Title: Arizona Sketches
Author: Munk, J. A. (Joseph Amasa), 1847-1927
Language: English
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ARIZONA SKETCHES


by

Joseph A. Munk



CHAPTER

    I.  A ROMANTIC LAND
   II.  MY FIRST TRIP TO ARIZONA
  III.  THE OPEN RANGE
   IV.  RANCH LIFE
    V.  THE ROUND-UP
   VI.  RANCH HAPPENINGS
  VII.  A MODEL RANCH
 VIII.  SOME DESERT PLANTS
   IX.  HOOKER'S HOT SPRINGS
    X.  CANON ECHOES
   XI.  THE METEORITE MOUNTAIN
  XII.  THE CLIFF DWELLERS
 XIII.  THE MOQUI INDIANS
  XIV.  A FINE CLIMATE



CHAPTER I

A ROMANTIC LAND

A stranger on first entering Arizona is impressed with the newness and
wildness that surrounds him.  Indeed, the change is so great that it
seems like going to sleep and waking up in a new world.  Everything
that he sees is different from the familiar objects of his home, and he
is filled with wonder and amazement at the many curious things that are
brought to his notice.  Judging the country by what is common back
east, the average man is disappointed and prejudiced against what he
sees; but, estimated on its merits, it is found to be a land of many
attractions and great possibilities.

A hasty trip through the country by rail gives no adequate idea of its
intrinsic value, as such a limited view only affords a superficial
glimpse of what should be leisurely and carefully examined to be
properly understood or appreciated.  At the first glance it presents
the appearance of a desert, but to one who is acquainted with its
peculiarities it is by no means desolate.  It furnishes a strong
contrast to the rolling woodlands of the far east, and to the boundless
prairies of the middle west; and, though it may never develop on the
plan of the older states, like California, it has an individuality and
charm of its own; and its endowment of natural wealth and beauty
requires no borrowing from neighbors to give it character or success.

It has grand scenery, a salubrious climate, productive soil, rich
mineral deposits and rare archaeological remains.  It also has a
diversified fauna and flora.  The peccary, Gila monster, tarantula,
centipede, scorpion and horned toad are specimens of its strange animal
life; and, the numerous species of cacti, yucca, maguey, palo verde and
mistletoe are samples of its curious vegetation.  It is, indeed, the
scientist's Paradise where much valuable material can be found to
enrich almost every branch of natural science.

Hitherto its growth has been greatly retarded by its remote position in
Uncle Sam's domain; but, with the comparatively recent advent of the
railroad, the influx of capital and population, and the suppression of
the once dreaded and troublesome Apache, a new life has been awakened
that is destined to redeem the country from its ancient lethargy and
make it a land of promise to many home seekers and settlers.

When the Spaniards under Coronado first entered the land more than
three hundred and fifty years ago in search of the seven cities of
Cibola, they found upon the desert sufficient evidence of an extinct
race to prove that the land was once densely populated by an
agricultural and prosperous people.  When or how the inhabitants
disappeared is unknown and may never be known.  It is even in doubt who
they were, but, presumably, they were of the Aztec or Toltec race; or,
perhaps, of some civilization even more remote.

The Pueblo Indians are supposed to be their descendants, but, if so,
they were, when first found, as ignorant of their ancestors as they
were of their discoverers.  When questioned as to the past they could
give no intelligent answer as to their antecedents, but claimed that
what the white man saw was the work of Montezuma.  All that is known of
this ancient people is what the ruins show, as they left no written
record or even tradition of their life, unless it be some inscriptions
consisting of various hieroglyphics and pictographs that are found
painted upon the rocks, which undoubtedly have a meaning, but for lack
of interpretation remain a sealed book.  The deep mystery in which they
are shrouded makes their history all the more interesting and gives
unlimited scope for speculation.

Arizona is a land that is full of history as well as mystery and
invites investigation.  It has a fascination that every one feels who
crosses its border.  Paradoxical as it may seem it is both the oldest
and newest portion of our country--the oldest in ancient occupation and
civilization and the newest in modern progress.  In natural wonders it
boasts of the Grand Canon of Arizona, the painted desert, petrified
forest, meteorite mountain, natural bridge, Montezuma's well and many
other marvels of nature.  There are also ruins galore, the cave and
cliff dwellings, crumbled pueblos, extensive acequias, painted rocks,
the casa grande and old Spanish missions.  Anyone who is in search of
the old and curious, need not go to foreign lands, but can find right
here at home in Arizona and the southwest, a greater number and variety
of curiosities than can be found in the same space anywhere else upon
the globe.

Arizona is a land of strong contrasts and constant surprises, where
unusual conditions prevail and the unexpected frequently happens.

From the high Colorado plateau of northern Arizona the land slopes
toward the southwest to the Gulf of California.  Across this long slope
of several hundred miles in width, numerous mountain ranges stretch
from the northwest to the southeast.  Through the middle of the
Territory from east to west, flows the Gila river to its confluence
with the Colorado.  This stream marks the dividing line between the
mountains which descend from the north and those that extend south,
which increase in altitude and extent until they culminate in the grand
Sierra Madres of Mexico.

The traveler in passing through the country never gets entirely out of
the sight of mountains.  They rise up all about him and bound the
horizon near and far in every direction.  In riding along he always
seems to be approaching some distant mountain barrier that ever recedes
before him as he advances.  He is never clear of the encircling
mountains for, as often as he passes out of one enclosure through a gap
in the mountains, he finds himself hemmed in again by a new one.  The
peculiarity of always being in the midst of mountains and yet never
completely surrounded, is due to an arrangement of dovetailing or
overlapping in their formation.  His winding way leads him across
barren wastes, through fertile valleys, among rolling hills and into
sheltered parks, which combine an endless variety of attractive scenery.

An Arizona landscape, though mostly of a desert type, is yet full of
interest to the lover of nature.  It presents a strangely fascinating
view, that once seen, will never be forgotten.  It stirs a rapture in
the soul that only nature can inspire.

Looking out from some commanding eminence, a wide spreading and
diversified landscape is presented to view.  Though hard and rugged,
the picture, as seen at a distance, looks soft and smooth and its
details of form and color make an absorbing study.

The eye is quick to note the different hues that appear in the field of
vision and readily selects five predominating colors, namely, gray,
green, brown, purple and blue, which mingle harmoniously in various
combinations with almost every other color that is known.  The most
brilliant lights, sombre shadows, exquisite tints and delicate tones
are seen which, if put on canvas and judged by the ordinary, would be
pronounced exaggerated and impossible by those unfamiliar with the
original.

The prevailing color is gray, made by the dry grass and sandy soil, and
extends in every direction to the limit of vision.  The gramma grass of
the and region grows quickly and turns gray instead of brown, as
grasses usually do when they mature.  It gives to the landscape a
subdued and quiet color, which is pleasing to the eye and makes the
ideal background in a picture.

Into this warp of gray is woven a woof of green, spreading in irregular
patches in all directions.  It is made by the chaparral, which is
composed of a variety of desert plants that are native to the soil and
can live on very little water.  It consists of live oak, pinion,
mesquite, desert willow, greasewood, sage brush, palmilla, maguey,
yucca and cacti and is mostly evergreen.

The admixture of gray and green prevails throughout the year except
during the summer rainy season, when, if the rains are abundant, the
gray disappears almost entirely, and the young grass springs up as by
magic, covering the whole country with a carpet of living green.   In
the midst of the billowy grass myriads of wild flowers bloom, and stand
single or shoulder to shoulder in masses of solid color by the acre.

Upon the far mountains is seen the sombre brown in the bare rocks.  The
whole region was at one time violently disturbed by seismic force and
the glow of its quenched fires has even yet scarcely faded away.  Large
masses of igneous rocks and broad streams of vitrified lava bear mute
testimony of the change, when, by some mighty subterranean force, the
tumultuous sea was rolled back from its pristine bed and, in its stead,
lofty mountains lifted their bald beads above the surrounding
desolation, and stand to-day as they have stood in massive grandeur
ever since the ancient days of their upheaval.  Rugged and bleak they
tower high, or take the form of pillar, spire and dome, in some
seemingly well-constructed edifice erected by the hand of man.  But the
mountains are not all barren.  Vast areas of fertile soil flank the
bare rocks where vegetation has taken root, and large fields of forage
and extensive forests of oak and pine add value and beauty to the land.

The atmosphere is a striking feature of the country that is as pleasing
to the eye as it is invigorating to the body.  Over all the landscape
hangs a veil of soft, purple haze that is bewitching.  It gives to the
scene a mysterious, subtle something that is exquisite and holds the
senses in a magic spell of enchantment.

Distance also is deceptive and cannot be estimated as under other
skies.  The far-off mountains are brought near and made to glow in a
halo of mellow light.  Manifold ocular illusions appear in the mirage
and deceive the uninitiated.  An indefinable dreamy something steals
over the senses and enthralls the soul.

Arching heaven's high dome is a sky of intense blue that looks so
wonderfully clear and deep that even far-famed Italy cannot surpass it.
The nights are invariably clear and the moon and stars appear unusually
bright.  The air is so pure that the stars seem to be advanced in
magnitude and can be seen quite low down upon the horizon.

The changing lights that flash in the sky transform both the sunrise
and sunset into marvels of beauty.  In the mellow afterglow of the
sunset, on the western sky, stream long banners of light, and fleecy
clouds of gold melt away and fade in the twilight.

At midday in the hazy distance, moving slowly down the valley, can be
seen spiral columns of dust that resemble pillars of smoke.  They
ascend perpendicularly, incline like Pisa's leaning tower, or are beat
at various angles, but always retaining the columnar form.  They rise
to great heights and vanish in space.  These spectral forms are caused
by small local whirlwinds when the air is otherwise calm, and are,
apparently, without purpose, unless they are intended merely to amuse
the casual observer.

A cloudy day is rare and does not necessarily signify rain.  Usually
the clouds are of the cumulus variety and roll leisurely by in billowy
masses.  Being in a droughty land the clouds always attract attention
viewed either from an artistic or utilitarian standpoint.  When out on
parade they float lazily across the sky, casting their moving shadows
below.  The figures resemble a mammoth pattern of crazy patchwork in a
state of evolution spread out for inspection.

The impression that is made while looking out upon such a scene is that
of deep silence.  Everything is hushed and still; but, by listening
attentively, the number of faint sounds that reach the ear in an
undertone is surprising.  The soft soughing of the wind in the trees;
the gentle rustle of the grass as it is swayed by the passing breeze;
the musical ripple of water as it gurgles from the spring; the piping
of the quail as it calls to its mate; the twitter of little birds
flitting from bush to bough; the chirp of the cricket and drone of the
beetle are among the sounds that are heard and fall soothingly upon the
ear.

The trees growing upon the hillside bear a striking resemblance to an
old orchard and are a reminder of home where in childhood the hand
delighted to pluck luscious fruit from drooping boughs.  A walk among
the trees makes it easy to imagine that you are in some such familiar
but neglected haunt, and instinctively you look about expecting to see
the old house that was once called home and hear the welcome voice and
footfall of cherished memory.  It is no little disappointment to be
roused from such a reverie to find the resemblance only a delusion and
the spot deserted.  Forsaken as it has been for many years by the
native savage Indians and prowling wild beasts, the land waits in
silence and patience the coming of the husbandman.



CHAPTER II

MY FIRST TRIP TO ARIZONA

I recall with vivid distinctness my first trip to Arizona and
introduction to ranch life in the spring of 1884.  The experience made
a deep impression and has led me to repeat the visit many times since
then, with increased interest and pleasure.

During the previous year my brother located a cattle ranch for us in
Railroad Pass in southeastern Arizona.  The gap is one of a series of
natural depressions in a succession of mountain chains on the
thirty-second parallel route, all the way from New Orleans to San
Francisco over a distance of nearly twenty-five hundred miles.  The
Southern Pacific Railroad is built upon this route and has the easiest
grade of any transcontinental line.

Railroad Pass is a wide break between two mountain ranges and is a fine
grazing section.  It is handsomely bounded and presents a magnificent
view.  To the north are the Pinaleno mountains, with towering Mt.
Graham in their midst, that are nearly eleven thousand feet high and
lie dark in the shadows of their dense pine forests.  Far to the south
rise the rugged Chiricahuas, and nearby stands bald Dos Cabezas, whose
giant double head of granite can be seen as a conspicuous landmark over
a wide scope of country.  The distance across the Pass as the crow
flies is, perhaps, fifty miles.  Beyond these peaks other mountains
rise in majestic grandeur and bound the horizon in every direction.

At the time that the ranch was located the Pass country was considered
uninhabitable because of the scarcity of water and the presence of
hostile Indians.  No permanent spring nor stream of water was known to
exist in that whole region, but fine gramma grass grew everywhere.  Its
suitability as a cattle range was recognized and caused it to be
thoroughly prospected for water, which resulted in the discovery of
several hidden springs.  All of the springs found, but one, were
insignificant and either soon went dry or fluctuated with the seasons;
but the big spring, known as Pinaleno, was worth finding, and flows a
constant stream of pure, soft water that fills a four-inch iron pipe.

When the spring was discovered not a drop of water was visible upon the
surface, and a patch of willows was the only indication of concealed
moisture.  By sinking a shallow well only a few feet deep among the
willows, water was struck as it flowed through coarse gravel over a
buried ledge of rock that forced the water up nearly to the surface
only to sink again in the sand without being seen.  A ditch was dug to
the well from below and an iron pipe laid in the trench, through which
the water is conducted into a reservoir that supplies the water troughs.

Again, when the ranch was opened the Indians were bad in the vicinity
and had been actively hostile for some time.  The ranch is on a part of
the old Chiricahua reservation that was once the home and hunting
grounds of the tribe of Chiricahua Apaches, the most bold and warlike
of all the southwest Indians.  Cochise was their greatest warrior, but
he was only one among many able Apache chieftains.  He was at one time
the friend of the white man, but treachery aroused his hatred and
caused him to seek revenge on every white man that crossed his path.

His favorite haunt was Apache Pass, a convenient spot that was
favorable for concealment, where he lay in wait for weary travelers who
passed that way in search of water and a pleasant camp ground.  If
attacked by a superior force, as sometimes happened, he invariably
retreated across the Sulphur Spring valley into his stronghold in the
Dragoon mountains.

Because of the many atrocities that were committed by the Indians,
white men were afraid to go into that country to settle.  Even as late
as in the early eighties when that prince of rascals, the wily
Geronimo, made his bloody raids through southern Arizona, the men who
did venture in and located ranch and mining claims, lived in daily
peril of their lives which, in not a few instances, were paid as a
forfeit to their daring.

The Butterfield stage and all other overland travel to California by
the southern route before the railroads were built, went through Apache
Pass.  Although it was the worst Indian infested section in the
southwest, travelers chose that dangerous route in preference to any
other for the sake of the water that they knew could always be found
there.

The reputation of Apache Pass, finally became so notoriously bad
because of the many murders committed that the Government, late in the
sixties, built and garrisoned Ft. Bowie for the protection of travelers
and settlers.  The troops stationed at the post endured much hardship
and fought many bloody battles before the Indians were conquered.  Many
soldiers were killed and buried in a little graveyard near the fort.
When the fort was abandoned a few years ago, their bodies were
disinterred and removed to the National cemetery at Washington.

Railroad Pass is naturally a better wagon road than Apache Pass, but is
without water.  It was named by Lieut. J. G. Parke in 1855 while
engaged in surveying for the Pacific Railroad, because of its easy
grade and facility for railroad construction.

I timed my visit to correspond with the arrival at Bowie station on the
Southern Pacific Railroad, of a consignment of ranch goods that had
been shipped from St. Louis.  I was met at the depot by the ranch
force, who immediately proceeded to initiate me as a tenderfoot.  I
inquired of one of the cowboys how far it was to a near-by mountain.
He gave a quien sabe shrug of the shoulder and answered me in Yankee
fashion by asking how far I thought it was.  Estimating the distance as
in a prairie country I replied, "Oh, about a mile."  He laughed and
said that the mountain was fully five miles distant by actual
measurement.  I had unwittingly taken my first lesson in plainscraft
and prudently refrained thereafter from making another sure guess.

The deception was due to the rarefied atmosphere, which is peculiar to
the arid region.  It not only deceives the eye as to distance, but also
as to motion.  If the eye is steadily fixed upon some distant inanimate
object, it seems to move in the tremulous light as if possessed of
life, and it is not always easy to be convinced to the contrary.
However, by putting the object under inspection in line with some
further object, it can readily be determined whether the object is
animate or still by its remaining on or moving off the line.

Another peculiarity of the country is that objects do not always seem
to stand square with the world.  In approaching a mountain and moving
on an up grade the plane of incline is suddenly reversed and gives the
appearance and sensation of going downhill.  In some inexplicable
manner sense and reason seem to conflict and the discovery of the
disturbed relation of things is startling.  You know very well that the
mountain ahead is above you, but it has the appearance of standing
below you in a hollow; and the water in the brook at your feet, which
runs down the mountain into the valley, seems to be running uphill.  By
turning squarely about and looking backwards, the misplaced objects
become righted, and produces much the same sensation that a man feels
who is lost and suddenly finds himself again.

We immediately prepared to drive out to the ranch, which was ten miles
distant and reached by a road that skirted the Dos Cabezas mountains.
The new wagon was set up and put in running order and lightly loaded
with supplies.  All of the preliminaries being completed, the horses
were harnessed and hooked to the wagon.  The driver mounted his seat,
drew rein and cracked his whip, but we didn't go.  The horses were only
accustomed to the saddle and knew nothing about pulling in harness.
Sam was a condemned cavalry horse and Box was a native bronco, and
being hitched to a wagon was a new experience to both.  The start was
unpropitious, but, acting on the old adage that "necessity is the
mother of invention," which truth is nowhere better exemplified than on
the frontier where conveniences are few and the most must be made of
everything, after some delay and considerable maneuvering we finally
got started.

The road for some distance out was level and smooth and our progress
satisfactory.  As we drove leisurely along I improved the opportunity
to look about and see the sights.  It was a perfect day in April and
there never was a brighter sky nor balmier air than beamed and breathed
upon us.  The air was soft and tremulous with a magical light that
produced startling phantasmagoric effects.

It was my first sight of a mirage and it naturally excited my
curiosity.  It seemed as if a forest had suddenly sprung up in the San
Simon valley where just before had appeared only bare ground.  With
every change in the angle of vision as we journeyed on, there occurred
a corresponding change in the scene before us that produced a charming
kaleidoscopic effect.  The rough mountain was transformed into a
symmetrical city and the dry valley into a lake of sparkling
water,--all seeming to be the work of magic in some fairyland of
enchantment.

In a ledge of granite rock by the wayside were cut a number of round
holes which the Indians had made and used as mills for grinding their
corn and seeds into meal.  Nearby also, were some mescal pits used for
baking the agave, a native plant that is in great demand as food by the
Indians.  The spot was evidently an old rendezvous where the marauding
Apaches were accustomed to meet in council to plan their bloody raids,
and to feast on mescal and pinole in honor of some successful foray or
victory over an enemy.

We next crossed several well-worn Indian trails which the Apaches had
made by many years of travel to and fro between their rancherias in the
Mogollon mountains and Mexico.  The sight of these trails brought us
back to real life and a conscious sense of danger, for were we not in
an enemy's country and in the midst of hostile Indians?  Nearly every
mile of road traveled had been at some time in the past the scene of a
bloody tragedy enacted by a savage foe.  Even at that very time the
Apaches were out on the warpath murdering people, but fortunately we
did not meet them and escaped unmolested.

The road now crossed a low hill, which was the signal for more trouble.
The team started bravely up the incline, but soon stopped and then
balked and all urging with whip and voice failed to make any
impression.  After several ineffectual attempts to proceed it was
decided not to waste any more time in futile efforts.  The horses were
unhitched and the wagon partly unloaded, when all hands by a united
pull and push succeeded in getting the wagon up the hill.  After
reloading no difficulty was experienced in making a fresh start on a
down grade, but a little farther on a second and larger hill was
encountered, when the failure to scale its summit was even greater than
the first.   No amount of coaxing or urging budged the horses an inch.
They simply were stubborn and would not pull.

Night was approaching and camp was yet some distance ahead.  The driver
suggested that the best thing to do under the circumstances was for the
rest of us to take the led horses and ride on to camp, while he would
remain with the wagon and, if necessary, camp out all night.  We
reluctantly took his advice, mounted our horses and finished our
journey in the twilight.  Aaron, who was housekeeper at the ranch, gave
us a hearty welcome and invited us to sit down to a bountiful supper
which he had prepared in anticipation of our coming.  Feeling weary
after our ride we retired early and were soon sound asleep.  The only
thing that disturbed our slumbers during the night was a coyote concert
which, as a "concord of sweet sounds was a dismal failure" but as a
medley of discordant sounds was a decided success.  The bark of the
coyote is particularly shrill and sharp and a single coyote when in
full cry sounds like a chorus of howling curs.

We were all up and out early the next morning to witness the birth of a
new day.  The sunrise was glorious, and bright colors in many hues
flashed across the sky.  The valley echoed with the cheerful notes of
the mocking bird and the soft air was filled with the fragrance of wild
flowers.  The scene was grandly inspiring and sent a thrill of pleasure
through every nerve.

While thus absorbed by the beauties of nature we heard an halloo, and
looking down the road in the direction of the driver's bivouac we saw
him coming swinging his hat in the air and driving at a rapid pace that
soon brought him to the ranch house.  In answer to our inquiries as to
how he had spent the night he reported that the horses stood quietly in
their tracks all night long, while he slept comfortably in the wagon.
In the morning the horses started without undue urging as if tired of
inaction and glad to go in the direction of provender.  They were
completely broken by their fast and after that gave no further trouble.

After a stay of four weeks, learning something of the ways of ranch
life and experiencing not a few exciting adventures, I returned home
feeling well pleased with my first trip to the ranch.



CHAPTER III

THE OPEN RANGE

Arizona is in the arid belt and well adapted to the range cattle
industry.  Its mild climate and limited water supply make it the ideal
range country.  Indeed, to the single factor of its limited water
supply, perhaps, more than anything else is its value due as an open
range.  If water was abundant there could be no open range as then the
land would all be farmed and fenced.

Arizona is sometimes spoken of as belonging to the plains, but it is
not a prairie country.  Mountains are everywhere, but are separated in
many places by wide valleys.  The mountains not only make fine scenery,
but are natural boundaries for the ranches and give shade and shelter
to the cattle.

There are no severe storms nor blizzard swept plains where cattle drift
and perish from cold.  The weather is never extremely cold, the mercury
seldom falling to more than a few degrees below freezing, except upon
the high plateaus and mountains of northern Arizona.  If it freezes
during the night the frost usually disappears the next day; and, if
snow flies, it lies only on the mountains, but melts as fast as it
falls in the valleys.  There are but few cloudy or stormy days in the
year and bright, warm sunshine generally prevails.  There has never
been any loss of cattle from cold, but many have died from drought as a
result of overstocking the range.

The pastures consist of valley, mesa and mountain lands which, in a
normal season, are covered by a variety of nutritious grasses.  Of all
the native forage plants the gramma grass is the most abundant and
best.  It grows only in the summer rainy season when, if the rains are
copious, the gray desert is converted into a vast green meadow.

The annual rainfall is comparatively light and insufficient to grow and
mature with certainty any of the cereal crops.  When the summer rains
begin to fall the rancher is "jubilant" and the "old cow smiles."  Rain
means even more to the ranchman than it does to the farmer.  In an
agricultural country it is expected that rain or snow will fall during
every month of the year, but on the range rain is expected only in
certain months and, if it fails to fall then, it means failure, in a
measure, for the entire year.

Rain is very uncertain in Arizona.  July and August are the rain months
during which time the gramma grass grows.  Unless the rain falls daily
after it begins it does but little good, as frequent showers are
required to keep the grass growing after it once starts.  A settled
rain of one or more days' duration is of rare occurrence.  During the
rainy season and, in fact, at all times, the mornings are usually
clear.  In the forenoon the clouds begin to gather and pile up in dark
billowy masses that end in showers during the afternoon and evening.
But not every rain cloud brings rain.  Clouds of this character often
look very threatening, but all their display of thunder and lightning
is only bluff and bluster and ends in a fizzle with no rain.  After
such a demonstration the clouds either bring wind and a disagreeable
dust storm, or, if a little rain starts to fall, the air is so dry that
it evaporates in mid air, and none of it ever reaches the earth.  In
this fashion the clouds often threaten to do great things, only to
break their promise; and the anxious rancher stands and gazes at the
sky with longing eyes, only to be disappointed again and again.

As a rule water is scarce.  A long procession of cloudless days merge
into weeks of dry weather; and the weeks glide into months during which
time the brazen sky refuses to yield one drop of moisture either of dew
or rain to the parched and thirsty earth.  Even the rainy season is not
altogether reliable, but varies considerably one year with another in
the time of its appearance and continuance.

The soil is sandy and porous and readily absorbs water, except where
the earth is tramped and packed hard by the cattle. One peculiarity of
the country as found marked upon the maps, and that exists in fact, is
the diminution and often complete disappearance of a stream after it
leaves the mountains.  If not wholly lost upon entering the valley the
water soon sinks out of sight in the sand and disappears and reappears
at irregular intervals, until it loses itself entirely in some
underground channel and is seen no more.

Many a pleasant valley in the range country is made desolate by being
destitute of any surface spring or running brook, or water that can be
found at any depth.  Occasionally a hidden fountain is struck by
digging, but it is only by the merest chance.  Wells have been dug to
great depths in perfectly dry ground in an eager search for water
without finding it, and such an experience is usually equivalent to a
failure and the making of a useless bill of expense.

A never-failing spring of good water in sufficient quantity to supply
the needs of a ranch in the range country is of rare occurrence,
considering the large territory to be supplied.  Only here and there at
long intervals is such a spring found, and it is always a desirable and
valuable property.  It makes an oasis in the desert that is an
agreeable change from the surrounding barrenness, and furnishes its
owner, if properly utilized, a comfortable subsistence for himself and
herds.  His fields produce without fail and the increase of his flocks
and herds is sure.

The isolated rancher who is well located is independent.  He is in no
danger of being crowded by his neighbors nor his range becoming over
stocked with stray cattle.  His water right gives him undisputed
control of the adjacent range, even though he does not own all the
land, which is an unwritten law of the range and respected by all
cattlemen.

Because of the scarcity of water the range country is sparsely settled
and always will be until more water is provided by artificial means for
irrigation.  Even then a large portion of the land will be worthless
for any other purpose than grazing, and stock-growing on the open range
in Arizona will continue to be a staple industry in the future as it
has been in the past.

The range is practically all occupied and, in many places, is already
over stocked.  Where more cattle are run on a range than its grass and
water can support there is bound to be some loss.  In stocking a range
an estimate should be made of its carrying capacity in a bad year
rather than in a good one, as no range can safely carry more cattle
than it can support in the poorest year; like a chain, it is no
stronger than its weakest link.

A good range is sometimes destroyed by the prairie dog.  Wherever he
establishes a colony the grass soon disappears.  He burrows in the
ground and a group of such holes is called a dog town.  Like the
jack-rabbit he can live without water and is thus able to keep his hold
on the desert.  The only way to get rid of him is to kill him, which is
usually done by the wholesale with poison.  His flesh is fine eating,
which the Navajo knows if the white man does not.  The Navajo considers
him a dainty morsel which is particularly relished by the sick.  If a
patient can afford the price, he can usually procure a prairie dog in
exchange for two sheep.

The Navajo is an adept at capturing this little animal.  The hunter
places a small looking-glass near the hole and, in concealment near by,
he patiently awaits developments.  When the prairie dog comes out of
his hole to take an airing he immediately sees his reflection in the
glass and takes it for an intruder. In an instant he is ready for a
fight and pounces upon his supposed enemy to kill or drive him away.
While the prairie dog is thus engaged wrestling with his shadow or
reflection the hunter shoots him at close range with his bow and
arrow--never with a gun, for if wounded by a bullet he is sure to drop
into his hole and is lost, but the arrow transfixes his body and
prevents him from getting away.  He has been hunted so much in the
Navajo country that he has become very scarce.[1]

Much of the ranch country in southern Arizona is destitute of trees,
and shade, therefore, is scarce.   Upon the high mountains and plateaus
of northern Arizona there are great forests of pine and plenty of
shade.  But few cattle range there in comparison to the large numbers
that graze on the lower levels further south.  What little tree growth
there is on the desert is stunted and supplies but scant shade.  In the
canons some large cottonwood, sycamore and walnut trees can be found;
upon the foot hills the live oak and still higher up the mountain the
pine.  Cattle always seek the shade and if there are no trees they will
lie down in the shade of a bush or anything that casts a shadow.  The
cattle are so eager for shade that if they can find nothing better they
will crowd into the narrow ribbon of shade that is cast by a columnar
cactus or telegraph pole and seem to be satisfied with ever so little
if only shade is touched.

Twenty years ago before there were many cattle on the southwestern
range, the gramma grass stood knee high everywhere all over that
country and seemed to be an inexhaustible supply of feed for an
unlimited number of cattle during an indefinite term of years.  It was
not many years, however, after the large herds were turned loose on the
range until the grass was all gone and the ground, except in a few
favored spots, left nearly as bare of grass as the traveled road.  At
the present time whatever grass there is must grow each year which,
even in a favorable year, is never heavy.  If the summer rains fail, no
grass whatever can grow and the cattle are without feed.  The grass
about the springs and water holes is first to disappear and then the
cattle must go farther and farther from water to find any grass.  When
cattle are compelled to travel over long distances in going from grass
to water, they naturally grow thin from insufficient food and are worn
out by the repeated long journeys.  A cow that is thin and weak will
postpone making the trip as long as possible--two, three and even four
days in the hottest weather she will wait before attempting the trip.
At last, when the poor creature reaches water, she is so famished from
thirst that she drinks too much.  In her feeble condition she is unable
to carry the enormous load of water which she drinks and lies down by
the side of the friendly water trough to die from exhaustion.

If cattle are turned loose upon a new range they act strange and are
inclined to scatter.  Until they become accustomed to the change they
should be close herded, but after they are once located they are not
liable to stray very far.

As they are only worked by men on horseback they are not frightened at
the sight of a horse and rider; but let a stranger approach them on
foot, in a moment after he is sighted every head is raised in surprise
and alarm and the pedestrian is, indeed, fortunate if the herd turns
tail and scampers off instead of running him down and tramping him
under foot in a wild stampede.

Nowhere else can be found a finer sight than is witnessed in the range
country.  In every direction broad meadows stretch away to the horizon
where numberless cattle roam and are the embodiment of bovine happiness
and contentment.  Scattered about in irregular groups they are seen at
ease lying down or feeding, and frisking about in an overflow of
exuberant life.  Cow paths or trails converge from every point of the
compass, that lead to springs and water holes, on which the cattle
travel.

It is an interesting sight to watch the cattle maneuver as they form in
line, single file, ready for the march.  They move forward in an easy,
deliberate walk one behind the other and may be seen coming and going
in every direction.  They make their trips with great regularity back
and forth from grass to water, and vice versa, going to water in the
morning and back to the feeding grounds at night.

Cows have a curious fashion, sometimes, of hiding out their calves.
When a cow with a young calf starts for water she invariably hides her
calf in a bunch of grass or clump of bushes in some secluded spot,
where it lies down and remains perfectly quiet until the mother
returns.   I have many times while riding the range found calves thus
secreted that could scarcely be aroused or frightened away, which
behavior was so different from their usual habit of being shy and
running off at the slightest provocation.  The calf under such
circumstances seems to understand that it is "not at home," and cannot
be seen.

At another time a lot of calves are left in charge of a young cow or
heifer that seems to understand her responsibility and guards her
charge carefully.  The young calves are too weak to make the long trip
to water and thus, through the maternal instinct of the mother cow, she
provides for the care of her offspring almost as if she were human.

After viewing such a large pasture as the open range presents, which is
limitless in extent, the small fenced field or pasture lot of a few
acres on the old home farm back east, that looked so large to boyish
eyes in years gone by, dwindles by comparison into insignificance and
can never again be restored to its former greatness.


[1] This statement is made on the authority of Mr. F. W. Volz, who
lives at Canon Diablo, and is familiar with the customs of the Navajos.



CHAPTER IV

RANCH LIFE

Ranch life on the open range may be somewhat wild and lonely, but it is
as free and independent to the rancher as it is to his unfettered
cattle that roam at will over a thousand hills.  As a place of
residence for a family of women and children it is undesirable because
of its isolation and lack of social and educational privileges;  but
for a man who cares to "rough it" it has a rare fascination.  Its
freedom may mean lonesomeness and its independence monotony, yet it is
very enjoyable for a season.  Like anything else it may become wearing
and wearisome if continued too long without a change, but its novelty
has a charm that is irresistible.

Ranch life is untrammeled by social conventionalities and is not
burdened by business cares, but is an easy, natural life that is free
from all kinds of pressure.  It relieves the tension of an artificial
existence, and worry and vexation are forgotten.  Time loses its rapid
flight and once more jogs on at an easy pace; and its complete
isolation and quiet gives nature a chance to rest and recuperate

       "Away from the dwellings of careworn men."

The environment of ranch life is highly conducive to good health.  The
scenery is delightful, the air pure and bracing, the food wholesome and
nutritious, the couch comfortable and the sleep refreshing.  Walking
and riding furnish the necessary exercise that nature demands.  Indeed,
there is no better exercise to be found than riding horseback to
stimulate sluggish organs, or excite to healthy action the bodily
functions.  It stirs the liver, causes deep breathing, strengthens the
heart and circulation, tones the nerves and makes an appetite that
waits on good digestion.  An outdoor life is often better than medicine
and is a panacea for the "ills that human flesh is heir to."

The ranchman, if he is in tune with his surroundings, finds a
never-failing spring of pleasure.  If he is company for himself he is
well entertained and if he is a lover of nature he finds interesting
subjects for study upon every hand.  His wants are few and simple and
the free life that he lives develops in him a strong and sturdy
manhood.  He is the picture of health and is happy and contented as the
day is long.

However, such a life does not suit everyone, as individual tastes
differ.  Prejudice also exerts an influence and is apt to estimate all
western life as crude and undesirable, being in a transition state of
change from savagery to civilization.  Be it even so; for, if the
savage had never existed to furnish the ancestry that civilized man
boasts, civilization would not have been possible.  It is only natural
that this should be so as, in the order of nature, evolution begins at
the bottom and works up.

There is perhaps no condition in life that can be called perfect, yet
of the two extremes we choose to believe that civilization is
preferable to barbarism; but an intermediate state has the advantage
over both extremes by avoiding native crudeness upon the one hand and
excessive refinement upon the other, both being equally undesirable.

Happiness, which we all profess to seek, exists in some degree
everywhere but we are always striving to acquire something more.  In
our constant struggle for improvement, progress undoubtedly is made in
the right direction.  With refinement comes increased sensibility and
an enlarged capacity for enjoyment.  But, such a state in itself is not
one of unalloyed bliss, as might be supposed, since it is marred by its
antithesis, an increased amount of sickness and suffering, which is the
inevitable penalty of civilization.  In such a progression the
pleasures of life become more, but the acuteness of suffering is also
increased.  The mistake lies in the fact that in our eager pursuit
after the artificial we forget nature and not until we acquire a
surfeit of that which is artificial and grow weary of the shams and
deceits of the world do we stop and think or turn again to nature to
find the truth.

In the early days the frontier was the rendezvous for rough and lawless
characters of every description.  That time has gone by never to return
in the history of the nation, as the rustlers have either reformed and
become good citizens or long ago left the country by the lead or hemp
routes.  The change in the times has been such that never again will it
be possible to return to the conditions that existed in the early
settlement of the west which gave to desperadoes a safe hiding place.

The people now living on what is left of the frontier will, as a class,
compare favorably with those of any other community.  There may be
small surface polish, as the world goes, but there is much genuine gold
of true character that needs only a little rubbing to make it shine.

The population being sparse there is comparatively little opportunity
or inclination for wrongdoing.  Whatever anybody does is noticed at
once and everything that happens is immediately found out.  The
favorite haunt of vice and crime is not in a sparsely settled
community, public opinion to the contrary notwithstanding, but in the
centers of population, in, our large cities where temptation to do evil
is strong and dark deeds find ready concealment in the mingling and
confusion of the throng.

The ranchman deserves to be correctly judged by his true character and
not by any false standard that is artfully designed to misrepresent him
or to unjustly bring him into contempt.  He may have a rough exterior,
not intending to pose in a model fashion plate, but in real life where
he is tried there is found under his coarse garb a heart that is honest
and true which responds with sympathy and kindness for anyone in
distress; and his generosity and hospitality are proverbial and stand
without a rival.  Men from every position in life, including college
graduates and professional men, are engaged in ranching and whoever
takes them to be a lot of toughs and ignoramuses is egregiously
mistaken.

The strength, virtue and intelligence of the nation is found in its
large middle class of laboring people that is largely composed of
farmers and mechanics, men who work with their hands and live natural
lives and are so busy in some useful occupation that they have no time
to think of mischief.  In this favored land of freedom all of our great
men have been of the common people and struggled up from some humble
position.  A life of toil may seem to be hard, but it conforms to
nature and natural laws and favors the development of the best that is
in man; and he who shirks toil misses his opportunity.  Whatever tends
to wean men from work only weakens them.  Luxury and indolence travel
on the downward road of degeneracy.  They may make pleasant temporary
indulgence, but are fatal to ultimate success.

Locomotion on a ranch consists almost entirely of horseback riding as
walking is too slow and tiresome and wheeled conveyance is often
inconvenient or impossible for cross-country driving.  When the
ranchman mounts his horse in the morning to make his daily rounds he
has a clear field before him.  He is "monarch of all he surveys" and
practically owns the earth, since his neighbors live many miles away
and his road leads in any direction clear to the horizon.

The average ranch is not intended to furnish luxuries, but to serve the
best interests of the business in hand, that of growing cattle.  It is
usually a "stag camp" composed entirely of men who occupy a rude cabin
near some convenient spring or stream of water, where they keep house
in ranch style and live after a fashion.  No money is ever expended in
unnecessary improvements, but every dollar spent in repairs is put
where it will do the most good.  The house furnishings are all of the
plainest kind and intended to meet only present necessities.  The
larder is not supplied with luxuries nor is the cuisine prolific of
dainties, but there is always on hand a supply of the necessaries of
life.

Every man has his particular work to perform, but unless it be on some
large ranch where the force of men employed is sufficiently large to
require the services of a chef, he is also expected to assist in
keeping house.   It is an unwritten law of the ranch that everybody on
the place must share in this work and if anyone shirks his duty he must
either promptly mend his ways or else quit his job.  It is seldom,
however, that this rule has to be enforced, as the necessities of the
case require that every man shall be able to prepare a meal as he is
liable to be left alone for days or weeks at a time when he must either
cook or starve.

The equipment of the cowboy is his horse and reata.  They are his
constant companions and serve his every purpose.  His work includes
much hard riding, which he greatly enjoys if no accident befalls him.
But dashing on in heedless speed while rounding up cattle he is ever
liable to mishaps, as his horse, although sure footed, may at any time
step into a prairie dogs' hole or stumble on a loose rock that is
liable to throw both horse and rider to the ground in a heap.  He is,
indeed, fortunate if he escapes unhurt, or only receives a few bruises
and not a fractured bone or broken neck.

His work consists in riding over the range and marking the condition of
the cattle; line riding to prevent the stock from straying; looking
after the springs and water holes and keeping them clean; branding
calves, gathering steers for market and assisting in the general work
of the round-up.  Every day has its duty and every season its
particular work, yet there are times of considerable leisure during the
year.  After his day's work is done he repairs to the ranch house, or
to some outlying camp, whichever happens to be nearest when night
overtakes him, for every large ranch has one or more such camps posted
at some convenient point that furnishes temporary shelter and
refreshment, where he rests and eats his frugal meal with a relish that
only health and rough riding can give.

If he is at the home ranch in winter he spends the long evenings before
an open hearth fire of blazing logs and by the light of the fire and
the doubtful aid of a tallow dip lounges the hours away in reading and
cogitation; or, if in the company of congenial companions, engages in
conversation and pleasantry or any amusement that the party may select.
At an early hour he turns in for the night and after a sound and
refreshing sleep is up and out with the dawn.  After breakfast he
mounts his horse and in his striking and characteristic costume of
broad sombrero, blue flannel shirt, fringed chaperejos and jingling
spurs he rides forth to his work a perfect type of the gallant
caballero.



CHAPTER V

THE ROUND-UP

In the range cattle business it is important for every owner of live
stock to have some mark by which he can tell his own cattle.  It is
impossible for any man to remember and recognize by natural marks every
animal in a large herd.  On the open range there are no fenced pastures
to hold the cattle, but all are permitted to run free and mix
promiscuously.  To distinguish the cattle of different owners a system
of earmarks and brands has been devised by which each ranchman can
identify and claim his own stock.

The branding is usually done during a round-up when every calf found is
caught and branded in the brand of its mother.  If a calf remains
unbranded until after it is weaned and quits its mother, it becomes a
maverick and is liable to be lost to its owner.  A calf, if left to
itself, will follow its mother for several months and then leave her to
seek its own living.  Occasionally a calf does not become weaned when
it should be, but continues the baby habit indefinitely.  If a yearling
is found unweaned it is caught and "blabbed" which is done by fitting a
peculiarly shaped piece of wood into its nose that prevents it from
sucking but does not interfere with feeding.

If a calf loses its mother while very young it is called a "leppy."
Such an orphan calf is, indeed, a forlorn and forsaken little creature.
Having no one to care for it, it has a hard time to make a living.  If
it is smart enough to share the lacteal ration of some more fortunate
calf it does very well, but if it cannot do so and has to depend
entirely on grazing for a living its life becomes precarious and is apt
to be sacrificed in the "struggle for the survival of the fittest."

If it survives the ordeal and lives it bears the same relation to the
herd as the maverick and has no lawful owner until it is branded.  If
an unbranded calf has left or lost its mother it has lost its identity
as well and finds it again only after being branded, although it may
have swapped owners in the process.  Theoretically, a maverick belongs
to the owner of the range on which it runs, but, practically, it
becomes the property of the man who first finds and brands it.

Although the branding is supposed to be done only during a round-up
there is nevertheless some branding done in every month of the year.
The ranchman is compelled to do so to save his calves from being
stolen.  Therefore early branding is generally practiced as it has been
found to be the best safeguard against theft.  Either the spring or
fall is considered a good time to brand, but the only best time to
brand a calf is when you find it.

Dishonest men are found in the cattle business the same as in other
occupations and every year a large number of cattle are misappropriated
and stolen from the range.   Cattle have been stolen by the wholesale
and large herds run off and illegally sold before the owner discovered
his loss.  Calf stealing, however, happens more frequently than the
stealing of grown cattle and many ingenious devices have been invented
to make such stealing a success.  A common practice is to "sleeper" a
calf by a partial earmark and a shallow brand that only singes the hair
but does not burn deep enough to leave a permanent scar.  If the calf
is not discovered as an imperfect or irregular brand and becomes a
maverick, it is kept under surveillance by the thief until he considers
it safe to finish the job when he catches it again and brands it with
his own iron.

Different methods are employed to win a calf and fit it for unlawful
branding.  Sometimes the calf is caught and staked out in some secluded
spot where it is not liable to be found and away from its mother until
it is nearly starved when it is branded by the thief and turned loose;
or, the calf's tongue is split so that it cannot suck and by the time
that the wounded tongue has healed the calf has lost its mother, and
the thief brands it for himself.  Again, the mother cow is shot and
killed, when the orphan calf is branded in perfect safety as "the dead
tell no tales."

The owner of cattle on the open range must be constantly on his guard
against losses by theft.  Usually the thief is a dishonest neighbor or
one of his own cowboys who becomes thrifty at his employer's expense.
Many a herd of cattle was begun without a single cow, but was started
by branding surreptitiously other people's property.  It is not an easy
matter to detect such a thief or to convict on evidence when he is
arrested and brought to trial.  A cattle thief seldom works alone, but
associates himself with others of his kind who will perjure themselves
to swear each other clear.

The cow ponies that are used in range work are small but active and
possessed of great power of endurance.  They are the descendants of the
horses that were brought into Mexico by the Spaniards, some of which
escaped into the wilderness and their increase became the wild horses
of the plains.  They are known by the various names of mustang, bronco
and cayuse according to the local vernacular of the country in which
they roam.  They are wild and hard to conquer and are sometimes never
fully broken even under the severest treatment.  Bucking and pitching
are their peculiar tricks for throwing a rider and such an experience
invariably ends in discomfort if not discomfiture, for if the rider is
not unhorsed he at least receives a severe shaking up in the saddle.

The native cattle, like the horses, are small and wild, but are hardy
and make good rustlers.  The native stock has been greatly improved in
recent years by cross breeding with thoroughbred Durham and Hereford
bulls.  Grade cattle are better suited for the open range than are pure
bred animals, which are more tender and fare better in fenced pastures.
By cross breeding the quality of range cattle has steadily improved
until the scrub element has been almost bred out.

As a breeding ground Arizona is unsurpassed, but for maturing beef
cattle the northern country is preferable.  Thousands of young cattle
are shipped out annually to stock the ranges of Wyoming and Montana and
to fill the feed lots of Kansas, Missouri and other feeding states.  A
dash of native blood in range cattle is desirable as it enables them to
endure hardships without injury and find subsistence in seasons of
drought and scant forage.

The general round-up occurs in the fall, just after the summer rains,
when there is plenty of grass and the horses and cattle are in good
condition.  The ranchmen of a neighborhood meet at an appointed time
and place and organize for systematic work.  A captain is chosen who is
in command of the round-up and must be obeyed.  Each cowboy has his own
string of horses, but all of the horses of the round-up not in use are
turned out to graze and herd together.  A mess wagon and team of horses
in charge of a driver, who is also the cook, hauls the outfit of pots,
provisions and bedding.

 The round-up moves from ranch to ranch rounding up and marking
the cattle as it goes and is out from four to six weeks, according to
the number of ranches that are included in the circuit.

When camp is made and everything ready for work the cowboys ride out in
different directions and drive in all the cattle they can find.  After
the cattle are all gathered the calves are branded and the cattle of
the several owners are cut into separate herds and held until the
round-up is finished when they are driven home.

Every unbranded calf is caught and branded in its mother's brand.  In a
mix-up of cattle as occurs at a round-up, a calf sometimes gets
separated from its mother so that when caught its identity is
uncertain.  To avoid making a mistake the calf is only slightly marked,
just enough to hurt it a little, and is then turned loose.  A calf when
it is hurt is very much like a child, in that it cries and wants its
mamma.  As quick as it is let go it immediately hunts its mother and
never fails to find her.  When cow and calf have come together the calf
is again caught and the branding finished.

The pain produced by the hot branding iron makes the calf bawl lustily
and struggle to free itself.  The mother cow sometimes resents the
punishment of her offspring by charging and chasing the men who are
doing the branding; or, if she is of a less fiery disposition, shows
her displeasure by a look of reproach as much as to say, "You bad men,
what have you done to hurt my little darling?"

A peculiarity of brands is that they do not all grow alike.  Sometimes
a brand, after it is healed, remains unchanged during the life of the
animal.  At other times it enlarges to several times its original size.
Various reasons are assigned to account for this difference.  Some
claim that the brand only grows with the calf; others assert that it is
due to deep branding; and, again, it is ascribed to lunar influence.
But, as to the real cause of the difference, no explanation has been
given that really explains the phenomenon.

The cowboy's work is nearly all done in the saddle and calls for much
hard riding.  He rides like a Centaur, but is clumsy on his feet.
Being so much in the saddle his walking muscles become weakened, and
his legs pressing against the body of his horse, in time, makes him
bowlegged.  In addition he wears high-heeled Mexican boots which throw
him on his toes when he walks and makes his already shambling gait even
more awkward.

A cowboy's life has little in it to inspire him with high ideals or
arouse his ambition to achieve greatness.  He leads a hard life among
rough men and receives only coarse fare and rougher treatment.   His
life is narrow and he works in a rut that prevents him from taking a
broad view of life.  All that he has is his monthly wages, and,
possibly, a hope that at some future day he may have a herd of cattle
of his own.

Managing a herd of range cattle successfully is an art that can only be
acquired by long practice, and it is surprising how expert men can
become at that business.  All the work done among cattle is on
horseback, which includes herding, driving, cutting and roping.  The
trained cow pony seemingly knows as much about a round-up as his
master, and the two, together, form a combination that is invincible in
a herd of wild cattle.  The cow or steer that is selected to be roped
or cut out rarely escapes.  While the horse is in hot pursuit the rider
dexterously whirls his reata above his head until, at a favorable
moment, it leaves his hand, uncoiling as it flies through the air, and,
if the throw is successful, the noose falls over the animal's head.
Suddenly the horse comes to a full stop and braces himself for the
shock.  When the animal caught reaches the end of the rope it is
brought to an abrupt halt and tumbled in a heap on the ground.  The
horse stands braced pulling on the rope which has been made fast to the
horn of the saddle by a few skillful turns.  The cowboy is out of the
saddle and on his feet in a jiffy.  He grasps the prostrate animal by
the tail and a hind leg, throws it on its side, and ties its four feet
together, so that it is helpless and ready for branding or inspection.
The cowboys have tying contests in which a steer is sometimes caught
and tied in less time than a minute.

It is a comical sight to see an unhorsed cowboy chase his runaway horse
on foot as he is almost sure to do if caught in such a predicament.  He
ought to know that he cannot outrun his fleet steed in such a race, but
seems to be impelled by some strange impulse to make the attempt.
After he has run himself out of breath he is liable to realize the
folly of his zeal and adopt a more sensible method for capturing his
horse.

The cowboy who works on the southwestern range has good cause to fear
the malodorous hydrophobia skunk.  At a round-up all of the cowboys
sleep on the ground.  During the night, while they are asleep, the
little black and white cat-like animal forages through the camp for
something to eat.  Without provocation the skunk will attack the
sleeper and fasten its sharp teeth in some exposed portion of his
anatomy, either the nose or a finger or toe and will not let go until
it is killed or forcibly removed.  The wound thus made usually heals
quickly and the incident is, perhaps, soon forgotten; but after several
weeks or months hydrophobia suddenly develops and proves fatal in a
short time.

The only known cure for the bite of the skunk is the Pasteur treatment
and, since its discovery, as soon as anyone is bitten, he is
immediately sent to the Pasteur Institute in Chicago for treatment.



CHAPTER VI

RANCH HAPPENINGS

Ranch life is often full of thrilling incidents and adventures.  The
cowboy in his travels about the country looking after cattle, hunting
wild game or, in turn, being hunted by yet wilder Indians, finds plenty
of novelty and excitement to break any fancied monotony which might be
considered as belonging to ranch life.  In a number of visits to the
range country during the past twenty years, the writer has had an
opportunity to observe life on a ranch, and experience some of its
exciting adventures.

One day in the summer of 1891, Dave Drew, our foreman, Tedrow, one of
the cowboys, and myself, made a trip into East Canon in the Dos Cabezas
mountains, in search of some large unbranded calves which had been seen
running there.  We rode leisurely along for some time and passed
several small bunches of cattle without finding what we were looking
for.  As we neared a bend in the canon, Dave, who rode in advance, saw
some cattle lying in the shade of a grove of live oak trees.  Instantly
he spurred his horse into a run and chased after the cattle at full
speed, at the same time looking back and shouting that he saw two
mavericks and for us to hurry up and help catch them.  It was a bad
piece of ground to cover and we found it difficult to make progress or
to even keep each other in sight.  Tedrow hurried up as fast as he
could while I brought up the rear.

In trying to get through in the direction that Dave had gone, we tried
to make a short cut in order to gain time, but soon found our way
completely blocked by immense boulders and dense thickets of cat-claw
bushes, which is a variety of mesquite covered with strong, sharp,
curved thorns.  We turned back to find a better road and after some
time spent in hunting an opening we discovered a dim trail which soon
led us into a natural park of level ground hidden among the foothills.
Here we found Dave who alone had caught and tied down both the calves
and was preparing to start a fire to heat the branding irons.  What he
had done seemed like magic and was entirely incomprehensible to an
inexperienced tenderfoot.

Dave explained afterwards that to be successful in such a race much
depended on taking the cattle by surprise, and then by a quick, bold
dash start them running up the mountain, when it was possible to
overtake and rope them; but if once started to running down hill it was
not only unsafe to follow on horseback but in any event the cattle were
certain to escape.  Taking them by surprise seemed to bewilder them and
before they could collect their scattered senses, so to speak, and
scamper off, the work of capture was done.

Another adventure, which did not end so fortunately for met happened in
the fall of I 887 when the country was yet comparatively new to the
cattle business.  I rode out one day in company with a cowboy to look
after strays and, incidentally, to watch for any game that might chance
to cross our path.  We rode through seemingly endless meadows of fine
gramma grass and saw the sleek cattle feeding on plenty and enjoying
perfect contentment.  Game, also, seemed to be abundant but very shy
and as we were not particularly hunting that kind of stock, we forebore
giving chase or firing at long range.

After riding about among the hills back of the Pinaleno ranch and not
finding anything we concluded to return home.  On starting back we
separated and took different routes, going by two parallel ravines in
order to cover more ground in our search.  I had not gone far until I
found the cattle we were looking for going to water on the home trail.
Jogging on slowly after them and enjoying the beauty of the landscape,
I unexpectedly caught a glimpse of a deer lying down under a mesquite
tree on the brow of a distant hill.  I was in plain sight of the deer,
which was either asleep or heedless of danger as it paid no attention
whatever to my presence.

Deer and antelope soon become accustomed to horses and cattle and often
mix and feed familiarly with the stock grazing on the open range.  The
deer did not change its position as I quietly rode by and out of sight
behind the hill.  There I dismounted and stalked the quarry on foot,
cautiously making my way up the side of the hill to a point where I
would be within easy shooting distance.  As I stood up to locate the
deer it jumped to its feet and was ready to make off, but before it
could start a shot from my Winchester put a bullet through its head,
and it scarcely moved after it fell.  The deer was in good condition
and replenished our depleted ranch larder with some choice venison
steaks.  The head, also, was a fine one the horns being just out of
velvet and each antler five pointed, was saved and mounted.

The shot and my lusty halloo soon brought my cowboy friend to the spot.
Together we eviscerated the animal and prepared to pack it to camp on
my horse.  As we were lifting it upon his back the bronco gave a
vicious kick which hit me in the left knee and knocked me down.  The
blow, though severe, glanced off so that no bone was broken.  What made
the horse kick was a mystery as he was considered safe and had carried
deer on other occasions.  But a bronco, like a mule, is never
altogether reliable, particularly as to the action of its heels.  With
some delay in getting started and in somewhat of a demoralized
condition we mounted and rode home.

Soon after the accident I had a chill which was followed by a fever and
there was much pain and swelling in the knee that was hit.  A ranch
house, if it happens to be a "stag camp" as ours was, is a cheerless
place in which to be sick, but everything considered, I was fortunate
in that it was not worse.  By the liberal use of hot water and such
other simples as the place afforded I was soon better; but not until
after several months' treatment at home did the injured knee fully
recover its normal condition.

The excitement of running cattle or hunting game on the open range in
those days was mild in comparison to the panicky feeling which
prevailed during every Indian outbreak.  The experience of many years
had taught the people of Arizona what to expect at such a time and the
utter diabolical wickedness of the Apaches when out on the warpath.
During the early eighties many such raids occurred which were
accompanied by all the usual horrors of brutality and outrage of which
the Apaches are capable.

When it became known in the fall of 1885 that Geronimo was again off
the reservation and out on another one of his bloody raids the people
became panic-stricken.  Some left the Territory until such time when
the Indian question would be settled and the Government could guarantee
freedom from Indian depredations.  Those who remained either fled to
some near town or fort for protection, or prepared to defend themselves
in their own homes as best they could.

What else could the settlers in a new country do?  They had everything
invested in either mines or cattle and could not afford to leave their
property without making some effort to save it even if it had to be
done at the risk of their own lives.  They had no means of knowing when
or where the stealthy Apaches would strike and could only wait for the
time in uncertainty and suspense.  Many who were in this uncomfortable
predicament managed to escape any harm, but others fell victims to
savage hatred whose death knell was sounded in the crack of the deadly
rifle.

Some personal experiences may help to illustrate this feeling of panic,
as I happened to be at the ranch during the time and know how it was
myself.

One day in the month of October, 1885, while Geronimo was making his
raid through southern Arizona, my brother and I rode through Railroad
Pass from Pinaleno ranch to the Lorentz Place, a distance of fifteen
miles.   It was about four o'clock in the afternoon that we ascended to
the top of a hill to take observations and see if anything was
happening out of the ordinary.  We saw nothing unusual until we were
about to leave when we noticed somewhat of a commotion on the old
Willcox and Bowie wagon road which parallels the Southern Pacific
track.  The distance was too great to see distinctly with the naked
eye, but looking through our field glasses, which we always carried
when out riding, we could plainly see three loaded wagons standing in
the road.  The drivers had evidently unhitched their teams and, mounted
upon the horses' backs, were riding furiously in a cloud of dust down
the road towards Bowie.

I asked the judge, who was a resident and supposed to be familiar with
the customs of the country while I was only a tenderfoot, what their
actions meant.  He admitted that he did not understand their conduct
unless it was that they had concluded that they could not make Willcox
on that day and were returning to some favorable camp ground which they
had passed on their way up, to spend the night; but the manner of their
going was certainly peculiar.  After watching them disappear down the
road we rode on and reached our destination in safety.

The incident was forgotten until a few days later when we were in
Willcox a friend inquired what had become of the Indians which had
lately been seen on our range.  We replied that we had not seen any
Indians nor known of any that had been there.  He then related to us
how only a few days before three freighters had seen two Indians ride
upon a hill and halt.  The sight of Indians was enough and their only
care after that was to get away from them.  They quickly unhitched
their horses from the wagons and rode ten miles to Bowie where they
gave the alarm and spent the night.  The next morning, having heard
nothing more from the Indians during the night, they took fresh courage
and ventured to return to their wagons, which they found as they had
left them unmolested, when they continued their journey.
  When the freighters were asked why they did not stand off the
Indians they said that they only had one gun and not knowing how many
more redskins there might be decided that to retreat was the better
part of valor.  It was my brother and I whom they had seen and mistaken
for Indians.

A few days after this event I had a similar scare of my own and after
it was over I could sympathize with the poor, frightened freighters.  I
was alone at the ranch house packing up and preparing to leave for
home.  While thus occupied I chanced to go to the open door and looking
out, to my dismay, I saw Indians.  "My heart jumped into my mouth" and
for a moment I felt that my time had surely come.  Two men were seen
riding horseback over the foot hills followed by a pack animal.  As I
stood watching them and took time to think, it occurred to me that I
might be mistaken, and that the men were not Indians after all.  As
they drew nearer I saw that they were dressed like white men and,
therefore, could not be Indians; but my scare while it lasted was
painfully real.  The men proved to be two neighboring ranchmen who were
out looking for lost cattle.

In this raid, the Apaches, after leaving their reservation in the White
mountains, traveled south along the Arizona and New Mexico line,
killing people as they went, until they reached Stein's Pass.  From
there they turned west, crossed the San Simon valley and disappeared in
the Chiricahua mountains.  When next seen they had crossed over the
mountains and attacked Riggs' ranch in Pinery canon, where they wounded
a woman, but were driven off.

The next place that they visited was the Sulphur Spring ranch of the
Chiricahua Cattle Company, where they stole a bunch of horses.  The
cowboys at the ranch had received warning that there were Indians about
and had brought in the horse herd from the range and locked them in the
corral.  The Apaches came in the night and with their usual adroitness
and cunning stole the corral empty.  The first intimation which the
inmates had that the ranch had been robbed was when the cowboys went in
the morning to get their horses they found them gone.

From the Sulphur Spring ranch they crossed the Sulphur Spring valley in
the direction of Cochise's stronghold in the Dragoon mountains.  Before
reaching the mountains they passed Mike Noonan's ranch where they shot
its owner, who was a lone rancher and had lived alone in the valley
many years.  He was found dead in his door yard with a bullet hole in
the back of his head.  He evidently did not know that the Indians were
near and was seemingly unconscious of any danger when he was killed.

The Indians were not seen again after entering the stronghold until
they crossed the line into Mexico, where they were pursued by United
States soldiers.  After a long, stern chase Geronimo surrendered
himself and followers to General Miles, who brought them back to
Arizona.  As prisoners they were all loaded into cars at Bowie and
taken to Florida.  The general in command thought it best to take them
clear out of the country in order to put an effectual stop to their
marauding.  Later they were removed to the Indian Territory where they
now live.

The rest of the Apaches remain in Arizona and live on the San Carlos
reservation on the Gila river where they are being inducted into
civilization.  Since the disturbing element among them has been removed
there has been no more trouble.  They seem to have settled down with a
sincere purpose to learn the white man's way and are quiet and
peaceable.  They are laborers, farmers and stockmen and are making
rapid progress in their new life.



CHAPTER VII

A MODEL RANCH

Any one who has been in Arizona and failed to visit the Sierra Bonita
ranch missed seeing a model ranch.  Henry C. Hooker, the owner of this
splendid property, was born in New England and is a typical Yankee, who
early emigrated west and has spent most of his life on the frontier.

He went to Arizona at the close of the Civil War and engaged in
contracting for the Government and furnishing supplies to the army.  It
was before the days of railroads when all merchandise was hauled
overland in wagons and cattle were driven through on foot.  He
outfitted at points in Texas and on the Rio Grande and drove his cattle
and wagons over hundreds of miles of desert road through a country that
was infested by hostile Indians.

Such a wild life was naturally full of adventures and involved much
hardship and danger.  The venture, however, prospered and proved a
financial success, notwithstanding some losses in men killed, wagons
pillaged and cattle driven off and lost by bands of marauding Apaches.

In his travels he saw the advantages that Arizona offered as a grazing
country, which decided him to locate a ranch and engage in the range
cattle business.

The ranch derives its name from the Graham or Pinaleno mountains which
the Indians called the Sierra Bonita because of the many beautiful wild
flowers that grow there.  It is twenty miles north of Willcox, a
thriving village on the Southern Pacific Railroad, and ten miles south
of Ft. Grant, that nestles in a grove of cotton trees at the foot of
Mt. Graham, the noblest mountain in southern Arizona.

The Sierra Bonita ranch is situated in the famous Sulphur Spring valley
in Cochise County, Arizona, which is, perhaps, the only all grass
valley in the Territory.  The valley is about twenty miles wide and
more than one hundred miles long and extends into Mexico.  Its waters
drain in opposite directions, part flowing south into the Yaqui river,
and part running north through the Aravaipa Canon into the Gila and
Colorado rivers, all to meet and mingle again in the Gulf of California.

Fine gramma grass covers the entire valley and an underground river
furnishes an inexhaustible supply of good water.  In the early days of
overland travel before the country was protected or any of its
resources were known, immigrants, who were bound for California by the
Southern route and ignorant of the near presence of water, nearly
perished from thirst while crossing the valley.

The water rises to within a few feet of the surface and, since its
discovery, numerous wells have been dug and windmills and ranch houses
dot the landscape in all directions; while thousands of cattle feed and
fatten on the nutritious gramma grass.  Its altitude is about four
thousand feet above the sea and the climate is exceptionally fine.

The Sierra Bonita ranch is located on a natural cienega of moist land
that has been considerably enlarged by artificial means.  In an average
year the natural water supply of the ranch is sufficient for all
purposes but, to guard against any possible shortage in a dry year,
water is brought from the mountains in ditches that have been
constructed at great labor and expense and is stored in reservoirs, to
be used as needed for watering the cattle and irrigating the fields.
The effect of water upon the desert soil is almost magical and even
though the rains fail and the earth be parched, on the moist land of
the cienega the fields of waving grass and grain are perennially green.

The owner has acquired by location and purchase, title to several
thousand acres of land, that is all fenced and much of it highly
cultivated.  It consists of a strip of land one mile wide and ten miles
long, which is doubly valuable because of its productiveness and as the
key that controls a fine open range.

The original herd of cattle that pastured on the Sierra Bonita ranch
thirty years ago was composed of native scrub stock from Texas and
Sonora.  This undesirable stock was sold at the first opportunity, and
the range re-stocked by an improved grade of Durham cattle.  The change
was a long stride in the direction of improvement, but, later on,
another change was made to Herefords, and during recent years only
whitefaces have been bred upon the ranch.

Col. Hooker has a strong personality, holds decided opinions and
believes in progress and improvement.  He has spent much time and money
in experimental work, and his success has demonstrated the wisdom of
his course.  Just such men are needed in every new country to develop
its resources and prove its worth.

He saw that the primitive methods of ranching then in vogue must be
improved, and began to prepare for the change which was coming.  What
he predicted came to pass, and the days of large herds on the open
range are numbered.

Many of them have already been sold or divided up, and it is a question
Of only a short time when the rest will meet the same fate.

When this is done there may be no fewer cattle than there are now but
they will be bunched in smaller herds and better cared for.  Scrubs of
any kind are always undesirable, since it has been proved that quality
is more profitable than quantity.  A small herd is more easily handled,
and there is less danger of loss from straying or stealing.

The common method of running cattle on the open range is reckless and
wasteful in the extreme and entirely inexcusable.  The cattle are
simply turned loose to rustle for themselves.  No provision whatever is
made for their welfare, except that they are given the freedom of the
range to find water, if they can, and grass that often affords them
only scant picking.

Under the new regime the cattle are carefully fed and watered, if need
be in a fenced enclosure, that not only gives the cattle humane
treatment but also makes money for the owner.  The men are instructed
to bring in every sick or weak animal found on the range and put it
into a corral or pasture, where it is nursed back to life.  If an
orphan calf is found that is in danger of starving it is picked up,
carried home and fed.  On the average ranch foundlings and weaklings
get no attention whatever, but are left in their misery to pine away
and perish from neglect.  The profit of caring for the weak and sick
animals on the Sierra Bonita ranch amounts to a large sum every year,
which the owner thinks is worth saving.

Another peculiarity of ranch life is that where there are hundreds or,
perhaps, thousands of cows in a herd, not a single cow is milked, nor
is a cup of milk or pound of butter ever seen upon the ranch table.  It
is altogether different on Hooker's ranch.  There is a separate herd of
milch cows in charge of a man whose duty it is to keep the table
supplied with plenty of fresh milk and butter.  No milk ever goes to
waste.  If there is a surplus it is fed to the calves, pigs and poultry.

During the branding season the work of the round-up is all done in
corrals instead of, as formerly, out upon the open range.  Each calf
after it is branded, if it is old and strong enough to wean, is taken
from the cow and turned into a separate pasture.  It prevents the weak
mother cow from being dragged to death by a strong sucking calf and
saves the pampered calf from dying of blackleg by a timely change of
diet.

Instead of classing the cattle out on the open range as is the usual
custom, by an original system of corrals, gates and chutes the cattle
are much more easily and quickly classified without any cruelty or
injury inflicted upon either man or beast.  Classing cattle at a
round-up by the old method is a hard and often cruel process, that
requires a small army of both men and horses and is always rough and
severe on the men, horses and cattle.

Besides the herds of sleek cattle, there are also horses galore, enough
to do all of the work on the ranch as well as for pleasure riding and
driving.  There is likewise a kennel of fine greyhounds that are the
Colonel's special pride.  His cattle, horses and dogs are all of the
best, as he believes in thoroughbreds and has no use whatever for
scrubs of either the human or brute kind.

The dogs are fond of their master and lavish their caresses on him with
almost human affection.  In the morning when they meet him at the door
Ketchum pokes his nose into one of his master's half open hands and
Killum performs the same act with the other hand.  Blackie nips him
playfully on the leg while Dash and the rest of the pack race about
like mad, trying to express the exuberance of their joy.

In the bunch is little Bob, the fox terrier, who tries hard but is not
always able to keep up with the hounds in a race.  He is active and
gets over the ground lively for a small dog, but in a long chase is
completely distanced and outclassed to his apparent disgust.  Aside
from the fine sport that the dogs afford, they are useful in keeping
the place clear of all kinds of "varmints" such as coyotes, skunks and
wild cats.

How much Col. Hooker appreciates his dogs is best illustrated by an
incident.  One morning after greeting the dogs at the door, he was
heard to remark sotto voce.

"Well, if everybody on the ranch is cross, my dogs always greet me with
a smile."

There appears to be much in the dog as well as in the horse that is
human, and the trio are capable of forming attachments for each other
that only death can part.

The ranch house is a one-story adobe structure built in the Spanish
style of a rectangle, with all the doors opening upon a central court.
It is large and commodious, is elegantly furnished and supplied with
every modern convenience.  It affords every needed comfort for a family
and is in striking contrast with the common ranch house of the range
that is minus every luxury and often barely furnishes the necessaries
of life.



CHAPTER VIII

SOME DESERT PLANTS

Much of the vegetation that is indigenous to the southwest is unique
and can only be seen at its best in the Gila valley in southern
Arizona.  The locality indicated is in the arid zone and is extremely
hot and dry.  Under such conditions it is but natural to suppose that
all plant life must necessarily be scant and dwarfed, but such is not
the fact.  Upon the contrary many of the plants that are native to the
soil and adapted to the climate grow luxuriantly, are remarkably
succulent and perennially green.

How they manage to acquire so much sap amidst the surrounding siccity
is inexplicable, unless it is that they possess the function of
absorbing and condensing moisture by an unusual and unknown method.  It
is, however, a beneficent provision of nature as a protection against
famine in a droughty land by furnishing in an acceptable form,
refreshing juice and nutritious pulp to supply the pressing wants of
hungry and thirsty man and beast in time of need.

Another peculiarity of these plants is that they are acanaceous;
covered all over with sharp thorns and needles.  Spikes of all sorts
and sizes bristle everywhere and admonish the tenderfoot to beware.
Guarded by an impenetrable armor of prickly mail they defy encroachment
and successfully repel all attempts at undue familiarity.  To be torn
by a cat-claw thorn or impaled on a stout dagger leaf of one of these
plants would not only mean painful laceration but, perhaps, serious or
even fatal injury.  Notwithstanding their formidable and forbidding
appearance they are nevertheless attractive and possess some value
either medicinal, commercial or ornamental.

The maguey, or American aloe, is the most abundant and widely
distributed of the native plants.  It is commonly known as mescal, but
is also called the century plant from a mistaken notion that it
blossoms only once in a hundred years.  Its average life, under normal
conditions, is about ten years and it dies immediately after blossoming.

It attains its greatest perfection in the interior of Mexico where it
is extensively cultivated.  It yields a large quantity of sap which is,
by a simple process of fermentation, converted into a liquor called
pulque that tastes best while it is new and is consumed in large
quantities by the populace.  Pulque trains are run daily from the
mescal plantations, where the pulque is made, into the large cities to
supply the bibulous inhabitants with their customary beverage.  In
strength and effect it resembles lager beer, and is the popular drink
with all classes throughout Mexico where it has been in vogue for
centuries and is esteemed as "the only drink fit for thirsty angels and
men."

The agave is capable of being applied to many domestic uses.  Under the
old dispensation of Indian supremacy it supplied the natives their
principal means of support.   Its sap was variously prepared and served
as milk, honey, vinegar, beer and brandy.  From its tough fiber were
made thread, rope, cloth, shoes and paper.  The strong flower stalk was
used in building houses and the broad leaves for covering them.

The heart of the maguey is saccharine and rich in nutriment.  It is
prepared by roasting it in a mescal pit and, when done, tastes much
like baked squash.  It is highly prized by the Indians, who use it as
their daily bread.  Before the Apaches were conquered and herded on
reservations a mescal bake was an important event with them.  It meant
the gathering of the clans and was made the occasion of much feasting
and festivity.  Old mescal pits can yet be found in some of the
secluded corners of the Apache country that were once the scenes of
noisy activity, but have been forsaken and silent for many years.

The fiery mescal, a distilled liquor that is known to the trade as
aguardiente, or Mexican brandy, is much stronger than pulque, but less
used.  Both liquors are said to be medicinal, and are reputed to
possess diuretic, tonic and stimulant properties.

Next in importance to the mescal comes the yucca.  There are several
varieties, but the palm yucca is the most common, and under favorable
conditions attains to the proportions of a tree.  Fine specimens of
yucca grow on the Mojave desert in California that are large and
numerous enough to form a straggling forest.

The tree consists of a light, spongy wood that grows as a single stem
or divides into two or more branches.  Each branch is crowned by a tuft
of long, pointed leaves that grow in concentric circles.  As the new
leaves unfold on top the old leaves are crowded down and hang in loose
folds about the stem like a flounced skirt.  When dry the leaves burn
readily, and are sometimes used for light and heat by lost or belated
travelers.  White threads of a finer fiber are detached from the
margins of the leaves that are blown by the wind into a fluffy fleece,
in which the little birds love to nest.

A grove of yucca trees presents a grotesque appearance.  If
indistinctly viewed in the hazy distance they are easily mistaken for
the plumed topknots of a band of prowling Apaches, particularly if the
imagination is active with the fear of an Indian outbreak.

The wood of the yucca tree has a commercial value.  It is cut into thin
sheets by machinery which are used for surgeon's splints, hygienic
insoles, tree protectors and calendars.  As a splint it answers an
admirable purpose, being both light and strong and capable of being
molded into any shape desired after it has been immersed in hot water.
Its pulp, also, makes an excellent paper.

Another variety of yucca is the amole, or soap plant.  Owing to the
peculiar shape of its leaves it is also called Spanish bayonet.  Its
root is saponaceous, and is pounded into a pulp and used instead of
soap by the natives.  It grows a bunch of large white flowers, and
matures an edible fruit that resembles the banana.  The Indians call it
oosa, and eat it, either raw or roasted in hot ashes.

A species of yucca called sotal, or saw-grass, grows plentifully in
places, and is sometimes used as food for cattle when grass is scarce.
In its natural state it is inaccessible to cattle because of its hard
and thorny exterior.  To make it available it is cut down and quartered
with a hoe, when the hungry cattle eat it with avidity.  Where the
plant grows thickly one man can cut enough in one day to feed several
hundred head of cattle.

There are several other varieties of yucca that possess no particular
value, but all are handsome bloomers, and the mass of white flowers
which unfold during the season of efflorescence adds much to the beauty
of the landscape.

The prickly pear cactus, or Indian fig, of the genus Opuntia is a
common as well as a numerous family.  The soil and climate of the
southwest from Texas to California seem to be just to its liking.  It
grows rank and often forms dense thickets.  The root is a tough wood
from which, it is said, the best Mexican saddletrees are made.

The plant consists of an aggregation of thick, flat, oval leaves, which
are joined together by narrow bands of woody fiber and covered with
bundles of fine, sharp needles.  Its pulp is nutritious and cattle like
the young leaves, but will not eat them after they become old and hard
unless driven to do so by the pangs of hunger.  In Texas the plant is
gathered in large quantities and ground into a fine pulp by machinery
which is then mixed with cotton-seed meal and fed to cattle.  The
mixture makes a valuable fattening ration and is used for finishing
beef steers for the market.

The cholla, or cane cactus, is also a species of Opuntia, but its stem
or leaf is long and round instead of short and flat. It is thickly
covered with long, fine, silvery-white needles that glisten in the sun.
Its stem is hollow and filled with a white pith like the elder.  After
the prickly bark is stripped off the punk can be picked out through the
fenestra with a penknife, which occupation affords pleasant pastime for
a leisure hour.  When thus furbished up the unsightly club becomes an
elegant walking stick.

The cholla is not a pleasant companion as all persons know who have had
any experience with it.  Its needles are not only very sharp, but also
finely barbed, and they penetrate and cling fast like a burr the moment
that they are touched.  Cowboys profess to believe that the plant has
some kind of sense as they say that it jumps and takes hold of its
victim before it is touched.  This action, however, is only true in the
seeming, as its long transparent needles, being invisible, are touched
before they are seen.  When they catch hold of a moving object, be it
horse or cowboy, an impulse is imparted to the plant that makes it seem
to jump.  It is an uncanny movement and is something more than an
ocular illusion, as the victim is ready to testify.

These desert plants do not ordinarily furnish forage for live stock,
but in a season of drought when other feed is scarce and cattle are
starving they will risk having their mouths pricked by thorns in order
to get something to eat and will browse on mescal, yucca and cactus and
find some nourishment in the unusual diet, enough, at least, to keep
them from dying.  The plants mentioned are not nearly as plentiful now
as they once were.  Because of the prolonged droughts that prevail in
the range country and the overstocking of the range these plants are in
danger of being exterminated and, if the conditions do not soon change,
of becoming extinct.

The saguaro, or giant cactus, is one of nature's rare and curious
productions.  It is a large, round, fluted column that is from one to
two feet thick and sometimes sixty feet high.  The trunk is nearly of
an even thickness from top to bottom but, if there is any difference,
it is a trifle thicker in the middle.  It usually stands alone as a
single perpendicular column, but is also found bunched in groups.  If
it has any branches they are apt to start at right angles from about
the middle of the tree and curve upward, paralleling the trunk, which
form gives it the appearance of a mammoth candelabrum.

The single saguaro pillar bears a striking resemblance to a Corinthian
column.  As everything in art is an attempt to imitate something in
nature, is it possible that Grecian architecture borrowed its notable
pattern from the Gila valley?

Southern Arizona is the natural home and exclusive habitat of this most
singular and interesting plant and is, perhaps, the only thing growing
anywhere that could have suggested the design.  Wherever it grows, it
is a conspicuous object on the landscape and has been appropriately
named "The Sentinel of the Desert."

Its mammoth body is supported by a skeleton of wooden ribs, which are
held in position by a mesh of tough fibers that is filled with a green
pulp.  Rows of thorns extend its entire length which are resinous and,
if ignited, burn with a bright flame.  They are sometimes set on fire
and have been used by the Apaches for making signals.  The cactus tree,
like the eastern forest tree, is often found bored full of round, holes
that are made by the Gila woodpecker.  When the tree dies its pulp
dries up and blows away and there remains standing only a spectral
figure composed of white slats and fiber that looks ghostly in the
distance.

Its fruit is delicious and has the flavor of the fig and strawberry
combined.  It is dislodged by the greedy birds which feed on it and by
arrows shot from bows in the hands of the Indians.  The natives esteem
the fruit as a great delicacy, and use it both fresh and dried and in
the form of a treacle or preserve.

The ocotillo, or mountain cactus, is a handsome shrub that grows in
rocky soil upon the foothills and consists of a cluster of nearly
straight poles of brittle wood covered with thorns and leaves.  It
blossoms during the early summer and each branch bears on its crest a
bunch of bright crimson flowers.

If set in a row the plant makes an ornamental hedge and effective fence
for turning stock.  The seemingly dry sticks are thrust into yet drier
ground where they take root and grow without water.   Its bark is
resinous and a fagot of dry sticks makes a torch that is equal to a
pineknot.

The echinocactus, or bisnaga, is also called "The Well of the Desert."
It has a large barrel-shaped body which is covered with long spikes
that are curved like fishhooks.  It is full of sap that is sometimes
used to quench thirst.  By cutting off the top and scooping out a
hollow, the cup-shaped hole soon fills with a sap that is not exactly
nectar but can be drunk in an emergency.  Men who have been in danger
of perishing from thirst on the desert have sometimes been saved by
this unique method of well digging.

Greasewood, or creasote bush as it is sometimes called on account of
its pungent odor, grows freely on the desert, but has little or no
value and cattle will not touch it.  Like many other desert plants it
is resinous and if thrown into the fire, the green leaves spit and
sputter while they burn like hot grease in a frying pan.

The mesquite tree is peculiarly adapted to the desert and is the most
valuable tree that grows in the southwest.  As found growing on the dry
mesas of Arizona, it is only a small bush, but on the moist land of a
river bottom it becomes a large forest tree.  A mesquite forest stands
in the Santa Cruz valley south of Tucson that is a fair sample of its
growth under favorable conditions.

Its wood is hard and fine grained and polishes beautifully.  It is very
durable and is valuable for lumber, fence posts and firewood.  On the
dry mesas it seems to go mostly to root that is out of all proportion
to the size of the tree.  The amount of firewood that is sometimes
obtained by digging up the root of a small mesquite bush is astonishing.

It makes a handsome and ornamental shade tree, having graceful
branches, feathery leaves and fragrant flowers, and could be cultivated
to advantage for yard and park purposes.

Its principal value, however, lies in its seed pods, which grow in
clusters and look like string beans.  The mesquite bean furnishes a
superior article of food and feeds about everything that either walks
or flies on the desert.  The Indians make meal of the seed and bake it
into bread.  Cattle that feed on the open range will leave good grass
to browse on a mesquite bush.  Even as carnivorous a creature as the
coyote will make a full meal on a mess of mesquite beans and seem to be
satisfied.  The tree exudes a gum that is equal to the gum arabic of
commerce.

The palo verde is a tree without leaves and is a true child of the
desert.  No matter how hot and dry the weather the palo verde is always
green and flourishing.  At a distance it resembles a weeping willow
tree stripped of its leaves.  Its numerous long, slender, drooping
branches gracefully criss-cross and interlace in an intricate figure of
filigree work.  It has no commercial value, but if it could be
successfully transplanted and transported it would make a desirable
addition to green-house collections in the higher latitudes.

The romantic mistletoe that is world renowned for its magic influence
in love affairs, grows to perfection in southern Arizona.  There are
several varieties of this parasitic plant that are very unlike in
appearance.  Each kind partakes more or less of the characteristics of
the tree upon which it grows, but all have the glossy leaf and waxen
berry.



CHAPTER IX

HOOKER'S HOT SPRINGS

Arizona has several hot springs within her borders but, perhaps, none
are more valuable nor picturesquely located than Hooker's hot springs.
These springs are located in the foothills on the western slope of the
Galiura mountains in southeastern Arizona, thirty-five miles west of
Willcox on the Southern Pacific Railroad.  The spot is beautifully
situated, commanding an extended view of valley and mountain scenery.

There are a dozen springs, big and little, in the group and are
scattered over several acres of hillside.  The temperature of the water
is 130 degrees Fahrenheit and too hot to drink but, if sipped slowly,
it makes an admirable hot-water draught.  The springs evidently have
their source deep down in the earth and the flow of water never varies.
When the water from the different springs is all united it forms a good
sized brook.  The water is conducted through pipes into the bath house,
where it supplies a row of bath-tubs with water of any desired
temperature.  The surplus water flows into a large earthern tank or
artificial lake and is used for irrigating a small farm that produces
grain, fruits and vegetables.

The water from these springs is in great demand and is not only sought
by the human biped, but is also in favor with the equine quadruped.
Every morning after the stable doors are thrown open and the horses
turned loose they invariably, of their own accord, proceed to the lake,
wade out into shallow water and take a bath.  They lie down and splash
the water about like a lot of schoolboys taking a swim.

The water from all the springs is perfectly soft and pure.  It cannot
be called a mineral water, as an analysis shows that it contains only a
trace of any kind of mineral matter.  This peculiarity of the water is
no damage to the springs, since purity is the best recommendation that
any water can have.  Water that is heavily mineralized may be
medicinal, but is not necessarily remedial, or even wholesome,
notwithstanding the popular belief to the contrary.  Water that is
charged with much mineral is spoiled for drinking.  Moderately hard
water need not be injurious to anybody, but is especially beneficial to
children.  The assimilative function in the child appropriates mineral
water tardily and sometimes absorbs it altogether too slowly for the
child's good.  Its absence in the system causes a disease called
rickets, in which, from all lack of lime, the bones of the child become
soft and yielding.  The bones of a rickety child will bend rather than
break.  It is slow to walk and inclines to become bow-legged.

It is entirely different in old age.  As the years multiply the system
absorbs an abnormal and ever increasing amount of calcareous matter.
The bones become unduly hard and brittle and are easily broken.  Bony
matter is liable to be deposited in and about the joints, when they
become stiff and painful.  It also lodges in the various soft tissues
of the body, and ossification of the valves of the heart and walls of
the arteries sometimes happens.  It weakens the blood vessels so that
they easily rupture, which causes apoplexy, paralysis and death.
Calcareous concretions in the kidneys and bladder, also, come from the
same cause, and are called gravel.  Such deposits are not only annoying
and painful to the patient, but in time may prove fatal if not removed
by surgery.

Middle-aged and elderly people should never drink anything but soft
water.  If a natural supply of soft water cannot be obtained distilled
water should be substituted.  If neither natural soft water nor
distilled water are available, and there is doubt as to the purity of
the water that is being used, it should be boiled and then let stand to
cool and settle.  Boiling not only destroys and renders harmless any
organic germs that may be present, but also precipitates and eliminates
much of its inorganic salts.

A few drops of a weak solution of nitrate of silver added to a glass of
water will quickly determine its quality.  If the water that is being
tested is free from mineral matter no change is produced, but if it
contains mineral it turns the water opaque or milky.

The value of mineral water as a healthful or necessary drink has been
greatly exaggerated.  While it may do good in some instances, it is not
nearly as beneficial as is commonly supposed.  Instead of it always
doing good the contrary is often true.

If a mineral water is desired there is no necessity of visiting a
mineral spring to obtain it, as it can be made artificially at home or
at the nearest pharmacy in any quantity or of any quality desired, with
the additional advantage of having it contain exactly the ingredients
wanted.  There are nearly as many mineral waters on the market as there
are patent medicines, and both are about equally misrepresented and
deceiving.  All classes of people would undoubtedly be greatly
benefited in health, strength and longevity if more attention was given
to the quality of our domestic water supply.  Any one who needs a
change, other things being equal, should seek a resort that furnishes
pure, soft water rather than choose a spring that only boasts of its
mineral properties.  Not all of the benefit that is derived from a
course at watering place is due to the virtues of the water, be it ever
so potent.  The change of environment, climate, diet, bathing, etc.,
are each factors that contribute something towards a cure.

Next to using pure water as a beverage it is important to know how to
bathe properly, such knowledge being simple and plain enough if only
common sense is used.  Usually the more simply a bath is administered
the better are the results.  Some people seem to think that in order to
derive any benefit from a bath it is necessary to employ some unusual
or complicated process.  Nothing is further from the truth.  The plain,
tepid bath is the best for general use.  It thoroughly cleanses the
body and produces no unpleasant shock.  A hot bath is rarely needed
but, if it is used, enough time should be given after it to rest and
cool off before going out into the open air in order to avoid taking
cold.  The good or harm of a bath must be judged by its effects.

A bath is only beneficial when it is followed by a healthy reaction,
which is indicated by an agreeable feeling of warmth and comfort, and
is injurious if the subject feels cold, weak or depressed.  A bath does
not affect all people alike; what will do one person good may injure
another.  It is never wise to prescribe a stereotyped treatment for
every patient.  The disease, temperament and constitution of each
individual must be taken into account and the temperature and frequency
of the bath must be determined and regulated by the necessity and
idiosyncrasies of each case.  The amount of bathing that a strong,
full-blooded person could endure would mop out the life of a thin,
bloodless weakling.

Locally, these springs have become famous because of the remarkable
cures they have effected, and are sought by many sick people who have
failed to find relief by other means.  Before the white man came the
Indians used the water for curing their sick.  The water is curative in
rheumatism, neuralgia, dyspepsia, blood and skin disorders and kidney
complaint.  The water cure is all right even if it does not always
fulfill every expectation.

Hooker's hot springs is a pleasant place to visit for people who are
not invalids.  It is off the beaten path of travel and is an ideal spot
for the tired man who needs a rest.  It has not yet been overrun by the
crowd, but retains all of the natural charm of freshness which the old
resorts have lost.  Here nature riots in all of her wild beauty and has
not yet been perceptibly marred by the despoiling hand of man.

Aside from the luxury of the baths which the place affords the visitor
can find a great deal to please him.  The climate is healthful and the
weather pleasant during most of the year.  In the near vicinity much
can be found in nature that is interesting.  Never-failing mountain
streams, deep canons and dark forests wait to be visited and explored,
while curiosities in animal and vegetable life abound.  Not far off is
a place here perfect geodes of chalcedony are found.

Mining and ranching are the leading industries of the country and a
visit to some neighboring mine or cattle ranch is not without interest
to the novice.  But, if he starts out on such a trip he must decide to
make a day of it, as the country is sparsely settled and the distances
long between camps.  If the accommodations where he stops are not
always luxurious the welcome is cordial and the entertainment
comfortable.  The new experience is also delightfully romantic.



CHAPTER X

CANON ECHOES

The Colorado Plateau, in northern Arizona, is the union of the Rocky
and Sierra Nevada mountains in their southward trend, and forms the
southern rim of the Great Basin.  This depression was once a vast
inland sea, of which nothing remains but the Salt Lake of Utah, and is
drained by the Colorado river.  The entire plateau region is remarkable
for its grand scenery--abysmal chasms, sculptured buttes and towering
cliffs, which are "brightly colored as if painted by artist Gods, not
stained and daubed by inharmonious hues but beautiful as flowers and
gorgeous as the clouds."  The plateau is an immense woodland of pines
known as the Coconino Forest.

The San Francisco mountains, nearly thirteen thousand feet high, stand
in the middle of the plateau which is, also, the center of an extensive
extinct volcanic field.  The whole country is covered with cinders
which were thrown from active volcanoes centuries ago.  The track of
the Santa Fe Pacific railroad, clear across Arizona, is ballasted with
cinders instead of gravel that were dug from pits on its own right of
way.

Near the southern base of the San Francisco mountains is the town of
Flagstaff built in a natural forest of pine trees.  It is sometimes
called the Skylight City because of its high altitude, rarefied
atmosphere and brilliant sky.   It is said to have been named by a
company of soldiers who camped on the spot while out hunting Indians,
when the country was new.  It happened to be on the Fourth of July and
they celebrated the day by unfurling Old Glory from the top of a pine
tree, which was stripped of its branches and converted into a
flagstaff.  Here is located the Lowell Observatory, which has made many
valuable discoveries in astronomy.  It is a delightful spot and offers
many attractions to the scientist, tourist and health seeker.

One of the many interesting objects of this locality is the Ice Cave
situated eight miles southwest of the town.  It not only attracts the
curious, but its congealed stores are also drawn on by the people who
live in the vicinity when the domestic ice supply runs short.  The cave
is entered from the side of a ravine and its opening is arched by lava
rock.  How the ice ever got there is a mystery unless it is, as Mr.
Volz claims, glacial ice that was covered and preserved by a thick coat
of cinders which fell when the San Francisco Peaks were in active
eruption.  As far as observed the ice never becomes more nor ever gets
less, except what is removed by mining.

The region is unusually attractive to the naturalist.  It is the best
field for the study of entomology that is known.  But all nature riots
here.  Dr. C. Hart Merriam, in his report of a biological survey of the
San Francisco mountains and Painted Desert, states that there are seven
distinct life zones in a radius of twenty-five miles running the entire
gamut from the Arctic to the Tropic.[1] The variety of life which he
found and describes cannot be duplicated in the same space anywhere
else upon the globe.

But the greatest natural wonder of this region and, it is claimed by
competent judges of the whole world, is the Grand Canon of Arizona,
which is seventy-two miles north of Flagstaff.  Thurber's stage line,
when it was running, carried passengers through in one day, but after
the railroad was built from Williams to Bright Angel the stage was
abandoned.  However it is an interesting trip and many people make it
every summer by private conveyance who go for an outing and can travel
leisurely.  It is a good natural road and runs nearly the entire
distance through an open pine forest.

Two roads leave Flagstaff for the Canon called respectively the summer
and winter roads.  The former goes west of the San Francisco mountains
and intersects with the winter road that runs east of the peaks at
Cedar Ranch, which was the midway station of the old stage line.  The
summer road is the one usually travelled, as the winter road is almost
destitute of water.

The road ascends rapidly from an elevation of seven thousand feet at
Flagstaff to eleven thousand feet at the summit, and descends more
gradually to Cedar Ranch, where the elevation is less than five
thousand feet and in distance is about halfway to the Canon.  Here
cedar and pinon trees take the place of the taller pines.  Cedar Ranch
is on an arm of the Painted Desert, which stretches away towards the
east over a wide level plain to the horizon.  From this point the road
ascends again on an easy grade until it reaches an elevation of eight
thousand feet at the Canon.

During the long drive through the pine woods the appearance of the
country gives no hint of a desert, but beautiful scenery greets the eye
on every hand.  The air is filled with the fragrance of pine and ozone
that is as exhilarating as wine.  No signs of severe windstorms are
seen in broken branches and fallen trees.  If an occasional tree is
found lying prostrate it was felled either by the woodman's ax or one
of nature's destructive forces, fire or decay, or both.  But the large
number of shattered trees which are encountered during the day give
evidence that the lightning is frequently very destructive in its work.
The bark of the pine trees is of a reddish gray color, which contrasts
brightly with the green foliage.

The winter road furnishes even more attractions than the summer road on
which line a railroad should be built through to the Canon.  Soon after
leaving town a side road leads to the cliff dwellings in Walnut Canon.
Along the wayside a signboard points the direction to the Bottomless
Pit, which is a deep hole in the ground that is only one of many such
fissures in the earth found on the Colorado Plateau.  Four miles east
of Canon Diablo a narrow fissure from a few inches  to several feet
wide and hundreds of feet deep has been traced in a continuous line
over one hundred miles.

Further on a group of cave dwellings can be seen among the rocks upon a
distant bill.  A turn in the road next brings the Sunset Mountain into
view.  Its crest glows with the colors of sunset, which unusual effect
is produced by colored rocks that are of volcanic origin.   Black
cinders cover its steep sides and its brow is the rim of a deep crater.
Between Sunset Peak and O'Leary Peak is the Black Crater from which
flowed at one time thick streams of black lava that hardened into rock
and are known as the lava beds.  Scores of crater cones and miles of
black cinders can be seen from Sunset Mountain, and lava and cinders of
this region look as fresh as if an eruption had occurred but yesterday.

A peculiarity of the pine trees which grow in the cinders is that their
roots do not go down but spread out upon the surface.  Some of the
roots are entirely bare while others are half buried in cinders.  They
are from an inch to a foot thick and from ten to fifty feet long,
according to the size of the tree which they support.  The cause of the
queer root formation is not apparent.

The whole plateau country is scarce of water.  The Grand Canon drains
the ground dry to an unusual depth.  The nearest spring of water to the
Canon at Grand View is Cedar Spring, forty miles distant.  Until
recently all the water used at the canon was either packed upon burros
from springs down in the canon or caught in ponds or reservoirs from
rains or melted snow.  Since the completion of the railroad the water
is hauled in on cars constructed for that purpose.

The watershed of the canon slopes away from the rim and instead of the
storm water running directly into the river it flows in the opposite
direction.  Only after a long detour of many miles does it finally
reach the river by the Little Colorado or Cataract Creek.

Now that the Grand Canon is made accessible by rail over a branch road
of the Santa Fe from Williams on the main line, it is reached in
comparative ease and comfort.  But to stop at the Bright Angel Hotel
and look over the guard rail on the cliff down into the canon gives
merely a glimpse of what there is to see.  A brief stay of one day is
better than not stopping at all, but to get even an inkling of its
greatness and grandeur days and weeks must be spent in making trips up
and down and into the canon.

After having seen the canon at Bright Angel the next move should be to
go to Grand View fourteen miles up the canon.  An all day's stage ride
from Flagstaff to the canon was tiresome, but the two hours' drive
through the pine woods from Bright Angel to Grand View is only pleasant
recreation.

Seeing the Grand Canon for the first time does not necessarily produce
the startling and lachrymose effects that have been described by some
emotional writers, but the first sight never disappoints and always
leaves a deep and lasting impression.

As immense as is the great chasm it is formed in such harmonious
proportions that it does not shock the senses.  But as everything about
the canon is built on such a grand scale and the eyes not being
accustomed to such sights it is impossible to comprehend it--to measure
its dimensions correctly or note every detail of form and color at the
first glance.  As the guide remarked, "God made it so d-- big that you
can't lie about it."

To comprehend it at all requires time to re-educate the senses and make
them accustomed to the new order of things.  But even a cursory view
will always remain in the memory as the event of a lifetime in the
experience of the average mortal.

Distance in the canon cannot be measured by the usual standards.  There
are sheer walls of rocks that are thousands of feet high and as many
more feet deep, but where the bottom seems to be is only the beginning
of other chasms which lie in the dark shadows and descend into yet
deeper depths below.  The canon is not a single empty chasm, which is
the universal conception of a canon, but consists of a complex system
of sub and side canons that is bewildering.  Out of its depths rise an
infinite number and variety of castellated cliffs and sculptured buttes
that represent every conceivable variety of architecture.  They have
the appearance of a resurrected city of great size and beauty which
might have been built by an army of Titans then buried and forgotten.

A trip into the canon down one of the trails makes its magnitude even
more impressive than a rim view.  The distance across the chasm is also
much greater than what it seems to be, which is demonstrated by the
blue haze that fills the canon.  The nearby buttes are perfectly
distinct, but as the distance increases across the great gorge the haze
gradually thickens until the opposite wall is almost obscured by the
mist.

The myriads of horizontal lines which mark the different strata of
rocks have the appearance of a maze of telegraph wires strung through
the canon.

A ride leisurely on horseback along the rim trail from Thurber's old
camp to Bissell's Point, seven miles up the canon, and back is easily
made in a day.  It presents a panorama of magnificent views all along
the rim, but Bissell's is conceded to be the best view point on the
canon.  From this point about thirty miles of river can be seen as it
winds in and out deep down among the rocks.  The Colorado river is a
large stream, but as seen here a mile below and several miles out, it
dwindles into insignificance and appears no larger than a meadow brook.
The river looks placid in the distance, but is a raging, turbulent
torrent in which an ordinary boat cannot live and the roar of its wild
waters can be distinctly heard as of the rushing of a distant train of
cars.

A second day spent in riding down the canon to Grand View Point and
back is equally delightful.  Looking across a bend in the canon from
Grand View Point to Bissell's Point the distance seems to be scarcely
more than a stone's throw, yet it is fully half the distance of the
circuitous route by the rim trail.

There are three trails leading into the canon and down to the river,
the Bright Angel, Grand View and Hance trails, which are at intervals
of eight and twelve miles apart.  They are equally interesting and
comparatively safe if the trip is made on the back of a trained pony or
burro with a competent guide.

The Hance trail is a loop and is twenty miles long.  It is seven miles
down to the river, six miles up the stream and seven miles back to the
rim.  It was built single handed by Captain John Hance, who has lived
many years in the canon.  The trail is free to pedestrians, but yields
the captain a snug income from horse hire and his own services as guide
for tourists who go over the trail.

Captain Hance is an entertaining raconteur and he spins many
interesting yarns for the amusement, if not the edification, of his
guests.  The serious manner in which he relates his stories makes it
sometimes hard to tell whether he is in jest or earnest.  His
acknowledged skill in mountaineering, and felicity in romancing has won
for him more than a local reputation and the distinguished title of
Grand Canon Guide and Prevaricator.

He relates how "once upon a time" he pursued a band of mountain sheep
on the rim of the canon.  Just as he was about to secure his quarry the
sheep suddenly turned a short corner and disappeared behind some rocks.
Before he realized his danger he found himself on the brink of a
yawning abyss and under such a momentum that he could not turn aside or
stop his horse.  Together they went over the cliff in an awful leap.
He expected to meet instant death on the rocks below and braced himself
for the shock.  As the fall was greater than usual, being over a mile
deep in a perpendicular line, it required several seconds for the
descending bodies to traverse the intervening space, which gave him a
few moments to think and plan some way of escape.  At the critical
moment a happy inspiration seized and saved him.  On the instant that
his horse struck the rock and was dashed to pieces, the captain sprang
nimbly from the saddle to his feet unharmed.  To prove the truth of his
statement he never misses an opportunity to point out to the tourist
the spot where his horse fell, and shows the white bones of his defunct
steed bleaching in the sun.

At Moran's Point there is a narrow cleft in the rocks which he calls
the Fat Woman's Misery.  It received its name several years ago from a
circumstance that happened while he was conducting a party of tourists
along the rim trail.  To obtain a better view the party essayed to
squeeze through the opening, in which attempt all succeeded except one
fat women who stuck fast.  After vainly trying to extricate her from
her uncomfortable position he finally told her that there was but one
of two things to do, either remain where she was and starve to death or
take one chance in a thousand of being blown out alive by dynamite.
After thinking a moment she decided to try the "one chance in a
thousand" experiment.

A charge of dynamite was procured and the fuse lighted.  After the
explosion he returned to the spot and found the result satisfactory.
The blast had released the woman, who was alive and sitting upon a
rock.  He approached her cheerfully and said:

"Madam, how do you feel?"  She looked up shocked, but evidently very
much relieved, and replied "Why, sir, I feel first rate, but the jolt
gave me a little toothache."

He tells another story of how he once took a drink from the Colorado
river.  The water is never very clear in the muddy stream but at that
particular time it was unusually murky.  He had nothing with which to
dip the water and lay down on the bank to take a drink.  Being very
thirsty he paid no attention to the quality of the water, but only knew
that it tasted wet.  The water, however, grew thicker as he drank until
it became balled up in his mouth, and stuck fast in his throat and
threatened to choke him.  He tried to bite it off but failed because
his teeth were poor.  At last becoming desperate, he pulled his hunting
knife from his belt and cut himself loose from his drink.

Different theories have been advanced to account for the origin of the
Grand Canon, but it is a question whether it is altogether due to any
one cause.  Scientists say that it is the work of water erosion, but to
the layman it seems impossible.  If an ocean of water should flow over
rocks during eons of ages it does not seem possible that it could cut
such a channel.

Water sometimes does queer things, but it has never been known to
reverse nature.  By a fundamental law of hydrostatics water always
seeks its level and flows in the direction of least resistance.  If
water ever made the Grand Canon it had to climb a hill and cut its way
through the backbone of the Buckskin mountains, which are not a range
of peaks but a broad plateau of solid rock.  Into this rock the canon
is sunk more than a mile deep, from six to eighteen miles wide and over
two hundred miles long.

In order to make the theory of water erosion tenable it is assumed that
the Colorado river started in its incipiency like any other river.
After a time the river bed began to rise and was gradually pushed up
more and more by some unknown subterranean force as the water cut
deeper and deeper into the rock until the Grand Canon was formed.

Captain Hance has a theory that the canon originated in an underground
stream which tunneled until it cut its way through to the surface.  As
improbable as is this theory it is as plausible as the erosion theory,
but both theories appear to be equally absurd.

At some remote period of time the entire southwest was rent and torn by
an awful cataclysm which caused numerous fissures and seams to appear
all over the country.  The force that did the work had its origin in
the earth and acted by producing lateral displacement rather than
direct upheaval.  Whenever that event occurred the fracture which marks
the course of the Grand Canon was made and, breaking through the
enclosing wall of the Great Basin, set free the waters of an inland
sea.  What the seismic force began the flood of liberated water helped
to finish, and there was born the greatest natural wonder of the known
world.

There are canons all over Arizona and the southwest that resemble the
Grand Canon, except that they were made on a smaller scale.  Many of
them are perfectly dry and apparently never contained any running
water.  They are all so much alike that they were evidently made at the
same time and by the same cause.  Walnut Canon and Canon Diablo are
familiar examples of canon formation.

The rocks in the canons do not stand on end, but lie in horizontal
strata and show but little dip anywhere.  Indeed, the rocks lie so
plumb in many places that they resemble the most perfect masonry.

The rim rock of the Mogollon Mesa is of the same character as the walls
of the Grand Canon and is an important part of the canon system.  It is
almost a perpendicular cliff from one to three thousand feet high which
extends from east to west across central Arizona and divides the great
northern plateau from the southern valleys.  It is one side of an
immense vault or canon wall whose mate has been lost or dropped
completely out of sight.

In many of the canons where water flows continuously, effects are
produced that are exactly the opposite of those ascribed to water
erosion.  Instead of the running water cutting deeper into the earth it
has partly filled the canon with alluvium, thereby demonstrating
nature's universal leveling process.  Even the floods of water which
pour through them during every rainy season with an almost irresistible
force carry in more soil than they wash out and every freshet only adds
new soil to the old deposits.  If these canons were all originally made
by water erosion as is claimed, why does not the water continue to act
in the same manner now but, instead, completely reverses itself as
above stated?  There can be but one of two conclusions, either that
nature has changed or that scientists are mistaken.

The Aravaipa in southern Arizona is an interesting canon and is typical
of its kind.  Its upper half is shallow and bounded by low rolling
foothills, but in the middle it suddenly deepens and narrows into a box
canon, which has high perpendicular walls of solid rock like the Grand
Canon.  It is a long, narrow valley sunk deep into the earth and has
great fertility and much wild beauty.  It measures from a few feet to a
mile in width and drains a large scope of rough country.  The surface
water which filters through from above reappears in numerous springs of
clear cold water in the bottom of the canon.  In the moist earth and
under the shade of forest trees grow a variety of rare flowers, ferns
and mosses.

Where the canon begins to box a large spring of pure cold water issues
from the sand in the bottom of a wash which is the source of the
Aravaipa creek.  It flows through many miles of rich alluvial land and
empties into the San Predo river.  The valley was settled many years
ago by men who were attracted to the spot by its rare beauty, fertility
of soil and an abundance of wood and water.

The land is moist and covered by a heavy growth of forest trees, which
will average over one hundred feet high.  The trees are as large and
the foliage as dense as in any eastern forest.  Being sunk deep in the
earth the narrow valley at the bottom of the canon can only be seen
from above.  When viewed from some favorable point it has the
appearance of a long green ribbon stretched loosely over a brown
landscape.  The sight of it is a pleasant surprise to the weary
wayfarer who, after traveling over many miles of dreary desert road,
finds himself suddenly ushered into such pleasant scenes.

The canons of Arizona are unrivaled for grandeur, sublimity and beauty,
and will attract an ever increasing number of admirers.


[1] Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain Region
and Painted Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. 1890.



CHAPTER XI

THE METEORITE MOUNTAIN

Ten miles southeast of Canon Diablo station on the Santa Fe Pacific
Railroad, stands the Meteorite Mountain of Arizona, on a wide, open
plain of the Colorado Plateau.  It is two hundred feet high and, as
seen at a distance, has the appearance of a low, flat mountain.  Its
top forms the rim of an immense, round, bowl-shaped hole in the ground
that has almost perpendicular sides, is one mile wide and over six
hundred feet deep.  The hole, originally, was evidently very much
deeper than it is at the present time, but it has gradually become
filled with debris to its present depth.  The bottom of the hole has a
floor of about forty acres of level ground which merges into a talus.

This formation is sometimes called the Crater, because of its shape,
but there is no evidence of volcanic action.  Locally it is known as
Coon Butte, which is a misnomer; but Meteorite Mountain is a name with
a meaning.

It is not known positively just how or when the mountain was formed,
but the weight of evidence seems to favor the meteorite theory, which
is that at some remote period of time a monster meteorite fell from the
sky and buried itself in the earth.

Mr. F. W. Volz, who has lived in the country twenty years and is an
intelligent observer of natural phenomena, has made a careful study of
the mountain, and it is his opinion that such an event actually
occurred and that a falling star made the mountain.  When the
descending meteorite, with its great weight and terrific momentum, hit
the earth something had to happen.  It buried itself deep beneath the
surface and caused the earth to heave up on all sides.  The effect
produced is aptly illustrated, on a small scale, by throwing a rock
into thick mud.

The impact of the meteorite upon the earth not only caused an upheaval
of the surface, but it also crushed and displaced the rocks beneath.
As the stellar body penetrated deeper into the earth its force became
more concentrated and either compressed the rocks into a denser mass or
ground them to powder.

The plain on which the mountain stands is covered by a layer of red
sandstone of variable thickness, as it is much worn in places by
weather erosion.  Below the top covering of red sandstone lie three
hundred feet of limestone and beneath the limestone five hundred feet
more of white sandstone.  This arrangement of the rocks is plainly seen
in the walls of Canon Diablo.

The displaced strata of rocks in the hole are tilted and stand outwards
and great boulders of red sandstone and limestone lie scattered all
about.  If the hole had been made by an explosion from below large
pieces of rock from each one of the different rock strata would have
been thrown out; but, while as just stated, there are plenty of huge
blocks of red sandstone and limestone, there are no large pieces of
white sandstone.  After the superficial layers of rock had been broken
up and expelled en masse, the deeper rock of white sandstone, being
more confined, could not reach the surface in the shape of boulders,
but had first to be broken up and ground to powder before it could
escape.  Then the white sandstones in the form of fine sand was blown
skywards by the collision and afterwards settled down upon the
mountain.  The mountain is covered with this white sand, which could
only have come out of the big hole as there is no other white sand or
sandstone found anywhere else upon the entire plain.

In the vicinity of the mountain about ten tons of meteorites have been
found, varying in size from the fraction of an ounce to one thousand
pounds or more.  Most of the meteorites were found by Mr. Volz, who
searched diligently every foot of ground for miles around.  The smaller
pieces were picked up on or near the rim, and they increased in size in
proportion as they were distant from the mountain until, on a circle
eight miles out, the largest piece was found.  Meteorites were found
upon all sides of the mountain but they seemed to be thickest on the
east side.

The writer first visited the mountain in the summer of 1901 and it was
the greatest surprise of his six weeks' trip sightseeing in northern
Arizona where are found many natural wonders.  He was fortunate enough
to find a three pound meteorite within five minutes after arriving on
the rim, which Mr. Volz said was the first specimen found by anyone in
over four years.

Professor G. K. Gilbert of the United States Geological Survey visited
the mountain several years ago to investigate the phenomenon and, if
possible, to determine its origin by scientific test.  He gave the
results of his researches in a very able and comprehensive address,[1]
delivered before the Geological Society of Washington, D.C.  The
existing conditions did not seem to fit his theories, and he concluded
his work without arriving at any definite conclusion.

After disposing of several hypotheses as being incompetent to prove the
origin of the mountain he decided to try the magnetic test.  He assumed
that if such a meteorite was buried there the large mass of metallic
iron must indicate its presence by magnetic attraction.  By means of
the latest scientific apparatus he conducted an elaborate magnetic
experiment which gave only negative results.

He discussed at length the various hypotheses which might explain the
origin of the crater and concluded his notable address as follows:

"Still another contribution to the subject, while it does not increase
the number of hypotheses, is nevertheless important in that it tends to
diminish the weight of the magnetic evidence and thus to reopen the
question which Mr. Baker and I supposed we had settled.  Our
fellow-member, Mr. Edwin E. Howell, through whose hands much of the
meteoric iron had passed, points out that each of the iron masses,
great and small, is in itself a complete individual.  They have none of
the characters that would be found if they had been broken one from
another, and yet, as they are all of one type and all reached the earth
within a small district, it must be supposed that they were originally
connected in some way.

"Reasoning by analogy from the characters of other meteoric bodies, he
infers that the irons were all included in a large mass of some
different material, either crystalline rock, such as constitutes the
class of meteorites called 'stony,' or else a compound of iron and
sulphur, similar to certain nodules discovered inside the iron masses
when sawn in two.  Neither of these materials is so enduring as iron,
and the fact that they are not now found on the plain does not prove
their original absence.  Moreover, the plain is strewn in the vicinity
of the crater with bits of limonite, a mineral frequently produced by
the action of air and water on iron sulphides, and this material is
much more abundant than the iron.  If it be true that the iron masses
were thus imbedded, like plums in an astral pudding, the hypothetic
buried star might have great size and yet only small power to attract
the magnetic needle.  Mr. Howell also proposes a qualification of the
test by volumes, suggesting that some of the rocks beneath the buried
star might have been condensed by the shock so as to occupy less space.

"These considerations are eminently pertinent to the study of the
crater and will find appropriate place in any comprehensive discussion
of its origin; but the fact which is peculiarly worthy of note at the
present time is their ability to unsettle a conclusion that was
beginning to feel itself secure.  This illustrates the tentative nature
not only of the hypotheses of science, but of what science calls its
results.

"The method of hypotheses, and that method is the method of science,
founds its explanations of nature wholly on observed facts, and its
results are ever subject to the limitations imposed by imperfect
observation.  However grand, however widely accepted, however useful
its conclusions, none is so sure that it cannot be called into question
by a newly discovered fact.  In the domain of the world's knowledge
there is no infallibility."

After Prof. Gilbert had finished his experiments, Mr. Volz tried some
of his own along the same line.  He found upon trial that the
meteorites in his possession were non-magnetic, or, practically so.  If
these, being pieces of the larger meteorite which was buried in the
hole, were non-magnetic, all of it must be non-magnetic, which would
account for the failure of the needle to act or manifest any magnetic
attraction in the greater test.

Mr. Volz also made another interesting discovery in this same
connection.  All over the meteorite zone are scattered about small
pieces of iron which he calls "iron shale."  It is analogous to the
true meteorite, but is "burnt" or "dead."  He regards these bits of
iron as dead sparks from a celestial forge, which fell from the
meteorite as it blazed through the heavens.

In experimenting with the stuff he found that it was not only highly
magnetic, but also possessed polarity in a marked degree; and was
entirely different from the true meteorite.  Here was a curiosity,
indeed; a small, insignificant and unattractive stone possessed of
strong magnetic polarity, a property of electricity that is as
mysterious and incomprehensible as is electricity itself.

Another peculiarity of Canon Diablo meteorite is that it contains
diamonds.  When the meteorite was first discovered by a Mexican sheep
herder he supposed that he had found a large piece of silver, because
of its great weight and luster, but he was soon informed of his
mistake.  Not long afterwards a white prospector who heard of the
discovery undertook to use it to his own advantage, by claiming that he
had found a mine of pure iron, which he offered for sale.  In an
attempt to dispose of the property samples of the ore were sent east
for investigation.  Some of the stone fell into the hands of Dr. Foote,
who pronounced it to be meteorite and of celestial origin.

Sir William Crookes in discussing the theory of the meteoric origin of
diamonds[2] says "the most striking confirmation of the meteoric theory
comes from Arizona.  Here, on a broad open plain, over an area about
five miles in diameter, were scattered from one to two thousand masses
of metallic iron, the fragments varying in weight from half a ton to a
fraction of an ounce.  There is little doubt that these masses formed
part of a meteorite shower, although no record exists as to when the
fall took place.  Curiously enough, near the center, where most of the
meteoritics have been found, is a crater with raised edges three
quarters of a mile in diameter and about six hundred feet deep, bearing
exactly the appearance which would be produced had a mighty mass of
iron or falling star struck the ground, scattering in all directions,
and buried itself deep under the surface.  Altogether ten tons of this
iron have been collected, and specimens of Canyon Diablo Meteorite are
in most collectors' cabinets.

"An ardent mineralogist, the late Dr. Foote, in cutting a section of
this meteorite, found the tools were injured by something vastly harder
than metallic iron, and an emery wheel used in grinding the iron had
been ruined.  He examined the specimen chemically, and soon after
announced to the scientific world that the Canyon Diablo Meteorite
contained black and transparent diamonds.  This startling discovery was
afterwards verified by Professors Friedel and Moissan, who found that
the Canyon Diablo Meteorite contained the three varieties of
carbon--diamond (transparent and black), graphite and amorphous carbon.
Since this revelation the search for diamonds in meteorites has
occupied the attention of chemists all over the world.

"Here, then, we have absolute proof of the truth of the meteoric
theory.  Under atmospheric influences the iron would rapidly oxidize
and rust away, coloring the adjacent soil with red oxide of iron.  The
meteoric diamonds would be unaffected and left on the surface to be
found by explorers when oxidation had removed the last proof of their
celestial origin.  That there are still lumps of iron left in Arizona
is merely due to the extreme dryness of the climate and the
comparatively short time that the iron has been on our planet.  We are
here witnesses to the course of an event which may have happened in
geologic times anywhere on the earth's surface."

About a year ago several mineral claims were located in the crater by a
company of scientific and moneyed men.  The required assessment work
was done and a patent for the land obtained from the government.  The
object of the enterprise is for a double purpose, if possible to solve
the mystery of the mountain, and if successful in finding the
"hypothetic buried star" to excavate and appropriate it for its
valuable iron.

A shaft has been sunk one hundred and ninety-five feet deep, where a
strong flow of water was encountered in a bed of white sand which
temporarily stopped the work.  A gasoline engine and drill were
procured and put in operation and the drill was driven down forty feet
further when it stuck fast in white quicksand.  It is the intention of
the company to continue the work and carry it on to a successful finish.

Nothing of value was found in the hole dug, but some of the workmen in
their leisure hours found on the surface two large meteorites weighing
one hundred and one hundred and fifty pounds respectively, besides a
number of smaller fragments.

The Meteorite Mountain is in a class by itself and is, in a way, as
great a curiosity as is the Grand Canon.  It is little known and has
not received the attention that it deserves.  It is, indeed, marvelous
and only needs to be seen to be appreciated.


[1] The Origin of Hypotheses. 1895.

[2] Diamonds.  Wm. Crookes, F.R.S. Smithsonian Report. 1897.



CHAPTER XII

THE CLIFF DWELLERS

In the canons of the Colorado river and its tributaries are found the
ruins of an ancient race of cliff dwellers.  These ruins are numerous
and are scattered over a wide scope of country, which includes Arizona
and portions of Utah, Colorado and New Mexico.  Many of them are yet in
a good state of preservation, but all show the marks of age and decay.
They are not less than four hundred years old and are, in all
probability, much older.  Their preservation is largely due to their
sheltered position among the rocks and an exceptionally dry climate.

The houses are invariably built upon high cliffs on shelving rocks in
places that are almost inaccessible.  In some instances they can only
be reached by steps cut into the solid rock, which are so old and worn
that they are almost obliterated.  Their walls so nearly resemble the
stratified rocks upon which they stand, that they are not easily
distinguished from their surroundings.

The cliffs are often sloping, sometimes overhanging, but more
frequently perpendicular.  The weather erosion of many centuries has
caused the softer strata of exposed rocks in the cliffs to disintegrate
and fall away, which left numberless caverns wherein this ancient and
mysterious people chose to build their eyrie homes to live with the
eagles.  The houses are built of all shapes and sizes and, apparently,
were planned to fit the irregular and limited space of their
environment.  Circular watch towers look down from commanding heights
which, from their shape and position, were evidently intended to serve
the double purpose of observation and defense.

In the search for evidence of their antiquity it is believed that data
has been found which denotes great age.  In the construction of some of
their houses, notably those in the Mancos Canon, is displayed a
technical knowledge of architecture and a mathematical accuracy which
savages do not possess; and the fine masonry of dressed stone and
superior cement seem to prove that Indians were not the builders.  On
the contrary, to quote a recent writer, "The evidence goes to show that
the work was done by skilled workmen who were white masons and who
built for white people in a prehistoric age."  In this connection it is
singular, if not significant, that the natives when first discovered
believed in a bearded white man whom they deified as the Fair God of
whose existence they had obtained knowledge from some source and in
whose honor they kept their sacred altar fires burning unquenched.

The relics that have been found in the ruins are principally implements
of the stone age, but are of sufficient variety to indicate a
succession of races that were both primitive and cultured and as widely
separated in time as in knowledge.

The cliff dwellings were not only the abodes of their original
builders, but were occupied and deserted successively by the chipped
stone implement maker, the polisher of hard stone, the basket maker and
the weaver.

Among the relics that have been found in the ruins are some very fine
specimens of pottery which are as symmetrical and well finished as if
they had been turned on a potter's wheel, and covered with an opaque
enamel of stanniferous glaze composed of lead and tin that originated
with the Phoenicians, and is as old as history.  Can it be possible
that the cliff dwellers are a lost fragment of Egyptian civilization?

The cliff ruins in Arizona are not only found in the canons of the
Colorado river, but also in many other places.  The finest of them are
Montezuma's Castle on Beaver creek, and the Casa Blanca in Canon de
Chelly.  Numerous other ruins are found on the Rio Verde, Gila river,
Walnut Canon and elsewhere.

The largest and finest group of cliff dwellings are those on the Mesa
Verde in Colorado.  They are fully described in the great work[1] of
Nordenskiold, who spent much time among them.  The different houses are
named after some peculiarity of appearance or construction, like the
Cliff Palace, which contains more than one hundred rooms, Long House,
Balcony House, Spruce Tree House, etc.

He obtained a large quantity of relics, which are also fully described,
consisting of stone implements, pottery, cotton and feather cloth,
osier and palmillo mats, yucca sandals, weaving sticks, bone awls, corn
and beans.

Many well-preserved mummies were found buried in graves that were
carefully closed and sealed.  The bodies were wrapped in a fine cotton
cloth of drawn work, which was covered by a coarser cloth resembling
burlap, and all inclosed in a wrapping of palmillo matting tied with a
cord made of the fiber of cedar bark.  The hair is fine and of a brown
color, and not coarse and black like the hair of the wild Indians.
Mummies have been exhumed that have red or light colored hair such as
usually goes with a fair skin.  This fact has led some to believe that
the cliff dwellers belonged to the white race, but not necessarily so,
as this quality of hair also belongs to albinos, who doubtless lived
among the cliff dwellers as they do among the Moquis and Zunis at the
present day, and explains the peculiarity of hair just mentioned.

These remains may be very modern, as some choose to believe, but, in
all probability, they are more ancient than modern.  Mummies encased in
wood and cloth have been taken from the tombs of Egypt in an almost
perfect state of preservation which cannot be less than two thousand
years old, and are, perhaps, more than double that age.  As there is no
positive knowledge as to when the cliff dwellers flourished, one man's
guess on the subject is as good as another's.

An important discovery was recently made near Mancos, Colorado, where a
party of explorers found in some old cliff dwellings graves beneath
graves that were entirely different from anything yet discovered.  They
were egg-shaped, built of stone and plastered smoothly with clay.  They
contained mummies, cloth, sandals, beads and various other trinkets.
There was no pottery, but many well-made baskets, and their owners have
been called the basket makers.  There was also a difference in the
skulls found.  The cliff dwellers' skull is short and flattened behind,
while the skulls that were found in these old graves were long, narrow
and round on the back.[2]

Rev. H. M. Baum, who has traveled all over the southwest and visited
every large ruin in the country, considers that Canon de Chelly and its
branch, del Muerto, is the most interesting prehistoric locality in the
United States.  The Navajos, who now live in the canon, have a
tradition that the people who occupied the old cliff houses were all
destroyed in one day by a wind of fire.[3] The occurrence, evidently,
was similar to what happened recently on the island of Martinique, when
all the inhabitants of the village of St. Pierre perished in an hour by
the eruption of Mont Pelee.

Contemporaneous with the cliff dwellers there seems to have lived a
race of people in the adjoining valleys who built cities and tilled the
soil. Judged by their works they must have been an industrious,
intelligent and numerous people.  All over the ground are strewn broken
pieces of pottery that are painted in bright colors and artistic
designs which, after ages of exposure to the weather, look as fresh as
if newly made, The relics that have been taken from the ruins are
similar to those found in the cliff houses, and consist mostly of stone
implements and pottery.

In the Gila valley, near the town of Florence, stands the now famous
Casa Grande ruin, which is the best preserved of all these ancient
cities.  It was a ruin when the Spaniards first discovered it, and is a
type of the ancient communal house.  Its thick walls are composed of a
concrete adobe that is as hard as rock, and its base lines conform to
the cardinal points of, the compass.   It is an interesting relic of a
past age and an extinct race and, if it cannot yield up its secrets to
science, it at least appeals to the spirit of romance and mystery.

Irrigating ditches which were fed from reservoirs supplied their fields
and houses with water.  Portions of these old canals are yet in
existence and furnish proof of the diligence and skill of their
builders.  The ditches were located on levels that could not be
improved upon for utilizing the land and water to the best advantage.
Modern engineers have not been able to better them and in many places
the old levels are used in new ditches at the present time.

Whatever may have been the fate of this ancient people their
destruction must be sought in natural causes rather than by human
warfare.  An adverse fate probably cut off their water supply and laid
waste their productive fields.  With their crops a failure and all
supplies gone what else could the people do but either starve or move,
but as to the nature of the exodus history is silent.

Just how ancient these works are might be difficult to prove, but they
are certainly not modern.  The evidence denotes that they have existed
a long time.  Where the water in a canal flowed over solid rock the
rock has been much worn.  Portions of the old ditches are filled with
lava and houses lie buried in the vitreous flood.  It is certain that
the country was inhabited prior to the last lava flow whether that
event occurred hundreds or thousands of years ago.

It is claimed that the Pueblo Indians and cliff dwellers are identical
and that the latter were driven from their peaceful valley homes by a
hostile foe to find temporary shelter among the rocks, but such a
conclusion seems to be erroneous in view of certain facts.

The cliff dwellings were not temporary camps, as such a migration would
imply, but places of permanent abode.  The houses are too numerous and
well constructed to be accounted for on any other hypothesis.  A people
fleeing periodically to the cliffs to escape from an enemy could not
have built such houses.  Indeed, they are simply marvelous when
considered as to location and construction.  The time that must
necessarily have been consumed in doing the work and the amount of
danger and labor involved--labor in preparing and getting the material
into place and danger in scaling the dizzy heights over an almost
impassible trail, it seems the boldest assumption to assert that the
work was done by a fleeing and demoralized mob.

Again, it would be a physical impossibility for a people who were only
accustomed to agricultural pursuits to suddenly and completely change
their habits of life such as living among the rocks would necessitate.
Only by native instinct and daily practice from childhood would it be
possible for any people to follow the narrow and difficult paths which
were habitually traveled by the cliff dwellers.  It requires a clear
head and steady nerves to perform the daring feat in safety--to the
truth of which statement modern explorers can testify who have made the
attempt in recent years at the peril of life and limb while engaged in
searching for archaeological treasures.

Judged by the everyday life that is familiar to us it seems incredible
that houses should ever have been built or homes established in such
hazardous places, or that any people should have ever lived there.  But
that they did is an established fact as there stand the houses which
were built and occupied by human beings in the midst of surroundings
that might appall the stoutest heart.  Children played and men and
women wrought on the brink of frightful precipices in a space so
limited and dangerous that a single misstep made it fatal.

It is almost impossible to conceive of any condition in life, or
combination of circumstances in the affairs of men, that should drive
any people to the rash act of living in the houses of the cliff
dwellers.  Men will sometimes do from choice what they cannot be made
to do by compulsion.  It is easier to believe that the cliff dwellers,
being free people, chose of their own accord the site of their
habitation rather than that from any cause they were compelled to make
the choice.  Their preference was to live upon the cliffs, as they were
fitted by nature for such an environment.

For no other reason, apparently, do the Moquis live upon their rocky
and barren mesas away from everything which the civilized white man
deems desirable, yet, in seeming contentment.  The Supais, likewise,
choose to live alone at the bottom of Cataract Canon where they are
completely shut in by high cliffs.  Their only road out is by a narrow
and dangerous trail up the side of the canon, which is little traveled
as they seldom leave home and are rarely visited.

To affirm that the cliff dwellers were driven from their strongholds
and dispersed by force is pure fiction, nor is there any evidence to
support such a theory.  That they had enemies no one doubts, but, being
in possession of an impregnable position where one man could
successfully withstand a thousand, to surrender would have been base
cowardice, and weakness was not a characteristic of the cliff dwellers.

The question of their subsistence is likewise a puzzle.  They evidently
cultivated the soil where it was practicable to do so as fragments of
farm products have been found in their dwellings, but in the vicinity
of some of the houses there is no tillable land and the inhabitants
must have depended upon other means for support.  The wild game which
was, doubtless, abundant furnished them with meat and edible seeds,
fruits and roots from native plants like the pinon pine and mesquite
which together with the saguaro and mescal, supplied them with a
variety of food sufficient for their subsistence as they do, in a
measure, the wild Indian tribes of that region at the present day.


[1] The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde, by F. Nordenskiold,
Stockholm. 1893.

[2] An Elder Brother of the Cliff Dwellers, by T. M. Prudden, M.D.
Harper's Magazine, June, 1897.

[3] Pueblo and Cliff Dwellers of the Southwest.  Records of the Past,
December, 1902.



CHAPTER XIII

THE MOQUI INDIANS

The Indians of Arizona are, perhaps, the most interesting of any of the
American aborigines.  They are as unique and picturesque as is the land
which they inhabit; and the dead are no less so than the living.

The Pueblo Indians, with which the Moquis are classed, number
altogether about ten thousand and are scattered in twenty-six villages
over Arizona and New Mexico.  They resemble each other in many
respects, but do not all speak the same language.  They represent
several wholly disconnected stems and are classified linguistically by
Brinton as belonging to the Uto-Aztecan, Kera, Tehua and Zuni stocks.
He believes that the Pueblo civilization is not due to any one
unusually gifted lineage, but is altogether a local product, developed
in independent tribes by their peculiar environment, which is favorable
to agriculture and sedentary pursuits.[1]

The houses are constructed of stone and adobe, are several stories high
and contain many apartments.  None of the existing pueblos are as large
as some that are in ruins which, judging by the quantity of debris,
must have been huge affairs.  Since the advent of the Spaniard the
style of building has changed somewhat to conform to modern ideas, so
that now some families live in separate one-story houses having doors
and windows, instead, as formerly, only in large communal houses that
were built and conducted on the communal plan.

Their manners and customs are peculiar to themselves and make an
interesting study.  Their civilization is entirely original, though
modified to some extent by centuries of contact with the whites.  They
understand the Spanish language, but have not forgotten their mother
tongue.  They hold tenaciously to their old customs and have not
changed materially during the past four hundred years.

During that time the Catholic missionaries endeavored to convert them
to Christianity, but with only partial success.  While they appeared to
acquiesce, by giving formal obedience to the requirements of the new
religion, they yet held sacred their old beliefs and in the privacy of
the estufa practiced in secret the rites and ceremonies of their
ancient faith.

The Spaniards undertook to conquer a free and independent people by
teaching them dependence and submission, but signally failed.  After a
struggle of two hundred and eighty years Spanish civilization withdrew
and left the Pueblo civilization victorious.

Under successive Spanish, Mexican and American rule the Pueblo has
preserved itself intact which fact stamps the Pueblo people as being
eminently valiant, self-reliant and persevering.  They are peaceable,
industrious and hospitable and are said to be the best governed people
in the world.  As nearly as can be ascertained they are free from every
gross vice and crime and Mr. C. F. Lummis, who knows them well,
believes them to be a crimeless people.

The Moquis of Arizona are the most primitive of the Pueblo Indians and
are worthy representatives of their race.  They are of the Aztecan
branch of the Shoshonean family and probably the lineal descendents of
the cliff dwellers.  Their home is on the Painted Desert in
northeastern Arizona where they have lived for many centuries.  It is a
barren and desolate spot and has been likened to Hades with its fires
extinguished.  Nevertheless it is an exceedingly interesting region and
furnishes many attractions.  The landscape is highly picturesque and
the phantasmagoric effects of the rarified atmosphere are bewitching.

In the early Spanish days Moqui land was designated as the Province of
Tusayan and was shrouded in mystery.  The seven Moqui towns were at one
time regarded as the seven Cities of Cibola, but later it was decided
that Zuni and not Moqui was the true Cibola.

When Coronado, at the head of his intrepid army, marched through the
land in the year 1540, he procured native guides to aid him in
exploring the country, hoping to find fabulous wealth which failed to
materialize.  He heard of a race of giants whom he wished to meet, but
instead of finding them discovered a river with banks so high that they
"seemed to be raised three or four leagues into the air."  What he saw
was the Colorado River with its gigantic canon walls and wealth of
architectural grandeur and beauty.  The bewildering sight naturally
astonished him as it does every beholder.  Think of a fissure in the
earth over a mile deep!  But the Grand Canon of Arizona is more that a
simple fissure in the earth.  It is composed of many canons which form
a seemingly endless labyrinth of winding aisles and majestic
avenues--fit promenades for the Gods.

The land of the Moquinos is full of surprises and, although they are
not all as startling as the Grand Canon, they are sufficiently striking
to make Arizona a wonderland that is second to none on the continent.

The Moquis live in seven towns or pueblos which are built upon three
rocky mesas that are many miles apart.  The mesas are about seven
thousand feet above sea level and from six to eight hundred feet higher
than the surrounding plain.  Upon the first or eastern mesa are located
the three towns of Te-wa, Si-chom-ovi and Wal-pi.  Tewa is the newest
of the three towns and was built by the Tehuan allies who came as
refugees from the Rio Grande after the great rebellion of 1680.  They
were granted permission to build on the spot by agreeing to defend the
Gap, where the trail leaves the mesa, against all intruders.

Upon the second or middle mesa are the towns of Mi-shong-novi,
Shi-pauli-ovi and Shong-o-pavi; and on the third mesa is O-rai-bi,
which is the largest of the Moqui villages, and equal to the other six
in size and population.  The entire population of the seven Moqui towns
numbers about two thousand souls.

In 1583 Espejo estimated that the Moquis numbered fifty thousand,
which, doubtless, was an over estimate, as he has been accused of
exaggeration.  However, since their discovery their numbers have
greatly diminished and steadily continue to decrease, as if it were
also to be their fate to become extinct like the ancient cliff dwellers.

The Moqui Pueblos are well protected by natural barriers upon all sides
except towards the south.  Perched upon their high mesas the people
have been safe from every attack of an enemy, but their fields and
flocks in the valley below were defenseless.  The top of the several
mesas can only be reached by ascending steep and difficult trails which
are hard to climb but easy to defend.  The paths on the mesas have been
cut deep into the hard rock, which were worn by the soft tread of
moccasined feet during centuries of travel, numbering, perhaps, several
times the four hundred years that are known to history.

The houses are built of stone and mortar, and rise in terraces from one
to five stories high, back from a street or court to a sheer wall.
Some of the remodeled and newly built houses have modern doors and
windows.  The upper stories are reached from the outside by ladders and
stone stairways built into the walls.  The rooms are smoothly plastered
and whitewashed and the houses are kept tidy and clean, but the streets
are dirty and unsanitary.

In these sky cities the Moquis live a retired life that is well suited
to their quiet dispositions, love of home life and tireless industry.
The men are kind, the women virtuous and the children obedient.
Indeed, the children are unusually well behaved.  They seldom quarrel
or cry, and a spoiled child cannot be found among them.  The Moquis
love peace, and never fight among themselves.  If a dispute occurs it
is submitted to a peace council of old men, whose decision is final and
obeyed without a murmur.

They are shy and suspicious of strangers, but if addressed by the magic
word lolomi, their reserve is instantly gone.  It is the open sesame to
their hearts and homes, and after that the house contains nothing too
good to bestow upon the welcome guest.  They are true children of
nature, and have not yet become corrupted by the vices of white
civilization.  The worst thing they do is that the men smoke tobacco.

Their industries are few, but afford sufficient income to provide for
their modest needs.  They are primarily tillers of the soil, and as
agriculturists succeed under circumstances that would wholly baffle and
discourage an eastern farmer.  Several years ago a man was sent out
from Washington to teach the Moquis agriculture, but before a year had
passed the teacher had to buy corn from the Indians.  They make baskets
and pottery, weave cloth and dress skins for their own use and to
barter in trade with their neighbors.  They like silver and have
skilled workmen who make the white metal into beads and buttons and
various trinkets for personal adornment.  They care nothing for gold,
and silver is their only money.  Chalchihuitl is their favorite gem and
to own a turquoise stone is regarded as an  omen of good fortune to the
happy possessor.

Just how the Spaniards got the notion that the Moquis loved gold and
possessed vast stores of that precious metal is not apparent unless it
be, as Bandelier suggests, that it originated in the myth of the El
Dorado, or Gilded Man.[2] The story started at Lake Guatanita in
Bogota, and traveled north to Quivera, but the wealth that the
Spaniards sought they never found.  Their journey led them over deserts
that gave them but little food and only a meager supply of water, and
ended in disaster.

The mesas are all rock and utterly barren, and their supplies are all
brought from a distance over difficult trails.  The water is carried in
ollas by the women from springs at the foot of the mesa; wood is packed
on burros from distant forests; and corn, melons and peaches are
brought home by the men when they return from their work in the fields.
A less active and industrious people, under similar circumstances,
would soon starve to death, but the Moquis are self-supporting and have
never asked nor received any help from Uncle Sam.

In the early morning the public crier proclaims in stentorian tones
from the housetop the program for the day, which sends everyone to his
daily task.  They are inured to labor and do not count work as a
hardship.  It is only by incessant toil that they succeed at all in
earning a living with the scanty resources at their command, and the
only surprise is that they succeed so well.  There is scarcely an hour
during the day or night that men and women are not either coming or
going on some errand to provision the home.

The men travel many miles every day going to and from their work in the
fields.  If a man owns a burro he sometimes rides, but usually prefers
to walk.  What the burro does not pack, the man carries on his back.
He often sings at his work, just as the white man does in any farming
community, and his song sounds good.

The burro is the common carrier and, because of his sterling qualities,
is a prime favorite in all of the pueblos.  If he has any faults they
are all condoned except one, that of theft.  If he is caught eating in
a corn field he is punished as a thief by having one of his ears cut
off; and if the offense is repeated he loses his other ear in the same
manner.

The area of tillable land is limited and is found only in small
patches, which cause the farms to be widely scattered.  The soil is
mostly sand which the wind drifts into dunes that sometimes cover and
destroy the growing crops.  The peach trees are often buried in sand or
only their top branches remain visible.  There are no running streams
of water and rains are infrequent.

Corn is the principal crop and support of the Moquis.  If there is a
good crop the surplus is stored away and kept to be used in the future
should a crop fail.  The corn is planted in irregular hills and
cultivated with a hoe.  It is dropped into deep holes made with a stick
and covered up.  There is always enough moisture in the sand to sprout
the seed which, aided by an occasional shower, causes it to grow and
mature a crop.  The corn is of a hardy, native variety that needs but
little water to make it grow.  The grain is small and hard like popcorn
and ripens in several colors.

It is carried home from the field by the men, and ground into meal by
the women.  The sound of the grinding is heard in the street and is
usually accompanied by a song that sounds weird but musical.  The meal
is ground into different grades of fineness and when used for bread is
mixed with water to form a thin batter which is spread by the hand upon
a hot, flat stone.  It is quickly baked and makes a thin wafer that is
no thicker than paper.  When done it is removed from the stone by the
naked hand and is rolled or folded into loaves which makes their prized
pici bread.  It is said to be only one of fifty different methods which
the Moquis have of preparing corn for the table, or about twice the
number of styles known to any modern chef.

The Moqui woman is favored above many of her sex who live in foreign
lands.  As a child she receives much attention and toys galore, as the
parents are very fond of their children and devote much time to their
amusement.  They make dolls of their Katcinas which are given to the
children to play with.  A Katcina is the emblem of a deity that is
represented either in the form of a doll carved out of wood, woven into
a plaque or basket, or painted on tiles and pottery.  There are between
three and four hundred Katcina dolls each one representing a different
divinity.  When a doll is given to a child it is taught what it means,
thus combining instruction with amusement.  The method is a perfect
system of kindergarten teaching, which the Moquis invented and used
centuries before the idea occurred to Froebel.

When the girl is ten years old her education properly begins and she is
systematically inducted into the mysteries of housekeeping.  At fifteen
she has completed her curriculum and can cook, bake, sew, dye, spin and
weave and is, indeed, graduated in all the accomplishments of the
finished Moqui maiden.  She now does up her hair in two large coils or
whorls, one on each side of the head, which is meant to resemble a
full-blown squash blossom and signifies that the wearer is of
marriageable age and in the matrimonial market.  It gives her a
striking yet not unbecoming appearance, and, if her style of coiffure
were adopted by modern fashion it would be something unusually
attractive.  As represented by Donaldson in the eleventh census report
the handsome face of Pootitcie, a maiden of the pueblo of Sichomovi,
makes a pretty picture that even her white sisters must admire.  After
marriage the hair is let down and done up in two hard twists that fall
over the shoulders.  This form represents a ripe, dried squash blossom
and means fruitfulness.

Her dress is not Spanish nor yet altogether Indian, but is simple,
comfortable and becoming, which is more than can be said of some
civilized costumes.  She chooses her own husband, inherits her mother's
name and property and owns the house in which she lives.  Instead of
the man owning and bossing everything, as he so dearly loves to do in
our own civilization, the property and labor of the Moqui husband and
wife are equally divided, the former owning and tending the fields and
flocks and the latter possessing and governing the house.

The Moquis are famous for their games, dances and festivals, which have
been fully described by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes in various reports to the
Smithsonian Institution.  They have many secret orders, worship the
supernatural, and believe in witchcraft.  Their great fete day is the
Snake Dance, which is held in alternate years at Walpi and Oraibi, at
the former place in the odd year and at the latter place in the even
year, some time during the month of August.  It is purely a religious
ceremony, an elaborate supplication for rain, and is designed to
propitiate the water god or snake deity.

Preliminary ceremonies are conducted in the secret Kiva several days
preceding the public dance.  The Kiva is an underground chamber that is
cut out of the solid rock, and is entered by a ladder.  It has but a
single opening on top on a level with the street, which serves as door,
window and chimney.  The room is only used by the men, and is, in fact,
a lodge room, where the members of the several secret orders meet and
engage in their solemn ceremonials.  It is a sacred place, a holy of
holies, which none but members of a lodge may enter, and is carefully
guarded.

The snakes used in the dance are all wild, and captured out on the open
plain.  Four days prior to the dance the snake men, dressed in scanty
attire and equipped with their snake-capturing paraphernalia, march out
in squads and scour the surrounding country in search of snakes.  One
day each is spent in searching the ground towards the four points of
the compass, in the order of north, west, south and east, returning at
the close of each day with their catch to the Kiva, where the snakes
are kept and prepared for the dance.  The snakes caught are of several
varieties, but much the largest number are rattlesnakes.  Respect is
shown for serpents of every variety and none are ever intentionally
harmed, but the rattlesnake is considered the most sacred and is
proportionately esteemed.  Its forked tongue represents lightning, its
rattle thunder and its spots rain-clouds.  The number of snakes they
find is surprising, as they catch from one to two hundred during the
four days' hunt on ground that might be carefully searched by white men
for months without finding a single reptile.

The snake men are very expert in catching and handling serpents, and
are seldom bitten.  If one is bitten it is nothing serious, as they
have a secret medicine which they use that is both prophylactic and
curative, and makes them immune to the poison so that no harm ever
results from a bite.  The medicine is taken internally and also applied
locally.  Efforts have been made to discover its composition but
without success.  If a snake is located which shows fight by the act of
coiling it is tickled with a snake-whip made of eagle's feathers, which
soon soothes its anger and causes it to uncoil and try to run away.  It
is then quickly and safely caught up and dropped from the hand into a
bag carried for that purpose.

Visitors who attend the dance are under no restrictions, but are free
to come and go as they please, either sightseeing or in search of
curios.  If the visitor has a supply of candy, matches and
smoking-tobacco to give away he finds frequent opportunities to bestow
his gifts.  The children ask for "canty," the women want "matchi," and
the men are pleased with a "smoke."

On the morning of the dance both the men and women give their hair an
extra washing by using a mixture of water and crushed soap-root.  The
white fibers of the soap-root get mixed with the hair, which gives it a
tinge of iron gray.  The children also get a bath which, because of the
great scarcity of water, is not of daily occurrence.

To the Moquis the snake dance is a serious and solemn affair, but to
the visitors it is apt to be an occasion for fun and frolic.  Owing to
a misunderstanding of its true meaning, and because of misconduct in
the past on similar occasions, notice is posted on the Kiva asking
visitors to abstain from loud laughing and talking.  In other words it
is a polite request made by the rude red man of his polished (?) white
brother to please behave himself.

The dance begins late in the afternoon and lasts less than one hour,
but while it is in progress the action is intense.  The snakes are
carried in a bag or jar from the Kiva to the Kisa, built of cotton-wood
boughs on one side of the plaza, where the snakes are banded out to the
dancers.  After much marching and countermarching about the plaza,
chanting weird songs and shaking rattles, the column of snake priests,
dressed in a fantastic garb of paint, fur and feathers, halts in front
of the Kisa and breaks up into groups of three.

The carrier takes a snake from the Kisa puts it in his mouth, and
carries it there while dancing.  Some of the more ambitious young men
will carry two or more of the smaller snakes at the same time.  The
hugger throws his left arm over the shoulder of the carrier and with
his right hand fans the snake with his feather whip.  The gatherer
follows after and picks up the snakes as they fall to the ground.

After the snakes have all been danced they are thrown into a heap and
sprinkled with sacred corn meal by the young women.  The scattering of
the meal is accompanied by a shower of spittle from the spectators, who
are stationed on, convenient roofs and ladders viewing the ceremony.
Fleet runners now catch up the snakes in handfuls and dash off in an
exciting race over the mesa and down rocky trails to the plains below
where the snakes are returned unharmed to their native haunts.

While the men are away disposing of the reptiles the women carry out
large ollas, or jars, filled with a black liquid, which is the snake
medicine that is used in the final act of purification by washing.
When the men return to the mesa they remove their regalias and proceed
to drink of the snake medicine which acts as an emetic.  With the
remainder of the concoction, and assisted by the women, they wash their
bodies free from paint.  After the men are all washed and puked they
re-enter the Kiva, where the long fast is broken by a feast and the
formal ceremonies of the snake dance are ended.

The snake dance is annually witnessed by many visitors who gather from
different sections of the country and even foreign lands.  As there are
no hotels to entertain guests every visitor must provide his own outfit
for conveyance, eating and sleeping.  Even water is scarce.  Local
springs barely furnish enough water to supply the native population;
and when the number of people to be supplied is increased from one to
two hundred by the visitors who attend the dance, the water question
becomes a serious problem.

On the lower portion of the road which leads up from the spring to the
gap at Walpi on the first mesa, the trail is over drifted sand which
makes difficult walking.  To remedy this defect in the trail, a path
has been made of flat stones laid in the sand, which shows that the
Moquis are quick to recognize and utilize an advantage that contributes
to their convenience and comfort.

The Santa Fe Pacific is the nearest railroad, which runs about one
hundred miles south of the Moqui villages.  The tourist can secure
transportation at reasonable rates of local liverymen either from
Holbrook, Winslow, Canon Diablo or Flagstaff.  The trip makes an
enjoyable outing that is full of interest and instruction from start to
finish.

Some years ago the government, through its agents, began to civilize
and Christianize these Indians and established a school at Keam's
Canon, nine miles east of the first mesa, for that purpose.  When the
school was opened the requisition for a specified number of children
from each pueblo was not filled until secured by force.  As free
citizens of the United States, being such by the treaty made with
Mexico in 1848 and, indeed, already so under a system of
self-government superior to our own and established long before
Columbus discovered America, they naturally resented any interference
in their affairs but, being in the minority and overpowered, had to
submit.

When the object of the school was explained to them, they consented to
receive secular instructions but objected to any religious teaching.
They asked to have schools opened in the pueblos on the plan of our
public schools where the children could attend during the day and
return home at night, and their home life be not broken up, but their
prayer was denied.

The reservation school was opened for the purpose of instructing the
Moqui children in civilization, but the results obtained have not been
entirely satisfactory.  The methods employed for enforcing discipline
have been unnecessarily severe and have given dissatisfaction.  As
recently as the year 1903 the children of this inoffensive and harmless
people were forcibly taken from their homes and put into the schools.
The time selected for doing the dastardly deed was during the night in
midwinter when the weather was cold and the ground covered with snow.
Under the orders of the superintendent the reservation police made the
raid without warning or warrant of any kind.  While the people slept,
the police entered their houses, dragged the little children from their
comfortable beds and drove them naked out into the snow and cold, where
they were rounded up and herded like cattle.

The indignity and outrage of this and other similar acts have
embittered the Moquis until they have lost what little respect they
ever had for Christianity and civilization.  The policy of the
government is to make them do whatever they do not want to do, to break
up the family and scatter its members.  The treatment has created two
factions among the Moquis known as the "hostiles" who are only hostile
in opposing oppression and any change in their religious faith and
customs; and the "friendlies" who are willing to obey the boss placed
over them and comply with his demands.

Religion is the dearest treasure of mankind, and when assailed always
finds ready defenders.  Possessed by this innate feeling of right and
rankling with the injustice of the past, is it surprising that they
should spurn any proffered help?  They remember what they have suffered
in the past and do not care to repeat the experiment.  To this day the
Moquis hold the mission epoch in contempt and nothing could induce them
to accept voluntarily any proposition that savored ought of the old
regime.  Every vestige of that period has been obliterated from the
pueblos that nothing tangible should remain to remind them of their
undeserved humiliation.

They are a highly religious people worshiping after their own creed,
and are sincere and conscientious in their devotions.  Almost
everything they do has some religious significance and every day its
religious observance.  Their religion satisfies them and harms no one,
then why not leave them in peace?  We believe that we can benefit them,
which is doubtless true, but might they not also teach us some useful
lessons?  It would sometimes be more to our credit if we were less
anxious to teach others, and more willing to learn ourselves.

Next to their religion they love their homes most.  The rocks upon
which they live, are they not dear from associations?  Is it not the
land of their birth and the home of their fathers during many
generations?  They cling with stubborn tenacity to their barren mesas
and nothing thus far has succeeded in driving them away; neither war,
pestilence nor famine.  Repeated attempts have been made to induce them
to leave, but without success.

Tom Polaki, the principal man of Tewa, was the first man to respond to
the call to come down.  He left the mesa several years ago, and went to
the plain below to live.  Having captured the bell wether it was
presumed that the balance of the flock would soon follow, but the
contrary proved to be true.  At the foot of the bluff near a spring on
the road that leads up to the gap Tom built a modern house and tried to
imitate the white man.  But the change did not suit him, and after
living in his modern house for a number of years, he finally sold it
and returned to his old home on the mesa.  A few others at different
times have tried the same experiment with no better success.  The man
would stay for a short time in the house provided for him, but never
made it a permanent home for his family.

That the Moquis are changing is best illustrated by reference to one of
their marriage customs.  It is the custom when a youth contemplates
matrimony to make a marriage blanket.  He grows the cotton, spins the
yarn and weaves the cloth, which requires a year or more of time to
finish.  Since the children have gone to school it is not deemed
necessary for a young man to go to so much trouble and expense as to
make a marriage blanket, but instead, he borrows one from a friend in
the village, and after the ceremony is over returns it to the owner.
Even now it is not easy to find such a blanket, and very soon they will
be priceless as no more such garments will be made.

The only reasonable explanation why any people should select a location
like that of the Moquis is on the hypothesis of choice.  There is much
of the animal in human nature that is influenced by instinct, and man,
like the brute, often unconsciously selects what is most congenial to
his nature.  Thus instinct teaches the eagle to nest on the highest
crag and the mountain sheep to browse in pastures which only the
hardiest hunter dare approach.  For no better reason, apparently, do
the Moquis occupy their barren mesas; they simply prefer to live there
above any other place.

Safety has been urged as a motive for their conduct but it alone is not
a sufficient reason for solving the problem.  Their position is safe
enough from attack but in the event of a siege their safety would only
be temporary.  With their scant water supply at a distance and
unprotected they could not hold out long in a siege, but would soon be
compelled either to fight, fly or famish.

Again, if safety was their only reason for staying, they could have
left long ago and had nothing to fear, as they have been for many years
at peace with their ancient enemy the predatory Navajo.  But rather
than go they have chosen to remain in their old home where they have
always lived, and will continue to live so long as they are left free
to choose.

The modern iconoclast in his unreasonable devotion to realism has,
perhaps, stripped them of much old time romance, but even with all of
that gone, enough of fact remains to make them a remarkable people.
Instead of seeking to change them this last bit of harmless aboriginal
life should be spared and preserved, if possible, in all of its native
purity and simplicity.


[1] The American Race, by D. G. Brinton, 1891.

[2] The Gilded Man, by A. F. Bandelier, 1893.



CHAPTER XIV

A FINE CLIMATE

The climate of Arizona as described in the local vernacular is "sure
fine."  The combination of elements which make the climate is unusual
and cannot be duplicated elsewhere upon the American continent.  The
air is remarkably pure and dry.  Siccity, indeed, is its distinguishing
feature.  That the climate is due to geographical and meteorological
conditions cannot be doubted, but the effects are unexplainable by any
ordinary rules.

The region involved not only embraces Arizona, but also includes
portions of California and Mexico and is commonly known as the Colorado
Desert.  Yuma, at the junction of the Gila and Colorado rivers, is
approximately its geographical center.  The general aspect of the
country is low and flat and in the Salton sink the dry land dips
several hundred feet below the level of the ocean.  Only by extreme
siccity is such land possible when more water rises in evaporation than
falls by precipitation.  There are but few such places in the world,
the deepest one being the Dead Sea, which is about thirteen hundred
feet lower than the ocean.

The Colorado Basin is the dry bed of an ancient sea whose shore line is
yet visible in many places upon the sides of the mountains which
surround it.  Its floor is composed of clay with deposits of sand and
salt.  Strong winds sometimes sweep over it that shift and pile up the
sand in great dunes.  The entire region is utterly bare and desolate,
yet by the use of water diverted from the Colorado river it is being
reclaimed to agriculture.

The rainfall is very scant the average annual precipitation at Yuma
being less than three inches.  The climate is not dry from any lack of
surface water, as it has the Gila and Colorado rivers, the Gulf of
California and the broad Pacific Ocean to draw from.  But the singular
fact remains that the country is extremely dry and that it does not
rain as in other lands.

Neither is the rainfall deficient from any lack of evaporation.  Upon
the contrary the evaporation is excessive and according to the estimate
of Major Powell amounts fully to one hundred inches of water per annum.
If the vapors arising from this enormous evaporation should all be
condensed into clouds and converted into rain it would create a rainy
season that would last throughout the year.

The humidity caused by an abundant rainfall in any low, hot country is
usually enough to unfit it for human habitation.  The combined effect
of heat and moisture upon a fertile soil causes an excess of both
growing and decaying vegetation that fills the atmosphere with noxious
vapors and disease producing germs.  The sultry air is so oppressive
that it is more than physical endurance can bear.  The particles of
vapor which float in the atmosphere absorb and hold the heat until it
becomes like a steaming hot blanket that is death to unacclimated life.
All of this is changed where siccity prevails.  The rapid evaporation
quickly dispels the vapors and the dry heat desiccates the disease
creating germs and makes them innocuous.

The effect of heat upon the body is measured by the difference in the
actual and sensible temperatures, as recorded by the dry and wet bulb
thermometers.  When both stand nearly together as they are apt to do in
a humid atmosphere, the heat becomes insufferable.  In the dry climate
of Arizona such a condition cannot occur.  The difference in the two
instruments is always great, often as much as forty degrees.  For this
reason, a temperature of 118 degrees F. at Yuma is less oppressive than
98 degrees F. is in New York.  A low relative humidity gives comfort
and freedom from sunstroke even when the thermometer registers the
shade temperature in three figures.

A dry, warm climate is a stimulant to the cutaneous function.  The skin
is an important excreting organ that is furnished with a large number
of sweat glands which are for the dual purpose of furnishing moisture
for cooling the body by evaporation and the elimination of worn out and
waste material from the organism.  As an organ it is not easily injured
by over work, but readily lends its function in an emergency in any
effort to relieve other tired or diseased organs of the body.  By
vicarious action the skin is capable of performing much extra labor
without injury to itself and can be harnessed temporarily for the
relief of some vital part which has become crippled until its function
can be restored.

A diseased kidney depends particularly upon the skin for succor more
than any other organ.  When the kidneys from any cause fail to act the
skin comes to their rescue and throws off impurities which nature
intended should go by the renal route.  For this reason diabetes and
albuminuria, the most stubborn of all kidney diseases, are usually
benefited by a dry, warm climate.  The benefit derived is due to an
increase of the insensible transpiration rather than to profuse
perspiration.  The air of Arizona is so dry and evaporation so rapid
that an increase in perspiration is scarcely noticeable except when it
is confined by impervious clothing.  The disagreeable feeling of wet
clothes which accompanies profuse perspiration in a damp climate is
changed to an agreeable sensation of coolness in a dry one.

The atmosphere of Arizona is not only dry but also very electrical, so
much so, indeed, that at times it becomes almost painful.  Whenever the
experiment is tried, sparks can be produced by friction or the handling
of metal, hair or wool.  It affects animals as well as man, and
literally causes "the hair to stand on end."  The writer has on various
occasions seen a string of horses standing close together at a
watering-trough, drinking, so full of electricity that their manes and
tails were spread out and floated in the air, and the long hairs drawn
by magnetic attraction from one animal to the other all down the line
in a spontaneous effort to complete a circuit.  There are times when
the free electricity in the air is so abundant that every object
becomes charged with the fluid, and it cannot escape fast enough or
find "a way out" by any adequate conductor.  The effects of such an
excess of electricity is decidedly unpleasant on the nerves, and causes
annoying irritability and nervousness.

The hot sun sometimes blisters the skin and burns the complexion to a
rich, nut-brown color, but the air always feels soft and balmy, and
usually blows only in gentle zephyrs.  The air has a pungent fragrance
which is peculiar to the desert, that is the mingled product of a
variety of resinous plants.  The weather is uniformly pleasant, and the
elements are rarely violently disturbed.

In the older settled sections of our country, whenever there is any
sudden or extreme change in the weather of either heat or cold, wet or
dry, it is always followed by an increase of sickness and death.  The
aged and invalid, who are sensitive and weak, suffer mostly, as they
feel every change in the weather.  There is, perhaps, no place on earth
that can boast of a perfect climate, but the country that can show the
fewest and mildest extremes approaches nearest to the ideal.  The
southwest is exceptionally favored in its climatic conditions, and is
beneficial to the majority of chronic invalids.

Atmospheric pressure is greatest near the earth's surface, and exerts a
controlling influence over the vital functions.  Atmospheric pressure
is to the body what the governor is to the steam engine, or the
pendulum to the clock.  It regulates vital action, insures safety and
lessens the wear and tear of machinery.  Under its soothing influence
the number of respirations per minute are diminished, the heart beats
decreased in frequency, and the tired brain and nerves rested.  It is
often better than medicine, and will sometimes give relief when all
other means fail.

Arizona has a diversity of altitudes, and therefore furnishes a variety
of climates.  The elevations range from about sea level at Yuma to
nearly thirteen thousand feet upon the San Francisco mountains.  By
making suitable changes in altitude to fit the season it is possible to
enjoy perpetual spring.

Because Arizona is far south geographically it is only natural to
suppose that it is all very hot, which is a mistake.  In the low
valleys of southern Arizona the summers are hot, but it is a dry heat
which is not oppressive, and the winters are delightfully pleasant.  In
northern Arizona the winters are cold and the summers cool.  There is
no finer summer climate in the world than is found on the high plateaus
and pine-topped mountains of northern Arizona.  Prescott, Williams and
Flagstaff have a charming summer climate, while at Yuma, Phoenix and
Tucson the winter weather is simply perfect.

A mountain residence is not desirable for thin, nervous people or such
as are afflicted with any organic disease.  A high altitude is too
stimulating for this class of patients and tends to increase
nervousness and aggravates organic disease.  Such persons should seek a
coast climate and a low altitude, which is sedative, rather than risk
the high and dry interior.  Any coast climate is better than the
mountains for nervous people, but the Pacific Coast is preferable to
any other because of its freedom from electrical storms and every other
form of disagreeable meteorological disturbance that tries the nerves.
The nervousness that is produced by a high altitude does not, as a
rule, develop suddenly, but grows gradually upon the patient.  Those of
a sensitive nature feel it most and women more than men.  After making
a change from a low to a high altitude sleep may be sound for a time,
but it soon becomes fitful and unrefreshing.

It has been discovered that altitude increases the amount of
hemoglobulin and thus enriches the blood and is particularly beneficial
to pale, thin people.  It also sharpens the appetite and promotes
digestion and assimilation.

Persons suffering from rheumatism, neuralgia, advanced pulmonary
consumption, organic heart disease and all disorders of the brain and
nerves should avoid a high altitude.  Patients that are afflicted with
any of the above-mentioned diseases are more comfortable in a low
altitude and should choose between the coast of California and the low,
dry lands of the lower Gila and Colorado rivers, according to the
season of the year and the quality of climate desired.

The diseases which are especially benefited by the climate of Arizona
are consumption, bronchitis, catarrh and hay fever.  Anyone going in
search of health who has improved by the change should remain where the
improvement took place lest by returning home and being again subjected
to the former climatic conditions which caused the disease the
improvement be lost and the old disease re-established with increased
severity.

Most sick people who are in need of a change live in a humid atmosphere
where the winters are extremely cold and the summers uncomfortably hot,
and to be benefited by a change must seek a climate in which the
opposite conditions prevail.  The climate of the southwest furnishes
just what such invalids require.  The sick who need cold or damp
weather, if there be any such, can be accommodated almost anywhere, but
those who want a warm, dry climate must go where it can be found.  Not
every invalid who goes in search of health finds a cure, as many who
start on such a journey are already past help when they leave home.
When a case is hopeless the patient should not undertake such a trip,
but remain quietly at home and die in peace among friends.

As already intimated the climate of the Colorado basin is ideal in
winter, but becomes very hot in summer.  Its low altitude, rainless
days, cloudless skies and balmy air form a combination that is
unsurpassed and is enjoyed by all either sick or well.  The heat of
summer does not create sickness, but becomes monotonous and tiresome
from its steady and long continuance.  Many residents of the Territory
who tire of the heat and can afford the trip take a vacation during the
summer months and either go north to the Grand Canon and the mountains
or to the Pacific Coast.  Every summer witnesses a hegira of sun baked
people fleeing from the hot desert to the mountains or ocean shore in
search of coolness and comfort.

Life in the tropics, perhaps, inclines to indolence and languor,
particularly if the atmosphere is humid, but in a dry climate like that
of Arizona the heat, although sometimes great, is never oppressive or
debilitating.  It has its lazy people like any other country and for
the same reason that there are always some who were born tired and
never outgrow the tired feeling, but Arizona climate is more bracing
than enervating.

The adobe house of the Mexican is a peculiar institution of the
southwest.  It may be interesting on account of its past history, but
it is certainly not pretty.   It is nothing more than a box of dried
mud with its roof, walls and floor all made of dirt.  It is never free
from a disagreeable earthy smell which, if mingled with the added odors
of stale smoke and filth, as is often the case, makes the air simply
vile.  The house can never be kept tidy because of the dirt which falls
from the adobe, unless the walls and ceilings are plastered and
whitewashed, which is sometimes done in the better class of houses.  If
the house is well built it is comfortable enough in pleasant weather,
but as often as it rains the dirt roof springs a leak and splashes
water and mud over everything.  If by chance the house stands on low
ground and is surrounded by water, as sometimes happens, after a heavy
rain the walls become soaked and dissolved into mud when the house
collapses.  The adobe house may have been suited to the wants of a
primitive people, but in the present age of improvement, it is scarcely
worth saving except it be as a relic of a vanishing race.

In order to escape in a measure the discomforts of the midday heat the
natives either seek the shade in the open air where the breeze blows,
or, what is more common, close up tight the adobe house in the morning
and remain indoors until the intense heat from the scorching sun
penetrates the thick walls, which causes the inmates to move out.  In
the cool of the evening they visit and transact business and when the
hour comes for retiring go to bed on cots made up out of doors where
they sleep until morning, while the house is left open to cool off
during the night.  This process is repeated every day during the hot
summer months and is endured without complaint.

The natives, also, take advantage of the dry air to operate a novel
method of refrigeration.  The cloth covered army canteen soaked in
water and the handy water jug of the eastern harvest field wrapped in a
wet blanket are familiar examples of an ineffectual attempt at
refrigeration by evaporation.  But natural refrigeration find its best
illustration in the arid regions of the southwest by the use of an
olla, which is a vessel made of porous pottery, a stout canvas bag or a
closely woven Indian basket.  A suitable vessel is selected, filled
with water and suspended somewhere in midair in the shade.  If it is
hung in a current of air it is all the better, as any movement of the
atmosphere facilitates evaporation.  A slow seepage of water filters
through the open pores of the vessel which immediately evaporates in
the dry air and lowers the temperature.  The water in the olla soon
becomes cold and if properly protected will remain cool during the
entire day.

The dry air also acts as a valuable preservative.  During the winter,
when the weather is cool but not freezing, if fresh meat is hung out in
the open air, it will keep sweet a long time.  A dry crust soon forms
upon its surface which hermetically seals the meat from the air and
keeps it perfectly sweet.  In the summer it is necessary to dry the
meat more quickly to keep it from spoiling.  It is then made into
"jerky" by cutting it into long, thin strips and hanging them up in the
sun to dry.  After it is thoroughly dried, it is tied up in bags and
used as needed, either by eating it dry from the pocket when out on a
tramp, or, if in camp, serving it in a hot stew.

Even the carcass of a dead animal that is left exposed upon the ground
to decompose does not moulder away by the usual process of decay, but
what is left of the body after the hungry buzzards and coyotes have
finished their feast, dries up into a mummy that lasts for years.

Climate everywhere unquestionably influences life in its evolution, but
it is not always easy to determine all of its effects in detail.  In
Arizona, which is but a comparatively small corner of our country, live
several races of men that are as different from each other as nature
could make them, yet all live in the same climate.

The Pueblo Indian is in a manner civilized, peaceable and industrious.
He is brave in self-defense, but never seeks war nor bloodshed.  Quite
different is his near neighbor, the bloodthirsty Apache, who seems to
delight only in robbing and killing people.  Cunning and revenge are
pronounced traits of his character and the Government has found him
difficult to conquer or control.  The Mexican leads a shiftless,
thriftless life and seems satisfied merely to exist.  He has,
unfortunately, inherited more of the baser than the better qualities of
his ancestors, and, to all appearance, is destined to further
degenerate.  The American is the last comer and has already pushed
civilization and commerce into the remotest corners and, as usual,
dominates the land.

As diverse as are these several races in many respects, each one of
them furnishes splendid specimens of physical manhood.  The Indian has
always been noted for his fine physique, and is large bodied, well
muscled and full chested.  One advantage which the southwest has over
other countries is that the climate is mild and favorable to an outdoor
life, which is conducive to health and physical development.

No single race of men flourish equally well everywhere, but each one is
affected by its own surroundings; and, what is true of a race, is also
true of an individual.  The pioneer in any country is always an
interesting character, but he differs in peculiarities according to his
environment of mountain, plain or forest.  Occupation also exerts an
influence and in time develops distinct types like the trapper, miner,
soldier and cowboy, that only the graphic pencil of a Remington can
accurately portray.  The eccentricities of character which are
sometimes met in men who dwell on the frontier are not always due alone
to disposition, but are largely the product of the wild life which they
live, that inclines them to be restless, reckless and even desperate.

There is no better field for observing and studying the effects of
environment upon human life than is furnished by the arid region of the
southwest.





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