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Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting - New York City, September 3, 4 and 5, 1924
Author: Northern Nut Growers Association [Editor]
Language: English
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*** Start of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting - New York City, September 3, 4 and 5, 1924" ***
NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
(INCORPORATED)
REPORT
OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE
FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING
NEW YORK CITY SEPTEMBER 3, 4 and 5, 1924
CONTENTS
Officers and Committees of the Association 3
State Vice-Presidents 4
Members of the Association 5
Constitution 10
By-Laws 13
Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Convention 15
Secretary's Report 15
Treasurer's Report 18
Address--Dr. Britton 19
Reports from State Vice-Presidents 20-30
Top Working Hickories in the North--W. C. Deming 32
Notes on Mediate and Immediate Grafting at All Times of the
Year--R. T. Morris 44
Stocks For Hickories--W. G. Bixby 48
The Search for Blight-resisting Chestnut Sprouts--J. F. Collins 57
Protection of Wounds in Nut Trees--J. F. Collins 61
A Harangue on the Nut Situation in Iowa--S. W. Snyder 65
Some of the More Important Insects Attacking Northern
Nuts--Fred E. Brooks 68
Developing a Nut Industry in the Northeast--G. A. Zimmerman 75
Transplanting Nut Trees--W. G. Bixby 78
Heredity in Trees and Plants--A. F. Blakeslee 81
Progress Report on Nut Culture in Canada--J. A. Neilson 88
Notes by Professor A. S. Colby 93
Address by Prof. MacDaniels 99
Nut Tree Crops as a Part of Permanent Agriculture Without
Plowing--J. R. Smith 103
Notes at Mr. Bixby's Nut Orchards and Nurseries, Baldwin, N. Y. 107
Exhibits at the House of W. G. Bixby 113
Notes Taken at Merribrooke, Dr. Morris' Estate Near
Stamford, Conn. 114
Amendment to By-Laws 121
Nuts--R. S. Copeland 125
Hardiness in Nut Trees--C. A. Reed 127
Walnut Grafting Investigations--T. J. Talbert 135
Care and Preparation of Nuts for Seed Purposes--E. R. Lake 137
Exhibits 140
Members Present 142
OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION
_President_ HARRY R. WEBER, Gerke Building, Cincinnati, Ohio
_Vice-President_ MRS. W. D. ELLWANGER, 510 East Avenue,
Rochester, N. Y.
_Secretary_ C. A. REED, Box 485 Pa. Ave. Station,
Washington, D. C.
_Assistant Secretary_ MRS. B. W. GAHN, 485 Pa. Ave. Station,
Washington, D. C.
_Treasurer_ H. J. HILLIARD, Sound View, Conn.
_DIRECTORS_
HARRY R. WEBER, DR. ROBT. T. MORRIS, WILLARD G. BIXBY, DR. W. C. DEMING,
JAMES S. MCGLENNON
_COMMITTEES_
_Auditing_--MRS. KARL W. GREENE, P. H. O'CONNOR
_Executive_--HARRY R. WEBER, MRS. W. D. ELLWANGER, C. A. REED,
H. J. HILLIARD, W. S. LINTON, J. S. MCGLENNON
_Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, W. G. BIXBY, DR. W. C. DEMING
_Hybrids_--DR. R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD
SPENCE
_Membership_--HARRY R. WEBER, H. D. SPENCER, DR. J. R. SMITH,
R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. NEILSON, DR. W. C. DEMING,
J. W. HERSHEY
_Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, DR. R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES
_Press and Publications_--DR. W. C. DEMING, W. G. BIXBY, M. G.
KAINS
Program--HARRY R. WEBER, F. A. BARTLETT, C. A. REED, DR. ROBT.
T. MORRIS, A. S. COLBY
_Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY, J. A.
NEILSON, S. W. SNYDER
STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS
Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville
California Will J. Thorpe 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco
Canada James A. Neilson Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland, Ontario
China P. W. Wang Sec'y Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. Sechuan Road,
Shanghai
Connecticut Dr. W. C. Deming 983 Main St., Hartford, Conn.
Dist. of
Columbia Karl W. Greene Ridge Road, N. W., Washington
England Howard Spence The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport
Georgia J. M. Patterson Putney
Illinois Henry D. Spencer Decatur
Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport
Iowa S. W. Snyder Center Point
Kansas James Sharp Council Grove
Maryland P. H. O'Connor Bowie
Massachusetts C. Leroy Cleaver 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston
Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek
Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana
Nebraska William Caha Wahoo
New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton
New York L. H. MacDaniels Cornell Univ., Ithaca
North Carolina H. M. Curran N. C. Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh
Ohio James L. Brooke Pleasantville
Oregon Knight Pearcy Salem
Pennsylvania John Rick 438 Penn Square, Reading
Tennessee J. W. Waite Normandy
Utah Joseph A. Smith Edgewood Hall, Providence
Vermont F. C. Holbrook Brattleboro
Virginia D. S. Harris Roselawn, Capital Landing Road,
Williamsburg, R. F. D. 3
Washington Richard H. Turk Washougal
West Virginia Dr. J. E. Cannaday Box 693, Charleston
MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
(Compiled November 12, 1924)
ARKANSAS
*Drake, Prof. N. F., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
Dunn, D. K., Wynne
CALIFORNIA
Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco
CANADA
Neilson, Jas. A., Ontario Hort. Exp. Sta., Vineland.
CHINA
*Wang, P. W., Sec'y, Kinsan Arboretum, 147 No. Szechuan Road,
Shanghai.
CONNECTICUT
Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford
Deming, Dr. W. C., 983 Main St., Hartford
Hardon, Mrs. Henry, Wilton
Hilliard, H. J., Sound View
Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 100
Ives, E. M., Sterling Orchards, Meriden
Montgomery, Robt. H., Cos Cob, Conn. (1924)
*Morris, Dr. Robt. T., Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95
Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor
Sessions, Albert L., 25 Bellevue Ave., Bristol
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Agriculture, Library of U. S. Dept. of
Close, Prof. C. P., Pomologist, Dept. of Agriculture
Greene, Karl W., Ridge Road, N. W.
Gravatt, G. F., Forest Pathology, B. P. I. Agriculture
*Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building
Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture
Williams, A. Ray, Union Trust Bldg.
Von Ammon, S., Bureau of Standards
Gahn, Mrs. B. W., U. S. Department of Agriculture
ENGLAND
Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport
GEORGIA
Patterson, J. M., Putney
Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun County
Wight, J. B., Cairo
ILLINOIS
Brown, Roy W., 220 E. Cleveland St., Spring Valley
Casper, O. H., Anna
Flexer, Walter G., 210 Campbell St., Joliet
Foote, Lorenzo S., Anna
Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian)
Mosnat, H. R., 10910 Prospect Ave., Morgan Park, Chicago
Mueller, Robert, Decatur
Nash, C. J., 1302 E. 53rd St., Chicago
Potter, Hon. W. O., Marion
Riehl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2
Rodhouse, T. W., Jr., Pleasant Hill, R. R. 2
Shaw, James E., Champaign, Box 644
Spencer, Henry D., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur
Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown
Vulgamott, Chas. E., Cerro Gordo
INDIANA
Clayton, C. L., Owensville
Copp, Lloyd, 819 W. Foster St., Kokomo
Gilmer, Frank, 1012 Riverside Drive, South Bend
Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute
Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport
IOWA
Adams, Gerald W., Moorhead
Armknecht, George, Donnellson. (1923)
Bricker, C. W., Ladora
Snyder, S. W., Center Point
KANSAS
Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs, Route No. 1
Fessenden, C. D., Cherokee
Hardin, Martin, Horton
Hitchcock, Chas. W., Belle Plaine
Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton
Sharpe, James, Council Grove
MARYLAND
Jordan, Dr. Llewellyn, 100 Baltimore Ave., Takoma Park
Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood
O'Connor, P. W., Bowie
Wall, A. V., Baltimore
Watkins, Asa H., Mount Airy. (1924).
MASSACHUSETTS
*Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston
Bowles, Francis T., Barnstable
Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center
Sawyer, James C., Andover
MICHIGAN
Bonine, Chester H., Vandalia
Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac
Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit
Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek
*Linton, Hon. W. S., Saginaw
Penney, Senator Harvey A., 425 So. Jefferson Ave., Saginaw
Michigan, University of, Ann Arbor. (1924).
MISSOURI
Stark, P. C., Louisiana
Tiedke, J. F., R. F. D., Rockville. (1924).
Youkey, J. M., 2519 Monroe Ave., Kansas City
NEBRASKA
Caha, William, Wahoo
Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln
NEW JERSEY
Clarke, Miss E. A., W. Point Pleasant, Box 57
Gaty, Theo. E., 50 Morris Ave., Morristown
*Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City
Landmann, Miss M. V., Cranbury, R. D. No. 2
Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton
NEW YORK
Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn
Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton
Bennett, Howard S., 851 Joseph Ave., Rochester
Bethea, J. G., 243 Rutgers St., Rochester
Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I.
Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin
Brinton, Mrs. Willard Cope, 36 So. Central Pk., N. Y. City
Buist, Dr. G. L., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn
Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester
Cothran, John C., 104 High St., Lockport
Corsan, G. H., 55 Hanson Place, Brooklyn
Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester
Dunbar, John, Dep't. of Parks, Rochester
Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester
Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn
Gaty, Theo. E. Jr., Clermont
Gillett, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City
Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca
Hart, Frank E., Landing Road, Brighton
Haws, Elwood D., Public Market, Rochester
Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.)
*Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City
Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 40 Irving Place, New York City
Krieg, Fred J., 11 Gladys St., Rochester
Liveright, Frank I., 120 W. 70th St., N. Y. C.
MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of
Agriculture, Ithaca
Motondo, Grant F., 198 Monroe Ave., Rochester
Nolan, Mrs. C. R., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester
Nolan, M. J., 47 Dickinson St., Rochester
Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and Barry
Building, Rochester
Paterno, Dr. Chas. V., 117 W. 54th St., N. Y. City
Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport
Rawnsley, Mrs. Annie, 242 Linden St., Rochester
Rawnsley, James B., 242 Linden St., Rochester
Reinold, O. S., Yonkers-on-Hudson, (1924).
Schroeder, E. A., 223 East Ave., Rochester
Shutt, Erwin E., 509 Plymouth Ave., Rochester
Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City
Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City
Tucker, Geo. B., 110 Harvard St., Rochester
Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester
Waller, Percy, 284 Court St., Rochester
Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester
Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., Westchester, New York City
Wyckoff, E. L., Aurora
NORTH CAROLINA
Hutchings, Miss L. C., Pine Bluff
Matthews, C. D., North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh
OHIO
Beatty, Dr. W. M. L., Route 3, Croton Road, Centerburg
Coon, Charles, Groveport
Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville
Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6
Hinnen, Dr. G. A., 1343 Delta Ave., Cincinnati
Neff, Wm. N., Martel
*Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati
PENNSYLVANIA
Althouse, C. Scott, 540 Pear St., Reading
Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown
Bohn, Dr. H. W., 24 No. 9th St., Reading
Boy Scouts of America, Reading
Davis, Miss E. W., Walnut Lane and Odgen Ave., Swarthmore,
Pennsylvania. (1923).
Druckemiller, W. H., 31 N. 4th St., Sunbury
Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata
Gribbel, Mrs. John, Wyncote
Hershey, John W., E. Downingtown
Hess, Elam G., Manheim
Hile, Anthony, Curwensville
Jenkins, Charles Francis, Farm Journal, Philadelphia
*Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527
Kaufman, M. M., Clarion
Leach, Will, Cornell Building, Scranton
Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia
Minick, C. G., Ridgway
Paden, Riley W., Enon Valley
Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre
Pratt, Arthur H., Kennett Square
*Rick, John, 438 Penn Square, Reading
Rose, William J., 55 North West St., Carlisle
Rush, J. G., 630 Third St., Lancaster
Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1
Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore
Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion
*Wister, John C., Clarkson and Wister Sts., Germantown
Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., Piketown
RHODE ISLAND
Allen, Philip, Providence
TENNESSEE
Waite, J. W., Normandy
UTAH
Smith, Joseph A., Edgewood Hall, Providence
VERMONT
Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3
Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven
Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro
VIRGINIA
Gould, Katherine Clemons, Boonsboro, Care of C. M. Daniels, via
Lynchburg, R. F. D. 4
Harris, D. S., Roselawn, Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg, R. 3
Hopkins, N. S., Dixondale
Jordan, J. H., Bohannon
Moock, Harry C., Roanoke, Route 5
WASHINGTON
Berg, D. H., Nooksack
Turk, Richard H., Washougal
WEST VIRGINIA
Brooks, Fred E., French Creek
Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693
Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown
Mish, A. F., Inwood
WISCONSIN
Holden, Dr. Louis Edward, Beloit
* Life Member.
CONSTITUTION
ARTICLE I
_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
ASSOCIATION.
ARTICLE II
_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing
plants, their products and their culture.
ARTICLE III
_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons
who desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of
residence or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of
the committee on membership.
ARTICLE IV
_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary
and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual
meeting; and an executive committee of six persons, of which the
president, the two last retiring presidents, the vice-president,
the secretary and the treasurer shall be members. There shall
be a state vice-president from each state, dependency, or country
represented in the membership of the association, who shall be
appointed by the president.
ARTICLE V
_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at
the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for
the following year.
ARTICLE VI
_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected
by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection
being made at this time, the executive committee shall choose
the place and time for the holding of the annual convention.
Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by
the president and executive committee.
ARTICLE VII
_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum,
but must include two of the four elected officers.
ARTICLE VIII
_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote
of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such
amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or
a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any
member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual
meeting.
BY-LAWS
Article I
_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as
follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press
and publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on
hybrids, and an auditing committee. The committee on membership
may make recommendations to the association as to the
discipline or expulsion of any member.
ARTICLE II
_Fees._ Annual members shall pay three dollars annually, or four dollars
and a half including a year's subscription to the American
Nut Journal. Contributing members shall pay ten dollars annually,
this membership including a year's subscription to the
American Nut Journal. Life members shall make one payment
of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues. Honorary
members shall be exempt from dues.
ARTICLE III
_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the
first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining
the association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter
preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member
and the Treasurer.
ARTICLE IV
_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members
present at any annual meeting.
ARTICLE V
Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they
are due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a
_second notice_, telling them that they are not in good standing on
account of non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the
annual report.
At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a
_third notice_ shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues
are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice, their names
will be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS
at the
FIFTEENTH ANNUAL CONVENTION
of the
NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, INC.
September 3, 4 and 5, 1924
Held in the
MUSEUM OF THE BOTANICAL GARDENS
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
EXCURSIONS
Baldwin, Long Island, Sept. 4 Stamford, Connecticut, Sept. 5
_Chairman_--PRESIDENT HARRY R. WEBER
FIRST DAY--MORNING SESSION
THE PRESIDENT: The meeting will please be in order, and we will have the
secretary read his report.
THE SECRETARY: Secretary's Report for 1924.--Fourteen years ago, on
November 17, 1910, two women and ten men, seers and prophets, met for
organization in this building at the invitation of Dr. N. L. Britton, at
that time and now, Director of the New York Botanic Gardens. We meet
here again today by reason of his unfailing kindness.
Of the twelve persons present at that first meeting, three are here
again, Dr. Britton, Dr. Morris and myself, and two are known to be dead,
Prof. Craig of Cornell University, and Mr. Henry Hales, of Ridgewood,
New Jersey.
The association has held an annual convention each year of its
existence except during the war, in 1918, when no formal meeting was
held. An annual report has been published every year, except that the
report of the proceedings of the first meeting was incorporated in the
report of the second meeting, and the ninth report, that for 1918, has
not yet been issued.
The present secretary has held the office every year except in 1918 and
1919, during military service, when Mr. Bixby took his place.
From an educational and scientific standpoint I think the association
may be said to have fulfilled creditably its original declaration of
purpose, "the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their
products and their culture." Many choice nuts have been brought to
notice and perpetuated. The establishment of nurseries where grafted nut
trees of choice varieties may be obtained has been encouraged. The art
of grafting and propagating nut trees has been brought to a high degree
of success by members of the association. Experimental orchards, both of
transplanted nursery trees and of topworked native trees, have been
established in widely separated parts of the country.
Acting on the suggestion and request of members of the association, Mr.
Olcott established the American Nut Journal, one of the most important
of our accomplishments. Finally, and perhaps best of all, a number of
horticultural institutions have taken up seriously the study of nut
culture and the planting of experimental orchards. Testimony to this
will be found in letters to be read by the secretary and in the presence
on our program today of representatives of several horticultural and
other institutions of learning. I believe that the association can take
credit to itself for having, by its publications and other means of
influence, in large degree brought about this interest and action.
As for any commercial success in nut-growing, brought about by our
activities, when we compare nut-growing in our field with pecan-growing
in the South, and with walnut, almond, and perhaps filbert-growing, on
the Pacific Coast, our results are meagre indeed. Of course commercial
production, the building of a new industry of food supply for the
people, is our ultimate goal. Why are our results in this direction,
after fourteen years of effort, so small? Is it because we have devoted
ourselves too exclusively to the scientific and educational aspects of
our problems and neglected, either from over-cautiousness or from
inertia, to encourage commercial plantings? There are some of our
members who think that we have. They say that we should have been
bolder in assuring people of success to be attained in nut tree
planting.
As for me I do not think that we have been too cautious. We who are so
accused, can point to the disastrous results of following the advice of
commercially interested persons, results which have had much to do with
retarding and discouraging nut planting and counteracting the labors of
our association.
But now, however, I believe that we have reached a state of knowledge
where we can confidently recommend the commercial planting of nut
orchards. We recommend the Indiana pecan in many states; the improved
black walnuts over a much wider area, and the chestnut in many
localities where it is not a native tree. The top-working of native
hickories and black walnuts also can be confidently recommended. In
every case, however, the adaptability of the kind of nut to the locality
should be passed upon by an expert. In every case, also, even in that of
top-working native hickories and walnuts, intelligent and generous care
is essential for any degree of commercial success.
It is probable also, that the planting of the European filbert can be
recommended under conditions of intelligent care.
Now what of the association's future? The field is boundless but the
working cash is wanting. Faith is unlimited but works are conditioned by
want of appeal to commercial powers. It is almost a vicious circle, no
commercial appeal no money, no money no development to appeal to
commerce. But we do make progress and it is accelerated progress. In
time we must necessarily arrive at our goal. Our lines of advance are
sketched out and our progress along these lines depends on the energy of
the workers and the means with which they have to work.
I shall ask the association to establish a rule as to when members are
in good standing and when they should be dropped from the rolls for
non-payment of dues.
I shall also ask for a clear understanding, in the form of an amendment
to the by-laws, on the question of annual dues and their combination
with the American Nut Journal.
It is desirable that we have a ruling as to a fiscal year.
The delay in the issuance of the annual report was due to my
unwillingness to contract debts for the payment of which funds were not
in sight.
The treasurer's report will show that we have a surplus in the treasury
to date of about $50. The report of the treasurer is too long to be read
at this time, so I will simply repeat that it shows on hand a cash
surplus of $50. I will turn the detailed report over to the auditing
committee for their action.
TREASURER'S REPORT
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION FROM OCT.
3, 1923, TO AUG. 31, 1924, BOTH INCLUSIVE
NOTE--Owing to delay in mails, the report given below is a later one
than that used by the secretary. The one here included should have
reached the secretary previous to convention, and it is the final,
correct statement.
RECEIPTS
Membership--Plan No. 1 $ 2.00
Membership--Plan No. 2 19.25
Membership--Plan No. 6 111.00
Membership--Plan No. 7 149.50
Membership--Plan No. 9 8.25
Membership--Plan No. 10 7.75
-------
Total receipts from membership $297.75
Transfer of Funds from Former Treasurer 104.13
Contributions 235.00
Sales of Literature 10.01
Interest .10
-------
Total $646.99
EXPENDITURES
Cash on hand $ .80
Middletown National Bank, Middletown, Conn. (Deposit) 170.64
Litchfield Savings Society, Litchfield, Conn. (Deposit) 4.23
Charged to Loss. 2 Subs, to Amn. Nut Journal on former
Treasurer's account 3.00
Expenses:
Postage, Express and Insurance $ 9.79
Government Envelopes and Stamps 15.63
Adhesive Stamps 8.54
Postal Cards 1.25
Postal Cards and Printing 3.25
Registry Fee and Money Order Fee .18
Telegrams 1.18
Reporting Proceedings of Rochester Convention 50.00
Transcript of Proceedings of Rochester Convention 85.00
Reporting, etc., Proceedings of Washington Convention 60.00
Blank Account Book for the Association 5.00
Seal for the Association 7.00
1000 Letterheads 8.50
1500 Letters 8.50
500 Letters, double sheet 8.00
1500 Circulars 6.50
500 Reports, (92 pp., including cover) 184.00
500 Manila Envelopes 2.00
Printing 1.50
Addressing and Mailing 2.50
------
$468.32
-------
$646.99
Respectfully submitted,
H. J. HILLIARD, Treas.,
Northern Nut Growers Ass'n, Inc.
* * * * *
THE PRESIDENT: We will now be addressed by Dr. Britton, Director of the
Botanical Gardens in which we are assembled.
DR. BRITTON: Mr. President and Members of the Northern Nut Growers'
Association: By curious coincidence, in looking over the records of the
New York Botanical Society's reports, I find the printed account of the
organization meeting of your association. It is printed in the Journal
of the New York Botanical Gardens, No. 132, for December, 1910. The
article is written by George B. Nash. I believe I will read this report
and if, perchance, the document is not in your files, I will turn this
copy over to your president for preservation.
ORGANIZATION MEETING, NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION
A meeting was held in the museum building on November 17, (1910) for the
purpose of organizing an association devoted to the interests of
nut-growing. The meeting was called to order shortly after 2 p. m. by
Dr. N. L. Britton, who welcomed those present and wished them success in
their undertaking. During his remarks he referred to a recent visit to
Cuba where he succeeded in collecting nuts of the Cuban walnut, _Juglans
insularis Griseb_. Specimens of these were exhibited and some of them
presented to Dr. R. T. Morris for his collection of edible nuts of the
world, deposited at Cornell University.
Dr. W. C. Deming was made chairman of the meeting and a temporary
secretary was elected. The chairman read a number of letters from
various parts of the country expressing an active interest in the
formation of an organization such as was proposed. A committee of three
was appointed by the chair to draft a constitution. This committee,
consisting of Mr. John Craig, Dr. R. T. Morris and Mr. T. P. Littlepage,
submitted a report recommending that the name of the organization be the
Northern Nut Growers' Association, that residents of all parts of the
country be eligible to membership, and that the officers be a president,
a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer. An executive committee of
five was also provided for, two of said committee to be the president
and secretary-treasurer. The annual dues were placed at $2.00, and life
membership at $20.00. The recommendations of the committee were adopted.
An interesting exhibition of nuts, and specimens illustrating methods of
grafting, formed a feature of the meeting. Chestnuts, walnuts, and
hickory nuts, including the pecan, were illustrated in much variety. Mr.
T. P. Littlepage had a series of nuts of the pecan which he had
collected from a number of selected trees in Kentucky and vicinity. One
of these, almost globular in form, was of particular excellence, being
of clean cleavage and delicious flavor.
Dr. R. T. Morris was elected president; Mr. T. P. Littlepage,
vice-president; and Dr. W. C. Deming, secretary-treasurer.
George V. Nash.
DR. BRITTON: May I say to you that our good wishes for your association,
expressed at that time, are simply repeated now, and we hope that you
will make yourselves at home and as comfortable as possible. We have
made arrangement for the convention to leave here about one o'clock, for
luncheon at Sormani's as guests of the Botanical Society. The autos will
be at the door promptly, so I trust that you will adjust the session so
as to be free to leave then.
THE PRESIDENT: We wish to extend our thanks to Dr. Britton for his kind
remarks and for his hospitality.
We will now have the secretary read reports from our state
vice-presidents.
THE SECRETARY: These are very interesting. The first one is from Mrs.
Ellwanger, our state vice-president for New York.
(Reading in part) "My walnut trees are doing well and have many more
nuts than ever before. The filberts planted two years ago, also have
some, and the chestnuts, those the blight have left me, are covered with
burs. There are beech nuts, too.--I intend to keep on planting chestnut
trees, in spite of the blight."
Mr. C. S. Ridgway, Lumberton, New Jersey, writes as follows:
"There are very few nut trees in our vicinity. In fact, very few except
what I have--some large old pecans at Mt. Holley, but the fruit is so
small they are not gathered."
The next letter is from Mr. Howard Spence, of Ainsdale, Southport,
England. Mr. Spence writes:
"During the last year I have got one of our horticultural research
stations interested in the subject of walnut culture and just recently
the headquarters of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries also. The
latter are using a small pamphlet on nut culture generally, to which I
have contributed some facts. But a point of more definite interest at
the moment is that the Minister has agreed to instruct all their
inspectors over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit
and forward them to me for classification and identification of
varieties which may be worth perpetuating. As almost all the large
number of trees in this country are seedlings I am hopeful that some
interesting material may be located."
Here is a letter from Mr. Richard H. Turk, Vice-President for the state
of Washington:
"Your request for a report from this Pacific Coast state came as a
surprise. The Western Walnut Growers' Association is very strongly
organized as regards Oregon and Washington, and it is difficult to
persuade our nut growers here to join an association with its base of
operations so far removed as the Northern Nut Growers' Association. I
believe that I have been responsible for an additional membership of at
least one or two which I think can be considerably augmented this fall.
Filbert growing has firmly caught hold of the enthusiasm of the people
here. The acreage has reached 2,000 acres as compared to a bare 150
acres of six years ago. I estimate a planting of 1,500 additional acres
to this quick bearing nut, this season. I have trees enough in my
nursery to plant 600 acres but regard the majority of the plants as
being too small. Planters plant even the smallest one-year layers out a
distance varying from ten to twenty-five feet. I regard this as a waste
of time, money and energy. Trees with two year old roots are none too
big. The variety most planted is the Barcelona, closely followed by Du
Chilly, and is supported by pollinizers for these two varieties at the
rate of one pollinizer to every nine of the commercial sort. Intent eyes
are watching every new seedling in search of new and superior varieties.
Some have been found and will be propagated. Nut growers are but warming
to the idea. I am putting out eight thousand four-year old seedling
filbert trees in orchard form to be tested for qualities desired in a
better filbert.
Tree filberts instead of bushes is a new idea that is fast gaining
headway against the old method of removing the suckers by hand each
season. _Corylus colurna_, the Turkish species, and _Corylus chinensis_,
the Chinese tree hazel, are most favored as stocks. It has been found
that these trees are easily grafted to filberts, that they are extremely
hardy and grow twice as fast as the filbert, and that the vigor of the
stock enlarges the size of the nut, regardless of variety. Foremost in
the recommendation of grafted tree filberts, I have correspondents in
many foreign countries and have arranged for the delivery of several
thousand pounds of these nuts to grow seedlings of.
The tree hazel is of the future as yet, and one must recognize the
demand for layered stock until replaced by what appears to be better. To
add at least thirty acres to my present filbert plantings this year is
my desire. I am planting at least 400 trees to the acre as interplants
in a grafted walnut orchard. No use in wasting time before the trees
begin to bear profitable crops. Three and four years at most for
man-sized returns when using a ten foot planting.
One planting of Du Chilly filberts last year produced an average of
close to 40 pounds per tree on nine-year-old trees and an average of 10
pounds on four-year-old trees. The spread of the latter trees was scarce
four feet, and I counted 22 nuts on a branch eight inches in length. Mr.
A. W. Ward reports an average crop of 200 nuts to each two-year-old
filbert tree in his four-acre planting this season. These are also Du
Chillys that are fast building up a sentiment favoring them before the
lower-priced Barcelona variety. The Barcelona is a more vigorous tree
and shells out of the husk 75% whereas the Du Chilly is but 40% self
husking, but that will not offset the differential of five to ten cents
per pound in favor of the great, oblong nuts.
The _walnut_ acreage of Washington and Oregon is approximately 12,000
acres and is now taking a new hold with all the additional planting
being made up of _grafted_ trees. The VROOMAN FRANQUETTE variety grafted
on the California black walnut stock is the tree used in these
plantings. Formerly, seedlings of the so-called second generation type
were quite popular, but when it became evident that seedlings would not
transmit the superior qualities of the parent, that method of
propagation was thrown into the discard. Eight thousand acres of the
acreage now out, are seedling trees that must be topworked before Oregon
will be truly famous for the quality of the nuts it produces. These
seedling trees are paying at present under our present high prices after
many years of barrenness.
My own 900 seedling trees I top-worked last year to the Vrooman
Franquette variety, placing as many as thirty grafts in some trees and
obtained an average of 70 per cent successful grafts. These grafts have
made wonderful growth this season, and are quite capable of bearing
large quantities of nuts next season. My crew of walnut grafters are
becoming well known over a radius of 100 miles, and the work they are
doing is a road to profit for many an owner of unproductive nut trees.
This fall I intend publishing some of the leading articles of the
nut-growing authorities of this section, in conjunction with a catalogue
well illustrated and containing my experience as a nut grower. Anyone
contemplating planting walnuts or filberts may well send in their
reservation of copy. Generally speaking, nut tree nurserymen and nut
tree planters have not had time nor desire to add to the literature on
this subject. I believe that when the nurserymen get behind the move to
plant nut trees there will be some very interesting developments. There
is one good thing in sight, and that is that it will not be the
old-fashioned seedling that they will push this time. I think that you
people of the East have got to make another determined effort to drive
home the impossibility of seedlings ever being satisfactory. Outside the
association a nut tree is a nut tree regardless of seedling and grafted
trees, and one is expected to bear just as many fine large nuts as the
other and just as soon. After losing twenty to thirty thousand dollars
in delayed returns from a seedling walnut orchard, is it any wonder that
I oppose the planting of more seedlings by the unwary?
In concluding this report I wish to state that I have talked nuts before
a score of different meetings during the last year, and in the press of
Oregon and Washington have done much to encourage the prospective
grower."
THE SECRETARY: It seems to me that this report is one that will be very
useful to nut growers in the East and very suggestive to beginners in
nut growing. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if he has any comments to make
on the report.
MR. REED: As I know conditions in the Pacific Northwest Mr. Turk has
given an accurate report. The one criticism that I might make would be,
perhaps, that there seems to be a probability of over-enthusiasm. This
often occurs in any part of the country with respect to new things. It
has been most conspicuous with the pecan in the South, and the almond
industry in the West. As the pioneers in the nut industry in Oregon and
Washington are acquiring greater experience they are increasingly more
cautious with regard to such matters as varieties, planting sites,
planting distances, interpollination, and others of kindred nature.
The industry in the Northwest is still comparatively small. It is
centered mainly in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and to some extent in
a narrow strip running north towards Seattle. The best informed are
planting only in fertile, moist, properly drained soils so situated that
air drainage is good. The local soils are much more variable than would
be suggested by casual observation. Also, greater attention is being
paid to air drainage in that part of the country than in the East.
Several years ago there was a sudden drop in temperature from 32 degrees
above to 24 degrees below zero, at McMinnville, Oregon. This proved
fatal to trees and plants of many kinds, particularly those on flat
bottoms or on hillsides from which, for any reason, the cold air was
prevented from blowing to lower levels.
In addition to the species of nuts discussed by Mr. Turk, something
might be said regarding the possibilities of chestnut culture in the
Pacific Northwest. Numerous trees, planted singly or even in small
groups found there, grow so well as to indicate plainly that the genus
is capable of adapting itself to existing environment. However, both
planters and consumers are generally prejudiced against the chestnut.
This is easily explained for the reason that either sufficient numbers
of varieties have not been planted together to ensure interpollination,
or Japanese chestnuts have been planted. Early planters were evidently
not aware that most varieties are largely self-sterile, and they did not
know that the average Japanese chestnuts are fit for consumption only
when cooked. Had these two facts been taken into consideration by them,
it is not improbable that there would now have been an entirely
different situation regarding the chestnut in that part of the country.
THE SECRETARY: I have a few more reports. Is it the sentiment of the
meeting that I go on reading them?
MR. REED: I would like to hear the reports.
* * * * *
THE SECRETARY: _Knight Pearcy, from Salem, Oregon_, writes:
"Both filbert and walnut planting have continued in Oregon during the
past year. There has been a steady increase in the acreage of these two
nut crops during the past five years but, fortunately, no planting boom.
The older walnut orchards are almost all seedling groves and many of
these seedling groves are producing a very attractive revenue.
Practically all of the new plantings are of grafted trees, it having
been amply demonstrated that, while seedlings are often revenue
producers, the grafted orchards bring in more revenue and at no greater
cost of operation. Seedling orchards are offered for sale, but very few
grafted plantings are on the market. The Franquette continues to be the
principal tree planted; probably 95% of the new plantings being of this
variety.
A co-operative walnut marketing association has been formed, and this
year for the first time carlot shipments of Oregon nuts will be sent
East.
The filbert, a younger member of the Oregon horticultural family than
the walnut, is being planted as heavily as the walnut, if not more
heavily. Probably 60,000 trees were planted in the Willamette Valley of
Oregon last year. Production of filberts has not yet become heavy enough
to supply home markets. It will probably be some time before Oregon
filberts reach eastern markets.
No other nuts are grown commercially in the state, although the chestnut
does well here."
_Mr. T, C. Tucker, State Vice-President from California_, writes:
"The principal consideration in relation to the California nut situation
is a recognition of the tremendous increase in planting within the last
ten years. Many of these newly planted orchards have already come into
bearing. The marketable almond tonnage of California has increased until
it is now over three times that of ten years ago. The walnut tonnage has
doubled during the same period.
New plantings are going forward very slowly at the present time due to
the conditions prevailing in the fruit industry in general.
Economic conditions, coupled with the keenest kind of foreign
competition have interfered materially with the sale of almonds in this
country, with the result that almond growers have been losing money
every year for the past four years. At the same time the tremendously
increased domestic tonnage has resulted in keeping the prices to the
consumer very low in relation to pre-war prices and costs. The consumer
has been getting the benefit of maintaining the domestic almond
producers in the business. The fact that domestic tonnage cannot be kept
down, as soon as a profit is in sight, warrants the American public in
maintaining a sizable industry in this country by means of a protective
tariff, even though it may appear on the surface as though it might mean
increased prices. The experiences of the last four years have
demonstrated beyond a doubt that increases in import duties have not
resulted in increased prices to the consumer. They have, in fact,
increased the competition to a point where prices have dropped rather
than risen.
The same situation applies to walnuts, except possibly as regards losses
to growers during recent years. The fact that walnuts ordinarily take
longer to come into bearing than almonds has prevented any rapid
increase in production such as has taken place with almonds. They are,
however, facing many of the same conditions of keen competition from
countries where costs of production are very, very low.
Conditions this year point to both almond and walnut crops of
approximately the same size as last year. That means the walnut crop
will be around 25,000 tons and the almond crop around 10,000 tons. The
condition of the walnut crop seems to be about normal. Where irrigation
is not available they are suffering from lack of water. Almonds this
year are showing in many districts the disastrous effects of the
unusually dry season. This will show up most strongly, however, in
reduced tonnage for next year, and stick-tights for this year. These
latter, however, are not saleable, so the consumer need not worry but
that the almonds received in the markets will be good, edible almonds.
What the final outcome of the drought will be it is a little too early
to tell.
Pecans and filberts are produced in such small quantities in California
that they do not affect the market in any way except possibly locally.
There is nothing to indicate any abnormal condition affecting either of
these in the few places where they are grown. No large plantings of
either of these nuts are being made, since there seems to be
considerable question as to how successful they will be from a
commercial standpoint.
Chestnuts are not being planted as fast as they might be, especially in
those sections of the state to which they are well adapted. With the
rapid disappearance of the chestnut forests of the eastern states,
through the ravages of the chestnut bark disease, there is no reason why
chestnuts could not be grown in California, especially in many of the
foot-hill districts. This, of course, presupposes that the chestnut bark
disease can be kept out of the state, and we believe it can be. The
general price situation, however, is such as to discourage any extensive
plantings at this time. The interest that is being taken in possible
future plantings, however, is such that it appears reasonable to believe
that the next few years will see materially larger plantings made,
provided there is any improvement in agricultural economy conditions."
_Mr. James Sharp, Vice-President from Kansas_, writes:
"The only nut native here is black walnut, and the crop is heavy. There
are some Stabler and Thomas planted here, and some grafted on native
black are bearing. We have something like fifty grafted pecans planted
of all varieties, but none bearing yet. The pecan is a native south and
east of here in Kansas, and the crop is good, I understand. We also have
a few grafted sweet chestnuts growing in Kansas which are bearing well,
and more are being planted. I have one English walnut growing near my
house, which had male blooms last spring, but no nuts. We do not think
they will be a success in Kansas but we hope to grow some nuts on our
tree next year, the first in Kansas."
_Mr. U. H. Walker, Nacla, Colorado_, who says he is probably the only
one in that state attempting to grow nut trees, instead of fruit, writes
of his attempts. His place is at an altitude of 5,800 feet, where he can
at times look down into the clouds, and on clear days can look up into
perpetual snow. Mr. Walker has black walnut trees that have produced
crops each year for the last ten years, three pecan trees and two
persimmons. He has been experimenting with nut trees obtained from the
government for the last ten or twelve years, and is willing to plant and
care for any trees which the members of the association would like to
have tried out in the center of the Rocky Mountain district.
_Prof. V. R. Gardner, Michigan Agricultural College_, in a letter to C.
A. Reed, says: "We are getting a very nice collection of hardy nuts
started on our Graham Station grounds near Grand Rapids. These are for
the most part young trees being planted in orchard form. We are also
doing some top-grafting and as soon as we shall be able to accumulate
more data upon which to base recommendations, I am inclined to think
that we will put on a number of nut grafting demonstrations in the
state. I am sure there will be a demand for it.
If your meetings could be held later in the year, perhaps some time
during the winter, I think it would be easier for some of the station
men to attend them."
MR. REED: Might I add that Prof. Gardner was at one time Assistant in
Horticulture at Corvallis, in the heart of the walnut district of
Oregon. From there he went to Missouri as State Horticulturist. During
the three years at that place he top-worked a considerable number of
walnut trees with scions of supposedly hardy varieties of Persian
walnuts, especially the Franquette, and such varieties of Eastern black
as he could obtain. The Persian practically was killed out during the
first winter. The black walnut tops are now coming into bearing, and
considerable attention is being attracted to them throughout the
Mid-West. Prof. Colby may know something further regarding the work in
Missouri.
THE SECRETARY: I hope you notice how many more reports we are getting
from the men connected with the horticultural departments of the state
institutions. Here is a letter from H. H. Bartlett, Director of the
Botanical Gardens at Ann Arbor, University of Michigan:
"Our Botanical Garden in its present location is relatively new, having
been established only in 1914. The development of permanent plantings
has been mostly in the last two or three years, so you see we have as
yet done nothing with nut trees other than to assemble what varieties we
could get hold of. I must confess that the poor little things look much
as if the wrath of heaven had overtaken them. We had 8 degrees of frost
on the night of May 22d, when all the trees were in young leaf. All the
nut trees were badly killed back, some below the graft, so I've had to
pull some out. Since they had only a miserable start last year, they
look pretty sad now. However, I'll replace where necessary, and hope for
better luck next time.
If there should be an opportunity in the course of the discussion to
state that we are prepared to receive and take care of nut trees that
originators wish to try out in this region, I shall appreciate it. We
are receiving occasional nut-bearing plants from the Office of Seed and
Plant Introduction of the Department of Agriculture, and are very glad
to act as a testing station for new introductions or productions.
In order not to give a false impression as to the extent of our work, I
feel impelled to say that we haven't yet a nut tree in bearing, and only
one over three feet high."
_Mr. Conrad Vollertsen_ writes that he will not be able to be here as he
had planned. He states that all of his 31 varieties of filbert trees,
except one, have fairly good nut crops. His place, as you know, is in
Rochester, N. Y.
_Mr. F. A. Bartlett, of Stamford, Conn._, writes:
"You may be interested to know that some of my nut trees are giving some
results this year. A number of varieties of filberts are fruiting,
three varieties of black walnuts, almonds, Chinese chestnuts, heartnuts,
besides the native hickory and butternuts."
MR. REED: According to Mr. Bartlett the Lancaster heartnut, which was
introduced by Mr. Jones, is starting out in highly encouraging manner at
his place near Stamford. It has grown well and is now a handsome,
symmetrical tree. Indications are that it will bear well.
THE SECRETARY: Mr. Bartlett takes good care of his trees. We shall hope
to pay a visit to his place.
I have a letter from Mr. Hicks, Westbury, Long Island. He will be with
us today, and he proposes in his letter that we make an excursion to his
place on Long Island.
_Mr. J. W. Killen, Felton, Delaware,_ in a letter to Mr. Reed, writes as
follows:
"This year we are maturing some nuts on the cordiformis and sieboldiana
types of the Japanese walnut (young trees 3 to 5 feet high) that had no
staminate blossoms. These we are producing by crossing with the pollen
from one of our best Persians. We are looking for something interesting
from there nuts when planted and the trees come into bearing. But all
this takes time and patience. We had more chestnuts last fall than ever
before, and the prices averaged higher, about 20 cents per pound,
wholesale. Our best chestnuts are looking good now. Will soon be
opening; usually begin about the 5th to the 10th of September, to open
up.
"We have not succeeded very well in propagating Mollissima (Chinese
chestnut) but we find the quality of the nuts very good. All of our
American sweet and all of the European type, including Paragon, Numbo,
Dager, Ridgely, etc., have been gone for years, and left our Japs just
about as healthy looking as they were 20 years ago, yet they were all
set in the same block."
THE SECRETARY: It is encouraging to know that Mr. Killen has a strain of
chestnuts that will grow there without being destroyed by blight.
MR. REED: Blight is not serious with his trees.
THE SECRETARY: It is with mine. But Mollissima has resistance.
MR. REED: The real pest in Mr. Killen's chestnut planting is the weevil.
The nuts have to be marketed promptly in order to avoid destruction by
this insect.
THE SECRETARY: I have a letter from Mr. Littlepage, who regrets that he
will not be able to be with us.
Another letter is from Mr. Riehl, who regrets that because of his age he
will not be able to take the long trip from Godfrey, Ill., to New York
City. He writes to us of the place of the chestnut in northern nut
culture, as follows:
"Blight and weevil are the greatest enemies of this nut. Blight in all
probability will destroy practically all native chestnut where it is
native, and in all such districts the planting of chestnut orchards for
profit will be useless until varieties are found or produced that are
immune to that disease. In time this, no doubt, will be done. If I were
fifty years younger and lived in a blight section, it would appeal to me
to do something in that line.
Where the chestnut does not grow naturally it can be grown without fear
of the disease. I have the largest chestnut orchard in the West, of all
ages from seedlings to sixty years, with no blight.
Even were there no blight it would not be advisable to plant chestnut
orchards where it is native because of the weevil. The weevil appears to
be worse on the large improved varieties than on the smaller native. Of
course any one planting a chestnut orchard now would plant the newer,
larger varieties, as they will always outsell the smaller. No one who
has not talked with handlers of chestnuts can have any idea of the
handicap the weevil is to sales and prices. Where the chestnut is not
native the nuts produced will be free of weevils.
The place to plant chestnut orchards is where the chestnut is not
native, on soils that are not wet. Such situations exist in the central
west and westward to the Pacific coast. I have had reports of chestnut
trees growing and bearing in all this territory, and have had favorable
reports of trees that I sent there of my improved varieties.
There is a good market at good prices for good, homegrown chestnuts. My
own crops so far have sold readily at 25 to 40 cents per pound
wholesale, and the demand is always for more after the crop is all sold.
Of all the nuts that I have experimented with I have found the chestnut
to come into profitable bearing sooner and more profitably than any
other."
DR. MORRIS: Some of the state vice-presidents have spoken of native
chestnuts of good kinds. One obstacle, however, in the distribution of
good chestnuts, has been the state laws which prevent us from sending
chestnuts from one state to the other. I would like to ask Mr. Reed if
it would be possible to make some arrangement at Washington whereby
scions might be sent under government inspection to the West and to
other parts of the country where blight does not exist. On my property
at Stamford I had several thousand choice chestnut trees. The blight
appeared and I cut out 5,000 trees that were from fifty years to more
than a hundred years old. Among them there was one sweet American
chestnut superior to the others. It had a very large, high-quality nut,
and very beautiful appearance, having two distinct shades of chestnut
color. The tree was the first to go down with the blight but I have kept
it going ever since by grafting on other chestnut stock. I would like
mighty well to have that chestnut grow in other parts of the country. It
would be an addition to our nut supply.
Furthermore I have among a large number of hybrids, two of very high
quality between the American sweet chestnut and the chinkapin. I gave
these to Mr. Jones. He found, however, that he had no market for them
because of the fear of blight. I would like to present scions of this to
anybody outside the chestnut area where chestnuts are being grown,
provided I can do this under government methods. We should find a way to
do this.
THE SECRETARY: And not by boot-legging.
MR. REED: As Prof. Collins is more likely to be informed in regard to
quarantine laws than I am he is the proper one to answer that question.
I may say, however, that the federal department is unlikely to interfere
in any way with the carrying out of state quarantine laws. Prof. Collins
is now in the room. Dr. Morris, will you kindly re-state the question to
him?
DR. MORRIS: In brief, I have some very superior chestnuts. They will be
valuable for horticultural purposes in other parts, or in non-blight
regions, of the country. I have kept them going by care and attention. I
would be very glad to send those out of Connecticut, provided that the
way may be found, by sending them through Washington to other states. It
would be necessary, however, to have the scions treated in such a way as
to make sure that the endothia spores had been destroyed.
THE PRESIDENT: I suggest that Prof. Collins give the matter some
thought, and when he gives his paper he will be able to inform us about
that. We will now ask Mr. Reed for a report as to promising seedlings.
MR. REED: There are quite a number of new things which might be
mentioned. One is a group of Chinese walnuts now in their second or
third year in the nursery of Mr. Jones, at Lancaster. In this lot there
are many beautiful young trees grown from nuts obtained for Mr. Jones by
Mr. P. W. Wang, of Shanghai. They are from North China, the territory
which I visited more than two years ago and from which I also obtained
considerable seed. Of the latter we have now several hundred seedlings
ready for distribution. Personally I would like them to be distributed
among members of this association. Mr. Jones has 300 or 400 of the Wang
trees which he proposes to sell as seedlings. Others will be used as
stocks for grafting varieties of _regia_.
Dr. Morris has already referred to the Chinese chestnuts. Mr. Dorsett,
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has recently arrived in China
for a two-years' trip. He will doubtless send many chestnuts.
Another particularly interesting group of nut trees is a lot of
hazel-filbert hybrids produced by Mr. Jones. These are between the Rush
and the Barcelona, or other European varieties. He now has plants three
to five years of age in bearing. They average as high as a man's head.
Practically all are in bearing with attractive clusters of nuts, and
some are fruiting heavily. The Rush variety, as most members know, is a
native hazel of unusually prolific habits of bearing. The nuts are of
fair size and quality.
Recently I have seen some interesting pecan trees in the East. Two of
these are on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, one in the outskirts of
Easton and the other at Princess Anne; the former is a trifle the
larger, measuring 15 ft 5 inches in girth at breast height, the latter
measuring 4 feet and 2 inches at the same distance and estimated to be
110 feet high. It was grown from a nut said to have been planted in
1800. The nuts from these trees are small but well filled and much
appreciated by their respective communities.
THE PRESIDENT: We have the secretary down for a paper.
THE SECRETARY: This paper opens a symposium on topworking hickory
trees.
TOP WORKING HICKORIES IN THE NORTH
_By W. C. Deming, Connecticut_
I do not recall a single modern improvement of importance in the art of
grafting nut trees in the North that is not due to either Mr. Jones or
Dr. Morris, except that to Mr. Riehl belongs, I believe, the credit of
the idea of waxing the entire graft, which is now the accepted
procedure. Therefore I speak before these two gentlemen with diffidence.
I do so in the hope that perhaps I may recall something which they have
forgotten to make known, or that what I say may elicit from them
available emendatory remarks. My experience of fourteen years on my own
place, and of five years grafting for others, is the basis of my
observations.
_Compatibility of Species and Varieties_
This question will be particularly discussed by Mr. Bixby who has been
conducting careful experiments that should soon settle the question for
the commoner hickories. A few scattering observations of my own may be
useful.
It is generally believed that any species of the genus hickory will
catch on any other, though not necessarily that the union will be
blessed. It is self evident that any hickory will thrive on any variety
of the same species, shagbark on shagbark, pecan on pecan, though even
here close observation will probably disclose differences of
compatibility. Probably any hybrid hickory will thrive on either of its
parents. In some cases this may turn out to be a test of hybridity. For
instance, the Barnes is one of the few shagbarks known to thrive on
mockernut. It shows other evidences of mockernut blood.
I have found no hickory, so far, that does not appear to thrive on the
shagbark, except the pecan. Even here there are differences. I have one
Major pecan on shagbark that is over twenty-five feet high that has a
very healthy appearance and that has shown staminate bloom for two or
three years. I have also an Indian pecan that looks fairly prosperous.
The Iowa pecans, the Marquart, Greenbay, Campbell, Witte, and others,
catch readily and grow vigorously, at least for the first years. There
are many data, however, on the adaptability of the pecan to the shagbark
and the consensus of opinion is that ultimate results are poor. This is
probably because the shagbark starts early and makes its season's growth
in about six weeks, while the pecan naturally has a much longer growing
season. However, these observations have been made, mostly, in the South
and it may be different in the North. The question is not yet finally
decided.
The Stanley shellbark, H. laciniosa, is completely at home on the
shagbark, apparently, but has not yet borne with me.
The Hatch bitternut grew luxuriantly on shagbark for a year but blew
off.
The Zorn hybrid made a growth of one foot on shagbark but then was
winter killed, apparently.
I have a back pasture full of vigorous pignuts, H. glabra, which for
eleven years I have been grafting with faith which now seems childlike,
that soon I would have fourteen acres of bearing hickory trees. Yet as a
result of all these years of grafting the only hickories that I have
found to thrive are the Brooks, which appears to be vigorous, the
Terpenny, which is vigorous and bearing nuts in its fourth year, and
possibly the Barnes. Not a single pecan survived more than a year,
though many started. The Beaver hybrid makes a long spindling growth and
then, in the first or second year, the leaves turn yellow and mosaic and
the growth dies. The Kirtland, Kentucky, Hales, Taylor and several
others, have all with me, proved failures on the pignut. Mr. Bixby's
experiments appear to be showing somewhat different results.
The question of the compatibility of species and varieties is really a
very important one because in some localities either the pignut or the
mockernut is the prevailing species, and we wish to know with what
species and varieties they may be successfully grafted. For instance, if
the Barnes, which is an excellent shagbark, will do well on both the
pignut and the mockernut, where so many other varieties fail, and the
Brooks is at home on the pignut, these are highly important facts to be
known by the man with fifteen acres of hilly woodland full of young
pignuts and mockernuts.
_Size of Stocks_
I prefer stocks of moderate size, up to three inches in diameter. One
gets greater results for the labor with these than with larger trees. Of
course a tree of any size may be topworked but the labor is
disproportionately greater, especially in the after care.
_Cutting Back Stocks for Topworking_
I doubt if it is important to cut back stocks during the dormant season,
except that then there is more time. With larger trees this counts for a
good deal, but in the smaller ones I like to cut them off just where I
want to graft at the time of doing so. However, they may be cut off when
dormant at the point of selection for grafting and later grafted without
further cutting back. This reduces, or does away with the risk of
bleeding. Except in very small stocks it is better to leave a number of
the lower branches to prevent bleeding. When bleeding does occur it may
be checked by making one or more cuts with the knife or saw into the
sapwood of the trunk below the graft. Better results come when the
cutting back is of the top branches and not the lower ones because of
the stronger flow of sap toward the top of the tree. In my opinion a
side branch should always be left at the point where the stock is cut
off to maintain a circulation of sap. Otherwise the stub will often die
back and the graft fail. Also, the cambium close to a side branch will
be observed to be thicker and I infer that the circulation of sap is
more active. I prefer to cut off the top half, or two-thirds of the tree
and graft into the top and the side branches near the top.
Hickories in full foliage may usually be cut back without evident harm.
Occasionally a tree will be apparently shocked to death. Sometimes when
a tree in foliage is cut back severely the remaining leaves will turn
black and partly, or completely, die, but the tree will throw out
vigorous new growth later.
Trees up to three inches in diameter may have the whole top cut off, at
the risk of occasionally shocking a tree to death. Such complete cutting
back must be done in the dormant season or there will be severe and
prolonged bleeding. This method has the advantage of forcing a
tremendous growth in the grafts which will need careful support. This is
much more easily done however, than when the grafts are in the top of
the tree. Cutting back in the dormant season and painting with paraffine
has not worked well for me as the paraffine has not adhered well for any
length of time to the freshly cut surfaces. Probably this could be
easily remedied if it were a real advantage. In the case of small stocks
and branches where there is no bleeding and the paraffine adheres well
green callus will often be seen spreading out beneath the paraffine over
the cut surface.
Stocks should be vigorous. Dwarfed, stunted, submerged, hide bound trees
make poor stocks. This is important, I believe.
_Scions_
The condition of the scion is the most important element for success in
top-working hickory trees. The technique of grafting has been so
simplified as to make it fairly easy, and native stocks are usually
vigorous. But unless the scions have full vitality success will be
limited. They should be plump and not pithy. A limited success is
possible with scions of feeble growth, or those subjected to
devitalising influences in keeping or handling, but the largest success
will be had with well grown scions, cut from vigorous trees or grafts,
whose buds are completely dormant, and have a fresh, green appearance on
cutting. When the cambium layer shows a yellowish or brownish tint the
scions are useless. Slender wood may make good scions but is more
difficult to keep in good condition. Heavy wood from vigorous, young,
grafted trees, or from cut back trees, makes the best scions and is the
easiest to keep. Wood more than 1 year old and as large as one can
handle makes good scions. Dr. Morris, with the use of the plane, has
succeeded with astonishingly large scions and even branches. Sometimes
buds are absent from these large scions or are very inconspicuous. They
may be searched for with a lens.
Preferably scions should be cut when entirely dormant. Buds that show
signs of breaking should be removed. Scions cut after growth starts may
be used with success if there are dormant buds. This "immediate
grafting," as Dr. Morris calls it has not been fully studied. It may be
of great value. It is quite successful with the apple and the pear. It
appears to depend chiefly on the presence of dormant buds of vitality.
The later in the season the dormant scions are cut the shorter the time
they have to be kept, though probably this is not of importance if the
method of keeping is right.
_Keeping Scions_
The larger the scion the easier it is to keep it. Dr. Morris cuts whole
branches and keeps them in the sawdust of his icehouse. I have cut them
two inches in diameter and kept them lying uncovered on the barn cellar
floor into the second summer looking fresh and green. The smaller the
scion the more susceptible it is to moisture environment. Scions must be
kept where it is neither too moist nor too dry. Usually the mistake is
made of keeping them too moist. The buds may start if the scions are too
moist even when the temperature is quite low. This happened for me when
I stored scions for a week or two in the very cold bottom of an icebox.
The most successful grafters keep scions with a sort of intelligent
neglect. Dr. Morris buries them in the sawdust of his icehouse and it
seems to make no difference if ice is there or not. I once tried keeping
them in an icehouse over the ice and they became soaking wet. I have
noticed that Dr. Morris's sawdust seems quite dry. Mr. Jones keeps some,
at least, of his in bins or barrels covered with burlap bags. He says
that heartnut scions keep best not packed away but kept in the open
cellar. I notice that Mr. Jones has been using some kind of mill
planings in place of sphagnum moss. Branches and large scions will keep
well in a medium that seems dry to the touch. Small scions, such as
those cut from old parent trees, require careful handling to prevent
shriveling, on the one hand, or bud starting on the other. A low
temperature is probably desirable, but the right condition of moisture
is essential to the proper keeping of scions for any length of time. I
should naturally prefer to keep them in darkness, but I am not sure that
it is important. Undoubtedly the access of some air is necessary but it
would be difficult to keep it altogether away. I do not know how long
scions would keep if entirely covered with paraffine. One year I dipped
all the cut ends of my scions in melted paraffine but I am not sure that
it is worth the trouble. One year I packed away my scions in rather
moist sphagnum moss. The first time I looked at them they were enmeshed
in mold mycelium. Later many of the buds started to grow. As suggested
by Mr. Jones, dipping either the scions or the moss in half strength
Bordeaux mixture will remedy the mold trouble. Parenthetically, this
should be of help in keeping chestnuts, chinkapins, and other nuts that
spoil easily with mold, for planting in the spring. Packing scions
tightly and heavily covered in boxes for any length of time has been, in
my observation, disastrous. In shipping scions a method advised, and one
that I have followed with satisfaction, is to wrap the scions, either
separately or together, in paraffine paper without any packing next the
scions but putting it, instead, outside the paraffine paper. This
packing may be sphagnum moss or mill planings slightly moistened. This
also is wrapped in a moisture impervious covering and then in ordinary
wrapping paper. For shipping long distanced the moss or planings should
be dipped in half strength Bordeaux mixture.
The surface of the bark of scions that are being kept should always be
dry, never moist. But they should never be so dry as to look shrivelled.
Until you know just what scions will do under the conditions you provide
you should examine them frequently.
_Equipment_
The essentials are a knife, raffia and the wax heater with brush. A saw
is necessary if stocks are to be cut back, and pruning shears are
convenient for cutting scions into proper lengths and for trimming and
pruning stocks. The knife most used is the grafting knife of Maher &
Gross, with a three inch straight blade and a round handle that gives a
good grasp.
I used to suspect that the men who said that scions ought to be cut with
two strokes of the knife were trying to establish an unattainable ideal.
But after Mr. Jones and Dr. Morris had taught me how to sharpen my knife
I found that I could cut one that way myself sometimes. Mr. Jones's
method of sharpening is to hone the knife flat on the surface next the
scion and with a bevel on the upper edge. I found that this made scion
cutting so much easier that I thought it was the whole secret. But one
day I saw another doubter come up to Mr. Jones and ask him if it was
true that he could cut a scion with two strokes of the knife. Mr. Jones
said he thought he could but he had no knife just then. The man pulled
out his pocket knife and asked if that would do. Mr. Jones looked at it,
took a stick and with two strokes cut a perfect scion. Since then I have
felt that there is something to it besides the way you sharpen your
knife.
A very important element in shaping scions is to give a drawing motion
to the knife by keeping the handle well advanced before the blade. The
cutting is done with a draw and not a push. This is one of the most
important factors for success in shaping scions.
It seems hardly necessary to say that the stroke of the knife should be
away from the grafter. Yet it is a common sight to see beginners cutting
to the thumb.
Dr. Morris showed me that if, in sharpening your knife, you hold the
little whetstone between the thumb and middle finger of the left hand
you are less likely to put a feather edge on it. A feather edge is
something to clip the sprouting wings of any budding saint of a grafter.
When you get the right edge on your knife often you can use it the whole
day without resharpening, or at most with simply a stropping on a piece
of wood or leather. But improper use of the knife, or the least knick,
will spoil the edge and sometimes it will be quite difficult to get it
back. Therefore the blade should always be protected by a sheath, never
laid down or used for cutting raffia, or anything but the actual cutting
of the graft. For this purpose a leather sheath worn on the front of the
belt, as first used by Dr. Morris, is almost a necessity. This sheath
may be made by any leather worker and should have at least two pockets,
one for the grafting knife and one for another knife to be used for
trimming, cutting raffia and other odd things. It is convenient to have
a little pocket for a pencil also and one may provide places for other
articles of equipment at fancy.
I do not know that there is much to be said here about raffia. But a
great deal has been said, and will be said, elsewhere, when the raffia
is rotten and breaks in the middle of tying a graft. It is the devil's
own stuff to carry when you don't carry it right. The right way to carry
it is to tuck one end of the bundle under one side of your belt, pass
the bundle behind your back and the other end under the other side of
your belt. Then the raffia never gets mixed up with scions, tools and
profanity and the end of a strand is as handy as the knives in your
belt. On the whole I do not know of any binding material as satisfactory
as raffia. It is stronger and easier to use when it is damp.
One of the great advances in the art of grafting is the use of melted
wax. I believe that we have to credit Mr. Jones for this. The use of
paraffine for grafting wax we owe to Dr. Morris. To him also we owe the
Merribrook melter which has added so much to the comfort and convenience
of grafting that it can be recommended as an outdoor sport for ladies. I
do not like the brush that Dr. Morris recommends but prefer a stiffer
one such as can be bought for ten cents.
Equipments vary with the individual and with the difference in the work
to be done. Mr. Slaughter carries into the nursery, when he is working
for Mr. Jones in the semi-tropical sun of Lancaster, a stool with
parasol attachment. Mr. Biederman of Arizona has the most elaborate
equipment which includes a table, planes, curved knives and gouges. Dr.
Morris carries a knapsack. I like an ordinary light market basket that
Mother Earth holds up for me when I'm not moving from place to place.
When in a tree I stuff my pockets with scions.
A saw is usually a necessity. For portability I prefer a curved one that
has a draw cut. It has also an aesthetic element and doesn't look like
a meat saw, which can't be said of Mr. Jones's saw that seduced Dr.
Morris from church. For heavy and steady work I much prefer a
carpenter's sharp hand saw. A two-edged saw is an abomination devised by
conscienceless manufacturers for the seduction of innocent amateurs.
For pruning shears I have a personal fancy for the French, hand-made
instrument, each one individual, a work of art and a potential legacy to
one's horticultural heir, if one doesn't let the village blacksmith
monkey with it, as I did with mine.
On some grafts it is desirable to use a bit of paper, either beneath or
outside of the raffia, to make waxing easier. For this I have found
scraps of Japanese paper napkin very adaptive to surfaces and absorptive
of wax.
On very heavy grafts Dr. Morris uses the Spanish windlass, as devised by
him, for which he carries sisal cord, wooden or metal meat skewers,
small staples and a mallet. He uses a chisel to cut slots in very thick
bark and planes for shaping heavy grafts.
I have tried fastening in grafts with a nail, using iron and brass nails
and bank pins. Mr. Jones has suggested cement covered nails. My
experience with iron nails is that they damage the scions. The use of
nails has not been fully worked out. They are almost essential in bridge
grafting apple trees. I think that just the right kind of a staple might
be a help with some kinds of grafts.
Paper bags, 2 pound size, are sometimes wanted, for protection from sun
or insects or to make the grafts conspicuous. Mr. Jones shades grafts
made close to the ground with a slip of paper.
For labels for immediate use the wooden ones, painted on one side and
with copper wire fastening, are satisfactory. Attach them by the
nurseryman's method, which it has taken me many years to recognize as
the right one, by twisting the _doubled_ wire around a convenient
object. Do not separate the wires which will probably permit the label
to flap in the wind and soon wear out the wires. I used to think that
the nurseryman's method was the result of hurry or laziness.
Copper labels, to be written on with a stylus, cost 1-1/2 or 2 cents
each, according to size. The smaller I consider preferable. I imagined
that these would solve the label problem. Picture my disappointment when
I found that many of them cracked, or broke off entirely near the
eyelet, from flapping in the wind. If they are to be used they must be
fastened so as not to move with the wind. Mr. Bixby has an excellent
label made on an aluminum strip printing machine. It has a hole in each
end and is fastened with a heavy copper wire. He uses two of these
labels on each tree. Dr. Morris sometimes uses a heavy wire stake to
which he fastens the labels. A good method of attaching labels, and one
that does away with the risk of girdling the graft or tree, is to fasten
the label to a staple driven into the tree. The matter of labels is a
troublesome one for they will get lost no matter what you do.
Other conveniences of equipment are a small whetstone, a small hammer,
matches, and some volatile oil, like citronella, lavender, wintergreen,
or other black fly and mosquito repellant. It is almost suicidal to slap
a mosquito on the back of your neck with a keen grafting knife in your
hand. A supply of parowax and alcohol for the lantern's sake should be
remembered.
_Technique_
If the stocks are vigorous and active, and the scions full of vitality,
I doubt if the technique is of chief importance, provided it is
ordinarily good. However, a good technique will increase the percentage
of success. One should have a variety of methods at command for varying
conditions of stocks and scions.
One may come as near 100% success in grafting hickories as one is able
and willing to observe all the known factors of success. I think that we
can say now that the factors of success in hickory grafting are known.
They are a vigorous and active stock, a scion of abundant vitality,
coaptation of the freshly cut cambium layers and prevention of
desiccation.
The stock and scion have already been considered. How is coadaptation
best obtained? One of the best methods, one that can be used in all
seasons and in most conditions of stock and scion, is the side graft,
the one that Mr. Jones uses in his nursery work. That is the best
argument for this graft. It is, perhaps, the simplest, and at the same
time one of the most difficult, of all grafts. The scion is cut wedge
shaped and pushed into a slanting incision in the side of the stock. Mr.
Jones's modified cleft graft is only a side graft made in the top of the
stock after cutting it off. The difficulty lies chiefly in cutting the
scion and the incision in the stock so that the fit will be perfectly
true. This requires practice.
The bark slot graft, as Dr. Morris calls it, I have used for several
years. It can be used only during the growing season when the bark will
slip. It is very successful, whether put in at the top of a cut off
stock, or inserted in the side of a limb or the trunk. It is not
convenient to use unless the scion is considerably smaller than the
stock. The scion is cut with a scarf, or bevel, on one side only. When
the slot is to be made in the top of a cut off stock two vertical cuts
are made through the bark, as far apart as the scion is wide, the tongue
of bark thus formed is raised slightly at the top, and the point of the
scion is inserted, cut surface toward the center of the tree, and pushed
down firmly into place. The superfluous part of the tongue of bark is
then cut off. By slightly undercutting the edges of the slot, and
slightly tapering it toward the bottom, the scion may be wedged, or
dovetailed, in place so as to be very firm. It is even possible to
dispense with tying, sometimes, but better not to do so.
When the slot is to be made in the side of a limb or trunk the same
procedure is followed except that it is necessary before making the slot
to remove a notch of bark, at right angles to the axis of the trunk, so
as to free the upper end of the tongue of bark.
The bark slot graft is the easiest of all and readily mastered once the
grafter learns to shape a true scion. It is much better than the old
bark graft where the bark of the stock is forced away from the wood
leaving considerable space to be filled or covered.
These two forms of graft, the side graft, of which Mr. Jones's modified
cleft graft is only a variation, as before stated, and the bark slot, in
its two variations as described, will meet all needs in topworking
hickory trees.
Finally, prevention of desiccation of the graft is obtained by waxing. I
have found Dr. Morris's method with melted paraffine satisfactory. The
addition of raw pine gum, as advocated by Dr. Morris is undoubtedly an
advantage under certain conditions, described by him, but I have not yet
used it. The melted parowax is applied to the whole graft and wrapping,
leaving no cut surface exposed and the whole scion being covered. If the
paraffine is at just the right temperature it will spread at a touch,
covering the surfaces without danger of scalding. It is much more
effective thus applied than if colder and daubed on. The thicker the
waxing the more likely to crack and separate. If the paraffine smokes it
is too hot. If it does not smoke, and is dexterously applied, I think we
can feel safely that it cannot be too hot. But if applied with a heavy
hand it may be too hot even at a temperature so low that it will not
spread.
_Season for Grafting_
According to Dr. Morris nut trees can be grafted successfully in any
month of the year. But practically I think that grafting will be limited
to that part of the year during which the cambium layer of the stock is
active. At other times of the year preservation of the vitality of the
scion will be too problematical, it seems to me, even if it is very
carefully waxed. However, I may be mistaken. At any rate grafting is not
very pleasant work out of doors in very cold weather. The success of
bench grafting would be an argument for the success of dormant season
grafting out of doors.
_After Care_
Without thoughtful after care the labor of topworking will almost
certainly be lost. There are many ways in which the grafts can be lost
but the two commonest are by being choked, or inhibited, by growth from
the stock, and by being blown out by the wind. All new growth from the
stock must be rigorously prevented. Grafts often make so heavy a growth
that, if not blown out by the wind, they will be dragged out by their
own weight. Consequently they must often be supported. When the grafts
are in, or near, the trunk of the stock, and not too high, the handiest
method of support is to cut a sapling of proper length, sharpen the
butt, stick this into the ground at the base of the stock, and tie it in
two places to the stock. When the grafts are too far out or too high for
this method laths or slats or sticks may be tied or nailed to the
branches. Support is likely to be even more necessary in the second
season when the growth is often astonishing.
Bud worms will sometimes destroy your graft just as it is starting, but
they are easily found if looked for. With my conditions the most harm by
insects is done by the night feeding beetles, which are particularly
exasperating as morning after morning you watch the progress of their
destructive work without ever seeing them. Bagging is the only
preventive and it pays to use bags when a particular graft is cherished.
_Is Topworking Hickories Worth While?_
Up to the present time it is the surest and easiest way, practically the
only way, of getting good results with the hickories, excepting the
pecan. The root systems of the native stocks are well established and
push the grafts rapidly. I have had a Siers hybrid grow 11 feet Straight
up in a season. A Taylor matured several nuts on the third season's
growth. A Terpenny had a crop the fourth year, the Griffin bears
annually since its fifth year, the Kirtland and Barnes since the sixth.
The Kentucky is a little slower. None of the hybrids have yet borne with
me but with others they have borne quite early. We can be sure that the
hickories will bear when top worked as soon as the average apple tree.
The size of the crop that any topworked hickory tree will bear will
depend on the size to which you have been able to grow the tree and the
habit of bearing of the particular variety. I think, also, that there is
good evidence to show that the size of the tree, the size of the nuts
and the size of the crop will depend largely on the amount of care and
the amount of plant food that is given the tree.
Two years ago I topworked a number of hickory trees for Mr. Patterson of
Wilkes-Barre, one of our members, and Mr. Patterson's foreman put in a
few grafts under my observation. This summer I went to Wilkes-Barre to
inspect my work. The foreman took me out into a field where he had done
a lot of grafting the year before and I found that he had had a little
better percentage of success than I had had. He had used the bark slot
graft for everything, even when the scions were almost as big as the
stocks. Before this I had thought that long experience was necessary for
successful grafting. Now I see that if you have good scions, a Morris
melter and a half hour of instructions, you will have all the essentials
for immediate success. Hickory grafting is easy now. But let no one be
contemptuous, for this ease has come only after many years of experiment
and countless failures by many men. The former difficulty in grafting
the hickory seems now like a mystery. The history of its evolution would
make a very pretty story for the nut grower.
NOTES ON MEDIATE AND IMMEDIATE GRAFTING AT ALL TIMES OF THE YEAR
_By Dr. R. T. Morris, Connecticut_
Any newly described fact which releases information on the subject of
tree grafting opens vistas of the new frontier in world agriculture.
Time was when men went from one country to another in search of fresh
top soil. That was when they did not know better. It was when their cogs
of habit turned their cogs of thought. They were engaged in raising
annual plants at a considerable expenditure of time, labor and expense.
They committed wastage of soluble plant foods (a variety of sin).
Malthus formulated a famous over-population fear-thought. It had basis
in his ignorance of the fact that steam was soon to become a factor in
the spreading of food supplies. Furthermore, he seemingly did not know
that when old top-soil frontiers had gone to the rear, new frontiers
would appear in the sub-soil. The tree digs deeper than the farmer ever
plowed.
After Malthus came hunger prophets who were ignorant of coming
possibilities of fleet transportation through the air. The caterpillar
tractor plunging into the tropical jungle will allow of the production
of a practically unlimited food supply. Famine in India, China, and
Russia is a social matter and unnecessary. Trees cure famine.
Within the past decade a number of thinkers on one end of the see-saw
have written heavily on the over-population question not knowing that
they and their birth control ideas were to be tossed into the air by
still heavier weight of fact on the other end of the see-saw.
The heavier weight of fact relates to the idea that famine does not
belong to tree food regions. It relates to the fact that tree foods can
supply all of the essentials of provender for men, livestock and fowls;
proteins, starches, fats and vitamines in delicious form. It relates to
the fact that tree foods come largely out of the sub-soil without
apparent diminution of fertility of the ground. The tree allows top-soil
bacteria and surface annual plants to manufacture plant food materials
and then deep roots take these materials to the leaves for elaboration
by sun chemistry.
Trees may be grown wherever crops of annual plants may be grown and
where annual plants may not be grown profitably. They do not require the
service of high cost labor for annual tillage of the soil. For example,
four large pecan trees or black walnut trees on an acre of ground
without tillage or fertilizer may average a thousand pounds of nut meats
annually for a century. How often is the market value and food value of
a thousand pounds of nut meats per acre equalled by crops from annual
plants which would require from 100 to 200 plowings and harrowings
during a hundred years of continuous cultivation leaving out the
question of expensive fertilizers and labor. Large populations live upon
dates, olives and figs. For trouble they have to look to religion.
Several centuries were required for the British farmers to raise the
wheat crop from six bushels to thirty bushels per acre. Things move
faster nowadays. It will not require so long a time to carry tree crops
from the seedling phase to the phase of grafted kinds with greater
productivity and quality. In the past the successful tree grafter was a
specially skilled man. Now almost anybody may graft almost any sort of
tree at almost any time of the year.
Aside from grafting, the hybridizing of nut trees, like that of cereal
grain plants, has become a scientific sport appealing to the play
instinct of man. When work becomes play in any field of human activity
progress goes by leaps and bounds. The recent advance in tree grafting
has amounted almost to a revolution rather than an evolution process.
Application of a few new grafting principles of great consequence is now
the order of the day. Old established grafting methods frequently ran
into failures when dealing with all but a few trees like the common
fruit bearing kinds.
The two chief obstacles to successful grafting were desiccation of the
graft and fungous or bacterial parasites which entered the land of milk
and honey where sap collected in graft wounds. Both of these dangers
have now been practically eliminated and it remains for us to extend the
season of grafting, carrying it away from a hurried procedure in busy
spring weeks.
The chief obstacle to this extension of the grafting season has been the
difficulty in finding the right sort of grafting wax or protective
material for covering the graft, buds and all, as well as the wound of
the stock. For covering the entire graft in order to avoid desiccation
grafting waxes had to be applied in melted form with a brush. They had
to be applied in melted form for filling interstices of wounds in which
sap might collect and ferment. These waxes had the effect of not
retaining their quality under greatly varying conditions of heat, cold
and moisture. The paraffin waxes which the author has preferred were
inclined to crack and to become separated from the graft and stock in
cold weather. Furthermore they would remelt and become useless in the
very hot sun of southern latitudes.
Experimentation for several seasons has resulted in the finding that raw
pine gum is miscible with the paraffins in almost all proportions
because of physical or chemical affinity. This gives to the wax an
elasticity and adhesiveness of such degree that we may now graft trees
in cold weather. Cohesiveness of molecules of the mixture is such that
remelting in the hot sun may not destroy the effectiveness of this
protective coating in hot weather.
Since the author has depended upon this mixture he has grafted peaches,
apples, hazels and hickories successfully in midwinter as well as in
midsummer. Many other kinds of trees have been grafted successfully out
of the so-called grafting season but these four kinds which represent
two of the "easiest grafters" and two of the "hardest grafters" will
suffice for purposes of illustration.
According to old-established idea trees may be grafted successfully only
from scions that have been cut when dormant and stored in proper
receptacles. This is what we may term "mediate grafting," a considerable
length of time intervening between cutting the scions and inserting the
grafts. On the other hand what we may call "immediate grafting" is the
taking of a scion from one tree and grafting it at once in a tree that
is to receive it. Mediate or immediate grafting may both be done at
almost any time of the year, winter or summer, spring or autumn.
When preparing the scion for immediate grafting in the spring or early
summer it is best to cut off all the leaves and herbaceous growth of the
year. We then depend upon latent buds situated in the older wood of the
scion. The latter may be one year or several years of age.
In midsummer when top buds have formed we may remove only the leaves,
allowing the growth of the year to remain and to serve for grafting
material.
In experiments with the apple for example it was found that mediate
grafts inserted on July 10th in the latitude of Stamford, Conn., began
to burst their buds five or six days later. Immediate grafts inserted at
the same time began to burst their buds about fifteen days later from
buds of the year and about twenty days later from latent buds in older
scion wood.
New shoots from these mediate apple grafts continued to grow as they do
in Spring grafting. Immediate apple grafts on the other hand put out
about six leaves from each bud and then came to a state of rest with the
formation of a new top bud. After about ten days of resting these new
top buds again burst forth and grew shoots like those of the mediate
grafts.
The philosophy of these phenomena would seem to include the idea that
the mediate summer grafts had contained a full supply of pabulum stored
up in the cambium layer. The immediate summer grafts, on the other hand,
had contained only a partial supply of pabulum, enough to allow them to
make six leaves and a top bud. After a few days of resting these shoots
with meager larder could then go forward with new food furnished by the
whole tree.
Mediate and immediate winter grafts were alike in their method of growth
in the spring. This would seem to confirm the idea that character of new
growth is dependent upon the relative quality of stored pabulum in the
cambium layer.
In experimental work it was noted that both mediate and immediate winter
grafts make a slower start in the spring than do the grafts inserted in
springtime. This is perhaps due to the formation of a protective corky
cell layer over wound surfaces. New granulation tissue would then find
some degree of mechanical obstacle in the presence of a corky cell layer
at first.
Herbaceous plants allow of grafting. We are familiar with the example of
the tomato plant grafted upon the potato plant, furnishing a crop of
tomatoes above and potatoes below.
It seemed to the author that the herbaceous growth of trees should be
grafted quite as readily. This seems to be not the case. A number of
experiments conducted with grafting of the herbaceous growth of trees in
advance of lignification has resulted wholly in failure with both soft
wood and hard wood trees.
The walnuts carried herbaceous bud grafts and scion grafts for a long
time however. These grafts sometimes remained quite green and promising
for a period of a month but lignification progressed in the stock
without extending to the scion. Speculation would introduce the idea
that lignification relates to a hormone influence proceeding from the
leaves of a tree and that the leafless scion does not send forth
hormones for stimulating the cells of the scion to the point of
furnishing enzymes for wood building.
Perhaps the most interesting part of new tree work relates to
experiments which are failures. Negative testimony is like the minor key
in music. There are many men who care to do only things that "cannot be
done." These are the ones who have made our progress in almost every
field of human activity.
STOCKS FOR HICKORIES
_Willard G. Bixby, Long Island_
MR. BIXBY: The sheets which I am distributing to you contain tables to
which I shall refer during this talk. But first I will give a little
foreword regarding the trees. The trees enumerated in the tables shown
were nearly all given me by Mr. Henry Hicks of Isaac Hicks & Son,
Westbury, Long Island, and were taken to Baldwin and set out in the
fall, practically the entire roots being saved and later the trees
severely cut back. They were transplanted without loss except in the
case of the shagbark, and those lost were all undersized trees. All of
the hickories were of one age, but those lost were ones which had not
made normal growth and had they been discarded in the beginning there
would have been no loss whatever in the transplanting of 300 or 400
trees. Later, in the spring of 1924, I found some loose bark pignut
(Carya ovalis) seedlings on a farm not far away from my place, and these
were also transplanted; but they were too small to graft this year.
These experiments in grafting, made during 1923 and 1924, have shown us
some new things. With some of the walnuts we had 100 per cent success.
With the hickories there was not 100 per cent success, but that was due
to the fact that we were putting scions on stocks that were not
congenial in many instances. You will notice the results as shown on the
tables.
1923 GRAFTING
G--Grafts Set C--Successful Catches
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shagbark Mockernut Pignut Pecan Bitternut Total
G C G C G C G C G C G C %
Barnes 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 18 100.0%
Brooks 5 0 4 2 5 1 5 2 19 5 21.0%
Clark 5 1 5 0 5 2 5 1 5 2 25 6 24.0%
Fairbanks 27 17 27 17 59.3%
Gobble 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 80.0%
Griffin 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 3 60.0%
Hales 5 3 4 1 5 4 5 5 19 13 52.5%
Kentucky 5 4 3 1 5 4 5 4 5 1 23 14 61.0%
Kirtland 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 12 7 58.4%
Laney 6 4 6 4 66.7%
Long Beach 4 3 3 2 4 1 4 2 3 1 18 9 50.0%
Manahan 5 1 5 1 6 2 5 1 5 1 26 6 24.2%
Siers 5 5 5 5 100.0%
Stanley 3 3 3 2 3 3 9 8 89.0%
Taylor 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 15 12 80.0%
Vest 5 1 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 1 25 5 20.0%
Weiker 5 1 5 2 5 1 15 4 26.8%
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- ---
32 17 51 20 52 26 46 24 91 53 272 140
53.1% 29.2% 50.0% 47.0% 59.3% 51.5%
An inspection of the 1923 grafts made August 21, 1924 showed the
following number growing: on shagbark 14, on mockernut 6, on pignut 26,
on pecan 24, and on bitternut 16, the only place where there was any
material difference being in the case of the mockernut where nearly
three-quarters of the number of grafts growing last summer failed to
grow this spring, in fact all varieties failed to grow excepting three,
the Barnes, Gobble and Long Beach, all three of which I suspect from
other evidence, have mockernut parentage. In the ease of those on pignut
and pecan stocks there was no loss from 1923 and in some instances at
least of those on shagbark and bitternut stocks the loss was due to
outside causes, such as being broken off.
1924 GRAFTING
G--Grafts Set C--Successful Catches
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shagbark Mockernut Pignut Pecan Bitternut Total
G C G C G C G C G C G C %
Barnes 8 7 10 4 18 11 61.0%
Beaver 5 1 5 1 20.0%
Brooks 11 8 10 5 21 13 61.9%
Clark 6 0 8 0 5 0 5 1 24 1 4.6%
Fairbanks 5 3 5 3 60.0%
Greenbay 5 0 5 0 0.0%
Hales 5 1 5 1 20.0%
Kentucky 5 2 4 2 9 4 44.5%
Kirtland 5 5 4 3 9 8 88.8%
Laney 5 3 5 2 10 5 50.0%
Manahan 6 2 6 2 33.3%
Mosnat No. 5. 7 1 7 1 14.7%
Mosnat No. 6. 10 6 10 6 60.0%
Siers 5 4 5 4 80.0%
Stanley 12 1 12 1 8.3%
Vest 10 3 15 5 16 5 10 3 12 3 63 19 34.2%
Weiker 5 3 5 3 60.0%
-- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- --
16 3 122 52 54 21 15 4 12 3 219 83
18.7% 42.6% 38.9% 26.7% 25.0% 37.9%
In 1923, it was very evident that the Barnes was the only variety
showing 100 per cent success on every stock. That was not repeated in
1924, but it still showed a high percentage of success.
From the comparatively modest percentage of catches, 51.5% on the
average in 1923 and 37.9% in 1924, one might hastily conclude that the
grafting was not skillfully done or that the grafts did not have proper
attention afterward, but as noted above the grafting was done by Dr.
Deming, whom I regard as one of the most skillful men that we have, and
as the work on walnuts done at the same time showed 100% success with a
number of varieties, I think any question as to the skill with which the
work was done and the care the grafted trees had afterwards can be
dismissed.
It is to be regretted that the number of scions at hand was not
sufficient to repeat exactly the experiments of 1923 as well as to
follow out the points suggested by the 1923 work, but as there was not
enough for both, the latter was done.
The 100% success of catches of the Barnes in 1923 was not repeated in
1924; but the high per cent of catches on the mockernut, (7 out of 8 in
1924), is gratifying in view of the few varieties that we have that have
shown adaptability to that stock. As the Barnes is one of our good
varieties and there is such a wide section of the country where the
mockernut is the prevailing hickory, it is believed this behavior of the
Barnes will prove a valuable addition to our knowledge in top-working
the hickory.
No variety as strikingly adapted for use on the pignut has appeared, but
there are a number that have shown fair adaptability.
The varieties most desirable for top-working various species of
hickories as suggested by this work supplemented by other observations
of the writer, would be as follows:
Shagbark--Most varieties.
Mockernut--Barnes.
Pignut--Brooks, Kentucky, Taylor, Kirtland.
Bitternut--Beaver, Fairbanks, Laney, Siers.
It is useful to know that the Barnes is the only one especially
successful on the Mockernut. By the spring of 1924, all grafts on
mockernut had died except the Barnes, the Gobble and the Long Beach, and
each of these is thought to have mockernut parentage.
In the cases of the pignut and the pecan stocks, all of the grafts
successful in 1923 were still living in 1924. With the shagbark and
bitternut most lived. As to pecans there is not much to be said; pecan
varieties would usually be used for the topworking here.
The results of a few grafts set in 1924 on _Carya ovalis_ and on
shellbark seedlings which were 100% failures, are not noted, as the
shellbarks were, in the judgment of the writer, too small for the
purpose, and the _Carya ovalis_ had been set out in the spring of 1924
but a few weeks before the grafting was done. In other words the latter
had not become sufficiently established to make good stocks, and the
former were not large enough. In each case there was not sufficient
vitality available to expect success.
This brings out one point which has impressed me strongly; that is the
need of having vigorous stocks if they are to be grafted or transplanted
successfully. I feel that this point cannot be too strongly emphasized.
If a stock either from youthfulness or inherent lack of vigor is not
rapid growing it is almost useless to try to graft it or transplant it
until it does show the needed vigor.
As to stocks to grow in the nursery with the idea of grafting them
later, the two commonly used, the bitternut for the bitternut hybrids
and the pecan for others, there is little further to be recommended at
this time, although for some varieties, notably the Vest, a stock better
adapted to it than any we now have is earnestly to be desired.
* * * * *
THE PRESIDENT: Are there any questions on these three papers on hickory
grafting?
MR. REED: There are two points in regard to propagation which I believe
should be mentioned; one is that these various methods that have been
discussed make it possible to propagate successfully during a great
portion of the year. By beginning early in spring with the dormant
graft, and continuing throughout the summer, these methods can be made
to follow one another so that if one fails still another can be used.
These methods greatly prolong the season, and when it is not convenient
to propagate at one period by the method proper to use at that time
another can be employed at a different season.
The other point is that we are constantly learning more in regard to the
influence of stock upon scions. For example, hickories on pecans seem
satisfactory while the reverse is at least doubtful. Mr. Jones finds
that _sieboldiana_ is not a good stock for _regia_. We all find nigra
apparently satisfactory as a stock for any species of _Juglans_. These
conspicuous differences of influence of various species upon scions
suggest the possibility of less, but perhaps quite as important,
difference of varieties. It is one of the newer phases of study and
experimentation which should be considered by all and reported upon to
this association.
THE SECRETARY: At my place the Vest, used in top-working large shagbark
hickories, has been very successful. I do not know any that have been
more successful or that grow more rapidly than it does on the shagbark
hickory.
DR. MORRIS: The Marquardt is successful at my place.
MR. O'CONNOR: I do not know why we have not had success with paraffine
in a single instance. In grafting fruit trees I had excellent results. I
thought that if this could be done on fruit trees why not on nut trees?
But I am going to try with the hickory again. I am going to be more
careful in selecting good, strong stock for that purpose, and I think in
that way we should have better success.
DR. MORRIS: Did you not perhaps cover the buds of your hickory grafts
too thickly with melted grafting wax? Might not that account for your
failure? Hickory buds will burst their way through almost any thickness
of grafting wax, but when the paraffines are used without pine gum
admixture the paraffine over the buds is particularly apt to crack and
to allow the graft to dry out.
MR. O'CONNOR: I did not cover the hickory grafts with melted grafting
wax at all; I simply put them in like apple grafts with ordinary
grafting wax.
DR. MORRIS: Practically all hickory grafts will fail under such
circumstances, but practically all hickory grafts will catch if they are
covered with melted grafting wax of the right sort, provided that the
scions and stock are also of the right sort.
THE SECRETARY: May we now have the President's address?
THE PRESIDENT: Before I begin I wish to call to your attention this
pamphlet regarding the fifth Mid-West Horticultural Exposition, to be
held in the Hippodrome, Waterloo, Iowa, November 11 to 16, 1924. It will
be under the auspices of the Iowa State Horticultural Society,
co-operating with its afflicted societies and the Greater Waterloo
Association. The exposition will cover the Mid-West territory, from
Pittsburgh to Denver. I wish especially to mention the printed list of
premiums on page 27. Mr. S. W. Snyder, Center Point, is superintendent
of this department. Cash premiums in Department b-Nuts, amount to $289.
In addition there will be a grand sweepstakes, a trophy cup, donated by
a member of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, for the exhibitor
winning the greatest number of points. Anyone interested could write to
the secretary, Mr. R. S. Herrick, State House, Des Moines, for a printed
premium list. If any members of our Association have pet nuts of a
variety which they would like pushed to the front now is the chance.
Snyder Brothers are offering special premiums for new nuts unnamed and
unpropagated.
The object of this association, as defined in its constitution, is "the
promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants, their products and their
culture," and as its name implies, in the northern part of this country.
Without going into detail it seems to me that we have achieved the
object of our association, at least to the extent of making practical
use of our accumulated knowledge. Public interest has been aroused,
which may become stale. Articles have appeared in magazines and
newspapers from time to time on subjects relating to nut culture. We are
also on a continual lookout for new varieties, and those of our members
skilled in the art are constantly improving and working out new methods
of grafting and budding, particularly as evidenced by Dr. Morris' work
entitled "Nut Growing." We know approximately how soon a grafted nut
tree, especially the black walnut, will begin to bear. At Mr. Jones'
Nursery, Lancaster, Pa., an Ohio black walnut tree in the nursery row
bore a cluster of seven nuts 17 months after the graft was placed. Mr.
J. W. Wilkinson, of Rockport, Ind., has demonstrated that grafted
northern pecan trees bear early and abundantly for their size.
We have given advice conservatively in reply to all inquiries relative
to nut-bearing plants, perhaps too much so. Much honor and credit is due
to certain members of our association for their untiring work and
efforts in its behalf. It is not necessary to mention names as I am sure
most of you present know to whom I refer. Our annual reports testify to
their splendid work.
From this time forward I believe we should adopt the policy of boldly
advocating the planting of orchards of nut trees. The intending planter
will decide for himself what variety he will plant, and as a guide he
should judge from the wild varieties growing in his vicinity. By so
doing he cannot go very far astray in what will be to him a new venture.
Of course certain varieties will be restricted to certain limited areas.
This applies particularly to the introduced varieties, as distinguished
from the native nut-bearing trees.
The black walnut has a wider range than any of the other nut trees.
Travel wheresoever you will about the country and you will observe wild
black walnut trees growing almost on every farm. The planting of the
Persian, or English walnut, as it is more generally known, has had more
of a popular appeal, perhaps from the fact that we are accustomed to
seeing clean, smooth nuts of uniform size of that variety in almost
every grocery store, the kernels of which may be extracted without great
effort. The black walnut, on the other hand, has been tolerated as a
sort of poor relation, and has been given no particular attention,
because we have been used to seeing it around. It has not been made to
do its share of contributing towards its keep. Our earliest
recollections of it bring to mind bruised fingers as a result of our
endeavors to crack the nuts and the tedious work of manipulating a
darning needle to extract the kernels, which we usually picked to pieces
in the process. We now know that we simply did not have the right kind
of black walnuts. We should put our accumulated knowledge to practical
use to urge on every occasion the planting of nut orchards, especially
of approved varieties of the black walnut. This I understand is what the
United States Department of Agriculture is advocating, and we should
co-operate all we can with the department in that recommendation.
It will, no doubt, be urged that sufficient grafted black walnut trees
are not available for orchard planting on a large scale. This, no doubt,
is true, but on many farms there are wild black walnut trees of a size
suitable for grafting or top-working. Grafting wood may be obtained in
larger quantities than the grafted trees. Those of our members skilled
in the art have not been selfish in imparting their knowledge to others
and are always ready and willing to instruct others in the art. Most
owners of these trees would only be too glad to substitute profitable
tops for their trees in lieu of their unprofitable ones.
I believe that at all our meetings we should have practical
demonstrations in budding and grafting, as this will tend to arouse the
interest of the uninitiated and will spur the initiated to greater
perfection.
During the past year there has been a discussion relative to the calling
of the black walnut by some other name. Personally I believe we should
not attempt the change. The public will not understand and it will take
them a long time to become educated to the change. Valuable time will be
consumed in picking out a new name. Let us take the name as we find it.
Properly handled, after the husks are removed, the walnuts will not be
as black as they are painted, and besides, we do not eat the shell
anyhow. The quality of the kernel will make its appeal. The trouble with
all of us has been that too much attention has been given to the looks,
rather than the quality, of our food stuffs. Quality has been sacrificed
for looks. Various illustrations of this come to mind with all of us.
I believe success will attend the planting of black walnut orchards.
This will encourage others to follow with orchards of other nut-bearing
trees. Orchards of all kinds of fruit trees are being planted each year
and the planters are content to wait until the trees are large enough
in order to reap the benefits thereof. But somehow the impression
prevails in the minds of many people that a nut tree should show results
and yield profits soon after it is planted. In recommending to a lady of
means that she should plant, as shade trees, northern pecans she
promptly wanted to know how many bushels of nuts she would get off of
the trees the next year.
Perhaps we place too much importance on selecting just the right spot
and soil in which to plant a nut tree and thus cause the intending
planter to be too timid in making a start. Those who know anything about
trees know pretty well where it is not advisable to plant trees,
especially those with a long tap-root. They can judge fairly well from
the wild trees of the same variety growing round about.
As evidence of what a nut tree will do, those of you who have visited
Devil's Den in Gettysburg Battle Field, have perhaps noticed a butternut
tree, now quite old, growing out of the top of the cleft in a huge rock,
having sent its roots down to the adjoining soil for nourishment. This
tree has borne nuts even in its adverse situation.
For the benefit of those interested in the northern pecan, I wish to
record the fact that a seedling pecan tree is growing in Clermont
County, Ohio, on upland, not far from the eastern boundary line of
Hamilton County, about five miles north of the Ohio River. The nut from
which the tree grew was brought from Rockport, Indiana, and planted
about forty-one years ago. The tree is quite large and bears nuts
comparable with the wild seedling nuts that may be obtained from the
Rockport district. If a seedling does this, you may readily see what a
grafted tree will do.
THE PRESIDENT: We will now ask Prof. Collins for his address.
THE SEARCH FOR BLIGHT-RESISTING CHESTNUT SPROUTS[A]
_Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Rhode Island_
The chestnut blight has now been with us for more than twenty years and
has destroyed practically all the chestnut trees of the northeastern
part of the country. It has spread in all directions from its original
center in the immediate vicinity of New York City until it has reached
the limits of the native chestnut growth in the northeast and north, and
is steadily approaching its limits in the west and south. The disease, a
native of China and apparently imported into this country on some
Japanese or other oriental chestnut, found a more susceptible host in
our native chestnut and so became a virulent parasite on this new host.
It was not until 1904 that general attention was attracted to the
disease. By that time it had obtained a strong foothold on the chestnuts
of southeastern New York (particularly the western end of Long Island),
in southwestern Connecticut, and in northern New Jersey.
All of you are more or less familiar with the efforts made in
Pennsylvania, New York, and elsewhere in the northeast, in co-operation
with the federal government, to control the disease. These efforts are
now an old story to most of you and there is no need of repeating it at
this time.
Early in the fight against the blight the attention of many of us was
directed to locating possible immune or resistant species, varieties, or
individuals. The search for resistant native individuals and the
accompanying experiments in crossing and grafting various species and
varieties has been kept up ever since. Foreign explorers have constantly
been on the lookout, with more or less success, for chestnuts in other
countries that might be resistant to the blight. It has long been known
that most forms of the Japanese chestnut (_C. crenata_) were in general
highly resistant to the blight. Later it was found that the more
recently introduced Chinese chestnut (_C. mollissima_) was also quite
resistant, although both the Japanese and the Chinese were far from
being immune. Quite recently Mr. Rock, explorer for the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, has brought a new chestnut from southern China for
experimental purposes. Notwithstanding newspaper reports to the contrary
the possibilities of this chestnut in this country apparently are
unknown at the present time. Nobody seems to know if it will stand our
climate, resist the blight, produce worthwhile timber or fruit; nor is
its name known, according to late advices that have reached me.
Some years ago the late Dr. Van Fleet made numerous crosses between the
Japanese and the American chestnuts, the Chinquapin, and other species
and varieties. Personally, I have not been in very close touch with Dr.
Van Fleet's experiments. Doubtless some of you know more about them than
I do. Regarding these I will only say at this time that the work begun
by Dr. Van Fleet is being continued by the Federal Bureau of Plant
Industry, with Mr. G. F. Gravatt in direct charge of the work so far as
the Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology is concerned. Mr.
Gravatt is also testing out the value of scions taken from seemingly
resistant native trees when grafted on resistant stocks.
Some years after the blight had destroyed most of the chestnut trees in
the northeastern states we kept getting reports from various localities
to the effect that the blight was apparently dying out. Many of these
reports came from sources that made us doubt their value, but others
came from more reliable sources. We have had opportunity to investigate
a number of these reports and have usually found that the statement that
the blight was dying out was, in a sense, strictly true, the reason
being that the chestnut trees were entirely dead, except for sprouts.
This fact naturally prevented the disease from showing us as much as in
former years.
Some twelve years ago I noticed in Pennsylvania a sprout of an American
chestnut about an inch in diameter which had a typical hypertrophy of
the disease, apparently completely girdling the sprout at its base; also
a girdling lesion farther up on the stem. The hypertrophy was such a
pronounced one and in other respects such a typical example of the
disease that I photographed it. A few years later I was surprised to
observe that this sprout had increased to more than three times its
former diameter and that the two diseased areas just mentioned
apparently had disappeared--at least they were no longer in evidence
except as rough-barked areas. To make a long story short this sprout is
still alive and has increased in size and height each year. Although now
(1924) it is considerably branched and makes a small bushy tree it is
badly diseased in numerous places and is only partially alive, but the
dead portions have not resulted from some half dozen of the original
disease lesions (apparently girdles), but from later infections. The
very fact that a sprout should have lived for more than twelve years in
the center of one of the most badly diseased areas known to the writer
seems at least to suggest the possibility that future chestnut sprouts
may yet grow in spite of the disease and persist--at least in a
shrubbery form if not as a tree.
The sprout to which I have just called attention is not an isolated
case, but merely one of the most pronounced that I know about. In a
careful survey in July (1924) of the region immediately surrounding the
sprout just mentioned two or three other notable, but less pronounced,
cases of a similar sort were discovered. In two cases fine looking
branched sprouts some twenty feet high with healthy-looking foliage were
noted. Both were diseased but the disease seemed not to be very
conspicuous or virulent. In a recent survey of woodland in Rhode Island
(July, 1924) much healthy foliage was observed and several large sprouts
were found on which the disease (although present) seemed to be doing
little damage when compared with its former virulence in the same
general region.
I call attention to these cases primarily to acquaint you with the
results of our latest observations on what seems to me to be cases of
gradually developing resistance in some of the remaining sprouts. In all
my intensive work on the blight between 1907 and 1913 I cannot now
recall a single instance where a chestnut sprout in a disease-ridden
area ever reached a diameter of an inch or thereabouts before its
existence was cut short by the blight; and yet today--a dozen years
later--we are finding quite a number of living sprouts over two inches
in diameter, and a few that are three, four, and even up to seven inches
in diameter. Last Friday, August 29, I heard of a small chestnut tree in
New Jersey that bore a few burs last year and which has a dozen or more
this year. If the nuts mature we hope to get some of them to propagate.
Last Sunday, August 31, I saw a three inch sprout in Connecticut that
had had a few burs on it. I would be glad to learn of any cases of this
sort that may come to your attention.
You are all thinking men and women and all of you have had experiences
with diseased trees of some sort, many of you with very serious
diseases, and some of you I know have had a wide experience with the
chestnut blight, so you can draw your own conclusions as to the
significance of the facts that I have stated.
As to the state laws for transporting material from one state to another
I am not posted, but I believe that we can be advised by writing to the
government at Washington.
DR. MORRIS: We do not know whether the Washington government will
sterilize those scions and send them out for us, but there should be
some way of sending from one state to another.[B]
It seems to me that in all probability, the vital energy of the
protoplasm of the endothia is diminishing. Quality, flavor, or anything
you please, is bound up with certain vitality, and that diminishes and
finally will cease. That is the reason for the endothia growing less
now.
PROF. COLLINS: My point was perhaps not exactly that. I meant that the
result is that, with the average cases, we are now getting chestnuts not
so quickly destroyed. The explanation may be exactly what you have
stated.
DR. MORRIS: There are two factors to be considered. First, the running
down of the vital energy of the protoplasm; and second, in the factors
which affect the vital energy of the plant.
PROF. COLLINS: In the paper I have just read there was mentioned the
apparent number of trees in various parts of the country which are very
slowly dying from the blight, and some which have resisted it entirely,
so far; but that was not the point I desired to emphasize. There are
some around New York City which are still growing, and Dr. Graves could
tell us of this.
MR. O'CONNOR: Would it be desirable to take out an old tree where there
are new sprouts? One tree on Mr. Littlepage's place in Maryland has a
number of sprouts coming up. I suggested that if we could get people
together and clean the woods up we could dig up the old trees and only
leave the blight-resistant ones.
PROF. COLLINS: That is near Bell Station where we do our experimental
work. We found one place infected. I cleaned it out and we have not seen
anything of the disease since.
MR. BIXBY: Some five or six years ago I sent a number of chestnuts to
Warren, New Hampshire, which is outside of the blight district. I did
not know then much about the blight. They grew for several years and it
was not until one year ago that the trees were found with blight. I got
the party to cut them down. How long must I wait before it is safe to
send other trees there? I believe they will grow there and bear, but we
do not want to get them affected with the blight.
PROF. COLLINS: I do not know that anybody could answer that. Apparently
we have waited 20 years and are still unsafe. It is a case of
experimentation.
MR. KAINS: As to the hybrids of Dr. Van Fleet and Dr. Morris, in the
spring of 1923 I planted 10 and there are only four alive now. They were
affected by blight and killed. They were rather large trees when
planted, and I think for that reason more susceptible. We had the idea
from the nursery that they would be more likely to withstand the disease
than would the American sweet chestnut. Have you any reports as to the
way these hybrids behave?
MR. REED: As to Dr. Van Fleet's hybrids, so far as we know they are all
going with the blight. The collection in Washington is practically gone.
We are still caring for them and doing what we can but the prospect is
not at all good. We get reports of these distributed around the country,
but in no case have we had a report indicating that the Van Fleet
hybrids were at all resistant.
[Footnote A: Note--"Blight-resisting" as used in this paper should be
interpreted as a slower death of the host than in former years, whether
or not the result of increased resistance to the parasite on the part of
the host, or to decreased virulence of the parasite, or to both factors
combined.]
[Footnote B: Decision From the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Washington, D. C.
In a letter of later date, addressed to Mr. C. A. Reed, Dr. B. T.
Galloway, of the U. S. Dept. of Agr., wrote regarding the matter of
distributing Merribrooke chestnut scions, as follows:
"I have talked with Mr. Stevenson, of the Federal Horticultural Board,
regarding this matter, and he says that, while there is no federal
quarantine covering the chestnuts, as a matter of policy we have not
been letting any chestnuts or scions go through our hands into the
non-blight regions. Mr. Stevenson says that Dr. Morris himself might be
able to carry out the plan he suggests by dealing direct with some of
the state institutions in non-blight regions, selecting states that have
no quarantine against chestnuts."]
PROF. COLLINS: I will now read my paper on
PROTECTION OF WOUNDS IN NUT TREES
I have been asked to discuss briefly the handling of wood decay in
top-worked nut trees. I am not sure that I know very much about the
latest methods employed in this type of work. Personally I have had no
practical experience with it. I understand, however, that nut trees are
top-worked by cutting off limbs and inserting one or more scions. I am
informed that limbs as large as six inches or more in diameter have
been cut for this purpose, particularly on pecan trees in the South, and
that decay has started at the top of these stubs after the scions have
become established, resulting in a pocket of decay. I assume that it is
about such places as these that you want me to say something. Such
conditions, whatever their origin, call for straight tree surgery
methods. My work on tree surgery has been almost entirely with shade
trees and chestnuts, and only to a very limited extent on other nut
trees.
The general methods of handling decay are essentially the same on all
trees, as also are the fundamental principles underlying the same,
whether on nut or shade trees. I must admit I do not know just what
methods are being employed by nut growers at the present time to
counteract such decay in top-worked trees, so my suggestions may include
nothing with which you are unfamiliar. Again, they may include some
methods that you have already tried and found wanting so far as nut
trees are concerned.
As a _prevention_ of decay my suggestions, based on my own shade tree
experience, would be:
(1) Avoid cutting large limbs when smaller ones are available and will
serve the purpose just as well or better.
(2) Keep the scars thoroughly and continuously covered with some good
waterproof and antiseptic material so as to prevent infection of any
part of the cut surfaces.
(3) Always make the cut somewhat slanting so that rain water will
readily run off, and insert the scions preferably at the upper extremity
of the cut. Such an oblique cut normally heals quicker and better on
shade trees than a transverse cut, particularly if a vigorous young
sprout is left at the peak of the cut. I am quite certain the same
statement will hold true with scions of nut trees placed at the peak of
the oblique cut.
After decay _has started_, I would suggest--
(1) Cut out all the decayed woody matter, preferably from one side, so
that a free and easy drainage of the wound may result. If necessary,
when several scions have been placed around the stub, sacrifice one of
the grafts and make a rather long oblique cut or groove from which all
decayed matter has been removed. Use shellac, liquid grafting wax or
melted paraffine over the cut bark, cambium and adjoining sapwood
immediately after the final cut is made.
(2) Cover the entire wound with some good preparation to keep out
disease germs and water. Preferably use for a covering such materials as
will be more or less permanent and which have been found by practical
experience to be least injurious and most effective on the particular
nut tree that you are treating.
(3) Keep the wound thoroughly painted or covered at all times until it
is completely sealed over by a new growth of callus.
(4) If the top-working was originally done in such a manner that the
removal of all the decay results in a cavity that cannot be properly
drained, it is advisable to fill the cavity with some waterproofing and
antiseptic material in order to prevent it holding water and also to
assist the cambium in covering the wound. The cavity must first be
treated in accordance with approved tree surgery practices. In shade
tree work, quite a variety of substances have been used to fill cavities
with more or less success; e. g., wood blocks and strips, asphalt and
sawdust, asphalt and sand, clear coal tar, clear asphalt, elastic
cement, magnesian cement, Roman (or Portland) cement, etc. Of these only
two--wooden blocks and Portland cement, have been in general use more
than a few years. Blocks of wood were used in France to fill cavities
more than 60 years ago, and in this country to some extent about 50
years ago. Later, Portland cement was used in preference to wood for
fillings, probably mainly because it was more easily handled. To us of
the present generation, Portland cement in combination with sand is the
one material that seems to have been in general use sufficiently long to
allow us to draw any seemingly reliable conclusion as to its real
merits.
For the personal use of the average orchardist, Portland cement is one
of the last in the list mentioned above that I would recommend.
According to a few reports that have reached me, wooden blocks and tar
proved to be fairly satisfactory half a century ago, and strips of wood
embedded in some flexible and antiseptic material, are proving very
satisfactory today. An excellent preparation to use between the strips
of wood, containing asphalt and asbestos, can be readily bought on the
market, and it has the advantage of being mixed ready for use. For
cavities with horizontal openings that will hold semi-fluid substances,
clear asphalt or gas-house (coal) tar may answer all purposes. For
cavities with oblique or vertical openings, or for those on the
underside of a limb, probably some of the magnesian cements, which
readily adhere to wood, will be found more satisfactory when properly
mixed and applied.
Although I have said more about filling cavities than of other phases of
the work, I do not wish the impression to go forth that I recommend such
work except as a last resort, so to speak. The one thing that I do most
emphatically recommend above all others is the prevention of decay so
far as possible by practices that are less likely to allow
decay-producing organisms to gain entrance in the first place, or at any
other time.
THE PRESIDENT: Does anyone care to discuss this paper?
MR. KAINS: Mr. President: During the last five years, I have planted
several hundred nut trees, including the English walnut, black walnut,
the heartnut, pecan (northern ones) and some hybrid hickories. I have
noticed that in this nursery stock there has been a good deal of
dying-out of the original stock where the trees had been grafted, and
where the scion had not covered over. In some of those cases decay has
set in, and the trees have died before they could be attended to or have
been broken down by the wind. The point is, I think it a mistake for
nurserymen to use as large stocks as they have been using in many of
these cases, because the stump of the stock is too large for the slowly
growing scions to cover over quickly enough. My experience in the
planting of fruit trees has been uniformly successful with smaller
stocks (that is, trees smaller than I have been able to buy for nut
trees) with peaches one year from the bud and with apples not more than
two years; with berries and stone fruits, not more than two years. In
every case, with the fruit trees, one year stocks have given me better
results. First, because they healed over more quickly, and second,
because I could cut to better advantage in the trees. In no case have I
been able to get nut trees as small as I can apples and peaches. I
believe that with the smaller trees amateurs will have better success. I
bring this matter to the attention of those men who are devoting their
lives to the propagation of nut trees.
THE SECRETARY: The subject of transplanting nut trees was treated fully
by Mr. Bixby in his paper this morning and will be treated by Mr. Hicks
this afternoon in his address on the subject. Mr. Hicks will give a
lecture, illustrated with slides, showing how the larger nut trees may
be successfully transplanted.
DR. MORRIS: Mr. Kains' thought was that there was a good deal of
difficulty from using stocks that were too large. Paraffine will keep
them safe from microbes.
MR. KAINS: We had difficulty from the drying of the scions.
DR. MORRIS: I find that if raw pine gum is put in it prevents the
paraffine from cracking.
MR. O'CONNOR: In regard to wounds on the trees I find that creosote
makes a very good antiseptic. I use coal tar and creosote, mixed to a
consistency of cream. I have used Portland cement but I treated with
creosote first. In some cases I used bichloride of mercury.
MR. REED: It seems to be the experience in the South that, so far as the
amateur is concerned, he gets better results with the pecans by planting
trees of from three to five feet. Trees smaller than that are regarded
as dwarfed; but the man who is in a position to exercise greater care
could get quicker results from buying the large-sized trees. Yet it
requires more care in transplanting, more fertilizer, and more
attention.
MR. REED: I wish to make the motion that the chair name a nominating
committee at this time.
THE PRESIDENT: Is that agreed? All right; then I name Mr. O'Connor for
chairman, Mr. Reed, Mr. Olcott, Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Hershey on the
committee. Are those names acceptable? (Vote shows unanimous
acceptance).
THE PRESIDENT: The convention will adjourn until two o'clock.
FIRST DAY--AFTERNOON SESSION
Meeting called to order by the President.
THE SECRETARY: I will read a communication from Mr. Snyder, of Center
Point, Iowa. But first I would like to explain that when the President
in mentioning the Horticultural Exposition at Waterloo, spoke of a
sweepstakes cup from a member of the N. N. G. A. for the greatest number
of points won in the nut exhibition of which Mr. Snyder has charge he
did not state that he himself was the member who gave the cup.
A HARANGUE ON THE NUT SITUATION IN IOWA
_By S. W. Snyder, Iowa_
Previous to the organization of the Mid-West Horticultural Exposition
the Iowa State Horticultural Society had given but little attention to
the nut question. But along with the exposition came a demand for a nut
department, which resulted in the writer being appointed superintendent
and given authority to prepare a limited premium list.
This resulted in bringing out a number of new and unnamed varieties of
nuts and created some enthusiasm. When it came time to prepare for the
second exposition, authority was given to greatly increase the premium
list, which resulted in bringing out more new varieties and created a
wonderful lot of enthusiasm.
When it came time to prepare for the third exposition a list was adopted
calling for $138.00 in cash premiums, which resulted in bringing out
such a large exhibit of choice nuts that when we came to make
preparation for the fourth exposition the premium list was increased to
a total of $181.50. This brought out so many fine nuts that it became a
common thing to hear the remark, among the visitors that it was the most
important department in the exposition.
For the coming exposition, to be held next November, the premium list as
adopted calls for $280.00 in cash premiums, and while I am no prophet I
am going to predict that it will result in bringing together the largest
nut exhibit ever collected under one roof in the United States.
At our last exposition held in Council Bluffs, some of the directors of
our state fair observed that the nut department was attracting much
attention and was bringing a good many visitors to the exposition. They
decided that they must have a nut premium list for the state fair and
requested me to make up a list covering the nut subject as strictly
applied to the State of Iowa. This I did and am attaching the list
hereto. Although our state fair comes off in the month of August, and no
nuts are available for exhibit, except such as happen to be kept over
from the previous year's crop, yet it brought out at our 1923 fair the
largest and best exhibit of nuts that has ever been shown within this
state, not excepting the exhibits of the exposition. The board of
directors were so well pleased with the interest manifested in the nut
department that they are continuing the list for this year's fair and
doubtless it will become a permanent feature of future fairs of this
state.
So much publicity and attention has been given the nut question within
our state that it has resulted in bringing to light several new
varieties that we think should be propagated before the original trees
may have been destroyed.
The horticultural department of our Iowa State Agricultural College is
now taking an active interest in the nut question and has assigned one
of the professors to the job of collecting information about and taking
pictures of, the best known nut trees within the state.
If they follow up the nut subject with as much vim and energy as they
have other phases of horticulture we may look for something in the nut
line in the next few years that will be worth while.
The native nut situation might well be summed up by saying that we have
so many good walnuts, butternuts, hazels, pecans, hickories, and hybrids
of the two last named species, that we could banish all foreigners and
still have plenty left to supply every need.
The crop of nuts for this season is fairly good; some trees have none,
others a light crop, and some varieties are carrying a heavy load.
Of introduced nuts some are proving to be hardy and fruitful, but in my
judgment they are all lacking in eating quality as compared with our own
native nuts, unless I should except the filbert which has not yet proven
that it will bear profitable crops in this climate.
In closing I want to give just one instance of the great interest that
has been aroused for nut growing within this state.
A certain little city of less than two thousand inhabitants happens to
own thirty acres of land that is suitable for the growth of timber. The
citizens propose to plant the entire tract to nut bearing trees and
bushes, and eventually make it a free park in which the children of the
village may be turned loose to gather the nuts.
Just imagine, if you can, how the enthusiasm of the boys who may be
fortunate enough to live in that little city, will more than bubble over
as the nut gathering season approaches. I hope to be able to assist
those people in their laudible enterprise and wish I may live to see it
develop into the greatest thing of its kind in the United States.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Brooks, will you kindly give the Vice-President's
report from West Virginia, preceding your paper?
DR. BROOKS: I have no special report to give as Vice-President of the
association from West Virginia. I might say, perhaps, that the West
Virginia station is in a land of hills and dales. Our latitude is from
200 to 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, and our average elevation
is 1,500 feet. From our excellent position we can look down 600 feet or
so upon the Ohio. Our land contains many species of trees, including nut
trees. Among these there is one species of beech, two of hazel, two of
chestnut, six of hickory, two of walnuts and fifteen of oaks.
Fortunately, the chestnut blight has not swept the entire state. The
chestnut has been in the past and is still our most popular tree. There
are areas where tons of chestnuts are still put on the market every
year. The people are still thinking more and more of some plant that
might take its place; they are considering the shagbark hickory and the
black walnut. I predict that in the future there will be more planting
of hazel nuts, black walnuts and shagbark hickories in this state. The
prospect there is promising.
SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INSECTS ATTACKING NORTHERN NUTS
_By Fred E. Brooks_
_Associate Entomologist U. S. Department of Agriculture_
The prevalence of insect pests need not be regarded as an alarming
obstacle to nut growing in the North, and yet there are numerous species
of insects which are capable of destroying our nut crops. On the whole I
presume there are fewer insects that attack nuts in this country than
commonly attack apples, but apple growers are not limited in planting
nor prevented from making profits on account of insect depredations.
Neither should the probability of more or less insect injury discourage
the would-be planter of nut trees.
The presence of an insect in any locality may mean, among other
considerations, that the soil, and climatic conditions of that locality
are favorable to the plant upon which the insect feeds. We may be sure
that wherever the Baltimore butterfly is abundant, nearby is a congenial
spot where the turtle's-head, the food plant of the butterfly,
flourishes. Just so, in localities where there are many chestnut weevils
we may expect to find chestnut trees thriving and fruiting generously.
The same is true of the associations of many other insects and plants.
Theoretically speaking, one would not care to risk the expenditure of
much time or money in propagating a plant in a region that was destitute
of insects that might attack that plant. The absence of such insects
would possibly indicate a lack of natural conditions favoring the growth
of the plant in question. Thus the presence in any locality of insects
that feed on nuts may mean that nuts thrive naturally in that locality
and that insects are there because of the abundance of a favorite food.
May I hasten to add, however, that this fact should not lead to an
under-estimation of the possibilities of insect destructiveness, nor
encourage lax methods in dealing with injurious species. In the
beginning of any nut-growing enterprise we should anticipate the coming
of insect pests and be ready to meet them. The planting of pure stands
of native nut trees sets up a condition under which insects coming from
the forest may increase more safely and rapidly than under the more
hazardous environment of a scattered forest growth. This applies to
cultivated plants generally. It is true of an orange grove, a cornfield
or a potato patch. The mass planting of any crop is quite sure to call
sooner or later for measures to offset the stimulus which such plantings
offer to insect increase.
Reference may be made to a familiar nut plantation which illustrates a
natural result of neglecting one of the insect factors. This plantation
is the government's chestnut orchard at Bell, Maryland, which was
planted for scientific purpose some years ago by Dr. Van Fleet. This
orchard of around one thousand trees contains numerous species and
varieties of chestnut, some of which bear fruit every year. The various
scientific projects carried on in this orchard in the past have all been
of such a nature that they called for no consideration of weevil
increase. Many nuts have been allowed to lie under the trees until the
weevil larvae issued and entered the soil. This has resulted in a
constant increase of weevils until infestation of the nuts became
practically one-hundred per cent. All nuts of the crop of 1922 were so
wormy that when planted they failed to germinate. Injury to the crop of
1923 seemed somewhat less severe, but its extent may be indicated by the
fact that 3080 nuts from this orchard which were kept by the speaker in
rearing jars yielded 11,085 worms. In the woods adjacent to the orchard
the native chestnut trees are disappearing on account of the blight, and
presumably weevils are on the decrease. Within the small area of the
orchard, however, the increase has been abnormal, due, as has been
indicated, to the peculiarly favorable and man-made conditions. If, from
the time the trees of the orchard began to bear, the investigations
being carried on had called for close gathering of the nuts at maturity
and the destruction of all the worms that issued from them, there is
little doubt that infestation would have been kept within reasonable
bounds. At present, after two years of attention to the collection of
ripening nuts, there is an apparent decrease in the number of weevils.
Strong emphasis should be placed upon the importance of gathering
chestnuts as soon as they are ripe and prevention of the worms from
reaching the soil. This is especially true of districts where woods
surrounding chestnut orchards do not contain bearing native chestnut
trees.
_The Nut Weevils_
Now that the subject of nut weevils has been introduced, let us consider
in more detail these grotesque, long-snouted insects whose larvae, or
grubs, play havoc with so many of our nuts. Most of us have had the
experience of gathering in autumn rich stores of our delicious native
chestnuts. But how often our anticipations of boiled and roasted feasts
have been blighted. We have found that the chestnuts were like the manna
which fed the children of Israel in the wilderness, "When we left of
them until the morning they bred worms and became foul." There are
numerous cases in this country where chestnuts in shipment have been
seized and condemned under the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act.
Usually the phraseology of the libel has been "because the shipment
consisted in part of filthy animal substances, to wit, worms, worm
excreta, worm-eaten chestnuts and decayed chestnuts." Altogether the
loss to chestnuts from weevil injury is beyond computation.
The beetles which are the parents of the familiar worms in chestnuts are
not commonly seen, or, if observed, they are not associated with the
disgusting inhabitants of the nut kernels. These beetles represent in
their structure a very interesting adaptation to a special end. The
mouth is located at the tip of an enormously long snout, or proboscis,
and the drill-like instrument is used for puncturing the thick covering
of various kinds of nuts so as to admit the egg into the kernel upon
which the young will feed. In some cases the mouth is situated at a
greater distance from the eyes and other head appendages than is the
anal extremity of the insect. There are in the northern part of this
country two species which attack chestnuts, one which attacks
hickory-nuts, one which attacks hazel-nuts and about a dozen which
attack acorns. And here may be mentioned an interesting peculiarity of
the feeding habit which is decidedly to the advantage of the nut-grower.
Each species adheres closely to its own food plant. The hickory-nut
weevil does not attack hazel-nuts nor the hazel-nut weevil hickory-nuts.
None of the acorn-infesting species will seek for food in the nuts of
chestnut, hickory or hazel. Once the chestnut weevils are absent in a
locality, there is no chance that oak trees will serve as a means of
spreading the weevils back into the locality. So closely confined are
these weevils to their particular food plants that many of them
distinguish between the different species of oak and will oviposit only
in certain kinds of acorns.
All the different species resemble one another in both the adult and
larval stages. There is also a general similarity in their behavior. I
have recently discovered, however, a marked difference in the life
cycles of certain species. For example, the larger chestnut weevil and
the smaller chestnut weevil look alike, but they are decidedly unlike in
their development. The grubs of the larger weevil begin to leave the
nuts at about the time the nuts drop. They enter the soil to a depth of
several inches and fashion smooth-walled cells in which they remain
unchanged until the following summer. During June and July they
transform to pupae, and soon afterward to adults. In August they issue
from the ground and seek the trees where they collect around the burs
and begin to deposit eggs soon after the nut kernels start to form. This
life cycle is continued year after year. To forestall starvation of the
race in case of entire failure for a year of the chestnut crop, a few
individuals carry over the second winter in the ground and then issue as
beetles along with the one-year-old specimens. It is probable that a
small per cent of the insects may remain in the soil over three winters.
Thus does nature by unique arrangements safeguard the lives of even the
very small creatures.
The life cycle of the lesser weevil is quite different. The larvae of
this species leave the nuts somewhat later in the autumn than do those
of the larger weevil. Like them, they enter the ground and pass the
first winter unchanged. The grub stage is continued throughout the
summer, but late in autumn, after the beetles of the larger species have
been on the trees for some weeks and deposited most of their eggs, the
larvae of the smaller species transform to adults. Instead of coming
from the ground, however, they remain in their earthen cells throughout
the winter. The next spring, prior to the blooming of the
chestnut-trees, they emerge from the ground and soon thereafter collect
in large numbers on the male catkins of the chestnuts. At this time very
little feeding is done and the sex instinct does not manifest itself. As
the time approaches for the nuts to mature, however, the beetles begin
to feed and pair and soon thereafter to lay their eggs in the ripening
nuts. Most of the eggs are deposited directly into the nuts after the
burs begin to open. In the case of the larger weevils the beetles are
present only about three months of the year. Those of the lesser
species, however, are perpetually present, those of the younger
generation reaching the adult stage in the ground before those of the
previous generation have finished laying their eggs in the ripening
nuts. As with the larger species, a few of the smaller weevils carry as
larvae for several years to tide over possible failures of the chestnut
crop. The life cycle of the hickory-nut weevil is similar to that of the
larger chestnut-weevil, and that of the hazel-nut weevil is like that of
the lesser chestnut weevil. Both cycles are represented among the
acorn-infesting species.
Any intelligent warfare against the nut weevils calls for a knowledge of
these distinctive life histories. Thus, an abundance of maturing larvae
of the larger species this autumn will insure an abundance of beetles to
deposit eggs in the nuts next autumn. With the lesser weevil, however,
maturing larvae this autumn will not affect the number of beetles on the
trees the succeeding autumn but will provide beetles for the crop two
years hence. Large numbers of beetles of the lesser species may be
destroyed by collecting them from the blossoms of chestnut, but, at that
season of the year there are no beetles of the larger species abroad.
These weevils are to be made the subject of a bulletin by the Bureau of
Entomology in the near future, in which it is hoped to go more fully
into a discussion of control measures.
_Walnut Husk Maggot_
Although none of the weevils of the group just discussed attacks
walnuts, the fruit of this tree has a serious enemy in the walnut husk
maggot. This insect is most familiar in the form of multitudes of
dirty-white maggots inhabiting the blackened, slimy husk of ripening
walnuts. Originally, the black walnut furnished the favorite food of
this insect, although the husk of butternuts was sometimes attacked.
More recently the pest has turned its attention to the Persian walnuts
which are fruiting in many places in the east. The watery, dark-colored
pulp into which the husk of the nut is converted when the maggots begin
to feed penetrates the shell of the nut and injures the kernel by
staining it and imparting a strong flavor. The operation of hulling is
also made doubly disagreeable, the nut coming out of the husk discolored
and dirty.
These maggots hatch from eggs inserted into the husk of nuts by a
light-colored fly about the size of our common housefly. Although easily
overlooked, these flies may be seen on the nuts at almost any time in
August and September. They have strong ovipositors with which they
puncture the surface of nuts and insert into the openings masses of
white eggs from which the maggots hatch.
As to the control of this pest, the speaker obtained very promising
results in spraying Persian walnut trees belonging to our friend, J. G.
Rush, at West Willow, Pa., with a solution of 1-1/2 pounds of lead
arsenate to 50 gallons of water with 10 pounds of glucose sugar added to
impart a sweet taste. The flies were observed feeding on the sweet
coating given to the leaves and the nuts that ripened later were
comparatively free from maggots. It was obvious that the flies died from
the poison before depositing many eggs in the nuts.
_Twig Girdlers_
During the past two seasons the speaker has made special studies of
several species of beetles which cut or girdle young hickory trees, or
the branches of larger trees, causing the severed part to break off or
die. Not fewer than four distinct species of beetles in the east have
this habit. Three of the insects do their damage in the larval stage.
One of these, _Elaphidion villosum_, has been called the twig-pruner. It
is a well known species and its work in pruning the branches of hickory
and various other trees has often been referred to. The other two
species which sever the wood in their larval stage are _Pseudobidion
unicolor_ and _Agrilus arcuatus_. Thus far, these two have no common
names. In certain localities they are proving to be very troublesome to
both young and bearing trees. In one block of a nursery in Virginia I
estimated that the Agrilus larvae had ruined one-hundred dollars worth
of young hickory trees. Fortunately, the adult of this species feeds
freely on hickory foliage and can be killed readily under nursery
conditions by spraying with arsenical poisons.
The fourth girdler referred to is our familiar hickory twig-girdler,
_Oncideres cingulatus_. In this case the adult insect cuts a ring-like
furrow around the wood and the portion above dies. The purpose of the
girdle is to provide dead wood in which the young may feed. After the
girdle is made, a process which occupies several hours, and, sometimes
several days, the eggs are laid in the bark above. In central West
Virginia and northward the grubs which hatch from these eggs require two
years in which to reach maturity. In the vicinity of Richmond and
southward, however, the larvae mature in one year. This more rapid
development in the south probably accounts in part for the recent
serious outbreak of this insect in Virginia and the Carolinas.
Each female beetle is capable of girdling several twigs. One female of
about a dozen kept in confinement last autumn made eleven girdles and
deposited 55 eggs. Several of the beetles continued their interesting
operations until after several snows and severe frosts had occurred.
The twig girdler in the beetle stage feeds rather freely on the bark of
twigs. Enough of the surface is eaten to justify the belief that the
beetles may be killed by spraying with arsenical poisons. This treatment
is being tested at the present time. In the cases of all these insects
which sever the branches the wood is killed for the safety and comfort
of the insect as it undergoes further development above the severed
point. There is a period of at least several weeks in each case after
the twig dies during which the insect in one stage or another remains in
it to complete its growth. This affords an opportunity to gather the
twigs and burn them with the assurance that the insects are being
destroyed thereby.
At least some progress has been made in discovering the habits and the
methods of controlling these and various other insects that may be
expected to give nut growers in the north more or less trouble. The
remedies that can be offered at the present time are not in all cases
entirely satisfactory. There is much yet to be learned, but there are
control measures within the reach of most of the nut growers which are
well worth consideration and adoption.
THE SECRETARY: Dr. Zimmerman, will you read to us now?
DR. ZIMMERMAN: Perhaps some of the members will not be so glad to hear
what I have to say, but I feel that there is a need for something along
the line I will refer to.
DEVELOPING A NUT INDUSTRY IN THE NORTHEAST
BY DR. G. A. ZIMMERMAN, PENNSYLVANIA
We have all heard of the pecan. No doubt most of us have traveled
through the South at some time or other and have entertained a wish for
a pecan grove. A personal friend of mine, a minister, told me recently
that the only time he was ever tempted to invest in a commercial
proposition was when a real estate agent laid a picture of a pecan grove
before him. I had entertained the thought that some day I might possess
an orchard. Therefore, a couple of winters ago, when I found it
necessary to go south for my health, I silently hoped I could kill two
birds with one stone, by getting some undeveloped land and starting a
pecan grove, which at the same time would keep me in the open air and
give me exercise. Consequently, my eyes were always open and I was on
the constant lookout for pecans. After miles of travel they appeared.
They were very interesting and I went into the subject pretty
thoroughly. I was informed that no cheap land was available any more
that was desirable for pecans. I am not so sure of that. I was also
informed that most of the people who had planted groves had made a
mistake, that the pecan business was just beginning under new ideas, and
that most of the work would have to be done over. From the amount of
trees that are being top-worked I am inclined to believe this is true.
But I didn't kill the two birds with one stone. I did not attempt to
build up a pecan grove, but instead I came back with the idea firmly
impressed that we have a better proposition for the future right here,
that we have right here in the North the building material in the
shagbark hickory and the black walnut for a nut industry that will rival
or even surpass the enviable position the pecan holds today. Was I
correct or was I wrong? A second trip last winter has served only to
imbed that idea into a firm conviction.
What ground have I for drawing this conclusion? Some of you, my friends,
may disagree with me in some of my remarks, and no doubt insist that I
am uninformed. Perhaps I am, but I am giving my convictions
nevertheless, and I ask you to withhold judgment for twenty years before
deciding against me.
Why has the pecan forged to the front as it has? Because the pecan is a
good food, easily available, of pleasant taste and presents a fine
appearance. From a commercial standpoint, after 20 years or more on the
pecan, there is only one really desirable variety available, namely the
Schley, and the fact that it readily sold last fall for 80 cents per
pound wholesale, while the choice of the other varieties brought 60 and
65 cents per pound, bears me out in this. I am not referring to the
greater productivity and other qualities of some of the other varieties.
Many of them are tolerated for various reasons.
How about the shagbark in the North? It is my belief that we do not have
at present a shagbark that will anything like meet the pecan of the
South, yet the consensus of opinion of the people I know who have eaten
both, decides in favor of the shagbark. The quality of a very ordinary
shagbark is better than the best of pecans. What then, is lacking? Size,
shape, thinness of shell, cracking qualities, color, everything but
flavor is lacking in most shagbarks. Don't misunderstand me. I am not
condemning what we have, for I believe that if as many years are spent
by as many people in finding or developing a shagbark, we will have one
that will surpass the pecan. But as the matter stands I am constrained
to say that I do not know of a really good nut today that will stand the
test of building an industry that will compete with the pecan. We must
find or develop a couple of really good nuts that will compete, nuts
that are large, smooth, shell thin enough to crack with the fingers, a
white kernel that is plump and easily extracted. I do not believe that
any thick shell nut will ever meet the favor it should or become
extremely popular. The Weiker, one of our best, is of good size, looks
fairly well, but the shell is thick and it is poorly filled. It will
never fill the place for a real industry, and yet they sell for a good
money-making price today.
If we build our groves after this standard we will be in the same place
in a few years that many of the pecan growers are now, namely, with a
lot of trees on hand that must be top-worked later on. But they are the
best we have and, like the old adage that it is better to love and lose
than not to love at all, it is better to go ahead with these than not to
go at all.
How about the black walnut? This nut will come to the front and be
popular for baking purposes and candy-making, for it is the only one
that holds its flavor after heating. But its competition will be against
the thin-shelled English walnut. It will not be extremely popular until
we get one with a shell equally thin. At present we do not have one.
How then can we anticipate a great future industry after meting out this
doleful outlook? Are we going to discard everything we have and start
again? By no means. The price of nuts, even of the ordinary class, is
sufficient even now to well repay any man for his effort, if producing
them on a large scale, and what must be done is to encourage more people
to become interested.
If we could arrange to have nice exhibits of named varieties of nuts at
the various county fairs, and have someone there to explain them, a good
deal of interest could be created. I frequently see native nuts
displayed, but not named varieties.
I shall not refer to the hazel, chestnut, pecan nor butternut, all of
which I believe can be developed into a more or less successful industry
but only repeat in closing that I am convinced, after pretty thorough
investigation, that the shagbark hickory and the black walnut can be
developed into an industry in the Northeast in a much shorter time than
it has taken to develop the pecan, to a point that will equal or surpass
the enviable position that nut holds today. But, and let me impress this
point, we must develop a few new and better nuts to do it. On account of
the colder climate, which goes for the developing of fine flavor in all
products, I do not believe the pecan will ever equal the shagbark in
quality. This is our great natural advantage.
DR. MORRIS: I accept all of the statements by Dr. Zimmerman with one
exception. The pecan is tremendously prolific and so productive that
there are records of 30 bushels to a tree. I do not know that any of the
shagbarks or shellbark hybrids ever will rival that in production. From
the marketman's point of view production is of prime importance. In this
the pecan out-rivals the black walnut.
TRANSPLANTING NUT TREES
_Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y._
When I set out the first nut trees which now are growing at my place at
Baldwin, I was very particular to follow the best advice obtainable.
What this was is to be found in Bulletin No. 5, published by the
association, pages 8 and 9, under Planting Directions. I will not take
time here to read them but will refer those interested to that
publication.
Much that is to be found there is unquestionably the best practice that
we know today. The importance of preventing the roots from drying out,
digging holes of sufficient size and filling with good top soil, firming
the soil well about the roots, severely cutting back after planting and
staking newly set trees if they are of appreciable size above ground,
are of the utmost importance and should be emphasized, but others of
these directions have been modified in my practice and I will relate the
unfortunate experiences which caused these changes to be made.
From the start there has been trouble in transplanting hickories,
difficulties with other trees being small in comparison. Out of a number
of fine looking little grafted hickories set out in the fall or spring
some would be sure to die. They mostly came from Mr. Jones, who, as a
rule, has furnished the finest looking hickories that I have received,
and were finely packed and seemingly ought to have lived, but only part
of them did. After losing a number out of one lot, I watched the lot
purchased next year with particular care. Three out of a lot of six,
which had put out leaves well in the spring, by the middle of July began
to show signs of distress, the edges of the leaves beginning to turn
brown which the year previous had been the beginning of the end. I knew
what had happened the year previous, felt that the trees would die if
something was not done, and did something. That something was to dig
about six quarts of chicken manure and two trowels of nitrate of soda
around the three trees that looked sick and saw that they were watered
plentifully till a heavy rain came. At first nothing was noticed, but
after a while the brown disappeared on the leaves that were only
slightly brown, while in other cases new leaves put out and finally a
second growth of shoots, very small to be sure, but the trees had been
saved. This was diametrically opposed to previous practice of putting no
manure or strong fertilizer in holes when planting the trees, but the
result was so satisfactory that I have continued to dig in about 1/4 of
a wheelbarrow of well rotted stable manure around each tree when
planting and two trowels of nitrate of soda in May when the growth
should start in the spring.
The above treatment seemed almost entirely to solve the difficulties of
transplanting and for about two years practically no hickories were
lost. Twenty-four Hales trees, 10 years from grafting brought here from
Monticello, Florida, all lived through the first year and 23 of them
through the second and now seemingly have a long life ahead of them.
Inasmuch as Mr. Jones expressed his doubts as to how successful this
experiment would be I regarded it as somewhat of a triumph. On the other
hand out of the finest looking lot of young Iowa hickories grafted a
year ago this spring and shipped in the fall and set out just as
carefully as I knew how, with well rotted stable manure in the holes and
seemingly having every prospect of a long life before them, all have
died now, excepting four, two of which I am making desperate efforts to
save.
The reason for this failure has not yet been proved, but I have an idea
what it is. With two exceptions the stocks were not large, unusually
small in fact, and the growth of the grafts was small, but, except for
their small size of stock and graft they were fine looking little
hickories as one often sees. The two that are in good condition today
were bitternuts on bitternut stocks and both the stocks and grafts were
notably larger than others. One of these bitternuts by the way, is
bearing this year. Evidently there was not as much vitality stored in
the smaller trees as in the larger ones. I am inclined to believe that
the real trouble was because the grafts, excepting the bitternuts, had
not become sufficiently established before having to stand the shock of
digging, shipping and transplanting. I have noticed in experiments made
to determine the adaptability of a number of species of hickory as
stocks that it was not unusual to find that a graft would do reasonably
well the first summer and die the second. If this happens occasionally
when hickories have not been transplanted it is undoubtedly very much
more likely to happen when they are transplanted. I have had practically
no losses in transplanting hickories when the graft had grown two
seasons before being transplanted. The safe plan, then, would seem to be
to let a graft grow two seasons before transplanting. Unfortunately
this will add to the cost of grafted hickories which even now are so
expensive to produce that almost no nurserymen grow them.
Another one of the commonly accepted principles that I do not now follow
is that of not planting trees any deeper than they grew in the nursery.
I prefer to plant them a little deeper, say two inches or so. I do not
recall losing any trees seemingly from this slightly deeper planting,
while I did lose a considerable number of seedlings last year that were
inadvertently planted two inches or so too shallow.
Outside of the hickory I have had little trouble in transplanting any
trees excepting some of the hazels. Unless hazels, particularly American
hazels, are very well rooted, they will need more care the first year
than most nut trees, particularly protection from the hot sun and
drought. If I get poorly rooted hazels I now plant them in a shady place
for a year or two if they have not grown well the first year, and then
move them where they are to stay.
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Snyder of Center Point advocates planting trees two
to four inches deeper.
DR. MORRIS: In Dr. Brooks' paper he spoke of some of the twig girdlers
in the beetle stage which feed upon the bark of twigs before
ovipositing, and he said that gives a weak point where we may attack
them. On my place at Stamford, where there are forests, that would be
impossible. I have had a good many hazels partially destroyed this year
by girdlers. A great many of the branches have the larvae in them. I
find also a large number of small hazels on which the leaves and
branches are dying, though there is no apparent injury to the bark.
Suddenly, however, a little twig will drop off and yet, in cutting into
them, I did not find any larvae.
DR. BROOKS: That happens to be the work of an insect which I am just
beginning to study, one of the flat-headed borers, and the reason you
have not seen the larva is that it is very small. It is not half an inch
long. In the second year it comes out as an adult. I judge that control
measures should be used in the spring, when I think without doubt that
it would feed on the poisoned spray.
DR. MORRIS: I find a great many larvae in dead twigs on the ground. If
we are going to get this pest out of the way, we should not only look at
the twigs on the tree, but at those on the ground as well.
DR. BROOKS: That is true of all of these curculios. Dr. Morris'
statement is true. The ground should be gone over and the dead and dying
branches and twigs of the trees should be collected. The insects mature
in them.
DR. COLLINS: Would you advocate pruning often?
DR. BROOKS: No.
Adjournment to lecture hall. Mr. Henry Hicks of Westbury, Long Island,
gave a talk on the transplanting of large trees by his methods,
illustrated with lantern slides. This was followed by a talk with
lantern slides, on
HEREDITY IN TREES AND PLANTS
_By Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, New York_
Dr. Blakeslee said in part:
One of the first things we notice as we go out into the open is
diversity in the habits of trees and plants. It is through the details
thus presented that we are able to distinguish one species from another.
You can see this diversity the year round in nut trees, and in the nuts.
If you arrange nuts, or any other objects for that matter, in a curve
according to size, you will find that the most numerous of them are of
about the average size. This is equally true when applied to mankind.
What is the reason?
There are a number of factors affecting this, but, in general, there are
two main causes--environment and heredity. We do not know which is the
more important but both are absolutely necessary.
In the picture being shown we see the influence of the black walnut upon
plants around it. It creates an environment which influences the ability
of other plants to grow near the roots.
It must be remembered, however, that what the animate plant transmits is
not the actual character in question, but the ability of the animate
plant to develop characteristics. By placing the plant near a black
walnut tree we do not affect anything but the capacity of the plant to
develop in certain directions.
I have shown here a diagram to illustrate a certain stock fertilization.
Here we have the plant with its stamen and pistils, the egg cells and
the pollen. There are two types of pollenization, one where the pistil
is fertilized by insects carrying sticky pollen; the other by movement
of the wind carrying the pollen. If I should believe my records, in
attempts to cross trees, I might have a cross between a birch and an
alder, in which the pollen is carried by the wind. I tried once to
hybridize pines. I put some pitch pine pollen on the female flower of
another species and seed resulted. I did this the second year and again
I got seed. The third year I put bags on the female flowers before I
could see them developing. Then I got no seeds. I believe that the
pollen which had caused the seed to set in the preceding instances had
come from the south for perhaps hundreds of miles.
There are times when the pollen of the staminate plant is all shed
before the pistillate gets ready. Sometimes we have a plant that is self
sterile. I have experimented with pollen from several different nut
trees and also with the Norway spruce. Then again, there are abnormal
cases; sometimes there is parthenogenesis. The jimson weed is the first
plant which has ever been reproduced by parthenogenesis. Since that was
discovered, an investigator in California has found a similar case in
fruit developed without pollination.
One of the most important conceptions in heredity is its effect upon
characters and factors. Take the Japanese bean here shown for example,
one dark bean and one mottled. In the next hybrid generation we find
three mottled and one dark. That is the familiar "three to one" ratio of
Mendel's law. We believe now, that all, or at least a very large
proportion of the heredity characters in plants of all kinds may be due
to a series of factors; but the habit of growth of the plant is due to a
single factor. We have the case here of a second generation of the
weeping mulberry that I crossed with the white mulberry. As a result
there was an average of three erects to one weeping one. Certain
characteristics may be made up of the inter-action of a large number of
factors. This will give a little idea as to the complexity of Mendel's
law.
How do we get new characters in nature? New types are due to the
rearrangement of previously existing characters, just as with the
old-fashioned kaleidoscope, where you turn the crank and get new
pictures. Another way is by the sudden appearance of new factors.
I wish to speak about one effect of hybridization, which is really
connected with heredity factors, the vigor which occurs when we cross
different varieties, species, or even races. In my experience certain
types that have been naturally contrasted finally lose vigor, and after
two or three generations the plant disappears. Then again I could show
you cases where yields are greatly increased due to hybridity. These are
established facts, not only as regards species of plants and trees but
also as regards the human race. Hemy, in Dublin, who has done the best
work in this line of endeavor, believes that many of our more
rapid-growing trees are rapid-growing because they are hybrids.
To summarize, I have tried to point out the fact that diversity which we
see in nature is real, and that it is brought about by two causes,
namely, environment, and heredity. And that heredity is brought about by
factors in the bodies of the chromosomes which are shuffled around like
cards in a pack; they reappear in the same way that the cards will
reappear. We have no means, as yet, of controlling the appearance of the
factors, but we have two methods of getting new factors, as follows:
One--The finding of new things in nature; that, probably, is the very
best method that can be used. The work of the theoretically planned
project points out the tremendous importance of the exceptional
individual.
Two--By taking the exceptional individuals, and by crossing them, you
can recombine, although the results may be very complex, and obtain
characters that are very desirable.
As ministers sometimes say to clinch the moral, I would say, "Seek
earnestly that which is best and hold fast to that which is good."
THE PRESIDENT: Has anyone a question he would like to ask?
DR. MORRIS: In attempting to make crosses between juglans and carya we
find often that the pollen of carya will excite the cell of the juglans
but without making a fusion. What is the element of the male cell of the
hickory which starts the female cell of the walnut into action?
THE SECRETARY: I would like to ask Dr. Blakeslee one thing; he showed
the influence of the black walnut on the growth of the hedge, and he
showed that something other than the effect from the black walnut had
caused these plants to be dwarfed. Is that understood to be a fact?
DR. BLAKESLEE: No; some of the effect was due to the black walnut.
MR. HICKS: In some cases the trees get sick and die. I have observed
many plants and trees growing close to walnuts and I can point out peach
trees and other fruits planted close to black walnut trees which have
been injured. I should like to see the question determined.
MR. O'CONNOR: On Mr. Littlepage's place it seems that some blackberries
thrive better in the shade of the walnut tree than anywhere else.
DR. BROOKS: In West Virginia there is a locality where blackberries grow
wild, and it is a matter of common knowledge that black berries will
grow under the black walnut but that apple trees will not grow there. I
have noticed that the best place to plant jimson seed is under the black
walnut trees. I have no definite information about this but there is
something in the influence of the black walnut trees.
MR. BIXBY: I have noticed at my place that cabbages planted under black
walnut trees were somewhat stunted. I believe that it was the effect of
the walnut trees growing so speedily that there was not enough
nourishment for both.
THE PRESIDENT: The next lantern slide lecture will be by Mr. Reed.
MR. REED: (This lecture was delivered in a darkened hall where it was
not possible for the reporter to take notes. However, the gist of the
talk is here given).
The slides illustrated various methods of nut tree propagation, and that
it is possible successfully to graft or bud nut trees at almost any time
from February until the very end of the growing period. In working over
large trees the first method in the season to be employed was shown to
be that of the cleft graft. Following this, with large stocks, would be
the slip-bark graft, or with smaller stocks, the chip-bud. The slip-bark
graft has the advantage of being feasible at any time when the bark
slips. Dormant scions are more often used with this form of propagation,
although by no means necessary, as Dr. Morris has demonstrated that by
applying a coat of paraffin over the entire scion and the cut surfaces
of the stock, it is possible to use growing scions at almost any time
when they can be obtained. The chip-bud is most successful during a
relatively short period, beginning about ten days before the buds begin
to swell and continuing until after the trees are practically in full
leaf. From this time on the patch, or some other modification of the
annular bud, is most commonly used.
In top-working, when the cleft-graft has failed, the patch-bud may be
used late in summer, by inserting buds of the current season's growth
in the base of the new shoots springing up from below where the cut was
made in the stock for the graft, thus affording two opportunities for
propagation during the same season.
The slides showed various methods of propagating the filbert by
layering, and of propagating more difficult species by inarching. They
were from a collection soon to be placed in the hands of the extension
Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of the various state
colleges of agriculture.
THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn, and will meet in the room upstairs
in this building at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.
SECOND DAY--MORNING SESSION
Meeting called to order by the President, at 10 a. m.
THE PRESIDENT: I have the great pleasure of introducing to you Dr. Howe,
Assistant Director of the Botanical Gardens.
DR. HOWE: I shall only take a minute to say that we are delighted to
have you here, and that if we can do anything to assist you, or to
perpetuate your success, I hope you will please let us know. As the
Spaniards say, "The house is yours."
I hope that your visit will be so pleasant that you may find it
convenient to come here again.
THE SECRETARY: Mr. Jones will you tell us something about the handling
of seeds for planting?
MR. JONES: I did not give the subject any thought before coming here but
I might say that the nuts should be gathered promptly and dried, placing
them in a shady spot, for they can be injured where the sun is too warm.
We stratify them in sand. Then in the spring you can sift the sand
through a sieve, take out the nuts and plant them.
In stratifying chestnuts we keep them between layers of wire mesh, for
mice are very fond of these nuts. We cover the nuts with sand and
leaves. Chinkapins we usually keep in cold storage.
THE SECRETARY: When you stratify these nuts where do you keep them?
MR. JONES: Right out in the open on top of the ground. A frame may be
made with wire nailed on the bottom. This may be set out anywhere in the
garden, but down a little into the dirt. Put in the nuts between layers
of sand and leaves.
THE SECRETARY: Mr. Kelsey told me that the best way he had found to keep
nuts was to bury them in a deep hole, perhaps two feet deep. Have you
had experience with that way?
MR. JONES: The way I described is the usual way to keep seed and we get
very fine results. We do that in order to keep the seed cool and so that
they will not dry out. But we always have to watch out for mice. It
might be a good idea, in stratifying chestnuts in the box with wire mesh
on the bottom, to place the box at an angle that would drain off at
least part of the water.
THE SECRETARY: Dr. Zimmerman, have you anything to say?
DR. ZIMMERMAN: I discovered by accident that black walnuts and hickories
could be kept very nicely in the dry state until spring; then put water
on them and they will sprout very nicely. But my chestnuts get moldy
that way.
MR. BIXBY: We cover the nuts with at least a sprinkle of earth, may be
four or five inches.
THE SECRETARY: Mr. Jones would keep them with practically no dirt but
with sand and leaves.
MR. JONES: I would use a little sand over them, two parts of sand to one
part of nuts. We put in six inches of nuts and alternating layers of
sand.
DR. BROOKS: I know of a man who puts a layer of chestnuts and one of
moss and says that in the spring the nuts are in splendid condition.
MR. BIXBY: I have had the nuts sprout very much better when they were
stratified as soon as gathered.
MR. O'CONNOR: I bought about 5 bushels of black walnuts, paying 75 cents
a bushel for them. I simply dumped them out on the ground, not bothering
about the shucks at all, and covered them over with dirt. I paid no more
attention to them until spring. Then I put the nuts in trenches with
dirt about 5 inches over the top. The mice did not bother them, and I
think they did well that way.
THE PRESIDENT: Did the frost affect them?
MR. O'CONNOR: No, not at all.
THE PRESIDENT: I have a black walnut tree at home that started to grow
in a neighbor's cellar. It had grown a foot and a half and was rather
white in color. I cut off the top and planted it out in the open. Today
the tree is still growing and is all right.
We will now have an address by Prof. Neilson, of Canada.
PROF. NEILSON: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is a real
pleasure for me to get back to this convention once more. I tried to
come last year but owing to certain difficulties I was not able to do
so.
Before I give you my report on nut culture in Canada, I want to tell you
some of my troubles. Two or three years ago, when I began to express my
interest in nut culture, I thought it would be a good idea to get some
nuts from China. I wrote to several missionaries in Northwestern China
at about our latitude, and I finally secured five bushels of Persian
walnuts and one bushel of Chinese chestnuts. The nuts were a long time
on the road and very few were in fit condition to use when they arrived.
I stored some of the Persian walnuts in our cellar at the Ontario
College. The rest of the nuts I distributed to others.
The nuts at the college did not fare very well. When I left there I gave
directions to the members of the Department to look after them
carefully. This is how they did it. Someone broke into the cellar where
the nuts were stratified in the sand, and ran off with about one bushel.
The Chinese chestnuts arrived in about the same condition as the Chinese
walnuts. Of these I managed to save about a peck. We divided the nuts
into three equal lots. Some we kept at the Guelph Experiment Station,
some at Vineland, and some in the Southwestern Station. Of those at
Guelph, out of the whole lot, 35 nuts germinated, and of these the mice
ate all but five. These five were taken outside and carefully placed in
a flat; but someone came along and ran into the flat and smashed those
five plants all to pieces.
In addition to this some of my friends tried to tell me that I was
chasing wild geese; that nut trees would not ever be important
commercially in Canada; that 99 per cent of the value of the nut tree
was for shade anyhow (as if he meant shade for pigs and cows); and that
they were not even ornamental.
Before I read my paper, however, I will say that the work I am now doing
is somewhat different from that I had when I was last here, when I was
Prof. of Horticulture. I am now doing extension work for the
government.
PROGRESS REPORT ON NUT CULTURE IN CANADA
_Jas. A. Neilson, M. S., Extension Horticulturist, Horticultural
Experiment Station, Vineland, Ontario_
During the season of 1923-24 there has been a marked increase in the
interest shown in the culture of nut bearing trees in all parts of
Canada where nut trees can be grown. This is indicated by the numerous
letters of enquiry and personal requests for information on nut culture
which have been received by our Station. A total of 450 letters were
received or sent out by our office during the past year besides numerous
enquiries answered by a personal visit.
The search for good nut trees has resulted in some interesting additions
to the data presented in the paper published in the last report. One of
the most gratifying features of this phase of the work has been the
discovery of several new localities where the European filbert is
growing successfully. It has been located or reported at twenty widely
separate points in Ontario, the northernmost of which is on Wolf Island
at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in approximately 44,100 N. Lat.
This plantation is said to have been established before 1840 and would
therefore be nearly 90 years old. Another interesting point in
connection with filberts is the amazing way in which they thrive under
conditions of absolute neglect. Several of the plantations observed
during the past year were not given the slightest attention and yet were
doing very nicely. Obviously this is not good practice but it would seem
to indicate that excellent results could be secured in Southern Ontario
by the proper choice of varieties and the best cultural methods. This
survey also showed that the sweet chestnut grew as far north as Georgian
Bay.
The prize nut contest staged by our office last autumn resulted in the
discovery of some very good black walnuts and a fine Japanese heartnut.
Samples of these are shown in some of the plates on the table.
The Persian walnut was found to have a wider distribution and is more
abundant in Ontario than was expected when our nut survey began. About
150 bearing trees have been located in that part of Ontario extending
from Toronto on Lake Ontario to Goderich on Lake Huron. This number of
course will seem insignificant in comparison to the numbers of trees in
some sections of the northern United States, but it must not be
forgotten that Ontario is on the northern margin of the Persian walnut
territory, and therefore the results are rather encouraging.
Several fine Paragon chestnut trees have been located which bear good
crops and which appear to be resistant to chestnut blight. This disease
has unfortunately appeared at several places in Ontario and will
undoubtedly destroy the majority of our chestnut trees.
The members of this association will be interested to learn that
Gellatly Brothers of Gellatly, B. C., prepared and sent to the British
Empire Exhibition at Wembley a large collection of nuts that has
attracted a great deal of attention and favorable comment. This should
do a great deal toward advertising the nut cultural possibilities of
that province and of Canada generally.
The trial plantations on the experiment station grounds are doing very
well indeed. The black walnuts are making a fine growth and one variety
the McCoy, has a good crop of nuts at two years from planting. The Ten
Eyck is making an extremely rapid growth, in some cases, producing new
shoots over four feet in length.
The English walnuts are also making a good growth and two varieties,
Mayette and Hall, have borne nuts in the third season.
I am pleased to state that we now have about 100 seedlings of the
Chinese walnut growing on the station grounds and at various other
points in Ontario. These little trees seem to be making a more rapid
growth than our seedlings of the "Ontario," a Persian walnut which is a
native of St. Catharines.
We also have about 60 seedlings of the Persian walnut from the Northern
slopes of the Carpathian Mountains in the Ukranian region of what used
to be the old Austrian-Hungarian Empire. These nuts were obtained from
Rev. Paul Crath, of Toronto, who informs me that the winter temperatures
in that part of Europe often go lower than in Toronto. We hope for some
interesting developments from the growth of these trees because of the
rigorous climatic condition of their native land.
During the latter part of the past winter an experiment was conducted in
propagating the walnut under greenhouse conditions. For this purpose 100
well grown one year black walnut seedlings were obtained from our
forestry station at St. Williams in the late autumn and heeled in out of
doors until about February 1st. These were then brought inside, planted
in 8 inch pots and placed in the greenhouse where they were allowed to
remain until a good leaf growth had been produced. The young trees were
then side cleft grafted with scions of the best English walnuts in the
district. While engaged in this work one of the trees was inadvertently
cut off a few inches above the ground. The stub was then whip grafted
and to my surprise it made a better growth than the others which had a
part of the top left on. The results of our experiment were much better
than I expected. About 40% of the scions grew which was quite
satisfactory considering that I was a mere novice in the art of grafting
nut trees and that my method was an experiment. I believe I could get 70
to 75% to grow with greater care in the selection and handling of
scions. The object in doing the work in the greenhouse was to obtain
better control conditions of moisture and temperature and thus reduce
the mortality of scions due to these factors.
I also outlined an experiment in propagating nut trees by cuttings as a
thesis subject for one of our fourth year horticultural students at the
O. A. C. In this experiment ten cuttings each of English walnut,
butternut, Japanese walnut, hickory, chestnut and black walnut were
planted in sand and watered at intervals with a 1 to 10,000 solution of
potassium permanganate. In the course of time the majority of cuttings
came out in leaf, but none formed roots, and hence soon died. It is
admitted that this experiment may have been improperly planned and
conducted, but it showed at any rate that it is not an easy matter to
propagate most nut plants by root or stem cuttings.
In 1923 I purchased with my own funds another lot, 1-1/2 bushels, of
good heartnuts and sent them in lots of about two dozen to the
secretaries of 125 horticultural societies, and to about 30 other
parties for trial planting. I found that this little contribution was
gratefully received and in many cases brought forth inquiries for the
names of people from whom good trees might be purchased. I do not
propose to carry on much more of this free distribution of nuts as that
would not be fair to the individuals themselves or to those engaged in
the propagation of nut trees. My chief reason for distributing these
nuts was to stimulate interest, and now that my objective has been
attained I will refer inquiring parties to reputable nut nurserymen.
Numerous requests for addresses on nut culture have been received from
horticultural societies, women's institutes and other organizations. I
have always endeavored to comply with these requests and have
invariably found keen interest shown in the subject. American members of
this association will likely be interested to learn that the Ontario
Horticultural Society is the largest of its kind in the world, having a
membership of over 60,000 while the Women's Institute is an almost
equally large and influential organization.
These powerful and widespread organizations can be and are of great
assistance in carrying on the propaganda for the planting of nut trees.
The Ontario Horticultural Association, the Ontario Horticultural Council
and the Canadian Horticultural Council have each passed resolutions
expressing approval of our work in nut culture and asking the Dominion
Minister of Agriculture to appoint a man to fully investigate the nut
cultural possibilities of Canada. I regret to state that no action has
as yet been taken to meet the desires of these organizations. Because of
many other urgent duties and lack of departmental support, I have not
been able to devote as much of my time to nut culture as I would like,
and therefore have had to make the very best use of the little time I
have had at my disposal. I am looking forward to the time when those in
authority will have a greater appreciation of the value of nut trees and
will see their way clear to appoint someone to devote his whole time and
energy toward increasing the productiveness and adding to the beauty of
our country by means of more and better nut trees.
To sum up briefly, my objective is as follows:
1. To carry on the nut tree survey of Canada until we have located the
very best natural and exotic species.
2. To propagate these best strains, provided they are as good or better
than the best so far discovered.
3. To introduce the best hardy species from the northern United States
and northeastern Asia, on a more extensive scale for test purposes and
breeding work.
* * * * *
THE SECRETARY: Prof. Neilson has placed on the table in the hall, very
modestly, a very interesting collection of nuts from Canada and I hope
that you will all look at them.
THE PRESIDENT: Are there any present who would like to ask Prof. Neilson
questions?
DR. MORRIS: It seems to me that the Ontario walnut is the best in
quality of any I have tried. What did you think of them Mr. Jones?
MR. JONES: I do not think there is any better.
PROF. NEILSON: I am in favor of another one which I think you will
agree is still better. It is larger and betterlooking and the flavor is
just as good. (Displays walnut).
The interesting feature is that although the tree is a third generation
tree, now about 15 years old, it has produced more nuts than the older
trees.
DR. MORRIS: If I remember correctly the Ontario is a milder type.
PROF. NEILSON: I think that this is just as good as the Ontario. I have
several trees of this.
THE PRESIDENT: From what I gathered from your remarks, Prof. Neilson,
possibly some moral support would be of assistance to you in your work.
Would it be out of order?
PROF. NEILSON: I think it would be a very good idea. The trouble I am
having is perhaps very localized; it is with but one or two individuals.
I think that a resolution by this association would have some effect. It
would at least present to the authorities the fact that we were being
recognized. I hope so at least. Our present Minister of Agriculture has
openly expressed himself in sympathy with the idea of planting more nut
trees; also Mr. Martin, our specialist in poultry keeping and I think if
I can get them lined up it would be all right. The resolution might help
to do this.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris the Chair appoints you to that committee; also
Mr. Jones and Mr. Ellis. It wishes you to draw up a suitable resolution
for that work.
PROF. NEILSON: I may say that the public in Canada is behind our work.
About 97% of my time is spent on the road and I go long distances. The
rest of my time I am writing letters, about 1,200 of them, and about 450
of these are on nut culture.
DR. MORRIS: I have the following resolution to offer: That a letter be
written to the Dominion Department of Agriculture, along the following
lines: "The Dominion Department of Agriculture has officially stated
that the nut growing industry of British Columbia has become an
important one. The Dominion nevertheless is importing $5,000,000 worth
of nuts annually from other countries.
In view of these facts, the Northern Nut Growers' Association in
assembly at its 15th Annual Meeting, in New York, commends the work of
Prof. J. A. Neilson of the Horticultural Experiment Station at Vineland,
Ontario, and expresses the hope that the Canadian Government and private
support will further his work in such a way as to make it a matter of
large public service. Service of the sort relates not only to eastern
Canada but to the commerce of this entire continent."
(Signed) ROBERT T. MORRIS,
J. F. JONES
Z. H. ELLIS.
THE PRESIDENT: The secretary will accordingly transmit this message to
the Canadian Government.
NOTES BY PROFESSOR A. S. COLBY
_Purdue University, Illinois_
Friends: I believe an apology is due you. I was away on my vacation at
the time the invitation came to me to make an address at this meeting
and I have come here without one. But I shall be glad to give you some
sort of an idea of the past, present and future of nut culture in
Illinois.
I became actively interested in nut growing about a year ago. Our work
started partly in response to public demand. We have been receiving an
increasing number of letters of inquiry from people interested in the
subject but who know little about it. We are attempting to secure such
information as will be of value regarding the best species and varieties
of nuts to plant, where to plant them, and how to care for them. There
are a number of members of the N. N. G. A. in Illinois and they are very
kindly helping me in this work. The Illinois State Horticultural
Society, founded in 1856, has also been interested to some extent in nut
growing.
Illinois has had three grand old men in the nut industry, Mr. George W.
Endicott of Villa Ridge, Mr. E. A. Riehl of Alton, and Mr. Benjamin
Buckman of Farmingdale. Mr. Riehl is eighty-seven years young now and is
the only one of the three men living.
Mr. Endicott was interested, not only in the commercial side of
horticulture but was a pioneer in scientific work. He originated the
Endicott plum and other valuable fruits and, since he was interested in
plant improvement, naturally turned to hybridization of the chestnut, a
tree which grows readily in southern Illinois. In 1899 he crossed the
Japanese chestnut (Castanea japonica) with pollen from the American
Sweet (C. americana). He must have had some difficulty in crossing the
species because they did not bloom at exactly the same time. He was,
however, successful in securing five hybrid seeds, raising three trees
from them, naming them the Blair, the Boone and the Riehl. Naturally
there were differences in the characteristics of these trees though they
were all vigorous and produced nuts of commercial value. The Blair and
Riehl began to bear at four and five years respectively, while the Boone
bore its first crop at seventeen months of age. The Boone is the most
valuable since it matures fruit of good quality about two days earlier
than the Blair and two weeks before the Riehl. It also retains the burr
and drops the nuts free at the beginning of the season so that about
half the nuts can be picked up before the burrs fall.
Mr. Endicott was so pleased with the results of the cross that he raised
over 175 seedlings from the Boone tree. From these second generation
hybrids he secured trees very uneven in growth and size with a great
range in time of coming into bearing. The nuts differed widely in size,
quality, and season of ripening. The character of the burr showed all
gradations between the extremes of thickness, length, rigidity of
spines, etc. These striking variations in the second generation trees
show that many hereditary factors had been segregated and recombined and
offer a most interesting opportunity for scientific study. I have
visited the orchard several times.
Mr. Endicott died in 1914 but his son Robert has since cared for the
trees which have brought him considerable revenue. He tells me that he
secures about 160 pounds of nuts per year from each of the three
original trees. At an average price of thirty-five cents a pound
wholesale the crop from each tree is worth $56.05 per year. Since the
chestnut blooms late it is pretty certain to escape spring frosts. The
Blair, for example, has had a crop failure once only since beginning to
bear.
(Displays photographs of the Japanese and American chestnuts and the
Boone tree).
Mr. Endicott is top working some of the worthless second generation
trees with wood from the Boone tree.
(Displays photographs showing method of grafting).
I have had the good fortune to visit Mr. Riehl several times and have
secured many representative nuts from his collection. While he has grown
a large number of nut species and varieties he believes that the
chestnut pays the best in southern Illinois. He plants them on rough and
hilly land, difficult to cultivate, pasturing with sheep, and has had
very good success. He does not worry about the chestnut blight, since
the chestnut is not native here and there is such a great distance
between the blight ridden East and Illinois.
Mr. Buckman was an amateur horticulturist, in the work for the love of
it. On his land he had nearly two thousand varieties of apples and
hundreds of varieties of peaches, plums, pears, cherries, grapes, small
fruits, and nuts collected from all over the world. I was much
interested to study the fine pecan and chestnut trees growing and
producing good crops as well as the persimmon and papaw trees, of which
he had a number of rare varieties. I was able last spring to secure
cuttings of a number of rather rare papaw varieties which I sent to
Doctor Zimmerman for propagation at the request of Doctor Fairchild.
Mr. Buckman recently died and there is now a movement on foot to secure,
either through the University or the Horticultural Society, as far as
possible, all the valuable data which he had been collecting for years.
There are several other men interested in nuts as a commercial
proposition in Illinois, such as O. H. Casper of Anna and Judge W. O.
Potter of Marion. I recently visited these orchards. Mr. Casper has
mostly pecans and walnuts growing in sod. They are from six to eight
years old and would have borne this season if weather conditions had
been favorable.
Judge Potter has over twenty acres of pecans interplanted with chestnuts
and filberts. For part of the orchard this is the fifth growing season.
The trees are growing vigorously and make a very impressive showing. I
counted thirty-nine nuts on a representative Thomas black walnut tree.
The filberts look especially promising. Although the weather at blooming
time was unfavorable a fair crop of nearly a peck was gathered from four
or five bushes of a late blooming imported variety. Judge Potter is also
growing another orchard using apples as fillers between black walnut
trees. This experiment will be watched with great interest since it will
be of great value in showing future possibilities in nut growing in
Illinois.
Now as to some of the things we are trying to do at the experiment
station at Urbana. This will be necessarily a progress report. I am
making a survey of the state to find promising individuals of the
different species and varieties and marking them for future use. We
have our state fair at Springfield next week and as I speak to the boys
and girls attending the state fair school I hope to interest them to
tell me of any trees in their neighborhoods of particular value.
Some of the agricultural leaders in the various counties, that is the
farm advisers, are awake to the value of the nut industry and we have a
number of these men co-operating with us. From Gallatin County, in the
Wabash and Ohio river bottoms, around $100,000 worth of native pecans
are sold in some seasons. In the southern counties and over north of St.
Louis in the western part of Illinois there are also native pecan groves
which are quite profitable. We hope to find valuable northern pecans,
adaptable to our conditions. We, of course, know that the English walnut
is very difficult to grow in Illinois and we are not recommending it as
a commercial proposition. We believe that the black walnut, all things
considered, has the most promise and we hope to have something worth
while in a few years as propagating material. The Thomas, Stabler, and
Miller are especially to be recommended for Illinois at this time.
We hope soon to have a complete collection of hardy nut trees on our
experimental trial grounds. Here we shall study not only the varietal
characteristics but try out new methods of propagating, pruning,
fertilizing, etc. There is very likely some connection between winter
injury and hardening up of the wood in autumn and we hope to learn
something about that problem through the use of various cover crops, for
example. We have at the station a complete experimental cold storage
plant in operation where we may be able to learn more about the effects
of extremes of temperature on the roots and trunks of certain species.
In such new but important work we must make haste slowly. We have some
things to unlearn and many things to learn. We hope to be able in a few
years to make a worthwhile contribution to such an interesting and
important subject as nut growing in the middle west.
I shall be glad to have you ask me any questions which occur to you.
* * * * *
THE PRESIDENT: DO you happen to know Mr. Spencer?
PROF. COLBY: No, I wrote Mr. Spencer but I did not get any reply from
him. I hope to visit him this fall.
MR. REED: DO you know anything about the top-working of black walnuts
from Missouri at the university?
PROF. COLBY: No, I do not know about them.
MR. GREEN: In regard to those Gallatin County nuts; has any survey ever
been made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture of the nut trees in
Illinois?
Prof. Colby: Not that I know of.
Question: At what age are they planting those walnuts in Williamson
County with apples and how far apart?
PROF. COLBY: The walnuts are from 50 to 80 feet apart interplanted with
apples. The walnut trees are about two years old; the apples four and
five.
A SPEAKER: I believe those apple trees will die.
PROF. COLBY: That's what I want to find out. There is a great difference
of opinion as to the compatibility of walnuts and other fruit trees.
MR. BIXBY: You will see at Baldwin, this afternoon, peach trees planted
between nut trees. It is too soon to say what will happen but so far, it
is all right.
DR. SMITH: As a matter of very great importance, how will you "round up"
the forces in Illinois?
PROF. COLBY: We have a number of interesting suggestions brought out in
Professor Neilson's paper. He would use every way possible, including
questionnaires sent out judiciously, as well as the boys' and girls'
clubs, and the Boy Scouts, of which Dr. Morris speaks. The horticultural
society can be of very great help. In Illinois where we have over one
hundred counties, almost all of which are very efficiently covered by
farm bureaus, the farm advisers are of considerable assistance. The
local horticultural societies, as for instance the one with which Mr.
Riehl has been so prominently connected in Alton, have helped very much
in the past. The Smith-Hughes teachers in charge of agricultural
teaching in the high schools can easily get in touch with promising
native trees through their students. I know most of these teachers and
know they will be glad to help me. I recently had a request from the
Associated Press representative in Springfield to write an article on
nut growing in Illinois. There is a wonderful field for development
along such lines as this.
THE PRESIDENT: It seems to me that if the agricultural colleges were
asked to hand in information that might bring results, and particularly
the students' work in isolated sections which would not be reached by
Boy Scouts.
PROF. NEILSON: For the benefit of those who did not hear my address in
1922, I may say that I have circularized the whole county and the
college stations; I have sent about 125 circular letters to the
horticultural society and to its officers, high school inspectors, and
to anyone I thought might be glad to get the information. I wanted to
carry this further but could not. I wanted to send letters to every
school teacher in the Province of Ontario and ask them to bring the
matter to the attention of the boys and girls, and to offer them a
substantial prize for the location of the best tree in their locality. I
will say, however, that I got a great deal of encouragement from the
horticultural society, the public school and the high schools.
THE SECRETARY: I will read again a sentence from Mr. Howard Spence's
letter:
"The Minister of Agriculture has agreed to instruct all their inspectors
over the country to make a collection of all walnuts of merit and to
forward them to me for classification and identification of varieties
which may be worth perpetuating."
If we could do something of that kind in the United States to enlist the
extension agents, we should get some valuable information.
MR. OLCOTT: I think that a very important thing would be to send that
message not only to the state experiment stations, but also to the
government authorities. Why should not the Department of Agriculture
make a systematic survey of that kind? Why should it be left to the
small societies like this one, when the federal Department of
Agriculture is so thoroughly equipped to get this? The department at
Washington has expressed interest; I wonder if it would not be
appropriate for this association to take some formal action, suggesting
federal government action in that matter, in co-operation with the
extension service, Boy Scouts, etc.
THE PRESIDENT: Will you put that in a resolution?
MR. OLCOTT: I submit the following resolution:
WHEREAS, The investigational and experimental work of the Northern Nut
Growers' Association during the last fourteen years has been signally
successful in improving native nuts of the northern United States, based
upon discovery and propagation of superior specimens; and
WHEREAS, This work could be greatly extended with the facilities at the
command of the United States Department of Agriculture, as compared with
the efforts of the small number of members of this association;
therefore be it
RESOLVED: That it is the sense of the Northern Nut Growers' Association,
in fifteenth annual convention in New York City this fourth day of
September, 1924, that the U. S. Department of Agriculture be asked to
take up systematically the work of discovery and investigation of
promising native nuts in the northern states and of testing selected
specimens at government stations in co-operation with the authorities of
the state experiment stations; such discovery to be brought about by
enlisting the aid of boy scouts, school children and others, in
connection with the activities of county farm agents, inspectors and
other attaches of the department.
THE PRESIDENT: Prof. MacDaniels, of Cornell University will now address
us.
_L. H. MacDaniels, Professor of Pomology, Cornell University_
It gives me great pleasure to bring you greetings from the Agricultural
College at Cornell University and to express my appreciation for your
invitation to address this convention concerning what the college is
doing along the line of nut growing. I have a very real interest in nut
growing and in this association. I like to think of it as comparable
with the American Pomological Society when it started more than one
hundred years ago. All of you men who are spending your time and energy
in finding new facts regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees
are doing pioneer work, and your names will go down in the history of
nut growing in the same way as those of Wilder, Downing, and Prince have
come to us linked with the early development of fruit growing in the
United States. I feel confident that the work of the association will
stand the test of time.
Interest in nut growing at Cornell, as you probably know, was started by
John Craig who died about a dozen years ago. He was greatly interested
in northern nut growing and also in southern pecans. As a result of his
work we are still receiving inquiries about southern pecans addressed to
Professor Craig. While at Cornell he established a course of study in
nut growing which was a part of the regular curriculum. At the time,
however, the actual known facts about the growth of nuts in the northern
states were so few, and reliable information so scarce, that after
Professor Craig's death, when there was a general consolidation of
courses in the department, nut growing was combined with another course
in economic fruits. Since that time, as our knowledge of nut growing has
increased, more and more attention has been given to the subject. Our
aim is, in fact, to give all of the up-to-date information that we have
regarding the propagation and culture of nut trees.
The nut tree plantings in the experimental orchards at Cornell have not
been particularly successful. About ten years ago Professor Chandler set
out about one-half acre of named varieties of pecans, Persian walnuts,
black walnuts, hickories, hazel nuts, chestnuts and Japanese walnuts.
These have received good care, both as to cultivation and fertilization
but to date the only trees which have borne are the Japanese walnuts and
these have not had good crops. Apple trees of the same age in adjacent
land have been bearing commercial crops for a number of years,
especially such varieties as the McIntosh, Wealthy and R. I. Greening.
The climate at Ithaca is apparently rather too rigorous for most of the
nut trees. Persian walnuts, hazel nuts and frequently Japanese walnuts
suffer from winter injury. In the case of the chestnut, blight has
practically killed all of the trees. The pecans are perfectly hardy but
as yet have not borne, probably because our seasons are not sufficiently
long or warm enough to grow this nut to advantage. Hickories have been
very slow to become established and in fact have never made really good
growth. This experience, of course, makes us feel that nut growing is
really not as easy as some enthusiasts would have us believe.
In addition to this variety planting there are four or five acres of
recently cleared woodland in which there are hundreds of hickory
seedlings which can be top-worked. We are aiming also in this area to
establish seedlings of all of the hardy nut trees to use as stocks and
eventually to get a collection of all named varieties of nut trees.
Grafting so far has not been particularly satisfactory due in some cases
to failure of the grafts to set; in other cases to the winter killing of
grafts which have made fairly good growth. Injury by bud moths and wind
storms have also been detrimental factors. Our own experience together
with observations upon the results of nut grafting elsewhere by experts
lead us to believe that grafting of nut trees is a very difficult
undertaking as compared with that of other fruit trees. It involves a
knack which must be acquired by very considerable experience. I realize,
of course, that new facts regarding nut grafting are being discovered
almost daily and in the future we may look for better results.
The attitude of the Department of Pomology at the College with regard to
nut growing is of necessity conservative. First of all, the men in the
department are trained in scientific methods and have a somewhat
critical attitude when it comes to statements regarding marked success
in any line. The tendency is in each case to try to find the data or the
experience upon which statements are based. Unfortunately, in nut
growing there are very little data upon which statements can be based.
Mr. Bixby's experiments with stocks are a very good start in the right
direction, and it is upon such experiments as he is carrying out that
real knowledge regarding nut growing will be gained.
We have heard enthusiastic statements as to the profits which may be
derived from the planting of nuts in the northern states, but I must
confess that I have looked in vain both for the facts upon which such
statements might be based and also for orchards which actually are
profitable. If such exist in New York state I have not been able to find
them even after considerable travel.
In order to be profitable, an orchard must pay all the expenses
involved, including interest on the initial cost of land; the cost of
labor and materials and depreciation on tools, etc. We have cost
accounts covering these items on many crops such as apples and wheat,
but not on nuts. It seems to me we must recognize that nut culture is in
its experimental stage only. This is in fact one thing that makes it
particularly attractive for the amateur.
Another reason for our conservatism is that we feel it our duty to the
growers to give out statements which are based upon facts only. If a man
in a northern state wants to plant ten acres of nuts what shall we tell
him? Shall we tell him to go ahead and assure him that if he takes care
of his trees a profitable plantation is certain? On the basis of what we
know I think surely not. A hundred and one unanswered questions come up.
What kinds of nuts will succeed under his climatic and soil conditions?
What stocks should be used? What varieties will succeed under his
conditions? Will the meats of the nuts fill out in the average season?
Are the seasons long enough, etc. The fact is in most cases we do not
know. In most parts of New York state we are extending a natural range
of many of the nut trees and they have not been grown long enough under
the new conditions to make it possible to answer these questions with
certainty. On the other hand, we can tell the prospective nut grower
that nut growing is in its experimental stages and under certain
conditions has great commercial promise. On the basis of our present
knowledge we cannot recommend large plantations but would encourage the
planting of nuts in an experimental way, especially for home use. It
should be borne in mind that in the early days of fruit growing in
America it was the amateur planting of varieties that laid the
foundations for the present industry. If shade trees are to be planted
let them be nut trees. Plant nut trees as a hobby but do not go into nut
culture on a large scale for profit unless you can afford to lose.
I have great hopes for the future of nut growing in the northern states
and also for this society. I am confident that new and better varieties
of nuts will be found and better methods of propagation and
transplanting originated so that in the future there may be a commercial
industry in the north. For the present, however, I believe that
conservatism is advisable, and that great harm may be done by
misrepresentation. Sound growth of a northern nut industry will be built
upon facts and honest experience and not on conjecture, hearsay, or even
on enthusiasm, however necessary this may be. I believe that we should
encourage people to plant nuts for pleasure, plant nuts as a hobby,
plant them for shade and for posterity, but under present conditions not
for financial profit.
* * * * *
THE SECRETARY: We must adjourn at once to the lecture room, that we may
hear Dr. J. Russell Smith's talk on "Nut Tree Crops as a Part of
Permanent Agriculture without Plowing." He will have some interesting
slides to show during his talk.
Dr. Britton has asked that we have lunch today at noon instead of one
o'clock. Everyone present is invited to take luncheon at that time as a
guest of the Botanical Society and of Dr. Britton, it makes no
difference whether they be members or guests.
MR. REED: May I make the motion to extend a rising vote of thanks to Dr.
Britton and his associates for the cordial and generous way in which
they have entertained us?
(Motion seconded, passed, and acknowledged by rising vote).
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Britton, you are officially notified.
DR. BRITTON: I would like to have that vote of thanks mentioned in the
official record of this convention, and in the record of the Botanical
Society.
THE SECRETARY: We will see to that.
DR. BRITTON: You will be interested in knowing that we have with us the
very distinguished Curator of the British Botanical Herbarium of the
Royal Society. Dr. Stapf has been traveling in Canada, attending the
meetings of the Royal Society there.
THE PRESIDENT: We shall very much appreciate the opportunity of meeting
him.
We will now adjourn to the lecture hall, to hear Dr. J. Russell Smith.
NUT TREE CROPS AS A PART OF PERMANENT AGRICULTURE WITHOUT PLOWING
_Dr. J. Russell Smith, Professor of Economic Geography, Columbia
University, New York_
My first experience with nut culture was gained on the farm of a man I
knew more than 30 years ago. It was a truck farm not far from
Philadelphia near a boarding school which I infested and the farmer
complained that I infested the farm. The farm had its fence rows and
driveways lined with grafted chestnut trees bearing abundantly of large
fine nuts of European origin. It was remarkable how quickly they filled
my pockets. I usually succeeded in gathering them on the hundred per
cent basis.
I am interested in this subject today because of an innate love of trees
and because the development of a tree crop agriculture offers a way to
stop soil erosion. To me the worst of all economic sins is the
destruction of resources, and the worst of all resource destructions is
the destruction of the soil, our one great and ultimate resource. "After
man the desert" has been truly said too often of many old lands.
Soil cover is after all about the only thing that man has as a basis for
the support of his life on earth. All of our food depends directly or
indirectly upon plants.
In hilly countries there is usually but a thin layer of earth and rotton
rock between the surface of the field and the bed rock. It is a very
difficult problem to maintain this cover of earth and it is very easy to
lose it. Sometimes it is lost through over-pasturing and destruction of
turf; but more largely through plowing.
The nut tree is particularly effective as a part of a plowless
agriculture which can use the soil permanently where annual crops ruin
it quickly because the plow prepares the land for erosion.
The speed of soil destruction, with its erosion after plowing, is
particularly noticeable with the great American crops, cotton, corn and
tobacco, which require clean cultivation. Many orchards are also
cultivated for the double purpose of keeping down rival plants and
preserving moisture, but we pay high in soil loss for the moisture that
we get by that means on hilly lands. The plow is one of the greatest
enemies of the future. As a matter of fact we have already destroyed
enough land in the United States to support many millions of people; and
therefore the tree is the more important because it permits an
agriculture that will keep the soil indefinitely, and in permanent
production, without plowing.
I have aecidently discovered a better way of conserving moisture than by
plowing, and I have found it going on in widely scattered places and in
widely different climates.
Primitive peoples in many parts of the world have long since obtained
the advantage of cultivation, mainly, increasing the available moisture
for the tree or plant, without cultivation of the soil and the loss
which follows the washing of cultivated soils. As an example I cite the
Indians of Arizona, who have grown corn crops for centuries in a country
with but from six to fifteen inches of rain. They do this by planting in
little patches at the mouth of a gully where at the time of rain the
flood water is led away into furrows and depressions so that it
thoroughly soaks the ground in which the corn is planted.
My attention was first called to this practice by observing a good patch
of barley in the edge of the Sahara in Southern Tunis, where the gulley
flow resulting from a winter rain had spread itself out fan-*like and
soaked the triangular alluvial area of sand, which bore a fine crop of
barley in the midst of the desert.
For centuries the olive growers of parts of Tunis have led gulley water
to the olive trees where it was retained, in areas that resembled a
tennis court, with a 12 inch bank of dirt around it and two or three
olive trees within this area thus watered by impounding.
A practice somewhat similar to this is shown in F. H. King's classic
book on Chinese agriculture, "Farmers of Forty Centuries;" but the most
extreme case that has come to my attention is furnished by the Berber
tribe of the Matmatas, of Tunis. These people live on the edge of a
hilly, limestone plateau, where the rainfall is less than 10 inches and
in some years as low as five.
An important part of the food supply of these people is furnished by
date and olive trees which they grow in the gulches of their limestone
plateau. They built a dry rock dam behind which earth-wash lodges. In
this the trees are planted and every rain sends more earth and soaks
that which has collected. The plan can certainly not be called an
experiment for the people have lived there for centuries. They have
olive trees that are several centuries old and I have never seen such
fine olive trees, not in California, or the plains of Spain, Portugal,
France, Italy, or in Algeria or Tunis, and I have seen a good many olive
trees in those countries. The olive tree is usually open, light and
feathery. These in the Matmatas gulches are thick and black and rank.
For automatic cultivation and fertilization the plan of these primitive
agriculturists is hard to beat. You put up your stone dam, and every
time the gulley runs with water your crop is irrigated and fertilized.
Can you beat it?
Three Americans of my acquaintance have independently experimented and
discovered along similar lines.
The late Freeman Thorpe of Hubert, Minnesota, did it with much
enthusiasm. So did the late Dr. Meyer, a friend of J. F. Jones, near
Lancaster. He discovered it accidentally. He put a brush dam across a
gully. Water stood behind it for days after every rain. The apple tree
near it grew much more than the others. That started the Doctor. He
began to dig small field reservoirs and collect water near trees and he
found that it paid even with the very expensive process of hoe and
shovel.
The idea has been modernized and brought to the machine stage which
characterizes our present-day agriculture, by Mr. Lawrence Lee, a civil
engineer-farmer of Leesburg, Va. Mr. Lee runs a level line across the
face of the clay hills, and then with a Martin ditcher scoops out a
terrace on this horizontal line. It makes the terrace so that the water
will hold and will not run away. Mr. Lee is sure that nine-tenths of the
heavy thunder shower runs off of the hills, in normal conditions of
non-plowing, and that if he plows, most of the water and much of the
soil go off together. He is also sure that the water pockets hold both
water and soil.
Rows of apple trees planted below these waterholding terraces thrive
without cultivation as well as do other trees across the row with
cultivation, but with this difference, ordinary cultivation impoverishes
the soil and this enriches it by keeping all mineral and organic matter
in the field.
The combination of principles worked out by many primitive peoples and
also by Messrs. Thorpe, Meyer and Lee makes it possible for the farmer
to arrange his rough land in tree crops so that every rain will water
his crops, even though the land may be rough and in sod. If he cannot
run horizontal terraces he can dig holes near the trees and lead the
water to these holes by two furrows with the turning plow. This is
really an automatic kind of irrigation. By this means a farmer can use
his odd time whenever he can work the ground, and thus do the
cultivation for a whole year or two and at the same time preserve the
soil and establish a permanent agriculture.
This gives the hill land the same chance as the level lands to grow fat
sods. It offers a very interesting combination of blue grass pasture
along with crops of black walnuts, Persian (English) walnuts, pecans,
grafted hickories, mulberries (for pigs and chickens), persimmons (for
pigs and sheep), oaks (which make more carbohydrate food than corn in
many situations), honey locust (which has a bean as rich as bran and
good for the same purpose) and many other crop trees that will be
available if good brains keep developing the idea.
In this connection it may be pointed out that France exports millions of
dollars worth of Persian walnuts and most of them are grown on isolated
trees scattered about the fields and along roadsides.
* * * * *
THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn to Sormani's for luncheon and then we
will immediately start for Mr. Bixby's place on Long Island.
(Adjournment).
NOTES AT MR. BIXBY'S NUT ORCHARDS AND NURSERIES BALDWIN, NASSAU CO., N.
Y.
September 4, 1924
Japan walnuts (seedlings) on street set out in 1918 or 1919. All except
the tree on the south have borne, 1924 being the third year for one. One
of them is a heartnut.
Chinkapins raised from seed outdoors.
Black walnuts grown in pots and transplanted with a ball of earth and
the entire root. Set out without cutting back and sod and vines allowed
to grow around them. While they grew rapidly before transplanting they
have scarcely grown since.
Beaver Hickory seedlings. These illustrate well the information to be
obtained frequently as to parentage by raising seedlings. The history of
the Beaver tree was ascertained four or five years ago and from this and
the appearance of the tree and its nuts, it was decided to be a shagbark
x bitternut hybrid. The seedlings bear this out, for they vary from
seemingly pure shagbark to pure bitternut with several in between
looking somewhat like the parent tree. It may be that some of these will
bear nuts that will be found valuable.
Japan walnut tree killed with butternut blight.
Chestnut trees killed with chestnut blight.
Main experimental orchard. This comprises about four acres and is laid
out in rows running north and south, starting at an east and west road.
There are 29 trees in each row running north and south, the trees being
about 15 feet apart. A nut tree is put every 30 feet and a peach or
apple or some other tree that is intended to be taken out later, is put
in between.
Row 1 South--(1) Niblack Pecan (5) Warrick Pecan (7) Warrick Pecan (9)
Greenriver Pecan (11) Greenriver Pecan (13) Mahan Hickory (15) Marquardt
(?) Pecan (17) Siers Hickory (19) Wilkinson (?) Pecan (21) Kirtland
Hickory (23) Greenbay Pecan (25) Weiker Hickory (27) Burlington Pecan
(29) Kentucky Hickory. This Kentucky Hickory blossomed full and some two
dozen nuts set which grew to about 5/8 inches long then they dropped
off. Probably it will bear next year.
Row 2 South--(4) Moneymaker Pecan (10) Pleas Hickory (24) Dennis
bitternut, bearing (26) Hatch Bitternut (?).
Row 3 South--(3) Stanley Hickory (5) Ridenhauer Almond (9) Burkett Pecan
(11) Hales Hickory on shagbark (13) Hales Hickory on bitternut (21)
Cedarapids Hickory on shagbark (23) Cedarapids Hickory on bitternut (25)
Dennis Hickory (27) Fairbanks Hickory.
Row 3A South--Seedling Black Walnuts.
Row 3B South--Seedling Chinese Chestnuts.
Row 3C South--Seedling Chinese Chestnuts.
Row 4 South--(2) Rush Chinkapin (3) Miracle Chestnut (4) Chinkapin (7)
Chinkapin (8) Chinkapin (9) Champion Chestnut (10) Paragon Chestnut (13)
Riehl Chestnut (15) Paragon Chestnut (16) Paragon Chestnut (17) Miracle
Chestnut (22) Champion Chestnut (29) Boone Chestnut. The above trees are
all that remain of a row of 29 Chestnut and Chinkapin trees most of
which were bearing two years ago, from which a good many quarts of
Chestnuts were gathered. Some of them died in 1922 and more in 1923.
Row 5 South--(1) Beaver Hickory (2) Hacheye (?) Persimmon (3)
McCallister Pecan (4) Hayakuma Persimmon (5) McCallister Pecan (6)
Kawakami Persimmon (7) Busseron Pecan (9) Busseron Pecan (10) Lambert
Persimmon (11) Butterick Pecan (12) Josephine Persimmon (13) Butterick
Pecan (15) Kentucky Pecan (17) Kentucky Pecan (18) Golden Gem Persimmon
(bearing) (19) Indiana Pecan (20) Rush Chinkapin (21) Indiana Pecan (23)
Posey Pecan (25) Posey Pecan (27) Major Pecan (28) Parry Chestnut (29)
Major Pecan.
Row 5A South--Pecan seedlings.
Row 5B South--Shellbark seedlings.
Row 6 South--(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6),-(7), (8), (9), (10), (11),
(12), (13), (14), (15), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24)
Hales Hickory, transplanted some years ago, brought from Monticello,
Florida (25) Kentucky Hickory.
Row 6A North--Butternut seedlings.
Row 6B North--Butternut seedlings.
Row 7 South--Vest Hickory seedlings, Hales Hickory seedlings, Juglans
cathayensis seedlings, Chinese Persian walnut seedlings, Papershell
Chinese Persian walnut seedlings, Hybrid hazels (native Long Island x
Italian Red 1923).
Row 7A South--Mockernut seedlings.
Row 7B South--Mockernut seedlings.
Row 7C South--Close bark pignut carya glabra seedlings. Loose bark
pignut carya ovalis seedlings, Japan walnut seedlings, Adams Black
Walnut seedlings.
Row 7D South---Persian walnut seedlings, Stabler Black Walnut, perfect
form seedlings, Stabler Black Walnut, one lobe seedlings.
Row 7A North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
Row 7B North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
Row 7C North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
Row 8 South--8A South--8B South--8C South--Seedling Japan Walnut x
butternut hybrids.
Row 8A North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
Row 8B North--Japan Walnut seedlings.
Row 8C North---Persimmon seedlings.
Row 9 South--(1) Miller Black Walnut (3) Thomas Black Walnut (4) Purple
Hazel (5) Thomas Black Walnut (6) Fruhe Lange Hazel (7) Stabler Black
Walnut (9) Kinder Black Walnut (11) Allen Black Walnut (13) Wasson Black
Walnut (15) Peanut Black Walnut (17) Ten Eyck Black Walnut (19)
Mattingly Black Walnut (21) McCoy Black Walnut (bearing) (23) Paradox
Walnut (25) Ohio Black Walnut (bearing) (27) Herman Black Walnut (29)
Stabler Black Walnut.
Row 10 South---(2) Stranger Heartnut, bearing (4) California Black
Walnut (6) Seedling Allen Black Walnut (8) Seedling Allen Black Walnut
(10) Seedling Allen Black Walnut (12) Casper Hickory (14) Casper Hickory
(16) Reike Hickory (18) Vest Hickory (20) Swaim Hickory (22) Swaim
Hickory (23) Jordan Almond (24) Wampler Hickory (25) Jordan Almond (26)
Wampler Hickory (27) Texas Prolific Almond (29) Texas Prolific Almond.
Row 10C North--Hickory Seedlings. Here may be seen the melancholy
results of not planting hickory seedlings deep enough.
Row 11 South--(1) Aiken butternut, bearing (3) Stranger Heartnut,
bearing, (5) Ritchie Heartnut, bearing (7), (9), (11), (13), (15), (17),
(19), (21), (23), (25), (27), (29) Lancaster Heartnut bearing.
Row 11A South--Grafted and budded black walnuts.
Row 11B South--Grafted and budded black walnuts.
Row 11C--South--Grafted and budded butternuts and Japan Walnuts.
Row 11 North--(1), (2), (3), (4), Aiken butternut (6) Juglans
mandshurica (8), (10) Deming butternut.
Row 11A North--Seedling Japan walnut x butternut hybrids.
Row 11B North--Seedling Japan Walnut x butternut hybrids.
Row 11C North--Seedling Japan Walnut x butternut hybrids.
Row 12--(2) Faust heartnut, bearing (4) Deming butternut, bearing (8)
Burlington Pecan (10) Rockville Pecan (20) Snyder Hickory (27) Early
Golden Persimmon (28) Rockville Pecan (29) Ruby Persimmon.
Row 12A South--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, Stabler, Ohio, Thomas &
Adams.
Row 12B South--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, Wasson, McCoy, Ten
Eyck, O'Connor hybrid Witte Persian Walnut.
Row 12C South--Grafted and budded butternut & Japan Walnut, Aiken
butternut, Lancaster Heartnut.
Row 13 South--(1) Franquette Persian Walnut (3) Eureka Persian Walnut
(4) Early Golden Persimmon (5) Holden Persian Walnut (7) Eureka Persian
Walnut (8) Grosse Kugelnuss filbert, bearing (9) Holden Persian Walnut,
bearing (10) White Lambert hazel (11) Alpine Persian Walnut, bearing
(12) Italian Red Hazel (13) Lancaster Persian Walnut (14) McFarland
Chestnut (15) Meylan Black Persian Walnut (16) Hale Persimmon (17) Rush
Persian Walnut, bearing (18) Imperial Hazel (19) Cording Walnut, bearing
(J cordiformis x regia) (20) Early Golden Persimmon (21) Hall Persian
Walnut (22) Yemon Persimmon (23) Paradox walnut (24) Yemon Persimmon
(25) Mayette Persian Walnut (26) Floreams Almond (27) Holden Persian
Walnut (28) Floreams Almond (29) Mayette Persian Walnut.
Row 13 North--Chinese Almond so-called, 3 years old, really an apricot
with edible kernels. Has proved perfectly hardy so far.
Row 14--Grafted and budded black walnuts, Boston Persian Walnut.
O'Connor hybrid Walnut, Adams Black Walnut, Alley Black Walnut, Mosnat
butternut.
Row 15--Grafted and budded Black Walnuts, O'Connor hybrid, Thomas,
Stabler. Ohio Persian Walnut. Minnas Zeller Italian Red Hazel, bearing.
Row 16--American Hazels from West Virginia and Ohio.
Row 17--Landesberger Lange Zeller, Buettners Zeller, Hempels Zeller,
Barnes No. 6, Hazel bearing hybrid nuts, Barnes No. 5 Hazel bearing
hybrid nuts, Kentish Cob, Noce Lunghe filbert, Daviana Hazels, both
bearing.
Row 18--Merveille de Bollwiller filbert bearing, Medium long filbert.
Like Merveille de Bollwiller, Althaldestenbener Zeller.
Row 19---Corylus californica, White Lambert filbert, Vest hazel, Grosse
Kugelnuss, Hallersche Riesen filbert. Barcelona filbert, Italian Red
filbert, Du Chilly filbert.
Row 20---Long Island Hazel, bearing Blueberries. 8 plants of selected
varieties, Jujube, Tree hazel, corylus colurna, Vest hazel bearing
hybrid nuts, Daviana hazel bearing, White Aveline hazel, tree hazel,
corylus colurna. Long Island hazel bearing, Red Aveline hazel bearing.
Row 21--Corylus californica, tree hazel corylus colurna. On the southern
end of these rows will be found the grafted hickories.
Row 21--Grafted Shagbark hickories.
Row 22--Grafted Mockernut hickories.
Row 23--Grafted Mockernut hickories.
Row 24--Grafted Pignut hickories.
Row 25--Grafted Pignut hickories.
Row 27--Grafted Pecan hickories.
Row 28--Grafted Pecan hickories.
Row 30--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
Row 31---Grafted Bitternut hickories.
Row 32--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
Row 33--Grafted Bitternut hickories.
Row 31--Grafted Bitternut hickory.
_Additional Notes by Stenographer_
This is a Royal Burbank walnut brought from California, in 1911. It
stood in a yard in Brooklyn until 1917. It did not grow well there but
since we have brought it out here it is growing and bearing, as you see.
It is a hybrid of the California black and the Eastern black. The nut
itself has not much value. The leaves are rather smaller than others. It
would not compare with the propagated varieties. It is only considered
as a rapid growing tree.
Here is a row of Beaver seedlings. This one is a typical shagbark. This
one is like a bitternut. Every once in a while you will find a tall one
with buds like the old tree. They are all Beaver seedlings from nuts
gathered at the same time from the same tree.
Here are chinkapin seedlings grown out of doors. I simply threw them on
the ground and covered them with leaves.
Here is a dead Japanese walnut tree. It died of a fungus, melanconium.
You can see the fungus all the way down the trunk. It is a weak fungus
and sometimes if the tree is nourished properly it will disappear.
This is a Lancaster heartnut. And so is this. One is much more prolific
than the other. Both grafted on Japanese stock. It is bearing pretty
well. It was put out in 1918.
Here is a Kentucky hickory. It had about 24 nuts, but they have fallen
off.
This is a Moneymaker pecan. It is growing finely. I bought this tree
from J. B. Wight, of Cairo, Ga. I also have a Burkett from Texas.
There is a Paragon chestnut which has escaped the blight. Fungus is
beginning on the end of the branch, however.
Two years ago we had a whole row of these Boone chestnuts. This is the
only one left. They were all in bearing then and a good many quarts of
chestnuts were gathered. Some of them died in 1922 and more in 1923.
From here up, the trees are hickory (Hales) on pecans. They are ten
years from the graft, and planted here from Monticello, Fla., two years
ago. 23 out of the 24 trees living.
There are 12 varieties of Japanese persimmons, bought from Texas. This
one shows winter-killing but will apparently live. (Hayakuma persimmon).
Here is a Jap. persimmon (Kawakami). It has not borne yet. Here is a
McCallister pecan; originated from between the Wabash and Ohio Rivers.
Those are Thomas black walnuts; they have been out five years, and have
not yet borne.
This is a Ten Eyck; it has made good growth this year and is a heavy
bearer. This is a McCoy black walnut. This tree is bearing heavily this
year, and bore one nut last year. It is about five or six years from the
nursery. The parent tree is from near Rockport, Ind., and is a very
large one.
Here is an Ohio; it came from Mr. Jones, I think. These trees are
bearing heavily; they have been set out 5 or 6 years.
These trees are Lancaster heartnuts. They will probably bear heavily one
year and less the next.
(Here catkins and nuts were found on the same branch, and a photograph
was made).
MR. REED: There will probably not be any Lancaster here next spring; the
late growth has devitalized the tree.
Here is a California black walnut but it has not grown very
successfully.
Here is a Stranger heartnut from South Carolina, bearing.
Here is an O'Connor hybrid walnut on black walnut. The whole tree is
3-1/2 feet high; splendid growth for one year. The parent tree is in
Maryland, about two miles from Mr. Littlepage's place.
Here is a Lancaster heartnut which has borne every year, without a stop;
you see it is planted in a chicken yard.
EXHIBITS AT THE HOUSE OF WILLARD G. BIXBY, BALDWIN, N. Y.
September 4, 1924
BLACK WALNUTS
Varieties:
Adams
Alley
Herman
McCoy
Miller
Ohio
Stabler, Perfect Form
One Lobe
Ten Eyck
Thomas
Wasson
Species:
Juglans major, Arizona rupestris,
Texas boliviensis, Bolivia
insularis, Cuba
The extremes of black walnut
shape. Adams, long and
narrow, Corsan, short and
broad
Varieties: Butternuts
Aiken
Deming
BUTTERNUTS AND JAPAN WALNUTS
Varieties: Japan Walnuts
Heartnuts
Lancaster
Ritchie
Stranger
Species:
Juglans cinerea
manshurica
cathayensis
sieboldiana
cordiformis
Rough shell Japan walnut
Juglans sieboldiana x
cinerea
Juglans sieboldiana x
nigra
Cording, Juglans cordiformis x
regia
Nuts from 4 trees on Grand Ave.
Baldwin
CHESTNUTS
Varieties:
Boone
Paragon
Rochester
Morris No. 2
Morris No. 3
Species:
Chinkapin
Castanopsis
HAZELS AND FILBERTS
Varieties:
Althaldensleben
Barcelona
Daviana
Du Chilly
Emperor
Grosse Kugelnuss
Imperial
Italian Red
Merveille de Bollwiller
Montebello
Noce Lunghe
Red Aveline
Red Lambert
Rush (American)
Vest (American)
White Aveline
White Lambert
Species:
Chinese tree Hazel (Corylus
chinensis)
Constantinople Hazel (tree
corylus colurna)
Thibet Hazel (Corylus tibetica)
Hazel Blight (Specimen)
HICKORIES
Varieties:
Beaver
Brooks
Dennis
Fairbanks, Parent tree
Grafted tree
Galloway
Glover
Griffin
Hales
Kirtland
Laney
Milford
Pleas
Siers, Parent tree
Grafted tree
Vest
Weiker, Parent tree
Grafted tree
It will be noticed that nuts
from young grafted trees are
generally larger than those
from the parent trees
Species and Hybrid:
Arkansas Hickory, carya buckleyi
Arkansana
Bitternut, carya cordiformis,
Dennis, Hatch
Buckley Hickory, carya Buckleyi
Chinese Hickory, carya cathayensis
Pallid Hickory, carya pallida
Shellbark, carya laciniosa, from
3 locations
Water Hickory, carya aquatica
Zorn, the largest hickory yet
found, carya buckleyi Arkansana
x alba
PECANS
Northern Varieties:
Burlington
Busseron
Butterick
Campbell
Greenriver
Indiana
Koontz
Major
McCallister
Niblack
Norton
Posey
Witte
Species and curiosities:
Seedling Pecan from Adams,
Ill. The most northern native
growing pecan yet seen
by Willard G. Bixby
Curtis Pecan, without inner
shell partition
Schley Pecan, one grown in
Georgia, the other in southern
Pennsylvania. This
shows how the nuts are
dwarfed by lack of sufficient
summer heat
PERSIAN WALNUTS
Varieties:
Alpine
Boston
Colona
Franquette
Hall
Holden
Hutchinson
Lancaster
Mayette
Milbank
Ontario
Pomeroy
Rush
Sayre
Witte
Seedlings and Hybrids
Chinese Paper Shell
Juglans regia x cinerea from
2 locations
Allen, juglans regia x rupestris
MISCELLANEOUS
Almond, Ridenhauer
Chinese (edible apricot)
Beechnuts, American (2 locations)
European
Queensland Nut Macadamia
ternifolia
Water Chestnuts:
Nelumbium Luteum
Nelumbium Speciosum
NOTES TAKEN AT MERRIBROOKE, DR. MORRIS' ESTATE NEAR STAMFORD,
CONNECTICUT
Excursion of Friday, September 5, 1924
Arriving at Stamford, all guests and members were met at the station by
cars from Dr. Morris' place. After coming together at the house, the
members followed Dr. Morris to the main gateway, where the following
program commenced:
DR. MORRIS: If you will all follow me here inside the gateway we will
take the trees as they come in the order of the mimeographed sheet which
you hold.
I will first say that the abnormalities at Merribrooke this year were
three in number. First, a destructive invasion of the tent caterpillar
which attacked nearly all kinds of trees during its traveling stage.
Then came a canker worm invasion with partial or complete defoliation of
even the forest trees. Almost all of the whole leaves on any tree
represent the second set for the season. Then came a drought said to
have been the most severe since 1871. As a result of these three
influences most of the fruit trees and nut trees dropped their crops
this year.
Among the many introduced and grafted trees at Merribrooke only about
one hundred typical forms have been tagged for this occasion. The large
tags on the trees represent types, the smaller tags represent different
variations of the type. Numbers on the tags correspond to numbers on
this list.
We will begin with No. 1--Original Taylor Shagbark hickory. Nut large,
thin shelled, good cleavage and high quality. This is practically an
annual bearer. The weevil likes it because it is very thin-shelled.
Consequently we seldom get a good crop. Most of the trees were
defoliated. This is the best all-around hickory that I have found. I
gave prizes for years and got seedlings from all over the country, and
this is the best one that I obtained growing right here at my gate. It
is defoliated by both the tent caterpillar and the canker worm.
2. Buckley Hickory from Texas. Nut large, round, thick-shelled, peculiar
flavor and fragrance. This hickory was first described in 1872 in Texas
and then it was forgotten. Dr. Sargent was quite surprised when I told
him that I had one for the variety really passed out of history among
the botanists until the past two years. The bark is deeply ridged in the
older trees. The tree has been crippled by the twig girdler this year.
3. Carolina Hickory Seedling (scaly bark hickory). Nut small, thin
shelled, sweet. I think this is one of the most beautiful hickories we
have. It has been crippled this year but not enough to hurt. It has a
small, thin-shelled nut with sweet flavor. The older trees have the
scale on the bark.
4. Carolina Hickory grafted upon other local wild stock, and I do not
know whether it is macrocarpa or pignut.
5. Shagbark top-worked to Vest variety of shagbark from Virginia that
Mr. Bixby described yesterday as having a shell so thin that it could be
cracked with the hand.
6. Shagbark top-worked to Carolina and Kentucky varieties. Note the
different foliage, and smaller leaves. Here is a graft of three
hickories on one stock.
7. Shagbark top-worked to Vest shagbark above and to McCallister pecan
below. The foliage of this McCallister would justify putting the tree in
any grounds; but here on the shagbark stock the leaves are not so
large. The foliage on Mr. Bixby's was large and beautiful.
8. Shagbark top-worked to Brooks shagbark. That tree prolongs the name
of one of our audience into history.
9. Asiatic Winged Walnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia). I think this would
be valuable for hybridizing.
10. Grafted Woodall American (black) walnut. Nut small, thin shelled.
Tree very prolific. This tree has not yet borne, but it should next
year. I got that from a man near Milford, Del. The nut is thin-shelled
and cracks very easily.
11. Grafted Lutz American Walnut from North Carolina. This tree is about
six years from the graft. The nut is large.
QUESTION: When do you have frosts here at Stamford?
DR. MORRIS: The frosts are from about the middle of September until
sometime in May. Sometimes we miss the September frosts.
12. Korean Nut Pine. Furnishes important food supply in northern Asia.
13. Grafted Papaw. Larger part Ketter variety. Prize fruits have weighed
about one pound each. Smaller part Osborn variety No. 3, a choice kind.
14. Seedling Papaw.
15. Seedling Papaw, christened "Merribrooke prolific" with clusters of
fruit of the first year's bearing. Five bunches on the tree and it is
the first year out from the nursery. It is a very beautiful tree for the
lawn.
The growing season of pawpaws is so long that a hard September frost may
catch the fruit before it is ripe in this locality. Fruit will stand a
light frost only.
16. Chinese Pistache seedling. Tree beautiful but nut too small for the
market. May serve for hybridizing purposes. The autumn foliage of this
tree is very wonderful.
17. Grafted Wolfe persimmon. Ripens fruit in July or August. This is an
ordinary size fruit but the peculiarity is that it ripens before the
others do.
18. Grafted Cannaday seedless persimmon. You see another member of our
party has gone down to fame with this Cannaday seedless persimmon.
19. Stanley shellbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock.
20. Stock grafted to Kentucky shagbark.
21. Jeffrey Blue Bull Nut Pine. Nuts small, thin-shelled, rich. Eaten
shell and all by the natives. This is one of the most beautiful of
pines. In the top of the tree is placed one of the large gourds which I
raise here on the place. I place these gourds in the tree-tops for
bird-houses. All kinds of birds nest in them, from the chickadee to the
barred duck. A squash may be used for this purpose as well as a gourd.
I raise the pines from seed.
22. Torrey nut pine from southern California. Nut is large, and has a
fine flavor. I get my seeds from Bartner Brothers. Pines do not do so
well near cities. The sulphites in the air are picked up by the pines
and this kills them. This particular pine is a surprise to all botanists
who have seen it; it is native in California and is one of the
disappearing pines. I have had five of them and I raised them all from
seed.
23. Chinese hazel. Grafted on common hazel and outgrowing it, The
Chinese hazel makes a tree from 80 to 100 feet in height. This is the
first year this tree has borne. It is grafted on common stock, and is
beginning to bear earlier than it would have done on its own roots.
24. Butternut parthenogens. Some are large and some small but all are
grown under the same conditions. That one was defoliated by the canker
worm and then by the tent caterpillar and this is the fourth set of
leaves it has put forth this year.
25. Hybrid walnut (Siebold x butternut) four years old.
26. Grafted American walnut. Peanut variety. Only one chubby half of
kernel to each shell. The scions were sent here from Washington, D. C.
27. Mediate shagbark grafts (Cook variety). Grafted July 10 in midst of
great drought. Compare this with the trees you will see farther on in
the walk, grafted near the end of the drought. I do not have much
trouble with the plain splice graft and I expect it to start ten days
after I put it in.
Here is the way I treat a borer, although I have two or three ways of
doing this. First I find a hole on the tree, like this one. Then I
follow down to where the borers work. I cut that part away, inject
chloroform and fill up the opening with common kitchen soap.
28. American Chestnut. Merribrooke variety, root-grafted on Japanese
chestnut. I grafted that very low, below the ground. It is the best
chestnut I have among several thousands that I planted. This tree was
one of the first to go down with the blight, but I have grafted on other
scions and have kept it going ever since.
29. Dresher chestnut (European origin) grafted on Japanese chestnut. The
graft is about three years old. It has borne since the first year. There
are several nuts on it now.
(Now we must be careful of the sharp stubs in the woods. These are newly
cut brush paths, and all guests wearing low shoes should step
carefully).
30. Stanley shellbark hickory, grafted on pignut hickory. Mr. Jones
introduced this hickory.
31. Kentucky shagbark grafted on shagbark stock, with bark slot graft. I
let another twig grow from the same lead for nourishment. I put in three
grafts here two of which are dead. I do not quite approve of that
method. I prefer now to go up to the small branches and then
splice-graft on small branches.
32. Marquardt pecan grafted on stock of pignut. It does well on this
hickory.
33. Hardy, hard-shell almond.
34. Woodall American walnut. This shows that the Woodall black walnut
grows fairly well on butternut stock.
35. Shagbark hickory top-worked to Marquardt pecan.
36. Staminate persimmon trees.
37. Bony Bush filbert, grafted on common hazel. (Bush badly cut up by
girdler beetle. Elaphidion. Five nuts on the bush).
38. Purple hazel. Look sharp to find the 20 nuts on this bush. This tree
is about 5 years old.
39. Four large bitternut-hickory trees, top-worked to Beaver hybrid.
Beaver branches distinguished by larger leaves and fewer leaflets. Stock
shoots will be cut out gradually, allowing Beaver to have entire tree
finally.
40. Bitternut hickory top-worked to Marquardt pecan.
41. Hybrid walnut. (Siebold x Persian). Tree riddled by walnut weevil
every year hopelessly.
42. Taylor shagbark hickory grafted on shagbark stock. I fill the
cavities with paraffin and turpentine. There are three or four nuts left
in the top of the tree. The tree has borne nuts for three years.
43. Pinus edulis.
44. Marquardt pecan on bitternut.
45. Dead hybrid hickory, grafted to Beaver hybrid. Grafts made enormous
growth in first year--10 feet for some grafts. All blew out in one
minute of hurricane in advance of thunder storm.
46. Bartlett hazel grafted on common hazel. There are a number of dead
ends, caused by a small worm you can hardly see.
47. Chinese chestnut. Blighted at foot of trunk but the tree continues
to bear.
48. Garritson persimmon. Best of all varieties called seedless, but the
large staminate tree nearby spoils that feature. It is about five years
old, and bears very regularly and heavily. The stock came from Mr.
Jones.
49. Early Golden persimmon. Carries one graft of Everhart seedless
variety on lowest large branch.
50. Hybrid walnut. Juglans nigra. I do not remember which parent I used.
51. Pignolia nut pine. _Pignolia pinea._ It is a seedling. You can buy
pignolia nuts in Europe for food everywhere.
52. Hardy soft-shelled almond. I do not know the variety as the label is
lost; but the tree was put there about 3 or 4 years ago. It came from
the Government.
58. Deming purple walnut. I think Dr. Deming can best tell you about
this.
DR. DEMING: It grows on the side of the road between Norwalk and
Danbury, where the very large black walnut tree is, 15 feet in
circumference, said to be the largest in Connecticut. This purple
variety has nuts with a brownish red involucre showing sharply against
the green leaves. The young foliage is purplish red, and the cambium and
the pellicle of the kernels are purple. It is a very fair nut and the
tree is very striking when it starts in spring with the beautiful tufts
of leaves.
DR. MORRIS: It may be a valuable wood for cabinet-makers. Every part of
the wood is purple. There are two purple trees. The smaller tree is
evidently a seedling of the larger.
54. Young Major pecan.
55. Webb Persian walnut on American walnut stock. The nuts are enormous
and of Alpine type of good quality. You saw some of these yesterday
among those brought in by Prof. Neilson. You sometimes see these in the
French market where they are called "Argonne." I picked this up in
Greenwood. It has many nuts this year and this is the second crop of
leaves.
56. Busseron pecan. This had a full crop of flowers this year, both
staminate and pistillate.
57. Appomattox pecan, from the James River in Virginia. This and four
other kinds of pecans would have borne nuts this year excepting for
defoliation. It is a handsome tree and will bear next year.
58. Seedling filbert. About six years old.
59. Daviana filbert from Europe. Many people call them "hazels," but I
think we should call them "filberts."
60. Josephine persimmon. It has borne heavily every year except this
year. It still has some leaves left. Some people are very fond of the
fruit. I do not like that as well as the Garretson. It is a big
persimmon and a very good one. The fruit stays on until late November
and December. I think the Garretson is the best persimmon I have ever
had.
61. Lambert persimmon. Largest fruited American kind.
62. Japanese persimmon, planted between the rocks for protection from
wind in winter, and from heat in summer. Hardy now for two years but of
slow growth.
63. Beaver grafted on bitternut.
64. Weiker hybrid hickory on shagbark stock.
65. European filbert grafted upon common hazel stock. The squirrels have
lived on it. I can count 7 nuts left. I made grafts more than a foot
long. It was planted three years ago. I could show you several hundred
trees bearing heavily this year, and on all of them we lost the first
crop of leaves.
66. Beaver grafted Nov. 5, 1922, on bitternut.
DR. ZIMMERMAN: Will they live when grafted at any time throughout the
year?
DR. MORRIS: I would not be afraid to graft anything at any time of the
year.
67. Taylor shagbark grafted July 21, 1924. Probably mockernut stock.
Growth slow but sure.
68. Wild beak hazel. Nuts not so good as those of common hazel.
69. Bitternut top-worked to Beaver.
70. Hazel, patch-grafted here and there with Bony Bush filbert. The
larger and darker leaves are Bony Bush.
71. Leonard shagbark grafted on stock probably shagbark. Nut very small,
thin shelled, highest quality and keeps for four years without becoming
rancid.
72. Shagbark top-worked to Taylor variety, but only a few grafts. Too
much work for a tree of this size.
73. Pleas hybrid pecan on butternut stock.
74. Bitternut top-worked to Beaver.
75. Here is a very interesting object lesson. No. 74 is a bitternut
top-worked to Beaver, and all doing well. The same day, with the same
graft, I top-worked this pignut. The pignut refused the graft and died
insulted. But another stock from the same root accepted Marquardt.
76. Bitternut stock accepting Marquardt pecan tardily.
77. Here is another form of borer. I treat them in this way: Cut away a
little of the hole, pour in the chloroform and stop up the hole with
soap. That will kill all of the borers in the tree.
78. Grafts of Laney hybrid hickory on bitternut.
79. Group of four filberts--not blighting, but not thriving this year or
last. Reason unknown. Soil is heavy clay hardpan near top. Top swampy in
spring.
80. Taylor shagbark on bitternut.
81. Taylor shagbark on shagbark stock.
82. Bitternut grafted to Lucado pecan. Grafts grew well for two summers,
but died in second winter.
83. One poor graft of pecan on bitternut.
84. Pleas hybrid pecan.
85. Merribrooke chestnut grafted upon Chinese chestnut sprouts.
DR. ZIMMERMAN: Have you been able to bud chestnuts successfully?
DR. MORRIS: Yes.
86. Daviana filbert.
87. Hybrid hazel. (_Colurna x Americana_).
88. Avellana hazel. Variety _Contorta_.
89. Siebold walnut. _Parthenogen._
90. Hybrid chinkapin. (C. pumila x C. dentata). Grafted to another
hybrid, but stock now blighting.
91. One of a series of chinkapins, natural or hybrids, grafted over to
other hybrids or to the Merribrooke variety of American sweet chestnut.
Some are blighting.
92. Original Bony-Bush hazel. Blighting moderately. Treatment for blight
not followed because of wish to note the degree of resistance.
That bush was named by Dr. J. Russell Smith. The nut is remarkably thin
shelled, very long and curious in form.
93. Chinkapin, not grafted. These bear heavily every year
notwithstanding the blight. From the same root common chinkapin will
keep on bearing year after year. When one stock blights another takes
its place so that heavy continuous bearing is the rule.
94. Original No. 1 Morris hybrid chinkapin. (C. pumila x C. dentata).
Nuts of size and quality of American sweet chestnut. Tree blighted in
its 13th year after bearing crops for 8 or 9 years. New stump sprouts
now growing.
(Note: At this time, the guests were called to the lawn back of the
house, where a luncheon was served by Mrs. Morris. The tables were laid
sumptuously, and all enjoyed it the more because of the surroundings,
where trees on one side bent over a clear trout-stream, and elsewhere
old-fashioned gardens splashed colors over the green background.)
BUSINESS SESSION
Held on Third Day
(Note: It was planned that this session should be held during the
afternoon of the third day, after the trip through Dr. Morris's estate.
However, while the members were exploring deep in a wooded portion of
Merribrooke, a sudden downpour of rain occurred. The nearest shelter was
found to be the barn, where the members agreed that the following
session should be held, since it was not possible to reach the main
house. All members were standing during the session, including the
reporter who wrote with the notebook resting against one of Dr. Morris's
cars.)
Session called to order by President Weber.
DR. SMITH: There should be added to the by-laws the following amendment:
ARTICLE V. Members all be sent a notification of annual dues at the time
they are due, and if not paid within two months thereafter they shall be
sent a _second notice_, telling them that they are not in good standing
on account of non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the
annual report.
At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, a
_third notice_ shall be sent, notifying such members that unless dues
are paid within ten days from receipt of this notice, their names will
be dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues.
_The President_: The motion has been seconded; all in favor please
signify by saying "Aye."
(Vote carried unanimously).
_The Secretary_: The association should have a fiscal year. Shall we
discuss this or will the president authorize the secretary and the
treasurer to agree upon a date most convenient to them for the beginning
of the fiscal year?
MR. REED: I move that we leave this to the discretion of the secretary
and the treasurer.
THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion, please signify.
(Voted as presented).
THE SECRETARY: I move that combination membership in the Association
with subscription to the American Nut Journal be $4.50, a deduction of
25 cents each by the Association and the Journal.
THE PRESIDENT: All in favor of the motion please so indicate.
(Motion carried).
THE SECRETARY: The next thing is to elect new officers.
THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Reed will please read the report of the Committee on
Nominations.
MR. REED: The making of this report was one of both great pleasure and
of extreme regret. Since Dr. Deming has found that it will not be
possible for him to continue as secretary, the following names are
offered:
President--Harry R. Weber.
Vice-President--Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger.
Secretary--Mrs. B. W. Gahn.
Treasurer--H. J. Hilliard.
THE PRESIDENT: Are there any exceptions to this? Will those who are in
favor please so state?
(Election carried unanimously).
DR. SMITH: Dr. Deming's retiring from the secretaryship is a matter
which all old-timers will regret, and I want to move that this
association record in its proceedings the fullest appreciation of his
great and faithful service in helping to carry the organization through
so many years. I do not know what we would have done without his service
and it is with great regret that we see him step aside.
(Motion seconded and unanimously carried).
DR. DEMING: I wish to express my gratitude to the members for their
kindness, but I also wish to say that although I have stepped aside, I
have not entirely passed away. I am still with you and I shall always
give the association the best of my efforts in whatever way they may be
needed; its interests shall always be dear to me.
DR. MORRIS: It seems to me that we have an object lesson here. Excepting
for Dr. Deming's efforts I doubt whether this organization could have
held together and worked harmoniously during its years of existence. He
has been the key-note of the work with which others have helped, and we
have been successful because of concerted work on the part of a number
of men who are looking forward to the great future of this new
agriculture, this new source of agriculture for the entire world,
wherein we are going to be able to depend upon the sub-soil for our
sustenance. It is through untiring work and self sacrifice that those
who are so interested in this work have been able to work as a mass
unit. I do not know of anything more that I could say.
THE PRESIDENT: I am sure that we all regret to see Dr. Deming step
aside, but we will still have him with us and I am very sure that he
will do all possible for the good of the association always.
DR. DEMING: I stated a few moments ago that although I had stepped aside
I had not passed away; but since then I have changed my mind. I believe
that I have entirely passed away.
DR. SMITH: I move a resolution of great appreciation for Dr. Morris's
and Mrs. Morris's hospitality to us, and for enabling us to enjoy the
beautiful day we have had here.
(Motion seconded and unanimously passed).
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Morris, you now have notice of the official action of
the association in their desire to thank you.
DR. MORRIS: I thank you, but I must say that I have had very little to
do with it; I may have made the suggestion, but the women always do all
of the work and in this case my wife and daughters have done it all.
THE PRESIDENT: We have not yet decided on the place for our next
convention. I would like to have your ideas.
DR. MORRIS: I had three ideas as to that; one is to go to Mr. Riehl's
place next year. Prof. Colby said that if we should, he would assume the
responsibility of the committee on arrangements. We are first to ask Mr.
Riehl whether it would be in accordance with his ideas and wishes.
The second idea is this. We saw yesterday only a small part of Mr.
Bixby's exhibit, one of the finest collections in the world. We should
have to spend more than a day there to see it satisfactorily. In
connection with a visit to the Hick's nurseries, and others in the
vicinity, it would take more than a day.
The third idea is to go again to Lancaster to see Mr. Jones' nursery and
other things in that vicinity. It seems to me that we must make a choice
between these three.
MR. JONES: I would be very glad to have you come to Lancaster.
DR. MORRIS: The objection to that is that Mr. Riehl is now 86 years of
age. In view of that our first choice ought to be Mr. Riehl's place.
DR. SMITH: I move that, if it prove acceptable to Mr. Riehl, we meet in
western Illinois.
MR. JONES: Why not add, "If that is not satisfactory, to go to
Lancaster?"
DR. MORRIS: We should go back to Long Island next year and complete what
we did not see this year, if we do not go to Mr. Riehl's.
THE SECRETARY: The Secretary has received from the St. Louis Chamber of
Commerce an invitation worded with rather more cordiality than usual to
hold our next convention in St. Louis. They offer to provide a meeting
place, speakers, publicity, to do all except give the cash prizes and
entertainment. I do not know exactly how far St. Louis is from Alton,
but I understand it is one hour's ride by rail.
MR. REED: We could also see the Botanical Garden and the collection of
large trees.
THE PRESIDENT: I think the sentiment is in favor of the western meeting.
We can easily get to Mr. Riehl's place from St. Louis.
MR. REED: It is 22 miles from St. Louis to Alton, and there you can
change and go to Mr. Riehl's. I think it best to go to St. Louis for the
convention and to take a day at Mr. Riehl's place.
THE SECRETARY: As to the date we would not be able to decide upon that
without first consulting Mr. Riehl and learning the time convenient for
him. However, we should express our opinion as to the best time,
approximately.
MR. REED: I believe it would be to the advantage of the organization to
go there at a time when the nuts are on the trees. We have seen the
species and varieties in bearing, but we have not seen a paying orchard
ready for harvest. I believe we should have the meeting about September
10, or a little later.
THE PRESIDENT: Then we will move that the convention next year be held
at St. Louis on September 10, or a little later as may be decided by the
Executive Committee after consultation with Mr. Riehl.
(Motion put, voted and carried).
DR. MORRIS: Another important matter is in regard to publicity. For this
meeting I have sent notes to about 15 different publications, expecting
that they would give us notices. Not a single one of them gave us
notices. This morning one of the reporters called me and said he was
sorry he could not be here as he had an important meeting to attend. He
wanted to know what the Northern Nut Growers' Association was like, if
it was something like the Tree Planting Association. The fact is that
people do not understand, as yet, the meaning of this association or its
purpose. They do not realize that California sends 25,000 tons of
walnuts to market, worth millions of dollars, and 10,000 tons of almonds
this year. They don't realize that down in Georgia, in the poor, puny
pinewoods where men had a hard time to make a living at one time, they
are now riding around in limousines because they are growing nuts. They
do not realize the enormous social and economic importance and
consequence of work of the nut growers of today in the part that they
play in the agriculture of the world for tomorrow. The newspapers would
rather send some representative to see a prince fall down with his
horse. But I know from mutual acquaintances that the Prince would rather
be with us here today at this meeting than to be listening to a thousand
and one nonentities and taking part in conversations with no future
meaning. I believe that if I had thought about inviting him in time I
should have had him out here. I have had experience with members of
royalty before and I know what serious-minded people they are.
The next subject discussed was that of dropping members who are not in
general good standing. After the discussion the decision stood that no
action could be taken unless specific charges against the member were
presented and proven true.
Another matter discussed was that of compensation to Mrs. Gahn for doing
secretarial work for the association. It was voted by those present that
she should be compensated, but the amount of compensation should be left
to the decision of the Executive Committee.
The President adjourned the session sine die, at 4 p. m.
Because of lack of time, several papers were not read. These are
included herewith:
NUTS
_By Hon. Royal S. Copeland, U. S. Senator from N. Y._
Whenever there is a peculiar individual in the community, he is apt to
be called a "nut." As ordinarily used this is a term of derision, but
the more one studies the value of the nut the more he is impressed with
the idea that this isn't a good word to apply to an abnormal individual,
unless he happens to be abnormally good. The nut is one of the best of
the products of nature. It is one of the oldest of foods, and among
certain animals it is almost the only food depended upon for health and
growth.
If Mr. Bryan is mistaken about the origin of man, and if his antagonists
are right, the natural ancestors of the human race were all nut eaters.
At least the gorillas and chimpanzees are fond of the nut. When we go
back to the early history of the Greeks and the early inhabitants of
Great Britain, we find that they depended largely upon the acorn for
food.
When measured by the caloric method it is surprising how much richer in
nourishment the nut is than almost every other food substance. Nuts
average about ten times as many calories per pound as the richest
vegetables.
It makes you hungry to hear the names of the nuts. In this country we
have the walnut, butternut, hazel nut and the hickory nut, the chestnut
and the beechnut. These are native to our land. Then there are
cultivated orchards of Persian walnuts, pecans, almonds and peanuts.
Christmas and Thanksgiving would be a failure without nuts; they are a
part of the hospitable fare and no stocking is well filled at Christmas
time unless a handful of nuts is added to the surprises.
Isn't it amazing what popular ideas there are in existence about the
digestibility of foods. Many of these are fallacious. For instance, it
is common belief that nuts are difficult to digest. This is not well
founded. Of course nuts like all foods which are used as a part of the
dessert are considered merely as an addition to the meal, and not a part
of the meal structure. You finish your meal, having eaten everything you
need and having filled your stomach, then you are given a dish of ice
cream and, perhaps, after that the nuts are passed. They taste so good
that you are tempted to take one more about ten times. You fail to chew
the nut thoroughly and you crowd it into an already overfilled stomach.
Because it happens to be the first thing to come up in case of disaster
you jump at the illogical conclusion that your indigestion is due to the
nuts. I need not tell you how unscientific is your conviction.
Several varieties of nuts are used for the making of nut butter, and
this food is a very excellent substitute for meat.
Certainly nuts have material advantage over a good many foods. They keep
indefinitely. They never putrefy. They are not infested with harmful
bacteria. You can never get tape-worm or any other parasitic trouble,
which occasionally follows the eating of infected food.
I am glad there are societies organized to propagate the nut. A
prominent concern of New York City is very active in promulgating the
value of the nut, and is encouraging the planting of nut trees.
Somebody has estimated that there are three million miles of country
roads, and that if nut trees were planted alongside these roads there
would be enough protein food for the entire population.
Nuts are rich in protein, lime, iron and vitamins.
Many dishes may be made from the nut which have the appearance and
flavoring of meat, without the objectionable effects of flesh diet.
Last year we imported twenty-five million pounds of almonds, forty
million pounds of Brazil nuts, eighteen million pounds of filberts, and
forty-four million pounds of walnuts,--about twenty million dollars
worth of these nuts were brought into the country.
This shows that there is some appreciation certainly of an article of
food which deserves to be even more commonly used than it is at present.
HARDINESS IN NUT TREES
_By C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture_
Nut trees of most species commonly thrive at both latitudes and
altitudes much greater than the limits of regular or even frequent crop
production. This fact is seldom fully appreciated by prospective
planters, particularly in the North, who, not unnaturally, assume that
the presence of a group of vigorous appearing trees, or even of a single
tree, particularly in a fruitful year, is sufficient evidence of local
hardiness to justify commercial planting. However, practically all of
our native species of nut-bearing trees are indigenous well beyond the
range of regular crop production. This is made possible by occasional
seasons favorable to seed production which enable such species to
reproduce themselves. A crop once in a quarter century would be
sufficient for this purpose.
Taking the pecan as an illustration of how a species may be affected by
latitude, it has been found that, as the limits of hardiness are
approached, the ill effects on the species in approximate order are:
(1) reduction in size of nut, especially with oblong varieties
in length,
(2) increased proportion of faulty kernels,
(3) increased irregularity of crop,
(4) practical crop failure, and lastly the
(5) partial, then complete, destruction of the tree.
On the other hand, the fact that a tree is subject to occasional winter
injury, or that it bears irregularly, or not at all in a particular
site, is not necessarily to be taken that the same tree in a different
site or under slightly changed environment would not perform
satisfactorily, even in the same locality. A change in exposure or of
cultural treatment, or of rootstock, or of variety, or a modified
association of varieties, might and frequently does bring about entirely
different results. Sometimes a southern exposure causes trees to respond
to mild weather, in winter or early spring, and to be caught by
subsequent, violent drops in temperature. Some of the best known and
best performing Persian walnut trees in the East are on a northwestern
exposure, yet the species is commonly not hardy in the temperate
portions of this country.
To a certain extent the ability of orchard trees to withstand frost
injury is subject to control. The danger is greatest with trees which
have grown late or those which have become devitalized for some reason
or with those which are in poorly drained soils. The kind of root stock
which has been used, is known to have had an influence in some cases.
Doubtless this will be better understood as different stocks are used by
the leaders in pecan breeding. Varieties also are known to differ
greatly in their degree of hardiness. However, failure upon the part of
otherwise normal trees to bear paying crops with regularity is not
necessarily due to low temperatures. Other factors, such as
self-sterility, may be wholly responsible for at least the lightness of
crops.
So far as the orchardist is concerned, a tree is not hardy unless it is
capable of bearing crops the average of which are profitable. On the
other hand, occasional winter injury does not prove that a species
cannot be grown successfully in the same locality. Neither the peach nor
the apple industries of the North nor those of the citrus in the South
and California nor, in fact, any of the other horticultural commodities
of this country are wholly unaffected by frost damage. Our forest trees
may be more subject to winter killing than we suspect. A certain amount
of winter-injury is to be expected in any part of the country no matter
what the species of plant may be.
The frequency with which winter or spring injury is definitely known to
occur gives color to a rising theory that freezing temperatures may play
a vastly greater part in the development of the nut industry over the
entire country than is commonly supposed. Much of the evidence of damage
from this cause is of such nature as to be easily overlooked or
attributed to other causes. Trees and plants of many kinds have become
so accustomed to injury by freezing that they are able to recover
without the injury always being apparent. A few illustrations of this
which have come to the writer's attention might be cited.
In December 1919, a sudden drop in temperature of from 32°F to 24°F
occurred at McMinnville, Oregon, with fatal result to cultivated trees
and shrubs of many kinds. The damage was greatest in flat bottoms,
especially those where neither land nor air drainage was good. Under
such conditions, numerous apple orchards were killed outright. Prunes
and Persian walnuts were so badly injured to the snow-line that
subsequently great numbers of trees were cut down. Both staminate and
pistillate buds of filberts above the snow were practically all
destroyed. Later on, the entire tops of many of the older-bearing
filbert trees succumbed. An instance of particular interest, in so far
as this discussion is concerned, was afforded by the behavior of a
shagbark hickory tree in McMinnville, some 20 or 30 years old, which had
been grown from a Missouri seed. In February, when examination was made
of the condition of this tree, it was found that all visible buds had
been killed, yet the bark on the branches between the buds was in
apparently perfect condition. The question as to what the tree would do,
therefore, became one of great interest. The following September, when
revisited, this tree was found to have such a wealth of luxuriant
foliage that the observer felt that the accuracy of his February records
was challenged. However, closer inspection showed that growth had
entirely taken place from adventitious buds, and that the dead buds and
spurs were still in evidence. There were no nuts on the tree but
otherwise the casual observer would not have suspected that the tree had
been affected in any way. In all likelihood, the owner of the tree would
deny that it had been injured.
Another case of somewhat similar kind occurred early during the present
year in a pecan orchard in South Georgia. The trees had been set in
1917, and in 1919, a portion selected by the Bureau of Plant Industry
for conducting a series of fertilizer and cover-crop experiments. The
summer of 1923 was extremely dry. This was followed by warm rains in the
late fall and early winter. On January 6, during a period of high wind,
the mercury dropped to within a few degrees of zero, official reports
recording temperatures of from 6 to 8 degrees above zero at various
nearby stations.
On March 31, Dr. J. J. Skinner, of the Office of Soil Fertility
Investigations, in attending to the spring fertilizer applications,
discovered that a high proportion of the trees had been badly winter
injured, as indicated by the usual characteristic evidence. These
included a considerable exudence of sour and frothy sap from the trunks
of the trees, particularly those having smooth bark. This invariably
occurred on the west side. Shot-hole borers, which not infrequently
follow such injury, were already at work.
This situation was at once called to the attention of the owner of the
orchard who lived some 50 miles away. He replied that although he made
frequent visits to the orchard, the matter had not attracted his
attention, nor had it been reported to him. On April 17, he inspected
the orchard and the day following, reported to the Bureau by special
delivery that as a result of a rather hasty inspection, he was convinced
that from 16 to 20 per cent of the trees in the experimental tract were
injured, but that in the rest of this orchard the injury was
insignificant, probably not exceeding 4 per cent. His not unnatural
deduction was that the high fertilization of the soil in the
experimental tract had caused tender growth which, under the extreme
conditions of the previous months, had been unable to survive.
On April 24, a careful record of the condition of all trees in this
tract and of a representative number of those in adjacent parts of the
orchard, was made by Mr. J. L. Pelham of the Bureau of Plant Industry
and the writer, in company with the owner of the orchard and his
superintendent. It was found that in the experimental tract, 50 per cent
of the trees had been visibly injured, thus exceeding the owner's
maximum estimate by about 30 per cent. Of the total number of trees, 20
per cent were regarded as being slightly injured, and 30 per cent
severely so. Of the fertilized trees within the experimental tract, 55
per cent showed injury to some degree as compared with 58 per cent of
the trees unfertilized, also within the tract.
Inspection of the trees outside of the experimental tract showed that
52.6 per cent were affected, 40.8 per cent being slightly, and 11.8 per
cent severely injured. A second inspection made June 9 showed that
while a few of the most severely injured trees had succumbed, the
apparent condition of the majority was greatly improved. In the
experimental tract 6 per cent were dead, 13.50 per cent in doubtful
condition, and 80.25 per cent were apparently in good condition. Of the
trees in outside tracts, the percentage dead, doubtful and apparently
sound were 2.80, 9.008 and 87.42, respectively.
The lesson of present importance from this narrative is that afforded by
the illustration not only of the ease with which the matter all but
escaped the attention of a careful grower but of the difficulty of even
impressing upon him the full gravity of the situation. In spite of a
prejudice which he conceded was in his mind, when he first inspected the
trees on April 17, he underestimated the number affected by from
one-third to one-half.
This grower was not alone in his failure to detect evidence of winter
injury as was subsequently proven by the negative replies to a general
inquiry to growers in many sections sent out in May, together with
numerous reports of severe injury received during June and early July.
The fact is that winter injury was more or less general in the pecan
orchards of much of the South. Had it been possible to observe further,
it is highly probable that a direct relation would have been found
between this damage and the lightness in the set of the crop of nuts in
1924 over the general pecan district.
Other instances of damages to nut trees which have largely escaped
notice might be cited, but these will perhaps be sufficient to call
similar cases to the minds of other observers. Of particular interest in
the northern part of the country are specific instances of the behavior
of individual species and their varieties with reference to ability to
withstand local climatic conditions. To cite a few: Mr. E. A. Riehl, of
Godfrey, Ill., 8 miles from Alton, reports that during his 60 years of
residence on a high bluff overlooking the Mississippi, the pecan trees
in the river bottoms of the immediate neighborhood have fruited with
exceeding irregularity. A correspondent from Evansville, who cleared 200
acres of forest land along the Ohio of all growth other than pecan,
reports that the yields have been disappointing. F. W. McReynolds of
Washington, D. C. has 50 or more grafted trees now 8 or 10 years old, 10
miles north of the District, which, although in otherwise thrifty
condition, have not fruited.
T. P. Littlepage of Washington, D. C., has some 30 acres of pecan trees,
also grafted, on his farm near Bowie, Md., which have borne some nuts
during the last three years, but the product has been undersized,
poorly-filled and distinctly inferior. Mr. Littlepage reports that
during the past spring, these trees suffered appreciable injury in the
freezing back of the fruit spurs and that the nuts which formed were
from a second set of spurs. His trees bore in the neighborhood of a
bushel of nuts which looked more promising than usual until the middle
of October when freezing temperature occurring between the 14th and the
24th, completely destroyed the crop. At Bell Station, near Glenndale,
Md., about three miles nearer Washington than Bowie, at Marietta, a
colonial plantation, there is a clump of pecan trees dating back to the
days of Thomas Jefferson. These are apparently hardy except in the
matter of yields. Dr. M. B. Waite, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, who
has long known these trees, states that they bore heavily in one year,
about 1912, but that since that time, they have borne very little.
On the other hand, Mr. Albert Stabler of Washington, has 6 or 8 trees of
varieties similar to those in the plantings of Messrs. Littlepage and
McReynolds and of about the same age, on a farm not far from that of the
latter, one variety of which, Major, in 1923 bore some very fair quality
nuts. Although small, they were typical for that variety both in respect
to size and high quality. The crop of 1924 was practically a failure,
the set being very light. In the test orchard of Mr. J. F. Jones of
Lancaster, Pa., young trees of several of the better known varieties are
making a good start in the way of beginning to yield and in showing no
appreciable signs of winter injury. Most of these trees bore light crops
last year, (1923) but are practically barren this year.
South of Waynesboro, Pa., on a farm belonging to Mr. G. H. Lesher, there
are 7 seedling pecan trees some 50 years old, which not only show no
signs of winter injury outwardly visible, but have the reputation of
bearing fairly well on alternate years. The present (1924) being the
favorable year, the trees had a good sprinkling of nuts in clusters of
as many as 5 each, when seen on July 23. A few miles farther north, in
the town of Mont Alto, at an altitude of about 1000 feet, near the
location of the State Forestry School of Pennsylvania, another tree said
to be 65 years old, and having a girth at breast height of 65 inches, on
the residence grounds of Mr. H. B. Verdeer, is apparently as hardy as
are the indigenous species of the neighborhood. It is claimed to have
recently borne three pecks of nuts in a single season, and it now has a
very good crop. Numerous other instances of pecan trees in the North
might be cited, but these suffice to establish not only the uncertainty
of hardiness of the pecan in the North, but also the probability of nut
crops in occasional years or oftener, well beyond the generally accepted
range of the species.
The hardiness of the Persian walnut is difficult to define. To again
quote Dr. Waite, "_Juglans regia_, as we know it in the east and north,
frequently succeeds over long intervals of time under conditions of
climate, soil, elevation, and general environment suitable for the
peach. It is perhaps a trifle more subject to injury by radical drops in
temperature, but it recuperates with decidedly greater difficulty." Dr.
Waite points out that there is a striking similarity between the
requirements of local environment of the Persian walnut and the sweet
cherry. It develops that this is a familiar comparison in southwestern
British Columbia. Both require good drainage of air and soil, or the
benefit of moderating influence such as is afforded by large bodies of
water. Also both are endangered by warm spells during the dormant
months.
These statements cover the situation quite correctly, as it is seen by
the writer, although it might be added that beyond or west of the Ohio
River, in the middle portion of the country, this species is seldom able
to survive for more than one or two winters. Many trees have been
planted in Michigan, but the great majority have passed out entirely
even where peaches normally succeed. However, it is the experience of a
few growers in Sanilac County, bordering Lake Huron, that within a half
mile of the lake, there is a greater profit in Persian walnuts than in
peaches. One grower at Lockport, New York, has found Persian walnuts to
pay better than other orchard crops which he has raised at equal expense
or upon equal areas of land. An orchard at East Avon, widely known at
one time and visited by the Northern Nut Growers' Association in 1915,
practically succumbed entirely after having borne but one good crop in
about 35 years. Mr. F. A. Bartlett, of Stamford, Conn., who knows
intimately many dozen trees of this species within a radius of 50 miles
of New York City, finds that few bear significant crops except at long
intervals. From Stamford, Conn., near the Atlantic Seaboard, south to
Norfolk, Va., Persian walnut trees are not uncommon in door-yards. They
are fairly frequent in southern Pennsylvania west over practically half
the length of the State and through Maryland west to Hagerstown. There
are perhaps more productive trees in Lancaster County, than in any other
county in either Pennsylvania or Maryland, with the possible exception
of some county of the Eastern Shore of the latter state, which section
already has been referred to. In Lancaster county yields are sufficient
to give considerable profit from trees not occupying expensive land.
The Japanese walnut affords a curious analogy in regard to hardiness.
During normal years, it succeeds over practically the same range as that
of the black walnut, yet it freezes in early fall, mild winter or late
spring when conditions are adverse, even when black walnut and pecan
nearby are not visibly affected. Mr. Jones finds the Lancaster heartnut,
a variety originating in his county, to be subject to injury by spring
freezing to such an extent that he has largely discontinued its
propagation. Mr. Edwin A. Surprise, of Boston, reports that this variety
grows well in summer but freezes back in winter about as much as it
grows in summer. Mr. Bartlett regards it as one of the most valuable
acquisitions in his nut planting at Stamford, Conn., as it is a
handsome, vigorous grower, and promises to bear well. As a safer variety
in the Lancaster district Mr. Jones has substituted the Faust from
Bamberg, S. C., which vegetates later in spring and thus far has proved
less subject to injury.
The twigs of young black walnut trees are occasionally injured by
freezing in winter, but recorded instances of such damage are rare. This
is a field which should be investigated, as there is evidently no data
showing even the regularity with which the black walnut bears in any
section, much less the extent to which fruiting is restricted by
destruction of the buds or spurs as a result of severe temperatures in
winter or spring. This also applies to hardiness of the butternut, the
hickories and of introduced species of chestnut.
In conclusion, it is pointed out that planters should not assume that
the presence of a healthy tree is proof of sufficient hardiness to
warrant extensive plantings, neither should they over-look the fact that
an occasional satisfactory crop may be but slim evidence of commercial
possibilities. It requires years of trial before a species or variety
can fully establish its hardiness. Yet, on the other hand, to wait to
find a kind of nut a hundred per cent hardy under all conditions, would
be not to plant at all. No varieties of any species are immune to winter
injury over any great portion of the United States. The planting of nut
trees in the northern part of the country is certain to go forward, but
for the present, east of the Rockies, large orchards of nut trees of any
species or variety must be regarded as fields promising for
experimentation rather than of sound commercial investment.
A common error in the minds of the American people is the assumption
that to be a success, a thing must be performed upon a large scale. To
develop a nut industry, it is imagined that there must be great orchards
of hundreds of acres. It is not realized that a great proportion of the
walnuts, almonds, filberts, and chestnuts annually imported from Europe,
are from roadside, hillside and door-yard trees which could as well have
been grown in this country on what is now idle land in thickly populated
agricultural districts. No one need expect to attain great wealth from
the products of door-yard or waste land trees but the by-product which
could readily be salvaged from nut trees, would likely be very
acceptable when interest and taxes or other bills come due.
WALNUT GRAFTING INVESTIGATIONS
_T. J. Talbert, Professor of Horticulture, University of Missouri,
College of Agriculture_
These investigations are to determine the best varieties of the improved
black walnut for Missouri. Valuable information is also being procured
in reference to the topworking or cleft grafting of the native seedling
black walnut to the improved sorts.
Since practically every Missouri farm contains some waste land upon
which the native walnut and other nut trees may be growing, it is
believed that it is possible to topwork these seedling sorts to improved
kinds which will not only supply a larger quantity of thinner shelled,
more highly flavored nuts for home use, but a surplus for the market.
There is a growing demand for the seedling black walnut.
At the present time Missouri leads all other states in the production of
this nut. The results which are being obtained in this experiment are
proving to be of unusual interest and profit to Missouri growers.
The investigation has been extended to include, besides black walnuts,
pecans, hickories, hazel nuts, chinkapins and chestnuts. With each of
these nuts our object is to determine better varieties for Missouri
conditions, more profitable and economical methods of production and
more satisfactory methods of culture, as well as to stimulate an
interest in the marketing and larger use of these products.
The improved varieties of seedling black walnut have been found to be
exceedingly easy to propagate by cleft grafting the native or common
seedlings. The cleft graft has been used successfully upon seedling
trees ranging in diameter from 1-1/2 inches to as much as 8 or 10
inches. In general, however, it has been found best to cleft graft
branches or limbs of no greater diameter than from 4 to 6 inches. Such
wounds, if properly handled, usually heal over completely within 3 or 4
years. When larger branches are used, decay is much more apt to develop
in the wound before healing over is accomplished.
The cleft grafting work is accomplished in the usual way. The limb or
branch is removed by sawing it off. The end of the branch is then split
with a regular grafting implement used for this purpose; or the work may
be accomplished with an axe. If the branch is large a wedge is driven in
the center to hold the split cavity apart and to relieve the pressure
upon the scions which are to be inserted. Wood of the last season's
growth is procured from the variety which it is desired to propagate and
the lower end of the scion, which is made about 4 inches long, is
whittled to a wedge shape, after which it is inserted in the slit made
upon the stock. Where the stock is more than 2 inches in diameter, it is
usually advisable to place 2 scions; and where the stock is as large as
4 to 6 inches or more in diameter 4 scions should generally be used.
After the placing of the scions all the cut surfaces should be carefully
covered with grafting wax. Paper sacks are often used in our
experimental work to cover the grafts and cut surfaces for a week or 10
days. It has been found that the inclosing of the grafted branches in
paper sacks for this period lessens greatly the evaporation, and more of
the inserted scions are apt to grow.
The scions may grow very rapidly, in which case it is usually necessary
to brace them by tying a stick or branch to the stock and allowing it to
extend for 2 or 3 feet above the point at which the grafting work was
done. The inserted scions are then tied to this support. It is very
important that the grower examine grafts after wind storms in order to
repair damage which may have been done.
Investigations at this station have shown that grafts usually bear fruit
in 4 years after the grafting operation. We receive some fruit,
occasionally, in 3 years after the work is performed. It is also
interesting to note that when seedling walnuts of the same size are
selected, some topworked and others untreated, the grafted trees after 5
years' growth generally grow tops equally as large as the tops of the
ungrafted trees.
The principal improved varieties of black walnut which are being used at
this Station are as follows: Stabler, Ohio, Thomas and Ten Eyck.
(Note by the editor.--The cleft graft described by Prof. Talbert has
been superseded in the East by other methods, chiefly the bark and the
modified cleft grafts).
CARE AND PREPARATION OF NUTS FOR SEED PURPOSES
_By Prof. E. R. Lake, U. S. Department of Agriculture_
A nut is a seed, and a seed, normally, is an embryo plant asleep. To
keep a nut-seed asleep and safely resting against the favorable time
when it may awake, arise and go forth, as a vigorous seedling bent upon
a career of earth conquest, requires no great or unusual attention and
care save that which is necessary to maintain such conditions as will
insure the complete maturing, ripening and curing of the seed, its
protection against the ravages of rodents or other nut-eating animals,
undue moisture and an unfavorably high temperature. In other words
harvest the nuts as soon after they are mature as is possible, insure
their complete curing, store them where they will be kept constantly so
cool that germination cannot take place, and some nuts, as the black
walnut and butternut, may germinate at a temperature just above zero
(centigrade(?) Ed.) and keep them moist enough to prevent undue
hardening of the tissues or enclosing structures (shell), at the same
time prevent them from becoming saturated with moisture and thus
rotting. Summarized, these conditions are: (a) a temperature just too
low for vegetative activity. (b) A moisture content of the nut just
below turgidity. (c) An immunity against ants, rats, mice and squirrels.
_Curing._ A man-devised method for hastening the ripening of a matured
seed or fruit, is usually carried on in a more or less enclosed space
where the moisture and temperature conditions are kept carefully
regulated, or in a place where the seeds are kept away from direct
contact with sunlight and the earth. Ordinarily, the nuts are placed in
trays 2" to 3" deep, 2' to 2-1/2' wide and 5' to 6' long. The bottom
tray is then placed upon a pair of sawhorses or other device, in a shady
place and 2' to 2-1/2' above the ground then the other trays are placed
on and above the first one until all the nuts are in the tier of trays,
or until it is 2' to 3' tall. Sometimes a current of heated,
circulating air is used to doubly hasten the curing process, but this
practice is to be discouraged as too often the undue heating of the nut
germ while in this stage of ripening injures it, and thus the nuts are
rendered unfit for reproduction. The nuts in the trays should be
frequently stirred or turned over during the first week or ten days
while curing.
In the case of chestnuts, the crop should be harvested as soon as
possible after the first nuts fall so that the damage from weevils may
be kept at a minimum. Immediately after the nuts are surface-dried they
should be treated to an application of carbon disulphide, one ounce to a
tightly closed capacity content of an apple barrel; time of treatment
about 24 hours. While this treatment probably will not kill all the
weevils it will insure a much larger percentage of germination than
there would be otherwise.
After fumigating the nuts should be spread out on wire-cloth bottom
trays and placed under a shed or trees, where a free circulation of air
will in a few days sufficiently cure the nuts, so that they may be
stratified and set away in a pit in the ground on the north side of a
building, wall, hedge-row or evergreen trees, thus insuring them ample
moisture and protection against sudden changes of temperatures and the
ravages of rodents and other pests.
Other nuts of the temperate zone may, in a general way, be treated
without any special care other than that required to keep them from
getting moist and warm, or destroyed by rodents or other nut-eating
animals, or by fungous troubles.
On the whole probably the best method of treatment for the amateur or
small grower of seedling nut trees, is to stratify the nuts as soon as
harvested, assuming that the nuts have been fairly well cured by a few
days' exposure to drying air currents.
Stratification consists in layering the nuts in clean, sharp sand, light
loam or sawdust and placing them in a cold, moist place, as a well
drained and shaded north hillside, where their contact with the soil and
protection from the direct rays of the sun will insure complete dormancy
and at the same time prevent the development of fungous troubles. To
this end the common practice is to dig a somewhat shallow trench and
place in it, one layer deep, the "flats" in which the nuts are
stratified. The flat usually employed is a shallow, wooden box in which
the bottom is provided with ample, narrow drainage cracks and the top
covered with wire cloth that will keep out mice or larger rodents. Not
infrequently the bottom is a wire cloth one instead of wood. Dimensions
of the flats vary, somewhat, but a convenient size is 30" long, 15"-16"
wide, 3"-4" deep, sides ends and bottom being made of lumber strips
(creosoted for preservation purposes) 3\4" thick and 3"-4" wide.
In these flats the nuts are placed layer upon layer, with sand, loam or
sawdust between, something as follows: one inch of sand or other medium
on the bottom, then a single layer of nuts, another inch layer of sand,
etc., until the flat is full, when it is covered with the wire cloth,
placed in the trench, covered with a few inches to a foot of leaves,
moist hay, cornstalks or even soil, and left for the winter. At the time
the medium for layering the nuts is being prepared, it will be well, if
ants are present in the section where the nuts are to be stored, or
later placed in nursery bed, to mix a liberal percentage of unleached
wood ashes with the sand, sawdust or loam, say one part in five, more or
less.
Other flats are placed alongside or end to end in the trench until the
stock is all in, when the whole may be covered uniformly. The layer of
leaves or hay next to the wire cover of the flats assists in the work of
uncovering when the inspections are made for the purpose of ascertaining
the state of dormancy or germination.
One step more and the seed stage passes into the province of the
seedling. As soon as the stratified nuts begin to germinate they should
be removed from the flats and planted in the nursery or propagating bed.
The site for this purpose should be one that is well drained, open to
air and sunshine and possessing a clean, fine, mellow and rather light
loamy soil. The size of this plat will vary to meet the needs of the
quantity of nuts in hand and should be prepared, preferably the fall
before, by stirring the soil deeply and thoroughly working into it a
goodly supply of well rotted stable compost.
The rows for hand culture may be 18"-30" apart; for loose hoeing, 3' to
3-1/2' and should lie along north and south lines. The distance and
depth of the nuts in the row will vary with their size. In general, one
may say that a nut should be planted the length of the lateral diameter
below the surface of the soil, when it has settled, or about double that
depth when the soil is freshly worked over it. The distance apart in the
row will vary somewhat with the rapidity of growth of the species; six
to eight inches being a fair average for walnuts and chestnuts, and 4 to
6 for hickories and pecans.
Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Northern Nut Growers' Association, New York City,
September 3, 4, 5, 1924
Species Variety Exhibitor Address Origin
1. Black walnut J. A. Neilson Vineland, Ont. St. Thomas, Ont.
2. Black walnut " " " " " Niagara-on-Lake.
3. Black walnut Walsh " " " " " Simcoe, Ont.
4. Black walnut " " " " " Electric, Ont.
5. Black walnut " " " " " Villoria, Ont.
6. Black walnut Ohio J. F. Jones Lancaster, Pa.
7. Black walnut Stabler " " " " "
8. Black walnut Thomas " " " " "
9. Persian walnut J. A. Neilson Vineland, Ont. Carpathian Mts.
10. Persian walnut " " " " " Grimsley, Ont.
11. Persian walnut " " " " " St. Catherines, Ont.
12. Persian walnut Alpine J. F. Jones Lancaster, Pa.
13. Persian walnut Mayette seedling " " " " "
14. Persian walnut Sinclair " " " " "
15. Persian walnut Wiltz Mayette " " " " "
16. Heartnut J. A. Neilson Vineland, Ont. Near Jordon, Ont.
17. Heartnut " " " " " Near Hamilton, Ont.
18. Heartnut " " " " " Near Scotland, Ont.
19. Heartnut Faust J. F. Jones Lancaster, Pa.
20. Heartnut Lancaster " " " " "
21. Heartnut Ritchey " " " " "
22. Sieboldiana walnut J. A. Neilson Vineland, Ont. Hamilton, Ont.
23. Sieboldiana walnut " " " " " OAC Campus, Guelph.
24. Shagbark J. A. Neilson Vineland, Ont. Electric, Ont.
25. Shagbark " " " " " Norfolk Co., Ont.
26. Shagbark hybrid Beaver J. F. Jones Lancaster, Pa.
27. Shagbark hybrid Siers " " " " "
28. Pecan J. A. Neilson Vineland, Ont. 15 miles N. of Toronto
29. Almond " " " " " Gellatly, B. C.
30. Filbert Tray of mixed " " " " " Gellatly, B. C.
31. Filbert White aveline J. F. Jones Lancaster, Pa.
32. Filbert Barcelona " " " " "
33. Filbert Cosford " " " " "
34. Filbert Daviana " " " " "
35. Filbert Du Chilly " " " " "
36. Filbert Giant de Halle " " " " "
37. Filbert Italian Red " " " " "
38. Filbert Merribrooke " " " " "
39. Filbert Noci Lunghe " " " " "
40. Filbert Rush " " " " "
42. Filbert hybrid Rush x Barcelona " " " " "
43. Filbert hybrid Rush x Barcelona " " " " "
44. Filbert hybrid Rush x Barcelona " " " " "
45. Filbert hybrid Rush Cosford " " " " "
46. Filbert hybrid Rush Cosford " " " " "
47. Filbert hybrid Rush Giant de Halle " " " " "
48. Filbert hybrid Rush Giant de Halle " " " " "
49. Filbert hybrid Rush Giant de Halle " " " " "
50. Filbert hybrid Rush Italian Red " " " " "
51. Photograph--Walnut-cracking machine Black Walnut Company,
509-11-13, Spruce St., St.
Louis, Mo.
52. Budding Knife
[Transcriber's note: No. 41 is missing in the original]
Among those present at the Fifteenth Annual Convention of the Northern
Nut Growers' Association, were the following:
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the N. Y. Botanical Gardens.
Dr. Fred E. Brooks, Entomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Dr. and Mrs. Frank L. Baum, Boyertown, Pa.
Mr. Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y.
Dr. A. F. Blakeslee, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I.
Mr. and Mrs. F. A. Bartlett, Stamford, Conn.
Miss H. T. Bennett, Boston, Mass.
Prof. J. Franklin Collins, Providence, R. I.
Dr. John E. Cannaday, Charleston, W. Va.
Mr. G. M. Codding, Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
Prof. A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.
Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn.
Mr. Zenas H. Ellis, Fair Haven, Vt.
Mrs. W. D. Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.
Mr. Ammon P. Fritz, 55 E. Franklin St., Ephrata, Pa.
Mr. A. F. Graf, Bardonia, N. Y.
Mrs. B. W. Gahn, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Mr. and Mrs. Karl W. Greene, Washington, D. C.
Dr. M. A. Howe, Assistant to Director, N. Y. Botanical Gardens.
Mr. Henry Hicks, Baldwin, L. I. (Hicks' Nurseries).
Mr. John W. Hershey, E. Downington, Pa.
Mr. Lee Whitaker Jaques, 74 Waverly St., Jersey City, N. J.
Mr. J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.
Mr. M. G. Kains, Suffern, N. Y.
Mr. Thomas W. Little, Cos Cob, Conn.
Dr. Robt. T. Morris, Cos Cob, Route 28, Box 95, Stamford, Conn.
Dr. L. H. MacDaniels, N. Y. State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.
Prof. Jas. A. Neilson, Horticultural Exp. Station, Vineland, Ont., Can.
Mr. Ralph T. Olcott, Ed. American Nut Journal, Rochester, N. Y.
Mrs. R. T. Olcott, Rochester, N. Y.
Mr. P. H. O'Connor, Bowie, Md.
Mr. C. A. Reed, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Mr. John Rick, Reading, Pa.
Dr. J. Russell Smith, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
Dr. Oscar Stapf, F. R. S., late Curator of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, London, England.
Mr. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Mrs. Laura E. Woodward, West Chester, Pa.
Dr. and Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa.
Naperville, Illinois. Established 1866
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of the National Pecan Growers Assn. Contributed to regularly by leading
nut experts generally.
Three Years $5.00 In Combination with Membership
Twelve Months 2.00 in N. N. G. A., 1 yr. - $4.50
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This space is paid for by Jas. L. Brooke, Pleasantville, Ohio, who is
only too anxious at any time to assist in encouraging and promoting Nut
Culture in the North.
While he has only recently taken up this work, and is therefore a
practical stranger on the roster of The Northern Nut Growers'
Association, he will only be too anxious and willing at any time to
contribute to the cause in any way possible.
He is making a thorough search in his neighborhood where chestnuts,
hickory nuts and black walnuts grow in abundance, for nuts of approved
merit for propagation.
In case anything is found along this line of endeavor the active members
of the association will hear from him and samples of nuts submitted.
NUT TREES
An extra select varietal stock of nut trees for northern planting, grown
here in Pennsylvania Nurseries. Trees grafted or budded on transplanted
stocks and grown on land especially adapted to these trees, resulting in
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catalogue and cultural guide.
TOOLS and SUPPLIES
For grafting or budding nut trees or top-working wild or natural trees.
My methods are original and are used, with slight variation, by all the
leading propagators, both north and south.
Write for booklet on propagation and price list of tools.
J. F. Jones, Nut Specialist
LANCASTER, PA.
*** End of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting - New York City, September 3, 4 and 5, 1924" ***
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