoid
dust and heat; the first is exchanged for blacks out of the funnel, and
you are more dirty than if you had travelled twice the distance; and the
heat is about the same; in these points you certainly gain nothing.  The
expense of these Rhine steamboats is very great.  By a calculation I
made--to travel by post, five persons in a carriage, from Cologne to
Strasburg--you will expend 200 and odd francs less than by the steam
conveyance.  In time you certainly lose by steam, as you are four days
and a half going to Strasburg, and by land carriage it is half the
distance, being only forty-five posts.

Neither do you save trouble; for the steam-boats being changed every
evening, you have to take your luggage on shore, shift it from one to
the other, and, at the very time that you are least inclined to do
anything, independent of an enormous expense which you ought not to pay,
but cannot well resist.

Now, as you really gain nothing in the above points, it is at least to
be supposed that you gain in the picturesque; but this is not the case:
and I have no hesitation in asserting that those who go up the Rhine are
generally disappointed, although they do not like to say so.  They
expect too much.--The vivid descriptions, the steel engravings, have
raised their anticipations too high; and they find that the reality is
not equal to the efforts of the pen and pencil.  Several of the
passengers acknowledged to me that they were disappointed; and I must
confess that I hardly knew the Rhine again.  When I travelled up the
Rhine by land I thought it beautiful; but in a steam-boat it was tame.

This was observed by others, besides myself, who had ascended both by
steam and by the road running close to the banks; and the reason was
simple.  When you travel by land you have the whole breadth of the Rhine
as a foreground to the scenery of the opposite bank, and this you lose
by water; and the bank you travel on is much more grand from its
towering above you, and also from the sharp angles and turns which so
suddenly change the scenery.  Abruptness greatly assists the
picturesque: the Rhine loses half its beauty viewed from a steam-boat.
I have ascended it in both ways, and I should recommend all travellers
to go up by land.  The inconveniences in a steam-boat are many.  You
arrive late and find the hotel crowded, and you are forced to rise very
early (as Mayence at three o'clock in the morning), which, with a
family, is no trifle.  The only part of the Rhine worth seeing is from
Cologne to Mayence; below Cologne and above Mayence it is without
interest; and although between these two places the steam-boats are well
served, above Mayence everything is very uncomfortable, and you are
liable to every species of exaction.

If I were to plan a tour up the Rhine for any friends, I should advise
them not to go by the Rotterdam steamer; it is a long voyage and without
interest, and with many inconveniences; but start in the steamer to
Antwerp, go up to Brussels by the rail-road; from thence you will start
for Cologne by the route of Namur and Liege through Waterloo; and I
rather expect that many will prefer the banks of the _Meuse_ to the
Rhine.  I know nothing more beautiful than the road from Namur as far as
Chaude Fontaine, although compared to the Rhine it is on a miniature
scale.  From Liege to Aix-la-Chapelle, and from thence to Cologne.  Go
up the Rhine by land as far as Mayence, and then you may do as you
please.  When you are coming back, descend by the steam-boats; for then
you go with the stream and with great rapidity, and arrive in good time
at the towns where they stop.  You will then have seen the Rhine by land
and by water.

At present the bubble is at its height; but it will burst by-and-by.
The English are lining the banks of the Rhine with gold, and receive
insult and abuse in exchange.  I have been much amused with a young
countryman who has come up in the steamer with me.  Not able to speak a
word of French or German, he is pillaged every hour of the day; but if
he could speak, he has no idea of the value of his money.  He pulls out
his purse, and the waiters help themselves--very _plentifully_, I may
safely add.  What he has come for it is difficult to say: not for the
picturesque, for he slept the whole time between Cologne and Mayence--
that is, all the time that was not occupied by eating and drinking.  His
only object appears to be to try the Rhenish wines.  He has tried all
upon the _Wein Presen_.  He called for a bottle of the best; they gave
him one not on the _carte_, and charged him exactly one pound sterling
for the bottle.  He is a generous fellow; he sits at the table with his
bottle before him, and invites every man to partake of it.  And he found
plenty on board who were willing to oblige him.

"Capital wine, an't it?" said he to a Frenchman who drank his wine, but
did not understand a word of English.

"A votre sante, Monsieur," replied the Frenchman.

"I say, what wine do you call it?"

"C'est exquis, Monsieur," replied the Frenchman.

"Eskey, is it?  You, waiter, bring us another bottle of eskey."



CHAPTER THIRTY THREE.

To continue.--Should travellers think it advisable to proceed upon the
Rhine, so far as Mayence, let them be careful how they venture to
proceed farther.  I did so, out of curiosity to know what the features
of the Rhine were, after it had lost its character for magnificence; and
I will now detail my progress.  At Mayence you are shifted into a
smaller steamer, with less power, upon the principle that there being
but a few passengers, their comforts do not require so much attention;
for, as the Rhine becomes more rapid as it narrows, upon any other
principle the power of the engine should have been greater.  I must
caution the reader not to believe what is told them by the steam-packet
company.

Barbers were once considered liars _par excellence_, but I am inclined
to give the preference to these new associations.  The features of the
Rhine change immediately that you leave Mayence; the banks are low, and
the river is studded with numerous islands, all of which, as well as the
greatest proportion of the banks, are covered with osiers.  Still, there
is a great beauty in the Rhine even there; the waving of the osiers to
the strong breeze, the rapidity of the current, the windings of the
river, the picturesque spires of the village churches, or the change of
scenery when the river pours through forests, lining each bank as the
vessel slowly claws against the rapid stream, are by no means
uninteresting; of course we did not arrive at Leopoldshaffen at the hour
stated by the people at the office, but we did arrive late at night, and
took up our quarters at a small auberge in the above village, which is
not marked down in the maps, but which has post-horses and diligences to
convey passengers to Carlsruhe.  Notwithstanding the assertion at the
packet-office, that we were to be in one day to Leopoldshaffen, in one
day more to Strasburg, we found there was no steamer until the day after
the morrow, and that we must wait one day more if we did not choose to
go to Carlsruhe.  The females, being fatigued, preferred remaining where
they were.  We sauntered about and amused ourselves quietly.  The next
day, we found the steamer had arrived, and that instead of her ascending
in one day to Strasburg, it would take a day and a half, and that we
must pass the night aboard without the least accommodation--not very
pleasant, with a carriage full of young children.  We embarked on board
the steamer, which was a miserable small vessel, with an engine of bad
construction, and very small power; and with this we were to oppose the
most rapid part of the Rhine.  In every other point the vessel was
equally ill found: they had a very small stock of provisions, bad wine,
and none of those comforts provided for the passengers in the other
vessels.  To crown all, another family with children (of whom more
hereafter) had taken their passage.  The steward told us, that never
expecting so many people on board going up to Strasburg, he was totally
unprepared; and so it eventually appeared.

We started, and soon found out that the power of the engines was quite
disproportionate to the object in view.  The Rhine now assumed a more
desolate character.  For miles and miles not a village nor even a
solitary town to be seen; the Hartz mountains forming a blue opaque mass
in the distance; the stream rapidly passing through narrow and deep
channels, leaving one half of the bed of the river dry.  At times we
passed very dangerous straits, where the waters boiled and eddied over
reefs of rocks, and were often obliged to force our way by keeping
within a foot of steep and muddy banks, where trees torn up, and hanging
by the roots, proved how violent must be the current when the river is
increased by the melting of the mountain snow.

Our progress was, as it may be imagined, most tedious; at no time did we
advance above a mile and a half per hour; sometimes we did not gain a
hundred yards in the same time, and occasionally we were swept back by
the current, and had to lose still more ground, while they increased the
power of the engine at the risk of explosion.  The consequence was, that
when the day closed, the conducteur gave his opinion, that instead of
being at Strasburg by eleven or twelve o'clock the next day, we should
not arrive till four or five o'clock: we anchored within a yard of the
bank, and prepared to pass the night how we could.

Our party consisted of seven, with two nurses.  The other party
consisted of four grown-up females, one male, four boys, an East African
negro, and a _cowskin_; the latter was a very important personage, and
made a great noise during the passage.  The gentleman was apparently one
of those who denominate themselves eclectic: he paid very little
attention to what was going on; a peaceable sort of man, whose very
physiognomy said "any thing for a quiet life:" one of the ladies was his
wife, and two others, virgins of some standing, apparently his sisters;
the other lady, a bilious-looking sort of personage, and happy in being
the mother of four very fine boys, as great pickles as ever lived; these
she kept in order with the assistance of the negro and the cowskin, the
use of the latter occasioning such evident marks of astonishment and
horror to _our_ little ones, as not to be at all satisfactory to the
lady in question, who appeared not averse, had she dared, to have given
them a taste of it.  The youngest and the youngest but one of the boys
were the two sufferers; the youngest had a regular dozen administered
every half hour.  The two eldest were more particularly under the care
of the negro, who used his fists, I presume because they wore corduroys,
and, as Hood says, did not care for "cut behind."  We had not been in
the vessel two minutes before there was a _breeze_.  I heard the negro
expostulating as follows:--"You very foolish boy, what you mean? who
ever heard of putting new cloth cap into water to catch fish?"  This was
the first offence.  I must say that the coercion used did not appear to
originate from any feeling of regard for the children, for they were
allowed to climb, and push, and run over the sky-lights, and over the
engine, and I every moment expected that some of them would be provided
for either by the cog-wheels or the river Rhine.

It was evident at once, not only from the above accessories, but from
the Chinese trunks which contained their luggage, that they were an
Indian importation, and their behaviour subsequently proved it, beyond
all doubt, even if they had not made it known--not by talking to us, but
by talking at us, for they evidently did not consider that we were
sufficiently respectable to be admitted into their society, even in the
short intercourse of fellow-travellers.

I cannot here help making an observation relative to most of the people
who come from India.  They are always dissatisfied, and would gladly
return.  The reason is very obvious; they at once lose their rank and
consequence, and sink down to the level which they are entitled to in
English society.  In India the rank of the servants of the Company takes
precedence; but whatever their rank or emolument may be in India, they
are still but servants of a company of merchants, and such rank is not,
of course, allowed in England.  Accustomed to unlimited sway and control
over a host of fawning slaves, and to that attention as females--which,
where females are not very plentiful, is most sedulously paid--
accustomed to patronise the newcomers, who, of course, feel grateful for
such well-timed civility and hospitality--in short, accustomed to rank,
splendour, wealth, and power--it is not surprising that, upon their
return to England, when they find themselves shorn of all these, and
that their station in society is far more removed from the apex, they
become sullen and dissatisfied.  Of course, there are many who have been
resident in India, where family and connections insure them every
advantage upon their return to their native country; but it must be
recollected that the greater proportion of those who return consists of
those who were of low origin, and who have obtained their appointments
in reward for the exertions of their parents in behalf of their patrons
in parliamentary returns, etcetera, and of young females who have (with
their face as their fortune) been shipped off to India upon a
matrimonial speculation.  Now, however high in rank they may have, in
the course of many years' service, arrived to in India, when they return
they are nobodies; and unless they bring with them such wealth as to
warrant their being designated as nabobs, their chance of admittance
into the best society is very small indeed.

I have said that they _talked_ at us, and not to us.  The gentleman was
civil, and would have conversed, but he was immediately interrupted and
sent off on a message; and, for a quiet life, he gave it up.  The system
of talking at people always reminds me of the play of the "Critic," in
which it is asked why, if "he knows all this, it is necessary to tell
him again?"  Simply because the audience do not; so, the party in
question were the actors, and we were the audience to be informed.  The
conversation between the adults run as follows:--

"You recollect how polite Lord C-- was to us at --?"

"To be sure I do."

"Lady D-- told me so and so."

"Yes, I recollect it very well."

"What a nice man the Honourable Mr E-- is!"

"Yes, that he is."

"How very intimate we were at -- with Lady G--."

"That we were."

And so on, during the whole of the day, much to our edification.  How
contemptible, how paltry is such vanity!  But with their indulgence of
it for our amusement, the cow-skin, and a scanty dinner, we got through
the first day, during which two or three occasional patronising
questions or remarks were thrown at our heads, and then they reverted to
their own assumed exclusiveness.  The night, as may be supposed, was
anything but comfortable to those in the cabin; but I shall not dwell
upon what, if fairly narrated, would be a very pretty sketch of human
nature.

We were to arrive the next day at five o'clock in the afternoon, but we
toiled on; and the sun at last went down, and we found ourselves with
the steeple of Strasburg a long way off.  We again anchored, and had to
pass another night in this miserable vessel and delightful company.  The
detention, of course, made our fellow-passengers more cross; and could I
have obtained possession of the cowskin, I would certainly have thrown
it overboard.  The captain sent a man on shore to procure us something
to eat, for the steward declared himself bankrupt.  The next forenoon we
arrived at the bridge of boats between Kehl and Strasburg; and thus was
finished our tedious and unpleasant voyage, of which I have given a
description as a warning to all future travellers.  Our
fellow-passengers did once condescend to address and inform us that they
had left England (a party of ten people) only to pay a visit to some
friends in Switzerland--an expensive sort of trip, and which did not
appear at all consistent with the fact that they were travelling without
a carriage or female servants.  Be it as it might, we separated without
so much as a salutation or good-bye being exchanged.

Much of the picturesque on the Rhine is destroyed by the vineyards,
which are, in reality, the most unpoetical things in landscape scenery,
being ranged up the sides of the mountains in little battalions like
infantry.  It is remarkable in how shallow and how very poor a soil the
vine will grow.  At Saint Michael's, they dig square holes in the
volcanic rocks, and the vines find sustenance.  At the Cape of Good Hope
the Constantia vineyards are planted upon little more than sand.  I dug
down some depth; and could find nothing else.  The finest grapes grown
in Burgundy are upon a stratum of soil little more than a foot deep,
over schistus slate quarries, and the soil itself composed chiefly of
the _debris_ of this soft rock.

We know that the vegetable creation has a sort of instinct as well as
the animal and it appears to me that there are different degrees of
instinct in that portion of nature as well as in the other.  A vine, for
instance, I take to be a very clever plant, and both apple and
pear-trees to be great fools.  The vine will always seek its own
nourishment, hunting with its roots through the soil for the aliment it
requires; and if it cannot find it where it is planted, it will seek, in
every direction and to a great distance, to obtain it.  It is asserted
that the famous vine at Hampton Court has passed its roots under the bed
of the river, and obtains aliment from the soil on the other side; but
an apple or pear-tree will take no such trouble--it will not even avoid
what is noxious.  Plant one of these trees in the mould three or four
feet above the marl or clay; so long as the roots remain in the mould,
the tree will flourish, but so soon as the tap root pierces down to the
marl or clay below the mould, the tree will canker and die.  To prevent
this, it is the custom to dig first down to the marl and put a layer of
tiles upon it, which turn the roots of the trees from a perpendicular to
a horizontal direction, and then they do well; but leave the tree
without assistance, and the fool will commit suicide, blindly rushing to
its own destruction; while the vine will not only avoid it, but use
every exertion to procure what is necessary for its continuing in health
and vigour.  The vine is therefore certainly the more intellectual plant
of the two.



CHAPTER THIRTY FOUR.

Strasbourg.

There certainly is an impulse implanted in our natures to love
something; our affections were never intended to lie in abeyance, and if
they cannot be placed upon the other sex or our own children, they still
seek something as an object.  This accounts for old bachelors being fond
of their nephews and nieces, for blood relationship has nothing to do
with it; and for old ladies, who have not entered into wedlock, becoming
so attached to dogs, cats, and parrots.  Sometimes, indeed, the
affections take much wilder flights in the pursuit of an object, and
exhibit strange idiosyncrasies; but still it proves by nature we are
compelled to love something.  I have been reflecting how far this
principle may not be supposed to pervade through the universe, and
whether we cannot trace it in the inferiors of the animal creation:
whether we cannot trace a small remnant of Paradise in the beasts who
enjoyed it with man, as well as in man himself.  It is well known that
animals will take very strong and very strange attachments towards other
animals.  It is, perhaps, more apparent in domestic animals, but is not
that because they are more brought together and more under our immediate
eye? in some instances, as in the case when maternal feelings are
roused, the strongest antipathies and habit will be controlled.  A cat
losing her kittens has been known to suckle a brood of young rats, but
in this case I consider instinct to have been the most powerful agent;
wild beasts confined in cages show the same propensity.  The lion
secluded in his den has often been known to foster and become strongly
attached to a dog thrown in to him to be devoured; but there never was
an instance of a lion or any other wild beast, which had a female in the
same den or even a companion of its own species, preserving the life of
any other living creature thrown in to him.  This feeling occasions also
the production of Hybrids; which in a wild state could never take place.
There is not, probably, a more ferocious or ill-tempered animal than
the bear when it is grown up; it is subdued by fear, but shows no
attachment to its keeper; yet, the other day I fell in with a remarkable
narration proving the feeling I have referred to, actuating even this
animal.  A proof of the bad feeling of a bear is fully established by
the fact that, although Martin, as the old bear is called in the Jardin
des Plantes, at Paris, had been confined in his fosse nearly twenty
years, during which time not a day passed that he was not well fed by
the people who amused themselves in the gardens, when a man fell into
his pit, he immediately destroyed him.  It does, however, appear, that
all bears are not so ill-tempered as Monsieur Martin.  Leopold, Duke of
Lorraine, had a bear confined by a long chain, near the palisades below
the glacis.  Some poor Savoyard boys, who had emigrated as they still
do, with the hopes of picking up some money to take back with them, had
taken shelter in an out-house daring a severe snow storm.  One of them
who was numbed with the cold, thought that he would try if he could not
find some warmer berth, and in seeking this, as the snow fell fast, he
at last crawled nearly exhausted into the kennel of the bear.  Instead
of tearing the lad to pieces, the bear took him in his fore paws, and
pressed him to his shaggy warm coat till he was quite recovered.  A bear
generally receives you with open arms, whatever may be his ultimate
decision; but in this instance it was favourable.  The poor little boy
finding himself in good quarters, went fast asleep; the next morning he
sallied forth to obtain some victuals if he could, but without success.
Cold and hunger drove him again to the kennel of the bear, who not only
was delighted to see him, but had actually laid aside a portion of his
supper for the boy's use.  The amicable arrangement continued for some
days, and the bear, at last, would not touch his victuals till the boy's
return.  This peculiar friendship was at last discovered, and the story
narrated to the Duke, who sent for the boy, and took care of him,
admitting him into his own household.  The narrator observes that the
boy died a year or two after this unusual occurrence had taken place.  I
have no doubt but that many more instances might be brought forward by
others to establish my supposition.  To us, all wild animals of the same
species appear to be much alike in disposition, because we have not an
opportunity of examining and watching them carefully, but I should
rather imagine, that as we can perceive such a manifest difference in
temper between individual horses and dogs and other animals who are
domesticated, that the same difference must exist in the wild species,
and that, in fact, there may be shades of virtue and vice in lions,
tigers, bears, and other animals; and that there does exist in animals
as well as in man, more or less according to their natural dispositions,
a remnant of those affections which in the garden of our first parents
were so strongly implanted as to induce the lion to lie down with the
lamb.  "God is Love," says the Scriptures; before the devil found his
way to this earth all was love, for God only was there.  Now man
struggles between the two principles of good and evil.  When his nature
was changed, so was that of animals; but the principle not being extinct
in man, why should not a portion still remain in the rest of the
creation, who with him were permitted to inhabit the garden of Eden, and
whose savage natures were not roused until with man they were driven
from that abode of peace?

The most affectionate animal that I know of is the common brown
Mongoose: it is a creature between the squirrel and the monkey, with all
the liveliness but without any of the mischief of the latter.
Unfortunately they will not live in our country, or they would supersede
the cat altogether; they are very clean, and their attachment is beyond
all conception to those who have not seen them.  They will leap on their
master's shoulder, or get into his bed, and coil their long bushy tails
round his neck like a boa, remaining there for hours if permitted.  I
recollect one poor little fellow who was in his basket dying--much to
the grief of his master--who, just before he expired, crawled out of his
straw and went to his master's cot, where he had just sufficient
strength to take his place upon his bosom, coil his tail round his neck,
and then he died.

Hares and rabbits are also very affectionate.  One of my little girls
had one of the latter, which she brought up in the house.  He grew very
large, and was domesticated just like a dog, following you everywhere,
in the parlour and up into the bed-room; in the winter lying on the rug
before the fire on his side, and stretching out his four legs as
unconcerned as possible, even refusing to go away if you pushed him.  As
for the cat, she durst not go near him.  He thrashed her unmercifully,
for he was very strong; and the consequence was that she retired to the
kitchen, where he would often go down, and if she was in his way drive
her out.  The hare and rabbit, as well as the deer tribe, defend
themselves by striking with their fore paws, and the blow which they can
give is more forcible than people would suppose.  One day when I was in
a cover, leaning against a tree, with my gun in my hand, I presume for
some time I must have been in deep thought, I heard a rustling and then
a squeak on the other side of the tree; I looked round the trunk, and
beheld a curious combat between two hares and a stoat.  The hares were
male and female, and had their leveret between them, which latter was
not above six weeks old.  The stoat--a little devil with all its hair,
from the tip of its nose to the end of its tail, standing at end--was at
about two yards distance from them, working round and round to have an
opportunity to spring upon the leveret, which was the object of its
attack.  As it went round so did the hares face him, pivoting on a
centre with the young one between them.  At last the stoat made a spring
upon the leveret.  He was received by the hares, who struck him with
their fore feet such blows as I could not have believed possible; they
actually resounded, and he was rolled over and over until he got out of
distance, when he shook himself and renewed his attacks.  These
continued about ten minutes, and every time he was beaten off; but, at
every spring, his teeth went into the poor little leveret; at last it
gave its last squeak, turned over on its side, and died, the father and
mother still holding their relative situations, and facing the stoat.
The latter showed as much prudence as courage; for so soon as he
perceived that the leveret was dead, he also walked off.  The hares
turned round to their young one, smelt at it apparently, pushed it with
their noses, and shortly after, as if aware that it was past all
defence, hopped slowly away; they were hardly out of sight in the bushes
when back came the stoat, threw the leveret, twice as big as himself,
over his shoulders, and went off with his prize at a hard gallop,
reminding me, in miniature, of the Bengal tiger carrying off a bullock.
All the actors in the drama having gone off; I walked off, and shortly
after both barrels of my gun went off, so the whole party disappeared,
and there's an end of my story.

If an elephant were not so very unwieldy, and at the same time so very
uncertain in his temper, he is the animal who has the most claims from
affection and intelligence to be made a pet of; but an elephant in a
drawing-room would be somewhat incommodious; and, although one may admit
a little irritability of temper in a lap-dog weighing three pounds, the
anger of an elephant, although he expresses himself very sorry for it
afterwards, is attended with serious consequences.  There is something
very peculiar about an elephant in his anger and irritability.  It
sometimes happens that, at a certain season, a wild elephant will leave
the herd and remain in the woods alone.  It is supposed, and I think
that the supposition is correct, that these are the weaker males who
have been driven away by the stronger, in fact, they are elephants
crossed in love; and when in that unfortunate dilemma, they are very
mischievous, and play as many fantastic tricks as ever did any of the
knights of the round table on similar occasions in times of yore.

I was at Trincomalee; an elephant in this situation had taken possession
of the road at some leagues distant, and, for reasons best known to
himself, would not allow a soul to pass it.  He remained _perdu_ in the
jungle till he saw somebody coming, and then he would burst out and
attack them.  It is the custom to travel in palanquins from one part of
the island to another, as in all parts of India.  If some officer or
gentleman was obliged to proceed to Colombo or elsewhere, so soon as the
palanquin came towards him, out came the elephant; the native bearers,
who knew that it was no use arguing the point, dropped the palanquin and
fled, and all that the occupant could do was to bundle out and do the
same before the elephant came up, otherwise he had little chance of his
life, for the elephant immediately put his knees in the palanquin and
smashed it to atoms.  Having done this, he would toss the fragments in
the air in every direction, at the same time carefully unfolding all the
articles contained in the palanquin for the occupants use--shirts,
trowsers, boots, bottles, books, undergoing a most rigid examination,
and after that being rendered to fragments.  If the cooley who had the
charge of the bag of letters made his appearance, he was immediately
pursued until he gave up the whole correspondence, official or private.
The bag was opened, every letter was opened one by one, and then torn in
fragments and tossed to the winds.  In this way did he keep possession
of the road, stopping all communication for several weeks, until it was
his sovereign will and pleasure that people might receive their letters
and travel across the country as before.  Now what an unaccountable
freak was this!  It was like the madness of a reasonable being.  If I
recollect right, it was when Captain Owen was on the east coast of
Africa, some of his party who landed were attacked by elephants, who
threw them down on the ground and, instead of killing them, as might
have been expected, and would have given them no trouble, they drew up a
large quantity of mud in their trunks and poured it into their mouths so
as to nearly to suffocate them, and then left them.  On another
occasion, they put their fore feet on their limbs, so as to pinch and
bruise them severely in every part of their bodies, but avoided their
bones so as not to fracture one.  Now this was evidently two species of
torture invented by the elephants, and these elephants in a wild state.
There certainly is something very incomprehensible about these animals.

The lion has been styled the king of beasts, but I think he is an
usurper allowed to remain on the throne by public opinion and suffrage,
from the majesty of his appearance.  In every other point he has no
claim.  He is the head of the feline or cat species, and has all the
treachery, cruelty, and wanton love for blood that all this class of
animals have to excess.  The lion, like the tiger and the cat, will not
come boldly on to his prey, but springs from his concealment.  It is
true that he will face his assailants bravely when wounded, but so will
the tiger.

In my opinion, the horse is the most noble of all animals, and, I am
sorry to say, the most ill-used, at least in England; for I do not
recollect a single instance of having seen a horse ill-treated on the
Continent.  In fact, you hardly ever see a horse on the Continent that
is not in good working condition: you never meet the miserable, lame,
blind, and worn-out animals that you do in England, which stumble along
with their loads behind them till they stumble into their graves.  If
any one would take the trouble to make friends with their horses, they
would be astonished at the intelligence and affection of this noble
animal; but we leave him to our grooms, who prefer to use force to
kindness.  At the same time, I have observed, even in colts, very
different dispositions; some are much more fond and good-tempered than
others; but let them be what they will as colts, they are soon spoiled
by the cruelty and want of judgment of those who have charge of them in
the stable.  The sympathy between the Arab and his horse is well known:
the horse will lie down in the tent, and the children have no fear of
receiving a kick; on the contrary, they roll upon, and with him: such is
the result of kindness.  And I can now give a proof of the effects of
the contrary, as it was, in this instance, what may be termed _malice
prepense_ in the animal.  The horses used in the West Indies are
supplied from the Spanish Main; they are from the Andalusian stock
originally, partly Arab and barb.  These horses are taken by the lasso
from the prairies, and are broken in as follows:--They head them down to
the sea beach, saddle and bridle them for the first time, and mount them
with a pair of spurs, the rowels of which are an inch long.  So soon as
the animal plunges and attempts to divest himself of his rider, he is
forced into the sea, and there he is worked in and out of his depth till
he is fairly worn out and exhausted.  This is repeated once or twice
till they are submissive, and then they are sent off as broke-in horses
to the West India Islands.  A friend of mine had a very beautiful
animal, which he had purchased from one of these ships.  He had not
bought him more than a week before he took the bit in his mouth, and ran
away with the black boy who was exercising him.  The boy lost his seat
and fell, and the horse, for a hundred yards, continued his career; and
then it stopped, turned round, and galloped up to the boy, who was still
on the ground, and never ceased kicking him till the poor fellow's
brains were scattered in the road.  Now this was evidently determination
for revenge.



CHAPTER THIRTY FIVE.

Strasbourg is full of the pomp and circumstance of war.  Being one of
the keys of France, it has a garrison of ten thousand men, and the drums
and bands play from morning to evening, much to the delight of the
children, at all events.  It is a well-built town, although the houses
are most of them of very ancient date, with three stories of
_mansardes_, in their high-peaked roofs.  I am rather partial to the
Alsatian character; it is a combination of French, Swiss, and German,
which make a very good cross.  Not being in any particular hurry, I have
remained here ten days, and I will say for Strasbourg, that it has many
recommendations.  It is lively and bustling; the walks outside the
ramparts are beautiful, and living is very reasonable.  It has, however,
the reputation of being a very unhealthy place, and, I am afraid, with
truth.  It is singular that the beautiful cathedral, although it has
already suffered so much by lightning, has not yet been fitted with a
conductor.  There was a meeting of the dignitaries some years back; some
argued in favour and some against it, and it ended in neither party
being persuaded, and nothing being done.  I met another Englishman here,
to whom the question might so properly be put, "What the deuce are you
doing here?"  An old worthy, nearly seventy, who, after having passed
his fair allowance of life very happily in his own country, must,
forsooth, come up the Rhine, without being able to speak a word of
French, or any other language but his own.  He very truly told me that
he had just begun to see the world at a time that he should be thinking
of going out of it.  He honoured me with the office of interpreter as
long as he stayed, and I was not sorry to see him booked for the
steam-boat, all the way to the London Custom House stairs.

There is one remarkable point about the town of Strasbourg, which is,
that the Protestants and Catholics have, I believe always, and do now,
live in a state of amity which ought to be an example to others.  In
running over the history of the town, I do not find that they ever
persecuted each other; but if they have not persecuted each other, I am
shocked to say that they have not spared the Jews.  At the time of the
plague, they accused the Jews of having occasioned it by poisoning the
wells, and only burnt alive _two thousand of them at once_!  I wonder
when the lightning struck the cathedral they did not drown two thousand
more in the Rhine--strange Christianity! when smitten by the hand of
God, to revenge themselves by smiting their fellow-creatures.  I had to
call upon a Professor here upon some business; he amused me very much;
he fancied that he could speak English: perhaps he might have been able
to do so at one time, but if so, he had forgotten it, but he did not
think he had.  I addressed him in French, and told him my business.
"Sir, you speak English?"--"Yes," replied I.  "Then, Sir, I tell you
that--" Then he stopped, pondering and perplexed for some minutes,
without saying a syllable.  "Speak French, Sir," said I; "I perceive
that you have forgotten a word in our language;" and I then put another
leading question to him, to which he replied, "Yes, I recollect that
very well, and I--" Then another dead pause for the verb.  I waited a
minute in perfect silence, but his memory was as treacherous as he was
obstinately bent upon talking English, and then I again spoke to him,
and he replied, "That is true, that you must--" Then he broke down
again, and I broke up the conference, as I really could not wait until
he formed English words, and he was evidently resolved that he would
speak in no other language.  Fortunately, it was no business of my own,
but a commission from another, which ended in an omission, which,
perhaps, did quite as well.

This morning I strolled into a small _debit de tabac_, to fill my box,
and it being excessively warm, was not sorry to sit down and enter into
a conversation with the young woman who attended upon the customers.  I
asked her, among other questions, if the shop was hers.  She replied,
"That she had hired the license."  This answer struck me, and I inquired
if she could obtain a license for herself.  She replied, "No, unless,"
said she, laughing, "I should marry some old _estropie_ who has been
worn out in the service."  She then informed me of what I was not aware
which is, that instead of giving pensions to the old militaires, they
give them, and them only, the licenses for selling tobacco.  They may
either carry on the trade themselves, or may lease out their licenses to
others, for as much as they can obtain for it per year.

I perceive that the Gallic cock now struts on the head of the staff,
bearing regimental colours, instead of the eagle of Napoleon.  They
certainly have made the cock a most imposing bird, but still a cock is
not an eagle.  The couplets written upon this change, which was made by
Louis Philippe, are somewhat sarcastic:--

  "Le vaillant coq Gaulois,
  Grattant sur le fumier,
  A fait sortir le roi
  Louis Philippe Premier;
  Qui par juste reconnoissance
  Le mit dans les armes de France."

Did not sleep very comfortably this night; there were too many of us in
the bed, and all of us bits of philosophers.  I am a bit of a
philosopher myself, and surely fleas cannot be considered more than very
little bits.  All French fleas are philosophers, it having been fairly
established by a French punster that they belong to the _secte--
d'Epicure (des piqueurs_).

The English who go up the Rhine to Switzerland generally proceed on the
German side.  Few pass through Alsace or German France, and those who
do, take the shortest route, by which they avoid Colmar.  As I took the
longest in preference, I shall in few words point out the features of
the country.  You pass through the valley of the Rhine, which is flat
and fertile to excess, the only break in the uniformity of the country
being the chain of Vorges mountains, distant about eight miles on your
right, and the occasional passage of the dry bed of a winter torrent
from the mountains.  The cathedral at Colmar is well worth seeing.  In
outward architecture it is not very remarkable, but its painted windows
are quite as fine as those of Strasbourg; and, in one point, it excels
all the cathedrals I have seen, which is the choir, handsomely carved in
oak, and with good pictures let into the panels.  It is in better taste,
more solid, and less meretricious in its ornaments, than any I know of.
It has also a very fine pulpit, the whole of which, as well as the steps
and balustrade leading up to it, is of fine marble.  At Colmar, the eye
will be struck with the peculiarity of architecture in some of the old
buildings; it very often is pure Saracenic.  The roads being excellent,
we arrived in good time at Basle.

Once more in Switzerland; I have more pleasure now in revisiting a
country which has left pleasant reminiscences in my mind, than in
passing through one hitherto unexplored.  In the latter case, I am
usually disappointed.  When we revisit those spots in which our
childhood was passed, how invariably do we find that the memory is true
to what the place appeared to us when children, and hardly to be
recognised when our ideas and powers of mind have been developed and
enlarged in proportion with our frames.  Is it possible? thought I, when
I returned, after a lapse of fifteen years, to the house of my childhood
out of mere curiosity, for my family had long quitted it.  Is this the
pond which appeared so immense to my eyes, and this the house in my
memory so vast?  Why it is a nutshell!  I presume that we estimate the
relative size of objects in proportion to our stature, and, as when
children, we are only half the size of men, of course, to children,
everything appears to be twice the size which it really is.  And not
only the objects about us, but everything in the moral world as well.
Our joy is twice the joy of others, and our grief, for the moment, twice
as deep: and these joys and griefs all for trifles.  Our code of right
and wrong is equally magnified: trifles appeared to be crimes of the
first magnitude, and the punishments, slight as they were, enough to
dissolve our whole frame into tears until we were pardoned.  Oh dear!
all that's gone, as Byron says--

  "No more, no more, O never more on me,
  The freshness of the heart shall fall like dew."

The cathedral at Basle is nearly one thousand years old, which is a ripe
old age, even for a cathedral.  I believe that it is only in
Switzerland, and England, and Holland, that you find the Protestants in
possession of these edifices, raised to celebrate the Catholic faith.

I met here a very intelligent Frenchman who has resided many years in
the town.  One of the first questions I put to him was the following:

For more than twenty years Switzerland has been overrun with English and
other visitors, who have spent an enormous sum of money in the country:
what has become of all this money?

He replied that I might well ask the question.

"They have no banks in Switzerland; and, although land exchanges owners,
still the money does not leave the country.  We have here," he said, "a
few millionaires, who do lend their money in France upon good
securities; but except these few, they do nothing with it.  The interest
of money is so low, that I have known it lent by one of the rich people
at two-and-a-half per cent; and the Swiss in general, in preference to
risking what they can obtain for so small a premium, allow it to remain
in their chests.  There is, at this present moment more bullion in
Switzerland than in any other country in Europe, or, perhaps, than in
all the countries in Europe.  A Swiss is fond of his money, and he does
not use it; the millionaires that we have here, make no alteration in
their quiet and plain state of living."  He then continued, "At this
moment, those who can afford to spend their money at Basle are
retrenching, not from motives of economy, but from feelings of ill will.
The burghers, who have country seats, to which they retire during the
summer, have abandoned them, and if any one wished to settle in this
canton, they might purchase them for half their value.  The reason is,
that there has been a difference between the town burghers and the
country people.  The canton wanted a reform bill to be passed, in which
they have not succeeded.  They required a more equitable
representation--the country people amount to about forty thousand, the
town of Basle to only ten thousand; and the town of Basle, nevertheless,
returns two-thirds of the council, which governs the canton, to which
the people who live in the country have raised objections.  Hence the
variance; and to punish the country people by not spending their money
among them, the burghers have abandoned their country houses."

It may not, perhaps, be generally known, that at the time of the three
days at Paris, there was an _emeute_ in Switzerland, in which the
aristocracy were altogether put down; and in Berne, and some other
cantons, the burghers' families, who, on pretence of preventing the
aristocracy from enslaving the count, had held the reins of power for so
long a period, were also forced to surrender that power to those who had
been so long refused participation in it.  This was but the natural
consequence of the increase of wealth in the country: those who before
had remained quiet, feeling themselves of more consequence, insisted
upon their rights; and the usual results were, that the administration
of the government changed hands; but although this might be considered
as an advantage gained, still it was but a change, or rather an
admission of those who had become wealthy to a participation of the
advantages connected with the exercise of authority; a change beneficial
to a few, but to the _masse_, productive of no real advantage.  At
Berne, to be a member of the government, is considered as a certain
source of wealth, a convincing proof that the interests of those who
hold the reins are not neglected; and that in a republic it is as
difficult to insure to the people their legitimate rights, as under any
other form of government.  And so it will be as long as the world turns
round; man is everywhere the same exacting, selfish, preying creature;
and his disposition is not to be changed.

The Helvetic Republic is, in fact, nothing but an aggregation of petty
despotisms--leniently administered, I grant; but still nothing but
despotisms.  Those who are in power, or connected with those in power,
are the only portion of the community who can amass large sums; and thus
the authority is handed down from one to the other within certain
limits, which it but rarely transgresses, something very nearly
approximating to the corporations in England.

In Switzerland, the working man remains the working man, the labourer
the labourer, almost as distinct as the Indian castes the nobles are
crushed, and the haughty burgh rules with all the superciliousness of
vested right.

I have always held a "respublica" as only to exist in theory or in name.
History has proved the impossibility of its retaining its purity for
half a century.  What the American Republic may be, it is impossible to
say, until one has been in the country, and discovered what its
advocates have been careful to conceal.  The Americans had a great
advantage in establishing this system of government; they had nothing to
overthrow, nothing to contend with.  They all started fair, and their
half century is now nearly complete.  Time will prove whether it be
possible in this world to govern, for any length of time, upon such a
basis.  Mr Cooper, in his work on Switzerland, is evidently
disappointed with his examination into the state of the Helvetic
Republic; and he admits this without intending so to do.

At Soleure I saw nothing very remarkable, except a dog with a very large
goitre on his neck, a sight which I never had witnessed before, during
the long time that I wandered through Switzerland.

On our way to Berne, to divide the day's travelling more equally, we
stopped at a small village, not usually the resting-place of travellers,
and I there met with a little bit of romance in real life, which Sterne
would have worked up well, but I am not sentimental.  The house, to
which the sign was the appendage, struck me, at first entering, as not
having been built for an _hotellerie_; the rooms were low, but large,
and the floors _parquette_; here and there were to be seen remains of
former wealth in pieces of _marquetterie_ for furniture, and clocks of
_ormolu_.  There were some old prints, also, on the walls, very superior
to those hung up usually in the auberges of the continent, especially in
a village auberge.  When the supper was brought up, I observed that the
silver forks and spoons were engraved with double arms and the coronet
of a marquis.  I asked the female who brought up the soup, from whence
they had obtained them?  She replied, rather _brusquement_, that she
supposed they had been bought at the silversmith's, and left the room as
if not wanting to be questioned.  The master of the auberge came up with
some wine.  He was a tall, fine, aristocratical-looking man, about sixty
years of age, and I put the question to him.  He replied that they
belonged to the family who kept the inn.  "But," said I, "if so, it is
noble by both descents?"  "Yes," replied he, carelessly, "but they don't
think anything of that beer."  After a few more questions, he
acknowledged that they were the armorial bearings of his father and
mother, but that the family had been unfortunate, and that, as no tithes
were allowed in the country, he was now doing his best to support the
family.  After this disclosure, we entered into a long discussion
relative to the Helvetic Republic, with which I shall not trouble my
readers.  Before I went, I inquired his name from one of the servants,
and it immediately occurred to me that I had seen it in the list of
those twenty-six who are mentioned as the leaders of the Swiss who
defeated the Burgundians, and whose monument is carved in the solid rock
at Morat.  Two engravings of the monument were in the rooms we occupied,
and I had amused myself with reading over the names.  I am no aristocrat
myself, heaven knows! and if a country could be benefited, and liberty
obtained, by the overthrow of the aristocracy, the sooner it is done the
better; but when we see, as in Switzerland, the aristocracy reduced to
keeping village inns, and their inferiors, in every point, exerting that
very despotism of which they complained, and to free the people from
which, was their pretence for a change of government, I cannot help
feeling that if one is to be governed, let it be, at all events, by
those who, from the merits of their ancestors and their long-held
possessions, have the most claim.  Those who are born to power are not
so likely to have their heads turned by the possession of it as those
who obtain it unexpectedly; and those who are above money-making are
less likely to be corrupt than those who seek it.  The lower the class
that governs, the worse the government will be, and the greater the
despotism.  Switzerland is no longer a patriarchal land.  Wealth has
rolled into the country; and the time will come when there will be a
revolution in the republic.  Nothing can prevent it, unless all the
cantons are vested into one central government, instead of so many petty
oligarchies, as at present, and which will eventually tire out the
patience of the people.

I parted from my noble host, and will do him the justice to say that his
bill was so moderate, compared to the others paid in Switzerland, that I
almost wished that all the inns in the cantons were held by the
nobility--that is, provided they would follow his example.  His wine was
excellent, and I suspect was laid in long before the sign was hung up at
the door.

From Soleure to Berne the whole road was lined with parties of troops
ordered in that direction: every man of them was drunk, cheering, and
hooting, and hallooing at us as we passed.  As for the peasant girls
they met on the road, I really pitied them.  At last we have arrived at
Berne.  The Bernese have chosen a most appropriate symbol in their
heraldic crests of the bear, and, as if they had not a sufficient
quantity inside of their towns, they keep four in the ditch outside.

What a difference between the _tables d'hote_ in Germany and in
Switzerland!  I always prefer the _table d'hote_ when it is respectable,
for nothing is more unpleasant than remaining in a hotel shut up in your
own room; the latter may be more dignified and aristocratic, but it is
not the way to see the world; one might as well be in England, and,
indeed, had much better.  A _table d'hote_ is a microcosm: you meet
there all nations, people of all professions--some idle, some busy
travelling on important matters, others travelling for amusement.  You
are unfortunate if you do not fall in with one clever man at least, and
you are quite sure to meet with a fool, which is almost as amusing.
When I survey a _table d'hote_ I often think of the calenders who had
all come to spend the _Ramadhan_ at Bagdad, and their histories; and I
have thought that Grattan might make a very good series of Highways and
Byways if he could obtain the history of those who meet at this general
rendezvous.  The _tables d'hote_ in Germany are excellent, properly
supplied, and very moderate.  I cannot say so of those in Switzerland.
The fondness of the Swiss for money betrays itself in everything, and
instead of liberality at the _table d'hote_, we have meanness.  The
dinner itself is dearer than in Germany, and not half so good; but what
is the most unexcusable part of our host's conduct is, that he half
serves his guests, as Sancho was served at Barataria; for instance, as
is usually the case, the viands are put on the table and then removed to
be carved; two ducks will make their appearance at one end, two chickens
at the other; are removed, and only one of each is cut up and handed
round, the others are sent away whole to be re-dressed for some great
man who dines in his own room.  This has been constantly the case since
I have been here.  It may be asked, why we do not remonstrate?  In the
first place, I prefer watching my host's manoeuvres; and in the next,
although I might get my duck, my host would charge me the whole value of
it when he sent in his bill.

The French Ambassador could not have taken a better step to bring the
Swiss to their senses than threatening them with a blockade.  It would
have been ruin to them.  All the golden harvests would have been over,
their country would have been deserted, and their Ranz des Vaches would
have been listened to only by the cows.  As the French minister
expected, the councils fumed and vapoured, the officers drew their
swords and flourished them, and then--very quietly pocketed the affront
that they might not be out of pocket.  What a pity it is that a nation
so brave and with so many good sterling qualities, should be, as it
would appear, so _innately_ mercenary!  There never was a truer saying
than "Point d'argent, point de Suisse."



CHAPTER THIRTY SIX.

                                                                 Geneva.
Twenty years have made a wonderful alteration in the good sober
puritanical city of Geneva.  The improvement from the new buildings
which have been erected is so great, that I could hardly recognise the
old city of Geneva in her dress.  It was an old friend with a new face,
for as you enter the town, all the new buildings and streets meet your
view.  As far as it has proceeded (for there is much left yet to be
finished), the new portion of Geneva is finer than any portion of Paris,
upon an equal space of ground.  But what surprised me more was to read
the _affiches_ of the _Comedie_.  A theatre in Geneva!  When I was last
here, a theatre was considered by the good people as criminal to the
highest degree.  I inquired where the theatre was to be found, and it
was all true--there _was_ a _theatre_.  I then made more inquiries.  It
appeared that Mammon had seduced the puritans of Geneva.  People would
not winter at Geneva; it was so dull--no amusements; and as soon as the
snow was knee deep at Chamouny, they all ordered horses and flew away to
Paris or Italy.  This affected the prosperity of the good citizens, and
they talked among themselves; but no one of the Town Council would
propose a theatre, until it was discovered, by private communication,
that they were unanimously agreed,--then the proposition was started and
carried.  But there are many concomitants attending a theatre, and with
the theatre many other innovations have crept in; so that in a few years
Geneva will be no better than Paris.  When I was last here, Science was
the order of the day.  There were many celebrated men residing in the
town, but they are all gone to their forefathers.  Every branch of
Natural History had its _savant_; but, above all, Mineralogy was the
most in vogue.  But Mineralogy has been superseded lately, by her eldest
sister Geology, who, although not so pretty, has been declared more
interesting and profound.  Still Mineralogy is the more scientific,
although Geology is the more speculative.  In the education of children,
I know no study which so enlarges the mind or gives a habit of research
and application, as that of Natural History; it is amusement and
instruction so happily blended, that it never tires.  Perhaps, the
natural cupidity of our natures assists, as the knowledge of every new
specimen is for the most part accompanied by the _possession_ of the
specimen and an addition to the collection.  Moreover, it is a tangible
study; not a nomenclature of things, but each substance is in your hand
to be examined.  The arrangement and classification gives a habit of
neatness and order, and children are taught to throw nothing away until
its value is known.  Every child should be made acquainted with Natural
History; and where the specimens can be obtained, and there is room for
them, they should be allowed to have a collection, such as minerals,
corals, shells, and plants; for these sciences, amusing in themselves,
will gradually impel them to the others more abstruse, as every branch
of Natural Philosophy is intimately connected with them.  The mind will
ever be active, and if not interested in rational pursuits, it will fly
off to the sensual.

They have a very excellent plan in Switzerland, in many of the boys'
schools, of all the scholars setting off together on a pedestrian tour
of some weeks.  You will meet a whole school of thirty or forty urchins,
with their knapsacks on their shoulders, attired in blouses, trudging
away from town to town, and from mountain to mountain, to visit all the
remarkable peculiarities of the country.

This is a most excellent method of relaxing from study, and invigorating
the mind at the same time that it is allowed to repose.  Neither is it
so expensive as people would imagine.  One room will hold a great many
school-boys, where the mattresses are spread over the floor: and I saw
them make a very hearty breakfast upon bread and cheese and three
bottles of wine, among about forty of them.  Why should not the boys
about London set off on a tour to the lakes or elsewhere, in the same
way--every year changing the route.  They then would see something of
their own country, which few do before they are launched in life, and
have no time to do afterwards.  I have never seen the lakes; in fact, I
know nothing of my country, although I have scoured the world so long.
I recollect that my father, who had never seen the Tower of London, was
determined every year that he would go and see it; but he never could
find time, it appears, for he died without seeing it at last.  I did,
however, make the observation, that if Geneva had backslided so far as
to permit a theatre, there was a feeling that this innovation required
being carefully opposed.  When I was at Geneva before, there was no
theatre, but neither were there shops which dealt exclusively in
religious tracts and missionary works.  I observed on this my second
arrival, that there were a great many to serve as a check to the
increasing immorality of the age.

I have referred to the change of twenty years, but what a change has
been effected in about three hundred years, in this very country.  Read
what took place in these cantons at about the date which I have
mentioned.  I have been reading the chronicles.  Observe the powers
assumed by the bishops of that period; they judged not only men but
brutes; and it must be admitted that there was some show of justice, as
the offending parties, being dumb themselves, were allowed lawyers to
plead for them.

How the lawyers were paid, has not been handed down; and it appears that
the judgments were sometimes easier pronounced than carried into
execution.

At Basle, in the year 1474, it appears that a cock was accused of the
enormous crime of having laid an egg: he was brought to trial and
condemned to be burnt alive, as a warning to all cocks not to lay eggs,
from which it is well known would have been hatched a cockatrice or
basilisk.

In 1481, cockchafers committed great ravages in the Grisons.  The Bishop
of Coire condemned them all to transportation, and a barren valley was
assigned to them as their future residence.  Whether the cockchafers
obeyed his Lordship's orders, is not handed down to posterity.

Some years afterwards the river Aar was infested with leeches, who
spoilt all the salmon.  The Bishop of Lausanne excommunicated the whole
tribe of leeches in a solemn procession to the river; and it is dreadful
to reflect, that this excommunication remains upon their heads even unto
this day.  Also next door, in France, in 1386, a sow was arraigned for
having eaten a young child, and condemned to be hanged; to add to the
disgrace of her punishment, she was dressed _in man's clothes_.

About the same period rats were extremely mischievous, and in
consequence were summoned to appear before my Lord the Bishop.  But the
rats had a good lawyer, who first asserted that the rats, being
dispersed in all the neighbouring villages, had not had time to collect
together, and make their appearance; and that a second and a third
summons would be but an act of justice.  They were, therefore, again
summoned after the performance of mass on Sunday in each parish.
Notwithstanding the three summonses, the rats did not appear in court,
and then their defender asserted, that in consequence of the affair
having been made so public by the three summonses, all the cats were on
the look-out, and therefore his clients dare not make their appearance
without all the cats were destroyed.  The consequence of this difficulty
was, that the rats were not punished for contempt of court.

I have often thought that it is a great pity that agricultural
associations in England do not send over a committee to examine into the
principle upon which they build and load carts and waggons on the
Continent.

It is a point on which we are very unenlightened in England.  The waste
of wood in the building, and the wear and tear of horses, is enormous.
We have yet many things to learn in England, and must not be ashamed to
profit from our neighbours.  One horse will do more work on the
Continent, especially in France and Switzerland, from the scientific
principles upon which their vehicles are built, and the loads are put
on, than three horses will accomplish in England.  The inquiries of the
committee might be extended much if they went to the Agricultural
Association at Berne; they would discover many things which have not yet
entered into their philosophy.  I doubt very much whether the
four-course shift of Norfolk, where farming is considered the most
perfect, is not more expensive and more exhausting to the land, than the
other systems resorted to on the Continent; that is, that it is not that
which will give the greatest possible returns at the minimum of expense.
I have before observed how very seldom you see a horse out of condition
and unfit for work on the Continent; one great cause must be from their
not being racked and torn to pieces by overloading; and notwithstanding
which, the loads they draw are much heavier than those in England.  I
have seen a load of many tons so exactly poised upon two wheels, that
the shaft horse neither felt his saddle nor his belly-band.

One great cause of the ill usage of horses in England is the disgraceful
neglect of the public conveyances of all kinds.  If an alteration was to
be made in the regulations of hackney coaches and cabs, we should no
longer have our feelings tortured by the spectacles of horse misery
which we daily meet with.  There are plenty of commissioners for hackney
coaches, and it is a pity that they had not something to do for the
money they receive, or else that they were abolished and their duty put
into the hands of the police.  It may appear a singular remark to make,
but I cannot help thinking that there would be a good moral effect in
the improvement of hackney coaches.  There are a certain class of people
in London, to whom these vehicles are at present of no use.  I refer to
those who have a sufficient independence, but who cannot afford to keep
their carriages, and who, by the present system of social intercourse,
are almost shut out of society, or are inclined to spend more money than
prudence would dictate.  In all other capitals, the hackney coaches are
clean and respectable, and in some instances as good as a private
carriage; and besides that, they have a superior kind of carriage for
evening parties, which renders the expense of a private carriage
unnecessary.  There certainly may be some excuse made for those who
dislike hackney coaches pulling up at their doors, when we look at the
disgusting turn-outs of the London stands, at one time filled with
drunken men and women, at others carrying diseased people to the
hospital, or dead bodies to the Surgeons' Hall.  An English hackney
coach is a type of misery, as regards the horses' outsides, and a
_cloaca_ within; you know not, when you step into it, whether you are
not to encounter disease and death.  It may be said that there are such
vehicles as glass coaches, as they are termed; but those are only to be
hired by the day, and become very expensive.  The arrangements of these
vehicles should be under the police: every coach and cab should be
examined, at the commencement of the year, as to its appearance outside
as well as its cleanliness inside.  The horses should be inspected, and
if not in fair working condition, and of a certain height, the license
should be refused.  And there should be a superior class allowed at
certain stands, who are entitled to demand a higher fare.  This would
not only be a boon to the public, but a much greater one to the poor
horse, who would not drag out his lengthened misery as he does now.
When there was no longer any means of selling a poor brute, to whom
death was a release, he would be put out of his misery.  It would also
be a great improvement if the Numbers were put inside instead of out, as
they are abroad; and if _every_ description of vehicle, if well fitted,
were licensed.



CHAPTER THIRTY SEVEN.

The Hotel des Bergues is certainly a splendid establishment; many people
winter at this hotel in preference to going to a pension, which is, with
the best arrangements, disagreeable, for you are obliged to conform to
the usages and customs, and to take your meals at certain hours, hungry
or not hungry, as if it were a pension of school-boys and girls, and not
grown up people.  The price demanded is the same as at the pensions, viz
200 francs, or 8 pounds per month, which includes everything but wine
and fuel.  The establishment is certainly very well conducted.  There is
a salon, next to the table d'hote, large enough to hold 200 people, well
warmed and lighted, handsomely carpeted, with piano, books, prints,
newspapers, card tables, etcetera.  Indeed, there is everything you wish
for, and you are all independent of each other, I was there for two or
three days, and found it very pleasant; I was amused with a circumstance
which occurred.  One of the company, a Russian, sat down to the piano,
and played and sang.  Every one wished to know who he was, and on
inquiring, it was a Russian prince.  Now a prince is a very great person
where princes are scarce, as they are in England, although in Russia, a
prince, where princes are plenty as blackberries, is about on a par with
an English baronet.

He was a very honest off-hand sort of personage, and certainly gave
himself no airs on account of his birth and rank.  Nevertheless, the
English ladies, who were anxious that he should sing again, made a sort
of deputation to him, and begged the honour of his highness favouring
them with a song, with every variety of courtesy and genuflexion.

"Oh yes, to be sure," replied his highness, who sat down and played for
an hour, and then there was so much thanking, complimentary
acknowledgement of condescension on his part, etcetera, and the ladies
appeared so flattered when he spoke to them.  The next day it was
discovered that a slight mistake had occurred, and that, instead of
being a prince, he had only come to Geneva along with a Russian prince,
and that the real prince was in his own room upstairs; upon which not
only he fell himself at least 200 per cent, but, what was really too
bad, his singing fell also; and many who had been most loud in his
praises began to discover that he was not even a prince of musicians,
which he certainly was.

We had a good specimen of the independence and familiarity of Swiss
servants on the occasion of this gentleman's singing; they came into the
salon, and mixed almost with the company that they might listen to him;
and had they been ordered out, would, in all probability, have refused.
An American, with whom I was conversing, observed that in _his_ country
such conduct on the part of servants, notwithstanding what had been said
by English travellers on the subject, would never have been permitted.
I have fallen in with some odd characters here.

First, what would be considered a curiosity in England--a clergyman of
the Church of England with mustachios!  What would the Bishop of London
say?--and yet I do not see how, if a clergyman choose to wear them, he
could be prevented.  He has good authority to quote; Calvin wore them,
and so, I believe, did Luther.

Secondly, with a personage who is very peculiarly disorganised when he
drinks too much.  His wife, a most amiable quiet lady, is the party
whose character is attacked.  As soon as Mr -- is in his cups, he
immediately fancies that his wife is affected with the liquor, and not
himself, and he tells everybody in a loud whisper his important secret.
"There now, look at Mrs --, one of the best women in the world; an
excellent wife and mother, and at most times as lady-like as you would
wish to see: but look at her now--you see she's quite drunk, poor thing;
what a pity, isn't it, that she cannot get over her unfortunate
propensity; but I am afeard it's no use.  I've reasoned with her.  It's
a sad pity, and a great drawback to my happiness.  Well, hang sorrow--it
killed a cat.  Don't notice what I've told you, and pass the bottle."

I believe that the English are better acquainted with geography than
other nations.  I have been astonished at the ignorance on this point I
have found in foreigners who otherwise were clever and well-informed men
and women.  When the Marquis de Claremont Tonnere was appointed to the
office of Minister of the Marine and Colonies, upon the restoration of
the Bourbons, a friend of mine had an audience with him, and it was not
until a very angry discussion, and a reference to the map, that he could
persuade the minister that Martinique was an _island_.  However, in this
instance we had nearly as great an error committed in our own Colonial
office, which imagined that the Dutch settlement of Demerara upon the
coast of South America, and which had fallen into our hands, _was_ an
island; indeed, in the official papers it was spoken of as such.  A
little before the French Revolution, a princess who lived in Normandy
determined upon a visit to her relations in Paris; and having a sister
married to a Polish nobleman, she determined to take Poland in her way.
To her astonishment, instead of a day to two, her voyage was not
completed under four months.

I have heard it often asserted, that you should not build your house so
as to look at a fine prospect out of your windows, but so as to walk to
view it at a short distance.  This may be true with the finest prospects
in other countries, but not so in Switzerland, where the view never
palls upon the eye, from the constant changing which occurs in the
tinting of the landscape.  You may look upon the Lake of Geneva every
day, and at no one day, or even portion of the day, is the effect the
same.  The mountains of Savoy are there, and change not their position:
neither does the Lake; but at one time the mountains will appear ten
miles nearer to you than they will at another.  The changing arising
from refraction and reflection is wonderful.  Never did I witness
anything finer than the Lake of Geneva at the setting of yesterday's
sun.  The water was calm and glassy as a mirror, and it reflected in
broad patches, like so many islands dispersed over it, every colour of
the rainbow.  I cannot attempt to describe it; the effect was heavenly,
and all I could say was, with the Mussulman, "God is great!"



CHAPTER THIRTY EIGHT.

In this world we are so jealous of any discovery being made, that
innovation is immediately stigmatised as quackery.  I say innovation,
for improvement is not the term.  The attempt to improve is innovation,
the success of the experiment makes it an improvement.  And yet how are
we to improve without experiment?  Thus we have quackery in everything,
although not quite so severely visited as it formerly was by the
Inquisition who would have burnt alive him who asserted that the sun did
not go round the earth, but the earth round the sun.  In medicine,
quackery is the most frequently stigmatised.  We know but little of the
human frame as far as medicine is to act upon it.  We know still less of
the virtues of various plants which will effect a cure.  We are
acquainted with a few but there are hundreds equally powerful, the
properties of which we are ignorant of.  Could we add to medical science
the knowledge of the African negroes and Indians, which they so
carefully conceal from us, our pharmacopoeia would be much extended.
When metallic medicines were first introduced into general use by a
physician, an ancestor of mine, and the wonderful effect of them
established by the cures, the whole fraternity was up in arms, and he
was decried us a quack; notwithstanding which, the works he wrote have
gone through twenty five editions, and the doses prescribed by him are
to this day made use of by the practitioners.

The fact is, that although the surgical knowledge of the day is very
perfect, the medical art is still in its infancy.  Even the quackeries
which fail should not be despised, for they have proved something,
although they could not be perfected.  Animal magnetism, for instance:
it failed, but still it discovered some peculiar properties, some
sympathies of the human body, which may hereafter give a clue to more
important results.  The great proof of the imperfection of medical
science is the constant change made by the profession itself.  One
medicine is taken into favour, it is well received every where, until
the faculty are tired of it, and it sinks into disgrace.  Even in my
time I have seen many changes of this sort, not only in medicine, but in
diet, etcetera.

What medical men would have thought of prescribing fat bacon for
delicate stomachs twenty years ago?  Now it is all the vogue; breakfast
bacon sold in every quarter of the metropolis.  Either this is quackery,
to use their own term, or twenty years ago they were very ignorant, for
their patients received positive injunctions to avoid all fat and greasy
substances.

Thus do the regular practitioners chop and change about, groping in the
dark: but the only distinction is, that all changes made by the faculty
are orthodox; but any alteration proposed out of the pale of MD, is an
innovation and a quackery.

That we have every where ignorant men, who are _de facto_ quacks, I
admit; but still that term has been as liberally applied to the attempts
of scientific and clever persons to improve the art of medicine.  Even
homoeopathy must not be totally rejected until it has had a fair trial.
It has one merit in it, at all events, that you take less physic.

I consider the continual appearance of new quacks on the horizon a sure
proof of the low state of our medical knowledge.  The more so as these
quacks, although they kill, do effect very remarkable cures.  Do not
regular practitioners kill also? or rather, do not their prescriptions
fail?  If a quack cures, they will tell you that it was by mere
accident.  I suspect that there is more of accident in the practice than
the faculty are ready to admit; and Heaven knows they so change about
themselves, that it is clear that they feel no confidence in the little
that they do know; and it is because medicine is so imperfect that every
half century we have a new quack, as he is termed, rising up, and
beating the regular practitioners out of the field.  I could tell a
story about Morrison's pills which would surprise not a little, and all
the parties are now alive to prove it; but instead of that, I will tell
another which occurred in France, in which a quack medicine had a most
wonderful and unusual effect, for it was the means of the _total
destruction of a Banditti_, who had defied the Government of the country
for many years.  About twenty years ago,--I am not sure whether he still
lives,--there was an irregular practitioner in France of the name of Le
Roi.  He was, by all accounts, the King of all Empirics, and the Emperor
of all Quacks.  He was more potent than the sovereign, and the _par
l'ordre du Roi_ of Government was insignificant, compared to the _par
l'ordre du Roi_ of this more potent personage.  He did not publish his
cures in _pamphlets_, but in large _quartos_.  I have seen them myself,
larger in size than an Ainsworth's dictionary.  It so happened that an
Englishman, who was afflicted with the _indescribables_, was recommended
from every quarter to buy the medicines of Monsieur Le Roi.  He did so,
and his unknown complaint was removed.  The consequence was, that the
Englishman swore by Le Roi; and as he was proceeding on to Spain, he
took with him a large supply of the doctor's medicines, that he might be
prepared in case his complaint should return.  All quack gentlemen take
care that their medicines shall be palatable; no unwise precaution.  I
do not know a better dram than Solomon's Balm of Gilead.  Old Solomon,
by the bye, lived near Plymouth, and was very partial to the Navy.  He
kept an excellent table, and was very hospitable.

I recollect one day after the officers had drunk a very sufficient
quantity of his claret and champagne, being a little elevated, they
insisted upon Solomon bringing them out some Balm of Gilead as a finish,
and they cleared off about two dozen one guinea bottles.  The old
gentleman made no objection to provide it as often as they called for
more, and they separated; but the next day he sent them all their bills
in for the said Balm of Gilead, observing, that although they were
welcome to his wine and table, that he must be paid for his medicine.
But to proceed.

The Englishman travelled with the king's messenger; most of his baggage
had been sent on, but he would not part with his medicine, and this was
all in the vehicle with himself.  As they passed the Pyrenees they were
stopped by the banditti, who dragged them out of the carriage, after
shooting the postilion, and made them lie with their faces on the
ground, with guards over them, while they rifled the carriage.  They
soon came to the packages of medicine, and observing that _Le Roi_ was
upon all the bottles, and knowing that they had possession of a king's
messenger, they imagined that this was some liquor sent as a present to
the King of Spain; they tasted it, and found that, like other quack
medicines, it was very strong and very good.

Each man took his bottle, drank the king's health, and mirth and revelry
took place, until they had consumed all that the Englishman had brought
with him.  Now there is a great difference between taking a
table-spoonful, and six or seven bottles per man; and so it proved, for
they had hardly finished the last case before they found that the
medicine acted very powerfully as a cathartic; the whole banditti were
simultaneously attacked with a most violent cholera; they disappeared
one by one; at last the guards could contain themselves no longer, and
they went off too.  The two prisoners, perceiving this, rose from the
ground, mounted the horses and galloped off as fast as they could.  They
gave notice to the authorities of the first town they arrived at, not
four miles distant, and a large body of cavalry were sent out
immediately.  The effects of the medicine had been so violent that the
whole of the banditti were found near to the spot where they had drunk
the king's health, in such a state of suffering and exhaustion that they
could make no efforts to escape, and were all secured, and eventually
hung.



CHAPTER THIRTY NINE.

                                                               Lausanne.
I recollect some one saying, that in walking out you should never look
up in the air, but always on the ground, as, by the former practice, you
were certain never to find any thing, although you might by the latter.
So if you will not enter into conversation, you are not likely to obtain
much information; whereas if you do, you will always chance to obtain
some, even from the quarters the least promising.  I was seated on the
box of the carriage, with the Swiss _voiturier_--and asked him, "If it
were not a lucrative profession?"

"It may appear so to you, sir," replied he, "from the price paid for the
horses, but it is not so.  All we gain, is in five months in the year;
the seven months of winter, we have to feed our horses without
employment for them, that is, generally speaking."

"But have you no employment for them in the winter?"

"Yes, we put them into the waggons and draw wood and stone, which about
pays their expenses.  If you are known and trusted, you will be employed
to transport wine, which is more profitable; but that _voiturier_ who
can find sufficient employment for his horses during the winter to pay
their keeping, considers himself very fortunate."

"When you do make money, what do you do with it?"

"If we can buy a bit of land we do, but most people, if they can, buy a
house, which pays better.  I prefer land."

"There is not much territory in Switzerland, and land is not often for
sale.  Everybody cannot buy land.  What do the others do?"

"Lock the money up in their chests."

"But do you never put your money in the foreign funds?"

"Yes, the rich do and those who understand it.  We have a few very rich
people in Switzerland, but, generally speaking, the people do not like
to part with their money, and they keep it by them."

"I was told by a Frenchman at Basle, that there was a great deal of
bullion lying idle in Switzerland?"

"He told you very true, sir; there is an enormous quantity of it, if
collected together.  Those are Jews," continued he, pointing to a
_char-a-banc_ passing.

"Have you many of those in Switzerland?  I should think not."

"No, sir, we do not allow them.  One or two families are perhaps
permitted in a large town, but no more.  We are a small country, and if
we were to allow the Jews to settle here, we should soon have too large
a population to support.  By their customs, they may marry at any age,
and they never go into the field, and work at the plough."

"But may not you marry at any age, and when you please?"

"No, sir; we have good laws in that respect, and it prevents the
population increasing too fast.  I belong to a commune (parish); if I
wish to marry, I must first prove that all my debts are paid, and all my
father's debts, and then the commune will permit the Cure to marry me."

"All your father's debts as well as your own?"

"That is to say, all the debts he may have incurred to the commune.
Suppose my father had been a poor man and unable to work, the commune
would have let him want for nothing; but in supplying him they would
have incurred an expense, that must be repaid by his family before any
of the sons are allowed to marry.  In the same way, when my father died,
although he received no assistance from the commune, he left little or
nothing.  The commune clothed and educated me till I was able to gain my
own livelihood.  Since I have done well, I have repaid the debt; I now
may marry if I choose."

"But cannot you evade this law?"

"No, sir.  Suppose I was at Berne, and wished to marry a woman who
belonged to another commune as well as myself.  The banns must be
published three times in my parish, three times in her parish, and three
times at Berne."

"But suppose you married in a foreign country?"

"If a Swiss marries in a foreign country, and has no debts to prevent
his marrying, he must write home to the heads of the commune, stating
his intention, and his banns will then be published in the commune, and
a license sent him to marry.  But if, having debts of your own or your
father's, you marry without giving notice, you are then no longer
belonging to the commune, and if you come back in distress, you will be
conveyed to the confines of the republic, and advised to seek the parish
of your wife in her country.  If you are out of Switzerland with your
wife, every child that you have born you must give notice of by letter
to the commune, that it may be properly registered; and if you omit so
doing, those children have no claim on their return."

Such was the result of our conversation, and I repeat it for the benefit
of those who occupy themselves with our internal legislation.

I have been searching a long while for liberty, but I can find her
nowhere on this earth: let me be allegorical.  If all the world are
still in love with the name of Liberty, how much more were all the world
in love with the nymph herself when she first made her appearance on
earth.  Every one would possess her, and every one made the attempt, but
Liberty was not to be caught.  How was it possible without her
destruction?  After being harassed all over the world, and finding that
she never was allowed to take breath, she once more fled from her
pursuers, and, as they seized her garments, with the spring of the
chamois she burst away, and bounding from the world, saved herself in
Ether, where she remains to this day.  Her dress was, however, left
behind, and was carried home in triumph.  It is, however, composed of
such slippery materials as its former owner, and it escapes as it
pleases from one party to another.  It is this dress of Liberty which we
now reverence as the goddess herself, and whatever is clothed with it
for the time receives the same adoration as would have been offered up
to the true shrine.  Even Despotism, when in a very modest mood, will
clothe herself in the garb of Liberty.

Now there is really a sort of petty despotism in these _free_ cantons,
which would be considered very offensive in England.  What would an
English farmer say, if he was told that he could not commence his
harvest without the permission of Government?  Yet such is the case in
Switzerland, where there is a heavy fine if any one commences his
vintage before the time prescribed by the authorities.  Your grapes may
be ripe, and be spoiled; you have to choose between that alternative, or
paying a fine, which reduces your profits to _nil_.  The reason given
for this is that there are so many petty proprietors holding half and
quarter acres of vineyards mixed together and not separated by a wall or
fence, that if one began first he would rob the vineyard of the other--
not arguing much for the Swiss honesty, which has become so proverbial.

The case of the vintage laws is peculiarly hard this season upon the
small proprietors.  The vintage has been late, and winter has now set
in, all at once.  After weather like summer, we are now deep in snow,
and the thermometer below the freezing point.  Few of the small
proprietors have wine-presses; they have to wait until those who have
them have got in their vintage, and then they borrow them.  The
consequence is, that the small proprietors are always the last to gather
their grapes, and now they have been overtaken by the weather, and they
will lose most of their harvest.  Had they been permitted to pick their
grapes at their own time, they might have used the presses, and have
finished before the large vineyards had commenced.

From the inquiries I have made, it appears that the vineyards of
Switzerland pay very badly.  Land is at a very high price here, in the
Canton de Vaud; 300 or 400 pounds per acre is not thought dear (600
pounds have been given); and in the best seasons a vineyard will not
yield 10 pounds per acre.  The wine is very indifferent, and requires to
be kept for years to become tolerable.

But the Swiss are wedded to their vineyards; and although, if they laid
down the land in pasture, they would gain twice as much, they prefer the
speculation of the wine-press, which fails at least three times out of
four.

The office of public executioner or Jack Ketch of a canton in
Switzerland, as well as in many parts of Germany, is very appropriately
endowed.  He has a right to all animals who die a natural death, with
their skins, hoofs, etcetera, and this, it is said, brings in a fair
revenue, if attended to.  Executions are so uncommon in Switzerland,
that Jack Ketch would starve if he was not thus associated with death.
When an execution does take place he is well paid; they say the sum he
receives is upwards of twenty pounds; but it must be remembered that he
does not hang, he decapitates, and this requires some address: the
malefactor is seated in a chair, not laid down with his head on the
block.

An execution took place at Berne when I was last in Switzerland; the
criminal, after he was seated in the chair, was offered a cup of coffee,
and as he was drinking it, the executioner, with one blow of his heavy
sword, struck his head clear off; for a second or two the blood flew up
like a fountain: the effect was horrid.

An Englishman at Lausanne had a very favourite Newfoundland dog, which
died.  He was about to bury it, when the executioner interfered and
claimed the skin; and it was not until he had submitted to the demands
of this official gentleman, that he was permitted to bury his favourite
in a whole skin.  Only imagine, half a dozen old dowagers of Park Lane,
whose puffy lap-dogs were dead in their laps, bargaining for their
darlings with Jack Ketch, because they wish to have them stuffed; and
Jack's extortion raising his demands, in proportion to the value
apparently placed upon the defunct favourites.  Talking about lap-dogs,
one of the best stories relative to these creatures is to be found in
Madame de Crequey's Memoirs.  A Madame de Blot, a French dandysette, if
the term may be used, who considered her own sex as bound to be
ethereal, and would pretend that the wing of a lark was more than
sufficient for her sustenance during the twenty-four hours, had one of
the smallest female spaniels that was ever known.  She treated her like
a human being, and when she went out to a party, used to desire her
lady's maid to read the animal a comedy in five acts, to amuse it during
her absence.  It so happened that a fat priest, who was anxious for the
protection of Madame de Blot, called to pay his respects.  Madame de
Blot made a sign to him, without speaking, to take his seat upon a large
fauteuil.  No sooner had the priest lowered down his heavy carcass into
the chair, than he felt something struggling under him, and a little
recollection told him that it must be the little spaniel.  That it was
all over with the spaniel was clear, and that if her mistress had
discovered his accident, it was equally clear that it was all over with
him, as far as the patronage of Madame de Blot was concerned.  The
priest showed a remarkable degree of presence of mind upon this trying
occasion.  He rose himself up a little from his chair and plumped down,
so as to give the poor little spaniel her _coup de grace_, and then
entered into conversation with Madame de Blot.  During the conversation
he contrived by degrees to cram the dog, tail and all, into his
capacious coat pockets.  As soon as it was fairly out of sight, he rose,
bade adieu to Madame de Blot, and backed out of the room with as great
respect as if he was in the presence of royalty, much to the
satisfaction of Madame de Blot, who was delighted at such homage, and
little thought why the good priest would not turn his back to her.  The
story says, that the Madame de Blot never could find out what had become
of her little dog.



CHAPTER FORTY.

                                                               Lausanne.
What a continual strife there is between literary men!  I can only
compare the world of authors to so many rats drowning in a tub, forcing
each other down to raise themselves, and keep their own heads above
water.  And yet they are very respectable, and a very useful body of
men, also, in a politico-economical sense of the word, independent of
the advantages gained by their labours, by the present and the future;
for their capital is _nothing_ except brains, and yet they contrive to
find support for themselves and thousands of others.  It is strange when
we consider how very few, comparatively speaking, are the number of
authors, how many people are supported by them.

There are more than a thousand booksellers and publishers in the three
kingdoms, all of whom rent more than a thousand houses, paying rent and
taxes; support more than a thousand families, and many thousand clerks,
as booksellers alone.  Then we have to add the paper manufacturers, the
varieties of bookbinders, printing-ink manufacturers, iron pens, and
goose quills.  All of which are subservient to and dependent upon these
comparatively few heads.

What a _train_ an author has! unfortunately for him it is too long.
There are too many dependent upon him, and, like some potentates, the
support of his state eats his whole revenue, leaving him nothing but
bread and cheese and fame.  Some French writer has said, "La litterature
est le plus noble des loisirs, mais le dernier de tous les metiers;" and
so it is, for this one reason, that according as an author's wants are
cogent, so he is pressed down by the publisher.  Authors and publishers
are natural enemies, although they cannot live without each other.  If
an author is independent of literature, and has a reputation, he bullies
the publisher: he is right; he is only revenging the insults contumely
heaped upon those whom the publishers know to be in their power, and
obliged to submit to them.  Well, every dog has his day, and the time
will come when I and others, having swam too long, shall find younger
and fresher competitors, who will, like the rats, climb on our backs,
and we shall sink to the bottom of the tub of oblivion.  Now, we must
drive on with the stream; the world moves on so fast, that there is no
stopping.  In these times, "Si on n'avance pas, on recule."

How the style of literature changes!  Even now I perceive an alteration
creeping on, which will last for a time.  We are descending to the
homely truth of Tenier's pictures.

Every work of fiction now is "sketched from nature;" the palaces, the
saloon, all the elegancies of high life are eschewed, and the middle and
vulgar classes are the subjects of the pencil.  But this will not last
long.  It is the satiety of refinement on the part of the public which
for a short time renders the change palatable.

I was yesterday informed that a celebrated author wished to be
introduced to me.  I was ashamed to say that I had never heard his name.
The introduction took place, and there was a sort of patronising air on
the gentleman's part, which I did not approve of.  I therefore told him
very frankly that I was not aware of the nature of his literary labours,
and requested to know what were his works.  He had _abridged_ something,
and he had written a _commentary_ upon another thing!--just the
employment fit for some old gentleman who likes still to puddle a little
with ink.  One could write a commentary upon any thing.  One of my
children is singing a nursery song, now I'll write a commentary on it in
the shape of notes:--

  Pussy cat, pussy cat, where have you been?
  I've been to London to see the new queen.
  Pussy cat, pussy cat, what did you there?
  Hunted a titty mouse under the chair.

Now for a commentary:--

This simple nursery rhyme is in the familiar style of question and
answer, which is always pleasing; and it is remarkable that two
excellent moral lessons are to be found in so few words.

The child who sings it may be supposed to repeat the words without
comprehending their full meaning; but although such may be the case,
still it is most important that even the rhymes put into the infantine
lips should afford an opportunity to those who watch over their welfare
to point out to them on a proper occasion the instruction which they
contain.  In the first line, the term pussy cat may be considered
tautological, as pussy and cat both refer to the same animal; but if so,
it is allowable, as pussy may be considered as the christian name and
cat as the surname of the animal.  It is to be presumed that the cat
addressed is young, for it evidently was at play, and old cats do not
play.  Otherwise it would not have been necessary to repeat her name, to
call her attention to the question.  The cat answers in few words, as if
not wishing to be interrupted, that she has been to London to see the
new queen.  What queen of England may be referred to, it is impossible
to positively ascertain; but as she says the new queen, we have a right
to suppose that it must refer to the accession of a queen to the throne
of England.  We have here to choose between three,--Elizabeth, Mary, and
Anne; and for many reasons, particularly as the two last were married,
we are inclined to give the preference to the first, the word _new_
having, for the sake of the metre, been substituted for virgin.  Certain
it is that a married woman cannot be considered as _new_, although she
may not be old.  We therefore adhere to our supposition that this rhyme
was composed at the accession of the great Elizabeth.  And here we may
observe, that the old adage "that a cat may look at the king" is fully
corroborated, for pussy says expressly that she has been to see the new
queen, pointing out, that as the sun shines upon all alike, so the sun
of royalty, in a well-administered government, will equally dispense its
smiles upon all who approach to bask in them; and that even a cat is not
considered as unworthy to look upon that gracious majesty who feels that
it is called to rule over so many millions, for the purpose of making
them happy.

It would appear as if the cat continued to play with her ball, or
whatever else might have been its amusements, after having answered the
first question; for, on the second question being put, her attention is
obliged to be again roused by the repetition of her name.  She is asked
what she did there, and the reply is, that she hunted a titty mouse
under the chair.  There is a wonderful effect in this last line, which
fully gives us at once the nature and disposition of the cat, and a very
excellent moral lesson.  The cat calls the mouse a _titty_ mouse, a term
of endearment applied to the very animal that she was putting in bodily
fear.  It is well known how cats will play with a mouse in the most
graceful way; you would almost imagine, from the manner in which it is
tossed so lightly and so elegantly, allowed to escape and then caught
again, that it was playing with it in all amity, instead of prolonging
its miseries and torturing it, previously to its ultimate destruction.

It is in reference to this peculiar character of the cat, that she is
made to use the fond diminutive appellation of titty mouse.

The moral contained in this last line hardly needs to be pointed out to
our intelligent readers.  A cat goes to court, she enters the precincts
of a palace, at last she is in the presence of royalty, not as usual in
the kitchen, or the cellar, or the attics, or on the roofs, where cats
do most congregate, but actually stands in the presence of royalty; and
what does she do?  Notwithstanding the awe which it may be naturally
supposed she is inspired with, notwithstanding the probable presence of
noble lords and ladies, forgetful of where she is, and in whose presence
she stands, seeing a mouse under the chair, she can no longer control
the powerful instincts of her nature; and forgetting that the object of
her journey was to behold royalty, she no longer thinks of any thing but
hunting the titty mouse under the chair.  What a lesson is here taught
to the juvenile sexes that we should never attempt to force ourselves
above our proper situations in society, and that in so doing we soon
prove how much we are out of our place, and how our former habits and
pursuits will remain with us, and render us wholly unfit for a position
to which we ought never to have aspired.



CHAPTER FORTY ONE.

                                                               Lausanne.
After all, there is more sympathy in this world than we would suppose,
and it is something to find that, in the turmoil and angry war of
opinion and interest, nations as well as parties can lay down their
weapons for a time, and offer one general and sincere tribute to genius.
In these exciting times, we hear of revolutions in Spain and Portugal,
deaths of crowned men, with indifference, but a shock as astounding as
that of an earthquake in the city of Peru was felt throughout Europe
when the numerous periodicals spread the unexpected intelligence that
the gifted Malibran was no more, that in the fulness of her talent and
her beauty, just commencing the harvest ripe and abundant, produced by
years of unremitting labour, in which art had to perfect nature, she had
been called away to the silent tomb, and that voice which has
electrified so many thousands was mute for ever.  Poor Malibran! she had
had but a niggard portion of happiness in this world, although she
procured so much pleasure to others.  A brutal father, from whom she
received but blows, who sold her to a dotard, who would have sold her
again would she have consented! until her late marriage, toiling for
others, without one object in the world on whom to throw her warm
affections.  I remember one day when we were talking of seasickness, I
observed that the best remedy was beating the sufferer: she shook her
head.

"No," said she; "that will not cure it, or surely I should have been
cured when I crossed the Atlantic with my father."

Those who knew Malibran only as a performer did not know enough of her;
they should have known her in society, and in domestic life.  She was
the _ne plus ultra_ of genius in a woman; one moment all sunshine, the
next a cloud would come over her expressive features; changeable as the
wind, but in every change delightful, for she never disguised a thought.
Six weeks--but six short weeks, and I saw her at Brussels at her
country house, whither she had retired after the fatigues of the season.
How impressive must be her death.  Had she sickened and died at
Brussels, the shock would have been great, for it is a shock when youth,
beauty, and talent are so suddenly mowed down; but she died, as it were,
on the stage.  Admiring and applauding thousands had been listening to
her magical powers, thousands more waiting to hear her at the other
festivals; all eyes were upon her, all expectation upon tiptoe, when
death, like a matador, comes in, strikes his victim, bows sarcastically
to the audience, and retires.  A thousand sermons, and ten thousand
common deaths could not have produced so effective a moral lesson as the
untimely fate of Malibran.  There is but one parallel to it, and the
effect of it was tremendous.  It was that of Mr Huskisson, on the
opening of the Manchester Railroad.  This is the second homily read to
the good people of Liverpool and Manchester.  Peace be with her,
although her body is not permitted to be at rest.

The more I see of the Swiss and Switzerland, the more is my opinion
confirmed as to the strongest feature in the national character being
that of avarice.  The country is poetry, but the inhabitants are the
prose of human existence.  Not a chalet but looks as the abode of
innocence and peace; but whether you scale the beetling rock, or pause
upon the verdant turf which encircles their picturesque habitations, the
demon appears like Satan in the garden of Eden.  The infant, radiant as
love, extends its little hand for money; the adult, with his keen grey
eye, searches into you to ascertain in what manner he may overreach you.
Avarice rules over the beautiful country of Helvetia.

The prevailing foible of a nation is generally to be found in the
proverbs of the country and of those adjacent.  The Genevese appear to
have the credit of excelling the Swiss generally: they say here, "Il
faut trois Juifs pour faire un Baslois, et trois Baslois pour faire un
Genevois."

Again:--

"Si un Genevois se jette par la fenetre, suivez le?  Il y aura pour
gagner."

It was, however, a very neat answer given by a Swiss to a Frenchman, who
asserted that the French fought for honour, and the Swiss for money.

"C'est vrai," replied the Swiss, "chacun se bat pour cela que lui
manque."

The Swiss have abolished titles, they have crushed their nobility; but
human nature will prevail; and they seek distinction by other channels;
every one who has the least pretention to education or birth looks out
for employment under government; and you can hardly meet with a
well-dressed person in the streets who is not a magistrate, inspector,
_directeur_, or _employe_ in some way or the other, although the
emoluments are little or nothing.  The question has been brought forward
as to trial by jury being introduced, and, strange to say, the majority
are opposed to it as not being suitable to the Swiss.  The reason they
give is, that as all respectable people hold offices under Government,
and are thereby excused from serving, that there will be nobody but the
lower classes to sit as jurors.  It is very difficult to obtain evidence
in a Swiss court of justice; and this arises from the dislike of the
Swiss to give evidence; as, by so doing, they may make enemies, and
their own interests may be injured.  This is completely the character of
the Swiss.  When I visited Switzerland in my younger days, I used my
eyes only, and I was delighted; now that I visit it again, when years
have made me reflect and inquire more, I am disappointed.  The charm is
dissolved, the land of liberty appears to me to be a land of petty
tyranny in the Government, and of extreme selfishness in the
individuals; even the much-vaunted fidelity of the Swiss seems not to
have arisen from any other than mercenary motives.  Indeed, there is
something radically wrong--however faithful they may be to their
employers, or however they may be brave and talented--in the hearts of
those who volunteer for hire and pay to kill their fellow creatures.  I
could not put my trust in such men in private life, although I would in
the service for which they have hired themselves.

Do the faults of this people arise from the peculiarity of their
constitutions, or from the nature of their Government?  To ascertain
this, one must compare them with those who live, under similar
institutions.

I must go to America, that's decided.



CHAPTER FORTY TWO.

SOUTH WEST AND BY WEST THREE-QUARTERS WEST.

Jack Littlebrain was, physically considered, as fine grown, and moreover
as handsome a boy as ever was seen, but it must be acknowledged that he
was not very clever.  Nature is, in most instances, very impartial; she
has given plumage to the peacock, but, as every one knows, not the
slightest ear for music.  Throughout the feathered race it is almost
invariably the same; the homeliest clad are the finest songsters.  Among
animals the elephant is certainly the most intelligent, but, at the same
time he cannot be considered as a beauty.  Acting upon this well
ascertained principle, nature imagined, that she had done quite enough
for Jack when she endowed him with such personal perfection; and did not
consider it was at all necessary that he should be very clever; indeed,
it must be admitted, not only that he was not very clever, but (as the
truth must be told) remarkably dull and stupid.  However, the
Littlebrains have been for a long while a well-known, numerous, and
influential family, so that, if it were possible that Jack could have
been taught anything, the means were forthcoming: he was sent to every
school in the country; but it was in vain.  At every following vacation,
he was handed over from the one pedagogue to the other, of those whose
names were renowned for the Busbian system of teaching by stimulating
both ends: he was horsed every day and still remained an ass, and at the
end of six months, if he did not run away before that period was over,
he was invariably sent back to his parents as incorrigible and
unteachable.  What was to be done with him?  The Littlebrains had always
got on in the world, somehow or another, by their interest and
connections; but here was one who might be said to have no brains at
all.  After many pros and cons, and after a variety of consulting
letters had passed between the various members of his family, it was
decided that, as his maternal uncle, Sir Theophilus Blazers, GCB, was at
that time second in command in the Mediterranean, he should be sent to
sea under his command; the Admiral, having in reply to a letter on the
subject, answered that it was hard indeed if he did not lick him into
some shape or another; and that, at all events, he'd warrant that Jack
should be able to box the compass before he had been three months
nibbling the ship's biscuit; further, that it was very easy to get over
the examination necessary to qualify him for lieutenant, as a turkey and
a dozen of brown stout in the boat with him on the passing day, as a
present to each of the passing captains, would pass him, even if he were
as incompetent as a camel (or, as they say at sea, a cable), to pass
through the eye of a needle; that having once passed, he would soon have
him in command of a fine frigate, with a good nursing first lieutenant;
and that if he did not behave himself properly, he would make his signal
to come on board of the flag-ship, take him into the cabin, and give him
a sound horsewhipping, as other admirals have been known to inflict upon
their own sons under similar circumstances.  The reader must be aware
that, from the tenour of Sir Theophilus's letter, the circumstances
which we are narrating must have occurred some fifty years ago.

When Jack was informed that he was to be a midshipman, he looked up in
the most innocent way in the world, (and innocent he was, sure enough,)
turned on his heels, and whistled as he went for want of thought.  For
the last three months he had been at home, and his chief employment was
kissing and romping with the maids, who declared him to be the
handsomest Littlebrain that the country had ever produced.  Our hero
viewed the preparations made for his departure with perfect
indifference, and wished everybody good bye with the utmost composure.
He was a happy, good-tempered fellow, who never calculated, because he
could not; never decided, for he had not wit enough to choose; never
foresaw, although he could look straight before him; and never
remembered, because he had no memory.  The line, "If ignorance is bliss,
'tis folly to be wise," was certainly made especially for Jack;
nevertheless he was not totally deficient: he knew what was good to eat
or drink, for his taste was perfect, his eyes were very sharp, and he
could discover in a moment if a peach was ripe on the wall; his hearing
was quick, for he was the first in the school to detect the footsteps of
his pedagogue; and he could smell anything savoury nearly a mile off, if
the wind lay the right way.  Moreover, he knew that if he put his
fingers in the fire that he would burn himself; that knives cut
severely; that birch tickled, and several other little axioms of this
sort which are generally ascertained by children at an early age, but
which Jack's capacity had not received until at a much later date.  Such
as he was, our hero went to sea: his stock in his sea-chest being very
abundant, while his stock of ideas was proportionably small.

We will pass over all the trans-shipments of Jack until he was
eventually shipped on board the Mendacious, then lying at Malta with the
flag of Sir Theophilus Blazers at the fore--a splendid ship, carrying
120 guns, and nearly 120 midshipmen of different calibres.  (I pass over
captain, lieutenant, and ship's company, having made mention of her most
valuable qualifications.)  Jack was received with a hearty welcome by
his uncle, for he came in pudding-time, and was invited to dinner; and
the Admiral made the important discovery, that if his nephew was a fool
in other points, he was certainly no fool at his knife and fork.  In a
short time his messmates found out that he was no fool at his fists, and
his knock-down arguments ended each disputation.  Indeed, as the French
would say, Jack was perfection in the _physique_, although so very
deficient in the _morale_.

But if Pandora's box proved a plague to the whole world.  Jack had his
individual portion of it, when he was summoned to _box_ the compass by
his worthy uncle Sir Theophilus Blazers; who in the course of six months
discovered that he could not make his nephew box it in the three, which
he had warranted in his letter; every day our hero's ears were boxed,
but the compass never.  It required all the cardinal virtues to teach
him the cardinal points during the forenoon, and he made a point of
forgetting them before the sun went down.  They attempted it (and
various were the teachers employed to drive the compass into Jack's
head) his head drove round the compass; and try all he could, Jack never
could compass it.  It appeared, as some people are said only to have one
idea, as if Jack could only have one _point_ in his head at a time, and
_to_ that point he would stand like a well-broken pointer.  With him the
wind never changed till the next day.  His uncle pronounced him to be a
fool, but that did not hurt his nephew's feelings; he had been told so
too often already.

I have said that Jack had a great respect for good eating and drinking,
and, moreover, was blessed with a good appetite: every person has his
peculiar fancies, and if there was anything which more titillated the
palate and olfactory nerves of our hero, it was a roast goose with sage
and onions.  Now it so happened, that having been about seven months on
board of the Mendacious, Jack had one day received a summons to dine
with the Admiral, for the steward had ordered a roast goose for dinner,
and knew not only that Jack was partial to it, but also that Jack was
the Admiral's nephew, which always goes for something on board of a
flag-ship.  Just before they were sitting down to table, the Admiral
wishing to know how the wind was, and having been not a little vexed
with the slow progress of his nephew's nautical acquirements, said,
"Now, Mr Littlebrain, go up, and bring me down word how the wind is;
and mark me, as, when you are sent, nine times out of ten you make a
mistake, I shall now bet you five guineas against your dinner, that you
make a mistake this time: so now be off and we will soon ascertain
whether you lose your dinner or I lose my money.  Sit down, gentlemen,
we will not wait for Mr Littlebrain."

Jack did not much admire this bet on the part of his uncle, but still
less did he like the want of good manners in not waiting for him.  He
had just time to see the covers removed, to scent a whiff of the goose,
and was off.

"The Admiral wants to know how the wind is, sir," said Jack to the
officer of the watch.

The officer of the watch went to the binnacle, and setting the wind as
nearly as he could, replied, "Tell Sir Theophilus that it is _South West
and by West three-quarters West_."

"That's one of those confounded long points that I never can remember,"
cried Jack, in despair.

"Then you'll `get goose,' as the saying is," observed one of the
midshipmen.

"No; I'm afraid that I sha'n't get any," replied Jack, despondingly.
"What did he say, South West and by North three-quarters East?"

"Not exactly," replied his messmate, who was a good-natured lad, and
laughed heartily at Jack's version.  "South West and by West
three-quarters West."

"I never can remember it," cried Jack.  "I'm to have five guineas if I
do, and no dinner if I don't: and if I stay here much longer, I shall
get no dinner at all events, for they are all terribly peckish, and
there will be none left."

"Well, if you'll give me one of the guineas, I'll show you how to manage
it," said the midshipman.

"I'll give you two, if you'll only be quick and the goose a'nt all
gone," replied Jack.

The midshipman wrote down the point from which the wind blew, at full
length, upon a bit of paper, and pinned it to the rim of Jack's hat.
"Now," said he, "when you go into the cabin, you can hold your hat so as
to read it, without their perceiving you."

"Well, so I can; I never should have thought of that," said Jack.

"You hav'n't wit enough," replied the midshipman.

"Well I see no wit in the compass," replied Jack.

"Nevertheless, it's full of point," replied the midshipman: "now be
quick."

Our hero's eyes served him well, if his memory was treacherous and as he
entered the cabin door he bowed over his hat very politely and said, as
he read it off, "South West and by West three-quarters West," and then
he added, without reading at all, "if you please, Sir Theophilus."

"Steward," said the Admiral, "tell the officer of the watch to step
down."

"How's the wind, Mr Growler?"

"South West and by West three-quarters West," replied the officer.

"Then, Mr Littlebrain, you have won your five guineas, and may now sit
down and enjoy your dinner."

Our hero was not slow in obeying the order, and ventured, upon the
strength of his success, to send his plate twice for goose.  Having
eaten their dinner, drunk their wine, and taken their coffee, the
officers, at the same time, took the hint which invariably accompanies
the latter beverage, made their bows and retreated.  As Jack was
following his seniors out of the cabin, the Admiral put the sum which he
had staked into his hands, observing, that "it was an ill wind that blew
nobody good."

So thought Jack, who, having faithfully paid the midshipman the two
guineas for his assistance, was now on the poop keeping his watch, as
midshipmen usually do; that is, stretched out on the signal lockers, and
composing himself to sleep after the most approved fashion, answering
the winks of the stars by blinks of his eyes, until at last he shut them
to keep them warm.  But, before he had quite composed himself, he
thought of the goose and the five guineas.  The wind was from the same
quarter, blowing soft and mild; Jack laid in a sort of reverie, as it
fanned his cheek, for the weather was close and sultry.

"Well," muttered Jack to himself, "I do love that point of the compass,
at all events, and I think that I never shall forget South West and by
West three-quarters West.  No I never--never liked one before, though--"

"Is that true?" whispered a gentle voice in his ear; "do you love `South
West and by West three-quarters West,' and will you, as you say, never
forget her?"

"Why, what's that?" said Jack, opening his eyes, and turning half round
on his side.

"It's me--`South West and by West three-quarters West,' that you say you
love."

Littlebrain raised himself and looked round;--there was no one on the
poop except himself and two or three of the after-guard, who were lying
down between the guns.

"Why, who was it that spoke?" said Jack, much astonished.

"It was the wind you love, and who has long loved you," replied the same
voice; "do you wish to see me?"

"See you,--see the wind?--I've been already sent on that message by the
midshipmen," thought Jack.

"Do you love me as you say, and as I love you?" continued the voice.

"Well, I like you better than any other point of the compass, and I'm
sure I never thought I should like one of them," replied Jack.

"That will not do for me; will you love only me?"

"I'm not likely to love the others," replied Jack, shutting his eyes
again; "I _hate_ them all."

"And love me?"

"Well, I do love you, that's a fact," replied Jack, as he thought of the
goose and the five guineas.

"Then look round, and you shall see me," said the soft voice.

Jack, who hardly knew whether he was asleep or awake, did at this
summons once more take the trouble to open his eyes, and beheld a fairy
female figure, pellucid as water, yet apparently possessing substance;
her features were beautifully soft and mild, and her outline trembled
and shifted as it were, waving gently to and fro.  It smiled sweetly,
hung over him, played with his chestnut curls, softly touched his hips
with her own, passed her trembling fingers over his cheeks, and its warm
breath appeared as if it melted into his.  Then it grew more bold,--
embraced his person, searched into his neck and collar, as if curious to
examine him.

Jack felt a pleasure and gratification which he could not well
comprehend: once more the charmer's lips trembled upon his own, now
remaining for a moment, now withdrawing, again returning to kiss and
kiss again, and once more did the soft voice put the question,--"Do you
love me?"

"Better than goose," replied Jack.

"I don't know who goose may be," replied the fairy form, as she tossed
about Jack's waving locks; "you must love only me; promise me that
before I am relieved."

"What, have you got the first watch, as well as me?" replied Jack.

"I am on duty just now, but I shall not be so long.  We southerly winds
are never kept long in one place; some of my sisters will probably be
sent here soon."

"I don't understand what you talk about," replied Jack.  "Suppose you
tell me who you are, and what you are, and I'll do all I can to keep
awake; I don't know how it is, but I've felt more inclined to go to
sleep since you have been fanning me about, than I did before."

"Then I will remain by your side while you listen to me.  I am, as I
told you, a wind--"

"That's puzzling," said Jack, interrupting her.

"My name is `South West and by West three-quarters West.'"

"Yes, and a very long name it is.  If you wish me to remember you, you
should have had a shorter one."

This ruffled the wind a little, and she blew rather sharp into the
corner of Jack's eye,--however, she proceeded,--

"You are a sailor, and of course you know all the winds on the compass
by name."

"I wish I did; but I don't," replied Littlebrain, "I can recollect you,
and not one other."

Again the wind trembled with delight on his lips, and she
proceeded:--"You know that there are thirty-two points on the compass,
and these points are divided into quarters; so that there are, in fact,
128 different winds."

"There are more than I could ever remember; I know that," said Jack.

"Well, we are in all 128.  All the winds which have northerly in them,
are coarse and ugly; all the southern winds are pretty."

"You don't say so?" replied our hero.

"We are summoned to blow, as required, but the hardest duty generally
falls to the northerly winds, as it should do, for they are the
strongest; although we southerly winds can--blow hard enough when we
choose.  Our characters are somewhat different.  The most unhappy in
disposition, and I may say, the most malevolent, are the north and
easterly winds; the North West winds are powerful, but not unkind; the
South East winds vary, but, at all events, we of the South West are
considered the mildest and most beneficent.  Do you understand me?"

"Not altogether.  You're going right round the compass, and I never
could make it out, that's a fact.  I hear what you say, but I cannot
promise to recollect it; I can only recollect South West and by West
three-quarters West."

"I care only for your recollecting me; if you do that, you may forget
all the rest.  Now you see we South Wests are summer winds, and are
seldom required but in this season; I have often blown over your ship
these last three months, and I always have lingered near you, for I
loved you."

"Thank you--now go on, for seven bells have struck sometime, and I shall
be going to turn in.  Is your watch out?"

"No, I shall blow for some hours longer.  Why will you leave me--why
wo'n't you stay on deck with me?"

"What, stay on deck after my watch is out!  No, if I do, blow me!  We
midshipmen never do that--but I say, why can't you come down with me,
and turn in my hammock; it's close to the hatchway, and you can easily
do it."

"Well, I will, upon one promise.  You say that you love me, now I'm very
jealous, for we winds are always supplanting one another.  Promise me
that you will never mention any other wind in the compass but me, for if
you do, they may come to you, and if I hear of it I'll blow the masts
out of your ship, that I will."

"You don't say so?" replied Jack, surveying her fragile, trembling form.

"Yes, I will, and on a lee shore too; so that the ship shall go to
pieces on the rocks, and the Admiral and every soul on board her be
drowned."

"No, you wouldn't, would you?" said our hero, astonished.

"Not if you promise me.  Then I'll come to you and pour down your
windsails, and dry your washed clothes as they hang on the rigging, and
just ripple the waves as you glide along, and hang upon the lips of my
dear love, and press him in my arms.  Promise me, then, on no account
ever to recollect or mention any other wind but me."

"Well, I think I may promise that," replied Jack, "I'm very clever at
forgetting; and then you'll come to my hammock, won't you, and sleep
with me? you'll be a nice cool bedfellow these warm nights."

"I can't sleep on my watch as midshipmen do; but I'll watch you while
you sleep, and I'll fan your cheeks, and keep you cool and comfortable,
till I'm relieved."

"And when you go, when will you come again?"

"That I cannot tell--when I'm summoned; and I shall wait with
impatience, that you may be sure of."

"There's eight bells," said Jack, starting up; "I must go down and call
the officer of the middle watch; but I'll soon turn in, for my relief is
not so big as myself, and I can thrash him."

Littlebrain was as good as his word; he cut down his relief; and then
thrashed him for venturing to expostulate.  The consequence was, that in
ten minutes he was in his hammock, and "South West and by West
three-quarters West" came gently down the hatchway, and rested in his
arms.  Jack soon fell fast asleep, and when he was wakened up the next
morning by the quarter-master, his bedfellow was no longer there.  A
mate inquiring how the wind was, was answered by the quartermaster that
they had a fresh breeze from the North North West, by which Jack
understood that his sweetheart was no longer on duty.

Our hero had passed such a happy night with his soft and kind companion,
that he could think of nothing else; he longed for her to come again,
and, to the surprise of everybody, was now perpetually making inquiries
as to the wind which blew.  He thought of her continually; and in fact
was as much in love with "South West and by West three-quarters West" as
he possibly could be.  She came again--once more did he enjoy her
delightful company; again she slept with him in his hammock, and then,
after a short stay, she was relieved by another.

We do not intend to accuse the wind of inconstancy, as that was not her
fault; nor of treachery, for she loved dearly; nor of violence, for she
was all softness and mildness; but we do say, that "South West and by
West three-quarters West" was the occasion of Jack being very often in a
scrape, for our hero kept his word; he forgot all other winds, and, with
him, there was no other except his dear "South West and by West
three-quarters West."  It must be admitted of Jack, that, at all events,
he showed great perseverance, for he stuck to his point.

Our hero would argue with his messmates, for it is not those who are
most capable of arguing who are most fond of it; and, like all arguers
not very brilliant, he would flounder and diverge away right and left,
just as the flaws of ideas came into his head.

"What nonsense it is your talking that way," would his opponent say;
"why don't you come to the point?"

"And so I do," cried Jack.

"Well, then, what is your point?"

"South West and by West three-quarters West," replied our hero.

Who could reply to this?  But in every instance, and through every
difficulty, our hero kept his promise, until his uncle Sir Theophilus
was very undecided, whether he should send him home to be locked up in a
Lunatic Asylum, or bring him on in the service to the rank of
post-captain.  Upon mature consideration, however, as a man in Bedlam is
a very useless member of society, and a tee-total non-productive,
whereas a captain in the navy is a responsible agent, the Admiral came
to the conclusion, that Littlebrain must follow up his destiny.

At last, Jack was set down as the greatest fool in the ship, and was
pointed out as such.  The ladies observed, that such might possibly be
the case, but at all events he was the handsomest young man in the
Mediterranean fleet.  We believe that both parties were correct in their
assertions.

Time flies--even a midshipman's time, which does not fly quite so fast
as his money--and the time came for Mr Littlebrain's examination.  Sir
Theophilus, who now commanded the whole fleet, was almost in despair.
How was it possible that a man could navigate a ship, with only one
quarter point of the compass in his head?

Sir Theophilus scratched his wig; and the disposition of the
Mediterranean fleet, so important to the country, was altered according
to the dispositions of the captains who commanded the ships.  In those
days, there were martinets in the service; officers who never overlooked
an offence, or permitted the least deviation from strict duty; who were
generally hated, but at the same time were most valuable to the service.
As for his nephew passing his examination before any of those of the
first or second, or even of the third degree, the Admiral knew that it
was impossible.  The consequence was, that one was sent away on a
mission to Genoa, about nothing; another to watch for vessels never
expected, off Sardinia; two more to cruise after a French frigate which
had never been built: and thus, by degrees, did the Admiral arrange, so
as obtain a set of officers sufficiently pliant to allow his nephew to
creep under the gate which barred his promotion, and which he never
could have vaulted over.  So the signal was made--our hero went on
board--his uncle had not forgotten the propriety of a little _douceur_
on the occasion; and, as the turkeys were all gone, three couple of
geese were sent in the same boat, as a present to each of the three
passing captains.  Littlebrain's heart failed him as he pulled to the
ship; even the geese hissed at him, as much as to say, "If you were not
such a stupid ass, we might have been left alive in our coops."  There
was a great deal of truth in that remark, if they did say so.

Nothing could have been made more easy for Littlebrain than his
examination.  The questions had all been arranged beforehand; and some
kind friend had given him all the answers written down.  The passing
captains apparently suffered from the heat of the weather, and each had
his hand on his brow, looking down on the table at the time that
Littlebrain gave his answers, so that of course they did not observe
that he was reading them off.  As soon as Littlebrain had given his
answer, and had had sufficient time to drop his paper under the table,
the captains felt better and looked up again.

There were but eight questions for our hero to answer.  Seven had been
satisfactorily got through; then came the eighth, a very simple
one:--"What is your course and distance from Ushant to the Start?"  This
question having been duly put, the captains were again in deep
meditation, shrouding their eyes with the palms of their hands.

Littlebrain had his answer--he looked at the paper.  What could be more
simple than to reply?--and then the captains would have all risen up,
shaken him by the hand, complimented him upon the talent he had
displayed, sent their compliments to the commander-in-chief, and their
thanks for the geese.  Jack was just answering, "North--"

"Recollect your promise!" cried a soft voice, which Jack well
recollected.

Jack stammered--the captains were mute--and waited patiently.

"I must say it," muttered Jack.

"You shan't," replied the little Wind.

"Indeed I must," said Jack, "or I shall be turned back."

The captains, surprised at this delay and the muttering of Jack, looked
up, and one of them gently inquired if Mr Littlebrain had not dropped
his handkerchief or something under the table!  And then they again
fixed their eyes upon the green cloth.

"If you dare, I'll never see you again," cried "South West and by West
three-quarters West,"--"never come to your hammock,--but I'll blow the
ship on shore, every soul shall be lost, Admiral and all; recollect your
promise!"

"Then I shall never pass," replied Jack.

"Do you think that any other point in the compass shall pass you except
me?--never!  I am too jealous for that.  Come now, dearest!" and the
Wind again deliciously trembled upon the lips of our hero, who could no
longer resist.

"South West and by West three-quarters West," exclaimed Jack firmly.

"You have made a slight mistake, Mr Littlebrain," said one of the
captains.  "_Look_ again--I meant to say, _think again_."

"South West and by West three-quarters West," again repeated Jack.

"Dearest, how I love you!" whispered the soft Wind.

"Why, Mr Littlebrain," said one of the captains--for Jack had actually
laid the paper down on the table--"what's in the wind now?"

"She's obstinate," replied Jack.

"You appear to be so, at all events," replied the captain.  "Pray try
once more."

"I have it!" thought Jack, who tore off the last answer from his paper.
"I gained five guineas by that plan once before."  He then handed the
bit of paper to the passing captain: "I believe that's right, sir," said
our hero.

"Yes, that is right; but could you not have said it instead of writing
it, Mr Littlebrain?"

Jack made no reply; his little sweetheart pouted a little, but said
nothing; it was an evasion which she did not like.  A few seconds of
consultation then took place, as a matter of form.  Each captain asked
of the other if he was perfectly satisfied as to Mr Littlebrain's
capabilities, and the reply was in the affirmative; and they were
perfectly satisfied, that he was either a fool or a madman.  However, as
we have had both in the service by way of precedent, Jack was added to
the list, and the next day was appointed lieutenant.

Our hero did his duty as lieutenant of the forecastle; and as all the
duty of that officer is, when hailed from the quarterdeck, to answer,
"_Ay, ay, sir_," he got on without making many mistakes.  And now he was
very happy; no one dared to call him a fool except his uncle; he had his
own cabin, and many was the time, that his dear little "South West and
by West three-quarters West" would come in by the scuttle, and nestle by
his side.

"You won't see so much of me soon, dearest," said she one morning,
gravely.

"Why not, my soft one?" replied Jack.

"Don't you recollect that the winter months are coming on?"

"So they are," replied Jack.  "Well, I shall long for you back."

And Jack did long, and long very much, for he loved his dear wind and
the fine weather which accompanied her.  Winter came on and heavy gales
and rain, and thunder and lightning; nothing but double-reefed
top-sails, and wearing in succession; and our hero walked the
forecastle, and thought of his favourite wind.  The North East winds
came down furiously, and the weather was bitter cold.  The officers
shook the rain and spray off their garments when their watch was over,
and called for grog.

"Steward, a glass of grog," cried one; "and let it be strong."

"The same for me," said Jack; "only, I'll mix it myself."

Jack poured out the rum till the tumbler was half full.

"Why, Littlebrain," said his messmate, "that is a dose; that's what we
call a regular _Nor-wester_."

"Is it?" replied Jack.  "Well then, Nor-westers suit me exactly, and I
shall stick to them like cobblers' wax."

And during the whole of the winter months our hero showed a great
predilection for Nor-westers.

It was in the latter end of February that there was a heavy gale; it had
blown furiously from the northward for three days, and then it paused
and panted as if out of breath--no wonder!  And then the wind shifted,
and shifted again, with squalls and heavy rain, until it blew from every
quarter of the compass.

Our hero's watch was over, and he came down and called for a
"Nor-wester" as usual.

"How is the wind now?" asked the first lieutenant the master, who came
down dripping wet.

"South South West, but drawing now fast to the Westward," said old
Spunyarn.

And so it was; and it veered round until "South West and by West
three-quarters _West_," with an angry gust, came down the sky-light, and
blowing strongly into our hero's ear, cried,--

"Oh, you false one!"

"False!" exclaimed Jack.  "What! you here, and so angry too?  What's the
matter?"

"What's the matter!--do you think I don't know?  What have you been
doing over since I was away, comforting yourself during my absence with
_Nor-westers_?"

"Why, you an't jealous of a Nor-wester, are you?" replied Littlebrain.
"I confess, I'm rather partial to them."

"What! this to my face!--I'll never come again, without you promise me
that you will have nothing to do with them, and never call for one
again.  Be quick--I cannot stay more than two minutes; for it is hard
work now, and we relieve quick--say the word."

"Well, then," replied Littlebrain, "you've no objection to
_half-and-half_?"

"None in the world; that's quite another thing, and has nothing to do
with the wind."

"It has, though," thought Jack, "for it gets a man in the wind; but I
won't tell her so; and," continued he, "you don't mind a raw nip, do
you?"

"No--I care for nothing except a Nor-wester."

"I'll never call for one again," replied Jack; "it is but making my grog
a little stronger; in future it shall be _half-and-half_."

"That's a dear!  Now I'm off--don't forget me;" and away went the wind
in a great hurry.

It was about three months after this short visit, the fleet being off
Corsica, that our hero was walking the deck, thinking that he soon
should see the object of his affections, when a privateer brig was
discovered at anchor a few miles from Bastia.  The signal was made for
the boats of the fleet to cut her out; and the Admiral, wishing that his
nephew should distinguish himself somehow, gave him the command of one
of the finest boats.  Now Jack was as brave as brave could be; he did
not know what danger was; he hadn't wit enough to perceive it, and there
was no doubt but he would distinguish himself.  The boats went on the
service.  Jack was the very first on board, cheering his men as he
darted into the closed ranks of his opponents.  Whether it was that he
did not think that his head was worth defending, or that he was too busy
in breaking the heads of others to look after his own this is certain,
that a tomahawk descended upon it with such force as to bury itself in
his skull (and his was a thick skull too).  The privateer's men were
overpowered by numbers, and then our hero was discovered, under a pile
of bodies, still breathing heavily.  He was hoisted on board, and taken
into his uncle's cabin: the surgeon shook his head when he had examined
that of our hero.

"It must have been a most tremendous blow," said he to the Admiral, "to
have penetrated--"

"It must have been, indeed," replied the Admiral, as the tears rolled
down his cheeks; for he loved his nephew.

The surgeon having done all that his art would enable him, left the
cabin to attend to the others who were hurt; the Admiral also went on
the quarter-deck, walking to and fro for an hour in a melancholy mood.
He returned to the cabin, and bent over his nephew; Jack opened his
eyes.

"My dear fellow," said the Admiral, "how's your head now?"

"_South West and by West three-quarters West_," faintly exclaimed our
hero, constant in death, as he turned a little on one side and expired.

It was three days afterwards, as the fleet were on a wind, making for
Malta, that the bell of the ship tolled, and a body, sewed up in a
hammock and covered with the Union Jack, was carried to the gangway by
the Admiral's bargemen.  It had been a dull cloudy day, with little
wind; the hands were turned up, the officers and men stood uncovered;
the Admiral in advance with his arms folded, as the chaplain read the
funeral service over the body of our hero,--and as the service
proceeded, the sails flapped, for the wind had shifted a little; a
motion was made, by the hand of the officer of the watch, to the man at
the helm to let the ship go off the wind, that the service might not be
disturbed, and a mizzling soft rain descended.  The wind had shifted to
our hero's much loved _point_, his fond mistress had come to mourn over
the loss of her dearest, and the rain that descended were the tears
which she shed at the death of her handsome but not over-gifted lover.



CHAPTER FORTY THREE.

ILL-WILL.

Dramatis Personae.

MR CADAVEROUS, _An old miser, very rich and very ill_.

EDWARD, _A young lawyer without a brief_.

MR HAUSTUS GUMARABIC, _Apothecary_.

SEEDY, _Solicitor_.

THOMAS MONTAGUE, JOHN MONTAGUE, _Nephews to Mr Cadaverous_.

JAMES STERLING, WILLIAM STERLING, _nephews twice removed to Mr
Cadaverous_.

CLEMENTINA MONTAGU, _Niece to Mr Cadaverous_.

Mrs JELLYBAGS, _Housekeeper and nurse_.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACT ONE.

Scene.--_A sick room_.--Mr CADAVEROUS _in an easy chair asleep,
supported by cushions, wrapped up in his dressing-gown, a night-cap on
his head.--A small table with phials, gallipots, etcetera_.--Mrs
JELLYBAGS _seated on a chair close to the table_.

[Mrs JELLYBAGS _looks at_ Mr CADAVEROUS, _and then comes forward_.] He
sleeps yet--the odious old miser!  Mercy on me, how I do hate him,--
almost as much as he loves his money! there's one comfort, he cannot
take his money-bags with him, and the doctor says that he cannot last
much longer.  Ten years have I been his slave--ten years have I been
engaged to be married to Sergeant Major O'Callaghan of the Blues--ten
years has he kept me waiting at the porch of Hymen,--and what thousands
of couples have I seen enter during the time!  Oh dear! its enough to
drive a widow mad.  I think I have managed it;--he has now quarrelled
with all his relations, and Dr Gumarabic intends this day to suggest
the propriety of his making his last will and testament.  (Mr
CADAVEROUS, _still asleep, coughs_.)  He is waking, (_Looks at him_.)
No, he is not.  Well, then, I shall wake him, and give him a draught,
for, after such a comfortable sleep as he is now in, he might last a
whole week longer.  (_Goes up to_ Mr CADAVEROUS, _and shakes him_.)

Mr CAD.  (_starting up_.)  Ugh ugh! ugh!  (_coughs violently_.)  Oh!
Mrs Jellybags, I'm so ill.  Ugh! ugh!

JEL.  My dear, dear sir! now don't say so.  I was in hopes, after such a
nice long sleep you would have found yourself so much better.

CAD.  Long sleep! oh dear!--I'm sure I've not slept ten minutes.

JEL.  (_aside_.)  I know that.  (_Aloud_.)  Indeed, my dear sir, you are
mistaken.  Time passes very quick when we are fast asleep.  I have been
watching you and keeping the flies off.  But you must now take your
draught, my dear sir, and your pill first.

CAD.  What! more pills and more draughts!  Why, there's no end to them.

JEL.  Yes, there will be, by and by, my dear sir.  You know Doctor
Gumarabic has ordered you take one pill and one draught every half hour.

CAD.  And so I have--never missed one for the last six weeks--woke up
for them day and night.  I feel very weak--very weak, indeed!  Don't you
think I might eat something, my dear Mrs Jellybags?

JEL.  Eat, my dear Mr Cadaverous!--how can you ask me, when you know
that Doctor Gumarabic says that it would be the death of you?

CAD.  Only the wing of a chicken,--or a bit of the breast--

JEL.  Impossible!

CAD.  A bit of dry toast, then; any thing, my dear Mrs Jellybags.  I've
such a gnawing--Ugh! ugh!

JEL.  My dear sir, you would die if you swallowed the least thing that's
nourishing.

CAD.  I'm sure I shall die if I do not.  Well, then, a little soup--I
should like that very much indeed.

JEL.  Soup! it would be poison, my dear sir!  No, no.  You must take
your pill and your draught.

CAD.  Oh dear! oh dear!--Forty-eight pills and forty-eight draughts
every twenty-four hours!--not a wink of sleep day or night.

JEL.  (_soothingly_.)  But it's to make you well, you know, my dear Mr
Cadaverous.  Come, now.  (_Hands him a pill and some water in a
tumbler_.)

CAD.  The last one is hardly down yet;--I feel it sticking half-way.
Ugh! ugh!

JEL.  Then wash them both down at once.  Come, now, 'tis to make you
well, you know.

CADAVEROUS _takes the pill with a wry face, and coughs it up again_.

CAD.  Ugh! ugh!  There--it's up again.  Oh dear! oh dear!

JEL.  You must take it, my dear sir.  Come, now, try again.

CAD.  (_coughing_.)  My cough is so bad.  (_Takes the pill_.)  Oh, my
poor head!  Now I'll lie down again.

JEL.  Not yet, my dear Mr Cadaverous.  You must take your draught;--
it's to make you well, you know.

CAD.  What! another draught?  I'm sure I must have twenty draughts in my
inside, besides two boxes of pills!

JEL.  Come, now--it will be down in a minute.

[CADAVEROUS _takes the wine-glass in his hand, and looks at it with
abhorrence_.]

JEL.  Come, now.

[CADAVEROUS _swallows the draught, and feels very sick, puts his
handkerchief to his mouth, and, after a time, sinks back in the chair
quite exhausted, and shuts his eyes_.]

JEL.  (_aside_.)  I wish the doctor would come.  It's high time that he
made his will.

CAD.  (_drawing up his leg_.)  Oh! oh! oh!

JEL.  What's the matter, my dear Mr Cadaverous.

CAD.  Oh! such pain!--oh! rub it, Mrs Jellybags.

JEL.  What, here, my dear sir?  (_Rubs his knee_.)

CAD.  No, no!--Not there!--Oh, my hip!

JEL.  What, here?  (_Rubs his hip_.)

CAD.  No, no!--higher--higher!  Oh, my side!

JEL.  What, here?  (_Rubs his side_.)

CAD.  No!--lower!

JEL.  Here?  (_Rubbing_.)

CAD.  No!--higher!--Oh, my chest!--my stomach!  Oh dear!--oh dear!

JEL.  Are you better now, my dear sir?

CAD.  Oh dear! oh!  I do believe that I shall die!  I've been a very
wicked man, I'm afraid.

JEL.  Don't say so, Mr Cadaverous.  Every one but your nephews and
nieces say that you are the best man in the world.

CAD.  Do they?  I was afraid that I had not been quite so good as they
think I am.

JEL.  I'd like to hear any one say to the contrary.  I'd tear their eyes
out,--that I would.

CAD.  You are a good woman, Mrs Jellybags; and I shall not forget you
in my will.

JEL.  Don't mention wills, my dear sir.  You make me so miserable.
(_Puts her handkerchief to her eyes_.)

CAD.  Don't cry, Mrs Jellybags.  I won't talk any more about it.
(_Sinks back exhausted_.)

JEL.  (_wiping her eyes_.)  Here comes Dr Gumarabic.

_Enter_ GUMARABIC.

GUM.  Good morning, Mistress Jellybags.  Well, how's our patient?--
better?--heh?

[Mrs JELLYBAGS _shakes her head_.]

GUM.  No: well, that's odd.  (_Goes up to_ Mr CADAVEROUS.)  Not better,
my dear sir?--don't you feel stronger?

CAD.  (_faintly_.)  Oh, no!

GUM.  Not stronger!  Let us feel the pulse.  [Mrs JELLYBAGS _hands a
chair, and_ GUMARABIC _sits down, pulls out his watch, and counts_.]
Intermittent--135--well, now--that's very odd!  Mrs Jellybags, have you
adhered punctually to my prescriptions?

JEL.  Oh yes, sir, exactly.

GUM.  He has eaten nothing?

CAD.  Nothing at all.

GUM.  And don't feel stronger?  Odd--very odd!  Pray, has he had any
thing in the way of drink?  Come, Mrs Jellybags, no disguise,--tell the
truth;--no soup--warm jelly--heh?

JEL.  No, sir; upon my word, he has had nothing.

GUM.  Humph?--and yet feels no stronger?  Well, that's odd!--Has he
taken the pill every half-hour?

JEL.  Yes, sir, regularly.

GUM.  And feels no better!  Are you sure that he has had his draught
with his pill?

JEL.  Every time, sir.

GUM.  And feels no better!  Well, that's odd!--very odd, indeed!
(_Rises and comes forward with_ Mrs JELLYBAGS.)  We must throw in some
more draughts, Mrs Jellybags; there is no time to be lost.

JEL.  I am afraid he's much worse, sir.

GUM.  I am not at all afraid of it, Mrs Jellybags,--I am sure of it;--
it's very odd,--but the fact is, that all the physic in the world won't
save him; but still he must take it,--because--physic was made to be
taken.

JEL.  Very true, sir.  (_Whispers to_ GUMARABIC.)

GUM.  Ah! yes;--very proper.  (_Going to_ Mr CADAVEROUS.)  My dear sir,
I have done my best; nevertheless, you are ill,--very ill,--which is
odd,--very odd!  It is not pleasant,--I may say, very unpleasant,--but
if you have any little worldly affairs to settle,--will to make,--or a
codocil to add, in favour of your good nurse, your doctor, or so on,--it
might be as well to send for your lawyer;--there is no saying, but,
during my practice, I have sometimes found that people die.  After all
the physic you have taken, it certainly is odd--very odd--very odd,
indeed;--but you might die to-morrow.

CAD.  Oh dear!--I'm very ill.

JEL.  (_sobbing_.)  Oh dear! oh dear!--he's very ill.

GUM.  (_comes forward, shrugging up his shoulders_.)  Yes; he is ill--
very ill;--to-morrow, dead as mutton!  At all events he has not died for
want of physic.  We must throw in some more draughts immediately;--no
time to be lost.  Life is short,--but my bill will be long--very long!

                                               [_Exit as scene closes_.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Act 2.

SCENE 1.--_Enter_ CLEMENTINA, _with a letter in her hand_.

CLEM.  I have just received a letter from my dear Edward: he knows of my
uncle's danger, and is anxious to see me.  I expect him immediately.  I
hope he will not be seen by Mrs Jellybags as he comes in, for she would
try to make more mischief than than she has already.  Dear Edward! how
he loves me!  (_Kisses the letter_.)

_Enter_ EDWARD.

EDW.  My lovely, my beautiful, my adored Clementina!  I have called upon
Mr Gumarabic, who tells me that your uncle cannot live through the
twenty-four hours, and I have flown here, my sweetest, dearest, to--to--

CLEM.  To see me, Edward: surely there needs no excuse for coming?

EDW.  To reiterate my ardent, pure, and unchangeable affection, my
dearest Clementina to assure you, that in sickness or in health, for
richer or for poorer, for better or for worse, as they say in the
marriage ceremony, I am yours till death us do part.

CLEM.  I accept the vow, dearest Edward.  You know too well my heart for
me to say more.

EDW.  I do know your heart, Clementina, as it is,--nor do I think it
possible that you could change;--still, sometimes--that is for a moment
when I call to mind that, by your uncle's death, as his favourite niece,
living with him for so many years, you may soon find yourself in
possession of thousands,--and that titled men may lay their coronets at
your feet,--then, Clementina--

CLEM.  Ungenerous and unkind!--Edward, I almost hate you.  Is a little
money, then, to sway my affections?  Shame, Edward, shame on you!  Is
such your opinion of my constancy?  (_Weeps_.)  You must judge me by
your own heart.

EDW.  Clementina! dearest Clementina!--I did!--but rather--that is,--I
was not in earnest;--but when we value any object as I value you,--it
may be forgiven, if I feel at times a little jealous;--yes, dearest,
jealous!

CLEM.  'Twas jealousy then, Edward, which made you so unkind?  Well,
then, I can forgive that.

EDW.  Nothing but jealousy, dearest!  I cannot help, at times,
representing you surrounded by noble admirers,--all of them suing to
you,--not for yourself, but for your money, tempting you with their
rank;--and it makes me jealous, horribly jealous!  I cannot compete with
lords, Clementina,--a poor barrister without a brief.

CLEM.  I have loved you for yourself, Edward.  I trust you have done the
same toward me.

EDW.  Yes; upon my soul, my Clementina!

CLEM.  Then my uncle's disposition of his property will make no
difference in me.  For your sake, my dear Edward, I hope he will not
forget me.  What's that?  Mrs Jellybags is coming out of the room.
Haste, Edward;--you must not be seen here.  Away, dearest!--and may God
bless you.

EDW.  (_kisses her hand_.)  Heaven preserve my adored, my matchless,
ever-to-be-loved Clementina.

                                                  [_Exeunt separately_.]
------------------------------------------------------------------------

SCENE 2.--_The sick room_--Mr CADAVEROUS, _lying on sofa-bed_--Mr
SEEDY, _the lawyer, sitting by his side, with papers on the table before
him_.

SEEDY.  I believe now, sir, that every thing is arranged in your will
according to your instructions.  Shall I read it over again; for
although signed and witnessed, you may make any alteration you please by
a codicil.

CAD.  No, no.  You have read it twice, Mr Seedy, and you may leave me
now.  I am ill, very ill, and wish to be alone.

SEEDY (_folds up his papers and rises_.)  I take my leave, Mr
Cadaverous, trusting to be long employed as your solicitor.

CAD.  Afraid not, Mr Seedy.  Lawyers have no great interest in heaven.
Your being my solicitor will not help me there.

SEEDY (_coming forward as he goes out_.)  Not a sixpence to his legal
adviser!  Well, well!  I know how to make out a bill for the executors.

                             [_Exit_ SEEDY, _and enter_ Mrs JELLYBAGS.]
JEL.  (_with her handkerchief to her eyes_.)  Oh dear! oh dear! oh, Mr
Cadaverous, how can you fatigue and annoy yourself with such things as
wills?

CAD.  (_faintly_.)  Don't cry, Mrs Jellybags.  I've not forgotten you.

JEL.  (_sobbing_.)  I can't--help--crying.  And there's Miss
Clementina,--now that you are dying,--who insists upon coming in to see
you.

CAD.  Clementina, my niece, let her come in, Mrs Jellybags; I feel I'm
going fast,--I may as well take leave of every body.

JEL.  (_sobbing_.)  Oh dear! oh dear!  You may come in, Miss.

_Enter_ CLEMENTINA.

CLEM.  My dear uncle, why have you, for so many days, refused me
admittance?  Every morning have I asked to be allowed to come and nurse
you, and for more than three weeks have received a positive refusal.

CAD.  Refusal!  Why I never had a message from you.

CLEM.  No message!  Every day I have sent, and every day did Mrs
Jellybags reply that you would not see me.

CAD.  (_faintly_.)  Mrs Jellybags,--Mrs Jellybags--

CLEM.  Yes, uncle; it is true as I stand here;--and my brother Thomas
has called almost every day, and John every Sunday, the only day he can
leave the banking-house; and cousins William and James have both been
here very often.

CAD.  Nobody told me!  I thought every one had forgotten me.  Why was I
not informed, Mrs Jellybags?

JEL.  (_in a rage_.)  Why, you little, story-telling creature, coming
here to impose upon your good uncle!  You know that no one has been
here--not a soul;--and as for yourself, you have been too busy looking
after a certain gentleman ever to think of your poor uncle;--that you
have;--taking advantage of his illness to behave in so indecorous a
manner.  I would have told him every thing, but I was afraid of making
him worse.

CLEM.  You are a false, wicked woman!

JEL.  Little impudent creature,--trying to make mischief between me and
my kind master, but it won't do.  (_To_ CLEMENTINA _aside_.)  The will
is signed, and I'll take care he does not alter it;--so do your worst.

CAD.  (_faintly_.)  Give me the mixture, Mrs --

CLEM.  I will, dear uncle.  (_Pours out the restorative mixture in a
glass_.)

JEL.  (_going back_.)  You will, Miss,--indeed! but you shan't.

CLEM.  Be quiet, Mrs Jellybags;--allow me at least to do something for
my poor uncle.

CLEM.  Give me the mix--

JEL.  (_prevents_ CLEMENTINA _from giving it, and tries to take it from
her_.)  You shan't, Miss!--You never shall.

CAD.  Give me the --

[Mrs JELLYBAGS _and_ CLEMENTINA _scuffle, at last_ CLEMENTINA _throws
the contents of the glass into_ Mrs JELLYBAGS'S _face_.]

CLEM.  There, then!--since you will have it.

JEL.  (_in a rage_.)  You little minx!--I'll be revenged for that.  Wait
a little till the will is read,--that's all;--See if I don't bundle you
out of doors,--that I will.

CLEM.  As you please, Mrs Jellybags; but pray give my poor uncle his
restorative mixture.

JEL.  To please you?--Not I!  I'll not give him a drop till I think
proper.  Little, infamous, good-for-nothing--

CAD.  Give me--oh!

JEL.  Saucy--man-seeking--

CLEM.  Oh! as for that, Mrs Jellybags, the big sergeant was here last
night--I know that.  Talk of men indeed!

JEL.  Very well, Miss!--very well!  Stop till the breath is out of your
uncle's body--and I'll beat you till your's is also.

CAD.  Give--oh!

CLEM.  My poor uncle!  He will have no help till I leave the room--I
must go.  Infamous woman!  _Exit_.

CAD.  Oh!

JEL.  I'm in such a rage!--I could tear her to pieces!--the little!--the
gnat!  Oh, I'll be revenged!  Stop till the will is read, and then I'll
turn her out into the streets to starve.  Yes! yes! the will!--the will!
(_Pauses and pants for breath_.)  Now, I recollect the old fellow
called for his mixture.  I must go and get some mere.  I'll teach her to
throw physic in my face.

[_Goes out and returns with a phial--pours out a portion, and goes up
to_ Mr CADAVEROUS.]

JEL.  Here, my dear Mr Cadaverous.  Mercy on me!--Mr Cadaverous!--why,
he's fainted!--Mr Cadaverous!  (_Screams_.)  Lord help us!--why, he's
dead!  Well now, this sort of thing does give one a shock, even when one
has longed for it.  Yes, he's quite dead!  (_Coming forward_.)  So,
there's an end of all his troubles--and, thank Heaven! of mine also.
Now for Sergeant-major O'Callaghan, and--love!  Now for Miss Clementina,
and--revenge?  But first the will!--the will!

_Curtain drops_.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Act 3.

MRS JELLYBAGS.

Oh dear!--this is a very long morning.  I feel such suspense--such
anxiety; and poor Sergeant-major O'Callaghan is quite in a perspiration!
He is drinking and smoking down in the kitchen to pass away the time,
and if the lawyer don't come soon, the dear man will be quite fuddled.
He talks of buying a farm in the country.  Well, we shall see; but if
the Sergeant thinks that he will make ducks and drakes of my money, he
is mistaken.  I have not been three times a widow for nothing--I will
have it all settled upon myself; that must and shall be, or else--no
Sergeant O'Callaghan for me!

_Enter_ CLEMENTINA.

So, here you are, Miss.  We'll wait till the will is read, and then we
shall see who is mistress here.

CLEM.  I am as anxious as you, Mrs Jellybags.  You may have wheedled my
poor uncle to make up the will in your favour; if so, depend upon it, I
shall expect nothing from your hands.

JEL.  I should rather think not, Miss.  If I recollect right, you threw
the carminative mixture in my face.

CLEM.  And made you blush for the first time in your life.

JEL.  I shall not blush to slam the door in your face.

CLEM.  Rather than be indebted to you, I would beg my bread from door to
door.

JEL.  I expect that you very soon will.

_Enter_ EDWARD.

EDW.  My dearest Clementina, I have come to support you on this trying
occasion.

JEL.  And ascertain how matters stand, before you decide upon marrying,
I presume, Mr Edward.

EDW.  Madam, I am above all pecuniary considerations.

JEL.  So everybody says, when they think themselves sure of money.

EDW.  You judge of others by yourself.

JEL.  Perhaps I do--I certainly do expect to be rewarded for my long and
faithful services.

CLEM.  Do not waste words upon her, my dear.--You have my solemn
promise; nothing shall change my feeling towards you.

JEL.  That may be; but did it never occur to you, Miss, that the
gentleman's feelings might alter?

EDW.  Detestable wretch!

[_Hands_ CLEMENTINA _to a chair on the right, and sits by her.  Enter
Nephews_ JOHN, THOMAS, WILLIAM, _and_ JAMES, _all with white
pocket-handkerchiefs in their hands--they take their seats two right and
two left_.]

JEL.  (_aside_.)  Here they all come, like crows that smell carrion.
How odious is the selfishness of this world!  But here is Mr Gumarabic.
How do you do, Sir?  (_Curtsies with a grave air_.)

GUM.  Very well, I thank you, Mrs Jellybags.  Can't say the--same of
all my patients.  Just happened to pass by--thought I would step in and
hear the will read--odd, that I should pop in at the time--very odd.
Pray, may I ask, my dear Mrs Jellybags, were you present at the making
of the will?

JEL.  No, my dear sir; my nerves would not permit me.

GUM.  Nerves!--odd, very odd!  Then you don't know how things are
settled?

JEL.  No more than the man in the moon, my dear sir.

GUM.  Man in the moon!--odd comparison that from a woman!--very odd!
Hope my chance won't prove all moonshine.

JEL.  I should think not, my dear sir; but here comes Mr Seedy, and we
shall know all about it.

[_Enter_ Mr SEEDY--Mrs JELLYBAGS, _all courtesy, waves her hand to a
chair in the centre, with a table before it_.  Mr SEEDY _sits down,
pulls the will out of his pocket, lays it on the table, takes out his
snuff-box, takes a pinch, then his handkerchief, blows his nose, snuffs
the candles, takes his spectacles from his waistcoat pocket, puts them
on, breaks the seals, and bows to the company_: Mrs JELLYBAGS _has
taken her seat on the left next to him, and_ Dr GUMARABIC _by her
side_.  Mrs JELLYBAGS _sobs very loud, with her handkerchief to her
face_.]

SEEDY.  Silence, if you please.

[Mrs JELLYBAGS _stops sobbing immediately_.]

EDW.  (_putting his arm round_ CLEMENTINA'S _waist_.)  My dearest
Clementina!

[Mr SEEDY _hems twice, and then reads_,--]

"The last Will and Testament of Christopher Cadaverous, Gentleman, of
Copse horton, in the County of Cumberland.

"I, Christopher Cadaverous, being at this time in sound mind, do hereby
make my last will and testament.

"First, I pray that I may be forgiven all my manifold sins and
wickedness, and I do beg forgiveness of all those whom I may have
injured unintentionally or otherwise; and at the same time do pardon all
those who may have done me wrong, even to John Jones, the turnpike man,
who unjustly made me pay the threepenny toll twice over on Easter last,
when I went up to receive my dividends.

"My property, personal and real, I devise to my two friends, Solomon
Lazarus, residing at Number 3, Lower Thames-street, and Hezekiah Flint,
residing at Number 16, Lothbury, to have and to hold for the following
uses and purposes:--

"First, to my dearly beloved niece, Clementina Montagu, I leave the sum
of one hundred and fifty pounds, three and a half per cent consols, for
her sole use and benefit, to be made over to her, both principal and
interest, on the day of her marriage."  [EDWARD _withdraws his arm from_
CLEMENTINA'S _waist--turns half round from her, and falls back in his
chair with a pish_!]

"To my nephew, Thomas Montagu, I leave the sum of nineteen pounds
nineteen shilling and sixpence--having deducted the other sixpence to
avoid the legacy duty."

[THOMAS _turns from the lawyer with his face to the front of the stage;
crossing his legs_.]

"To my nephew, John Montagu, I leave also the sum of nineteen pounds
nineteen shillings and sixpence."

[JOHN _turns away in the same manner_.]

"To my nephew, once removed, James Stirling, I leave the sum of five
pounds to purchase a suit of mourning."

[JAMES _turns away as the others_.]

"To my nephew, once removed, William Stirling, I leave the sum of five
pounds to purchase a suit of mourning."

[WILLIAM _turns away as the others_.]

"To my kind and affectionate housekeeper, Mrs Martha Jellybags--"

[Mrs JELLYBAGS _sobs loudly, and cries_ "Oh dear!  Oh dear!"]

Mr SEEDY.  Silence, if you please.  (_Reads_.)

"In return for all her attention to me during my illness, and her ten
years' service, I leave the whole of my--"

[Mr SEEDY _having come to the bottom of the page lays down the will,
takes out his snuff-box, takes a pinch, blows his nose, snuffs the
candles, and proceeds_.]

"I leave the whole of my wardrobe, for her entire use and disposal; and
also my silver watch with my key and seal hanging to it.

"And having thus provided for--"

[Mrs JELLYBAGS, _who has been listening attentively, interrupts_ Mr
SEEDY _in great agitation_.]

JEL.  Will you be pleased to read that part over again?

SEEDY.  Certainly, ma'am.  "I leave the whole of my wardrobe, and also
my silver watch, with the key and seal hanging to it."

[Mrs JELLYBAGS _screams, and falls back in a swoon on her chair--no one
assists her_.]

"And having thus provided for all my relations, I do hereby devise the
rest of my property to the said Solomon Lazarus and Hezekiah Flint, to
have and to hold for the building and endowment of an hospital for
diseases of the heart, lights, liver, and spleen, as set off by the
provisions in the schedule annexed to my will as part and codicil to
it."

SEEDY.  Would the relations like me to read the provisions?

OMNES.  No! no! no!

[Mr SEEDY _is about to fold up the papers_.]

GUM.  I beg your pardon, sir, but is there no other codicil?

SEEDY.  I beg your pardon, Mr Gumarabic, I recollect now there is one
relative to you.

GUM.  (_nods his head_.)  I thought so.

[SEEDY _reads_.]

"And whereas I consider that my apothecary, Mr Haustus Gumarabic, hath
sent in much unnecessary physic, during my long illness--it is my
earnest request that my executors will not fail to tax his bill."

GUM.  (_rises and comes forward_.)  Tax my bill!--well that is odd, very
odd!  I may as well go and look after my patients.  [_Exit_.]

[JAMES _and_ WILLIAM _come forward_.]

JAMES.  I say, Bill, how are you off for a suit of mourning?

WILL.  Thanky for nothing, Jem.  If the old gentleman don't go to heaven
until I put it on, he will be in a very bad way.  Come along, it's no
use staying here.

[JOHN _and_ THOMAS _come forward_.]

JOHN.  I say, Tom, how are you off for nineteen pounds nineteen and six?
Heh!

THOS.  Let's toss and see which shall have both legacies.  Here goes--
heads or tails?

JOHN.  Woman for ever.

THOS.  You've won, so there's an end of not only my expectations but
realities.  Come along, Mrs Jellybags must be anxious to look over her
wardrobe.

JOHN.  Yes, and also the silver watch and the key and seal hanging to
it.  Good bye, Jemmy!  Ha! ha!

                                                   [_Exeunt, laughing_.]
CLEM.  For shame, John.  (_Turns to_ EDWARD.)  My dear Edward, do not
appear so downcast.  I acknowledge that I am myself much mortified and
disappointed--but we must submit to circumstances.  What did I tell you
before this will was read?--that nothing could alter my feelings towards
you, did I not?

EDW.  (_with indifference_.)  Yes.

CLEM.  Why then annoy yourself, my dear Edward?

EDW.  The confounded old junks!

CLEM.  Nay, Edward, recollect that he is dead--I can forgive him.

EDW.  But I won't.  Has he not dashed my cup of bliss to the ground?
Heavens! what delightful anticipations I had formed of possessing you
and competence--all gone!

CLEM.  All gone, dear Edward?

[Mrs JELLYBAGS, _who has been sitting very still, takes her
handkerchief from her eyes and listens_.]

EDW.  Yes, gone!--gone for ever!  Do you imagine, my ever dear
Clementina, that I would be so base, so cruel, so regardless of you and
your welfare, to entrap you into marriage with only one hundred and
fifty pounds!  No, no!--judge me better.  I sacrifice myself--my
happiness--all for you!--banish myself from your dear presence, and
retire to pass the remainder of my existence in misery and regret,
maddened with the feeling that some happier mortal will obtain that dear
hand, and will rejoice in the possession of those charms which I had too
fondly, too credulously, imagined as certain to be mine.

[_Takes out his handkerchief and covers his face_; CLEMENTINA _also puts
her handkerchief to her face and weeps_.  Mrs JELLYBAGS _nods her head
ironically_.]

CLEM.  Edward!

EDW.  My dear, dear Clementina!

CLEM.  You won't have me?

EDW.  My honour forbids it.  If you knew my feelings--how this poor
heart is racked!

CLEM.  Don't leave me, Edward.  Did you not say that for richer or for
poorer, for better or for worse, you would be mine, till death did us
part?

EDW.  Did I!

CLEM.  You know you did, Edward.

EDW.  It's astonishing how much nonsense we talk when in love.  My
dearest Clementina, let us be rational.  We are almost without a
sixpence.  There is an old adage, that when poverty comes in at the
door, love flies out of the window.  Shall I then make you miserable!
No! no!  Hear me, Clementina.  I will be generous.  I now absolve you
from all your vows.  You are free.  Should the time ever come that
prosperity shine upon me, and I find that I have sufficient for both of
us of that dross which I despise, then will I return, and, should my
Clementina not have entered into any other engagement, throw my fortune
and my person at her feet.  Till then, dearest Clementina, farewell!

CLEM.  (_sinking into a chair sobbing_.)  Cruel Edward!  Oh, my heart
will break!

EDW.  I can bear it myself no longer.  Farewell! farewell!  [_Exit_.]

JEL.  (_coming forward_.)  Well, this is some comfort.--(_To_
CLEMENTINA.)  Did I not tell you, Miss, that if you did not change your
mind, others might?

CLEM.  Leave me, leave me.

JEL.  No, I shan't; I have as good a right here as you, at all events.
I shall stay, Miss.

CLEM.  (_rising_.)  Stay then--but I shall not.  Oh, Edward!  Edward!
[_Exit, weeping_.]

JEL.  (_alone_.)  Well, I really thought I should have burst--to be
forced not to allow people to suppose that I cared, when I should like
to tear the old wretch out of his coffin to beat him.  _His_ wardrobe!
If people knew his wardrobe as well as I do, who have been patching at
it these last ten years--not a shirt or a stocking that would fetch
sixpence!  And as for his other garments, why a Jew would hardly put
them into his bag!  (_Crying_.)  Oh dear! oh dear!  After all, I'm just
like Miss Clementina; for Sergeant O'Callaghan, when he knows all this,
will as surely walk off without beat of drum, as did Mr Edward--and
that too with all the money I have lent him.  Oh these men! these men!--
whether they are living or dying there is nothing in them but treachery
and disappointment!  When they pretend to be in love, they only are
trying for your money; and even when they make their wills, they leave
to those behind them nothing but _ill-will_.

                   [_Exit, crying, off the stage as the curtain falls_.]


CHAPTER FORTY FOUR.

THE SKY-BLUE DOMINO.

It was a flue autumnal evening; I had been walking with a friend until
dusk on the Piazza Grande, or principal square in the town of Lucca.  We
had been conversing of England, our own country, from which I had then
banished myself for nearly four years, having taken up my residence in
Italy to fortify a weak constitution, and having remained there long
after it was requisite for my health from an attachment to its pure sky,
and the _dolce far niente_ which so wins upon you in that luxurious
climate.  We had communicated to each other the contents of our
respective letters arrived by the last mail; had talked over politics,
great men, acquaintances, friends and kindred; and, tired of
conversation, had both sank into a pleasing reverie as we watched the
stars twinkling above us, when my friend rose hastily and bid me good
night.

"Where are you going, Albert?" inquired I.

"I had nearly forgotten I had an appointment this evening.  I promised
to meet somebody at the Marquesa di Cesto's masquerade."

"Pshaw! are you not tired of these things?" replied I; "that eternal
round of black masks and dominos of all colours; heavy harlequins, fools
and clowns by nature wearing their proper dresses there, and only in
masquerade when out of it; nuns who have no holiness in their ideas,
friars without a spice of religion, ugly Venuses, Dianas without
chastity, and Hebes as old as your grandmother."

"All very true, Herbert, and life itself is masquerade enough; but the
fact is, that I have an appointment: it is of importance, and I must not
fail."

"Well, I wish you more amusement than I have generally extracted from
these burlesque meetings," replied I.  "Adieu, and may you be
successful!"  And Albert hastened away.

I remained another half hour reclining on the bench, and then returned
to my lodgings.  My servant Antonio lighted the candle and withdrew.  On
the table lay a note; it was an invitation from the Marquesa.  I threw
it on one side and took up a book, one that required reflection and deep
examination; but the rattling of the wheels of the carriages as they
whirled along past my window would not permit me to command my
attention.  I threw down the book; and taking a chair at the window,
watched the carriages full of masks as they rolled past, apparently so
eager in the pursuit of pleasure.  I was in a cynical humour.  What
fools, thought I, and yet what numbers will be there; there will be an
immense crowd; and what can be the assignation which Albert said was of
such consequence?  Such was my reflection for the next ten minutes,
during which at least fifty carriages and other vehicles had passed in
review before me.

And then I thought of the princely fortune of the Marquesa, the splendid
palazzo at which the masquerade was given, and the brilliant scene which
would take place.

"The Grand Duke is to be there, and everybody of distinction in Lucca.
I have a great mind to go myself."

A few minutes more elapsed.  I felt that I was lonely, and I made up my
mind that I would go.  I turned from the window and rang the bell.

"Antonio, see if you can procure me a domino, a dark-coloured one if
possible; and tell Carlo to bring the carriage round as soon as he can."

Antonio departed, and was away so long that the carriage was at the door
previous to his return.

"Signor, I am sorry, very, very sorry; but I have run to every shop in
Lucca, and there is nothing left but a sky-blue domino, which I have
brought with me."

"Sky-blue! why, there will not be two sky-blue dominos in the whole
masquerade: I might as well tell my name at once, I shall be so
conspicuous."

"You are as well hidden under a sky-blue domino as a black one, Signor,
if you choose to keep your own secrets," observed Antonio.

"Very true," replied I, "give me my mask."

Enshrouding myself in the sky-blue domino, I went down the stairs, threw
myself into the carriage, and directed Carlo to drive to the palazzo of
the Marquesa.

In half an hour we arrived at the entrance-gates of the Marquesa's
superb country seat.  From these gates to the palazzo, a sweep of
several hundred yards, the avenue though which the driver passed was
loaded with variegated lamps, hanging in graceful festoons from branch
to branch; and the notes of music from the vast entrance-hall of the
palazzo floated through the still air.  When I arrived at the area in
front of the flight of marble steps which formed the entrance of the
palazzo, I was astonished at the magnificence, the good taste, and the
total disregard of expense which were exhibited.  The palazzo itself
appeared like the fabric built of diamonds and precious stones by the
genii who obeyed the ring and lamp of Aladdin, so completely was its
marble front hidden with a mass of many-coloured lamps, the reflection
from whose galaxy of light rendered it bright as day for nearly one
hundred yards around; various mottoes and transparencies were arranged
in the walks nearest to the palazzo; and then all was dark, rendered
still darker from the contrast with the flood of light which poured to a
certain distance from the scene of festivity.  Groups of characters and
dominos were walking to and fro in every direction; most of them
retracing their steps when they arrived at the sombre walks and alleys,
some few pairs only continuing their route where no listeners were to be
expected.

This is an animating scene, thought I, as the carriage stopped, and I am
not sorry that I have made one of the party.  As soon as I had
descended, I walked up the flight of marble steps which led to the
spacious hall in which the major part of the company were collected.
The music had, for a moment, ceased to play; and finding that the
perfume of the exotics which decorated the hall was too powerful, I was
again descending the steps, when my hand was seized and warmly pressed
by one in a violet-coloured domino.

"I am so glad that you are come; we were afraid that you would not.  I
will see you again directly," said the domino; and it then fell back
into the crowd and disappeared.

It immediately occurred to me that it was my friend Albert who spoke to
me.  "Very odd," thought I, "that he should have found me out!"  And
again I fell into the absurdity of imagining that because I had put on a
conspicuous domino, I was sure to be recognised.  "What can he want with
me?  We must be in some difficulty, some unexpected one, that is
certain."  Such were my reflections as I slowly descended the steps,
occasionally pausing for a moment on one, as I was lost in conjecture,
when I was again arrested by a slight slap on the shoulder.  I looked
round: it was a female; and although she wore her half-mask, it was
evident that she was young, and I felt convinced that she was beautiful.

"Not a word," whispered she, putting her finger to her lip; "follow me."
Of course I followed: who could resist such a challenge?

"You are late," said the incognito, when we had walked so far away from
the palazzo as to be out of hearing of the crowd.

"I did not make up my mind to come until an hour ago," replied I.

"I was so afraid that you would not come.  Albert was sure that you
would, he was right.  He told me just now that he had spoken to you."

"What! was that Albert in the rose-coloured domino?"

"Yes; but I dare not stay now--my father will be looking for me.  Albert
is keeping him in conversation.  In half an hour he will speak to you
again.  Has he explained to you what has occurred?"

"Not one word."

"If he has not had time--and I doubt if he will have, as he must attend
to the preparations--I will write a few lines, if I can, and explain, or
at least tell you what to do; but I am so harassed, so frightened!  We
do indeed require your assistance.  Adieu!"  So saying, the fair unknown
tripped hastily away.

"What the deuce is all this?" muttered I, as I watched her retreating
figure.  "Albert said that he had an appointment, but he did not make me
his confidant.  It appears that something which has occurred this night
occasions him to require my assistance.  Well, I will not fail him."

For about half an hour I sauntered up and down between the lines of
orange-trees which were dressed up with variegated lamps, and shed their
powerful fragrance in the air: I ruminated upon what might be my
friend's intentions, and what might be the result of an intrigue carried
on in a country where the stiletto follows Love so close through all the
mazes of his labyrinth, when I was again accosted by the violet-coloured
domino.

"Hist!" whispered he, looking carefully round as he thrust a paper into
my hand; "read this after I leave you.  In one hour from this be you on
this spot.  Are you armed?"

"No," replied I; "but Albert--"

"You may not need it; but nevertheless take this,--I cannot wait."  So
saying, he put a stiletto into my hand, and again made a hasty retreat.

It had been my intention to have asked Albert what was his plan, and
further why he did not speak English instead of Italian, as he would
have been less liable to be understood if overheard by eavesdroppers;
but a little reflection told me that he was right in speaking Italian,
as the English language overheard would have betrayed him, or at least
have identified him as a foreigner.

"A very mysterious affair this!" thought I; "but, however, this paper
will, I presume, explain the business.  That there is a danger in it is
evident, or he would not have given me this weapon;" and I turned the
stiletto once or twice to the light of the lamp next to me, examining
its blade, when, looking up, I perceived a black domino standing before
me.

"It is sharp enough, I warrant," said the domino; "you have but to
strike home.  I have been waiting for you in the next walk, which I
thought was to be our rendezvous.  Here is a paper which you will fasten
to his dress.  I will contrive that he shall be here in an hour hence by
a pretended message.  After his death you will put this packet into his
bosom;--you understand.  Fail not: remember the one thousand sequins;
and here is my ring, which I will redeem as soon as your work is done.
The others will soon be here.  The pass-word is `Milano.'  But I must
not be seen here.  Why a sky-blue domino? it is too conspicuous for
escape;" and as I received from him the packet and ring, the black
domino retreated through the orange grove which encircled us.

I was lost in amazement: there I stood with my hands full--two papers, a
packet, a stiletto, and a diamond ring!

"Well," thought I, "this time I am most assuredly taken for somebody
else--for a bravo I am not.  There is some foul work going on, which
perhaps I may prevent."

"But why a sky-blue domino?" said he.

I may well ask the same question.  "Why the deuce did I come here in a
sky-blue domino, or any domino at all?"

I put the ring on my finger, the stiletto and packet in my bosom, and
then hastened away to the garden on the other side of the palazzo, that
I might read the mysterious communication put into my hands by my friend
Albert; and as I walked on, my love for admiration led me away so as to
find myself pleased with the mystery and danger attending upon the
affair; and feeling secure, now that I had a stiletto in my bosom for my
defence, I resolved that I would go right through it until the whole
affair should be unravelled.

I walked on till I had gained the last lamp on the other side of the
palazzo.  I held up to its light the mysterious paper: it was in
Italian, and in a woman's handwriting.

  "We have determined upon flight, as we cannot hope for safety here,
  surrounded as we are by stilettoes on every side.  We feel sure of
  pardon as soon as the papers which Albert received by this day's mail,
  and which he will entrust to you when you meet again, are placed in my
  father's hands.  We must have your assistance in removing our
  treasure.  Our horses are all ready, and a few hours will put us in
  safety; but we must look to you for following us in your carriage, and
  conveying for me what would prove so great an incumbrance to our
  necessary speed.  When Albert sees you again, he will be able to tell
  you where it is deposited.  Follow us quick, and you will always have
  the gratitude of--

  "VIOLA.

  "PS.  I write in great haste, as I cannot leave my father's side for a
  moment without his seeking for me."

"What can all this mean?  Albert told me of no papers by this day's
mail.  Viola!  I never heard him mention such a name.  He said to me,
`Read this, and all will be explained.'  I'll be hanged if I am not as
much in the dark as ever!  Follow them in my carriage with the
treasure--never says where!  I presume he is about to run off with some
rich heiress.  Confound this sky-blue domino!  Here I am with two
papers, a packet, a stiletto, and a ring; I am to receive another
packet, and am to convey treasure.  Well, it must solve itself--I will
back to my post; but first let me see what is in this paper which I am
to affix upon the man's dress after I have killed him."  I held it up to
the light, and read, in capital letters, "The reward of a traitor!"
"Short and pithy," muttered I, as I replaced it in my pocket: "now I'll
back to the place of assignation, for the hour must be nearly expired."

As I retraced my steps, I again reverted to the communication of
Viola--"Surrounded as we are by stilettoes on every side!"  Why, surely
Albert cannot be the person that I am required by the black domino to
despatch; and yet it may be so--and others are to join me here before
the hour is passed.  A thought struck me: whoever the party might be
whose life was to be taken, whether Albert or another, I could save him.

My reverie was again broken by a tap on the shoulder.

"Am I right?  What is the pass-word?"

"Milano!" replied I, in a whisper.

"All's right, then--Giacomo and Tomaso are close by--I will fetch them."

The man turned away, and in a minute re-appeared with two others,
bending as they forced their way under the orange-trees.

"Here we all are, Felippo," whispered the first.  "_He_ is to be here in
a few minutes."

"Hush!" replied I, in a whisper, and holding up to them the brilliant
ring which sparkled on my finger.

"Ah, Signor, I cry your mercy," replied the man, in a low voice; "I
thought it was Felippo."

"Not so loud," replied I, still in a whisper.  "All is discovered, and
Felippo is arrested.  You must away immediately.  You shall hear from me
to-morrow."

"Corpo di Bacco!  Where, Signor? at the old place?"

"Yes away--now, and save yourselves."

In a few seconds the desperate men disappeared among the trees, and I
was left alone.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

"Slaves of the Ring, you have done my bidding at all events, this time,"
thought I, and I looked at the ring more attentively.  It was a splendid
solitaire diamond, worth many hundred crowns.  "Will you ever find your
way back to our lawful owner?" was the question in my mind when Albert
made his appearance in his violet-coloured domino.

"'Twas imprudent of you to send me the paper by the black domino," said
he, hastily.  "Did I not tell you that I would be here in an hour?  We
have not a moment to spare.  Follow me quickly, and be silent."

I followed--the paper which Albert referred to needed no explanation; it
was, indeed, the only part of the whole affair which I comprehended.  He
led the way to about three hundred yards of the path through the wood.

"There," said he, "in that narrow avenue, you will find my faithful
negro with his charge.  He will not deliver it up without you show him
this ring."  And Albert put a ring upon my finger.

"But, Albert,"--my mind misgave me--Albert never had a faithful negro to
my knowledge; it must be some other person who had mistaken me for his
friend,--"I am afraid," continued I--

"Afraid!--let me not hear you say that.  You never yet knew fear," said
he, interrupting me.  "What have you to fear between this and Pisa?
Your own horses will take you there in three hours.  But here's the
packet, which you must deliver yourself.  Now that you know where the
negro is, return to the palazzo, deliver it into his own hands,
requesting his immediate perusal.  After that do not wait a moment, but
hasten here to your charge.  While the Grand Duke is reading it I will
escape with Viola."

"I really cannot understand all this," said I, taking the packet.

"All will be explained when we meet at Pisa.  Away, now; to the Grand
Duke--I will go to the negro and prepare him for your coming."

"But allow me--"

"Not a word more, if you love me," replied the violet-coloured domino,
who, I was now convinced, was not Albert; it was not his voice--there
was a mystery and a mistake; but I had become so implicated that I felt
I could not retreat without sacrificing the parties, whoever they might
be.

"Well," said I, as I turned back to the palazzo, "I must go on now; for,
as a gentleman and man of honour, I cannot refuse.  I will give the
packet to the Grand Duke, and I will also convey his treasure to Pisa,
Confound this sky-blue domino!"

As I returned to the palazzo, I was accosted by the black domino.

"Milano!" replied I.

"Is all right, Felippo?" said he, in a whisper.

"All is right, Signor," was my answer.

"Where is he?"

I pointed with my finger to a clump of orange-trees.

"And the paper and packet?"

I nodded my head.

"Then you had better away--I will see you to-morrow."

"At the old place, Signor?"

"Yes," replied the black domino, cutting into a cross-path, and
disappearing.

I arrived at the palazzo, mounted the steps, forced my way through the
crowd, and perceived the Grand Duke in an inner saloon, the lady who had
accosted me leaning on his arm.  It then occurred to me that the Grand
Duke had an only daughter, whose name was Viola.  I entered the saloon,
which was not crowded, and walking boldly up to the Grand Duke,
presented the packet, requesting that his Highness would give it his
immediate attention.  I then bowed, and hastened away, once more passed
through the thronged hall, and gained the marble steps of the palazzo.

"Have you given it?" said a low voice close to me.

"I have," replied I; "but, Signor--"

"Not a word, Carlo: hasten to the wood, if you love me."  And the
violet-coloured domino forced his way into the crown which filled the
hall.

"Now for my journey to Pisa," said I.  "Here I am, implicated in high
treason, perhaps, in consequence of my putting on a sky-blue domino.
Well, there's no help for it."

In a few minutes I had gained the narrow avenue, and having pursued it
about fifty yards, perceived the glaring eyes of the crouched negro.  By
the starlight, I could just distinguish that he had a basket, or
something like one, before him.

"What do you come for, Signor?" said the negro, rising on his feet.

"For what has been placed under your charge; here is the ring of your
master."

The negro put his fingers to the ring and felt it, that he might
recognise it by its size and shape.

"Here it is, Signor," said he, lifting up the basket gently, and putting
it into my arms.  It was not heavy, although somewhat cumbrous from its
size.

"Hark!  Signor, there is confusion in the palazzo.  You must be quick,
and I must not be seen with you."  And away darted the negro like
lightning through the bushes.

I also hastened away with the basket (contents unknown), for it appeared
to me that affairs were coming to a crisis.  I heard people running
different ways, and voices approaching me.  When I emerged from the
narrow avenue, I perceived several figures coming down the dark walk at
a rapid pace, and, seized with a sort of panic, I took to my heels.  I
soon found that they were in pursuit, and I increased my speed.  In the
gloom of the night, I unfortunately tripped over a stone, and fell with
the basket to the ground; and then the screams from within informed me
that the treasure intrusted to my safe keeping was a child.  Fearful
that it was hurt, and forgetting, for the time, the danger of being
captured, I opened the lid, and examined its limbs, while I tried to
pacify it; and while I was sitting down in my sky-blue domino, thus
occupied in hushing a baby, I was seized by both shoulders, and found
myself a prisoner.

"What is the meaning of this rudeness, Signors?" said I, hardly knowing
what to say.

"You are arrested by order of the Grand Duke," was the reply.

"I am arrested!--why?--I am an Englishman!"

"That makes no difference; the orders are to arrest all found in the
garden in sky-blue dominos."

"Confound the sky-blue domino!" thought I, for the twentieth time at
least.  "Well, Signora, I will attend you; but first let me try to
pacify this poor frightened infant."

"Strange that he should be found running away with a child at the same
time that the Lady Viola has disappeared!" observed one of my captors.

"You are right, Signora," replied I; "it is very strange; and what is
more strange is, that I can no more explain it than you can.  I am now
ready to accompany you.  Oblige me by one of you carrying the basket
while I take care of the infant."

In a few minutes we had arrived at the palazzo.  I had retained my mask,
and I was conducted through the crowd into the saloon into which I had
previously entered when I delivered the packet to the Grand Duke.

"There he is! there he is!" was buzzed through the crowd in the hall.
"Holy Virgin! he has a child in his arms!  _Bambino bellissimo_!"  Such
were the exclamations of wonder and surprise as they made a lane for my
passage, and I was in the presence of the Grand Duke, who appeared to be
in a state of great excitement.

"It is the same person!" exclaimed the Duke.  "Confess! are you not the
party who put a packet into my hands about a quarter of an hour since?"

"I am the person, your Highness," replied I, as I patted and soothed the
frightened child.

"Who gave it you?"

"May it please your Highness, I do not know."

"What child is that?"

"May it please your Highness, I do not know."

"Where did you get it?"

"Out of that basket, your Highness."

"Who gave you the basket?"

"May it please your Highness, I do not know."

"You are trifling with me.  Let him be searched."

"May it please your Highness, I will save them that trouble, if one of
the ladies will take the infant.  I have received a great many presents
this evening, all of which I will have the honour of displaying before
your Highness."

One of the ladies held out her arms to the infant, who immediately bent
from mine toward her, naturally clinging to the other sex as its friend
in distress.

"In the first place, your Highness, I have this evening received this
ring," taking off my finger the one given by the party in a
violet-coloured domino, and presenting it to him.

"And from whom?" said his Highness, instantly recognising the ring.

"May it please your Highness, I do not know.  I have also received
another ring, your Highness," continued I, taking off the ring given me
by the black domino.

"And who gave you this?" interrogated the Duke, again evidently
recognising it.

"May it please your Highness, I do not know.  Also, this stiletto, but
from whom, I must again repeat, I do not know.  Also, this packet, with
directions to put it into a dead man's bosom."

"And you are, I presume, equally ignorant of the party who gave it to
you?"

"Equally so, your Highness; as ignorant as I am of the party who desired
me to present you with the other packet which I delivered.  Here is also
a paper I was desired to pin upon a man's clothes after I had
assassinated him."

"Indeed!--and to this, also, you plead total ignorance?"

"I have but one answer to give to all, your Highness, which is, I do not
know."

"Perhaps, Sir, you do not know your own name or profession," observed
his Highness, with a sneer.

"Yes, your Highness," replied I, taking off my mask, "that I do know.  I
am an Englishman, and, I trust, a gentleman, and a man of honour.  My
name is Herbert; and I have more than once had the honour to be a guest
at your Highness's entertainments."

"Signor, I recognise you," replied the Grand Duke.  "Let the room be
cleared--I must speak with this gentleman alone."

When the company had quitted the saloon, I entered into a minute detail
of the events of the evening, to which his Highness paid the greatest
attention; and when I had finished, the whole mystery was unravelled to
me by him, and with which I will now satisfy the curiosity of my
readers.

The Grand Duke had one daughter, by name Viola, whom he had wished to
marry to Rodolph, Count of Istria; but Viola had met with Albert,
Marquis of Salerno, and a mutual attachment had ensued.  Although the
Grand Duke would not force his daughter's wishes and oblige her to marry
Count Rodolph, at the same time he would not consent to her espousals
with the Marquis Albert.  Count Rodolph had discovered the intimacy
between Viola and the Marquis of Salerno, and had made more than one
unsuccessful attempt to get rid of his rival by assassination.  After
some time, a private marriage with the marquis had been consented to by
Viola; and a year afterwards the Lady Viola retired to the country, and
without the knowledge, or even suspicions, of her father, had given
birth to a male child, which had been passed off as the offspring of one
of the ladies of the court who was married, and to whom the secret had
been confided.

At this period the secret societies, especially the _Carbonari_, had
become formidable in Italy, and all the crowned heads and reigning
princes were using every exertion to suppress them.  Count Rodolph was
at the head of these societies, having joined them to increase his
power, and to have at his disposal the means of getting rid of his
rival.  Of this the Marquis of Salerno had received intimation, and for
some time had been trying to obtain proof against the count; for he knew
that if once it was proved, Count Rodolph would never be again permitted
to appear in the state of Lucca.  On the other hand, Count Rodolph had
been making every arrangement to get rid of his rival, and had
determined that it should be effected at this masquerade.

The Marquis of Salerno had notice given him of this intention, and also
had on that morning obtained the proof against Count Rodolph, which he
was now determined to forward to the Grand Duke; but, aware that his
assassination by the _Carbonari_ was to be attempted, and also that the
wrath of the Grand Duke would be excessive when he was informed of their
private marriage, he resolved to fly with his wife to Pisa, trusting
that the proofs of Count Rodolph being connected with the _Carbonari_,
and a little time, would soften down the Grand Duke's anger.  The
marquis had arranged that he should escape from the Duke's dominions on
the night of the masquerade, as it would be much easier for his wife to
accompany him from thence than from the Grand Duke's palace, which was
well guarded; but it was necessary that they should travel on horseback,
and they could not take their child with them.  Viola would not consent
that it should be left behind; and on this emergency he had written to
his friend, the Count d'Ossore, to come to their assistance at the
masquerade, and, that they might recognise him, to wear a sky-blue
domino, a colour but seldom put on.  The Count d'Ossore had that morning
left his town mansion on a hunting excursion, and did not receive the
letter, of which the Marquis and Viola were ignorant.  Such was the
state of affairs at the time that I put on the sky-blue domino to go to
the masquerade.

My first meeting with the marquis in his violet-coloured domino is
easily understood: being in a sky-blue domino I was mistaken for the
Count d'Ossore.  I was myself led into the mistake by the Marquis Albert
having the same Christian name as my English friend.  The second meeting
with the Count Rodolph, in the black domino, was accidental.  The next
walk had been appointed as the place of meeting with the _Carbonari_
Felippo and his companions; but Count Rodolph, perceiving me examining
my stiletto by the light of the lamp, presumed that I was Felippo, and
that I had mistaken the one path for the other which had been agreed
upon.  The papers given to me by Count Rodolph were _Carbonari_ papers,
which were to be hid in the marquis's bosom after he had been
assassinated, to make it appear that he had belonged I to that society,
and by the paper affixed to his clothes, that he had been murdered by
the agents of the society for having betrayed them.  The papers which
the marquis had requested me to give to the Grand Duke were the proofs
of Count Rodolph's belonging to the secret society; and with the papers
was enclosed a letter to the Grand Duke, in which they I acknowledged
their secret union.  And now, I believe, the reader will comprehend the
whole of this mysterious affair.

After all had been explained, I ventured to ask his Highness if he would
permit me to fulfil my promise of taking the child to its mother, as I
considered it a point of honour that I should keep my engagement, the
more so, as the delay would occasion the greatest distress to his
daughter; and I ventured to add, that I trusted his Highness would
pardon what could not now be remedied, and that I should have the
satisfaction of being the bearer of such pleasing intelligence to his
daughter and the marquis.

The Grand Duke paced the room for a minute, and then replied, "Signor
Herbert, I feel so disgusted with the treachery and baseness of Count
Rodolph, that I hardly need observe, if my daughter were free he never
should espouse her; indeed, he will have immediate orders to quit the
state.  You have been instrumental in preserving the life of the Marquis
of Salerno, who is my son-in-law, and as matters now stand, I am
indebted to you.  Your dismissal of the bravoes, by means of the count's
ring, was a masterly stroke.  You shall have the pleasure of taking my
forgiveness to my daughter and her husband; but as for the child, it may
as well remain here.  Tell Viola I retain it as a hostage for the quick
return of its mother."

I took my leave of his Highness, and hastened to Pisa, where I soon
found out the retreat of the marquis and his wife.  I sent up my name,
requesting immediate admittance, as having a message from the Grand
Duke.  I found them in great distress.  The Count d'Ossore had returned
late on the night of the masquerade, found the letter, hastened to the
Marquesa de Cesto's, and had arrived just after the elopement had been
discovered.  He immediately followed them to Pisa, when an explanation
took place, and they discovered that they had been communicating with
some unknown person, by whom they had, in all probability, been
betrayed.

It would be difficult to portray their astonishment and joy when I
entered into a detail of what had occurred, and wound up with the
message from the Grand Duke; and I hardly need add, now that I wind up
my story, that the proofs of gratitude I received from the marquis and
his wife, during my subsequent residence in Italy, left me no occasion
to repent that I had gone to the masquerade of the Marquesa de Cesto, in
a SKY-BLUE DOMINO.

THE END.



CHAPTER FORTY FIVE.

MODERN TOWN HOUSES.

I have often thought, when you consider the difference of comfort
between houses built from sixty to a hundred years back, in comparison
with the modern edifices, that the cry of the magician in "Aladdin," had
he called out "new houses," instead of "new lamps," for old ones, would
not have appeared so very absurd.  It was my good fortune, for the major
part of my life, to occupy an ancient house, built, I believe, in the
reign of Queen Elizabeth.  My father lived in it before I was in
existence: I was born in it, and it was bequeathed to me.  It has since
been my misfortune to have lived three years in one of the modern-built
houses; and although I have had my share of the ills to which we all are
heir, I must date my real unhappiness from the first month after I took
possession.  With your permission, I will enter into my history, as it
may prove a warning to others, who will not remember the old proverb of
"_Let well alone_."

I am a married man, with six children; my three eldest are daughters,
and have now quitted a school, near Portman-Square, to which my wife
insisted upon my sending them, as it was renowned for finishing young
ladies.  Until their return to domiciliate themselves under my roof, I
never heard a complaint of my house, which was situated at Brompton.  It
was large, airy, and comfortable, with excellent shrubberies, and a few
acres of land; and I possessed every comfort and even luxury which could
be rationally required, my wife and daughters having their carriage, and
in every respect my establishment being that of a gentleman.

I had not, however, taken my daughters from school more than two months,
before I was told that we were "living out of the world," although not a
mile and a half from Hyde Park Corner; and, to my surprise, my wife
joined in the cry; it was always from morn to night, "We might do this
but, we cannot do this because, we are quite out of the world."  It was
too far to dine out in town; too far for people to come and dine with
us; too far to go to the play, or the opera; too far to drive in the
park; too far even to walk in Kensington Gardens.  I remonstrated, that
we had managed to dine out, to receive visitors, and to enjoy all other
amusements very well for a considerable number of years, and that it did
not appear to me that Brompton had walked away from London, on the
contrary, that London was making rapid advances towards Brompton; but it
would not do,--all day the phrase rang in my ears, "out of the world,"
until I almost began to wish that I was out too.  But it is no use
having the best of an argument when opposed to women.  I had my choice,
either to give up my house, and take another in London, or to give up my
peace.  With an unwilling sigh, I at last consented to leave a place
dear to me, from long association and many reminiscences; and it was
arranged that Brompton Hall was to be let, or sold, and that we were to
look out immediately for a house in some of the squares in the
metropolis.  If my wife and daughters found that the distance from
London was too far for other purposes, at all events it was not too far
for house-hunting.  They were at it incessantly week after week; and, at
last, they fixed upon one in the neighbourhood of Belgrave-Square,
which, as they repeated, possessed all the cheerfulness and fresh air of
the country, all the advantages of a town residence.  The next day I was
to be dragged to see it, and give my opinion; at the same time, from the
commendations bestowed upon it previous to my going, I felt assured that
I was expected to give their opinion, and not my own.

The next day, accordingly, we repaired thither, setting off immediately
after breakfast, to meet the surveyor and builder, who was to be on the
spot.  The house in question was one of a row just building, or built,
whitened outside, in imitation of stone.  It was Number 2.  Number 1 was
finished; but the windows still stained with the drippings of the
whitewash and colouring.  Number 2, the one in question, was complete;
and, as the builder asserted, ready for immediate occupation.  Number 3
was not so far advanced.  As for the others, they were at present
nothing but carcasses, without even the front steps built to them; and
you entered them by a drawbridge of planks.

The builder stood at the front door, and bowed most respectfully.
"Why," observed I, looking at the piles of mortar, lime, and bricks,
standing about in all directions, "we shall be smothered with dust and
lime for the next two years."

"Don't be alarmed, sir," replied the builder; "every house in the row
will be finished before the winter.  We really cannot attend to the
applications for them."

We entered the house.

"Is not the entrance handsome?" observed my wife; "so neat and clean."

To this I had not a reply to make; it certainly did look neat and clean.

We went into the dining-room.  "What a nice room," exclaimed my eldest
daughter.  "How many can we dine in this room?"

"Um!" replied I; "about twelve, I suppose, comfortably."

"Dear me!" observed the builder; "you have no notion of the size of the
house; rooms are so deceiving, unfurnished.  You may sit down twenty
with ease; I'll appeal to the lady.  Don't you think so, ma'am?"

"Yes, I do," replied my wife.

After that we went over the drawing-rooms, bed-rooms, and attics.

Every bed-room was apportioned by my wife and daughters, and the others
were allotted to the servants; and that in the presence of the builder,
who took good note of all that passed.

The kitchen was admired; so were the pantry, scullery, coal-hole,
dust-hole, etcetera; all so nice and clean; so compact; and, as the
builder observed, not a nail to drive anywhere.

"Well, my dear, what do you think now? isn't it a charming house?" said
my wife, as we re-ascended into the dining-parlour.

"It's a very nice house, my dear; but still it requires a little
consideration," replied I.

"Consideration, my dear?" replied my wife; "what! now that you have gone
over it?"

"I am afraid that I cannot give you very long, sir," observed the
builder; "there are two other parties after the house, and I am to give
them an answer by two o'clock."

"Mr Smithers told me the same yesterday," whispered my wife.

"What did you say the rent was, Mr Smithers?"

"Only 200 pounds per annum."

"Any ground-rent?"

"Only 27 pounds 10 shillings."

"And the taxes?"

"Oh, they will be a mere trifle."

"The rent appears to me to be very high."

"High, my dear sir! consider the situation, the advantages.  We can't
build them fast enough at that price.  But of course, sir, you best
know," replied he, carelessly walking towards the window.

"Take it; my dear," said my wife.

"You must take it, papa."

"Pray take it, papa."

"Mr Whats-your-name, I beg your pardon--"

"Smithers, sir," said the builder, turning round.

"Pray, Mr Smithers, what term of lease do you let at?"

"Seven, fourteen, or twenty-one, at the option of either party, sir."

"I should have no objection to take it for three years."

"Three years, my dear sir!--that would be doing yourself an injustice.
You would lose half the value of your fixtures provided you left--and
then the furniture.  Depend upon it, sir, if you once get into it, you
will never wish to leave it."

"That may or not be," replied I; "but I will not take it for more than
three years.  The town-air may not agree with me; and if, as you say,
people are so anxious to take the houses, of course it can make no
difference to you."

"I'm afraid, sir, that for so short a time--"

"I will not take it for longer," replied I, rising up, glad of an excuse
to be off.

"Oh, papa!"

"My dear Mr B--."

"On that point," replied I, "I will not be overruled.  I will not take a
lease for more than three years, with the right of continuing, if I
please."

The builder perceived that I was in earnest.

"Well, sir," replied he, "I hardly know what to say; but rather than
disappoint the ladies, I will accept you as a tenant for three years
certain."

"Confound the fellow!" thought I; but I was pinned, and there was an end
of the matter.  Mr Smithers pulled out paper and ink; two letters of
agreement were written upon a small deal table, covered with blotches of
various coloured paints; and the affair was thus concluded.

We got into the carriage and drove home, my wife and daughters in
ecstasies, and I obliged to appear very well satisfied, that I might not
damp their spirits; yet I must say that although the house appeared a
very nice house, I had my forebodings.

"At all events," thought I, "the lease is only for three years;" and
thus I consoled myself.

The next day the whole house was in commotion.  I believe my wife and
daughters were up at daybreak.  When I went into the breakfast room, I
discovered that the pictures had been taken down, although there was no
chance of their being hung up for many weeks at least, and every thing
was in preparation for packing up.  After breakfast my wife set off for
town to order carpets and curtains, and did not come home till six
o'clock, very tired with the fatigues of the day.  She had also brought
the measure of every grate, to ascertain what fenders would suit; the
measure of the bed-rooms and attics, to remodel the carpets; for it was
proposed that Brompton Hall should be disposed of, the new occupier
taking at a valuation what furniture might be left.  To this I appeared
to consent; but was resolved in my own mind that, if taken, it should
only be for the same term of years as my new lease.  I will pass over a
month of hurry, bustle, and confusion; at the end of which I found
myself in our new habitation.  It was completely furnished, with the
exception of the drawing-room carpet, which had not been laid down, but
was still in a roll tied up with packthread in the middle of the room.
The cause of this I soon understood from my wife.  It was always the
custom, she said, to give a house-warming upon entering a new house, and
she therefore proposed giving a little dance.  To this, as it would
please her and my daughters, I raised no objection.

I have always observed, that what is proposed as a little dance
invariably ends in a great one; for from the time of proposing till the
cards are about, it increases like a snowball; but that arises, perhaps,
from the extreme difficulty of knowing when to draw the line between
friends and acquaintances.  I have also observed that when your wife and
daughters intend such a thing, they always obtain permission for the
ball first, and then tack on the supper afterwards; commencing with a
mere stand-up affair,--sandwiches, cakes, and refreshments,--and ending
with a regular sit-down affair, with Gunter presiding over all.  The
music from two fiddles and a piano also swells into Collinet's band,
verifying the old adage, "In for a penny, in for a pound."  But to all
this I gave my consent; I could afford it well, and I liked to please my
wife and daughters.  The ball was given, and this house-warming ended in
house-breaking; for just before the supper-quadrille, as it was termed,
when about twenty-four young ladies and gentlemen were going the grand
ronde, a loud noise below, with exclamations and shrieks, was heard, and
soon afterwards the whole staircase was smothered with dust.

"What _is_ the matter?" cried my wife, who had passed to the
landing-place on the stairs before me.

"Ma'am," said one of Mr Gunter's men, shaking the lappets of his blue
coat, which were covered with white dust, "the whole ceiling of the
dining-room has come down!"

"Ceiling come down!" screamed my wife.

"Yes, ma'am," replied our own servant; "and the supper and supper-tables
are all smashed flat with the weight on it."

Here was a catastrophe.  My wife hastened down, and I followed.  Sure
enough the weight of mortar had crushed all beneath it--all was chaos
and confusion.  Jellies, blancmanges, pates, cold roasts, creams,
trifles,--all in one mass of ruin, mixed up with lime, horse-hair,
plaster of Paris, and stucco.  It wore all the appearance of a Swiss
avalanche in miniature.

"Good heavens, how dreadful!" exclaimed my wife.

"How much more so if there had been people in the room," replied I.

"What could be the cause of it!" exclaimed my wife.

"These new houses, sir, won't bear dancing in," observed Mr Gunter's
head man.

"So it appears," replied I.

This unfortunate accident was the occasion of the party breaking up:
they knew that there was no chance of supper, which they had looked
forward to; so they put on their shawls and departed, leaving us to
clear up the wreck at our leisure.  In fact, as my daughters declared,
it quite spoiled the ball as well as the supper.

The next morning I sent for Mr Smithers, who made his appearance, and
showed him what had taken place.

"Dear me, I'm very sorry; but you had too many people above stairs--that
is very clear."

"Very clear, indeed, Mr Smithers.  We had a ball last night."

"A ball, sir!  Oh, then no wonder."

"No wonder!  What! do you mean to say that balls are not to be given?"

"Why, really, sir, we do not build private houses for ball-rooms--we
could not, sir; the price of timber just now is enormous, and the
additional strength required would never pay us."

"What then! do you mean to say that there are no balls to be given in
London?"

"Oh no, sir!--certainly not; but you must be aware that few people do.
Even our aristocracy hire Willis's rooms for their balls.  Some of the
old houses, indeed, such as Devonshire House, may do for such a thing."

"But, Mr Smithers, I expect you will make this ceiling good."

"Much obliged to you, sir, for giving me the preference--I will do it as
reasonable as anybody," replied Mr Smithers, bowing.  "I will order my
workmen directly--they are only next door."

For a fortnight we were condemned to dine in the back dining-room; and
after that Mr Smithers sent in a bill which cost me more than the ball
and supper.

So soon as all was right again, I determined that I would hang up my
pictures; for I had been accustomed to look at them for years, and I
missed them.  I sent for a carpenter, and gave him directions.

"I have the middle now, sir, exactly," said the man, standing on the
high steps; "but," continued he, tapping with his hammer, "I can't find
wood."

"Can't find wood!"

"No, sir," replied the man, tapping as far as he could reach from right
to left; "nothing to nail to, sir.  But there never is no wood in these
new-built houses."

"Confound your new houses!" exclaimed I.

"Well, it is very provoking, my dear!" exclaimed my wife.

"I suppose that their new houses are not built for pictures any more
than for balls," replied I; and I sighed.  "What must be done?"

"I think, sir, if you were to order brass rods to be fixed from one
corner to the other, we might find means to fasten them," observed the
carpenter; "but there's no wood, that's certain."

"What the devil is the house built of then?" exclaimed I.

"All lath and plaster, sir," replied the man, tapping right and left.

At a heavy expense I procured the rods, and at last the pictures were
hung up.

The next annoyance that we had was a very bad smell, which we found to
proceed from the drains; and the bricklayers were sent for.  All the
drains were choked, it appeared, from their being so very narrow; and
after having up the whole basement, at the expense of 40 pounds, that
nuisance was abated.

We now had two months' repose, and I was in hopes that things would go
on more comfortably; but one day I overheard a conversation between my
wife and daughters, as I passed by the door of the room, which I must
candidly acknowledge gave me satisfaction.

"It's really very awkward, mamma--one don't know where to put anything:
there's not a cupboard or stow-hole in the whole house--not even a
store-room."

"Well, it is so, my dear; I wonder we did not observe it when we looked
over it.  What a nice set of cupboards we had at Brompton Hall."

"Oh! yes--I wish we had them here, mamma.  Couldn't we have some built?"

"I don't like to speak to your papa about it, my dear; he has already
been put to such expense, what with the ceiling and the drains."

"Then don't, mamma; papa is really very good-natured."

The equinoxes now came on, and we had several gales of wind, with heavy
rain--the slates blew off and rattled up and down all night, while the
wind howled round the corner of the square.  The next morning complaints
from all the attic residents; one's bed was wetted quite through with
the water dropping through the ceiling--another had been obliged to put
a basin on the floor to catch the leak--all declared that the roof was
like a sieve.  Sent again for Mr Smithers, and made a complaint.

"This time, Mr Smithers," said I, with the lease in my hand, "I believe
you will acknowledge these are landlord's repairs."

"Certainly, sir, certainly," exclaimed Mr Smithers; "I shall desire one
of my men to look to it immediately; but the fact is, with such heavy
gales, the slates must be expected to move a little.  Duchesses and
countesses are very light, and the wind gets underneath them."

"Duchesses and countesses very light!" exclaimed my wife; "what do you
mean?"

"It's the term we give to slates, madam," replied he; "we cannot put on
a heavy roof with a brick-and-a-half wall.  It would not support one."

"_Brick-and-a-half_ wall!" exclaimed I;--"surely, Mr Smithers, that's
not quite safe with a house so high."

"Not quite safe, my dear sir, if it were a single house; but," added he,
"in a row, one house supports another."

"Thank Heaven," thought I, "I have but a three-years' lease, and six
months are gone already."

But the annoyances up to this period were internal; we now had to
experience the external nuisances attending a modern-built house.

"Number 1 is taken, papa, and they are getting the furniture in," said
my eldest daughter one day; "I hope we shall have nice neighbours.  And
William told Mary that Mr Smithers told him, when he met him in the
street, that he was now going to fit up Number 3 as fast as he could."

The report was true, as we found from the report of the carpenters'
hammers for the next three or four weeks.  We could not obtain a
moment's sleep except in the early part of the night, or a minute's
repose to our ears during the day.  The sound appeared as if it was _in_
our house instead of next door; and it commenced at six o'clock in the
morning, and lasted till seven in the evening.  I was hammered to death;
and, unfortunately, there was a constant succession of rain, which
prevented me going out to avoid it.  I had nothing to do but to watch my
pictures, as they jumped from the wall with the thumps of the hammers.
At last Number 3 was floored, wainscotted, and glazed, and we had a
week's repose.

By this time Number 1 was furnished, and the parties who had taken it
came in.  They were a gouty old gentleman, and his wife, who, report
said, had once been his cook.  My daughters' hopes of pleasant
neighbours were disappointed.  Before they had been in a week, we found
ourselves at issue: the old gentleman's bed was close to the
partition-wall, and in the dead of the night we could distinctly hear
his groans and also his execrations and exclamations, when the fit came
on him.  My wife and daughters declared that it was quite horrible, and
that they could not sleep for them.

Upon the eighth day there came a note:--"Mrs Whortleback's compliments
to Mr and Mrs --, and begs that the young people will not play on the
piany, as Mr Whortleback is very ill with the gout."

Now, my daughters were proficients on the piano, and practised a great
deal.  This note was anything but satisfactory: to play when the old
gentleman was ill would be barbarous,--not to play was to deprive
ourselves of our greatest pleasure.

"Oh dear! how very disagreeable," cried my daughters.

"Yes, my dear; but if we can hear his groans, it's no wonder that he can
hear the piano and harp: recollect the wall is only a brick and a half
thick."

"I wonder music don't soothe him," observed the eldest.

Music is a mockery to a man in agony.  A man who has been broken on the
wheel would not have his last hours soothed by the finest orchestra.
After a week, during which we sent every day to inquire after Mr
Whortleback's health, we ventured to resume the piano and harp; upon
which the old gentleman became testy, and sent for a man with a trumpet,
placing him in the balcony, and desiring him to play as much out of tune
as possible whenever the harp and piano sounded a note.  Thus were we at
open hostility with our only neighbour; and, as we were certain if my
daughters touched their instruments, to have the trumpet blowing discord
for an hour or two either that day or the next, at last the piano was
unopened, and the harp remained in its case.  Before the year closed,
Number 3 became tenanted; and here we had a new annoyance.  It was
occupied by a large family; and there were four young ladies who were
learning music.  We now had our annoyance: it was strum, strum, all day
long; one sister up, another down; and every one knows what a bore the
first lessons in music are to those who are compelled to hear them.
They could just manage to play a tune, and that eternal tune was ringing
in our ears from morning to night.  We could not send our compliments,
or blow a trumpet.  We were forced to submit to it.  The nursery also
being against the partition wall, we had the squalls and noise of the
children on the one side, added to groans and execrations of the old
gentleman on the other.

However, custom reconciled us to everything, and the first vexation
gradually wore off.  Yet I could not help observing that when I was
supposed not to be in hearing, the chief conversation of my wife, when
her friends called upon her, consisted of a description of all the
nuisances and annoyances that we suffered; and I felt assured that she
and my daughters were as anxious to return to Brompton Hall as I was.
In fact, the advantages which they had anticipated by their town
residence were not realised.  In our situation, we were as far off from
most of our friends, and still farther from some than we were before,
and we had no longer the same amusements to offer them.  At our former
short distance from town, access was more easy to those who did not keep
a carriage, that is, the young men; and those were the parties who, of
course, my wife and daughters cared for most.  It was very agreeable to
come down with their portmanteaus,--enjoy the fresh air and green lanes
of the country for an afternoon,--dine, sleep, and breakfast, and return
the next morning by conveyances which passed us every quarter of an
hour; but to dine with us in -- Square, when the expense of a
hackney-coach there and back was no trifle, and to return at eleven
o'clock at night, was not at all agreeable.  We found that we had not so
much society, nor were we half so much courted, as at Brompton Hall.
This was the bitterest blow of all, and my wife and daughters would look
out of the windows and sigh; often a whole day passed without one friend
or acquaintance dropping in to relieve its monotony.

We continued to reside there, nevertheless, for I had made up my mind
that the three years would be well spent if they cured my wife and
daughters of their town mania; and although anxious, as I am sure they
were, to return, I never broached the matter, for I was determined that
the cure should be radical.  Numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, were finished
the next year, and, by the persuasions of Mr Smithers, were taken by
different parties in the spring.  And now we had another nuisance.
Nothing but eternal rings at the bell.  The man-servant grumbled, and
was behind with his work; and when scolded, replied that there was no
time for any thing, that when cleaning his knives and plate the bell was
rung, and he was obliged to wash himself, throw on his jacket, and go up
to answer the front door; that the bell was not rung for us, but to find
out where some new-comer lived, and to ascertain this they always rang
at the house which appeared the longest inhabited.  There was no end to
the ringing for some months, and we had three servants who absolutely
refused to stay in so bad a place.  We had also to contend with letters
and notes in the same way, brought to us at haphazard: "Does Mr
So-and-so live here?"--"No, he does not."--"Then pray where does he?"
This was interminable, and not five minutes in the day passed without
the door-bell being rung.  For the sake of not changing my servants I
was at last put to the expense of an extra boy for no other purpose but
to answer the constant applications at the door.  At last we had
remained there for two years and nine months, and then my wife would
occasionally put the question whether I intended to renew the lease; and
I naturally replied that I did not like change.

Then she went upon another tack; observed that Clara did not appear well
for some time, and that she thought that she required country air; but,
in this, I did not choose to agree with her.

One day I came home, and, rubbing my hands as if pleased, said, "Well,
at last I've an offer for Brompton Villa for a term of seven years,--a
very fair offer and good tenants,--so that will now be off my hands."

My wife looked mortified, and my daughters held down their heads.

"Have you let it, papa?" said one of my daughters, timidly.

"No, not yet; but I am to give an answer to-morrow morning."

"It requires consideration, my dear," replied my wife.

"Requires consideration!" said I.  "Why, my dear, the parties have seen
the house, and I have been trying to let it these three years.  I
recollect when I took this house I said it required consideration, but
you would not allow any such thing."

"I'm sure I wish we had," said Clara.

"And so do I."

"The fact is, my dear," said my wife, coming round to the back of my
chair, and putting her arms round my neck, "we all wish to go back to
Brompton."

"Yes, yes, papa," added my daughters, embracing me on each side.

"You will allow, then, that I was right in not taking a lease for more
than three years."

"Yes: how lucky you were so positive!"

"Well, then, if that is the case, we will unfurnish this house, and, as
soon as you please, go back to Brompton Hall."

I hardly need observe that we took possession of our old abode with
delight, and that I have had no more applications for a change of
residence, or have again heard the phrase that we were living "out of
the world."



CHAPTER FORTY SIX.

THE WAY TO BE HAPPY.

Cut your coat according to your cloth, is an old maxim and a wise one;
and if people will only square their ideas according to their
circumstances, how much happier might we all be!  If we only would come
down a peg or two in our notions, in accordance with our waning
fortunes, happiness would be always within our reach.  It is not what we
have, or what we have not, which adds or subtracts from our felicity.
It is the longing for more than we have, the envying of those who
possess that more, and the wish to appear in the world of more
consequence than we really are, which destroy our peace of mind, and
eventually lead to ruin.

I never witnessed a man submitting to circumstances with good humour and
good sense, so remarkably as in my friend Alexander Willemott.  When I
first met him, since our school days, it was at the close of the war: he
had been a large contractor with Government for army clothing and
accoutrements, and was said to have realised an immense fortune,
although his accounts were not yet settled.  Indeed it was said that
they were so vast, that it would employ the time of six clerks, for two
years, to examine them, previous to the balance sheet being struck.  As
I observed, he had been at school with me, and, on my return from the
East Indies, I called upon him to renew our old acquaintance, and
congratulate him upon his success.

"My dear Reynolds, I am delighted to see you.  You must come down to
Belem Castle; Mrs Willemott will receive you with pleasure, I'm sure.
You shall see my two girls."

I consented.  The chaise stopped at a splendid mansion, and I was
ushered in by a crowd of liveried servants.  Every thing was on the most
sumptuous and magnificent scale.  Having paid my respects to the lady of
the house, I retired to dress, as dinner was nearly ready, it being then
half-past seven o'clock.  It was eight before we sat down.  To an
observation that I made, expressing a hope that I had not occasioned the
dinner being put off, Willemott replied, "On the contrary, my dear
Reynolds, we never sit down until about this hour.  How people can dine
at four or five o'clock, I cannot conceive.  I could not touch a
mouthful."

The dinner was excellent, and I paid the encomiums which were its due.

"Do not be afraid, my dear fellow--my cook is an _artiste
extraordinaire_--a regular _Cordon Bleu_.  You may eat any thing without
fear of indigestion.  How people can live upon the English cookery of
the present day, I cannot conceive.  I seldom dine out, for fear of
being poisoned.  Depend upon it, a good cook lengthens your days, and no
price is too great to insure one."

When the ladies retired, being alone, we entered into friendly
conversation.  I expressed my admiration of his daughters, who certainly
were very handsome and elegant girls.

"Very true; they are more than passable," replied he.  "We have had many
offers, but not such as come up to my expectations.  Baronets are cheap
now-a-days, and Irish lords are nothings; I hope to settle them
comfortably.  We shall see.  Try this claret; you will find it
excellent, not a headache in a hogshead of it.  How people can drink
port, I cannot imagine."

The next morning he proposed that I should rattle round the park with
him.  I acceded, and we set off in a handsome open carriage, with four
greys, ridden by postilions at a rapid pace.  As we were whirling along,
he observed, "In town we must of course drive but a pair, but in the
country I never go out without four horses.  There is a spring in four
horses which is delightful; it makes your spirits elastic, and you feel
that the poor animals are not at hard labour.  Rather than not drive
four, I would prefer to stay at home."

Our ride was very pleasant, and in such amusements passed away one of
the most pleasant weeks that I ever remembered.  Willemott was not the
least altered--he was as friendly, as sincere, as open-hearted, as when
a boy at school.  I left him, pleased with his prosperity, and
acknowledging that he was well deserving of it, although his ideas had
assumed such a scale of magnificence.

I went to India when my leave expired, and was absent about four years.
On my return, I inquired after my friend Willemott, and was told that
his circumstances and expectations had been greatly altered.  From many
causes, such as a change in the Government, a demand for economy, and
the wording of his contracts having been differently rendered from what
Willemott had supposed their meaning to be, large items had been struck
out of his balance sheet, and, instead of being a millionaire, he was
now a gentleman with a handsome property.  Belem Castle had been sold,
and he now lived at Richmond, as hospitable as ever, and was considered
a great addition to the neighbourhood.  I took the earliest opportunity
of going down to see him.

"Oh, my dear Reynolds, this is really kind of you to come without
invitation.  Your room is ready, and bed well aired, for it was slept in
three nights ago.  Come--Mrs Willemott will be delighted to see you."

I found the girls still unmarried, but they were yet young.  The whole
family appeared as contented and happy, and as friendly, as before.  We
sat down to dinner at six o'clock; the footman and coachman attended.
The dinner was good, but not by the _artiste extraordinaire_.  I praised
everything.

"Yes," replied he, "she is a very good cook; she unites the solidity of
the English with the delicacy of the French fare; and, altogether, I
think it a _decided improvement_.  Jane is quite a treasure."  After
dinner, he observed, "Of course you know I have sold Belem Castle, and
reduced my establishment.  Government have not treated me fairly, but I
am at the mercy of Commissioners, and a body of men will do that which,
as individuals, they would be ashamed of.  The fact is, the odium is
borne by no one in particular, and it is only the sense of shame which
keeps us honest, I am afraid.  However, here you see me, with a
comfortable fortune, and always happy to see my friends, especially my
old schoolfellow.  Will you take _port_ or claret; the port is very
fine, and so is the claret.  By the by, do you know--I'll let you into a
family secret; Louisa is to be married to a Colonel Willer--an
_excellent_ match!  It has made us all happy."

The next day we drove out, not in an open carriage as before, but in a
chariot and with a _pair of horses_.

"These are handsome horses," observed I.

"Yes," replied he, "I am fond of good horses; and, as I only keep a
pair, I have the best.  There is a certain degree of pretension in _four
horses_, I do not much like--it appears as if you wished to overtop your
neighbours."

I spent a few very pleasant days, and then quitted his hospitable roof.
A severe cold, caught that winter, induced me to take the advice of the
physicians, and proceed to the South of France, where I remained two
years.  On my return, I was informed that Willemott had speculated, and
had been unlucky on the Stock Exchange; that he had left Richmond, and
was now living at Clapham.  The next day I met him near the Exchange.

"Reynolds, I am happy to see you.  Thompson told me that you had come
back.  If not better engaged, come down to see me; I will drive you down
at four o'clock, if that will suit."

It suited me very well, and, at four o'clock, I met him according to
appointment at a livery stables over the Iron Bridge.  His vehicle was
ordered out, it was a phaeton drawn by two long-tailed ponies--
altogether a very neat concern.  We set off at a rapid pace.

"They step out well, don't they?  We shall be down in plenty of time to
put on a pair of shoes by five o'clock, which is _our dinner-time_.
Late dinners don't agree with me--they produce indigestion.  Of course,
you know that Louisa has a little boy."

I did not; but congratulated him.

"Yes, and has now gone out to India with her husband.  Mary is also
engaged to be married--a very _good_ match--a Mr Rivers, in the law.
He has been called to the bar this year, and promises well.  They will
be a little pinched at first, but we must see what we can do for them."

We stopped at a neat row of houses, I forget the name, and, as we drove
up, the servant, the only man-servant, came out, and took the ponies
round to the stable, while the maid received my luggage, and one or two
paper-bags, containing a few extras for the occasion.  I was met with
the same warmth as usual by Mrs Willemott.  The house was small, but
very neat; the remnants of former grandeur appeared here and there, in
one or two little articles, favourites of the lady.  We sat down at five
o'clock to a _plain_ dinner, and were attended by the footman, who had
rubbed down the ponies and pulled on his livery.

"A good plain cook is the best thing, after all," observed Willemott.
"Your fine cooks won't condescend to roast and boil.  Will you take some
of this sirloin, the under-cut is excellent.  My dear, give Mr Reynolds
some Yorkshire pudding."

When we were left alone after dinner, Willemott told me, very
unconcernedly, of his losses.

"It was my own fault," said he; "I wished to make up a little sum for
the girls, and risking what they would have had, I left them almost
pennyless.  However, we can always command a bottle of port and a
beef-steak, and _what more_ in this world can you have?  Will you take
port or white?--I have no claret to offer you."

We finished our port, but I could perceive no difference in Willemott.
He was just as happy and as cheerful as ever.  He drove me to town the
next day.  During our drive, he observed, "I like ponies, they are so
little trouble; and I prefer them to driving one horse in this vehicle,
as I can put my wife and daughters into it.  It's selfish to keep a
carriage for yourself alone, and one horse in a four-wheeled double
chaise appears like an imposition upon the poor animal."

I went to Scotland, and remained about a year.  On my return, I found
that my friend Willemott had again shifted his quarters.  He was at
Brighton; and having nothing better to do, I put myself in the "Times,"
and arrived at the Bedford Hotel.  It was not until after some inquiry,
that I could find out his address.  At last I obtained it, in a
respectable but not fashionable part of this overgrown town.  Willemott
received me just as before.

"I have no spare bed to offer you, but you must breakfast and dine with
us every day.  Our house is small, but it's very comfortable, and
Brighton is a very convenient place.  You know Mary is married.  A good
place in the courts was for sale, and my wife and I agreed to purchase
it for Rivers.  It has reduced us a little, but they are very
comfortable.  I have retired from business altogether; in fact, as my
daughters are both married, and we have enough to live upon, what can we
wish for more?  Brighton is very gay, and always healthy; and, as for
carriage and horses, they are no use here--there are _flies_ at every
corner of the streets."

I accepted his invitation to dinner.  A parlour-maid waited, but
everything, although very plain, was clean and comfortable.

"I have still a bottle of wine for a friend, Reynolds," said Willemott,
after dinner; "but, for my part, I prefer _whisky-toddy_--it agrees with
me better.  Here's to the health of my two girls, God bless them, and
success to them in life!"

"My dear Willemott," said I, "I take the liberty of an old friend, but I
am so astonished at your philosophy, that I cannot help it.  When I call
to mind Belem Castle, your large establishment, your luxuries, your
French cook, and your stud of cattle, I wonder at your contented state
of mind under such a change of circumstances."

"I almost wonder myself, my dear fellow," replied he.  "I never could
have believed, at that time, that I could live happily under such a
change of circumstances; but the fact is, that, although I have been a
contractor, I have a good conscience; then, my wife is an excellent
woman, and provided she sees me and her daughters happy, thinks nothing
about herself; and, further, I have made it a rule, as I have been going
down hill, to find reasons why I should be thankful, and not
discontented.  Depend upon it, Reynolds, it is not a loss of fortune
which will affect your happiness, as long as you have peace and love at
home."

I took my leave of Willemott and his wife, with respect as well as
regard; convinced that there was no pretended indifference to worldly
advantages; that it was not, that the grapes were sour, but that he had
learned the whole art of happiness, by being contented with what he had,
and by "cutting his coat according to his cloth."



CHAPTER FORTY SEVEN.

HOW TO WRITE A FASHIONABLE NOVEL.

[_Scene--Chamber in Lincoln's Inn_.  ARTHUR ANSARD _at a briefless
table, tete-a-tete with his wig on a block_.  A _casts a disconsolate
look upon his companion, and soliloquises_.]

Yes, there you stand, "partner of my toils, my feelings, and my fame."
We do not _suit_, for we never gained a _suit_ together.  Well, what
with reporting for the bar, writing for the Annuals and the
Pocket-books, I shall be able to meet all demands, except those of my
tailor; and, as his bill is most characteristically long, I think I
shall be able to make it stretch over till next term, by which time I
hope to fulfil my engagements with Mr C, who has given me an order for
a fashionable novel, written by a "nobleman."  But how I, who was never
inside of an aristocratical mansion in my life, whose whole idea of
Court is comprised in the Court of King's Bench, am to complete my
engagement, I know no more than my companion opposite, who looks so
placidly stupid under my venerable wig.  As far as the street door, the
footman and carriage, and the porter, are concerned, I can manage well
enough; but as to what occurs within doors I am quite abroad.  I shall
never get through the first chapter; yet that tailor's bill must be
paid.  (_Knocking outside_.)  Come in, I pray.

_Enter_ BARNSTAPLE.

_B_.  Merry Christmas to you, Arthur.

_A_.  Sit down, my dear fellow; but don't mock me with merry Christmas.
He emigrated long ago.  Answer me seriously: do you think it possible
for a man to describe what he never saw?

_B (putting his stick up to his chin_.)  Why, 'tis possible; but I would
not answer for the description being quite correct.

_A_.  But suppose the parties who read it have never seen the thing
described?

_B_.  Why then it won't signify whether the description be correct or
not.

_A_.  You have taken a load off my mind; but still I am not quite at
ease.  I have engaged to furnish C with a fashionable novel.

_B_.  What do you mean to imply by a fashionable novel?

_A_.  I really can hardly tell.  His stipulations were, that it was to
be a "fashionable novel in three volumes, each volume not less than
three hundred pages."

_B_.  That is to say, that you are to assist him in imposing on the
public.

_A_.  Something very like it, I'm afraid; as it is further agreed that
it is to be puffed as coming from a highly talented nobleman.

_B_.  You should not do it, Ansard.

_A_.  So conscience tells me, but my tailor's bill says Yes; and that is
a thing out of all conscience.  Only look here.

                                                 _Displays a long bill_.
_B_.  Why, I must acknowledge, Ansard, that there is some excuse.  One
needs must, when the devil drives; but you are capable of better things.

_A_.  I certainly don't feel great capability in this instance.  But
what can I do?  The man will have nothing else--he says the public will
read nothing else.

_B_.  That is to say, that because one talented author astonished the
public by style and merits peculiarly his own, and established, as it
were, a school for neophites, his popularity is to be injured by
contemptible imitators.  It is sufficient to drive a man mad, to find
that the tinsel of others, if to be purchased more cheaply, is to be
pawned upon the public instead of his gold; and more annoying still,
that the majority of the public cannot appreciate the difference between
the metal and the alloy.  Do you know, Ansard, that by getting up this
work, you really injure the popularity of a man of great talent?

_A_.  Will he pay my tailor's bill!

_B_.  No; I dare say he has enough to do to pay his own.  What does your
tailor say?

_A_.  He is a staunch reformer, and on March the 1st he declares that he
will have the bill, the whole bill, and nothing but the bill--carried to
my credit.  Mr C, on the 10th of February, also expects the novel, the
whole novel, and nothing but the novel, and that must be a fashionable
novel.  Look here, Barnstaple.  (_Shows his tailor's bill_).

_B_.  I see how it is.  He "pays your poverty, and not your will."

_A_.  And, by your leave, I thus must pay my bill (_bowing_).

_B_.  Well, well, I can help you: nothing more difficult than to write a
good novel, and nothing more easy than to write a bad one.  If I were
not above the temptation, I could pen you a dozen of the latter every
ordinary year, and thirteen, perhaps, in the bissextile.  So banish that
Christmas cloud from your brow; leave off nibbling your pen at the wrong
end, and clap a fresh nib to the right one.  I have an hour to spare.

_A_.  I thank you: that spare hour of yours may save me many a spare
day.  I'm all attention--proceed.

_B_.  The first point to be considered is the _tempus_, or time; the
next the _locus_, or place; and lastly the _dramatis personae_ and thus,
chapter upon chapter, will you build a novel.

_A_.  Build!

_B_.  Yes, build; you have had your dimensions given, the interior is
left to your own decoration.  First, as to the opening.  Suppose we
introduce the hero in his dressing-room.  We have something of the kind
in Pelham; and if we can't copy his merits, we must his peculiarities.
Besides, it always is effective: a dressing-room or boudoir of supposed
great people, is admitting the vulgar into the arcana, which they
delight in.

_A_.  Nothing can be better.

_B_.  Then, as to time; as the hero is still in bed, suppose we say four
o'clock in the afternoon?

_A_.  In the morning, you mean.

_B_.  No; the afternoon.  I grant you that fashionable young men in real
life get up much about the same time as other people; but in a
fashionable novel your real exclusive never rises early.  The very idea
makes the tradesman's wife lift up her eyes.  So begin.  "It was about
thirty-three minutes after four, _post meridian_--."

_A_.  Minute--to a minute!

_B_.  "That the Honourable Augustus Bouverie's finely chiselled--"

_A_.  Chiselled!

_B_.  Yes; great people are always chiselled; common people are only
cast.--"Finely chiselled head was still recumbent upon his silk-encased
pillow.  His luxuriant and Antinous-like curls were now confined in
_papillotes_ of the finest satin paper, and the _tout ensemble_ of his
head--"

_A.  Tout ensemble_!

_B_.  Yes; go on.--"Was gently compressed by a caul of the finest
net-work, composed of the threads spun from the beauteous production of
the Italian worm."

_A_.  Ah! now I perceive--a silk nightcap.  But why can't I say at once
a silk nightcap?

_B_.  Because you are writing a fashionable novel.--"With the forefinger
of his gloved left hand--"

_A_.  But he's not coming in from a walk--he's not yet out of bed.

_B_.  You don't understand it.--"Gloved left hand he applied a gentle
friction to the portal of his right eye, which unclosing at the silent
summons, enabled him to perceive a repeater studded with brilliants, and
ascertain the exact minute of time, which we have already made known to
the reader, and at which our history opens."

_A_.  A very grand opening indeed!

_B_.  Not more than it ought to be for a fashionable novel.--"At the
sound of a silver _clochette_, his faithful Swiss valet Coridon, who had
for some time been unperceived at the door, waiting for some notice of
his master, having thrown off the empire of Somnus, in his light pumps,
covered with beaver, moved with noiseless step up to the bedside, like
the advance of eve stealing over the face of nature."

_A_.  Rather an incongruous simile.

_B_.  Not for a fashionable novel.--"There he stood, like Taciturnity
bowing at the feet of proud Authority."

_A_.  Indeed, Barnstaple, that is too _outre_.

_B_.  Not a whit: I am in the true "Cambysis' vein."--"Coridon having
softly withdrawn the rose-coloured gros de Naples bed-curtains, which by
some might have been thought to have been rather too extravagantly
fringed with the finest Mechlin lace, exclaimed with a tone of tremulous
deference and affection, `_Monsieur a bien dormi_?'  `Coridon,' said the
Honourable Augustus Bouverie, raising himself on his elbow in that
eminently graceful attitude for which he was so remarkable when
reclining on the ottomans at Almacks--"

_A_.  Are you sure they have ottomans there?

_B_.  No; but your readers can't disprove it.--"`Coridon,' said he,
surveying his attendant from head to foot, and ultimately assuming a
severity of countenance, `Coridon, you are becoming gross, if not
positively what the people call _fat_.'  The Swiss attendant fell back
in graceful astonishment three steps, and arching his eyebrows,
extending his inverted palms forward, and raising his shoulders above
the apex of his head, exclaimed, `_Pardon, milor, j'en aurais un horreur
parfait_.'  `I tell you,' replied our gracefully recumbent hero, `that
it is so, Coridon; and I ascribe it to your partiality for that
detestable wine called Port.  Confine yourself to Hock and Moselle,
sirrah: I fear me, you have a base hankering after mutton and beef.
Restrict yourself to salads, and do not sin even with an omelette more
than once a week.  Coridon must be visionary and diaphanous, or he is no
Coridon for me.  Remove my night-gloves, and assist me to rise: it is
past four o'clock, and the sun must have, by this time, sufficiently
aired this terrestrial globe.'"

_A_.  I have it now; I feel I could go on for an hour.

_B_.  Longer than that, before you get him out of his dressing-room.
You must make at least five chapters before he is apparelled, or how can
you write a fashionable novel, in which you cannot afford more than two
incidents in the three volumes?  Two are absolutely necessary for the
editor of the Gazette to extract as specimens, before he winds up an
eulogy.  Do you think that you can proceed now for a week, without my
assistance?

_A_.  I think so, if you will first give me some general ideas.  In the
first place, am I always to continue in this style?

_B_.  No; I thought you knew better.  You must throw in patches of
philosophy every now and then.

_A_.  Philosophy in a fashionable novel?

_B_.  Most assuredly, or it would be complained of as trifling; but a
piece, now and then, of philosophy, as unintelligible as possible,
stamps it with deep thought.  In the dressing-room, or boudoir, it must
be occasionally Epicurean; elsewhere, especially in the open air, more
Stoical.

_A_.  I'm afraid that I shall not manage that without a specimen to copy
from.  Now I think of it, Eugene Aram says something very beautiful on a
starry night.

_B_.  He does: it is one of the most splendid pieces of writing in our
language.  But I will have no profanation, Arthur;--to your pen again,
and write.  We'll suppose our hero to have retired from the crowded
festivities of a ball-room at some lordly mansion in the country, and to
have wandered into a churchyard, damp and dreary with a thick London
fog.  In the light dress of fashion, he throws himself on a tombstone.
"Ye dead!" exclaims the hero, "where are ye?  Do your disembodied
spirits now float around me, and, shrouded in this horrible veil of
nature, glare unseen upon vitality?  Float ye upon this intolerable
mist, in yourselves still more misty and intolerable?  Hold ye high
jubilee to-night? or do ye crouch behind these monitorial stones,
gibbering and chattering at one who dares thus to invade your precincts?
Here may I hold communion with my soul, and, in the invisible presence
of those who could, but dare not to reveal.  Away! it must not be."

_A_.  What mustn't be?

_B_.  That is the mystery which gives the point to his soliloquy.  Leave
it to the reader's imagination.

_A_.  I understand.  But still the Honourable Augustus cannot lie in bed
much longer, and I really shall not be able to get him out without your
assistance.  I do not comprehend how a man can get out of bed
_gracefully_; he must show his bare legs, and the alteration of position
is in itself awkward.

_B_.  Not half so awkward as you are.  Do you not feel that he must not
be got out of bed at all--that is, by description.

_A_.  How then?

_B_.  By saying nothing about it.  Recommence as follows:--"`I should
like the bath at seventy-six and a half, Coridon,' observed the
Honourable Augustus Bouverie, as he wrapped his embroidered dressing
gown round his elegant form, and sank into a _chaise longue_, wheeled by
his faithful attendant to the fire."  There, you observe, he is out of
bed, and nothing said about it.

_A_.  Go on, I pray thee.

_A_.  "`How is the bath perfumed?' `_Eau de mille fleurs_.' `_Eau de
mille fleurs_!  Did not I tell you last week that I was tired of that
villainous compound?  It has been adulterated till nothing remains but
its name.  Get me another bath immediately _a la violette_; and,
Coridon, you may use that other scent, if there is any left, for the
poodle; but observe, only when _you_ take him an airing, not when he
goes with _me_.'"

_A_.  Excellent!  I now feel the real merits of an exclusive; but you
said something about dressing-room, or in-door philosophy.

_B_.  I did; and now is a good opportunity to introduce it.  Coridon
goes into the ante-chamber to renew the bath, and of course your hero
has met with a disappointment in not having the bath to his immediate
pleasure.  He must press his hands to his forehead.  By-the-by,
recollect that his forehead, when you describe it, must be high and
white as snow: all aristocratical foreheads are--at least, are in a
fashionable novel.

_A_.  What! the women's and all?

_B_.  The heroine's must be; the others you may lower as a contrast.
But to resume with the philosophy.  He strikes his forehead, lifts his
eyes slowly up to the ceiling, and drops his right arm as slowly down by
the side of the _chaise longue_; and then in a voice so low that it
might have been considered a whisper, were it not for its clear and
brilliant intonation, he exclaims--

_A_.  Exclaims in a whisper!

_B_.  To be sure; you exclaim mentally, why should you not in a whisper?

_A_.  I perceive--your argument is unanswerable.

_B_.  Stop a moment; it will run better thus:--"The Honourable Augustus
Bouverie no sooner perceived himself alone, than he felt the dark shades
of melancholy ascending and brooding over his mind, and enveloping his
throbbing heart in their--their _adamantine_ chains.  Yielding to the
overwhelming force, he thus exclaimed, `Such is life--we require but one
flower, and we are offered noisome thousands--refused that we wish, we
live in loathing of that not worthy to be received--mourners from our
cradle to our grave, we utter the shrill cry at our birth, and we sink
in oblivion with the faint, wail of terror.  Why should we, then, ever
commit the folly to be happy?'"

_A_.  Hang me, but that's a poser!

_B_.  Nonsense! hold your tongue; it is only preparatory to the end.
"Conviction astonishes and torments--destiny prescribes and falsifies--
attraction drives us away--humiliation supports our energies.  Thus do
we recede into the present, and shudder at the Elysium of posterity."

_A_.  I have written all that down, Barnstaple; but I cannot understand
it, upon my soul!

_B_.  If you had understood one particle, that particle I would have
erased.  This is your true philosophy of a fashionable novel, the
extreme interest of which consists in its being unintelligible.  People
have such an opinion of their own abilities, that if they understood
you, they would despise you; but a dose like this strikes them with
veneration for your talents.

_A_.  Your argument is unanswerable; but you said that I must describe
the dressing-room.

_B_.  Nothing more easy; as a simile, compare it to the shrine of some
favoured saint in a richly-endowed Catholic church.  Three tables at
least, full of materials in methodised confusion--all tending to the
beautification of the human form divine.  Tinted perfumes in every
variety of cut crystal receivers, gold and silver.  If at a loss, call
at Bayley and Blew's, or Smith's in Bond Street.  Take an accurate
survey of all you see, and introduce your whole catalogue.  You cannot
be too minute.  But, Arthur, you must not expect me to write the whole
book for you.

_A_.  Indeed I am not so exorbitant in my demands upon your good-nature;
but observe, I may get up four or five chapters already with the hints
you have given me, but I do not know how to move, such a creation of the
brain--so ethereal, that I fear he will melt away; and so fragile, that
I am in terror lest he fall to pieces.  Now only get him into the
breakfast-room for me, and then I ask no more for the present.  Only
dress him, and bring him _down stairs_.

_B_.  There again you prove your incapability.  Bring him down stairs!
Your hero of a fashionable novel never ascends to the first floor.
Bed-room, dressing-room, breakfast-room, library, and boudoir, all are
upon a level.  As for his dressing, you must only describe it as perfect
when finished; but not enter into a regular detail, except that, in
conversation with his valet, he occasionally asks for something
unheard-of, or fastidious to a degree.  You must not walk him from one
chamber to another, but manage it as follows:--"It was not until the
beautiful airs of the French clock that decorated the mantel-piece had
been thrice played, with all their variations, that the Honourable
Augustus Bouverie entered his library, where he found his assiduous
Coridon burning an aromatic pastille to disperse the compound of
villainous exhalations arising from the condensed metropolitan
atmosphere.  Once more in a state of repose, to the repeated and almost
affecting solicitations of his faithful attendant, who alternately
presented to him the hyson of Pekoe, the bohea of Twankay, the fragrant
berry from the Asiatic shore, and the frothing and perfumed decoction of
the Indian nut, our hero shook his head in denial, until he at last was
prevailed upon to sip a small liqueur glass of _eau sucre_."  The fact
is, Arthur, he is in love--don't you perceive?  Now introduce a friend,
who rallies him--then a resolution to think no more of the heroine--a
billet on a golden salver--a counter resolution--a debate which equipage
to order--a decision at last--hat, gloves, and furred great coat--and by
that time you will have arrived to the middle of the first volume.

_A_.  I perceive; but I shall certainly stick there without your
assistance.

_B_.  You shall have it, my dear fellow.  In a week I will call again,
and see how you get on.  Then we'll introduce the heroine; that, I can
tell you, requires some tact--_au revoir_.

_A_.  Thanks, many thanks, my dear Barnstaple.  Fare you well.

                                                      _Exit_ BARNSTAPLE.
_A (looking over his memoranda_.)--It will do!  (_Hopping and dancing
about the room_.)  Hurrah! my tailor's bill will be paid after all!

------------------------------------------------------------------------

PART II.

MR ARTHUR ANSARD'S _Chambers as before_.  MR ANSARD. _with his eyes
fixed upon the wig block, gnawing the feather end of his pen.  The
table, covered with sundry sheets of foolscap, show strong symptoms of
the Novel progressing_.

ANSARD (_solus_).

Where is Barnstaple?  If he do not come soon, I shall have finished my
novel without a heroine.  Well, I'm not the first person who has been
foiled by a woman.  (_Continues to gnaw his pen in a brown study_.)

BARNSTAPLE _enters unperceived, and slaps_ ANSARD _on the shoulder.  The
latter starts up_.

_B_.  So, friend Ansard, making your dinner off your pen: it is not
every novel-writer who can contrive to do that even in anticipation.
Have you profited by my instructions?

_A_.  I wish I had.  I assure you that this light diet has not
contributed, as might be expected, to assist a heavy head, and one
feather is not sufficient to enable my genius to take wing.  If the
public knew what dull work it is to write a novel, they would not be
surprised at finding them dull reading.  _Ex nihilo nihil fit_.
Barnstaple, I am at the very bathos of stupidity.

_B_.  You certainly were absorbed when I entered, for I introduced
myself.

_A_.  I wish you had introduced another personage with you--you would
have been doubly welcome.

_B_.  Who is that?

_A_.  My heroine.  I have followed your instructions to the letter.  My
hero is as listless as I fear my readers will be, and he is not yet in
love.  In fact, he is only captivated with himself.  I have made him
dismiss Coridon.

_B_.  Hah! how did you manage that?

_A_.  He was sent to ascertain the arms on the panel of a carriage.  In
his eagerness to execute his master's wishes, he came home with a
considerable degree of perspiration on his brow, for which offence he
was immediately put out of doors.

_B_.  Bravo--it was unpardonable--but still--

_A_.  O!  I know what you mean--that is all arranged; he has an annuity
of one hundred pounds per annum.

_B_.  My dear Ansard, you have exceeded my expectations; but now for the
heroine.

_A_.  Yes, indeed; help me--for I have exhausted all my powers.

_B_.  It certainly requires much tact to present your heroine to your
readers.  We are unfortunately denied what the ancients were so happy to
possess,--a whole _cortege_ of divinities that might be summoned to help
any great personage in, or the author out of, a difficulty; but since we
cannot command their assistance, like the man in the play who forgot his
part, we will do without it.  Now, have you thought of nothing new, for
we must not plagiarise even from fashionable novels?

_A_.  I have thought--and thought--and can find nothing new, unless we
bring her in in a whirlwind: that has not yet been attempted.

_B_.  A whirlwind!  I don't know--that's hazardous.  Nevertheless, if
she were placed on a beetling cliff, overhanging the tempestuous ocean,
lashing the rocks with its wild surge; of a sudden, after she has been
permitted to finish her soliloquy, a white cloud rising rapidly and
unnoticed--the sudden vacuum--the rush of mighty winds through the
majestic and alpine scenery--the vortex gathering round her--first
admiring the vast efforts of nature; then astonished; and, lastly,
alarmed, as she finds herself compelled to perform involuntary
gyrations, till at length she spins round like a well-whipped top,
nearing the dangerous edge of the precipice.  It is bold, and certainly
quite novel--I think it will do.  Portray her delicate little feet,
peeping out, pointing downwards, the force of the elements raising her
on her tip toes, now touching, now disdaining the earth.  Her dress
expanded wide like that of Herbele in her last and best pirouette--
round, round she goes--her white arms are tossed frantically in the air.
Corinne never threw herself into more graceful attitudes.  Now is seen
her diminishing ankle--now the rounded symmetry--mustn't go too high up
though--the wind increases--her distance from the edge of the precipice
decreases--she has no breath left to shriek--no power to fall--
threatened to be ravished by the wild and powerful god of the elements--
she is discovered by the Honourable Augustus Bouverie, who has just
finished his soliloquy upon another adjacent hill.  He delights in her
danger--before he rushes to her rescue, makes one pause for the purpose
of admiration, and another for the purpose of adjusting his shirt
collar.

_A_.  The devil he does!

_B_.  To be sure.  The hero of a fashionable novel never loses caste.
Whether in a storm, a whirlwind, up to his neck in the foaming ocean, or
tumbling down a precipice, he is still the elegant and correct
Honourable Augustus Bouverie.  To punish you for your interruption, I
have a great mind to make him take a pinch of snuff before he starts.
Well--he flies to her assistance--is himself caught in the rushing
vortex, which prevents him from getting nearer to the lady, and, despite
of himself, takes to whirling in the opposite direction.  They
approach--they recede--she shrieks without being heard--holds out her
arms for help--she would drop them in despair, but cannot, for they are
twisted over her head by the tremendous force of the element.  One
moment they are near to each other, and the next they are separated; at
one instant they are close to the abyss, and the waters below roar in
delight of their anticipated victims, and in the next a favouring change
of the vortex increases their distance from the danger--there they
spin--and there you may leave them, and commence a new chapter.

_A_.  But is not all this naturally and physically impossible?

_B_.  By no means; there is nothing supernatural in a whirlwind, and the
effect of a whirlwind is to twist everything round.  Why should the
heroine and the Honourable Augustus Bouverie not be submitted to the
laws of nature? besides, we are writing a fashionable novel.  Wild and
improbable as this whirlwind may appear, it is within the range of
probability: whereas, that is not at all adhered to in many novels--
witness the drinking scene in --, and others equally _outrees_, in which
the author, having turned probability out of doors, ends by throwing
possibility out of the window--leaving folly and madness to usurp their
place--and play a thousand antics for the admiration of the public, who,
pleased with novelty, cry out "How fine!"

_A_.  Buy the book, and laud the author.

_B_.  Exactly.  Now, having left your hero and heroine in a situation
peculiarly interesting, with the greatest nonchalance, pass over to the
continent, rave on the summit of Mont Blanc, and descant upon the strata
which compose the mountains of the Moon in Central Africa.  You have
been philosophical, now you must be geological.  No one can then say
that your book is light reading.

_A_.  That can be said of few novels.  In most of them even smoke
assumes the ponderosity of lead.

_B_.  There is a metal still heavier, which they have the power of
creating--gold--to pay a dunning tailor's bill.

_A_.  But after being philosophical and geological, ought one not to be
a little moral.

_B_.  Pshaw!  I thought you had more sense.  The great art of
novel-writing is to make the vices glorious, by placing them in close
alliance with redeeming qualities.  Depend upon it, Ansard, there is a
deeper, more heartfelt satisfaction that mere amusement in
novel-reading; a satisfaction no less real, because we will not own it
to ourselves; the satisfaction of seeing all our favourite and selfish
ideas dressed up in a garb so becoming, that we persuade ourselves that
our false pride is proper dignity, our ferocity courage, our cowardice
prudence, our irreligion liberality, and our baser appetites, mere
gallantry.

_A_.  Very true, Barnstaple; but really I do not like this whirlwind.

_B_.  Well, well!  I give it up then: it was your own idea.  We'll try
again.  Cannot you create some difficulty or dilemma, in which to throw
her, so that the hero may come to her rescue with _eclat_.

_A_.  Her grey palfrey takes fright.

_B_.  So will your readers; stale--quite stale!

_A_.  A wild bull has his horns close to her, and is about to toss her.

_B_.  As your book would be!--away with contempt.  Vapid--quite vapid!

_A_.  A shipwreck--the waves are about to close over her.

_B_.  Your book would be closed at the same moment--worn out--quite worn
out.

_A_.  In the dead of the night, a fire breaks out--she is already in the
midst of the flames--

_B_.  Where your book would also be by the disgusted reader--worse and
worse.

_A_.  Confound it--you will not allow me to expose her to earth, air,
fire, or water.  I have a great mind to hang her in her garters, and
make the hero come and cut her down.

_B_.  You might do worse--and better.

_A_.  What--hang myself?

_B_.  That certainly would put an end to all your difficulties.  But,
Ansard, I think I can put your heroine in a situation really critical
and eminently distressing, and the hero shall come to her relief, like
the descent of a god to the rescue of a Greek or Trojan warrior.

_A_.  Or of Bacchus to Ariadne in her distress.

_B_.  Perhaps a better simile.  The consequence will be, that eternal
gratitude in the bosom of the maiden will prove the parent of eternal
love, which eternity of passion will of course until they are married.

_A_.  I'm all attention.

_B_.  Get up a splendid dinner party for their first casual meeting.
Place the company at table.

_A_.  Surely you are not going to choke her with the bone of a chicken.

_B_.  You surely are about to murder me, as Sampson did the
Philistines--

_A_.  With the jaw-bone of a fashionable novel-writer, you mean.

_B_.  Exactly.  But to proceed:--they are seated at table; can you
describe a grand dinner?

_A_.  Certainly, I have partaken of more than one.

_B_.  Where?

_A_.  I once sat down three hundred strong at the Freemasons' Tavern.

_B_.  Pshaw! a mere hog feed.

_A_.  Well, then, I dined with the late lord mayor.

_B_.  Still worse.  My dear Ansard, it is however of no consequence.
Nothing is more difficult to attain, yet nothing is more easy to
describe, than a good dinner.  I was once reading a very fashionable
novel by a very fashionable bookseller, for the author is a mere
nonentity, and was very much surprised at the accuracy with which a good
dinner was described.  The mystery was explained a short time
afterwards, when casually taking up Eustache Eude's book in Sams's
library, I found that the author had copied it out exactly from the
injunctions of that celebrated gastronome.  You can borrow the book.

_A_.  Well, we will suppose that done; but I am all anxiety to know what
is the danger from which the heroine is to be rescued.

_B_.  I will explain.  There are two species of existence--that of mere
mortal existence, which is of little consequence, provided, like Caesar,
the hero and heroine die decently: the other is of much greater
consequence, which is fashionable existence.  Let them once lose caste
in that respect, and they are virtually dead, and one mistake, one
oversight, is a death-blow for which there is no remedy, and from which
there is no recovery.  For instance, we will suppose our heroine to be
quite confounded with the appearance of our hero--to have become
_distraite, reveuse_--and, in short, to have lost her recollection and
presence of mind.  She has been assisted to _filet de soles_.  Say that
the only sauce ever taken with them is _au macedoine_--this is offered
to her, and, at the same time, another, which to eat with the above dish
would be unheard of.  In her distraction she is about to take the wrong
sauce--actually at the point of ruining herself for ever and committing
suicide upon her fashionable existence, while the keen grey eyes of Sir
Antinous Antibes, the arbiter of fashion, are fixed upon her.  At this
awful moment, which is for ever to terminate her fashionable existence,
the Honourable Augustus Bouverie, who sits next to her, gently touches
her _seduisante_ sleeve--blandly smiling, he whispers to her that the
_other_ is the sauce _macedoine_.  She perceives her mistake, trembles
at her danger, rewards him with a smile, which penetrates into the
deepest recesses of his heart, helps herself to the right sauce, darts a
look of contemptuous triumph upon Sir Antinous Antibes, and, while she
is dipping her sole into the sauce, her soul expands with gratitude and
love.

_A_.  I see, I see.  Many thanks; my heroine is now a fair counterpart
of my hero.

  "Ah, sure a pair were never seen,
  So justly form'd to meet by nature."

_B_.  And now I'll give you another hint, since you appear grateful.  It
is a species of clap-trap in a novel, which always takes--to wit, a rich
old uncle or misanthrope, who, at the very time that he is bitterly
offended and disgusted with the hero, who is in awkward circumstances,
pulls out a pocketbook and counts down, say fifteen or twenty thousand
pounds in bank notes, to relieve him from his difficulties.  An old coat
and monosyllables will increase the interest.

_A_.  True.  (_sighing_.)  Alas! there are no such uncles in real life;
I wish there were.

_B_.  I beg your pardon; I know no time in which _my uncle_ forks out
more bank notes than at present.

_A_.  Yes, but it is for value, or more than value, received.

_B_.  That I grant; but I am afraid it is the only "uncle" left now;
except in a fashionable novel.  But you comprehend the value of this new
auxiliary.

_A_.  Nothing can be better.  Barnstaple, you are really --, but I say
no more.  If a truly great man cannot be flattered with delicacy, it
must not be attempted at all; silence then becomes the best tribute.
Your advice proves you to be truly great.  I am silent, therefore you
understand the full force of the oratory of my thanks.

_B (bowing_.)  Well, Ansard, you have found out the cheapest way of
paying off your bills of gratitude I ever heard of.  "Poor, even in
thanks," was well said by Shakespeare; but you, it appears, are rich, in
having nothing at all wherewith to pay.  If you could transfer the same
doctrine to your tradesmen, you need not write novels.

_A_.  Alas! my dear fellow, mine is not yet written.  There is one
important feature, nay, the most important feature of all--the style of
language, the diction--on that, Barnstaple, you have not yet
doctrinated.

_B (pompously_.)  When Demosthenes was asked what were the principal
attributes of eloquence, he answered, that the first was action; on
being asked which was the second, he replied, action; and the third,
action; and such is the idea of the Irish _mimbers_ in the House of
Commons.  Now there are three important requisites in the diction of a
fashionable novel.  The first, my dear fellow, is--flippancy; the
second, flippancy; and flippancy is also the third.  With the dull it
will pass for wit, with some it will pass for scorn,--and even the witty
will not be enabled to point out the difference, without running the
risk of being considered invidious.  It will cover every defect with a
defect still greater; for who can call small beer tasteless when it is
sour, or dull when it is bottled and has a froth upon it?

_A_.  The advice is excellent; but I fear that this flippancy is as
difficult to acquire an the tone of true eloquence.

_B_.  Difficult!  I defy the writers of the silver-fork school to write
out of the style flippant.  Read but one volume of --, and you will be
saturated with it; but if you wish to go to the fountain-head, do as
have done most of the late fashionable novel-writers, repair to their
instructors--the lady's-maid, for flippancy in the vein _spirituelle_!
to a London footman for the vein critical; but, if you wish a flippancy
of a still higher order, at once more solemn and more empty, which I
would call the vein political, read the speeches of some of our members
of Parliament.  Only read them, I wish no man so ill an to inflict upon
him the torture of hearing them--read them, I say, and you will have
taken the very highest degree in the order of inane flippancy.

_A_.  I see it at once.  Your observations are as true as they are
severe.  When we would harangue geese, we must condescend to hiss; but
still, my dear Barnstaple, though you have fully proved to me that in a
fashionable novel all plot is unnecessary, don't you think there ought
to be a catastrophe, or sort of a kind of an end to the work, or the
reader may be brought up short, or as the sailors say, "all standing,"
when he comes to the word "Finis," and exclaim with an air of
stupefaction--"And then--"

_B_.  And then, if he did, it would be no more than the fool deserved.
I don't know whether it would not be advisable to leave off in the
middle of a sentence, of a word, nay of a syllable, if it be possible: I
am sure the winding-up would be better than the lackadaisical
running-down of most of the fashionable novels.  Snap the mainspring of
your watch, and none but an ass can expect you to tell by it what it is
o'clock; snap the thread of your narrative in the same way, and he must
be an unreasonable being who would expect a reasonable conclusion.
Finish thus, in a case of delicate distress; say, "The Honourable Mr
Augustus Bouverie was struck in a heap with horror.  He rushed with a
frantic grace, a deliberate haste, and a graceful awkwardness, and
whispered in her ear these dread and awful words, `IT IS TOO LATE!'"
Follow up with a -- and Finis.

_A_.  I see; the fair and agitated reader will pass a sleepless night in
endeavouring to decipher the mutilated sentence.  She will fail, and
consequently call the book delightful.  But should there not have been a
marriage previously to this happy awful climax?

_B_.  Yes; everything is arranged for the nuptials--carriages are sent
home, jewellery received but not paid for, dresses all tried on, the
party invited--nay, assembled in the blue-and-white drawing-room.  The
right reverend my lord bishop is standing behind the temporary altar--he
has wiped his spectacles and thumbed his prayer-book--all eyes are
turned towards the door, which opens not--the bride faints, for the
bridegroom cometh not--he's not "i' the vein"--a something, as like
nothing as possible, has given him a disgust that is surmountable--he
flings his happiness to the winds, though he never loved with more
outrageous intensity than at the moment he discards his mistress; so he
fights three duels with the two brothers and father.  He wounds one of
the young men dangerously, the other slightly; fires his pistol in the
air when he meets her father--for how could he take the life of him who
gave life to his adored one?  Your hero can always hit a man just where
he pleases--vide every novel in Mr C's collection.  The hero becomes
misanthropical, the heroine maniacal.  The former marries an antiquated
and toothless dowager, as an escape from the imaginary disgust he took
at a sight of a matchless woman; and the latter marries an old brute,
who threatens her life every night, and puts her in bodily fear every
morning, as an indemnity in full for the loss of the man of her
affections.  They are both romantically miserable; and then comes on
your tantalising scenes of delicate distress, and so the end of your
third volume, and then finish without any end at all.  _Verb. sap. sat_.
Or, if you like it better, kill the old dowager of a surfeit, and make
the old brute who marries the heroine commit suicide; and, after all
these unheard-of trials, marry them as fresh and beautiful as ever.

_A_.  A thousand thanks.  Your _verba_ are not thrown to a _sap_.  Can I
possibly do you any favour for all this kindness?

_B_.  Oh, my dear fellow! the very greatest.  As I see yours will be, at
all points, a most fashionable novel, do me the inestimable favour _not_
to ask me _to read it_.



CHAPTER FORTY EIGHT.

HOW TO WRITE A BOOK OF TRAVELS.

MR ANSARD'S _Chambers_.

_Ansard_.  (alone.)  Well, I thought it hard enough to write a novel at
the dictate of the bibliopolist; but to be condemned to sit down and
write my travels--travels that have never extended farther than the
Lincoln's Inn Coffee House for my daily food, and a walk to Hampstead on
a Sunday.  These travels to be swelled into Travels up the Rhine in the
year 18--.  Why, it's impossible.  O that Barnstaple were here, for he
has proved my guardian angel!  Lazy, clever dog!

_Enter_ BARNSTAPLE.

_Barnstaple_.  Pray, my dear Ansard, to whom did you apply that last
epithet?

_Ansard_.  My dear Barnstaple, I never was more happy to see you.  Sit
down, I have much to tell you, all about myself and my difficulties.

_Barnstaple_.  The conversation promises to be interesting to me, at all
events.

_Ansard_.  Everything is interesting to true friendship.

_Barnstaple_.  Now I perceive that you do want something.  Well, before
you state your case, tell me, how did the novel go off?

_Ansard_.  Wonderfully well.  It was ascribed to Lord G--: the bait
took, and 750 went off in a first edition, and the remainder of the
copies printed went off in a second.

_Barnstaple_.  Without being reprinted?

_Ansard_.  Exactly.  I was surprised at my success, and told my
publisher so; but he answered that he could sell an edition of any trash
he pleased.

_Barnstaple_.  That was not flattering.

_Ansard_.  Not very; but his bill was honoured, and that consoled me.
However, to proceed to business--he has given me another order--A
Journey up the Rhine, in two volumes, large octavo, in the year 18--.
Now, Barnstaple, what's to be done?

_Barnstaple_.  Write it, to be sure.

_Ansard_.  But you well know I have never been out of England in my
life.

_Barnstaple_.  Never mind, write it.

_Ansard_.  Yes, it's very well to say write it; but how the devil am I
to write it?  Write what I have never seen--detail events which never
occurred--describe views of that which I have not even an idea--travel
post in my old arm-chair.  It's all very well to say write it, but tell
me, how.

_Barnstaple_.  I say again, write it, and pocket the money.  Ansard,
allow me to state that you are a greenhorn.  I will make this mountain
of difficulties vanish and melt away like snow before the powerful rays
of the sun.  You are told to write what you have never seen; but if you
have not, others have, which will serve your purpose just as well.  To
detail events which have never occurred--invent them, they will be more
amusing.  Describe views, etcetera, of which you are ignorant--so are
most of your readers; but have we not the art of engraving to assist
you?  To travel post in your arm-chair--a very pleasant and a very
profitable way of travelling, as you have not to pay for the horses and
postilions, and are not knocked to pieces by continental roads.  Depend
upon it, the best travels are those written at home, by those who have
never put their foot into the Calais packet-boat.

_Ansard_.  To me this is all a mystery.  I certainly must be a
greenhorn, as you observe.

_Barnstaple_.  Why, Ansard, my dear fellow, with a book of roads and a
gazetteer, I would write a more amusing book of travels than one half
which are now foisted on the public.  All you have to do is to fill up
the chinks.

_Ansard_.  All I want to do is to fill up the chinks in my stomach,
Barnstaple; for, between you and me, times are rather queer.

_Barnstaple_.  You shall do it, if you will follow my advice.  I taught
you how to write a fashionable novel; it will be hard, indeed, if I
cannot send you up the Rhine.  One little expense must be incurred--you
must subscribe a quarter to a circulating library, for I wish that what
you do should be well done.

_Ansard_.  Barnstaple, I will subscribe to--anything.

_Barnstaple_.  Well, then, since you are so reasonable, I will proceed.
You must wade through all the various "Journeys on the Rhine", "Two
Months on the Rhine", "Autumns on the Rhine," etcetera, which you can
collect.  This you will find the most tiresome part of your task.
Select one as your guide, one who has a reputation; follow his course,
not exactly--that I will explain afterwards--and agree with him in every
thing, generally speaking.  Praise his exactitude and fidelity, and
occasionally quote him; this is but fair; after you rob a man (and I
intend you shall rifle him most completely), it is but decent to give
him kind words.  All others you must abuse, contradict, and depreciate.
Now, there is a great advantage in so doing: in the first place, you
make the best writer your friend--he forgets your larcenies in your
commendation of him, and in your abuse of others.  If his work be
correct, so must yours be; he praises it everywhere--perhaps finds you
out, and asks you to dine with him.

_Ansard_.  How should I ever look at his injured face?

_Barnstaple_.  On the contrary, he is the obliged party--your travels
are a puff to his own.

_Ansard_.  But, Barnstaple, allowing that I follow this part of your
advice, which I grant to be very excellent, how can I contradict others,
when they may be, and probably are, perfectly correct in their
assertions?

_Barnstaple_.  If they are so, virtue must be its own reward.  It is
necessary that you write a book of travels, and all travellers
contradict each other--ergo, you must contradict, or nobody will believe
that you have travelled.  Not only contradict, but sneer at them.

_Ansard_.  Well, now do explain how that is to be done.

_Barnstaple_.  Nothing more simple: for instance, a man measures a
certain remarkable piece of antiquity--its length is 747 feet.  You must
measure it over again, and declare that he is in error, that it is only
727.  To be sure of your being correct, measure it _twice_ over, and
then convict him.

_Ansard_.  But surely, Barnstaple, one who has measured it is more
likely to be correct than one who has not.

_Barnstaple_.  I'll grant you that he is correct to half an inch--that's
no matter.  The public will, in all probability, believe you, because
you are the last writer, and because you have _decreased_ the
dimensions.  Travellers are notorious for amplification, and if the
public do not believe you, let them go and measure it themselves.

_Ansard_.  A third traveller may hereafter measure it, and find that I
am in the wrong.

_Barnstaple_.  Ten to one if you are not both in the wrong; but what
matter will that be? your book will have been sold.

_Ansard_.  Most true, O king!  I perceive now the general outline, and I
feel confident that, with your kind assistance, I may accomplish it.
But, Barnstaple, the beginning is everything.  If I only had the first
chapter as a start, I think I could get on.  It is the _modus_ that I
want--the style.  A first chapter would be a key-note for the remainder
of the tune, with all the variations.

_Barnstaple_.  Well, then, take up your pen.  But before I commence, it
may be as well to observe, that there is a certain method required, even
in writing travels.  In every chapter you should have certain landmarks
to guide you.  For instance, enumerate the following, and select the
works from which they may be obtained, so as to mix up the instructive
with the amusing.  Travelling--remarks on country passed through--
anecdote--arrival at a town--churches--population--historical remarks--
another anecdote--eating and drinking--natural curiosities--egotism--
remarks on the women (never mind the men)--another anecdote--
reflections--an adventure--and go to bed.  You understand, Ansard, that
in these memoranda you have all that is required; the rule is not to be
followed absolutely, but generally.  As you observed, such is to be the
tune, but your variations may be infinite.  When at a loss, or you think
you are dull, always call in a grisette, and a little mystery; and,
above all, never be afraid of talking too much about yourself.

_Ansard_.  Many, many thanks; but now, my dear Barnstaple, for the first
chapter.

_Barnstaple_.  Let your style be flowery--I should say florid--never
mind a false epithet or two in a page, they will never be observed.  A
great deal depends upon the first two pages--you must not limp at
starting; we will, therefore, be particular.  Take your pen.

                   [BARNSTAPLE _muses for a while, and then continues_.]
"A severe cough, which refused to yield even to the balmy influence of
the genial spring of 18--, and threatened a pulmonary complaint, induced
me to yield to the reiterated persuasions of my physicians to try a
change of air, as most likely to ward off the threatened danger.  Where
to direct my steps was the difficult point to ascertain.  Brighton,
Torquay, Cromer, Ilfracombe, had all been visited and revisited.  At
either of these fashionable resorts I was certain to fall in with a
numerous acquaintance, whose persuasions would have induced me to depart
from that regularity of diet and of rest, so imperiously insisted upon
by my medical advisers.  After much cogitation, I resolved upon a
journey up the Rhine, and to escape the ruthless winter of our northern
clime in the more genial land of history."

_Ansard_.  Land of history--I presume you mean Italy; but am I to go
there?

_Barnstaple_.  No, you may recover, and come back again to skate upon
the Serpentine, if you please.  You observe, Ansard, I have not made you
a fellow with 50 pounds in his pocket, setting out to turn it into 300
pounds by a book of travels.  I have avoided mention of Margate,
Ramsgate, Broadstairs, and all common watering-places; I have talked of
physicians in the plural; in short, no one who reads that paragraph, but
will suppose that you are a young man of rank and fortune, to whom money
is no object, and who spends hundreds to cure that which might be
effected by a little regularity, and a few doses of ipecacuanha.

_Ansard_.  I wish it were so.  Nevertheless, I'll travel _en grand
seigneur_--thats more agreeable even in imagination, than being rumbled
in a "_diligence_."

_Barnstaple_.  And will produce more respect for your work, I can assure
you.  But to proceed.  Always, when you leave England, talk about
_hospitality_.  The English like it.  Have you no relations or friends
in whose opinion you wish to stand well?  Public mention in print does
wonders, especially with a copy handsomely bound "from the author."

_Ansard_.  Really, Barnstaple, I do not know any one.  My poor mother is
in Cumberland, and that is not _en route_.  I have a maternal uncle of
the name of Forster, who lives on the road--a rich, old, miserly
bachelor; but I can't say much for his hospitality.  I have called upon
him twice, and he has never even asked me to dinner.

_Barnstaple_.  Never mind.  People like being praised for a virtue which
they do not possess--it may prove a legacy.  Say, then, that you quitted
the hospitable roof of your worthy and excellent-hearted relation, Mr
Forster and felt--

_Ansard_.  Felt how?

_Barnstaple_.  How--why you felt, as he wrung your hand, that there was
a sudden dissolution of the ties of kindred and affection.

_Ansard_.  There always has been in that quarter, so my conscience is so
far clear.

_Barnstaple_.  You arrive at Dovor (mind you spell it Dovor)--go to bed
tired and reflective--embark early the next morning--a rough passage--

_Ansard_.  And sea-sick, of course?

_Barnstaple_.  No, Ansard; there I'll give you a proof of my tact--you
shan't be sea-sick.

_Ansard_.  But I'm sure I should be.

_Barnstaple_.  All travellers are, and all fill up a page or two with
complaints, _ad nauseam_--for that reason sick you shall not be.
Observe--to your astonishment you are not sea-sick: the other passengers
suffer dreadfully; one young dandy puffs furiously at a cigar in
bravado, until he sends it over the side, like an arrow from the
blow-pipe of a South American Indian.  Introduce a husband with a pretty
wife--he jealous as a dog, until he is sick as a cat--your attentions--
she pillowed on your arms, while he hangs over the lee gunwale--her
gratitude--safe arrival at Calais--sweet smiles of the lady--sullen
deportment of the gentleman--a few hints--and draw the veil.  Do you
understand?

_Ansard_.  Perfectly.  I can manage all that.

_Barnstaple_.  Then when you put your foot on shore, you must, for the
first time, _feel sea-sick_.

_Ansard_.  On shore?

_Barnstaple_.  Yes; reel about, not able to stand--every symptom as if
on board.  Express your surprise at the strange effect, pretend not to
explain it, leave that to medical men, it being sufficient for you to
state the _fact_.

_Ansard_.  The _fact_!  O Barnstaple!

_Barnstaple_.  That will be a great hit for a first chapter.  You
reverse the order of things.

_Ansard_.  That I do most certainly.  Shall I finish the first chapter
with that _fact_?

_Barnstaple_.  No.  Travellers always go to bed at the end of each
chapter.  It is a wise plan, and to a certain degree it must be
followed.  You must have a baggage adventure--be separated from it--some
sharp little urchin has seized upon your valise--it is nowhere to be
found--quite in despair--walk to the Hotel d'Angleterre, and find that
you are met by the landlord and garcons, who inform you that your
carriage is in the remise, and your rooms ready--ascend to your
bedroom--find that your baggage is not only there, but neatly laid out--
your portmanteau unstrapped--your trunk uncorded--and the little rascal
of a commissaire standing by with his hat in his hand, and a smile _de
malice_, having installed _himself_ as your _domestique de place_--take
him for his impudence--praise the "_Cotelettes_ and the _vin de
Beaune_"--wish the reader good night, and go to bed.  Thus ends the
first chapter.

[ANSARD _gets up and takes_ BARNSTAPLE'S _hand, which he shakes warmly
without speaking_.  BARNSTAPLE _smiles and walks out_.  ANSARD _is left
hard at work at his desk_.]

ARTHUR ANSARD _in his Chambers, solus, with his pen in his hand_.

_Ansard_.  Capital! that last was a _hit_.  It has all the appearance of
reality.  To be sure, I borrowed the hint, but that nobody will be able
to prove.  (_Yawns_.)  Heigho!  I have only got half way on my journey
yet, and my ideas are quite exhausted.  I am as much worn out and
distressed as one of the German post-horses which I described in my last
chapter.  (_Nods, and then falls fast asleep_.)

BARNSTAPLE _taps at the door; receiving no answer, he enters_.

_Barnstaple_.  So--quite fast.  What can have put him to sleep?  (_Reads
the manuscript on the table_.)  No wonder, enough to put anybody to
sleep apparently.  Why, Ansard!

_Ansard_.  (_starting up, still half asleep_.)  Already?  Why, I've
hardly shut my eyes.  Well, I'll be dressed directly; let them get some
_cafe_ ready below.  Henri, did you order the hind-spring to be
repaired!  (_Nods again with his eyes shut_.)

_Barnstaple_.  Hallo!  What now, Ansard, do you really think that you
are travelling?

_Ansard_.  (_waking up_).  Upon my word, Barnstaple, I was so dreaming.
I thought I was in my bed at the Hotel de Londres, after the fatiguing
day's journey I described yesterday.  I certainly have written myself
into the conviction that I was travelling post.

_Barnstaple_.  All the better--you have embodied yourself in your own
work, which every writer of fiction ought to do; but they can seldom
attain to such a desideratum.  Now, tell me, how do you get on?

_Ansard_.  Thank you--pretty well.  I have been going it with four
post-horses these last three weeks.

_Barnstaple_.  And how far have you got?

_Ansard_.  Half way--that is, into the middle of my second volume.  But
I'm very glad that you're come to my assistance, Barnstaple; for to tell
you the truth, I was breaking down.

_Barnstaple_.  Yes, you said something about the hind-spring of your
carriage.

_Ansard_.  That I can repair without your assistance; but my spirits are
breaking down.  I want society.  This travelling post is dull work.
Now, if I could introduce a companion--

_Barnstaple_.  So you shall.  At the next town that you stop at, buy a
_Poodle_.

_Ansard_.  A _Poodle_!  Barnstaple?  How the devil shall I be assisted
by a poodle?

_Barnstaple_.  He will prove a more faithful friend to you in your
exigence, and a better companion than one of your own species.  A male
companion, after all, is soon expended, and a female, which would be
more agreeable, is not admissible.  If you admit a young traveller into
your carriage--what then?  He is handsome, pleasant, romantic, and so
forth; but you must not give his opinions in contradiction to your own,
and if they coincide, it is superfluous.  Now, a poodle is a dog of
parts, and it is more likely that you fall in with a sagacious dog than
with a sagacious man.  The poodle is the thing; you must recount your
meeting, his purchase, size, colour, and qualifications, and anecdotes
of his sagacity, vouched for by the landlord, and all the _garcons_ of
the hotel.  As you proceed on your travels, his attachment to you
increases, and wind up every third chapter with "your faithful Mouton."

_Ansard_.  Will not all that be considered frivolous?

_Barnstaple_.  Frivolous! by no means.  The frivolous will like it, and
those who may have more sense, although they may think that Mouton does
not at all assist your travelling researches, are too well acquainted
with the virtues of the canine race, and the attachment insensibly
imbibed for so faithful an attendant, not to forgive your affectionate
mention of him.  Besides it will go far to assist the verisimilitude of
your travels.  As for your female readers, they will prefer Mouton even
to you.

_Ansard_.  All-powerful and mighty magician, whose wand of humbug, like
that of Aaron's, swallows up all others, not excepting that of divine
Truth, I obey you!  Mouton shall be summoned to my aid: he shall
flourish, and my pen shall flourish in praise of his endless
perfections.  But, Barnstaple, what shall I give for him?

_Barnstaple_.  (_thinks awhile_.)  Not less than forty louis.

_Ansard_.  Forty louis for a poodle!

_Barnstaple_.  Most certainly; not a sou less.  The value of any thing
in the eyes of the world is exactly what it costs.  Mouton, at a
five-franc piece, would excite no interest; and his value to the reader
will increase in proportion to his price, which will be considered an
undeniable proof of all his wonderful sagacity, with which you are to
amuse the reader.

_Ansard_.  But in what is to consist his sagacity?

_Barnstaple_.  He must do everything but speak.  Indeed, he must so far
speak as to howl the first part of "Lieber Augustin."

_Ansard_.  His instinct shall put our boasted reason to the blush.
But--I think I had better not bring him home with me.

_Barnstaple_.  Of course not.  In the first place, it's absolutely
necessary to kill him, lest his reputation should induce people to seek
him out, which they would do, although, in all probability, they never
will his master.  Lady Cork would certainly invite him to a literary
_soiree_.  You must therefore kill him in the most effective way
possible, and you will derive the advantage of filling up at least ten
pages with his last moments--licking your hand, your own lamentations,
violent and inconsolable grief on the part of Henri, and tanning his
skin as a memorial.

_Ansard_.  A beautiful episode, for which receive my best thanks.  But,
Barnstaple, I have very few effective passages as yet.  I have
remodelled several descriptions of mountains, precipices, waterfalls,
and such wonders of the creation--expressed my contempt and surprise at
the fear acknowledged by other travellers, in several instances.  I have
lost my way twice--met three wolves--been four times benighted--and
indebted to lights at a distance for a bed at midnight, after the horses
have refused to proceed.  All is incident, and I am quite hard up for
description.  Now, I have marked down a fine passage in --'s work--a
beautiful description of a cathedral with a grand procession.
(_Reads_.) "What with the effect of the sun's brightest beams upon the
ancient glass windows--various hues reflected upon the gothic pillars--
gorgeousness of the procession--sacerdotal ornaments--tossing of
censers--crowds of people--elevation of the host, and sinking down of
the populace _en masse_."  It really is a magnificent line of writing,
and which my work requires.  One or two like that in my book would do
well to be quoted by impartial critics, before the public are permitted
to read it.  But here, you observe, is a difficulty.  I dare not borrow
the passage.

_Barnstaple_.  But you shall borrow it--you shall be even finer than he
is, and yet he shall not dare to accuse you of plagiarism.

_Ansard_.  How is that possible, my dear Barnstaple?  I am all
impatience.

_Barnstaple_.  His description is at a certain hour of the day.  All you
have to do is to portray the scene in nearly the same words.  You have
as much right to visit a cathedral as he has, and as for the rest--here
is the secret.  You must visit it at _night_.  Instead of "glorious
beams," you will talk of "pale melancholy light;" instead of "the
stained windows throwing their various hues upon the gothic pile," you
must "darken the massive pile, and light up the windows with the silver
rays of the moon."  The glorious orb of day must give place to thousands
of wax tapers--the splendid fret--work of the roof you must regret was
not to be clearly distinguished--but you must be in ecstasies with the
broad light and shade--the blaze at the altar--solemn hour of night--
feelings of awe--half a Catholic--religious reflections, etcetera.
Don't you perceive?

_Ansard_.  I do.  Like the rest of my work, it shall be all _moonshine_.
It shall be done, Barnstaple; but have you not another idea or two to
help me with?

_Barnstaple_.  Have you talked about cooks?

_Ansard_.  As yet, not a word.

_Barnstaple_.  By this time you ought to have some knowledge of
gastronomy.  Talk seriously about eating.

_Ansard_.  (_writes_.)  I have made a memo.

_Barnstaple_.  Have you had no affront?

_Ansard_.  Not one.

B.  Then be seriously affronted--complain to the burgomaster, or mayor,
or commandant, whoever it may be--they attempt to bully--you are
resolute and firm as an Englishman--insist upon being righted--they must
make you a thousand apologies.  This will tickle the national vanity,
and be read with interest.

_Ansard_.  (_writes_.)  I have been affronted.  Anything else which may
proceed from your prolific brain, Barnstaple?

_Barnstaple_.  Have you had a serious illness?

_Ansard_.  Never complained even of a headache.

_Barnstaple_.  Then do everything but die--Henri weeping and
inconsolable--Mouton howling at the foot of your bed--kick the surgeons
out of the room--and cure yourself with three dozen of champagne.

_Ansard_.  (_writes_.)  Very sick--cured with three dozen of champagne--
I wish the illness would in reality come on, if I were certain of the
cure _gratis_.  Go on, my dear Barnstaple.

_Barnstaple_.  You may work in an episode here--delirium--lucid
intervals--gentle female voice--delicate attentions--mysterious
discovery from loquacious landlady--eternal gratitude--but no marriage--
an apostrophe--and all the rest left to conjecture.

_Ansard_.  (_writes down_.)  Silent attentions--conjecture--I can manage
that, I think.

_Barnstaple_.  By the bye, have you brought in Madame de Stael?

_Ansard_.  No--how the devil am I to bring her in?

_Barnstaple_.  As most other travellers do, by the head and shoulders.
Never mind that, so long as you bring her in.

_Ansard_.  (_writes_).  Madame de Stael by the shoulders--that's not
very polite towards a lady.  These hints are invaluable; pray go on.

_Barnstaple_.  Why, you have already more hints this morning than are
sufficient for three volumes.  But, however, let me see.  (_Barnstaple
thinks a little_).  Find yourself short of cash.

_Ansard_.  A sad reality, Barnstaple.  I shall write this part well, for
truth will guide my pen.

_Barnstaple_.  All the better.  But to continue--no remittances--awkward
position--explain your situation--receive credit to any amount--and
compliment your countrymen.

_Ansard_.  (_writes_.)  Credit to any amount--pleasing idea.  But I
don't exactly perceive the value of this last hint, Barnstaple.

_Barnstaple_.  All judicious travellers make it a point, throughout the
whole of their works, to flatter the nation upon its wealth, name, and
reputation in foreign countries; by doing so you will be read greedily,
and praised in due proportion.  If ever I were to write my travels into
the interior of Africa, or to the North Pole, I would make it a point to
discount a bill at Timbuctoo, or get a cheque cashed by the Esquimaux,
without the least hesitation in either case.  I think now, that what
with your invention, your plagiarism, and my hints, you ought to produce
a very effective Book of Travels; and with that feeling I shall leave
you to pursue your Journey, and receive, at its finale, your just
reward.  When we meet again, I hope to see you advertised.

_Ansard_.  Yes, but not exposed, I trust.  I am _incognito_, you know.

_Barnstaple_.  To be sure, that will impart an additional interest to
your narrative.  All the world will be guessing who you may be.  Adieu,
voyageur.  [_Exit_ BARNSTAPLE.]

_Ansard_.  And Heaven forfend that they should find me out!  But what
can be done?  In brief, I cannot get a brief, and thus I exercise my
professional acquirements how I can, proving myself as long-winded, as
prosy perhaps, and certainly as lying, as the more fortunate of my
fraternity.



CHAPTER FORTY NINE.

HOW TO WRITE A ROMANCE.

MR ARTHUR ANSARD, _standing at his table, selecting a steel pen from a
card on which a dozen are ranged up, like soldiers on parade_.

I must find a regular _graver_ to write this chapter of horrors.  No
goose quill could afford me any assistance.  Now then.  Let me
see--(_Reads, and during his reading_ BARNSTAPLE _comes in at the door
behind him, unperceived_.) "At this most monstrously appalling sight,
the hair of Piftlianteriscki raised slowly the velvet cap from off his
head, as if it had been perched upon the rustling quills of some
exasperated porcupine--(I think that's new)--his nostrils dilated to
that extent that you might, with ease, have thrust a musket bullet into
each--his mouth was opened so wide, so unnaturally wide, that the
corners were rent asunder, and the blood slowly trickled down each side
of his bristly chin--while each tooth loosened from its socket with
individual fear.--Not a word could he utter, for his tongue, in its
fright, clung with terror to his upper jaw, as tight as do the bellies
of the fresh and slimy soles, paired together by some fisherwoman; but
if his tongue was paralysed, his heart was not--it throbbed against his
ribs with a violence which threatened their dislocation from the
sternum, and with a sound which reverberated through the dark, damp
subterrene--" I think that will do.  There's _force_ there.

_Barnstaple_.  There is, with a vengeance.  Why, what is all this?

_Ansard_.  My dear Barnstaple, you here!  I'm writing a romance for B--.
It is to be supposed to be a translation.

_Barnstaple_.  The Germans will be infinitely obliged to you; but, my
dear fellow, you appear to have fallen into the old school--that's no
longer in vogue.

_Ansard_.  My orders are for the old school.  B-- was most particular on
that point.  He says that there is a re-action--a great re-action.

_Barnstaple_.  What, on literature?  Well, he knows as well as any man.
I only wish to God there was in everything else, and we could see the
good old times again.

_Ansard_.  To confess the truth, I did intend to have finished this
without saying a word to you.  I wished to have surprised you.

_Barnstaple_.  So you have, my dear fellow, with the few lines I have
heard.  How the devil are you to get your fellow out of that state of
asphyxia?

_Ansard_.  By degrees--slowly--very slowly--as they pretend that we
lawyers go to heaven.  But I'll tell you what I have done, just to give
you an idea of my work.  In the first place, I have a castle perched so
high up in the air, that the eagles, even in their highest soar, appear
but as wrens below.

_Barnstaple_.  That's all right.

_Ansard_.  And then it has subterraneous passages, to which the sewers
of London are a mere song; and they all lead to a small cave at
high-water mark on the sea-beach, covered with brambles and bushes, and
just large enough at its entrance to admit of a man squeezing himself
in:

_Barnstaple_.  That's all right.  You cannot be too much underground; in
fact, the two first, and the best part of the third volume, should be
wholly in the bowels of the earth, and your hero and heroine should
never _come to light_ until the last chapter.

_Ansard_.  Then they would never have been born till then, and how could
I marry them?  But still I have adhered pretty much to your idea; and,
Barnstaple, I have such a heroine--such a love--she has never seen her
sweetheart, yet she is most devotedly attached, and has suffered more
for his sake than any mortal could endure.

_Barnstaple_.  Most heroines generally do.

_Ansard_.  I have had her into various dungeons for three or four years,
on black bread and a broken pitcher of water--she has been starved to
death--lain for months and months upon wet straw--had two brain fevers--
five times has she risked violation, and always has picked up, or found
in the belt of her infamous ravishers, a stiletto, which she has plunged
into their hearts, and they have expired with or without a groan.

_Barnstaple_.  Excellent: and of course comes out of her dungeons each
time as fresh, as sweet, as lovely, as pure, as charming, and as
constant as ever.

_Ansard_.  Exactly; nothing can equal her infinite variety of adventure,
and her imperishable beauty and unadhesive cleanliness of person; and,
as for lives, she has more than a thousand cats'.  After nine months'
confinement in a dungeon, four feet square, when it is opened for her
release, the air is perfumed with the ambrosia which exhales from her
sweet person.

_Barnstaple_.  Of course it does.  The only question is, what ambrosia
smells like.  But let me know something about your hero.

_Ansard_.  He is a prince and a robber.

_Barnstaple_.  The two professions are not at all incompatible.  Go on.

_Ansard_.  He is the chief of a band of robbers, and is here, there and
everywhere.  He fills all Europe with terror, admiration, and love.

_Barnstaple_.  Very good.

_Ansard_.  His reasons for joining the robbers are, of course, a secret
(and upon my word they are equally a secret to myself); but it is
wonderful the implicit obedience of his men, and the many acts of
generosity of which he is guilty.  I make him give away a great deal
more money than his whole band ever take, which is so far awkward, that
the query may arise in what way he keeps them together, and supplies
them with food and necessaries.

_Barnstaple_.  Of course with _IOUs_ upon his princely domains.

_Ansard_.  I have some very grand scenes, amazingly effective; for
instance, what do you think, at the moment after the holy mass has been
performed in Saint Peter's at Rome, just as the pope is about to put the
sacred wafer into his mouth and bless the whole world, I make him snatch
the wafer out of the pope's hand, and get clear off with it.

_Barnstaple_.  What for, may I ask?

_Ansard_.  That is a secret which I do not reveal.  The whole
arrangement of that part of the plot is admirable.  The band of robbers
are disguised as priests, and officiate, without being found out.

_Barnstaple_.  But isn't that rather sacrilegious?

_Ansard_.  No; it appears so to be, but he gives his reasons for his
behaviour to the pope, and the pope is satisfied, and not only gives him
his blessing, but shows him the greatest respect.

_Barnstaple_.  They must have been very weighty reasons.

_Ansard_.  And therefore they are not divulged.

_Barnstaple_.  That is to say, not until the end of the work.

_Ansard_.  They are never divulged at all; I leave a great deal to the
reader's imagination--people are fond of conjecture.  All they know is,
that he boldly appears, and demands an audience.  He is conducted in,
the interview is private, after a sign made by our hero, and at which
the pope almost leaps off the chair.  After an hour he comes out again,
and the pope bows him to the very door.  Every one is astonished, and,
of course, almost canonise him.

_Barnstaple_.  That's going it rather strong in a Catholic country.  But
tell me, Ansard, what is your plot?

_Ansard_.  Plot; I have none.

_Barnstaple_.  No plot!

_Ansard_.  No plot, and all plot.  I puzzle the reader with certain
materials.  I have castles and dungeons, corridors and creaking doors,
good villains and bad villains.  Chain armour and clank of armour,
daggers for gentlemen, and stilettoes for ladies.  Dark forests and
brushwood, drinking scenes, eating scenes, and sleeping scenes--robbers
and friars, purses of gold and instruments of torture, an incarnate
devil of a Jesuit, a handsome hero, and a lovely heroine.  I jumble them
all together, sometimes above, and sometimes underground, and I explain
nothing at all.

_Barnstaple_.  Have you nothing supernatural?

_Ansard_.  O yes!  I've a dog whose instinct is really supernatural, and
I have two or three visions, which may be considered so, as they tell
what never else could have been known.  I decorate my caverns and
dungeons with sweltering toads and slimy vipers, a constant dropping of
water, with chains too ponderous to lift, but which the parties upon
whom they are riveted, clang together as they walk up and down in their
cells, and soliloquise.  So much for my underground scenery.  Above, I
people the halls with pages and ostrich feathers, and knights in bright
armour, a constant supply of generous wine, and goblets too heavy to
lift, which the knights toss off at a draught, as they sit and listen to
the minstrel's music.

_Barnstaple_.  Bravo, Ansard, bravo.  It appears to me that you do not
want assistance in this romance.

_Ansard_.  No, when I do I have always a holy and compassionate friar,
who pulls a wonderful restorative or healing balm, out of his bosom.
The puffs of Solomon's Balm of Gilead are a fool to the real merits of
my pharmacopoeia contained in a small vial.

_Barnstaple_.  And pray what may be the title of this book of yours, for
I have known it take more time to fix upon a title than to write the
three volumes.

_Ansard_.  I call it _The Undiscovered Secret_, and very properly so
too, for it never is explained.  But if you please, I will read you some
passages from it.  I think you will approve of them.  For instance, now
let us take this, in the second volume.  You must know, that
Angelicanarinella (for that is the name of my heroine) is thrown into a
dungeon not more than four feet square, but more than six hundred feet
below the surface of the earth.  The ways are so intricate, and the
subterranean so vast, and the dungeons so numerous, that the base
Ethiop, who has obeyed his master's orders in confining her, has himself
been lost in the labyrinth, and has not been able to discover what
dungeon he put her in.  For three days he has been looking for it,
during which our heroine has been without food, and he is still
searching and scratching his woolly head in despair, as he is to die by
slow torture, if he does not reproduce her--for you observe, the chief
who has thrown her into his dungeon is most desperately in love with
her.

_Barnstaple_.  That of course; and that is the way to prove romantic
love--you ill treat--but still she is certainly in a dilemma, as well as
the Ethiop.

_Ansard_.  Granted; but she talks like the heroine of a romance.
Listen.  (ANSARD _reads_.) "The beauteous and divinely moulded form of
the angelic Angelicanarinella pressed the dank and rotten straw which
had been thrown down by the scowling, thick-lipped Ethiop for her
repose--she, for whom attendant maidens had smoothed the Sybaritic sheet
of finest texture, under the elaborately carved and sumptuously gilt
canopy, the silken curtains, and the tassels of the purest dust of
gold."

_Barnstaple_.  Tassels of dust of gold! only figuratively, I suppose.

_Ansard_.  Nothing more.  "Each particular straw of this dank, damp bed
was elastic with delight, at bearing such angelic pressure; and, as our
heroine cast her ineffably beaming eyes about the dark void, lighting up
with their effulgent rays each little portion of the dungeon, as she
glanced them from one part to another, she perceived that the many
reptiles enclosed with her in this narrow tomb, were nestling to her
side, their eyes fixed upon her in mute expressions of love and
admiration.  Her eclipsed orbs were each, for a moment, suffused with a
bright and heavenly tear, and from the suffusion threw out a more
brilliant light upon the feeling reptiles who paid this tribute to her
undeserved sufferings.  She put forth her beauteous hand, whose `faint
tracery'--(I stole that from Cooper)--whose faint tracery had so often
given to others the idea that it was ethereal, and not corporeal, and
lifting with all the soft and tender handling of first love a venerable
toad, which smiled upon her, she placed the interesting animal so that
it could crawl up and nestle in her bosom, `Poor child of dank, of
darkness, and of dripping,' exclaimed she, in her flute-like notes, `who
sheltereth thyself under the wet and mouldering wall, so neglected in
thy form by thy mother Nature, repose awhile in peace where princes and
nobles would envy thee, if they knew thy present lot.  But that shall
never be; these lips shall never breathe a tale which might endanger thy
existence; fear not, therefore, their enmity, and as thou slowly
creepest away thy little round of circumscribed existence, forget me
not, but shed an occasional pearly tear to the memory of the persecuted,
the innocent Angelicanarinella!'"  What d'ye think of that?

_Barnstaple_.  Umph! a very warm picture certainly; however, it is
natural.  You know, a person of her consequence could never exist
without a little _toadyism_.

_Ansard_.  I have a good many subterraneous soliloquies, which would
have been lost for ever, if I did not bring them up.

_Barnstaple_.  That one you have just read is enough to make everybody
else bring up.

_Ansard_.  I rather plume myself upon it.

_Barnstaple_.  Yes, it is a feather in your cap, and will act as a
feather in the throat of your readers.

_Ansard_.  Now I'll turn over the second volume, and read you another
_morceau_, in which I assume the more playful vein.  I have imitated one
of our modern writers, who must be correct in her language, as she knows
all about heroes and heroines.  I must confess that I've cribbed a
little.

_Barnstaple_.  Let's hear.

_Ansard_.  "The lovely Angelicanarinella _pottered_ for some time about
this fairy chamber, then `wrote journal.'  At last, she _threw herself
down on the floor_, pulled out the miniature, _gulped_ when she looked
at it, and then _cried herself to sleep_."

_Barnstaple_.  _Pottered_ and _gulped_!  What language do you call that?

_Ansard_.  It's all right, my dear fellow.  I understand that it is the
refined slang of the modern boudoir, and only known to the initiated.

_Barnstaple_.  They had better keep it entirely to their boudoirs.  I
should advise you to leave it all out.

_Ansard_.  Well, I thought that one who was so very particular, must
have been the standard of perfection herself.

_Barnstaple_.  That does not at all follow.

_Ansard_.  But what I wish to read to you is the way in which I have
managed that my secret shall never be divulged.  It is known only to
four.

_Barnstaple_.  A secret known to four people!  You must be quick then.

_Ansard_.  So I am, as you shall hear; they all meet in a dark gallery,
but do not expect to meet any one but the hero, whom they intend to
murder, each one having, unknown to the others, made an appointment with
him for that purpose, on the pretence of telling him the great secret.
Altogether the scene is well described, but it is long, so I'll come at
once to the _denouement_.

_Barnstaple_.  Pray do.

_Ansard_.  "Absenpresentini felt his way by the slimy wall, when the
breath of another human being caught his ear: he paused, and held his
own breath.  `No, no,' muttered the other, `the _secret of blood and
gold_ shall remain with me alone.  Let him come, and he shall find
death.'  In a second, the dagger of Absenpresentini was in the
mutterer's bosom:--he fell without a groan.  `To me alone the secret of
blood and gold, and with me it remains,' exclaimed Absenpresentini.  `It
does remain with you,' cried Phosphorini, driving his dagger into his
back:--Absenpresentini fell without a groan, and Phosphorini,
withdrawing his dagger, exclaimed, `Who is now to tell the secret but
me?'  `Not you,' cried Vortiskini, raising up his sword and striking at
where the voice proceeded.  The trusty steel cleft the head of the
abandoned Phosphorini, who fell without a groan.  `Now will I retain the
secret of blood and gold,' said Vortiskini, as he sheathed his sword.
`Thou shalt,' exclaimed the wily Jesuit, as he struck his stiletto to
the heart of the robber, who fell without a groan.  `With me only does
the secret now rest, by which our order might be disgraced; with me it
dies,' and the Jesuit raised his hand.  `Thus to the glory and the
honour of his society does Manfredini sacrifice his life.'  He struck
the keen-pointed instrument into his heart, and died without a groan.
`Stop,' cried our hero."

_Barnstaple_.  And I agree with your hero: stop, Ansard, or you'll kill
me too--but not without a groan.

_Ansard_.  Don't you think it would act well?

_Barnstaple_.  Quite as well as it reads; pray is it all like this?

_Ansard_.  You shall judge for yourself.  I have half killed myself with
writing it, for I chew opium every night to obtain ideas.  Now again--

_Barnstaple_.  Spare me, Ansard, spare me; my nerves are rather
delicate; for the remainder I will take your word.

_Ansard_.  I wish my duns would do the same, even if it were only my
washerwoman; but there's no more tick for me here, except this old watch
of my father's, which serves to remind me of what I cannot obtain from
others--time; but, however, there is a time for all things, and when the
time comes that my romance is ready, my creditors will obtain the
_ready_.

_Barnstaple_.  Your only excuse, Ansard.

_Ansard_.  I beg your pardon.  The public require strong writing
now-a-days.  We have thousands who write well, and the public are
nauseated with what is called _good writing_.

_Barnstaple_.  And so they want something bad, eh?  Well, Ansard, you
certainly can supply them.

_Ansard_.  My dear Barnstaple, you must not disparage this style of
writing--it is not bad--there is a great art in it.  It may be termed
writing intellectual and ethereal.  You observe, that it never allows
probabilities or even possibilities to stand in its way.  The dross of
humanity is rejected: all the common wants and grosser feelings of our
natures are disallowed.  It is a novel which is all mind and passion.
Corporeal attributes and necessities are thrown on one side, as they
would destroy the charm of perfectability.  Nothing can soil, or defile,
or destroy my heroine; suffering adds lustre to her beauty, as pure gold
is tried by fire: nothing can kill her, because she is all mind.  As for
my men, you will observe when you read my work--

_Barnstaple_.  When I do!

_Ansard_.  Which, of course, you will--that they also have their
appetites in abeyance; they never want to eat, or drink, or sleep--are
always at hand when required, without regard to time or space.  Now
there is a great beauty in this description of writing.  The women adore
it because they find their sex divested of those human necessities,
without which they would indeed be angels! the mirror is held up to
them, and they find themselves perfect--no wonder they are pleased.  The
other sex are also very glad to dwell upon female perfectability, which
they can only find in a romance, although they have often dreamt of it
in their younger days.

_Barnstaple_.  There is some truth in these remarks.  Every milliner's
girl, who devours your pages in bed by the half-hour's light of tallow
stolen for the purpose, imagines a strong similarity between herself and
your Angelicanarinella, and every shop-boy measuring tape or weighing
yellow soap will find out attributes common to himself and to your hero.

_Ansard_.  Exactly.  As long as you draw perfection in both sexes, you
are certain to be read, because by so doing you flatter human nature and
self-love, and transfer it to the individual who reads.  Now a picture
of real life--

_Barnstaple_.  Is like some of Wouvermans' best pictures, which will not
be purchased by many, because his dogs in the foreground are doing
exactly what all dogs will naturally do when they first are let out of
their kennels.

_Ansard_.  Wouvermans should have known better, and made his dogs better
mannered if he expected his pictures to be hung up in the parlour of
refinement.

_Barnstaple_ Very true.

_Ansard_.  Perhaps you would like to have another passage or two.

_Barnstaple_.  Excuse me: I will imagine it all.  I only hope, Ansard,
this employment will not interfere with your legal practice.

_Ansard_.  My dear Barnstaple, it certainly will not, because my legal
practice cannot be interfered with.  I have been called to the bar, but
find no employment in my calling.  I have been sitting in my gown and
wig for one year, and may probably sit a dozen more before I have to
rise to address their lordships.  I have not yet had a guinea brief.  My
only chance is to be sent out as judge to Sierra Leone, or perhaps to be
made a commissioner of the Court of Requests.

_Barnstaple_.  You are indeed humble in your aspirations.  I recollect
the time, Ansard, when you dreamt of golden fame, and aspired to the
woolsack--when your ambition prompted you to midnight labour, and you
showed an energy--

_Ansard_.  (_putting his hands up to his forehead, with his elbows on
the table_.)  What can I do, Barnstaple?  If I trust to briefs, my
existence will be but brief--we all must live.

_Barnstaple_.  I will not reply as Richelieu did to a brother author,
"Je ne vois pas la necessite;" but this I do say, that if you are in
future to live by supplying the public with such nonsense, the shorter
your existence the better.



CHAPTER FIFTY.

THE LEGEND OF THE BELL ROCK.

There was a grand procession through the streets of the two towns of
Perth and Dundee.  The holy abbots, in their robes, walked under gilded
canopies, the monks chanted, the censers were thrown, flags and banners
were carried by seamen, lighted tapers by penitents; Saint Antonio, the
patron of those who trust to the stormy ocean, was carried in all pomp
through the streets; and, as the procession passed, coins of various
value were thrown down by those who watched it from the windows, and, as
fast as thrown were collected by little boys dressed as angels, and
holding silver vessels to receive the largesses.  During the whole day
did the procession continue, and large was the treasure collected in the
two towns.  Every one gave freely, for there were few, indeed none, who,
if not in their own circle, at least among their acquaintances, had to
deplore the loss of some one dear to them, or to those they visited,
from the dangerous rock which lay in the very track of all the vessels
entering the Firth of Tay.

These processions had been arranged, that a sufficient sum of money
might be collected to enable them to put in execution a plan proposed by
an adventurous and bold young seaman, in a council held for the purpose,
of fixing a bell on the rock, which could be so arranged that the
slightest breath of wind would cause the hammer of it to sound, and
thus, by its tolling, warn the mariner of his danger; and the sums given
were more than sufficient.  A meeting was then held, and it was
unanimously agreed that Andrew M'Clise should be charged with the
commission to go over to Amsterdam, and purchase the bell of a merchant
residing there, whom Andrew stated to have one in his possession, which,
from its fine tone and size, was exactly calculated for the purport to
which it was to be appropriated.

Andrew M'Clise embarked with the money, and made a prosperous voyage.
He had often been at Amsterdam, and had lived with the merchant, whose
name was Vandermaclin; and the attention to his affairs, the dexterity
and the rapidity of the movements of Andrew M'Clise, had often elicited
the warmest encomiums of Mynheer Vandermaclin; and many evenings had
Andrew M'Clise passed with him, drinking in moderation their favourite
scheedam, and indulging in the meditative merschaum.  Vandermaclin had
often wished that he had a son like Andrew M'Clise, to whom he could
leave his property, with the full assurance that the heap would not be
scattered, but greatly added to.

Vandermaclin was a widower.  He had but one daughter, who was now just
arrived at an age to return from the pension to her father's house, and
take upon herself the domestic duties.  M'Clise had never yet seen the
beautiful Katerina.

"And so, Mynheer M'Clise," said Vandermaclin, who was sitting in the
warehouse on the ground-floor of his tenement, "you come to purchase the
famous bell of Utrecht; with the intention of fixing it upon that rock,
the danger of which we have so often talked over after the work of the
day has been done?  I, too, have suffered from that same rock, as you
well know; but still I have been fortunate.  The price will be heavy;
and so it ought to be, for the bell itself is of no small weight."

"We are prepared to pay it, Mynheer Vandermaclin."

"Nevertheless, in so good a cause, and for so good a purport, you shall
not be overcharged.  I will say nothing of the beauty of the
workmanship, or even of the mere manufacture.  You shall pay but its
value in metal; the same price which the Jew Isaacs offered me for it
but four months ago.  I will not ask what a Jew would ask, but what a
Jew would give, which makes no small difference.  Have you ten thousand
guilders?"

"I have, and more."

"That is my price, Mynheer M'Clise, and I wish for no more; for I, too,
will contribute my share to the good work.  Are you content, and is it a
bargain?"

"It is; and the holy abbots will thank you on vellum, Mynheer
Vandermaclin, for your generosity."

"I prefer the thanks of the bold seamen to those of the idle churchmen;
but, never mind, it is a bargain.  Now, we will go in; it is time to
close the doors.  We will take our pipes, and you shall make the
acquaintance of my fair daughter, Katerina."

At the time we are speaking of, M'Clise was about six-and-twenty years
of age; he was above the middle size, elegant in person, and with a
frankness and almost nobility in his countenance, which won all who saw
him.

His manners were like those of most seamen, bold, but not offensively
so.  His eye was piercing as an eagle's; and it seemed as if his very
soul spoke from it.  At the very first meeting between him and the
daughter of Vandermaclin, it appeared to both as if their destinies were
to unite them.

They loved not as others love, but with an intensity which it would be
impossible to portray; but they hardly exchanged a word.  Again and
again they met; their eyes spoke, but nothing more.  The bell was put on
board the vessel, the money had been paid down, and M'Clise could no
longer delay.  He felt as if his heart-strings were severed as he tore
himself away from the land where all remained that he coveted upon
earth.  And Katerina, she too felt as if her existence was a blank; and
as the vessel sailed from the port, she breathed short; and when not
even her white and lofty topgallant sail could be discovered as a speck,
she threw herself on her couch and wept.  And M'Clise as he sailed away,
remained for hours leaning his cheek on his hand, thinking of, over and
over again, every lineament and feature of the peerless Katerina.

Two months passed away, during which M'Clise was busied every ebb of the
tide in superintending the work on the rock.  At last, all was ready;
and once more was to be beheld a gay procession; but this time it was on
the water.  It was on a calm and lovely summer's morn, that the abbots
and the monks, attended by a large company of the authorities, and
others, who were so much interested in the work in hand, started from
the shore of Aberbrothwick in a long line of boats, decorated with
sacred and with other various banners and devices.  The music floated
along the water, and the solemn chants of the monks were for once heard
where never yet they had been heard before, or ever will again.  M'Clise
was at the rock, in a small vessel purposely constructed to carry the
bell, and with sheers to hang it on the supports imbedded in the solid
rock.  The bell was in its place, and the abbot blessed the bell; and
holy water was sprinkled on the metal, which was for the future to be
lashed by the waves of the salt sea.  And the music and the chants were
renewed; and as they continued, the wind gradually rose, and with the
rising of the wind the bell tolled loud and deep.  The tolling of the
bell was the signal for return, for it was a warning that the weather
was about to change, and the procession pulled back to Aberbrothwick,
and landed in good time; for in one hour more, and the rocky coast was
again lashed by the waves, and the bell tolled loud and quick, although
there were none there but the sea-gull, who screamed with fright as he
wheeled in the air at this unusual noise upon the rock, which, at the
ebb he had so often made his resting-place.

M'Clise had done his work; the bell was fixed; and once more he hastened
with his vessel to Amsterdam.  Once more was he an inmate of
Vandermaclin's house; once more in the presence of the idol of his soul.
This time they spoke; this time their vows were exchanged for life and
death.  But Vandermaclin saw not the state of their hearts.  He looked
upon the young seamen as too low, too poor, to be a match for his
daughter; and as such an idea never entered his head, so did he never
imagine that he would have dared to love.  But he was soon undeceived;
for M'Clise frankly stated his attachment, and demanded the hand of
Katerina; and, at the demand, Vandermaclin's face was flushed with
anger.

"Mynheer M'Clise," said he, after a pause, as if to control his
feelings; "when a man marries, he is bound to show that he has
wherewithal to support his wife; to support her in that rank, and to
afford her those luxuries to which she has been accustomed in her
father's house.  Show me that you can do so, and I will not refuse you
the hand of Katerina."

"As yet, I have not," replied M'Clise; "but I am young and can work; I
have money, and will gain more.  Tell me what sum do you think that I
should possess to warrant my demanding the hand of your daughter?"

"Produce twelve thousand guilders, and she is yours," replied the
merchant.

"I have but three thousand," replied M'Clise.

"Then, think no more of Katerina.  It is a foolish passion, and you must
forget it.  And, Mynheer M'Clise, I must not have my daughter's
affections tampered with.  She must forget you; and that can only be
effected by your not meeting again.  I wish you well, Mynheer M'Clise,
but I must request your absence."

M'Clise departed from the presence of the merchant, bowed down with
grief and disappointment.  He contrived that a letter, containing the
result of his application, should be put in the hands of Katerina.  But
Vandermaclin was informed of this breach of observance, and Katerina was
sent to a convent, there to remain until the departure of her lover; and
Vandermaclin wrote to his correspondent at Dundee, requesting that the
goods forwarded to him might not be sent by the vessel commanded by
M'Clise.

Of this our young captain received information.  All hope was nearly
gone; still he lingered, and delayed his departure.  He was no longer
the active, energetic seaman; he neglected all, even his attire.

M'Clise knew in which convent his fair Katerina had been immured; and
often would he walk round its precincts, with the hope of seeing her, if
it were but for a moment, but in vain.  His vessel was now laden, and he
could delay no longer.  He was to sail the next morning; and once more
did the unhappy young man take his usual walk to look at those walls
which contained all that was dear to him on earth.  His reverie was
broken by a stone falling down to his feet; he took it up; there was a
small piece of paper attached to it with a silken thread.  He opened it;
it was the handwriting of Katerina, and contained but two words--"_The
Bell_."

The bell!  M'Clise started; for he immediately comprehended what was
meant.  The whole plan came like electricity through his brain.  Yes;
then there was a promise of happiness.  The bell was worth ten thousand
guilders; that sum had been offered, and would now be given by Isaacs
the Jew.  He would be happy with his Katerina; and he blessed her
ingenuity for devising the means.  For a minute or two he was
transported; but the re-action soon took place.  What was he about to
attempt? sacrilege--cruelty.  The bell had been blessed by the holy
church; it had been purchased by holy and devout alms.  It had been
placed on the rock to save the lives of his brother seamen; and were he
to remove it, would he not be responsible for all the lives lost?  Would
not the wail of the widow, and the tears of the orphan, be crying out to
Heaven against him?  No, no! never!  The crime was too horrible; and
M'Clise stamped upon the paper, thinking he was tempted by Satan in the
shape of woman; but when woman tempts, man is lost.  He recalled the
charms of Katerina; all his repugnance was overcome; and he resolved
that the deed should be accomplished, and that Katerina should be
gained, even if he lost his soul.

Andrew M'Clise sailed away from Amsterdam, and Katerina recovered her
liberty.  Vandermaclin was anxious that she should marry: and many were
the suitors for her hand, but in vain.  She reminded her father, that he
had pledged himself, if M'Clise counted down twelve thousand guilders,
that she should be his wife; and to that pledge she insisted that he was
bound fast.  And Vandermaclin after reasoning with her, and pointing out
to her that twelve thousand guilders was a sum so large, that M'Clise
might not procure until his old age, even if he were fortunate,
acknowledged that such was his promise, and that he would, like an
honest man, abide by it, provided that M'Clise should fulfil his part of
the agreement in the space of two years; after which he should delay her
settlement no longer.  And Katerina raised her eyes to heaven, and
whispered, as she clasped her hands, "The Bell."  Alas! that we should
invoke Heaven when we would wish to do wrong: but mortals are blind, and
none so blind as those who are impelled by passion.

It was in the summer of that year that M'Clise had made his
arrangements: having procured the assistance of some lawless hands, he
had taken the advantage of a smooth and glassy sea and a high tide to
remove the bell on board his own vessel; a work of little difficulty to
him, as he had placed it there, and knew well the fastenings.  He sailed
away for Amsterdam, and was permitted by Heaven to arrive safe with his
sacrilegious freight.  He did not, as before, enter the canal opposite
to the house of Vandermaclin, but one that ran behind the habitation of
the Jew Isaacs.  At night, he went into the house, and reported to the
Jew what he had for sale; and the keen grey eyes of the bent-double
little Israelite sparkled with delight, for he knew that his profit
would be great.  At midnight the bell was made fast to the crane, and
safely deposited in the warehouse of the Jew, who counted out the ten
thousand guilders to the enraptured M'Clise, whose thoughts were wholly
upon the possession of his Katerina, and not upon the crime he had
committed.

But, alas! to conceal one crime, we are too often obliged to be guilty
of even deeper; and thus it was with Andrew M'Clise.  The people who had
assisted, upon the promise of a thousand guilders being divided among
them, now murmured at their share, and insisted upon an equal division
of the spoils, or threatened with an immediate confession of the black
deed.

M'Clise raved, and cursed, and tore his hair; promised to give them the
money as soon as he had wedded Katerina; but they would not consent.
Again the devil came to his assistance, and whispered how he was to act:
he consented.  The next night the division was to be made.  They met in
his cabin; he gave them wine, and they drank plentifully; but the wine
was poisoned, and they all died before the morning.  M'Clise tied
weights to their bodies, and sunk them in the deep canal; broke open his
hatches, to make it appear that his vessel had been plundered; and then
went to the authorities denouncing his crew as having plundered him, and
escaped.  Immediate search was made, but they were not to be found; and
it was supposed that they had escaped in a boat.

Once more M'Clise, whose conscience was seared, went to the house of
Vandermaclin, counted down his twelve thousand guilders, and claimed his
bride; and Vandermaclin, who felt that his daughter's happiness was at
stake, now gave his consent.  As M'Clise stated that he was anxious to
return to England, and arrange with the merchants whose goods had been
plundered, in a few days the marriage took place; and Katerina clasped
the murderer in her arms.  All was apparent joy and revelry; but there
was anguish in the heart of M'Clise, who, now that he had gained his
object, felt that it had cost him much too dear, for his peace of mind
was gone for ever.  But Katerina cared not; every spark of feeling was
absorbed in her passion, and the very guilt of M'Clise but rendered him
more dear; for was it not for her that he had done all this?  M'Clise
received her portion, and hasted to sail away; for the bodies were still
in the canal, and he trembled every hour lest his crime should be
discovered.  And Vandermaclin bade farewell to his daughter: and, he
knew not why, but there was a feeling he could not suppress, that they
never should meet again.

"Down--down below, Katerina! this is no place for you," cried M'Clise,
as he stood at the helm of the vessel.  "Down, dearest, down, or you
will be washed overboard.  Every sea threatens to pour into our decks;
already have we lost two men.  Down, Katerina! down, I tell you."

"I fear not; let me remain with you."

"I tell you, down!" cried M'Clise, in wrath; and Katerina cast upon him
a reproachful look, and obeyed.

The storm was at its height; the sun had set, black and monstrous
billows chased each other, and the dismasted vessel was hurried on
towards the land.  The wind howled, and whistled sharply at each chink
in the bulwarks of the vessel.  For three days had they fought the gale,
but in vain.  Now, if it continued, all chance was over; for the shore
was on their lee, distant not many miles.  Nothing could save them, but
gaining the mouth of the Firth of Tay, and then they could bear up for
Dundee.  And there was a boiling surge, and a dark night, and roaring
seas, and their masts were floating far away; and M'Clise stood at the
helm, keeping her broadside to the sea: his heart was full of
bitterness, and his guilty conscience bore him down, and he looked for
death, and he dreaded it; for was he not a sacrilegious murderer, and
was there not an avenging God above?

Once more Katerina appeared on deck, clinging for support to Andrew.

"I cannot stay below.  Tell me, will it soon be over?"

"Yes," replied M'Clise, gloomily; "it will soon be over with all of us."

"How mean you? you told me there was no danger."

"I told you falsely; there is death soon, and damnation afterwards; for
you I have lost my soul!"

"Oh! say not so."

"I say it.  Leave me, leave me, woman, or I curse thee."

"Curse me, Andrew?  Oh, no!  Kiss me, Andrew; and if we are to perish,
let us expire in each other's arms."

"'Tis as well; you have dragged me to perdition.  Leave me, I say, for
you have my bitter curse."

Thus was his guilty love turned to hate, now that death was staring him
in the face.

Katerina made no reply.  She threw herself on the deck, and abandoned
herself to her feeling of bitter anguish.  And as she lay there, and
M'Clise stood at the helm, the wind abated; the vessel was no longer
borne down as before, although the waves were still mountains high.  The
seamen on board rallied; some fragments of sail were set on the remnants
of the masts, and there was a chance of safety.  M'Clise spoke not, but
watched the helm.  The wind shifted in their favour; and hope rose in
every heart.  The Firth of Tay was now open, and they were saved!  Light
was the heart of M'Clise when he kept away the vessel, and gave the helm
up to the mate.  He hastened to Katerina, who still remained on the
deck, raised her up, whispered comfort and returning love; but she heard
not--she could not forget--and she wept bitterly.

"We are saved, dear Katerina!"

"Better that we had been lost!" replied she, mournfully.

"No, no! say not so, with your own Andrew pressing you to his bosom."

"Your bitter curse!"

"'Twas madness--nothing--I knew not what I said."  But the iron had
entered into her soul.  Her heart was broken.

"You had better give orders for them to look out for the Bell Rock,"
observed the man at the helm to M'Clise.

The Bell Rock!  M'Clise shuddered, and made no reply.  Onward went the
vessel, impelled by the sea and wind: one moment raised aloft, and
towering over the surge; at another, deep in the hollow trough, and
walled in by the convulsed element.  M'Clise still held his Katerina in
his arms, who responded not to his endearments, when a sudden shock
threw them on the deck.  The crashing of the timbers, the pouring of the
waves over the stern, the heeling and settling of the vessel, were but
the work of a few seconds.  One more furious shock,--she separates,
falls on her beam ends, and the raging seas sweep over her.

M'Clise threw from him her whom he had so madly loved, and plunged into
the wave.  Katerina shrieked, as she dashed after him, and all was over.

When the storm rises, and the screaming sea-gull seeks the land, and the
fisherman hasten his bark towards the beach, there is to be seen,
descending from the dark clouds with the rapidity of lightning, the form
of Andrew M'Clise, the heavy bell to which he is attached by the neck,
bearing him down to his doom.

And when all is smooth and calm, when at the ebbing tide, the wave but
gently kisses the rock, then by the light of the silver moon, the
occupants of the vessels which sail from the Firth of Tay, have often
beheld the form of the beautiful Katerina, waving her white scarf as a
signal that they should approach, and take her off from the rock on
which she is seated.  At times, she offers a letter for her father,
Vandermaclin; and she mourns and weeps as the wary mariners, with their
eyes fixed on her, and with folded arms, pursue their course in silence
and in dread.



CHAPTER FIFTY ONE.

MOONSHINE.

Those who have visited our West India possessions must have often been
amused with the humour and cunning which occasionally appear in a negro
more endowed than the generality of his race, particularly when the
master also happens to be a humourist.  The swarthy servitor seems to
reflect his patron's absurdities; and having thoroughly studied his
character, ascertains how far he can venture to take liberties without
fear of punishment.

One of these strange specimens I once met with in a negro called
Moonshine, belonging to a person equally strange in his own way, who
had, for many years, held the situation of harbour-master at Port Royal,
but had then retired on a pension, and occupied a small house at Ryde,
in the Isle of Wight.  His name was Cockle, but he had long been
addressed as Captain Cockle; and this brevet rank he retained until the
day of his death.  In person he was very large and fat--not unlike a
cockle in shape: so round were his proportions, and so unwieldy, that it
appeared much easier to roll him along from one place to another, than
that he should walk.  Indeed, locomotion was not to his taste: he seldom
went much farther than round the small patch of garden which was in
front of his house, and in which he had some pinks and carnations and
chrysanthemums, of which he was not a little proud.  His head was quite
bald, smooth, and shining white; his face partook of a more roseate
tint, increasing in depth till it settled into an intense red at the tip
of his nose.  Cockle had formerly been a master of a merchant-vessel,
and from his residence in a warm climate had contracted a habit of
potation, which became confirmed during the long period of his holding
his situation at Port Royal.  He had purchased Moonshine for three
hundred dollars, when he was about seven years old, and, upon his return
to England, had taken him with him.

Moonshine was very much attached to his master, very much attached to
having his own way, and was, farther, very much attached to his master's
grog bottle.

The first attachment was a virtue: the second human nature; and the
third, in the opinion of old Cockle, a crime of serious magnitude.  I
very often called upon Captain Cockle, for he had a quaint humour about
him which amused; and, as he seldom went out, he was always glad to see
any of his friends.  Another reason was, that I seldom went to the house
without finding some entertainment in the continual sparring between the
master and the man.  I was at that time employed in the Preventive
Service, and my station was about four miles from the residence of
Cockle.  One morning I stalked in, and found him, as usual, in his
little parlour on the ground-floor.

"Well, Cockle, my boy, how are you?"

"Why, to tell you the truth, Bob, I'm all wrong.  I'm on the stool of
repentance; to wit, on this easy chair, doing penance, as you perceive,
in a pair of duck trousers.  Last night I was half-seas over, and
tolerably happy; this morning I am high and dry, and intolerably
miserable.  Carried more sail than ballast last night, and lost my head;
this morning I've found it again, with a pig of ballast in it, I
believe.  All owing to my good nature."

"How is that, Cockle?"

"Why, that Jack Piper was here last night; and rather than he should
drink all the grog and not find his way home, I drank some myself--he'd
been in a bad way if I had not, poor fellow!--and now, you see, I'm
suffering all from good nature.  Easiness of disposition has been my
ruin, and has rounded me into this ball, by wearing away all my sharp
edges, Bob."

"It certainly was very considerate and very kind of you, Cockle,
especially when we know how much you must have acted at variance with
your inclinations."

"Yes, Bob, yes, I am the milk punch of human kindness.  I often cry--
when the chimney smokes; and sometimes--when I laugh too much.  You see,
I not only give my money, as others will do, but, as last night, I even
give my head to assist a fellow-creature.  I could, however, dispense
with it for an hour or two this morning."

"Nay, don't say that; for although you might dispense with the upper
part, you could not well get on without your mouth, Cockle."

"Very true, Bob; a chap without a mouth would be like a ship without a
companion hatch;--talking about that, the combings of my mouth are
rather dry--what do you say, Bob, shall we call Moonshine?"

"Why it's rather broad daylight for Moonshine."

"He's but an eclipse--a total eclipse, I may say.  The fact is, my head
is so heavy, that it rolls about on my shoulders; and I must have a
stiffener down my throat to prop it it up.  So Moonshine, shine out, you
black-faced rascal!"

The negro was outside, cleaning his knives:--he answered, but continued
at his work.

"How me shine, Massa Cockle, when you neber gib me _shiner_?"

"No: but I'll give you a _shinner_ on your lower limb, that shall make
you feel planet-struck, if you don't show your ugly face," replied
Cockle.

"Massa Cockle, you full of dictionary dis marning."

"Come here, sir!"

"Why you so parsonal dis marning, sar," replied Moonshine, rubbing away
at the knifeboard--"my face no shine more dan your white skull widout
hair."

"I pulled one out, you scoundrel, every time you stole my grog, and now
they are all gone.--Hairs; what should I do with heirs when I've nothing
to leave," continued Cockle, addressing me--"hairs are like rats, that
quit a ship as soon as she gets old.  Now, Bob, I wonder how long that
rascal will make us wait.  I brought him home and gave him his freedom--
but give an inch and he takes an ell.  Moonshine, I begin to feel
angry--the tip of my nose is red already."

"Come directly, Massa Cockle."

Moonshine gave two more rubs on the board, and then made his appearance.

"You call me, sar?"

"What's the use of calling you, you black rascal?"

"Now sar, dat not fair--you say to me, Moonshine, always do one thing
first--so I 'bey order and finish knives--dat ting done, I come and 'bey
next order."

"Well, bring some cold water and some tumblers."

Moonshine soon appeared with the articles, and then walked out of the
room, grinning at me.

"Moonshine, where are you going, you thief?--when did you ever see me
drink cold water, or offer it to my friend?"

"Neber see you drink it but once, and den you tipsy, and tink it gin;
but you very often gib notin but water to your friends, Massa Cockle."

"When, you scoundrel?"

"Why, very often you say dat water quite strong enough for me."

"That's because I love you, Moonshine.  Grog is a sad enemy to us."

"Massa Cockle real fine Christian--he lub him enemy," interrupted
Moonshine, looking at me.

"At all events, I'm not ashamed to look mine enemy in the face--so hand
us out the bottle."

Moonshine put the bottle on the table.

"Now, Bob," said Cockle, "what d'ye say to a _seven bell-er_?  Why,
hallo! what's become of all the grog?"

"All drank last night, Massa Cockle," replied Moonshine.

"Now, you ebony thief, I'll swear that there was half a bottle left when
I took my last glass; for I held the bottle up to the candle to
ascertain the ullage."

"When you go up tairs, Massa Cockle, so help me Gad! not one drop left
in de bottle."

"Will you take your oath, Moonshine, that you did not drink any last
night?"

"No, Massa Cockle, because I gentleman, and neber tell lie--me drink,
because you gib it to me."

"Then I must have been drunk indeed.  Now, tell me, how did I give it to
you?--tell me every word which passed."

"Yes, Massa Cockle, me make you recollect all about it.  When Massa
Piper go away, you look at bottel and den you say, `'Fore I go up to
bed, I take one more glass for _coming_ up.'--Den I say, `'Pose you do,
you nebber be able to _go up_.'  Den you say, `Moonshine, you good
fellow (you always call me good fellow when you want me), you must help
me.'  You drink you grog--you fall back in de chair, and you shut first
one eye, and den you shut de oder.  I see more grog on the table: so I
take up de bottel and I say, `Massa Cockle, you go up stairs?' and you
say, `Yes, yes--directly.'  Den I hold de bottel up and say to you,
`Massa, shall I help you?' and you say, `Yes, you must _help_ me.'  So
den I take one glass of grog, 'cause you tell me to help you."

"I didn't tell you to help yourself though, you scoundrel!"

"Yes, Massa, when you tell me to help you with de bottel, I 'bey order,
and help myself.  Den, sar, I waits little more, and I say, `Massa now
you go up 'tairs,' and you start up and you wake, and you say, `Yes,
yes;' and den I hold up and show you bottel again, and I say, `Shall I
_help_ you massa?' and den you say `Yes.'  So I 'bey order again, and
take one more glass.  Den you open mouth and you snore--so I look again
and I see one little glass more in bottel, and I call you, `Massa
Cockle, Massa Cockle,' and you say, `high--high!'--and den you head fall
on you chest, and you go sleep again--so den I call again and I say;
`Massa Cockle, here one lilly more drop, shall I drink it?' and you nod
you head on you bosom, and say noting--so I not quite sure, and I say
again, `Massa Cockle, shall I finish this lilly drop?' and you nod you
head once more.  Den I say, `all right,' and I say, `you very good helt,
Massa Cockle;' and I finish de bottel.  Now, Massa, you ab de whole
tory, and it all really for true."

I perceived that Cockle was quite as much amused at this account of
Moonshine's as I was myself, but he put on a bluff look.

"So, sir, it appears that you took advantage of my helpless situation,
to help yourself."

"Massa Cockle, just now you tell Massa Farren dat you drink so much, all
for good nature Massa Piper--I do same all for good nature."

"Well, Mr Moonshine, I must have some grog," replied Cockle, "and as
you helped yourself last night, now you must help me;--get it how you
can, I give you just ten minutes--"

"'Pose you give gib me ten shillings, sar," interrupted Moonshine, "dat
better."

"Cash is all gone.  I havn't a skillick till quarter-day, not a shot in
the locker till Wednesday.  Either get me some more grog, or you'll get
more kicks than halfpence."

"You no ab money--you no ab tick--how I get grog, Massa Cockle?  Missy
O'Bottom, she tells me, last _quarter_ day, no pay _whole_ bill, she not
_half_ like it; she say you great deceiver, and no trust more."

"Confound the old hag!  Would you believe it, Bob, that Mrs Rowbottom
has wanted to grapple with me these last two years--wants to make me
landlord of the Goose and Pepper-box, taking her as a fixture with the
premises.  I suspect I should be the goose and she the pepper-box;--but
we never could shape that course.  In the first place, there's too much
of her; and, in the next, there's too much of me.  I explained this to
the old lady as well as I could; and she swelled up as big as a balloon,
saying, that, when people were really _attached_, they never _attached_
any weight to such trifling obstacles."

"But you must have been sweet upon her, Cockle?"

"Nothing more than a little sugar to take the nauseous taste of my long
bill out of her mouth.  As for the love part of the story, that was all
her own.  I never contradict a lady, because it's not polite; but since
I explained, the old woman has huffed, and won't trust me with half a
quartern--will she, Moonshine?"

"No, sar: when I try talk her over, and make promise, she say dat _all
moonshine_.  But, sar, I try 'gain--I tink I know how."  And Moonshine
disappeared, leaving us in the dark as to what his plans might be.

"I wonder you never did marry, Cockle," I observed.

"You would not wonder if you knew all.  I must say, that once, and once
only, I was very near it.  And to whom do you think it was--a woman of
colour."

"A black woman?"

"No: not half black, only a quarter--what they call a quadroon in the
West Indies.  But, thank Heaven! she refused me."

"Refused you? hang it, Cockle, I never thought that you had been refused
by a woman of colour."

"I was, though.  You shall hear how it happened.  She had been the
quadroon wife (you know what that means) of a planter of the name of
Guiness; he died, and not only bequeathed her her liberty, but also four
good houses in Port Royal, and two dozen slaves.  He had been dead about
two years, and she was about thirty, when I first knew her.  She was
very rich, for she had a good income and spent nothing, except in jewels
and dress to deck out her own person, which certainly was very handsome,
even at that time, for she never had had any family.  Well, if I was not
quite in love with her, I was with her houses and her money; and I used
to sit in her verandah and talk sentimental.  One day I made my
proposal.  `Massa Cockle,' said she, `dere two ting I not like; one is,
I not like your name.  'Pose I 'cept your offer, you must change you
name.'

"`Suppose you accept my offer, Mistress Guiness, you'll change your
name.  I don't know how I am to change mine,' I replied.

"`I make 'quiry, Massa Cockle, and I find that by act and parliament you
get another name.'

"`An act of parliament!'  I cried.

"`Yes, sar; and I pay five hundred gold Joe 'fore I hear people call me
Missy Cockle--dat _shell_ fish,' said she, and she turned up her nose.

"`Humph!' said I, `and pray what is the next thing which you wish?'

"`De oder ting, sar, is, you no ab _coat am arms_, no ab seal to your
watch, with bird and beast 'pon 'em; now 'pose you promise me dat you
take oder name, and buy um coat am arms; den, sar, I take de matter into
'sideration.'

"`Save yourself the trouble, ma'am,' said I, jumping up; `my answer is
short--I'll see you and your whole generation hanged first!'

"Well, that was a very odd sort of a wind-up to a proposal; but here
comes Moonshine."

The black entered the room, and put a full bottle down on the table.

"Dare it is, sar," said he, grinning.

"Well, done, Moonshine, now I forgive you; but how did you manage it?"

"Me tell you all de tory, sar--first I see Missy O'Bottom, and I say,
`How you do, how you find himsel dis marning?  Massa come, I tink, by an
bye, but he almost fraid,' I said.  She say, `What he fraid for?'  He
tink you angry--not like see him--no lub him any more: he very sorry,
very sick at 'art--he very much in lub wid you."

"The devil you did!" roared Cockle; "now I shall be bothered again with
that old woman; I wish she was moored as a buoy to the Royal George."

"Massa no hear all yet.  I say, `Miss O'Bottom, 'pose you no tell?'  `I
tell.'--`Massa call for clean shirt dis morning, and I say, it no clean
shirt day, sar;' he say, `Bring me clean shirt;' and den he put him on
clean shirt and he put him on clean duck trowsers, he make me brush him
best blue coat.  I say, `What all dis for, massa?'  He put him hand up
to him head, and he fetch him breath and say--`I fraid Missy O'Bottom,
no hear me now--I no hab courage;' and den he sit all dress ready, and
no go.  Den he say, `Moonshine, gib me one glass grog, den I hab
courage.'  I go fetch bottle, and all grog gone--not one lilly drop
left; den massa fall down plump in him big chair, and say, `I neber can
go.'  `But,' say Missy O'Bottom, `why he no send for some?' `'Cause,' I
say, `quarter-day no come--money all gone.'--Den say she, `If you poor
massa so _very_ bad, den I trust you one bottel--you gib my compliments
and say, I very appy to see him, and stay at home,'--Den I say, `Missy
O'Bottom pose massa not come soon as he take one two glass grog cut my
head off.'  Dat all, sar."

"That's all, is it?  A pretty scrape you have got me into, you
scoundrel!  What's to be done now?"

"Why, let's have a glass of grog first, Cockle," replied I, "we've been
waiting a long while for it, and we'll then talk the matter over."

"Bob, you're sensible, and the old woman was no fool in sending the
liquor--it requires _Dutch_ courage to attack such a Dutch-built old
schuyt; let's get the cobwebs out of our throats, and then we must see
how we can get out of this scrape.  I expect that I shall pay `dearly
for my whistle' this time I wet mine.  Now, what's to be done, Bob?"

"I think that you had better leave it to Moonshine," said I.

"So I will.--Now, sir, as you have got me into this scrape, you must get
me out of it.--D'ye hear?"

"Yes, Massa Cockle, I tink--but no ab courage."

"I understand you, you sooty fellow--here, drink this, and see if it
will brighten up your wits.  He's a regular turnpike, that fellow, every
thing must pay toll."

"Massa Cockle, I tell Missy O'Bottom dat you come soon as you hab two
glass grog; 'pose you only drink one."

"That won't do, Moonshine, for I'm just mixing my second; you must find
out something better."

"One glass grog, massa, gib no more dan one tought--dat you ab--"

"Well, then, here's another.--Now recollect, before you drink it, you
are to get me out of this scrape; if not, you get into a scrape, for
I'll beat you as--as white as snow."

"'Pose you no _wash_ nigger white, you no _mangle_ him white, Massa
Cockle," added Moonshine.

"The fellow's _ironing_ me, Bob, ar'n't he?" said Cockle, laughing.
"Now, before you drink, recollect the conditions."

"Drink first, sar, make sure of dat," replied Moonshine, swallowing off
the brandy; "tink about it afterwards.--Eh!  I ab it," cried Moonshine,
who disappeared, and Cockle and I continued in conversation over our
grog, which to sailors is acceptable in any one hour in the twenty-four.
About ten minutes afterwards Cockle perceived Moonshine in the little
front garden.  "There's that fellow, Bob; what is he about?"

"Only picking a nosegay, I believe," replied I, looking out of the
window.

"The rascal, he must be picking all my chrysanthemums.  Stop him, Bob."

But Moonshine vaulted over the low pales, and there was no stopping him.
It was nearly an hour before he returned; and when he came in, we found
that he was dressed out in his best, looking quite a dandy, and with
some of his master's finest flowers, in a large nosegay, sticking in his
waistcoat.

"All right, sar, all right; dat last glass grog gib me fine idee; you
neber ab more trouble bout Missy O'Bottom."

"Well, let's hear," said Cockle.

"I dress mysel bery 'pruce, as you see, massa.  I take nosegay."

"Yes, I see that, and be hanged to you."

"Neber mind, Massa Cockle.  I say to Missy O'Bottom, `Massa no able
come, he very sorry, so he send me;' `well,' she say, `what you ab to
say, sit down, Moonshine, you very nice man.'  Den I say, `Massa Cockle
lub you very much, he tink all day how he make you appy; den he say,
Missy O'Bottom very fine 'oman, make very fine wife.'  Den Missy
O'Bottom say, `'Top a moment,' and she bring a bottel from cupboard, and
me drink something did make 'tomach feel really warm; and den she say,
`Moonshine, what you massa say?' den I say, massa say, `You fine 'oman,
make good wife;' but he shake um head, and say, `I very old man, no good
for noting; I tink all day how I make her appy, and I find out--
Moonshine, you young man, you 'andsome feller, you good servant, I not
like you go away, but I tink you make Missy O'Bottom very fine 'usband;
so I not care for myself, you go to Missy O'Bottom, and tell I send you,
dat I part wid you, and give you to her for 'usband.'"

Cockle and I burst out laughing.  "Well, and what did Mrs Rowbottom say
to that?"

"She jump up, and try to catch me hair, but I bob my head, and she miss;
den she say, `You filthy black rascal, you tell you massa, 'pose he ever
come here, I break his white bald pate; and 'pose you ever come here, I
smash you woolly black skull.'--Dat all, Massa Cockle; you see all right
now, and I quite dry wid talking."

"All right! do you call it.  I never meant to quarrel with the old
woman; what d'ye think, Bob--is it all right?"

"Why, you must either have quarrelled with her, or married her, that's
clear."

"Well, then, I'm clear of her, and so it's all right.  It a'n't every
man who can get out of matrimony by sacrificing a nosegay and two
glasses of grog."

"Tree glasses, Massa Cockle," said Moonshine.

"Well, three glasses; here it is, you dog, and its dog cheap, too.
Thank God, next Wednesday's quarter day.  Bob, you must dine with me--
cut the service for to-day."

"With all my heart," replied I, "and I'll salve my conscience by walking
the beach all night; but, Cockle, look here, there is but a drop in the
bottle, and you have no more.  I am like you, with a clean swept hold.
You acknowledge the difficulty?"

"It stares me in the face, Bob; what must be done?"

"I'll tell you--in the first place, what have you for dinner?"

"Moonshine, what have we got for dinner?"

"Dinner, sar?--me not yet tink about dinner.  What you like to eat,
sar?"

"What have we got in the house, Moonshine?"

"Let me see, sar? first place, we ab very fine piece picklum pork; den
we have picklum pork; and den--let me tink--den we ab, we ab picklum
pork, sar."

"The long and the short of it is, Bob, that we have nothing but a piece
of pickled pork; can you dine off that?"

"Can a duck swim, Cockle!"

"Please, sar, we ab plenty pea for _dog baddy_," said Moonshine.

"Well, then, Cockle, as all that is required is to put the pot on the
fire, you can probably spare Moonshine, after he has done that, and we
will look to the cookery; start him off with a note to Mr Johns, and he
can bring back a couple of bottles from my quarters."

"Really dat very fine tought, Massa Farren; I put in pork, and den I go
and come back in one hour."

"That you never will, Mr Moonshine; what's o'clock now? mercy on us,
how time flies in your company, Cockle, it is nearly four o'clock; it
will be dark at six."

"Neber mind, sar, me always ab _moonshine_ whereber I go," said the
black, showing his teeth.

"It will take two hours to boil the pork, Bob; that fellow has been so
busy this morning that he has quite forgot the dinner."

"All you business, Massa Cockle."

"Very true; but now start as soon as you can, and come back as soon as
you can; here's the note."

Moonshine took the note, looked at the direction, as if he could read
it, and in a few minutes was seen to depart.

"And now, Cockle," said I, "as Moonshine will be gone some time, suppose
you spin us a yarn to pass away the time."

"I'll tell you what, Bob, I am not quite so good at that as I used to
be.  I've an idea that when my pate became bald, my memory oozed away by
insensible perspiration."

"Never mind, you must have something left, you can't be quite empty."

"No, but my tumbler is; so I'll just fill that up, and then I'll tell
you how it was that I came to go to sea."

"The very thing that I should like to hear, above all others."

"Well, then, you must know that, like cockles in general, I was born on
the sea-shore, just a quarter of a mile out of Dover, towards
Shakespeare's Cliff.  My father was a fisherman by profession, and a
smuggler by practice, all was fish that came to his net; but his cottage
was small, he was supposed to be very poor, and a very bad fisherman,
for he seldom brought home many; but there was a reason for that, he
very seldom put his nets overboard.  His chief business lay in taking
out of vessels coming down Channel, goods which were shipped and bonded
for exportation, and running them on shore again.  You know, Bob, that
there are many articles which are not permitted to enter even upon
paying duty, and when these goods, such as silks, etcetera, are seized
or taken in prizes, they are sold for exportation.  Now, it was then the
custom for vessels to take them on board in the river, and run them on
shore as they went down Channel, and the fishing-boats were usually
employed for this service; my father was a well-known hand for this kind
of work, for not being suspected, he was always fortunate; of course,
had he once been caught, they would have had their eyes upon him after
he had suffered his punishment.  Now the way my father used to manage
was this: there was a long tunnel-drain from some houses used as
manufactories, about a hundred yards above his cottage, which extended
out into the sea at low-water mark, and which passed on one side of our
cottage.  My father had cut from a cellar in the cottage into the drain,
and as it was large enough for a man to kneel down in, he used to come
in at low-water with his coble, and make fast the goods, properly
secured from the wet and dirt in tarpaulin bags, to a rope, which led
from the cellar to the sea through the drain.  When the water had flowed
sufficiently to cover the mouth of the drain, he then threw the bags
overboard, and, securing the boat, went to the cottage, hauled up the
articles, and secured them too; d'ye understand?  My father had no one
to assist him but my brother, who was a stout fellow, seven years older
than myself, and my mother, who used to give a helping hand when
required; and thus did he keep his own counsel, and grow rich; when all
was right, he got his boat over into the harbour, and having secured
her, he came home as innocent as a lamb.  I was then about eight or nine
years old, and went with my father and brother in the coble, for she
required three hands, at least, to manage her properly, and like a
tin-pot, although not very big, I was very useful.  Now it so happened
that my father had notice that a brig, laying in Dover harbour, would
sail the next day, and that she had on board of her a quantity of lace
and silks, purchased at the Dover custom-house for exportation, which he
was to put on shore again to be sent up to London.  The sending up to
London we had nothing to do with; the agent at Dover managed all that;
we only left the articles at his house, and then received the money on
the nail.  We went to the harbour, where we found the brig hauling out,
so we made all haste to get away before her.  It blew fresh from the
northward and eastward, and there was a good deal of sea running.  As we
were shoving out, the London agent, a jolly little round-faced fellow,
in black clothes, and a bald white head, called to us, and said that he
wanted to board a vessel in the offing, and asked whether we would take
him.  This was all a ruse, as he intended to go on board of the brig
with us to settle matters, and then return in the pilot boat.  Well, we
hoisted our jib, drew aft our foresheet, and were soon clear of the
harbour; but we found that there was a devil of a sea running, and more
wind than we bargained for; the brig came out of the harbour with a
flowing sheet, and we lowered down the foresail to reef it--father and
brother busy about that, while I stood at the helm, when the agent said
to me, `When do you mean to make a voyage?'  `Sooner than father thinks
for,' said I, `for I want to see the world.'  It was sooner than I
_thought for_ too, as you shall hear.  As soon as the brig was well out,
we ran down to her, and with some difficulty my father and the agent got
on board, for the sea was high and cross, the tide setting against the
wind; my brother and I were left in the boat to follow in the wake of
the brig; but as my brother was casting off the rope forward, his leg
caught in the bight, and into the sea he went; however, they hauled him
on board, leaving me alone in the coble.  It was not of much
consequence, as I could manage to follow before the wind under easy
sail, without assistance: so I kept her in the wake of the brig, both of
us running nearly before it at the rate of five miles an hour, waiting
till my father should have made up his packages, of a proper size to
walk through the tunnel drain.

"The Channel was full of ships, for the westerly winds had detained them
for a long time.  I had followed the brig about an hour, when the agent
went on shore in a pilot boat, and I expected my father would soon be
ready; then the wind veered more towards the southward, with dirt: at
last it came on foggy, and I could hardly see the brig, and as it rained
hard, and blew harder, I wished that my father was ready, for my arms
ached with steering the coble for so long a while.  I could not leave
the helm, so I steered on at a black lump, as the brig looked through
the fog: at last the fog was so thick that I could not see a yard beyond
the boat, and I hardly knew how to steer.  I began to be frightened,
tired, and cold, and hungry I certainly was.  Well, I steered on for
more than an hour, when the fog cleared up a little, and to my joy I saw
the stern of the brig just before me.  I expected that she would
round-to immediately, and that my father would praise me for my conduct;
and, what was still more to the purpose, that I should get something to
eat and drink.  But no: she steered on right down Channel, and I
followed for more than an hour, when it came on to blow very hard, and I
could scarcely manage the boat--she pulled my little arms off.  The
weather now cleared up, and I could make out the vessel plainly; when I
discovered that it was not the _brig_, but a bark which I had got hold
of in the fog, so that I did not know what to do; but I did as most boys
would have done in a fright,--I sat down and cried; still, however,
keeping the tiller in my hand, and steering as well as I could.  At
last.  I could hold it no longer; I ran forward, let go the fore and jib
haul-yards, and hauled down the sails; drag them into the boat I could
not, and there I was, like a young bear adrift in a washing-tub.  I
looked around, and there were no vessels near; the bark had left me two
miles astern, it was blowing a gale from the SE, with a heavy sea--the
gulls and sea-birds wheeling and screaming in the storm.  The boat
tossed and rolled about so that I was obliged to hold on, but she
shipped no water of any consequence, for the jib in the water forward
had brought her head to wind, and acted as a sort of floating anchor.
At last I lay down at the bottom of the boat and fell asleep.  It was
daylight before I awoke, and it blew harder than ever; and I could just
see some vessels at a distance, scudding before the gale, but they could
hardly see me.  I sat very melancholy the whole day, shedding tears,
surrounded by nothing but the roaring waves.  I prayed very earnestly: I
said the Lord's Prayer, the Belief, and as much of the Catechism as I
could recollect.  I was wet, starving, and miserably cold.  At night I
again fell asleep from exhaustion.  When morning broke, and the sun
shone, the gale abated, and I felt more cheered; but I was now ravenous
from hunger, as well as choking from thirst, and was so weak that I
could scarcely stand.  I looked round me every now and then, and in the
afternoon saw a large vessel standing right for me; this gave me courage
and strength.  I stood up and waved my hat, and they saw me--the sea was
still running very high, but the wind had gone down.  She rounded-to so
as to bring me under her lee.  Send a boat she could not, but the sea
bore her down upon me, and I was soon close to her.  Men in the chains
were ready with ropes, and I knew that this was my only chance.  At
last, a very heavy sea bore her right down upon the boat, lurching over
on her beam ends, her main chains struck the boat and sent her down,
while I was seized by the scruff of the neck by two of the seamen, and
borne aloft by them as the vessel returned to the weather-roll.  I was
safe.  And, as soon as they had given me something to eat, I told my
story.  It appeared that she was an East India-man running down Channel,
and not likely to meet with anything to scud me back again.  The
passengers, especially the ladies, were very kind to me: and as there
was no help for it, why, I took my first voyage to the _East Indies_."

"And your father and your brother?"

"Why, when I met them, which I did about six years afterwards, I found
that they had been in much the same predicament, having lost the coble,
and the weather being so bad that they could not get on shore again.  As
there was no help for it, they took their first voyage to the _West
Indies_; so there was a dispersion of an united family--two went west,
one went east, coble went down, and mother, after waiting a month or
two, and supposing father dead, went off with a soldier.  All dispersed
by one confounded gale of wind from the northward and eastward, so
that's the way that I went to sea, Bob.  And now it's time that
Moonshine was back."

But Moonshine kept us waiting for some time: when he returned it was
then quite dark, and we had lighted candles, anxiously waiting for him;
for not only was the bottle empty, but we were very hungry.  At last we
heard a conversation at the gate, and Moonshine made his appearance with
the two bottles of spirits, and appeared himself to be also in high
spirits.  The pork and peas-pudding soon were on the table.  We dined
heartily, and were sitting over the latter part of the first bottle in
conversation, it being near upon the eleventh hour, when we heard a
noise, at the gate--observed some figures of men, who stayed a short
time and then disappeared.  The door opened, and Moonshine went out.  In
a few seconds he returned, bringing in his arms an anker of spirits,
which he laid on the floor, grinning so wide that his head appeared half
off.  Without saying a word, he left the room and returned with another.

"Why, what the devil's this?" cried Cockle.

Moonshine made no answer, but went out and in until he had brought six
ankers in, one after another, which he placed in a row on the floor.  He
then shut the outside door, bolted it, came in, and seating himself on
one of the tubs, laughed to an excess which compelled him to hold his
sides; Cockle and I looking on in a state of astonishment.

"Where the devil did all this come from?" cried Cockle, getting out of
his easy chair.  "Tell me, sir, or by--"

"I tell you all, Massa Cockle:--you find me better friend dan Missy
O'Bottom.  Now you hab plenty, and neber need scold Moonshine 'pose he
take lilly drap.  I get all dis present to you, Massa Cockle."

Feeling anxious, I pressed Moonshine to tell his story.

"I tell you all, sar.  When I come back wid de two bottle I meet plenty
men wid de tubs: dey say, `Hollo there, who be you?'  I say, `I come
from station: bring massa two bottel, and I show um.'  Den dey say,
`Where you massa?' and I say, `At um house at Ryde'--(den dey tink dat
you my massa, Massa Farren)--so dey say, `Yes, we know dat, we watch him
dere, but now you tell, so we beat you dead.'  Den I say, `What for dat;
massa like drink, why you no gib massa some tub, and den he neber say
noting, only make fuss some time, 'cause of Admirality.'  Den dey say,
`You sure of dat?' and I say, `Quite sure massa neber say one word.'
Den dey talk long while; last, dey come and say, `You come wid us and
show massa house.'  So two men come wid me, and when dey come to gate I
say, `Dis massa house when he live at Ryde, and dere you see massa;'--
and I point to Massa Cockle, but dey see Massa Ferran--so dey say.  `All
very good; tree, four hour more, you find six tub here; tell you massa
dat every time run tub, he alway hab six;' den dey go way, den dey come
back, leave tub; dat all, massa."

"You rascal!" exclaimed I, rising up, "so you have compromised me; why I
shall lose my commission if found out."

"No, sar; nobody wrong but de smuggler; dey make a lilly mistake; case
you brought to court-martial, I give evidence, and den I clear you."

"But what must we do with the tubs, Cockle?" said I, appealing to him.

"Do Bob?--why they are a present--a very welcome one, and a very
handsome one into the bargain.  I shall not _keep_ them, I pledge you my
word; let that satisfy you--they shall be _fairly entered_."

"Upon that condition, Cockle," I replied, "I shall of course not give
information against you."  (I knew full well what he meant by saying he
would not _keep_ them.)

"_How_ I do, Massa Cockle," said Moonshine, with a grave face; "I take
um to the Custom-house to-night or to-morrow morning."

"To-morrow, Moonshine," replied Cockle; "at present just put them out of
sight."

I did not think it prudent to make any further inquiries; but I
afterwards discovered that the smugglers, true to their word, and still
in error, continued to leave six tubs in old Cockle's garden whenever
they succeeded in running a cargo, which, notwithstanding all our
endeavours, they constantly did.  One piece of information I gained from
this affair, I found that the numbers of the cargoes which were run
compared to those which were seized during the remainder of the time I
was on that station, was in the proportion of ten to one.  The cargoes
run were calculated by the observations of old Cockle, who, when I
called upon him, used to say very quietly, "I shouldn't wonder if they
did not run a cargo last night, Bob, in spite of all your vigilance--was
it very dark?"

"On the contrary," replied I, looking at the demure face of the negro;
"I suspect it was _Moonshine_."





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