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Title: Illustrated Catalogue Of The Collections Obtained From The Indians Of New Mexico And Arizona In 1879 - Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the - Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-81, - Government Printing Office, Washington, 1883, pages 307-428
Author: Stevenson, James, 1840-1888
Language: English
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*** Start of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Illustrated Catalogue Of The Collections Obtained From The Indians Of New Mexico And Arizona In 1879 - Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the - Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-81, - Government Printing Office, Washington, 1883, pages 307-428" ***
by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
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[Transcriber’s Note:
Punctuation in catalog entries has been silently regularized. Other
errors are noted at the end of the text.
Figures with captions in CAPITALS were printed in color.]
* * * * *
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION--BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
OF THE
COLLECTIONS OBTAINED FROM THE INDIANS
OF
NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA IN 1879.
BY
JAMES STEVENSON.
* * * * *
NOTE.
The following catalogue of the collections made during 1879 was prepared
for the First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, but owing to
want of space was not included in that volume. Before the necessity of
this action was made apparent the matter had been stereotyped and it was
impossible to change the figure numbers, etc. This will explain the
seeming irregularity in the numbering of the figures--the first one of
this paper following the last one of the above-mentioned report. The
second catalogue, that of the collection of 1880, also included in this
volume, has been made to correspond with the first, the figure numbers
following in regular order.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
WASHINGTON, _January 3, 1881_.
SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith an illustrated catalogue
exhibiting in part the results of the ethnologic and archaeologic
explorations made under your direction in New Mexico and Arizona during
the summer of 1879.
As you are already familiar with the mode of travel and the labor
necessary in making such investigations and explorations, as well as the
incidents common to such undertakings, and as I do not consider them of
any special interest or value to the catalogue, I have omitted such
details.
I beg, however, in this connection, to refer to the services of Messrs.
F. H. Cushing, ethnologist of the Smithsonian Institution, and J. K.
Hillers, photographic artist of the Bureau of Ethnology, both of whom
accompanied me on the expedition.
Mr. Cushing’s duties were performed with intelligence and zeal
throughout. After the field-work of the season was completed he remained
with the Indians for the purpose of studying the habits, customs,
manners, political and religious organizations, and language of the
people; also to explore the ancient caves of that region. His inquiries
will prove of the utmost interest and importance to science. Mr. Hillers
labored with equal zeal and energy. His work is of the greatest value in
illustrating some of the most interesting features of our
investigations. He made a large series of negatives depicting nearly
every feature of the Pueblo villages and their inhabitants. The beauty
and perfection of the photographs themselves fully attest the value and
importance of his work.
I would extend most cordial thanks to General Sherman for the special
interest he manifested in our work, and for directions given by him to
the officers of the Army serving in the West to assist us in carrying
out the objects of the expedition; and to the officers who so cordially
rendered such aid.
To General Edward Hatch, commanding the district of New Mexico, we are
indebted for valuable information and material assistance, which were
liberally granted, and to which in great part our success was due. The
party also received valuable aid from Gen. George P. Buell, U.S.A., who
was in command at Fort Wingate during our work at Zuñi, for which I am
pleased to extend thanks. The large number and variety of objects
collected by the members of the expedition, and the many difficulties
incident to such undertakings, as well as the limited time devoted to
the preparation of the catalogue, will account for any imperfections it
may contain.
Hoping, however, that, notwithstanding these, it may serve useful ends
in the continuation of such work,
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JAMES STEVENSON.
Prof. J. W. POWELL,
_Director Bureau of Ethnology_.
CONTENTS.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 311
INTRODUCTION 319
Articles of stone 320
Articles of clay 322
Vegetal substances 334
Collection from Zuñi 337
Articles of stone 337
Axes, hammers, and mauls 337
Metates, or grain-grinders, and pestles 340
Mortars, pestles, etc 340
Miscellaneous objects 342
Articles of clay 343
Water vases 343
Water jugs and jars 347
Jugs of fanciful forms 349
Pitchers 349
Cups or cup-shaped vessels 350
Eating bowls 350
Cooking vessels 358
Ladles 360
Baskets 360
Paint cups 362
Condiment cups 363
Effigies 364
Statuettes 366
Clays and pigments 367
Vegetal substances 368
Basketry 368
Pads 369
Domestic implements, toys, etc 370
Foods 372
Medicines and dyes 372
Animal substances 373
Horn and bone 373
Skin 373
Woven fabrics 373
Collection from Wolpi 375
Articles of stone 375
Axes, hammers, etc 375
Metates, or grain-grinders, and pestles 376
Mortars, pestles, etc 377
Miscellaneous objects 377
Articles of clay 378
Water vases 378
Water jugs and jars 379
Toy-like water vessels 381
Cups 382
Eating bowls 382
Cooking vessels 385
Toy-like vessels 385
Ladles 385
Miscellaneous 387
Statuettes 387
Vegetal substances 389
Basketry 389
Domestic implements, toys, etc 391
Ornamental objects 393
Statuettes 395
Animal substances 396
Horn and bone 396
Skin 397
Woven fabrics 398
Collection from Laguna 399
Articles of clay 399
Water vases 399
Water jugs and jars 401
Pitchers 401
Effigies 402
Eating bowls 403
Collection from Acoma 404
Articles of clay 404
Water vases 404
Pitchers 405
Eating bowls 405
Collection from Cochiti 405
Articles of clay 405
Water vessels 405
Eating bowls 408
Ornaments, effigies, and toys 408
Collection from Santo Domingo 409
Articles of Clay 409
Water vessels 409
Collection from Tesuke 410
Articles of stone 410
Metates, mortars, etc 410
Articles of clay 410
Water vases 410
Water jugs and jars 413
Pitchers 413
Eating bowls 413
Cooking vessels 414
Toys 414
Vegetal substances 414
Medicines 414
Collection from Santa Clara 415
Articles of clay 415
Water vases 415
Eating bowls 415
Cooking vessels 416
Effigies 416
Collection from San Juan 416
Articles of clay 416
Eating bowls 416
Collection from Jemez 417
Articles of clay 417
Collection from the Jicarilla Apaches 417
Articles of clay 417
Collection from Old Pecos 418
Articles of stone 418
Articles of clay 418
Articles of wood 419
Collection from the Cañon de Chelly 419
Articles of clay 419
Water vessels 419
Bowls 420
Cooking vessels 420
Collection from Pictograph Rocks 420
Articles of clay 420
Collection from other localities 421
Articles of clay 421
Miscellaneous 421
Statuettes 421
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Figs. 347-352. Zuñi grooved axes 338
Fig. 353. Zuñi mortar and pestle 340
Fig. 354. Zuñi crucible 340
Fig. 355. Zuñi skinning-knife 340
Fig. 356. Zuñi sandstone mold 340
Fig. 357. Zuñi spear-head 340
Fig. 358. Zuñi mortar and pestle 340
Figs. 359-360. Zuñi water vases 342
Figs. 361-362. Zuñi water vases 343
Figs. 363-364. Zuñi water vases 344
Figs. 365-366. Zuñi water vases 344
Figs. 367-368. Zuñi water vases 344
Figs. 369-370. Zuñi water vases 344
Figs. 371-372. Zuñi water vases 345
Figs. 373-374. Zuñi water vases 345
Figs. 375-378. Zuñi water vases 346
Fig. 379. Zuñi canteen 347
Fig. 380. Zuñi eating bowl 347
Fig. 381. Zuñi water vase 347
Fig. 382. Zuñi eating bowl 347
Figs. 383-384. Zuñi water vases 347
Figs. 385-387. Zuñi canteens 348
Figs. 388-391. Zuñi canteens 348
Figs. 392-394. Zuñi canteens 349
Figs. 395-397. Zuñi canteens 349
Fig. 398. Zuñi canteen 350
Fig. 399. Zuñi water vase 350
Fig. 400. Zuñi canteen 350
Fig. 401. Zuñi eating bowl 350
Fig. 402. Zuñi canteen 350
Figs. 403-406. Zuñi water pitchers 350
Fig. 407. Zuñi water pitcher 350
Figs. 408-409. Zuñi cups 350
Figs. 410-412. Zuñi eating bowls 350
Figs. 413-415. Zuñi eating bowls 352
Figs. 416-418. Zuñi eating bowls 354
Figs. 419-421. Zuñi eating bowls 356
Figs. 422-424. Zuñi eating bowls 356
Figs. 425-427. Zuñi eating bowls 357
Figs. 428-430. Zuñi eating bowls 358
Figs. 431-436. Zuñi cooking vessels 359
Figs. 437-441. Zuñi ladles 360
Figs. 442-447. Zuñi clay baskets 361
Figs. 448-453. Zuñi clay baskets 361
Figs. 454-457. Zuñi paint cups 364
Figs. 458-459. Zuñi condiment cups 364
Figs. 460-461. Zuñi effigies 365
Figs. 462-463. Zuñi effigies 365
Figs. 464-467. Zuñi effigies 365
Figs. 468-469. Zuñi effigies 365
Figs. 470-471. Zuñi effigies 365
Figs. 472-476. Zuñi effigies 366
Figs. 477-480. Zuñi effigies 366
Figs. 481-483. Zuñi moccasins 367
Figs. 484-485. Zuñi basketry 370
Fig. 486. Zuñi pad 370
Fig. 487. Zuñi toy cradle 370
Fig. 488. Zuñi basketry 370
Fig. 489. Zuñi toy cradle 370
Fig. 490. Zuñi ladle 370
Fig. 491. Zuñi war-club 372
Figs. 492-493. Zuñi dance ornaments 372
Fig. 494. Zuñi rotary drill 372
Fig. 495. Zuñi wooden, spade 372
Fig. 496. Zuñi wooden digger 372
Fig. 497. Zuñi rattle 371
Fig. 498. Zuñi rattle 373
Fig. 499. Zuñi hopple 373
Figs. 500-502. Zuñi woven sashes 373
Fig. 503. Zuñi head dress 374
Figs. 504-507. Wolpi axes 375
Fig. 508. Wolpi metate 375
Fig. 509. Wolpi ancient pipe 378
Fig. 510. Wolpi stone effigy 378
Fig. 511. Wolpi neck ornament 378
Figs. 512-513. Wolpi effigies 378
Fig. 514. Wolpi water vase 379
Figs. 515-516. Wolpi pots 379
Figs. 517-519. Wolpi vessels 381
Figs. 520-522. Wolpi water jars 382
Fig. 523. Wolpi eating bowl 385
Fig. 524. Wolpi cooking vessel 385
Fig. 525. Wolpi ladle 385
Figs. 526-529. Wolpi ladles 386
Fig. 530. Wolpi basket 386
Fig. 531. Wolpi basin 388
Fig. 532. Wolpi vase and bowl attached 388
Figs. 533-534. Wolpi clay statuettes 388
Figs. 535-536. Wolpi baskets 389
Figs. 537-538. Wolpi baskets 390
Fig. 539. Wolpi basket 390
Fig. 540. Wolpi floor mat 390
Figs. 541-542. Wolpi baskets 390
Figs. 543-545. Wolpi baskets 391
Fig. 546. Wolpi weaving stick 392
Fig. 547. Wolpi spindle whorl 392
Fig. 548-549. Wolpi rabbit sticks 392
Fig. 550. Wolpi rake 393
Fig. 551. Wolpi drumstick 393
Fig. 552. Wolpi treasure-box 393
Fig. 553. Wolpi dance gourd 393
Fig. 554. Wolpi treasure-box 393
Figs. 555-558. Wolpi dance ornaments 393
Fig. 559. Wolpi head-dress 394
Fig. 560. Wolpi gourd rattle 394
Fig. 561. Wolpi musical instrument 394
Fig. 562. Wolpi gourd rattle 394
Figs. 563-565. Wolpi ornaments 394
Figs. 566-569. Wolpi effigies 395
Figs. 570-572. Wolpi effigies 396
Fig. 573. Wolpi horn ladle 397
Fig. 574. Wolpi horn rattle 397
Fig. 575. Wolpi perforator 397
Fig. 576. Wolpi arrow straightener 397
Fig. 577. Wolpi wristlet 398
Fig. 578. Wolpi moccasin 398
Fig. 579. Wolpi wristlet 398
Fig. 580. Wolpi riding whip 398
Fig. 581. Wolpi drum 399
Figs. 582-583. Wolpi blanket 399
Fig. 584. Wolpi anklets 399
Figs. 585-587. Laguna water vases 400
Figs. 588-591. Laguna water vases 400
Fig. 592. Laguna water pitcher 400
Figs. 593-596. Laguna water jars 401
Figs. 597-600. Laguna effigies 402
Figs. 601-604. Laguna effigies 402
Figs. 605-609. Laguna effigies 402
Figs. 610-612. Laguna water vases 403
Figs. 613-615. Laguna eating bowls 403
Figs. 616-617. Laguna eating bowls 403
Figs. 618-619. Acoma water vases 404
Figs. 620-622. Acoma water vases 404
Figs. 623-624. Cochiti water vessels 406
Figs. 625-626. Cochiti water vessels 406
Figs. 627-628. Cochiti water vessels 406
Figs. 629-630. Cochiti water vessels 407
Figs. 631-632. Cochiti water vessels 407
Figs. 633-634. Cochiti water vessels 407
Figs. 635-636. Cochiti water vessels 407
Figs. 637-638. Cochiti water vessels 408
Figs. 639-640. Cochiti water vessels 408
Figs. 641-642. Cochiti water vessels 408
Figs. 643-644. Cochiti water vessels 408
Figs. 645-647. Cochiti effigies 409
Figs. 648-649. Santo Domingo drinking vessels 410
Fig. 650. Tesuke mortar and pestle 410
Figs. 651-652. Tesuke water vases 412
Figs. 653-654. Tesuke water vases 412
Fig. 655. Tesuke water jar 414
Fig. 656. Tesuke effigy 414
Fig. 657. Tesuke cooking vessel 414
Fig. 658. Tesuke effigy 414
Fig. 659. Tesuke cooking vessel 414
Figs. 660-662. Santa Clara water vases 416
Figs. 663-664. Santa Clara eating bowls 416
Figs. 665-666. Santa Clara effigies 416
Fig. 667. Santa Clara eating bowl 416
Fig. 668. Santa Clara platter 416
Fig. 669. Santa Clara eating bowl 416
Figs. 670-672. Santa Clara water jars 416
Figs. 673-675. San Juan eating bowls 416
Fig. 676. Jemez water vessel 417
Figs. 677-680. Water vessels from Cañon De Chelly 418
Figs. 681-683. Water vessels from Cañon De Chelly 420
Figs. 684-686. Bowls from Cañon De Chelly 420
Figs. 687-692. Pitchers from Cañon De Chelly 420
Figs. 693-696. Cooking vessels from Cañon De Chelly 420
Fig. 697. Corrugated vessel from Pictograph rocks 420
Map showing location of the pueblos of Arizona
and New Mexico 319
[Illustration:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.
J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR.
MAP
SHOWING LOCATION OF THE PUEBLOS
OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO]
* * * * *
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS
OBTAINED FROM THE INDIANS
OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA IN 1879.
By JAMES STEVENSON.
* * * * *
INTRODUCTION
It is not my intention in the present paper--which is simply what it
purports to be, a _catalogue_--to attempt any discussion of the habits,
customs, or domestic life of the Indian tribes from whom the articles
were obtained; nor to enter upon a general comparison of the pottery and
other objects with articles of a like character of other, nations or
tribes. Occasionally attention may be called to striking resemblances
between certain articles and those of other countries, where such
comparison will aid in illustrating form or character.
The collection contains two thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight
specimens. Although it consists very largely of vessels and other
articles of pottery, yet it embraces almost every object necessary to
illustrate the domestic life and art of the tribes from whom the largest
number of the specimens were obtained. It includes, in addition to
pottery, implements of war and hunting, articles used in domestic
manufactures, articles of clothing and personal adornment, basketry,
trappings for horses, images, toys, stone implements, musical
instruments, and those used in games and religious ceremonies, woven
fabrics, foods prepared and unprepared, paints for decorating pottery
and other objects, earths of which their pottery is manufactured,
mineral pigments, medicines, vegetable dyestuffs, &c. But the chief
value of the collection is undoubtedly the great variety of vessels and
other articles of pottery which it contains. In this respect it is
perhaps the most complete that has been made from the pueblos. Quite a
number of articles of this group may perhaps be properly classed as
“ancient,” and were obtained more or less uninjured; but by far the
larger portion are of modern manufacture.
ARTICLES OF STONE.
These consist of pestles and mortars for grinding pigments; circular
mortars, in which certain articles of food are bruised or ground;
_metates_, or stones used for grinding wheat and corn; axes, hatchets,
celts, mauls, scrapers &c.
The cutting, splitting, pounding, perforating, and scraping implements
are generally derived from schists, basaltic, trachytic, and porphyritic
rocks, and those for grinding and crushing foods are more or less
composed of coarse lava and compact sandstones. Quite a number of the
metate rubbing stones and a large number of the axes are composed of a
very hard, heavy, and curiously mottled rock, a specimen of which was
submitted to Dr. George W. Hawes, Curator of Mineralogy to the National
Museum, for examination, and of which he says:
“This rock, which was so extensively employed by the Pueblo Indians for
the manufacture of various utensils, has proved to be composed largely
of quartz, intermingled with which is a fine, fibrous, radiated
substance, the optical properties of which demonstrate it to be
fibrolite. In addition, the rock is filled with minute crystals of
octahedral form which are composed of magnetite, and scattered through
the rock are minute yellow crystals of rutile. The red coloration which
these specimens possess is due to thin films of hematite. The rock is
therefore fibrolite schist, and from a lithological standpoint it is
very interesting. The fibrolite imparts the toughness to the rock,
which, I should judge, would increase its value for the purposes to
which the Indians applied it.”
The axes, hatchets, mauls, and other implements used for cutting,
splitting, or piercing are generally more or less imperfect, worn,
chipped, or otherwise injured. This condition is to be accounted for by
the fact that they are all of ancient manufacture; an implement of this
kind being rarely, if ever, made by the Indians at the present day. They
are usually of a hard volcanic rock, not employed by the present
inhabitants in the manufacture of implements. They have in most cases
been collected from the ruins of the Mesa and Cliff dwellers, by whose
ancestors they were probably made. I was unable to learn of a single
instance in which one of these had been made by the modern Indians. In
nearly all cases the edges, once sharp and used for cutting, splitting,
or piercing, are much worn and blunt from use in pounding or other
purposes than that for which they were originally intended. On more than
one occasion I have observed a woman using the edge of a handsome stone
axe in pulverizing volcanic rock to mix with clay for making pottery.
Nearly all the edged stone implements are thus injured. Those showing
the greatest perfection were either too small to utilize in this manner
or had but recently been discovered when we obtained them.
The grinders and mortars are frequently found composed of softer rock,
either ferruginous sandstone or gritty clays. For a more complete
knowledge of these stone implements we must depend on a comparative
study of large collections from different localities, and such
information as the circumstances attending their discovery may impart,
rather than upon their present condition or the uses for which they are
now employed.
Metates or grain-grinders, pestles and rubbing stones belong to the
milling industry among the Indians. The metates are generally quite
large and heavy, and could not well be transported with the limited
means at the command of Indians. They are therefore well adapted to the
uses of village Indians, who remain permanently in a place and prosecute
agricultural pursuits. They are generally of rectangular shape, and from
10 to 20 inches in length by 6 to 12 in width, and are composed of
various kinds of rock, the harder, coarse-grained kinds being
preferable, though in some instances sandstone is employed; the most
desirable stone is porous lava. These stones are sometimes carried with
families of the Pueblos moving short distances to the valleys of streams
in which they have farms in cultivation. In the permanent villages they
are arranged in small rectangular bins (see Fig. 508), each about 20
inches wide and deep, the whole series ranging from 5 to 10 feet in
length, according to the number of bins or divisions. The walls are
usually of sandstone. In each compartment one of these metates or
grinding stones is firmly set at a proper angle to make it convenient to
the kneeling female grinder. In this arrangement of the slabs those of
different degrees of texture are so placed as to produce an increased
degree of fineness to the meal or flour as it is passed from one to the
other. But a small number of these slabs were collected on account of
their great weight. Accompanying these metates are long, slim, flat
stones, which are rubbed up and down the slabs, thus crushing the grain.
These hand-stones are worn longitudinally into various shapes; some have
two flat sides, while the third side remains oval. The same variety
exists in regard to the texture of these rubbing-stones, as in the
concave grinders.
The pueblo of Zuñi, from which the most important portion of the
collection was obtained, is situated in New Mexico, near the western
border, about two hundred miles southwest from Santa Fé.
At the time of Coronado’s visit to this country the pueblo was located
at what is now known as “Old Zuñi,” on the summit of a high _mesa_. The
modern Zuñi is situated upon a knoll in the valley of the Zuñi River,
about two miles from the site of the old town. Certain writers have
regarded Zuñi, or rather “Old Zuñi,” as one of the “Seven Cities of
Cibola.” The evidences found at and around both the old and present Zuñi
are certainly not sufficient to warrant this view, and further and more
careful investigations are necessary.
Zuñi, although lying on the line of travel of military expeditions,
emigrant trains, and trade between the Pacific coast and the Rio Grande,
the foreigners visiting them have seldom remained long in their village;
nor has the advancing wave of Caucasian settlement approached
sufficiently near to exert any marked influence on their manners and
customs; at least the form and decoration of their pottery bear no
marked evidence of the influence of the more highly civilized races.
The collection made here by the expedition was more extensive than that
from any other place, and numbers about fifteen hundred objects, of
which by far the larger part is composed of earthenware articles. These
include large and small water vases, canteens of various sizes and
shapes, cooking cups, and pottery baskets used in their dances,
paint-pots, ladles, water jugs, eating bowls, spoons, pepper and salt
boxes, pitchers, bread-bowls, Navajo water jugs, treasure boxes, water
vases, cups, cooking pots, skillets, ancient pottery, animals, and
grotesque images. It belongs mostly to the variety of cream-white
pottery, decorated in black and brown colors; a portion is red ware,
with color decorations in black. There are also several pieces without
ornamentation, and one or two pieces of black ware, but the latter were
most probably obtained from other tribes, and possibly the same is true
in reference to a few pieces of other kinds which present unusual
figures or forms.
A slight glance at the figures depicted on the _tinajas_, or water
vases, will suffice to show any one who has examined the older pottery
of this region, specimens and fragments of which are found among the
ruins, that a marked change has taken place in their ideas of beauty.
Although the rigid, angular, zigzag, and geometric figures are yet found
in their decorations, they have largely given way to carved lines,
rounded figures, and attempts to represent natural objects.
A few apparently conventional figures are still generally retained, as
around the outside of the necks of the vases and on the outer surface of
the bowls, probably suggested originally by the rigid outlines of their
arid country, and in fact by their buildings. The figure of the elk or
deer is a very marked feature in the ornamentation of their white ware,
and is often found under an arch. Another very common figure is that of
a grotesquely-shaped bird, found also on the necks of water vases and
the outer surface of bowls.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
Tinajas, or water vases, are called in the Zuñi tongue
_tkāh-wi-nā-kā-tēhl-le_. They are usually from 8 to 12 inches in height,
and from 12 to 15 in diameter. A smaller size of the same form of
vessels, which are from 5 to 7 inches in height and from 8 to 10 in
diameter, are called _det-tsān-nā_. They are of three colors, cream
white, polished red, and black: there are in the collection
comparatively few of the second, and but one of the last variety. The
decorations are chiefly in black and brown, but four or five pieces
being in black. The decorations of the cream-white group present some
four general types--those represented by Figs. 359, 363, 364, and ----,
in which the uncolored circular space forms the distinguishing
characteristic; those of which Fig. 360 may be considered a
representative, of which type there are but two specimens in the
collection; those represented by Fig. 361, and those distinguished by
the rosette (see Figs. 366, 367, 368, and 370).
The following appear to be unique: (39935) Fig. 371, (40785) Fig. 375,
(41149) Fig. 372, and (41167) Fig. 374.
By a careful study of these decorations we find that they consist
chiefly of the following figures, which are combined in various ways:
triangular figures, usually on the neck; large open circles, frequently
in a diamond figure, as in Fig. 359 (39871); scrolls; or arches as in
Figs. 361, 362, &c.
In no instance do we find the meander or Greek fret on these, or in fact
any other Zuñi vessels. A marked characteristic of the decorations on
the pottery of this pueblo is the absence of vines and floral figures so
common on those of some of the other pueblos. The nearest approach to
the vine is the double line of scrolls seen in (40785) Fig. 375.
Although the checkered figure is common on bowls, the Zuñi artists have
appreciated the fact that it would be out of place on the convex surface
of the water vase. The elks or deer--for it is difficult to tell which
are intended--are usually marked with a circular or crescent-shaped
spot, in white, on the rump, and a red diamond placed over the region of
the heart, with a line of the same color extending from it to the mouth,
both margined with white; the head of the animal is always toward the
right.
As will be observed by examining the decorated pieces, the surface is
divided into zones by lines--sometimes single, sometimes double, but
generally slender--one near the base, one or two around the middle, one
at the shoulder, and one at the rim; thus forming one zone embracing the
neck, and two or three on the body, exclusive of the undecorated base.
Sometimes there is but one zone on the body as seen in Figs. 364 (40322)
and 359 (39871); sometimes two, as shown in Figs. 367 (40317) and 370
(41146); but often three, the middle one quite narrow, as seen in Figs.
361 (39934) and 362 (41150). Although not always shown in the figures,
the lines at the rim, shoulder, and bottom are seldom wanting in Zuñi
vases. The zones are often interrupted by broad perpendicular stripes or
inclosed spaces in which circles, scroll figures, or rosettes are
inserted.
Measurements of these vessels show considerable uniformity of
proportion, the widely exceptional specimens being also exceptional in
decorations. As indicating size and proportion I give here the
measurements of some typical as well as some abnormal specimens.
The figures show the height, the diameter of the body at the widest
part, and the diameter of the mouth in inches.
+-----------------------------------+--------+-----------+----------+
| | Height.| Diameter | Diameter |
| Number. | | of body. | of mouth.|
+-----------------------------------+--------+-----------+----------+
| 1 | 8.25 | 12.00 | 6.75 |
| 2 | 10.25 | 13.75 | 7.50 |
| 3 | 11.00 | 13.25 | 7.15 |
| 4 | 12.00 | 14.50 | 8.50 |
| 5 | 10.75 | 14.50 | 8.25 |
| 6 | 11.00 | 13.00 | 8.00 |
| 7 | 7.25 | 10.00 | 5.00 |
| 8 | 7.00 | 9.25 | 5.40 |
| 9 | 4.25 | 6.75 | 4.60 |
| 10 | 4.40 | 5.50 | 3.75 |
| 11 | 3.50 | 4.50 | 3.25 |
| 12 | 3.50 | 4.25 | 2.90 |
| 13 | 7.75 | 8.00 | 5.75 |
| 14 | 9.00 | 9.75 | 6.50 |
+-----------------------------------+--------+-----------+----------+
If we reduce these to proportion, using the diameter of body as the unit
of measurement, the result is as follows:
+--------+--------+-----------++--------+--------+-----------+
| Number.| Height.| Diameter || Number.| Height.| Diameter |
| | | of mouth. || | | of mouth. |
+--------+--------+-----------++--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | .69 | .56 || 8 | .81 | .59 |
| 2 | .75 | .54 || 9 | .63 | .68 |
| 3 | .83 | .54 || 10 | .80 | .68 |
| 4 | .81 | .58 || 11 | .78 | .72 |
| 5 | .74 | .57 || 12 | .82 | .68 |
| 6 | .84 | .61 || 13 | .97 | .72 |
| 7 | .72 | .50 || 14 | .91 | .67 |
+--------+--------+-----------++--------+--------+-----------+
From this it will be seen that No. 148, which is represented by Fig. 373
(39774), is unusually broad in proportion to the height. Nos. 152 and
153 vary to the extreme in the other direction; No. 153 is shown in
Fig. 364 (40322). Excluding these and taking the means of the large and
small kinds separately we find the average ratios to be as follows:
Height. Diameter
of mouth.
Large .78 .57
Small .78 .61
Most of the water jugs of both the Shinumos and Zuñians are in the form
of canteens, usually more or less spherical, and varying in capacity
from a pint to four gallons. On each side there is a small handle in the
form of a loop or knob, through or around which is placed a small shawl
or strip of cloth, or a cord long enough to pass over the forehead so as
to suspend the vessel against the back just below the shoulders. The
other jugs are of various fanciful shapes, which will be noted in the
catalogue. A large portion are of plain brown ware, a few plain white,
and others white with colored decorations. Various names are used
apparently to designate the different kinds rather than the uses for
which they are intended.
The decorations, when present, are always on the upper side, which is
more convex than the lower, or side on which it is intended the vessel
shall lie when not in use. In the ornamented white ware the lower
portion is usually red or brown.
As all these clay fabrics are the work of North American Indians, it is
scarcely necessary for me to say that they are unglazed, a
characteristic, so far as I am aware, of all aboriginal pottery.
Some of the specimens, especially of the black ware, show a smooth
finish, and may perhaps, without violence to the term, be classed as
lustrous. This is not the effect of a varnish or partial glazing, but is
a polish, produced generally, if not always, by rubbing with a polishing
stone.
Although, as a rule, the paste of which the ware is made is
comparatively free from foreign matter, yet many pieces, especially of
the decorated ware, when broken, show little whitish or ash-colored
specks. These, when found in aboriginal pottery east of the Mississippi,
have, I believe, been without question considered as fragments or
particles of shell broken up and mixed with the paste. This may be
correct in reference to the pottery found east of and in the Mississippi
Valley, but this whitish and grayish matter in the pottery of the
Indians of New Mexico and Arizona is in most cases pulverized pottery,
which is crushed and mixed with the paste. Black lava is sometimes
crushed and used in the same manner.
The principal material used is a clay, apparently in its natural state,
varying in color according to locality. Although comparatively free from
pebbles or lumps of foreign matter, we detect in some of the coarser
specimens small particles of mica and grains of other materials, and in
one broken specimen the elytron of a small coleopterous insect. But as a
general rule, the paste appears to have been free from foreign matter.
A slight glance at this large collection is sufficient to show that the
potters worked by no specific rule, and that they did not use patterns.
While it is apparent that only a few general forms were adopted, and
that, with few exceptions, the entire collection may be grouped by
these, yet no two specimens are exactly alike; they differ in size, or
vary more or less in form. The same thing is also true in reference to
the ornamentation: while there is a striking similarity in general
characteristics, there is an endless variety in details. No two similar
pieces can be found bearing precisely the same ornamental pattern.
Much the larger portion of the collection consists of vessels of various
kinds, such as bowls, cooking utensils, canteens, bottles, jars,
pitchers, cups, ladles, jugs, water vases, ornamental vessels,
paint-pots, &c. These vary in size from the large vase, capable of
holding ten gallons, to the little cup and canteen, which will contain
less than half a pint. The other and much smaller portion includes all
those articles which cannot be classed as vessels, such as images, toys,
toilet articles, representations of animals, &c. The collection can
perhaps be most satisfactorily classified by reference to the coloring,
ornamentation, and quality, thus:
1. _The red or uncolored pottery_, which is without ornamentation of any
kind. Some of this is coarse and rough, and in this case always more
than ordinarily thick; but the larger portion has the surface smooth and
often polished. The color varies from the natural dull leaden hue of the
clay, to a bright brick red, the latter largely predominating.
2. _The brown ware_, or that which shows an admixture of mica. This,
although uniformly without color decorations, is occasionally marked
with impressed figures and lines. Although inferior in quality, being
coarse and fragile, it presents more symmetrical though less varied
forms than are usually found in the preceding group. The influence of
contact with the European races is here very apparent, as, for example,
in the true pitcher and other common utensils and an apparent attempt at
glazing.
3. _The black ware_ which is without ornamentation. This variety in
quality and character is precisely like the polished red of the first
group; but is slightly in advance of that in regard to finish, and
perhaps, as heretofore remarked, may be classed as lustrous, while the
red may be classed as semi-lustrous. The paste of which this black ware
is formed appears to have been better prepared than that of the
preceding varieties, and is the hardest and firmest in the collection.
4. _The cream-white pottery decorated in colors_. This extensive group,
which includes fully two-thirds of the entire collection, embraces
almost every known form of earthenware manufactured by the tribes from
whom it was obtained. The paste of which it is formed is similar in
character to that of the black ware. When broken the fracture shows very
distinctly the effect of burning, the interior being of the natural
leaden color, shading off to a dull grayish white as it approaches the
outer surface. The opaque or creamy-white color of the surface is
produced by a coating of opaque whitewash. Upon this white surface the
figures are afterwards drawn.
The only colors used in decorating pottery are black, red, and some
shade of brown. But of this we will speak more fully when we come to
describe the peculiar methods practiced by the different tribes in
making and adorning pottery.
Although there is a strong general similarity in this colored
ornamentation, the great variety of details renders it difficult to
classify the figures so as to convey a correct idea of them to the
reader. We shall therefore have to refer him to the numerous cuts and
the colored plates which have been introduced for the purpose of
illustrating the catalogue.
The following general statement is about all that can be said in
reference to them before descending to specific details.
So far as the coloring is concerned they are of two kinds, those having
the figures wholly black, and those which are partly black and partly
brown or red. The differences in the decorated pottery appear to be
always accompanied by certain other variations sufficient to warrant
speaking of them as different varieties or groups. The former (those
having the figures wholly black), which are made of the ordinary plastic
blue clay, have only the upper half or two-thirds of the body of the
vessel overlaid with the white coating for receiving the decorations,
the lower part being uncoated, and of the natural pale red or salmon
color produced by burning, but usually well polished. As additional
distinguishing features of this group we notice that the shape is more
generally globular, the workmanship rather superior, and the pottery
somewhat harder and less friable than that of the other group; the
angular and geometrical figures formed by straight lines are more common
in this group; here we also find the meander or Greek fret correctly
drawn, the vine, and several other designs rarely or never found in the
other group. The figures of animals, which are common to both varieties,
are in the former more usually distributed in zones or groups, while in
the latter they are generally placed singly in inclosed spaces. The
latter variety, in which we see the curve freely used, shows an evident
advance over the ornamentation of the older pottery of this region; and
while the figures must be classed as rude, and the outlines are less
sharp, and not so well defined as in the older specimens, yet they
indicate clearly a mental advance in the greater variety of conception.
The figures of this entire class, as regards forms, may be grouped under
three general headings: first, the geometrical, which is the most
common; second, the figures of animals; and, third, rude attempts at
floral decorations, which forms are rather rare. Strange to say, in but
few instances can any attempt at representing the human form or any part
of it be discovered in these color decorations.
The geometric figures present an endless variety; but we notice, as is
shown by the cuts and plates, that triangles with an elongate acuminate
apex and the zigzag are very common in the black-brown decorations. The
checkered figure also is not uncommon. The animals most frequently
represented are the elk or deer and birds. The floral decorations are
chiefly vines well drawn, and rude attempts at representing trees, and
the flowers of various species of _Helianthus_.
5. _Red ware with color decorations_. This ware is represented by but
few vessels, which are in every respect similar to the best variety of
the red pottery heretofore mentioned, except that it is marked with
figures in black, many of which are decorated only on the upper portions
around the neck or rim.
6. _The ancient pottery_, of which Figs. 680 (40816) and 693 (40817) are
good examples.
The Pueblo tribes of New Mexico and Arizona, with rare exceptions,
manufacture earthenware vessels for domestic use. The Pueblo of Taos may
be mentioned as one of these exceptions; although the manner of living,
the general habits, and characteristics of the tribe are similar to
those of the other Pueblo Indians, and although they make use of pottery
for domestic purposes, they do not manufacture it. Some pieces, such as
water jars and vessels used for cooking, are made in the village, but
this occurs only in such families as have intermarried with other tribes
where the manufacture of the native ware is carried on.
The Pueblos among whom the manufacture of pottery or earthenware
utensils may be classed as a conspicuous feature of their peculiar
civilization at the present time, are situated geographically as
follows: San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Cochiti, Santo Domingo,
San Felipe, Sandia, and Isleta, located on the Rio Grande; Pojake,
Tesuke, Nambe, Jamez, Zia or Silla, Santa Ana, Laguna, and Acoma,
situated on the tributaries of the Rio Grande; Zuñi, and some small
pueblos of the same tribe all within the borders of New Mexico. Zuñi
however is located on the Rio Zuñi, which flows into the Little Colorado
River.
The Moki pueblos, numbering seven in all, are embraced in what is called
the Province of Tusyan, and are located within the Territory of Arizona,
near its northeastern corner.
The Zuñians and Shinumos, although situated farther from civilized
people and less influenced by their usages than any of the other Indians
mentioned, surpass all the other tribes in the manufacture of all kinds
of earthenware. The collections made from these tribes, as will be seen
by reference to the catalogue, exceed, both in number and variety, those
from all the others combined. The collection as enumerated in the
catalogue includes specimens from all the pueblos referred to.
Although the uses of these articles are to a great extent the same among
all the Pueblo tribes, and the shapes and forms are apparently similar,
yet to the experienced eye there is no difficulty in detecting the
peculiarities which distinguish one from the other, or at least in
assigning them to the tribes with which they originated.
It will be observed by reference both to the colored and wood-cut
illustrations that there are special distinctions between the
ornamentation of the pottery of the pueblos of the Rio Grande Valley and
of those situated on the tributaries of the Rio Colorado. In the
decorations of the former the birds and vine are conspicuous and
constantly recurring features, while in the Zuñi and Shinumo pottery the
elk, domestic animals, and birds peculiar to these arid regions are the
figures most frequently used. The difference is easily accounted for
when we are informed of the fact that the former tribes reside in the
valley of the Rio Grande, which is well adapted to the culture of the
grape as well as other crops. The ever-present vine and the numerous
birds which flock to this fertile valley will naturally suggest figures
for decoration. On the other hand, the Zuñians and Shinumos reside in
regions almost destitute of water, and hence without any attractive
vegetation; therefore their designs are drawn chiefly from the sharp
outlines of their dwellings, their domestic animals, birds, and the elk
and antelope that graze in the little grassy oases. None of these are
actually drawn from nature, but from imagination and memory, as they
never have an object before them in molding or painting.
In none of the cases referred to do we observe any attempts to imitate
the exact forms or ceramic designs of the so-called ancient pottery,
fragments and sometimes entire vessels of which are found throughout
this southwestern region. This seems strange from the fact that in the
use of stone implements we find but few which are the result of their
own handiwork. The old ruins are searched, and from them, and the debris
about them, stone pestles, mortars, hammers, hatchets, rubbing stones,
scrapers, picks, spear and arrow heads, and polishing stones are
collected by the inhabitants of nearly all the pueblos, and are kept and
used by them.
The clay mostly used by the Zuñians in the manufacture of pottery is a
dark, bluish, carbonaceous, clayey shale found in layers usually near
the tops of the mesas. Several of these elevated mesas are situated near
Zuñi, from which the natives obtain this material. This carbonaceous
clay is first mixed with water and then kneaded as a baker kneads dough
until it reaches the proper consistency; with this, crushed volcanic
lava is sometimes mixed; but the Zuñians more frequently pulverize
fragments of broken pottery, which have been preserved for this purpose.
This seems to prevent explosion, cracking, or fracture by rendering the
paste sufficiently porous to allow the heat to pass through without
injurious effect. When the clayey dough is ready to be used a sufficient
quantity is rolled into a ball. The dough, if worked by a careful
artist, is first tested as to its fitness for molding by putting a piece
of the paste to the tongue, the sensitiveness of which is such as to
detect any gritty substance or particles, when the fingers fail to do
so. The ball is hollowed out with the fingers into the shape of a bowl
(this form constituting the foundation for all varieties of earthenware)
and assumes the desired form by the addition of strips of the clay; all
traces of the addition of each strip are removed before another is
added, by the use of a small trowel fashioned from a piece of gourd or
fragment of pottery, the only tool employed in the manufacture of
pottery.
The bottoms of old water jars and bowls form stands for the articles
while being worked by the potter. The bowls are filled with sand when
objects of a globular form are to be made. Although I have often watched
the process, yet in no instance have I ever observed the use of a
potter’s wheel, measuring instrument, or model of any kind. The makers,
who are always females, depend entirely on memory and skill derived from
practice to accomplish their work. The vessels when completely formed
are laid in some convenient place to sun-dry. A paint or solution is
then made, either of a fine white calcareous earth, consisting mainly of
carbonate of lime, or of a milk-white indurated clay, almost wholly
insoluble in acids, and apparently derived from decomposed feldspar with
a small proportion of mica. This solution is applied to the surface of
the vessel and allowed to dry; it is then ready for the decorations.
The pigments from which the paints are derived for decorative purposes
are also found in the vicinity of the mesas, and are employed by the
Indians in the production of two colors, each of which varies slightly
according to the intensity of heat in the process of baking, or the
manner in which it is applied. One varies from a black to a
blackish-brown, the other from a light brick red to a dark dull red
color. The material which produces these colors is generally found in a
hard, stony condition, and is ground in a small stone mortar, just as we
reduce India ink for use. When the pigment is properly reduced, and
mixed with water so as to form a thin solution, it is applied with
brushes made of the leaves of the yucca. These brushes are made of flat
pieces of the leaf, which are stripped off and bruised at one end, and
are of different sizes adapted to the coarse or fine lines the artist
may wish to draw. In this manner all the decorations on the pottery are
produced.
The substance used in producing the black ware is a clayey brown
hematite, or ferruginous indurated clay, quite hard. The material used
to produce the red or brown colors is a yellowish impure clay, colored
from oxide of iron; indeed it is mainly clay, but contains some sand and
a very small amount of carbonate of lime. These are the principal
ingredients and methods involved in the manufacture of Zuñi pottery.
The method practiced by the Zuñians in baking pottery differs somewhat
from that employed by the tribes who make quantities of black and red
ware. It seems to be a necessity on the part of the Zuñians to observe
the greatest care in this operation. Their pottery is nearly all
decorated and must be baked free from contact with the peculiar fuel
used for that purpose. During the baking process it sometimes happens
that a piece of the fuel, which is composed of dried manure carefully
built up oven-shaped around the vessels to be baked, falls against the
vessel. In every such instance a carbonized or smoky spot is left on the
jar or bowl, which is regarded by the Indians as a blemish. The kiln is
carefully watched until the fuel is thoroughly burnt to a white ash,
when the vessels can be removed without danger of such blemishes.
The mode of manufacturing pottery adopted at the pueblos of the Rio
Grande Valley is quite similar to that described as practiced by the
Zuñi, Shinumo, Acoma, and Laguna Indians, but there is considerable
difference in the method of decorating and polishing. Polishing is
practiced chiefly by the Indians of the eastern pueblos, and but little
by those of the more western region.
The pueblos of Santa Clara, Cochiti, San Juan, Tesuke, &c., manufacture
large quantities of pottery for sale in addition to that made for their
own use. It is in these eastern pueblos that the black polished ware is
chiefly found, and it is in the production of this class of ware that
the chief difference in the ceramic art between the two sections exists.
The clays used in the manufacture of this ware are of the same character
as those of which the other is made; the paste is prepared in the same
way, so that when the vessels are formed and ready for the kiln they are
of the color of the original clay. In other words, the change to the
black color is not produced in making the paste or in moulding or
forming the vessel, but during the process of baking. The manner of
forming the vessel is the same as with the western tribes; and when,
formed it is dried in the sun in the same way; after this a solution of
very fine ochre-colored clay is applied to the outside and inside near
the top, or to such parts of the surface as are to be polished. While
this solution thus applied is still moist, the process of polishing
begins by rubbing the parts thus washed with smooth, fine-grained stones
until quite dry and glossy. The parts thus rubbed still retain the
original red color of the clay. The vessels are again placed in the sun
and allowed to become thoroughly dry, when they are ready for baking. It
is in this part of the process that the great differences in color are
produced. The vessels are placed together in a heap on a level spot of
ground and carefully covered over with coarsely broken dried manure
obtained from the corrals. The kiln thus formed is then ignited at
several points.
It is proper to add here that the clays used by the Santa Clara Indians
are of a brick-red color, containing an admixture of very fine sand,
which, no doubt, prevents cracking in burning, and hence dispenses with
the necessity of using lava or pottery fragments, as is the custom of
the Indians of the western pueblos. The burning is carried on until a
sufficient degree of heat is obtained properly to bake the vessels,
which still retain their original red brick color. At this juncture such
of the vessels as it is desired have remain in that condition are
removed from the fire and allowed to cool, when they are ready for use.
Those which the artists intend to color black are allowed to remain and
another application of fuel, finely pulverized, is made, completely
covering and smothering the fire. This produces a dense, dark smoke, a
portion of which is absorbed by the baking vessels and gives them the
desired black color. It is in this manner that the black ware of these
eastern pueblos is produced.
It is said that among the Cochiti, Santa Clara, and some other Pueblos a
vegetable matter is employed to produce some of their decorative
designs; this, however, I was unable to verify, though some of the
Indians assured me of the fact, and furnished me a bunch of the plant,
which Dr. Vasey, of the Agricultural Department, found to be _Cleome
integrifolia_, a plant common throughout the Western Territories. A few
specimens of the ware, some burnt and some unburnt, said to be decorated
with the oil or juice of this plant were secured.
As heretofore remarked, notwithstanding the variety in ornamentation,
there are really but few different figures, and these are mostly quite
simple. Any one interested in the study of Indian art can find in the
figures and plates of this catalogue all the original conceptions of the
artists of the Pueblo Indians as depicted by them.
While it is of value in the study of ethnology, and as affording a means
of comparison in the study of archaeology, there is nothing in the
composition or ornamentation, or in the form of the vessels, that
ceramic artists of the civilized races would desire to copy.
As a means of reference in the study of ancient American pottery, I
consider the collection invaluable, as it can scarcely be possible that
the forms and decorations contain nothing that has been handed down from
a former age. Although the figures used have no symbolic characters
connected with them in the mind of the modern artist, yet it is more
than probable that at least some of them did have such a meaning to the
ancient artists. For example, the little tadpole-shaped figure on the
clay baskets used in their dances and sacred ceremonies by the Zuñians
is understood by them to represent a little water articulate, which, as
heretofore stated, is probably the larva of some insect or crustacean,
very common in the pools and sluggish streams of the country inhabited
by these Indians. Now, it is possible that this figure has been used
with the same meaning from time immemorial, but I find, as pointed out
to me by Prof. Cyrus Thomas, that almost exactly the same figure is on a
vessel pictured on Plate VII of the manuscript Troano, where a religious
ceremony of some kind is evidently represented. The same figure is also
found in Landa’s character for the Maya day _Cib_, a word signifying
copal, a gum or resin formerly used in religious ceremonies as incense.
I find also on Plate XXXV of the same manuscript the figures of bowls or
pots with legs similar to those of the Zuñi. I do not point out these
resemblances as proof of any relation between the two races, but as mere
illustrations of what possibly may be learned by a careful study of the
forms and decorations of this pottery. It may also be well to add here
another fact to which Professor Thomas calls my attention, viz., the
similarity between the manner of wearing the hair by the Shinumo women,
_i.e._, in knots at the side, as represented by the female images, and
that of the ancient Maya women, as shown in numerous figures on the
manuscript Troano. Any one familiar with General Cesnola’s collection
from Cyprus cannot fail to be reminded of it when he examines this
collection of Indian pottery; especially the colors used and the general
character of the specimens; but an inspection of the two collections is
necessary in order to have this general resemblance brought to mind, as
it does not appear so distinctly on a comparison of the published
figures only. The figures on Plate XLIV of his “Cyprus” bear quite a
striking resemblance to those on some specimens of Cochiti ware. The
quadruple cup, Fig. 25, page 406, is almost exactly like the Zuñi
quadruple cups, and was probably used for the same purpose. The same
type of multiple cups is also shown in Plate IX of the same work. The
two tea-pot-like vessels represented on Plate VIII, as well as the two
bird-shaped pieces on the same plate, are much, like the similar vessels
of Cochiti pottery, several of which are figured in this catalogue.
The resemblance of this Indian ware, in the form of the vessels, to that
found in the ancient mounds of this country is so marked that it is
scarcely necessary to remind the reader of the fact, but it may be well
to call attention to the much, larger proportion of water vessels among
the Indian pottery than is seen in collections from the mounds. This,
however, may perhaps be accounted for by the scarcity of water in the
western region.
The custom of the Zuñi artists of making a diamond or triangle over the
region of the heart of the elk and deer figures with a line running to
the mouth, although somewhat singular, is quite consistent with the
Indian practice of symbolic writing. I was informed by the Zuñi Indians
that it was intended to denote that “the mouth speaks from the heart.” A
similar mark occurs in the decoration of the vase figured in Cesnola’s
“Cyprus,” page 268.
Contemporaneous and somewhat closely related tribes may use widely
different figures in the decoration of their ware, and hence it is
unsafe, in studying ancient specimens, to draw hasty conclusions from
slight differences in this respect; and I think I may also safely add
that a comparatively short period of time, a century or so at most, may
suffice to bring about a great change in the same tribe in the form and
manner of decorating their pottery. It also shows us that the ware of a
given tribe, which does not bear the impress of civilized influence,
can, by a careful study, be distinguished in nearly all cases from that
of any other tribe. I feel so confident of the truth of this statement,
that I would not hesitate to undertake to pick out all pieces of Zuñi
ornamented ware from a collection of thousands of specimens of modern
Pueblo Indian pottery if indiscriminately mixed together.
The Shinumo pottery in general appearance and form bears a strong
resemblance to that of Zuñi; in fact it is almost impossible to separate
the ornamented bowls and water vases of the two if mingled together.
There are certain figures found in the one which never occur in the
other, but there are a number of designs, especially of those most
generally seen, that are quite common to the pottery of both tribes.
The different varieties of ware, the red or brown without decorations,
the white with decorations, and the black are in general use with the
tribe, and specimens of each are contained in the collection. But few
specimens of the purely micaceous ware are found, either in Zuñi or
Wolpi.
The preponderance of the large round water jugs in the Shinumo
collection over that of Zuñi is noticeable. This form of vessel seems
to be more in use by tribes whose villages are quite remote from water
or which are situated on high mesas difficult of access. The kinds of
vessels, however, which are common with the Zuñians are also common with
the Shinumos, and those intended for the same use are generally of the
same shape or similar in form. But, as with the decorations, there are
also vessels so markedly distinct and variant from those we find at Zuñi
as to show very readily at least tribal distinctions between the ceramic
artists and manufacturers.
The proximity of Laguna to Acoma led us to anticipate what we afterward
found, viz., a great similarity in the forms of their vessels, and
also in their manner of ornamentation. The principal differences consist
in the more profuse use of the forms of birds and flowers, the first
evidently representing prairie grouse and the last some form of
sunflower. There is an absence of the geometrical forms, of lines
and angles commonly observed on the works of more distant pueblos.
Quite a number of animal representations, made hollow for use as
drinking vessels, were obtained, displaying grotesquely imitative forms
of deer, elk, sheep, big-horn, antelope, and other animals with which
they are familiar. All of these objects have more color laid on them
than is to be found on the pottery of their neighbors of Acoma, the
birds and animals being painted in a light rufous fawn color not in use
elsewhere, and the only instance of the employment of green is on a
tinaja of this pueblo used in coloring some foliage.
VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.
This class of ware comprises a very diversified group of objects;
indeed, so great is the variety that I will not attempt a general
description of them. Specific reference will be made to the objects
as they occur in their places in the catalogue.
The objects of basketry or wicker-work are quite varied in form,
construction, and decoration. Those made by the Zuñi Indians are so rude
and coarse as not to entitle them to any merit. The larger baskets made
by this tribe are used for carrying corn, melons, peppers, &c. The
smaller are used for holding beans, shelled corn, and other coarse
small materials.
The basketry of the Shinumos is of a finer and more finished quality.
Among these are many jug or canteen shaped baskets, from which, no
doubt, many of the forms of their pottery water vessels have been
copied. These are sometimes globular, with large round bodies and small
necks. They are generally very closely woven and are then coated over
with a resin or gum which renders them capable of holding water. Like
some of their water jugs, in pottery, they have small horsehair ears
or loops attached to the sides through which strings are passed for
carrying them either over the head or shoulder. This class of water jug
basketry all show evidences of age, and it is possible that they were
manufactured by the Apaches or other tribes skilled in the art. The flat
kinds are designed to hold fine grain and meal, and are also frequently
used for winnowing. This is done by placing a small quantity of grain in
the basket, and by a skillful motion throwing the grain up into the wind
and again catching it as it comes down. This motion is kept up until the
wind has separated the chaff from, the grain. Many of the flat baskets
are decorated in colors, as will be seen by the accompanying
illustrations.
It is quite probable that most of the finer ware of this class is
manufactured by the Apache Indians, who are celebrated for this work,
and finds its way among the Pueblos through the medium of barter.
The basketry of the Zuñians is usually made of small round willows and
the stem of the yucca, the leaves of which attain a long slender growth
in that region. It is quite certain that the basketry used for holding
water is not manufactured by the Zuñians, and probably not by the
Shinumos, though many are found with them.
As previously stated, the basketry manufactured by the Shinumo Indians
is of a more finished class and of a greater variety than that made and
used by any of the other Pueblos, as will be seen by reference to the
accompanying illustrations. Among the examples of this ware, obtained at
Wolpi, is a large number of the flat or saucer-shaped kind; these vary
both in size and character of construction as well as decoration. The
manner of making one form of this class is quite interesting as well as
curious. A rope-like withe of the fiber of the yucca, made quite fine,
is wrapped with flat strips of the same plant. In forming the basket
with this rope the workman commences at the center, or bottom, and
coils the rope round, attaching it by a method of weaving, until, by
successive layers of the rope, it attains the desired dimensions. These
are quite highly and prettily ornamented in black, white, and yellow,
and are compact and strong. Another variety of baskets of similar shape
and size, and also fancifully ornamented, was obtained from the same
Indians. These are made from small round willows. They exhibit less
skill in construction, but are handsomely ornamented. Another kind was
also obtained from the Shinumos, which, however, are attributed to the
Apaches and probably found their way into the Moki villages through
trade. These are large bowl-shaped baskets, almost watertight, but
generally used as flour and meal baskets. They are also ornamented
black and yellow, produced by weaving the material of different colors
together while making the basket.
There are many other forms and varieties, which will be referred to at
the proper time, as they occur in the catalogue.
The Pueblos employ a variety of plants and herbs for medicinal and
dyeing purposes, some of which were collected. Their botanical names
were not determined, but they are indigenous to the regions inhabited
by the Indians using them.
Ornaments and musical instruments employed in dances and religious
ceremonies do not differ much among the Pueblo Indians; the principal
ones being the drum, rattle, notched sticks, a kind of fife, and a
turtle-shell rattle. The latter instrument is the shell of a turtle,
around the edges of which the toes of goats and calves are attached;
this produces a very peculiar rattling sound. The shell is usually
attached to the leg near the knee.
COLLECTIONS FROM ZUÑI.
ARTICLES OF STONE.
_AXES, HAMMERS, AND MAULS._
1. (40139). Flat rubbing or grinding stone of silicified wood.
2. (40551). Stone axe, _ō´-lā-ki-le_, with groove near the larger end.
3. (40552). Imperfectly-made stone axe, _ō´-lā-ki-le_, grooved at each
edge; basalt.
4. (40553). Large axe, with groove around the middle; sandstone.
5. (40554). Axe, grooved at the middle, square and flat on top; basalt.
6. (40555). Small centrally-grooved axe; schistose rock.
7. (40556). Axe, grooved in the middle.
8. (40557). Axe, grooved near the blunt end, which is shaped similarly
to the edge.
9. (40558). Axe, grooved near the end.
10. (40559). Small hatchet, _ō´-lā-ki-le_, of basalt doubly grooved,
edge beveled from both sides, hammer end about one and a half inches
in diameter.
11. (40560). Grooved axe, _ō´-lā-ki-le_, of fine black basalt, well
polished; groove well worn. The face or side is intended to be near
the holder when in use. Fig. 352. This specimen was found in Arizona,
near Camp Apache, and was presented by Mrs. George P. Buell. It is one
of the largest in the collection with such perfect finish.
12. (40561). Grooved in the center; of porous basalt.
13. (40562). Hammer grooved in the center, rounded off at each end.
14. (40563). Small hatchet-shaped instrument, square at the back, and
rounded at the front edge.
15. (40563a). Rudely-made axe, grooved near the blunt end.
16. (40564). Small axe, with a groove round the body quite near the
blunt end; basalt.
17. (40565). Axe, three and a half inches long.
18. (40566). Quite small, probably a hatchet, of firm basalt, grooved
near the hammer end.
19. (40567). Much larger than the last, basaltic; groove quite deep and
smooth, hammer end circular, large, and blunt.
20. (40568). Grooved axe of quartzitic rock.
21. (40569). Pick-shaped axe, grooved entirely around, with imperfect
depressions which were in the water-worn boulder from which it was
made; about six inches in length.
22. (40570). Boulder of sandstone with groove near the middle.
23. (40571). Flat basaltic boulder, grooved near the center, straight on
the back, and tapering above and below the groove.
24. (40572). Small basaltic hammer and axe with groove near the large
end.
25. (40573). Small grooved axe composed of hard sandstone; hammer end
large, edge quite perfect.
26. (40574). Small boulder of basalt, ground to an edge at one end and
rounded off at the other; doubly grooved.
27. (40575). Large basaltic stone considerably chipped off from pounding
hard substances, grooved near the center, both ends quite blunt;
probably used as a pounding stone.
28. (40576). Flat basaltic boulder, used as a pounder.
29. (40577). Basaltic hatchet grooved in the middle; quite rough.
30. (40578). Grooved axe of a very heavy, solid character, apparently
designed more for mauling than cutting.
31. (40579). Large, heavy basaltic hammer and axe with groove around the
body near the hammer end; about seven inches long.
32. (40580). Axe, grooved in the middle, upper or hammer end unusually
long in proportion to the size.
33. (40581). Flat axe made from a water-worn boulder, oval in outline,
both edges designed for cutting or splitting. Deep groove encircling
the body, with protrusions above and below it to prevent the handle
from slipping out; greenstone.
34. (40582). Hard, fine-grained sandstone axe wedge-shaped, without a
groove.
35. (40583). Grooved axe with round body.
36. (40584). Fig. 349. Axe with a broad, shallow groove near the upper
end, which is much narrower and smaller than the lower; of mottled
volcanic rock, white, green, and black.
37. (40585). Axe grooved in the middle, irregular in shape, and much
chipped off at the lower edge and rounded off at the top.
38. (40806). Made from a very fine, hard metamorphic rock, small enough
to be classed as a hatchet; crescent-shaped at the top.
39. (40703). Fig. 348. A very dark brown axe, speckled with reddish
spots. This axe bears a much finer polish than most of those in the
collection.
40. (40704). Axe, grooved near the upper end, which is cone-shaped.
41. (40705). An almost square axe of basaltic rock, grooved on the
sides, flat on top.
42. (40706). Axe of quartzitic rock, flat and thin; grooved.
43. (40900). Long, narrow axe, grooved near the upper end.
44. (40901). Axe, made from a water-worn boulder, almost to its present
shape.
45. (40902). Small, round axe of basalt, having a shallow groove near
the larger end.
46. (40903). Grooved basaltic axe.
47. (40904). Maul, with rough surface, one side flat, the other convex,
with a groove.
[Illustration:
Fig. 347 (42229) (⅓)
Fig. 348 (40703) (⅓)
Fig. 349 (40584) (⅓)
Fig. 350 (39903) (⅓)
Fig. 351 (42205) (⅓)
Fig. 352 (40560) (⅓)
Figs. 347-352.--Zuñi Grooved Axes.]
48. (40258). Double-grooved axe of porphyry, well polished and quite
perfect.
49. (41260). Grooved axe of compact sandstone; wedge-shaped.
50. (42204). Stone maul of basalt, with groove; very rough.
51. (42205). Grooved axe of basalt. Fig. 351. This specimen was obtained
at Fort Wingate, in New Mexico, but was probably found in or around
some of the ruins.
52. (42229). This is one of the finest specimens in the collection, and,
as shown by the cut, Fig. 347, has the handle attached, ready for use.
This is formed of a willow withe bent round the axe and doubled,
extending out far enough to form a handle and wrapped with a buckskin
string; of compact basalt.
53. (42230). Shallow-grooved axe of basalt.
54. (42231). Axe, with a shallow groove near the larger end.
55. (42232). Axe of basalt, grooved on the sides.
56. (42233). Grooved axe, in size and shape the same as (42226).
57. (42234). Grooved axe of a peculiar black mottled rock, with white,
marble-like streaks through it; groove surrounding it in the center.
58. (42235). Irregularly-shaped axe with a wide and deep groove
surrounding it, curiously mottled with reddish and green streaks.
Specimens of this kind are quite rare.
59. (42236). Grooved axe; sides well polished and exhibiting peculiar
reddish spots.
60. (42237). Small grooved axe of metamorphic rock.
61. (42238). Grooved axe.
62. (42239). Small grooved axe of schistose rock, much flaked off at
each end.
63. (42240). Axe, grooved on three sides; similar in size and shape to
(42223).
64. (42241). Grooved axe with flattened top.
65. (42242). Same as the preceding.
66. (42242). Grooved axe with two edges.
67. (42244). Celt-shaped axe of basalt; it appears to have been used as
a rubbing stone.
68. (39869). Zuñi maul with circular groove around the centre, used
generally for grinding or pounding soft foods, such as red-pepper
pods; of porous lava.
69. (39903). Double-edged axe, _ō´-lā-ki-le_, with groove around the
middle; volcanic rock, from Zuñi. See Fig. 350.
70. (42349). Rounded end of a sandstone metate grinder converted into a
flat hammer by grooving it at the opposite edges.
71. (41291). Pounder of sandstone. It was originally a common axe. Thumb
and finger depression on the sides.
72. (40871). Lava Chili pounder with cap-shaped ends; grooved.
73. (40906). Lava rock pounder; small.
_METATES, OR GRAIN-GRINDERS, AND PESTLES._
74. (40870). Square red sandstone metate.
75. (42280). Flat sandstone grinding slab.
76-82. The following numbers represent the rubbers accompanying the
metates. The Indian name is _yä´-lĭn-ne_: 76, (40909); 77, (40910);
78, (40911); 79, (40912); 80, (40913); 81, (40914); 82, (41259);
sandstone rubber.
_MORTARS, PESTLES, ETC._
These are found in use at all the pueblos, but are more common in Zuñi
and the Moki villages than elsewhere, as these Indians use mineral
pigments more extensively and in greater variety than any of the others.
The pestles and mortars obtained from these tribes are all too small to
be used for any other purpose than grinding pigments. Many of them
appear to be quite old, and were probably handed down from distant
ancestors, or obtained from the ruins. Some of them are evidently of
modern manufacture.
83. (40707). Mortar; a round, flat, quartzitic boulder with round cavity
on one side about one inch in diameter and half an inch deep, and a
square depression on the other about an inch deep and two inches in
width; indigo still clinging to the surface of the depression.
84. (40708). Mortar of quartzite, the body nearly square and flat;
depression round and about four inches in diameter, quite shallow.
85. (40709). Mortar of coarse-grained sandstone, almost perfectly round,
the cavity quite deep, and lined with red ochre or vermilion.
86. (40710). Mortar of a flat sandstone with irregular rim about four
inches in diameter.
87. (40711). Paint mortar of a small round quartz boulder.
88. (40712). Mortar of fine-grained sandstone about six inches long by
three wide; sides square. This mortar was in use by the Zuñians for
the purpose of grinding a pigment of yellowish impure clay, colored by
the oxide of iron, with which they decorate their pottery, and which
produces the brown and reddish-brown colors.
89. (40713). Small mortar of sandstone.
90. (40714). Mortar made from a flat water-worn quartz boulder with a
circular depression about half an inch deep. The bottom of this mortar
shows evidence of its having been used as a grinding stone previous to
being converted into a mortar, or it may have been used for both
purposes, as both the paint cavity and the rubbing side show recent
use.
91. (40715). Paint mortar of basalt, used for grinding the yellow
pigment for ornamenting pottery; about four inches in diameter, cavity
about one inch deep, bottom ground flat.
92. (40716). Flat paint mortar, of quartz rock, almost round, about an
inch thick, depression quite shallow; used for grinding a pigment of
azurite or carbonate of copper, small nodules of which they collect
at copper mines. This pigment is used in painting and decorating
wooden images and gods.
[Illustration:
Fig. 353 (40731) (⅓)
Fig. 355 (42245) (⅓)
Fig. 354 (42266) (⅓)
Fig. 357 (40808) (¼)
Fig. 356 (41289)
Fig. 358 (42272) (½)
Figs. 353-358.--Stone Implements from Zuñi.]
93. (40717). Mortar similar to the above, and used for the same purpose.
94. (40718). Paint mortar made from a large irregularly round
ferruginous sandstone. Used in pulverizing a reddish pigment for
decorating pottery.
95. (40719). Mortar of a globular shape, made from a coarse-grained
sandstone, used for grinding or mixing vermilion.
96. (40720). Paint mortar of sandstone. The whole mortar is only about
an inch thick; made from a section of an old metate rubber.
97. (40722). Paint mortar of quartzite; blue pigment grinder. Size about
four by three inches. This, like many of the flat mortars, has been
first used as a rubbing stone and subsequently converted into a paint
mortar.
98. (40723). Mortar made from a quartz boulder.
99. (40724). Sandstone mortar.
100. (40725). Paint mortar of sandstone, very flat.
101. (40726). Paint mortar, with oblong shallow depression; sandstone.
102. (40728). Square paint mortar; cavity about half an inch deep;
sandstone impregnated with iron. Quartzitic pestle accompanying it.
103. (40729). Paint mortar of quartzite; almost square; depression
almost worn through by use; quartz pebble pestle accompanying it.
104. (40730). Small round paint mortar of basalt, with white quartz
pebble pestle.
105. (40731). Fig. 353. Paint mortar and pestle of quartz, with a knob
on the end, which serves as a handle. This mortar was used in grinding
an azurite pigment.
106. (40732). Mortar shaped somewhat like a ladle; the projecting end is
provided with a small groove out of which the paint is poured.
107. (40733). Small sandstone mortar.
108. (40864). Paint mortar of sandstone.
109. (40868). Paint mortar of basalt, almost square.
110. (40869). Flat, square sandstone paint mortar; black water-worn
pebble for pestle.
111. (40907). Chili or red pepper mortar of very porous lava rock; oval
bottom, shallow cavity, about four inches thick and eight in diameter.
These lava mortars may have been used for other purposes, but at the
present time the Indians use them in crushing the pods and seeds of
red pepper, and occasionally for crushing parched corn. They are quite
common.
112. (40908). Food mortar of lava rock; square with flat bottom.
Mortars of this kind are used in crushing grain and seeds.
113. (42272). Fig. 358. Paint mortar of very hard, fine-grained
sandstone. The specimen is a very fair type of all the square paint
mortars and pestles. The depression is often square instead of round.
In grinding pigments the Indians generally move the pestle backward
and forward instead of around as is done by our druggists.
114. (41273). Small sandstone paint mortar, much like the preceding.
115. (40227). Small egg-shaped paint pestle of white quartz. The general
name of these in Zuñi is _äh-shŏc-tōn-ne_.
116. (42276). Flat sandstone, circular and about five inches in
diameter; used as a quoit; originally a rubbing stone.
_MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS._
117. (39755). Eight specimens not very well defined. They are flint
flakes, showing, by their shape, that they were designed for scrapers
and groovers, being flat or slightly concave on one side and oval on
the other.
118. (41289). Fig. 356. This is a sandstone mould for shaping metal
into such forms as suit the fancy of the Indians for bridle and other
ornaments; one cavity is rectangular, about four inches long by one in
width; the other about two inches in diameter. Silver, which has long
been a metal of traffic among these tribes, is the one which is
usually melted down for ornamental purposes. After it is taken from
the mould it is beaten thin, then polished.
119. (41290). Is a portion of the same mould, with one cavity square and
the other in the shape of a spear-head.
120, 121. (42266), Fig. 354, and (42267), are crucibles, which were used
in connection with the moulds for melting silver and other metals.
Many other ornaments are made in the same manner.
122. (40808). Fig. 357. This is a large, rudely chipped spear-head of
mica schist, obtained at Zuñi, which was carried in the hand of one of
the performers in a dance. It does not show any evidences of having
been used in any other way. They called it _äh´-chi-än-tēh-ä-hla_.
123. (42245). Fig. 355. Handsomely-shaped and well-polished skinning
knife of a remarkably fine-grained silicious slate. Above the
shoulders on one side it is worn off to an oval surface, and is flat
on the other.
124. (40915). Round sandstone, which is called a gaming stone; it is
quite round, and bears the same name in Zuñi as the pestle,
_āh-kä-mon-ne_.
125. (40916). Quartz stone, flat and rounded at the ends as a sort of
last to keep moccasins in shape while being sewed; called
_yä´-lĭn-ne_.
126. (41239). String of alabaster beads, _tem-thla_.
127. (41240). Charm, representing the upper part of the body and head of
a bird.
128. (41241). Charm; representing a horse; quartz.
129. (41242). Charm; bird’s head and upper part of body.
[Illustration:
Fig. 359 (39871) (⅕)
Fig. 360 (39916) (¼)
Figs. 359, 360.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 361 (39834) (⅕)
Fig. 362 (41150) (¼)
Figs. 361, 362.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
130. (41243). Charm; horse and saddle.
131. (41244). Charm; representing entire bird; quartz.
132. (41245). Charm; head and upper part of body of a bird.
133. (41246). Charm; the same.
134. (41247). Agate arrow-head.
135. (40870). Disk of sandstone, slightly convex in the centre; used in
games.
136. (42325). Flat sandstone slab, with the horns of male and female
deer engraved on one side.
137, 138. (40721) and (41249). Flat sandstones, used for baking
_wi-a-vi_, a thin, wafer-like bread, by heating the rocks and then
spreading a gruel-like mixture of corn meal over them. The largest one
of these stones is about three feet in length by two in width. They are
used by the Zuñi and Moki pueblos quite extensively.
139. (42324). Eighty chip flints and flakes of agate, quartz,
chalcedony, &c.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VASES._
140. (39871). Form and decorations shown in Fig. 359. The slender
shading lines only are brown, the rest of the figuring black; the base
in this as in most Zuñi pottery is reddish or slate colored. This may
be considered as the type of one variety of decorations, readily
distinguished by the unadorned circular spaces, the large scrolls, and
the absence of animal forms. The larger forms of these vases are
called by the Zuñians _kāh´-wi-nā-kä-tēhl-le_; the smaller forms,
_det-tsan-na_.
141. (39916). The ornamentation is well shown in Fig. 360. The
combinations on this piece are rare on Zuñi pottery, and the chief
figure on the body is more symmetrical than is usual in this group of
ware. This may also be considered as representing a second type of
decorations of which there is but one other example in the collection.
142. (39920). This belongs to the variety represented by Fig. 360, and
varies chiefly in having the neck decorated with leaf-like figures,
and in having the scrolls replaced by triangles with inner serratures.
143. (39934). The largest size; Fig. 361. The decorations of this piece
belong to a third variety, distinguished chiefly by the presence of
the elk or deer. Attention is called to the three figured zones or
belts on the body, the upper with the arch inclosing an elk; the
middle and narrow belt adorned with figures of birds with a long crest
feather. The helix or scroll is freely introduced in this variety. The
one here figured is typical of quite a large group. The animals are
usually black, as are the lines separating the spaces.
144. (41150). This is similar in size and decorations to Fig. 361, and
is shown in Fig. 362. The difference in the form of the bird in this
from that in the preceding is worthy of notice.
145. (39933). Similar to No. 143 (Fig. 361); bird scrolls as in No. 144.
146. (40322). Medium size, represented in Fig. 364. It may be grouped in
the variety of which Fig. 359 is given as the type.
147. (39936). Large size; decorations resembling those in Fig. 364, but
with two belts of scrolls on the body.
148. (41154). Medium size; figures as in No. 147.
149. (41155). 150. (41162). Medium size; decorations similar to the
preceding, except that No. 150 (41162) has figures of sheep on the
neck.
151. (41158). Large size; the ornamentation of this piece, as will be
seen by reference to Fig. 363, belongs to the variety represented by
Fig. 359 and 364, but differs in having on the body a middle zone of
bird-like figures.
152. (41161). Large size; similar to Fig. 363.
153. (39943). Decorations very similar to those shown in Fig. 359.
154. (39937). Medium size; ornamentation similar to that seen in Fig.
361.
155. (40312). Large size; shown in Fig. 365. As will be seen by
comparison the decorations are the same as those in Fig. 361, except
that the elk is omitted and a figure of scrolls introduced in its
place.
156. (40310). Fig. 366. Large size. In the decorations of this piece we
observe a new feature, a rosette or flower, showing a decided
appreciation of the beautiful, either suggested by the flowers of the
Helianthus or by something introduced by Europeans, but most probably
the former. The different forms of this figure found on this ware
furnish, perhaps the best evidence of taste exhibited by the Zuñian
artists.
157. (40313). Fig. 368. Large size. In this we see the same figures as
in Figs. 363 and 366 brought into combination with the rosette, the
birds being replaced by sheep.
158. (40318). Large size; similar to No. 149, except that the rosette is
introduced in place of the circle.
159. (40314). }
160. (40316). }
Decorations belong to the variety shown in Fig. 361.
161. (40317). Fig. 367. A little study of these figures will satisfy any
one that although there is an apparently endless variety in details,
there are, in fact, but comparatively few different figures.
162. (41146). Fig. 370. This belongs to the same variety as Fig. 368.
163. (40315). Large size, similar to that represented in Fig. 370, but
varying in form, having the expansion at the shoulder more prominent
and tapering more rapidly from thence to the base. The figures remind
us of the trappings often seen in Japanese cuts.
[Illustration:
Fig. 363 (41158) (⅕)
Fig. 364 (40322) (⅓)
Figs. 363, 364.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 365 (40312) (⅕)
Fig. 366 (40310) (⅕)
Figs. 365, 366.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 367 (40317) (⅕)
Fig. 368 (40313) (⅕)
Figs. 367, 368.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 369 (40701) (¼)
Fig. 370 (41146) (¼)
Figs. 369, 370.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 371 (39935) (¼)
Fig. 372 (41149) (¼)
Figs. 371, 372.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 373 (39774) (¼)
Fig. 374 (41167) (¼)
Figs. 373, 374.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
164. (40319). Medium size; decorations similar to those in Fig. 361,
except that here the elk or deer stands on a broad black band in which
there is a row of white diamonds.
165. (40321). Medium size; of the variety represented in Fig. 361, but
in these smaller pieces the bird zone is omitted, and there is but one
figured zone on the body. In this example a small elk is represented
as standing on the back of a larger one.
166. (40700). Medium size, belonging to the same type as the preceding.
On the neck are figures of grotesque kite-shaped birds.
167. (40701). Medium size; Fig. 369. This and the preceding one are not
designated as vases in the original Smithsonian Catalogue, nor in my
field list, but according to the form should be classed in this group.
168. (41165). Medium size; decorations similar to those of Fig. 367, but
varying in having the figure of a bird introduced in the middle belt
with a small double scroll arising out of the back. The lower belt has
the same bird reversed.
169. (39935). Medium size. The unusual decorations of this piece are
shown in Fig. 371. It differs, as does also Fig. 369, from the usual
form; the body is more nearly spherical, the neck more gracefully
curved, and the rim slightly flaring. The proportions are also
different; height, 8.75 inches; diameter of body, 10; of mouth, 6.5.
170. (41144). }
171. (41147). }
Decorations similar to those in Fig. 364; (41144) varies in having the
figures of elk or deer on the neck and in the coarser or ruder
scrolls.
172. (41149). This somewhat abnormal form is well shown in Fig. 372. It
is of medium size.
173. (41152). This belongs to the same type, both as to form and
decorations.
174. (41153). Large size; of the usual form, but the decorations on the
body peculiar, the design being crudely architectural.
175. (41156). Medium size, belonging to the type represented by Fig.
361.
176. (41163). Medium size. This pretty vase has a somewhat peculiar
decoration, which can be best described as a kind of patch-work
representing small fragments of pottery.
177. (41166). Medium size, with the usual elk and scroll figures.
178. (41167). This specimen, which is rather above medium size, presents
one of the most chaste designs in the entire group. It is represented
in Fig. 374. Attention is called especially to the leaves and to the
simple meander in the stripes.
179. (41168). Marked with the usual elk and scroll figures. Medium size.
180. (39774). The decorations of this piece, shown in Fig. 373, may be
classed with the peculiar type with oblique and vertical bands
represented in Fig. 374.
181. (39917). Figures similar to those in Fig. 363.
182. (40768). The decorations on this piece consist entirely of
representations of pyramids or possibly of pueblos, and are arranged
in bands, one on the neck and two on the body; the two upper bands
show the figures inverted.
183. (40770). }
184. (40771). }
No. 183 is decorated with scrolls and bird scrolls and a scalloped
line around the shoulder; No. 184 with elks and scrolls on the body.
185-188. 185, (40800). Fig. 378. The grotesque or kite-like bird seen on
the neck, though rarely seen on the large water vase, is common on the
small ones. To this type belong the following Nos. 186, (40769); 187,
(40772); 188, (40791).
189. (40773). }
190. (40776). }
These have the usual triangular and scroll designs without animal
figures, as in Fig. 364.
191. (40777). Fig. 377. The decorations on this evidently belong to the
same type as those represented in Fig. 359, the bird on the neck being
the only variation. To this type also belong the following numbers:
192, (40778); 193, (40792); 194, (40794).
195. (40779). }
196. (40781). }
197. (40788). }
198. (40787). }
199. (40788). }
200. (40801). }
These belong to the type represented by Fig. 361, distinguished
chiefly by the elk, triangular figures, and scrolls.
201. (40780). }
202. (40784). }
203. (40786). }
204. (40790). }
The decorations on these are similar to those shown in Figs. 366, 367,
368, and 370, in which the rosette is a distinguishing characteristic.
Nos. 201, 202, and 203 are without figures of animals; No. 204 has a
double belt of elk figures between the rosettes.
205. (40782). The designs on this remain unfinished; except that the
triangles on the neck and the arches in which it was evidently the
intention to place the figures of animals, are shown.
206. (40785). Fig. 375. This pretty vase, as will be seen by reference
to the figure, has the diameter greater in proportion to the height
than usual. Although the design is tasteful the hues are coarse and
not so well drawn as the figure indicates.
207. (40789). On this there is an evident attempt to represent a pueblo
or communal dwelling and the ladders.
208. (40793). Shown in Fig. 376.
209. (40795). Neck and lower belt of the body marked with vertical lines
and oblique diamonds; upper belt with inverted pyramidal figures.
210. (40849). Very small; marked with oblique scalloped lines.
211. (40850). Very small; elk and grotesque bird on the body.
212. (40851). Very small; decorations similar to those on the middle
belt of Fig. 373.
[Illustration:
Fig. 375 (40785) (⅓)
Fig. 376 (40793) (⅓)
Fig. 377 (40777)
Fig. 378 (40800) (¼)
Figs. 375-378.--Zuñi Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 379 (39659)
Fig. 380 (39618)
Fig. 381 (40798)
Fig. 382 (39592)
Fig. 383 (41145)
Fig. 384 (41052)
Figs. 379-384.--ZUÑI POTTERY.]
213. (41105). Similar to that shown in Fig. 361.
214. (40774). Marked with transverse lines and scrolls; design simple
and unique.
The following specimens are red ware:
215. (40311). Large size; without ornamentation.
216. (40775). Small; form peculiar, diameter of the body greatest at the
base, mouth flaring; decorations in black, consisting of triangles
pointing downwards, and lines.
217. (40798). Medium size. See Fig. 381.
218. (40799). }
219. (40802). }
Small; without ornamentation.
220. (41145). Large. See Fig. 383.
221. (41052). Medium size. See Fig. 384.
222. (41151). }
223. (41157). }
224. (41159). }
Medium size; without ornamentation.
225. (41160). Medium size; with a scalloped band in black around the rim
and shoulder.
Black ware:
226. (39930). Large size; without ornamentation.
The only black water vase obtained at Zuñi; it was doubtless procured
from some other tribe. The black ware obtained from, this tribe is in
nearly all cases used for cooking, or holding liquids or moist foods. As
remarked in another place, the Zuñi black ware is generally small except
in cases where large quantities of food are to be cooked, which occurs
at feast tunes, when very large vessels are employed.
_WATER JUGS AND JARS._
These vary so greatly in form that it is impossible to give any general
description that would convey a correct idea.
227. (39885). Somewhat mug-shaped, with handle; the top is rounded to
the small mouth, no neck. White ware with scalloped bands and a
Maltese cross.
228. (39886). Similar in form, but smaller, without handle or
decorations.
229. (39899). Somewhat similar in form to the preceding, except that it
is lower and more depressed, and instead of a mouth, at the top there
is an orifice at the side as in the canteens, with which this should
probably be classed.
230. (39940). Similar to No. 228.
231. (40062). Similar in form to No. 227, but without handle; with a
double scalloped band around the constricted portion, and a single one
around the mouth; figure of an insect on the upper half; apparently
intended to represent a butterfly or large moth.
232. (40608). Small unhandled jug in the form of a smelling bottle.
Unadorned.
233. (40611). Similar to No. 232.
234. (40697). }
235. (40608). }
Like No. 228, with slight decorations.
236. (41140). An amphora or slender jug with two handles.
237. (39928). A jar shown in Fig. 399.
238. (39922). _Mē-hē-tō_, canteen of large size. Plain brown, as are
also the following specimens:
239-242. 239, (40079); 240, (40081); 241, (40082), this has a small
flower on one side; 242, (40083).
243-245. 243, (40088); 244, (40090); 245, (40091).
246-248. 246, (40085); 247, (40086), and 248, (40676), plain, white.
249. (40077). White with color decorations. Fig. 387.
The following eight specimens are also white with colors:
250. (40078). Decorated profusely with scrolls, leaves, and other
figures. See Fig. 400.
251. (40080). Figure of a coiled snake or worm, without head or other
character to indicate what it was intended to represent.
252. (40084). Usual scroll figures.
253. (40087). Decorated with simple loops and bands.
254. (40089). Radiating serrate lines.
255. (40092). Vase-shaped, with three colored bands.
256. (40093). Shown in Fig. 385.
257. (40886). Handsome piece, with floweret at the apex, scrolls on the
side, and a scalloped band around the middle. The bands are always
horizontal, the vessel being on its side. See Fig. 398.
258. (39914). _Mē-hē-tō-tsān-nā_, canteens of small size. Red. Double,
with two sets of handles and two chambers, but with only one orifice.
Decorations in white, those on the larger piece consisting of meanders
of the simplest form, a figure very unusual on Zuñi pottery.
259. (39659). Brown, with handle and decorations in black. See Fig. 379.
260. (39923). Plain brown.
The following are also plain brown, red, or yellow:
261-271. 261, (40094); 262, (40095); 263, (40096); 264, (40097), Fig.
390; 265, (40099); 266, (40100); 267, (40101); 268, (40687), Fig. 386;
269, (40688); 270, (40689); 271, (40690).
272. (40102). White, with an oblique scalloped band.
273. (39872). White, shown in Fig. 389.
274. (40686). White, decorations as in Fig. 389.
275. (40685). White, with a single flower.
276. (40691). White, egg-shaped, with a single handle; decorated with a
figure of the horned toad.
277. (40692). White, form and decorations like those shown in Fig. 385.
278. (40098). With outline figures of birds.
279. (40695). White, shown in Fig. 388. Although obtained at Zuñi, this
piece may have been manufactured at one of the other pueblos.
[Illustration:
Fig. 385 (40093) (⅓)
Fig. 386 (40687) (⅓)
Fig. 387 (40077) (⅙)
Figs. 385-387.--Zuñi Canteens]
[Illustration:
Fig. 388 (40695) (⅓)
Fig. 389 (39872) (⅓)
Fig. 390 (40097) (⅓)
Fig. 391 (40106) (⅓)
Figs. 388-391.--Zuñi Canteens.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 392 (39889) (⅕)
Fig. 393 (40104) (⅓)
Fig. 394 (39915) (⅓)
Fig. 392-394.--Zuñi Canteens.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 395 (39913) (⅓)
Fig. 396 (39837) (⅓)
Fig. 397 (39914) (⅙)
Figs. 395-397.--Zuñi Canteens.]
_JUGS OF FANCIFUL FORMS._
280. (39913). Fig. 395. Zuñi name _Mē´-wi-i-pä-chin_.
281. (39887). Similar to No. 280.
282. (39889). Fig. 392. _Mē´-wi-kē-lik-tōn-ne_. Plain red.
283. (39915). Fig. 394.
284. (40103). White, bottle-shaped, with constriction below the middle;
scalloped bands and bird figures around the upper third. See Fig. 402.
285. (40104). Shown in Fig. 393.
286. (40105). Similar to No. 285. Marked with the figure of a bird
having the wings spread. Navajo. _Kō´-sē-tŏm-me._
287. (40106). Fig. 391.
288. (39887). Fig. 396. A double-globed canteen; triangular, with
orifice at upper convexity.
289. (39914). Fig. 397. Red ware, with white lines on the lower globe
and decorations in black on the upper, with orifice in each globe.
_PITCHERS._
These are of the usual form, of such vessels, except that they are
generally without the lip. It is possible that to a certain extent they
have been patterned after those observed in use among the Europeans or
white races with whom these Indians have come in contact. But we shall
presently find specimens similar in form among the ancient pottery found
in the ruins of the cliff houses. We are inclined to believe that the
form is original and not borrowed. The figures introduced will suffice
to illustrate the form and usual decorations. The specimens obtained are
generally small, varying in capacity from a pint to half a gallon. These
are known in Zuñi by the name _Ē´-mūsch-tōn-ne_.
290. (39918). Shown in Fig. 403.
291. (40668). With scalloped margin and decorations similar to those on
Fig. 403.
292. (40669). Without handle and should be classed with the cups.
Figures of plants.
293. (40671). Triangles on the upper portion; simple meander on the
bowl.
294. (40672). Similar to the following.
295. (40673). With scalloped margin and zigzag lines on white ground;
small right-angle handle.
296. (40674). With scalloped marginal and middle bands. The following
are brown ware with but slight decorations:
297-310. 297, (40838); 298, (40839); 299, (40841); 300, (40843), outline
figures similar to those on No. 293; 301, (40844); 302, (40887); 303,
(40888); 304, (40889); 305, (40890), is really black but not polished;
306, (40891); 307, (40893); 308, (40894); 309, (40897); 310, (40898).
311. (40842). Scalloped rim and similar in size and shape to 298,
(40839).
312. (40845). Small, white, with decorations and of unusual form, in
fact in the original field list is classed among the canteens. The
mouth is prolonged obliquely in the form of a large tube. It should
perhaps be classed with the water jugs.
313. (40892). Form and decorations shown in Fig. 405.
314. (40895). Scalloped margin; decorated with scrolls.
315. (40896). Scalloped margin. Figures of the little water animal so
often represented on the earthenware baskets.
316. (40899). Without handle; diamond figures on the neck.
317. (41005). Fig. 406.
318. (41013). Slender neck and small mouth; jug-shaped, marked with
twigs and leaves. This does not appear to be of Zuñi manufacture.
319. (41136). Fig. 407.
320. (40840). Shown in Fig. 404.
_CUPS OR CUP-SHAPED VESSELS._
Under this general head are included two forms: one, closely resembling
the true cup, as shown in the figures and to which the Zuñis apply the
name _sāt-tsān-nā-mū-yā_, and those in the form of ollas or bowls, and
without handles. The decorations of the true cup-shaped vessels,
especially on the inner surface, follow somewhat closely the patterns
found on the bowls. Here we see the zigzag marginal line, the scalloped
bands, the interlaced or tessellated bands with star points, triangles,
scrolls, &c.; but the elongate triangle or lance point is seldom
present. As no new figure is introduced it is unnecessary for me to
describe the decorations. A few are of red or brown ware.
The following numbers refer to true cups:
321-345. 321, (40058); 322, (40615); 323, (40616), Fig. 408; 324,
(40617); 325, (40618); 326, (40619); 327, (40620); 328, (40621), Fig.
409; 329, (40622); 330, (40623); 331, (40624); 332, (40625); 333,
(40627); 334, (40638); 335, (40639); 336, (40640); 337, (40641); 338,
(40643); 339, (40644); 340, (40837); 341, (40847); 342, (40848); 343,
(40880)--this is an unusually large cup and although having a handle
may have been used as a bowl; 344, (40998); 345, (41148), an unburnt
specimen.
The following are without handles and are either small bowls or paint
cups:
346-355. 346, (40426); 347, (40436); 348, (40458); 349, (40642); 350,
(40853), a small bowl-shaped cup, _sūt-tsān-nā_; 351, (40994); 352,
(40995); 353, (40996); 354, (40997); 355, (41000).
[Illustration:
Fig. 398 (40886)
Fig. 399 (39928)
Fig. 400 (40078)
Fig. 401 (40486)
Fig. 402 (40103)
Figs. 398-402.--ZUÑI POTTERY.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 403 (39918) (¼)
Fig. 404 (40840) (¼)
Fig. 405 (40892) (⅓)
Fig. 406 (41005) (¼)
Figs. 403-406.--Zuñi Water Pitchers.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 407 (41136) (⅓)
Fig. 408 (40616) (⅓)
Fig. 409 (40621) (⅓)
Fig. 410 (39962) (¼)
Fig. 411 (40266) (¼)
Fig. 412 (40285) (¼)
Figs. 407-412.--Zuñi Water Pitcher, Cups, and Eating Bowls.]
_EATING BOWLS._
The smaller forms are called _sāt-tsān-nā_.
356. (39962). Fig. 410. The ornamentation is typical of a variety very
common on Zuñi bowls. The design on the outer surface is more constant
than that on the inner, in which the figures of animals, especially
the elk, are sometimes introduced. The distinguishing feature of this
type is the zigzag line on the inner margin.
The following numbers belong to the same type:
357-378. 357, (39746); 358, (39973); 359, (39975); 360, (39981); 361,
(39984); 362, (39988); 363, (39989); 364, (39991); 365, (39993); 366,
(39994); 367, (39997); 368, (39999); 369, (40004), duplicate of Fig.
411; 370, (40005); 371, (40231); 372, (40234); 373, (40236); 374,
(40239); 375, (40246); 376, (40249); 377, (40250); 378, (40259).
379-396. 379, (40260); 380, (40266), shown in Fig. 411; 381, (40274);
382, (40285), shown in Fig. 412; 383, (40504); 384, (40512); 385,
(40513); 386, (40516); 387, (40517); 388, (40519); 389, (40522); 390,
(40527); 391, (40530); 392, (40541); 393, (40546); 394, (40528); 395,
(40203); 396, (40211).
397. (39951). Decorated, on the inner margin only, with triangles.
398. (39952). Similar to that shown in Fig. 411, except that the inner
marginal line is scalloped.
The following numbers may be classed in the same group:
399, 400. 399, (40205); 400, (40210).
401. (40521). Similar to No. 397, except that it has the interior below
the marginal line decorated with scrolls.
402. (39902). Decorated on the inner surface only, with the usual
scrolls; marginal band simply a narrow line or entirely wanting.
The following belong to the same type:
403-417. 403, (39960); 404, (40002); 405, (40006); 406, (40232); 407,
(40233); 408, (40237); 409, (40263); 410, (40268); 411, (40284), in
this small specimen there are but few figures; 412, (40503); 413,
(40505); 414, (40520); 415, (40524); 416, (40981); 417, (40987).
418. (40906). The decorations of this piece belong to a variety which is
readily distinguished by the broad checkered band on the inner margin.
There are two sub-varieties, one with and one without figures on the
external surface. This and the following specimens belong to the latter
group:
419, 420. 419, (40533); 420, (39890).
421. (40001). This belongs to the former group, as represented by Fig.
412.
422. (39898). External decorations as in Fig. 410, except that the lower
margin of the oblique line is furnished with scrolls as in Fig. 375,
inner surface with leaves, and a zigzag marginal line.
423. (39908). This and the following thirty-one specimens have the
external surface ornamented as in Fig. 410, the decorations of the
inner surface varying and differing from those already enumerated. In
this the marginal line is simple.
424. (39909). Marginal line scalloped; central rosette of simple lines.
425. (39963). Zigzags in irregular lines, no marginal band; form
semi-globular.
426. (39963). Triangles and scrolls; somewhat mug-shaped.
427. (39972). Usual form; decorations as in the preceding.
428. (39975). Ornamentation as represented in Fig. 422.
429. (39976). Double scrolls; no marginal bands.
430. (40000). Margin as in Fig. 422; no other inner decorations.
431. (40204). Scroll figures; no marginal band; form hemispherical.
432. (40216). Similar to Fig. 423, as are also the following specimens:
433-443. 433, (40218); 434, (40223); 435, (40238); 436, (40240); 437,
(40284); 438, (40286); 439, (40501); 440, (40506); 441, (40507); 442,
(40510); 443, (40514); the inner decorations of this piece vary in
having the figures of the elk below the marginal band.
444-447. 444, (40515); 445, (40547); 446, (40985); 447, (40217). Zigzag
marginal band; no other inner decorations.
448. (40241). Marginal band double, upper line undulate, lower, straight
with star points.
449. (40245). Marginal band composed of rows of stars, as in Fig. 414.
450. (40251). Only the inner decorations consist of radiating serrate
lines.
451. (40258). Similar to that shown in Fig. 424.
452. (40273). Inner decorations apparently intended as floral; marginal
line very slender.
453. (40275). Inner figures; radiating scrolls.
454. (40287). Similar to No. 453.
455. (40558). Inner figures in the form of blocks or tiles; marginal
band undulating.
456. (40549). Inner decorations consist of two narrow crenate bands, one
marginal and the other just below it.
457. (39891). This and the following thirty-nine specimens are without
external ornamentation. In this one the inner figures are radiating
scrolls, and birds.
458. (39892). Slender marginal scalloped band only.
459. (39893). Serrate marginal band only.
460. (39953). Similar to Fig. 424.
461. (39954). Birds with wings spread, and scrolls.
462. (39958). Differs from the usual form in having the margin
undulating. The inner decorations consist chiefly of combinations of
triangles. Similar to
463. (39971). Similar to the preceding.
464. (39959). Scrolls and triangles.
465. (39960). Scrolls and leaves.
466. (39961). Oblique serrate lines.
467. (39986). Broad net-work, marginal band, as seen in Fig. 414; form
unusual, being constricted near the base.
468. (39992). Marginal band composed of sigmoid figures.
469. (39996). Very small; central diameter with rays from the points;
the marginal band is simply a narrow line.
[Illustration:
Fig. 413 (40041) (¼)
Fig. 414 (40033) [illegible fraction]
Fig. 415 (40164) (¼)
Figs. 413-415.--Zuñi Eating Bowls.]
470. (40209). Ornamental marginal band only.
471. (40212). Scalloped marginal band, and central rosette or flower.
472. (40224). Scalloped marginal band, and figures of deer.
473. (40225). Zigzag band and the usual scroll figures.
474. (40229). Two slender bands, and central radiating scrolls.
475. (40242). Zigzag marginal line only.
476. (40248). Narrow scalloped marginal band; no other figures.
477. (40252). Zigzag band and floral decorations.
478. (40253). No marginal band; oblique triple and dotted lines.
479. (40265). Serrate marginal band and central rosette.
480. (40270). No band except a simple line bounding the central figure
of radiating leaves.
481. (40272). Three plain bands.
482. (40481). Broad marginal band in figures arranged in square blocks.
483. (40485). Very small; marginal net-work band, central floral figure.
484. (40490). Similar to the preceding.
485. (40489). Plain marginal band; central floral figures.
486. (40492). Zigzag marginal band as in Fig. 425.
487. (40498). Marginal band as in Fig. 414.
488. (40499). Scalloped marginal band.
489. (40508). Zigzag band and floral decorations.
490. (40511). Marginal band composed of lines of stars.
491. (40530). Similar to No. 486, having also a central figure.
492. (40536). Marginal band of scrolls and triangles.
493. (40537). Net-work marginal band.
494. (40539). Scalloped band and central figure of twigs and leaves;
unusually chaste design.
495. (40542). Like No. 467.
496. (40545). Scalloped marginal band.
497. (39967). Do.
498. (39965). Zigzag inner marginal band; figures of the elk externally
and internally.
499. (39966). External and internal zigzag marginal band.
500. (39969). No external decorations; marked internally with oblique
lines, no band.
501. (39970). Scroll figures on the inner surface; on the outer,
triangles pointing in opposite directions; no bands.
502. (39977). Dish-like, undulate, external and internal marginal band.
503. (39978). Inner band of crosses, and central figure, outer serrate
marginal band.
504. (39982). }
505. (39983). }
Decorations same as those represented in Fig. 414, with a wide,
latticed, marginal band on the inner side of the bowl.
506. (39985). Both surfaces decorated with scroll figures.
507. (39987). Inner surface with scroll figures, outer with but a
marginal scalloped band.
508. (39990). Both surfaces marked with oblique serrate Hues; unusually
flaring.
509. (39998). Inner surface with reversed elks; outer with oblique
lines, with each side serrate.
510. (40007). Inner surface with serrate band and birds; outer with
serrate band.
511. (40213). Elk and scrolls internally; an outer scalloped band.
512. (40215). Resembles No. 501.
513. (40219). The decorations on this bowl are unusual; those of the
inner surface consist of a slender crenate marginal band, and below
this a woman holding a child and apparently closely wrapped in a robe
of some kind and placed transversely; the outer margin is marked with
a broad band of crosses regularly spaced by perpendicular lines.
The following numbers belong to the type represented in Figs. 356, 411,
and 412:
514-520. 514, (39979); 515, (40220); 516, (40221); 517, (40243); 518,
(40274); 519, (40493); 520, (40523), inner marginal band consists of
scrolls and triangles.
521. (40227). Inner marginal band broad and divided into diamond spaces;
outer surface ornamented with figures similar to those on vase
represented by Fig. 372.
522. (40230). Although classed with the bowls this is shaped somewhat
like the paint pots; outer and inner bands.
523. (40247). Resembles No. 504.
524. (40254). Two broad undulate lines on the external surface; inner
surface with blocks and scrolls.
525. (40256). Inside with crenate marginal lines, and circular space and
triangles as in Fig. 359. External surface with a simple scalloped
band.
526. (40264). External surface as in the preceding; internal scrolls and
triangles.
527-533. 527, (40267); 528, (40269); 529, (40487); 530, (40495); 531,
(40509); 532, (40529); 533, (40531). The decorations on these
specimens belong to the same general type as those of No. 526.
534. (40271). Mug-shaped with flat bottom; outer surface marked with
five scalloped bands; inner with scrolls.
535. (40279). Outer surface with triangular figures; inner with a
scalloped marginal band and a similar band below.
536. (40482). Similar in form to No. 534. Outer and inner decorations
consist almost entirely of triangles.
537. (40483). Without bands; interior, scrolls; exterior, geometrical
figures.
538. (40488). This belongs to the type represented by Fig. 411; rosette
on the inner surface.
539. (40491). Similar in form and decorations to No. 534.
[Illustration:
Fig. 416 (40296) (¼)
Fig. 417 (40493) (¼)
Fig. 418 (40176) (¼)
Figs. 416-418.--Zuñi Eating Bowl.]
540. (40496). Form like the preceding; inner face decorated with stars;
outer with the usual triangular figures.
541. (40497). Flat, finger-bowl shaped, single scalloped band
externally; scrolls and circular figures internally.
542. (40502). Double band of triangles externally; internally zigzag
lines precisely like those in Fig. 371.
543. (40538). Inner serrate marginal band and radiating scrolls; no
external decorations.
544. (40540). Central flower internally; a single serrate band
externally.
545. (40980). Pan-shaped; inner surface marked with geometrical figures;
outer without decorations.
546, 547. 546, (40988); 547, (40993). Without external ornamentation,
marked with zigzag inner marginal line, central scroll, and triangular
devices.
548. (40991). Oblique serrate lines externally; zigzag inner marginal
line.
549. (40992). No external decorations; inner marginal line crenate;
central flower.
Brown, red, or yellow ware. Usually without ornamentation.
550. (39907). Small rosettes or flowers on inner surface.
The following numbers are without ornamentation of any kind:
551-572. 551, (39968); 552, (40003); 553, (40207); 554, (40214); 555,
(40226); 556, (40235); 557, (40244); 558, (40257); 559, (40276); 560,
(40277); 561, (40278); 562, (40280); 563, (40281); 564, (40494); 565,
(40526); 566, (40528); 567, (40534); 568, (40543); 569, (40544); 570,
(40982); 571, (40984); 572, (40989).
The following have slight decorations; wherever the band is mentioned it
is to be understood as marginal unless otherwise specified:
573. (39974). Narrow external band.
574. (39981). Floral figure on inner surface.
575. (39995). Triangles externally; narrow sub-marginal band internally.
576. (40206). Outline leaf-like figures on inner face.
577. (40222). Inner crenate band and cross lines.
578. (40229). Slender bands and scrolls.
579. (40288). Inner band of geometrical figures.
580. (40550). With slender outer band.
581. (40980). Inner zigzag band and triangular figures.
582. (40983). Inner central white flower.
583. (40990). Inner band of scrolls.
The larger forms, following, are called _Ī´-tŏn-ä-ka-sah-le_.
584. (40041). Represented in Fig. 413. The broad checkered band on the
inner margin forms the distinguishing characteristic. The following
are similarly decorated:
585, 586. 585, (40010); 586, (40167).
587. (40033). As closely resembling the preceding, I introduce here a
variety with a latticed marginal band shown in Fig. 414.
The following specimens belong to the same variety, the chief
differences, being the inner central figures:
588. (40164). Fig. 415.
589. (40177). Do.
590. (40181). This specimen has no ornamentation except the band.
591. (40296). Fig. 416. This varies in having the figures of birds with
wings spread and of elks on the inner surface below the marginal line.
These are but partially shown in the figure.
592, 593. 592, (40965) and 593 (40955) belong to the same variety, but
their inner decorations resemble more closely those represented in
Fig. 415.
594. (40493). Fig. 417. The decorations on this piece belong to the very
common variety shown in Figs. 356, 411, and 412.
595-600. To this type belong the following numbers: 595, (40008); 596,
(40009); 597, (40012); 598, (40013); 599, (40020); 600, (40021), this
varies in having no ornamentation on the outer surface.
601-608. 601, (40176), shown in Fig. 418; 602, (40031); 603, (40038);
604, (40043); 605, (40046); 606, (40047); 607, (40050); 608, (40052)
609-628. 609, (40151); 610, (40152); 611, (40163); 612, (40168); 613,
(40170); 614, (40171); 615, (40175); 616, (40185); 617, (40186); 618,
(40188); 619, (40189), Fig. 419; 620, (40191); 621, (40193); 622,
(40194); 623, (40195); 624, (40196); 625, (40197); 626, (40199); 627,
(40200); 628, (40293), this piece is properly a bread bowl,
_Mō´-tsin-i-kā-sä-le_.
629-638. 629, (40295); 630, (40297); 631, (40298); 632, (40310); 633,
(40305); 634, (40306); 635, (40308); 636, (40309); 637, (40930); 638,
(40931), shown in Fig. 420. I would call attention here to the strong
similarity of the inner decorations of this bowl with those on the
body of the vase represented in Fig. 359. This is properly a bread
bowl.
639-646. 639, (40938); 640, (40957); 641, (40958); 642, (40967); 643,
(40971); 644, (40974); 645, (40975); 646, (41171), Fig. 421.
The following specimens have the same external decorations as those
represented in Figs. 413-421, but differ in regard to the figures on the
inner surface.
647. (40014). Fig. 422. The cut fails to show the figures of the elk
placed among the scroll ornaments.
648, 649. 648, (40023); 649, (40026).
650-658. 650, (40028), shown in Fig. 423; 651, (40035); 652, (40042);
653, (40045); 654, (40049); 655, (40051), these two are bread bowls;
656, (40153); 657, (40156); 658, (40178).
659-663. 659, (40183); 660, (40198); 661, (40202); 662, (40927), Fig.
424; and 663, (40932), Fig. 425.
[Illustration:
Fig. 419 (40189) (¼)
Fig. 420 (40931) (⅕)
Fig. 421 (41171) (⅕)
Figs. 419-421.--Zuñi Eating Bowls.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 422 (40014) (¼)
Fig. 423 (40028) (¼)
Fig. 424 (40927) (⅕)
Figs. 422-424.--Zuñi Eating Bowls.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 425 (40932) (¼)
Fig. 426 (40179) (¼)
Fig. 427 (40290) (¼)
Figs. 425-427.--Zuñi Eating Bowls.]
664-669. 664, (40951); 665, (40952); 666, (40960); 667, (40976); 668,
(40977); and 669, (40016), may be grouped together, as strongly
resembling each other in regard to their inner decorations.
670. (40027). Inner marginal band with diamond spaces and colored
triangles, scrolls, and small rosettes or flowers below.
671. (40030). No inner band; geometrical figures.
672. (40035). Narrow simple marginal band; elk and scrolls.
673. (40179), Fig. 426. Each of the following specimens has a similar
marginal band, but the inner central figures differ.
674-682. 674, (40037); 675, (40044); 676, (40187); 677, (40300); 678,
(40937); 679, (40966); 680, (40969); 681, (40973); 682, (40040).
Patch-work figures, resembling pieces of broken pottery.
683. (40157). Somewhat like Fig. 424, the perpendicular lines of the
band being doubly scalloped.
684. (40169). Marginal band a vine with leaves and flowers; central
figures similar to those on vase shown in Fig. 371.
685. (40182). No inner band; scroll figures.
686. (40190). No inner band; elks and geometrical figures.
687. (40201). Marginal band with triple lines similar to those in Fig.
424.
688. (40290). Shown in Fig. 427.
689. (40292). Marginal band similar to that on Fig. 427; scroll figures
in central portion.
690. (40294). Fig. 430. In this the outer decoration varies in having
the elongate triangle or lance point double, and the inner in having
the figure of a mule or donkey.
691. (40304). No marginal band; scroll figures.
692. (40302). Fig. 429.
693. (40486). A broad bowl; inner marginal band, the upper portion of
which has a line of diamond spaces. The under side of the oblique line
on the outer surface is bordered with scrolls as in Fig. 375. This is
a very large specimen, being eighteen inches in diameter. See Fig.
401.
694. (40928). Inner surface marked with geometrical figures.
695. (40970). No figures on the inner surface.
696. (40972). Inner decorations as in Fig. 419.
697. (40017). No outer decorations; inner surface with marginal band and
large white cross; remainder brown.
698. (40015). Outer and inner faces marked with triangles and slender
leaves.
699. (40024). Outer scalloped band, scroll figures internally.
700. (40022). Outer surface with scalloped band and large oblique
diamonds; inner with double scalloped band and scrolls.
701, 702. 701, (40158); 702, (40159). Outer face without decorations;
inner with large vermiform figures.
703. (40166). Both faces with oblique lines of scrolls.
704. (40192). Stems and leaves externally and internally.
705. (40195), Interior decorations profuse; scrolls, and diamond-shaped
figures.
706. (40934). Four scalloped bands on outer face; scroll figures on
inner surface.
707. (40935). No outer decorations; inside marked with a marginal band
of dots and lines; central scrolls.
708. (40939). Both surfaces with geometrical figures.
709. (40950). Marked externally with double lance points; internally
with scrolls.
710. (39954). Shown in Fig. 428. Here we see the head of the grotesque
bird reduced to a simple scroll.
Brown or yellow ware. Decorations in black or red, without external
ornamentation unless otherwise stated.
711-713. 711, (40011); 712. (40936); 713, (40962). Four large leaves
forming a cross.
714. (40018). Broad external band of horizontal and oblique dotted
lines. No figures on the inner surface.
715. (40032). External scalloped band; reversed pyramids or pueblos
internally.
716. (40039). Broad marginal band of half pyramids, alternately
reversed.
717. (40048). White vermiform figures.
718, 719. 718, (40154); 719, (40184). These are similarly marked, the
margin in both being also white.
The following specimens are without decorations of any kind:
720-733. 720, (40019); 721, (40036); 722, (40160); 723, (40162); 724,
(40165); 725, (40180); 726, (40307); 727, (40929); 728, (40953); 729,
(40954); 730, (40959); 731, (40962); 732, (40963); 733, (40968).
734. (40155). Patch-work.
735. (40172). Four serrate or scalloped bands on outer face. Similar
inner marginal band in outline; and outline pyramidal figures.
736. (40174). Outline pyramidal figures.
737-739. 737, (40173); 738, (40289); 739, (40964). Marginal band of
double outline scrolls.
740. (39618). Brown ware with decorations in black. Colored Fig. 380.
741. (39592). Brown ware with decorations in black. Colored Fig. 382.
[Illustration:
Fig. 428 (39954) (⅓)
Fig. 429 (40302) (¼)
Fig. 430 (40294) (⅕)
Figs. 428-430.--Zuñi Eating Bowls.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 431 (41135) (⅓)
Fig. 432 (41053) (¼)
Fig. 433 (41114) (⅙)
Fig. 434 (41092) (⅓)
Fig. 435 (40865) (⅓)
Fig. 436 (41113) (1/7)
Figs. 431-436.--Zuñi Cooking Vessels.]
_COOKING VESSELS._
These vessels are generally of medium size, though in some instances the
dimensions vary exceedingly. Those used in cooking for feasts are quite
large, sometimes with a capacity of about ten gallons; the smallest,
designed only for family use, are less than four inches in diameter and
not quite three inches high. They are of two general forms, one similar
to the ordinary pots used on cooking stoves, the other bowl-shaped. Two
specimens in the collection are provided with legs; to these the Zuñians
apply the name _sä-mū yĕn-sä-qui-pä_. See Fig. 432. As a general
rule, the rims of these vessels are flared, and on some of them, close
to the rim on the outside, are ear-like projections, which are probably
intended as catches by which, with pokers or sticks, they can be removed
from or arranged in position on the fire. They are never ornamented, and
have no coloring other than that which is acquired in baking. These
vessels are used in cooking such foods as contain liquids. Three names
are applied to cooking pots, having reference to size, viz.:
_päh-tēh-le_ is the large cylindrical pot; the smaller pot of the same
form is _päh-tēhl-tsān-nā_; and _wāh-li-äh-kä-tēhl-le_ is the common
cooking pot. The Olla or bowl-shaped pot, Fig. 433, is called
_sä-mū-yēn_.
The following numbers belong to the _päh-tēhl-tsān-nā_ group and present
no variations worthy of special notice.
742, 743. 742, (41113). Fig. 436; 743, (41114), Fig. 433. These
illustrations represent a form and have the appearance of the so-called
ancient ware; the latter specimen bears the impress of the grass which
was produced in the baking process.
744. (40865). Fig. 435. Cooking pot.
The following numbers represent specimens of cooking pots of varying
sizes, though generally small and of the form of No. 744, though some
few present the appearance of bowls:
745-766. 745, (41115); 746, (41116); 747, (41117); 748, (41118); 749,
(41119); 750, (41120); 751, (41121); 752, (41122); 753, (41123); 754,
(41124); 755, (41125); 756, (41126); 757, (41127); 758, (41128); 759,
(41129); 760, (41130); 761, (41131); 762, (41132); 763, (41137); 764,
(41138); 765, (41140); 766, (41141).
The following belong to the _sä-mū-yĕn_ bowls:
767-804. 767, (41055); 768, (41056); 769, (41057); 770, (41058); 771,
(41059); 772, (41060); 773, (41061); 774, (41062); 775, (41063); 776,
(41064); 777, (41065); 778, (41066); 779, (41067); 780, (41068); 781,
(41069); 782, (41070); 783, (41071); 784, (41072); 785, (41073); 786,
(41074); 787, (41075); 788, (41076); 789, (41077); 790, (41078); 791,
(41079); 792, (41080); 793, (41081); 794, (41082); 795, (41083); 796,
(41084); 797, (41085); 798, (41086); 799, (41087); 800, (41088); 801,
(41089); 802, (41090); 803, (41091); 804, (41092), shown in Fig. 434.
805-826. 805, (41093); 806, (41094); 807, (41095); 808, (41096); 809,
(41097); 810, (41098); 811, (41099); 812, (41100); 813, (41101); 814,
(41102); 815, (41103); 816, (41104); 817, (41106); 818, (41107); 819,
(41108); 820, (41109); 821, (41110); 822, (41111); 823, (41112); 824,
(41133); 825, (41139); 826, (41143). This is an unburnt specimen of
unusual form, resembling in this respect a sugar bowl, its margin and
sides undulated.
827, 828. 827, (40853), bowl-shaped with conical bottom; 828, (41053),
Fig. 432, pot-shaped, but with four legs.
829, 830. 829, (41134); 830, (41135), are really pitchers, as will be
seen by reference to Fig. 431, which represents the latter, but they
appear to be made for cooking purposes, as they are designated by the
name _sä-mū-yĕn_.
_LADLES._
Called by the Zuñians _sa-sho-kŏn-ne_. These are of two forms, one
resembling somewhat an oyster-shell, the other with a handle resembling
a spoon. The forms and decorations are shown in the figures. They are of
white ware usually with figures on the inner surface, and of red ware
without ornamentation. They vary in size from eight inches in length and
five inches across the bowl to four and a half and two and a half
inches.
831-839. 831, (39884); 832, (39894), Fig. 438; 833, (40430); 834,
(40431); 835, (40432), flower in the bowl; 836, (40433); 837, (40460);
838, (40461); 839, (41254). With handles.
840-841. 840, (39895); 841, (39896), figures of elks in the bowl.
Without handles.
842. (39929).
843, 844. 843, (40408) scrolls; 844, (40417), Fig. 440.
845, 846. 845, (40418); 846, (40419), this has a pretty marginal band,
and the figure of a slender bird in the bowl.
847-851. 847, (40420); 848, (40421); 849, (40422), Fig. 439; 450,
(40423); 451, (40424), resembles Fig. 440.
852-868. 852, (40425); 853, (40427); 854, (40428); 855, (40429); 856,
(40434); 857, (40435); 858, (40437); 859, (40438); 860, (40439); 861,
(40441); 862, (40442); 863, (40459); 864, (40462); 865, (40463); 866,
(40675); 867, (40677); 868, (40678), Fig. 441.
869, 870. 869, (40679); 870, (40875), Fig. 437.
[Illustration:
Fig. 437 (40875) (½)
Fig. 438 (39894) (⅓)
Fig. 439 (40422) (⅓)
Fig. 440 (40417) (⅓)
Fig. 441 (40678) (⅓)
Figs. 437-441.--Zuñi Ladles.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 442 (39971) (¼)
Fig. 443 (40075) (⅓)
Fig. 444 (40400) (⅓)
Fig. 445 (40371) (⅓)
Fig. 446 (40377) (⅓)
Fig. 447 (40372) (⅓)
Figs. 442-447.--Zuñi Clay Baskets.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 448 (40359) (⅓)
Fig. 449 (41019) (⅓)
Fig. 450 (40356) (¼)
Fig. 451 (40355) (⅓)
Fig. 452 (40354) (⅓)
Fig. 453 (40379) (⅓)
Figs. 448-453.--Zuñi Clay Baskets.]
_BASKETS._
Called by the Zuñians, _āh-wēhl-wi-āh-pä-sāhl_. These vessels, which
vary in size from four to eight inches in diameter and from two to five
in depth, are in the form of bowls, sometimes with a handle over the top
like a basket handle, sometimes without. The margin is either scalloped,
as in Fig. 452, or terraced so as to resemble the section of a pyramid
or pueblo, being cut in this form with a horse-hair while soft. They are
always of white ware decorated with black. The margin is uniformly
black, and there is often an inner and outer submarginal narrow band
following the undulations or terraces. The figures most common, and in
fact almost exclusively used, are those resembling tadpoles, but which,
as I learned, are intended to represent a small crustacean or the larva
of an insect common in the water-pools and streams of the Zuñi country;
and the somewhat grotesque figures of the horned toad (_Phrynosoma_).
These figures are placed both on the outer and inner surfaces, though
the figure of the reptile is generally found on the outer.
These singular vessels are used by the Indians only in their sacred and
ceremonial dances. In them is placed a small quantity of meal; they are
then borne in the hands of the women, who, during the dance, take a
small quantity of the meal, just as much as they can hold between the
tips of the fingers, and sprinkle it on the sacred objects and on the
heads of the persons leading in the ceremonies.
As the forms and decorations are correctly shown in the figures, I shall
only notice those which are unusual.
Without handles; margin scalloped:
871-873. 871, (40074); 872, (40075), Fig. 443; 873, (40400), Fig. 444.
Without handles; margin terraced:
874. (40337). Figures of insects on outer surface.
875-881. 875, (40344); 876, (40364); 877, (40367); 878, (40368); 879,
(40369); 880, (40370); 881, (40371), Fig. 445.
882-899. 882, (40372), Fig. 447; 883, (40373); 884, (40374); 885,
(40375); 886, (40376); 887, (40377), Fig. 446; 888, (40378); 889,
(40380); 890, (40381); 891, (40382); 892, (40383); 893, (40384); 894,
(40385); 895, (40392); 896, (40393); 897, (40394); 898, (40396); 899,
(40803), this specimen, which is but slightly burnt, is more globular
in form than usual, and has mounted on each pyramid a small image, one
human, one of a dog or fox, one of a chicken, and the other probably
intended for a bird. This is really not a meal basket, but is carried
in the dance for rain, and bears the name _tkhä-pō-kā-tēhl-le_.
900-902. 900, (41014); 901, (41015), this has in the place of the
reptile the figure of a bird; 902, (41018).
903. (39971). Fig. 442. A Zuñi clay basket without handles; the form of
the margin and inner decorations are unusual, and on this account and
the fact that the little water animal does not appear on it, it is
probably from some other tribe, though obtained at Zuñi.
904. (40354). Fig. 452. With handles; margin scalloped. The decorations
on this basket are unusual. The chief figure and the most interesting
one on this entire group of pottery is that of a snake encircling the
body of the basket; on the head of which is a feather crest.
905. (41019). Fig. 449. A Zuñi dance basket, one of the most complete in
form and decoration in the collection.
906-909. 906, (40356), Fig. 450; 907, (40390); 908, (40391); 909,
(40806). This is more cup shaped than usual, and is ornamented with
the geometrical figures common on bowls. It belongs to a distinct
class of sacred vessels to which the name _tkhä-pō-kā-tēhl-le_ is
applied.
910-913. 910, (40336); 911, (40353); 912, (40355), Fig. 451; 913,
(40357), varies in having the head of a bird. With handles; margins
terraced.
914-922. 914, (40358); 915, (40360); 916, (40361); 917, (40362); 918,
(40365); 919, (40366); 920, (40359), Fig. 448; 921, (40379), Fig. 453;
922, (40386). This and the three following specimens are small baskets
called by the Zuñians _āh´-wēhl-wi-āh-pä-sāhl-tsān-nā_.
923-928. 923, (40387); 924, (40388); 925, (40389); 926, (40395). This
and the two following bear the same figures as observed on Fig. 452.
927, (40397); 928, (40398).
929. (40399). This basket is ornamented with the conventional little
water animal, inside and out; it also presents the head and tail of a
snake, the body of which encircles the base of the basket. The head of
the snake is decorated with a crest and a horn-like projection
immediately before the eyes. The tongue and teeth are also represented
in colors on the specimen. The rim is serrated and painted black with
a small line conforming to the black band immediately under it.
930. (41016). Is without a handle, but noticeable for the representation
of a bird, on each side of which are two of the little water animals.
931. (41017). Basket without handle and four pyramids with serrated
edges, and representation of horned toad on sides.
932. (41019). Basket with handle, large toad on each side, and a
dragonfly on each side of the toad.
_PAINT CUPS._
These are always small, but vary in size from one and a half to three
inches in height. They are usually in the form of water vases or
globular jars, though sometimes of a true cup shape, and occasionally
cubical. They are generally single, but quite often double, and
occasionally triple and quadruple. To the large-sized single ones the
Zuñians apply the name of _hĕl-i-pō-kā-tēhl-le_; and to those of smaller
sizes, _hĕl-i-pō-kā-tēhl-tsān-nā_. They are usually without handles, but
sometimes these are present. The double ones are connected only by a bar
extending from the body of one to that of the other; and the triple and
quadruple ones in a similar manner. They are of red and white ware like
the other pottery; the decorations on the white are similar to those
already described, so far as they can be adapted to these small
articles.
We shall give the numbers without remarks, except to note unusual forms
and figures.
Single cups:
933-938. 933, (39881); 934, (39888); 935, (39938); 936, (39939); 937,
(39944); 938, (39945); with figures of the little aquatic animal so
frequently represented on the earthenware baskets used in rain dances.
939-942. 939, (39949); 940, (40036); 941, (40111); 942, (40112); square,
box-shaped, of brown ware and very rude.
943-946. 943, (40323); 944, (40324); 945, (40325); 946, (40326); with
terraced margin like that so common in baskets used in the sacred
dances.
947-952. 947, (40327); 948, (40328); 949, (40329); 950, (40330); 951,
(40331); 952, (40332). With meander band of simplest form.
953-961. 953, (40333), terraced margin; 954, (40334); 955, (40335); 956,
(40338); 957, (40339); 958, (40340); 959, (40341), true cup with
looped handles; 960, (40342); 961, (40343), with straight cylindrical
handle.
962-968. 962, (40345); 863, (40346); 964, (40347); 965, (40348), form of
the ordinary glass tumbler; 966, (40349); 967, (40352); 968, (40587).
Mug-shaped, with broad, horizontal rim.
969-974. 969, (40588); 970, (40589); 971, (40590); 972, (40591); 973,
(40592); 974, (40593). With simple meander band.
975. (40594). The artist has evidently attempted to figure on this the
true meander (Greek fret), but has failed.
976. (40595). Marked with the grotesque horned toad so common on the
earthenware baskets.
977-979. 977, (40596); 978, (40597); 979, (40598). Spherical in form,
decorated with figures of the grotesque bird heretofore mentioned.
980-983. 980, (40599), bowl-shaped; 981, (40645); 982, (40647); 983,
(40648). Bird with a scroll arising out of its back.
984-994. 984, (40649); 985, (40650); 986, (40651); 987, (40684); 988,
(40826); 989, (40828), Fig. 455; 990, (40829); 991, (40830); 992,
(39768); 993, (39982); 994, (39983).
Double cups (_hĕl-i-pō-kā-tēhl-i-pä-chin_). The little water animal is a
common figure on these.
995-998. 995, (39931); 996, (39932), Fig. 454; 997, (39948); 998,
(40350). This has the connecting bar arched so as to form a handle.
999-1004. 999, (40351); 1000, (40433); 1001, (40444); 1002, (40445);
1003, (40447); 1004, (40349). The last five are plain.
1005-1007. 1005, (40448); 1006, (40449); 1007, (40450). With scalloped
margin, double bars, the upper one arched; grotesque figures of horned
toad.
1008-1017. 1008, (40451); 1009, (40452); 1010, (40454); 1011, (40455);
1012, (40456); 1013, (40457); 1014, (40610), double bar or bar and
handle; 1015, (40681), Fig. 456; 1016, (40682); 1017, (40854), square,
without bar.
Triple cups:
1018-1023. 1018, (40605); 1019, (40606); 1020, (40609); 1021, (40680);
1022, (40693); 1023, (40856).
Quadruple cups, to which is applied the same Zuñi name as that given to
those provided with triple and quadruple cups.
1024, 1025. 1024, (40612), Fig. 457; 1025, (40613). Brown, square,
united directly at the sides without bars.
1026-1029. 1026, (40652); 1027, (40855); 1028, (40856), square; 1029,
(40859), square.
_CONDIMENT CUPS._
These are similar in form and decorations to the paint cups, and are
also round and square, single, double, and quadruple. They are usually
small, holding from less than half a pint to a pint. The different names
applied to them will be given as they are reached in the list. The
double and quadruple ones are connected together in the same manner as
the multiple paint-pots,
Single cups:
1030. (39878). Square with figures of chickens on the sides.
_Mā-pō-kā-tēhl-le_ is the name by which the round or vase-shaped vessels
are designated. They are numbered as follows:
1031. (39905). Fig. 459. The figures on this specimen appear to be
intended as representations of some neuropterous insect, but possibly
they represent birds.
1032-1037. 1032, (40653); 1033, (40654); 1034, (40655); 1035, (40656);
1036, (40657); 1037, (40658). Some of these appear, from the fragments
of bars attached to them, to have belonged to double specimens.
1038, 1039. 1038, (40633); 1039, (40832). These two are red ware.
1040-1049. 1040, (40833); 1041, (40834); 1042, (40835); 1043, (41006);
1044, (41007); 1045, (41008), Fig. 458; 1046, (41170); 1047, (40603);
1048, (40606); and 1049, (40664), are square.
Double cups:
The round form has the same name as the single salt cup, but the square
pattern is named _Mā´-pō-kā-thlē-lō-ne_. The following specimens belong
to the latter class:
1050-1057. 1050, (39900); 1051, (39901); 1052, (40416); 1053, (40604);
1054, (40662); brown 1055, (40683); 1056, (40831); 1057, (40661).
1058-1068. The following are round: 1058, (40410); 1059, (40411); 1060,
(40412); 1061, (40413); 1062, (40414); 1063, (40415); 1064, (40440);
1065, (40659); 1066, (40660); 1067, (40666); 1068, (40667).
1069. (40836). Quadruple. This and the last three preceding specimens
are ornamented like Fig. 458.
[Illustration:
Fig. 454 (39932) (⅓)
Fig. 455 (40828) (⅓)
Fig. 456 (40681) (½)
Fig. 457 (40612) (½)
Fig. 458 (41008) (⅓)
Fig. 459 (39905) (⅓)
Figs. 454-459.--Zuñi Paint and Condiment Cups.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 460 (40059) (⅓)
Fig. 461 (40140) (⅓)
Figs. 460, 461.--Zuñi Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 462 (40740) (¼)
Fig. 463 (40738) (¼)
Figs. 462, 463.--Zuñi Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 464 (40739) (¼)
Fig. 465 (40066) (⅓)
Fig. 466 (40743) (⅓)
Fig. 467 (40754) (¼)
Figs. 464-467.--Zuñi Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 468 (40748) (¼)
Fig. 469 (40767) (½)
Figs. 468, 469.--Zuñi Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 470 (41026) (⅓)
Fig. 471 (39910) (⅓)
Figs. 470, 471.--Zuñi Effigies.]
_EFFIGIES._
These figures, which are of small size, the largest not exceeding one
foot in length, are quite rude, rendering it difficult in some cases to
tell what animal is intended, the only exceptions to this rule being
some figures of owls, in which the Zuñians appear to have made the
nearest approach to the true form. They are generally of white ware,
decorated with colors. Often these decorations are arbitrary, but as a
general rule there has been an evident attempt to imitate nature so far
as it could be done with the various shades of brown and black.
Some of the larger pieces, especially the owls, have an opening at the
top or on the back, as though designed for water vessels.
The objects most commonly represented are owls (which largely
predominate), antelope, elk, ducks, and chickens. The human form, the
pig, sheep, horse, &c., are occasionally represented.
Owls, _mū-hū-que_ and _mū-hū-que-tsān-nā_. These are nearly always
represented with feet, and in most cases with legs. The body is usually
disproportionately large, as are also the legs; the bill is small, and
the wings are represented by small lateral projections; the tail is
short. The eyes are generally well represented. The feathers, as will be
seen, by reference to the figures, are quite well shown. The figures
nave an opening on the top of the head.
As there is a strong similarity in form, and the mode of decorating them
is shown in the figures, no special remarks on the different specimens
are necessary.
1070-1077. 1070, (39875); 1071, (39876); 1072, (39877); 1073, (39921);
1074, (39942); 1075, (39957); 1076, (40054); 1077, (40059), shown in
Fig. 460; this is one of the very few without feet.
1078-1096. 1078, (40064); 1079, (40065); 1080, (40068); 1081, (40138);
1082, (40140), Fig. 461; 1083, (40261); 1084, (40142), small; 1085,
(40262); 1086, (40141); 1087, (40142); 1088, (40409); 1089, (40734);
1090, (40735), without feet; 1091, (40736); 1092, (40737); 1093,
(40738), Fig. 463, very large; 1094, (40740), Fig. 462; 1095, (40741);
1096, (40742).
1097-1112. 1097, (40743), Fig. 466; 1098, (40744); 1099, (40745); 1100,
(40746), without feet; 1101, (40747); 1102, (40748), Fig. 468; 1103,
(40749); 1104, (40750); 1105, (40751); 1106, (40752); 1107, (40753);
1108, (40754), Fig. 467; 1109, (40755); 1110, (40756); 1111, (40757);
1112, (40758), without decorations.
1113-1120. 1113, (40759); 1114, (40760); 1115, (40761); 1116, (40762);
1117, (40763); 1118, (40764); 1119, (40765); 1120, (40766), bearing a
single young owl on its back.
1121. (40767). Shown in Fig. 469, bearing three young owls on its back.
1122. (41043).
1123, 1124. 1123, (40066), Fig. 465, and 1124, (40739), Fig. 464. Two
owl-shaped water vessels from Zuñi.
Duck-shaped canteens, _ē-yāh-mē-hē-to_, are usually represented in a
swimming posture, without feet, though occasionally the standing posture
is adopted. The feather decorations are not so generally used as on the
owls; several specimens bear on the back or sides the figure of the
grotesque bird with spread wings. These specimens, like the owl images,
have an orifice on the top of the head as though intended for water
vessels, but are seldom used as such at the present time.
1125. (39910). Shown in Fig. 471.
The following are similar:
1126, 1127. 1126, (39879); 1127, (39889).
1128. (36911). With feet, in standing posture.
1129. (40063). With wings, without feet.
1130. (41023). This and the three following specimens have feather
decorations and are small. _Ē-yāh-mē-hē-tō-tsān-nā_ of the Zuñians.
1131-1133. 1131, (41024); 1132, (41025); 1133, (41027).
1134. (41026), Fig. 470. Chickens. The cock, _tō-kōk-ke_; the hen,
_tō-kōk-kā_. The general term applied to the young, without reference
to sex, is _sä-pi-pe_.
1135. (39919). Represented in Fig. 472.
1136, 1137. 1136, (41028); 1137, (41029).
1138. (41030). Shown in Fig. 476.
1139, 1140. 1139, (41031); 1140. (41032).
1141, 1142. 1141, (41033); 1142, (41034).
1148-1147. 1143, (41035); 1144, (41036); 1145, (41037), Fig. 475; 1146,
(41038); 1147, (41039).
1148-1151. 1148, (41040); 1149, (41041), Fig. 474; 1150, (41042); 1151,
(41216), this piece represents a hen with three young chickens on her
back, as in Fig. 473.
1152-1155. 1152, (39897); 1153, (41044); 1154, (41045); 1155, (41046),
Fig. 477. Antelope. (_māh-ā-wi._) The form and decorations are shown
in Figs. 477 and 478.
1156-1161. 1156, (41047); 1157, (41048); 1158, (41050), Fig. 478; 1159,
(41219); 1160, (41210); 1161, (41211).
1162. (41049). Elk, _shō-hi-ta_.
1163-1166. 1163, (41212), Fig. 480; 1164, (41213); 1165, (41214); 1166,
(41217). Pigs, _pits-ō-te_. The figures show the forms and decorations
with sufficient accuracy to make further description unnecessary.
1167. (41218). Ox, _wē-ä-si_. But a single example in the collection.
Shown in Fig. 479.
1168-1170. 1168, (41219); 1169, (41220); 1170, (41221). Sheep,
_Kān-ē-lū_. These, like the pigs, are usually marked with spots. One
specimen has these spots in the form of an S, or sigmoid figure.
1171. (41222). The Big Horn (_Ovis montana_), _Hä-li-tkū_. This is the
only specimen obtained and is a very rude figure, not easily
recognizable.
1172. (41224). The Lynx, _Tē-pi_. Orifice in the top of the head.
Decorated with spots.
1173. (41225). The Horse, _Tūsch_. Decorations, spots, and lines
representing hair. A very poor figure; without the name would be
unrecognizable.
1174. (41226). Man on horseback, _I-mäl-tō-yi_. The figure of the man is
evidently intended to represent a Mexican, as shown by the ordinary
hat and clothing. The saddle is represented, but there is no bridle or
other trappings.
_STATUETTES._
1175. (40071). Indian boy without clothing and wearing moccasins.
1176. (40076). _Wi-hā_. Baby.
1177. (40860). _Klem-chi-ka_. Man with hat and clothing.
1178. (40861). Nude female figure.
1179. (40862). Man with hat and clothing.
1180. (40863). Nude female figure.
[Illustration:
Fig. 472 (39919) (⅓)
Fig. 473 (41216) (⅕)
Fig. 474 (41041) (⅓)
Fig. 475 (41037) (¼)
Fig. 476 (41030) (⅓)
Figs. 472-476.--Zuñi Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 477 (41046) (⅕)
Fig. 478 (41050) (⅓)
Fig. 479 (41218) (⅕)
Fig. 480 (41212) (⅕)
Figs. 477-480.--Zuñi Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 481 (39927) (⅓)
Fig. 482 (40061) (⅓)
Fig. 483 (40631) (⅓)
Figs. 481-483.--Zuñi Clay Moccasins.]
1181. (41223). Human hand, _ah-sin-ne_. Represents the hand and wrist.
Rather good figure. The wrist is surrounded by a colored scalloped
band, as a bracelet.
Moccasins. _Mō-quā-we_. These are usually very correct in form, the
differences between the right and left being always properly
represented. Sometimes they are made singly, but usually in pairs,
united directly or by a little straight bar or curved handle at the
posterior end. White with color decorations, or brown or lead-colored
without decorations, diminutive in size. The following specimens are
without decorations:
1182-1190. 1182, (39924); 1183, (39925); 1184, (39946); 1185, (39947);
1186, (40055); 1187, (40626); 1188, (40629); 1189, (40634); 1190,
(40635). The last two have loops at the heel and were used as paint
cups.
Decorated with colors:
1191. (40637). Pair still united.
1192. (39927). Shown in Fig. 481.
1193. (40060). With lines; handle at the heel.
1194, 1195. 1194, (40061), Fig. 482; 1195, (40628), decorated with
grotesque bird.
1196. (40630). With same figure.
1197. (40631). Represented in Fig. 483.
1198. (40633). This pretty pair is profusely ornamented with serrate
lines from the tip to the ankles.
1199, 1200. 1199, (40634) and 1200, (40636). Single, decorations, same
as in the preceding; probably belong to one pair, as part of the
connecting band remains on them.
1201. (40804). Anomalous. _Tkhä-pō-kā-tēhl-le_. In the form of a low or
depressed vase, with two handles, decorated with scroll figures;
margin straight.
1202. (40805). Vase-shaped, with single handle; a scalloped and an
undulate band around the body. Margin straight.
1203. (42375). Toy house. Composed of clay and willow sticks. Made by
children.
_CLAYS AND PIGMENTS._
The following specimens are employed in the manufacture of pottery and
for decorative purposes:
1204, 1205. 1204, (41230) and 1205, (41231). Are specimens of a whitish
clay or kaolin, of which a solution is made and applied to the outer
surfaces of earthenware. This whiting in a coarser state is used for
white-washing their chimneys and rooms.
1206. (41265). Is a dark carbonaceous clay which the Zuñi Indians obtain
from near the summit of a mesa on which stand the ruins of their
ancient village--or, at least, where they claim to have resided during
the Spanish invasion of their country. As this clay is one of the
principal elements in the manufacture of Zuñi pottery, a quantity of
it was procured and numbered as one of the specimens of the
collection.
1207. (41901). Small nodules of azurite used by the Indians in
decorating their altars, &c.
1208. (41902). White clay or kaolin, same as Nos. 1204 and 1205.
1209. (41903). Finer quality of white clay.
1210, 1211. 1210, (41904) and 1211, (41905). Are specimens of the above
of a coarser quality.
1212. (41906). Tierra amarilla, or yellow micaceous clay, of which the
Rio Grande Indians make many varieties of vessels.
1213. (42342). A yellowish sandy clay, which is used as one of the
coloring pigments in decorating pottery. This clay burns to a reddish
hue and gives to the pottery those lines of a brick-red color.
1214. (42343). Very dark colored ore, resembling magnetic iron ore; this
stone is reduced in a small mortar, and a paint made of it for
decorating their ware black, which result is obtained by baking.
VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.
_BASKETRY._
1215. (40108). A globular-shaped water basket, with a small neck, about
two inches long and three in diameter.
1216. (40109). Double-lobed, canteen-shaped water basket, with both
outer and inner surfaces coated with gum. The neck is about the size
of that of the preceding basket. The centre is compressed to about the
size of the neck; the bottom flat.
1217. (40110). Similar to the preceding.
1218. (40115). This specimen is a good representation of the basketry
manufactured by the Zuñians, used for carrying peaches. It is well
shown in Fig. 484.
1219-1235. 1219, (40116); 1220, (40117); 1221, (40118); 1222, (40119);
1223, (40120); 1224, (40121); 1225, (40122); 1226, (40123); 1227,
(40124); 1228, (40125); 1229, (40126), Fig. 488; 1230, (40127); 1231,
(40128); 1232, (40129); 1233, (40130); 1234, (40131); 1235, (40132),
are Zuñi baskets of the same character, of coarse willow ware. Sizes
and shapes somewhat similar.
1236. (40133). This specimen is an illustration of one form quite
common. We found them in general use for bringing ripe peaches from
the field. Fig. 484 shows very clearly the manner of weaving them.
1237-1240. 1237, (40134); 1238, (41135); 1239, (41136); 1240, (41137),
are all samples of the same basketry. These baskets are called by the
Zuñians _hu-chi-pŏn-nē_.
1241. (40143). A small platter-shaped corn, basket of the same coarse
structure. They are called _tsi-i-lē_.
1242-1247. 1242, (40144); 1243, (40145); 1244, (40146); 1245, (40147);
1246, (40148); and 1247, (40149) are similar examples of corn baskets.
1248-1257. 1248, (40401); 1249, (40402); 1250, (40403); 1251, (40404);
1252, (40405); 1253, (40406); 1254, (40407); 1255, (40478); 1256,
(40479); and 1257, (40480) are a variety of examples of the corn
basket or _hu-chi-pŏn-ne_.
1258. (40881). Toy basket of Navajo manufacture, of closely-woven fibre,
about three inches in diameter. A string is attached to it for wearing
it on the breast as an ornament, called _hō-in-hlän-tsān-nā_.
1259, 1260. 1259, (40882), and 1260, (40883). Small cup or rather
saucer-shaped baskets similar in construction to the preceding two
numbers.
1261. (40884). Is a corn basket of the same manufacture as the
preceding, of much larger size, and called _hō-in-hlän-nā_.
1262-1264. 1262, (40917); 1263, (40918); 1264, (40919) _Tsi´-i-lē_;
large-sized, coarsely woven, tray-like baskets.
1265. (40920). Toy basket; coarse, _tsi-i-lā-tsān-nā_.
1266-1268. 1266, (40921); 1267, (40922); 1268, (40923). Navajo water
baskets, jug-shaped, _kō-sē-tŏm-mē_.
1269. (41208). Large flaring or bowl-shaped basket of Apache
manufacture; water-tight; used for holding flour and meal; very
compactly woven; called by the Zuñis _hō-in_.
1270. (41209). Very large specimen of the same ware woven with different
colored fibres, so as to present a decorated inner surface.
1271. (41227). _Tklā-lim-ne_ or basket with abrupt sides. Navajo
manufacture.
1272-1275. 1272, (41228), Fig. 485; 1273, (41229); 1274, (41230); and
1275, (41231) are examples of the coarsely-woven flat basketry used
frequently for winnowing small grain. The illustration shows the
details sufficiently without further description.
1276. (41248). Basket tray for bread, of the closely-woven class, called
_mi-tū-li-hō-in_.
1277. (41256). Toy basket, _tsi-li-tsān-nā_.
_PADS._
The following are ring-shaped pads made of yucca leaves interwoven in
such a manner as to leave the centre open sufficiently to fit the top of
the head. These pads are used in carrying water, by placing the pad on
the head into which the base of the vase fits. They are used also to
hold water jars and vases on the ground, thus protecting the bottom of
the vessels from wearing away. They are called in Zuñi _hā-kin-ne_.
1278-1287. 1278, (40464); 1279, (40465); 1280, (40466); 1281, (40467);
1282, (40468); 1283, (40469); 1284, (40470); 1285, (40471); 1286,
(40472) are examples of this pad, of which Fig. 486, 1287r. (40473),
is an illustration.
The following are objects of the same kind:
1288-1292. 1288, (40474); 1289, (40475); 1290, (40924); 1291, (40925);
1292, (40926).
_DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTS, TOYS, &c._
In the collection are a number of wooden spoons or ladles of various,
sizes. These utensils were not frequently met with. The readiness with
which the Indians can make pottery or earthern ladles, a large number of
which are in the collection, has caused these to supersede the former.
The wooden spoons are always chiseled from a single piece of wood. See
Fig. 490.
[Illustration:
Fig. 490 (40876) (¼)]
1293-1297. 1293, (40876); 1294, (40877); 1295, (40878); 1296, (41020);
1297, (41022) are specimens of spoons and ladles of wood. The large
ones are called _täm-shŏ-kŏn-nā-tsān_, the smaller, _täm-shŏ-kŏn tsān
nā_.
1298. (41276). A wooden chair, made entirely of wood and in imitation,
of a common chair, ornamented with carvings.
1299. (42292). Meat-block in the form of a stool, one side of which is
used for chopping, the other to sit upon.
1300. (40827). Rotary drill, with stone disk and flint point, usually
employed in perforating turquoise and other hard substances for
ornaments. See Figure 494. Called by the Zuñis _klā-tŏ-ne_.
1301. (40809). A small rectangular wooden box with a lid, used as a
treasure-box, for holding choice trinkets and ornaments such as
feathers, &c., called _la-pŏ-ka kle-tŏn-tsān-nā_.
1302. (41279). Wooden gun rack, made of pieces of flat wood, of a
rectangular form, with notches in the upright sides for holding guns
and bows. It is common in Zuñi.
1303. (41192). A wooden comb used in connection with the loom. It is
provided with teeth about one inch long; these teeth are placed
between the perpendicular threads and with the hand brought down
firmly on the cross-threads or yarn until it is perfectly compact. The
blankets woven in this manner are water-tight. This comb is called
_o-hā-nā-pā-ne_.
1304-1307. 1304, (42043); 1305, (42044); 1306, (42045); and 1307,
(42046); are combs above described, used with looms.
1308. (40810). A wooden comb of the same character.
[Illustration:
Fig. 484 (40133) (¼)
Fig. 485 (41228) (¼)
Fig. 486 (40473) (⅓)
Fig. 487 (41725) (¼)
Fig. 488 (40126) (⅓)
Fig. 489 (41184) (¼)
Figs. 484-489.--Zuñi Basketry, and Toy Cradles.]
1309. (41700). Bundle of fine grass stems for a comb.
1310. (41282). Comb and brush, combined, made from dried grass stems;
one end is used as a comb, the other as a brush.
1311. (41277). Wooden spade or shovel quite like an ordinary spade, used
by the Indians for shoveling snow from the roofs of their houses, and
for taking bread from their bakeovens. See Fig. 495.
1312. (40879). Wooden digger and corn-planter, called _tā-sā-quin-ne_.
This is the only specimen of the kind in the collection. The foot is
used in digging as we use a spade. In making holes in the ground for
planting grain, one foot is placed on the short projection, and the
individual using it walks along, each alternate step making a hole in
the ground into which to drop the grain. See Fig. 496.
1313. (41262). Medicine sticks to influence rain. These little sticks
are found hidden beneath the rafters of nearly every house in Zuñi.
1314. (41275). Wooden war-club, which the Zuñis claim was one of their
original weapons of war. See Fig. 491.
1315. (41856). A peculiar warty squash or gourd hollowed out and filled
with pebbles to make a rattling sound, used in most of the dances. See
Fig. 497.
[Illustration:
Fig. 497 (41856) (⅓)]
1316. (41281). Gourd dance rattle.
1317. (41196). Squash or gourd for making rattles.
1318. (41197). Smooth-surfaced squash for rattle.
1319. (41189). Gourd painted red, yellow, and black, which is suspended
to a pole held in the dance called by the Zuñis _tŏm-tschūl-tŏn-ne_.
1320. (41190). Yellow gourd, with black band, and having alternate
squares of white and black around the centre, through which a stick is
passed for holding it in the hand during a dance. The gourd is placed
on the stick in an inverted position. On the top of the stick a bunch
of feathers is attached. This ornament is generally used in their
social dances, in which the young men and women mingle. See Fig. 492.
1321. (41193). Water gourds.
1322. (41194). Gourd with opening in the end of the handle.
1323-1334. 1323, (41198); 1324, (41199); 1325, (41200); 1326, (41201);
1327, (41202); 1328, (41203); 1329, (41204); 1330, (41205); 1331,
(41206); 1332, (41207); 1333, (41234); 1334, (41235), are wooden birds
carved and painted to represent such as they are accustomed to seeing
daily. Those represented are the magpie, prairie lark, oriole, humming
bird, and swallow. The latter is shown in Fig. 493. The object is
attached to a stick in such a manner that the wings can be made to
move up and down by pulling a string, in imitation of the bird in
flight.
1335. (41184). Toy or baby cradle, called _wi-hā-klem-tsān-nā_, (see
Fig. 489), with a wooden doll arranged to show the manner of securing
children in cradles.
1336. (41725). Cradle with wooden doll, Fig. 487, composed of woven
willows.
1337. (41724). Toy drum, _tō´-sō-än-än-tōm-me_.
1338. (41285). Spinning top.
_FOODS._
1339. (40905). _Wia-vi_, or wafer bread.
1340. (41261). Meal from Indian maize.
1341. (41263). Chili, or ground-red pepper.
1342. (41264). Dried peaches; Indian style.
1343. (41266). Dried squash; Indian style.
1344. (41267). Indian beans.
1345. (41271). Corn parched by the Indians.
1346. (41272). Native salt of Zuñi.
1347. (41273). Zuñi bread.
1348. (41274). Zuñi bread used in the dance.
1349. (41280). Zuñi bread.
1350. (41283). Zuñi sprouted wheat, from which a juice or wine is
obtained.
1351. (42050). Horse beans cultivated by the Indians.
_MEDICINES AND DYES._
1352. (41172). Root used as medicine.
1353. (41173). Root used as medicine.
1354. (41175). Root used as medicine, called by the Zuñians
_āh-quā-ā-we_.
1355. (41174). Bark for coloring buckskin red.
1356. (41907). Plant for coloring black.
1357. (41908). Plant used for decorating pottery black, the oil or juice
of which is used.
[Illustration:
Fig. 491 (41275) (1/7)
Fig. 492 (41190) (⅛)
Fig. 493 (41235) (⅙)
Fig. 494 (40827) (⅕)
Fig. 495 (41277) (1/10)
Fig. 496 (40879) (1/10)
Figs. 491-496.--Zuñi War Club, Dance Ornaments, etc.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 500 (41713)
Fig. 501 (41808)
Fig. 502 (41838)
Figs. 500-502.--ZUÑI SASHES.]
ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.
_HORN AND BONE._
1358. (41284). Bone awl, with iron shaft.
1359-1361. 1359, (41851); 1360, (41852); and 1361, (41853), Fig. 498,
are specimens of a rattle or musical instrument made from the shell of
a turtle which is highly esteemed by the Pueblo tribes. The flesh of
the turtle is carefully removed from the shell, leaving it hollow. To
the edges of the breast plate are attached the toes of goats or sheep.
These toes coming in contact with the hollow shell produce a peculiar
sound, in keeping with the sound caused by the gourd rattles used in
the same ceremony. The rattle is fastened to the rear of the right leg
near the knee when employed in the dances.
[Illustration:
Fig. 498 (41853) (⅓)]
_SKIN._
1362. (41287). Lasso or lariat of plaited leather.
1363. (41219). Hopple strap; ends locked by small blocks of wood. See
Fig. 499.
[Illustration:
Fig. 499 (41219) (⅕)]
_WOVEN FABRICS._
1364. (41251). Moki scarf, from Zuñi.
1365. (41552). Child’s shirt of calico, _ō-chū-ōtsn-nā_.
1366. (41253). Squaw’s knit leggings.
1367, 1368. 1367, (41801) and 1368, (41807). Are sashes of Moki
manufacture, handsomely embroidered at each end in colors.
1369, 1370. 1369, (41712) and 1370, (14713). Are worsted woven belts for
the waist, called _eh-ni-ne_. See Fig. 500.
1371. (41714). Worsted garter, called _eh-ni-ne tsān-nā_.
1372. (41801). Finely-woven white cotton with embroidered edge, of which
the following are examples:
1373-1375. 1373, (41802); 1374, (41803), and 1375, (41804).
1376. (41805). Blue woolen scarf.
1377. (41806). Scarf.
1378. (41807). Sash. See Fig. 501.
1379. (41808). Sash. See Fig. 502.
1380. (41809). Navajo blanket, used as a squaw’s dress, with red border.
1381. (41810). Similar blanket.
1382. (41811). Navajo blanket with blue border. The following are
similar to the preceding:
1383-1388. 1383, (41812); 1384, (41813); 1385, (41814); 1386, (41815);
1387, (41816); and 1388, (41817).
1389. (41818). Saddle-blanket, in colors.
1390-1395. 1390, (41819); 1391, (41820); 1392, (41821); 1393, (41822);
1394, (41823); and 1395, (41824), are also saddle-blankets.
1396. (41825). Imperfect large robe of wool.
1397. (42223). Sample of green yarn used by the Zuñians in making belts
and blankets.
1398. (42201). War trophy, worn as shoulder belt; the band which passes
over the shoulder is ornamented with arrow-points which are fastened
in the plaiting. The plaited portion is made of the skin dress of a
slain Navajo. So highly did the Zuñians prize this trophy that I was
obliged to promise its return before I was allowed to take it away. A
sketch was made of it, after which it was returned to the Indians.
1399. (42268). A Zuñi charm, made from a piece of shell rounded and
pierced near one end to-receive a string.
[Illustration:
Fig. 503 (41726) (⅙)]
1400. (41726). Head-dress worn by maidens in dances. Fig. 503 shows the
form. The flower is sometimes red and yellow; this is attached to one
side of the band which goes over the head; to the other side is
attached a horn-shaped ornament. The flower is called _ātē än-ne_. The
horn on the left is called _sai´änne_. The band that encircles the
head is called _gĕm-me_. The following are articles of the same kind,
differing only in ornamentation:
1401-1408. 1401, (41727); 1402, (41728); 1403, (41729); 1404, (41730);
1405, (41731); 1406, (41732); 1407, (41733); and 1408, (41734).
1409. (41698). Wool rosette; part of head-dress.
1410. (41699). Cotton rosette; part of head-dress.
1411. (41697). Charm of wild turkey feathers.
[Illustration:
Fig. 504 (42207) (⅓)
Fig. 505 (42208) (⅓)
Fig. 506 (42337) (⅓)
Fig. 507 (42213) (⅓)
Fig. 508 (42311)
Figs. 504-508.--Wolpi Axes and Metate.]
1412. (42206). Grooved axe of black fine-grained sandstone, about eight
inches long; water-worn to its present shape, afterward grooved to
render it suitable for use.
1413. (42207). Fig. 504. Grooved axe, of basalt. The only specimen of
this particular form in the collection.
1414. (42208). Fig. 505. Large stone celt of coarse sandstone, light
gray color. It is shaped more like a wedge than the cut indicates. It
is difficult to conjecture what this implement could have been used
for. The sandstone of which it is made is too soft for either
splitting or hammering. As it is about ten inches long and has four
flat sides it may have been a grinder, as many of those implements are
not unlike it in length and appearance. Its surface is quite rough and
pitted.
1415. (42209). Sandstone maul, grooved, surface rough.
1416. (42210). Triangular-shaped maul, grooved in the middle; of coarse
basalt. This and similar mauls evidently at one time had handles fixed
to them, but at the present day it is not uncommon to see the modern
Pueblo Indians holding them in the hand to crush their grain, chili or
red-pepper pods in round mortars.
1417. (42211). Grooved axe of basalt.
1418. (42212). Small grooved axe of metamorphic rock.
1419. (42213). Fig. 507. Water-worn boulder of quartzite, grooved around
the centre.
1420. (42214). Basaltic maul, grooved in the middle like the preceding.
Used by the Indians at the present day for pounding chili or red
pepper.
1421. (42216). Grooved axe of greenstone, quite long, well shaped, and
nicely polished.
1422. (42217). Grooved axe of greenstone, similar to the preceding.
1423. (42218). Grooved axe of sandstone; top square.
1424. (42219). Axe of basalt, grooved on three sides.
1425. (42220). Grooved axe of greenstone.
1426. (42221). Grooved axe of quartz.
1427. (42222). Grooved axe of sandstone. Groove very near the top.
1428. (42223). Grooved axe of greenstone, well polished.
1429. (42224). Grooved axe of schistose rock, much flattened, with a
small second groove below the larger one. 1430. (42225). Small grooved
axe of greenstone, body rather square, top quite small, with the
groove very near it.
1431. (42226). Axe of basalt, grooved on three sides near its top, which
is flat.
1432. (42227). Grooved on three sides.
1433. (42228). Grooved axe.
1434. (42319). Grooved axe made from a fragment of a grinder.
1435. (42320). Same as preceding.
1436. (42321). Rough chipping or stone hammer.
1437. (42322). Large grooved maul of a ferruginous substance.
1438. (42323). Large egg-shaped grooved maul of coarse sandstone.
1439. (42326). Large grooved maul of irregular shape and surface;
finegrained sandstone.
1440-1447. 1440, (42327); 1441, (42328); 1442, (42329); 1443, (42330);
1444, (42331); 1445, (42332); 1446, (42333); 1447, (42334), are all
quite similar to the two preceding mauls, and are all of sandstone.
1448. (42335). A very large grooved maul, almost square, and weighing
about fifteen pounds.
1449. (42336). Grooved maul of very coarse-grained sandstone; short and
thick.
1450. (42337). Fig. 506. Grooved maul of compact sandstone. The body of
the maul is almost round, though the cut makes it appear flat. Several
such specimens were collected, and in all instances they show that
they have been better preserved than the axes. This is probably due to
the fact that their shape adapts them to grinding foods and grain, and
hence they are not used for splitting or cutting.
1451. (42339). Rough stone maul of sandstone, grooved in the middle.
1452. (42350). Small grooved axe of sandstone from the ruins of Pecos.
1453. (42246). Celt of a very black slate stone.
1454. (42247). Celt. This is a very fine specimen, of yellow polished
slate of about the same texture as the preceding one. It is about
twelve inches long, and tapers gradually from the broad edge to the
top.
_METATES, OR GRAIN-GRINDERS, AND PESTLES._
1455-1460. 1455, (42279); 1456, (42287); 1457, (42289); 1458, (42309);
1459, (42310); 1460, (42311), are ordinary specimens of the metate
placed together in the shape of a mill. See Fig. 508.
1461, 1462. 1461, (42313), and 1462, (42314), are rubbing stones.
1463. (42338). Broken metate rubber.
1464. (42249). Rubbing stone.
1465. (40139). Rude rubber of silicified wood.
1466. (42274). Small quartz rubber.
1467. (42275). Small greenstone rubber.
1468-1473. 1468, (42276); 1469, (42277); 1470, (42278); 1471, (42316);
1472, (42317); 1473, (42318), are all fragrants of rubbers.
1474. (42290). Bound sandstone pestle, each end ovate.
1475. (42294). Square sandstone pestle.
1476. (42295). Small round pestle, with rounded ends.
_MORTARS, PESTLES, ETC._
Nearly all the pestles and mortars from Wolpi present evidences of age.
They are nearly all of coarse sandstone, and were used for bruising food
and grain. They are usually quite large, heavy, and round. As they are
generally of soft yielding rocks, the cavities are worn very deep in
most of them.
1477. (42281). Large flat food mortar.
1478. (42282). Paint mortar, made from a round sandstone boulder about
five inches in diameter.
1479. (42283). Grain mortar.
1480. (42284). Mortar made from a round somewhat flattened sandstone
boulder.
1481. (42285). Food mortar of indurated sandstone, about four inches
thick and eight inches in diameter, irregularly round, the depression
being about three inches deep.
1482. (42286). Mortar for crushing grain; this is an unusually fine
specimen. It is about seven inches high, and an almost round body,
about an inch and a half thick at the top of the rim; the cavity is
quite a perfect oval in shape, about five inches deep; bottom flat.
1483. (42288). Mortar similar to the above, but having a projection on
one side like the ear of a kettle.
1484. (42291). Mortar and pestle. The mortar is nearly square; cavity
about five inches deep and seven in diameter. The pestle has a groove
round the middle.
1485. (42292). Paint mortar about one inch thick and nearly square.
1486. (42293). Round quartzitic boulder; one side flat, the other with a
small cavity.
1487. (42307). Bowl-shaped food mortar, about ten inches in diameter and
five inches high.
_MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS._
1488. (42270). Stone knife with two notches or grooves near the large
end.
1489. (42271). Forty specimens of arrow-heads and small perforators,
flint and agate; most of them very well shaped.
1490. (42253). Sandstone gaming ball, painted.
1491-1493. 1491, (42254); 1492, (42255); and 1493, (42256), are all
sandstone gaming balls.
1494. (42257). Fig. 509. Hollow tube. The figure represents one made
from potters’ clay, the other is of siliceous material. These pipes
are not in use at the present time, but are frequently found around
the ruins and in possession of the Indians.
1495. (42261). Stone image, probably intended to represent a rabbit. It
is of fine-grained stone. Shown in Fig. 513. There are quite a number
of these little images from Wolpi and Zuñi; as they appear to
represent rabbits, it is presumed that they are quite old, and
possibly antedate the introduction of domestic animals among the
tribes.
1496. (42296). Small paint muller of jasper.
1497. (42297). Square quartzitic paint muller.
1498. (42298). Triangular paint rubber of quartz.
1499-1503. 1499, (42299), quartz; 1500, (42300); 1501, (42301); 1502,
(42303); and 1503, (42304), are all quartz paint pestles made from
half sections of small semi spherical boulders; the large end, which
is flat, being used for the grinding part.
1504. (42305). Part of a grooved axe.
1505. (42306). Rubbing stone with four rubbing surfaces.
1506. (42262). Fig. 512. This undoubtedly represents some animal.
1507. (42263). Fig. 510. This evidently represents some animal other
than the rabbit. The body is long and slender, and is provided with a
tail.
1508. (42264). Small sandstone image, which is a good representation of
a bear; grooved around the neck, with mouth and eyes and short tail.
None of these little images are provided with anything more than short
stubs for limbs.
1509. (42265). Very small sandstone image, quite similar to No. 1507.
1510. (40114). Wolpi neck ornament, Fig. 511, _hu-wat-he-qua-ve_, of red
slate stone notched at each end, as shown in the cut, and perforated
at the upper edge to receive a cord, with which it is suspended to the
neck. Though a rare ornament, it possesses no particular known
significance.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VASES._
These are of the usual form, and for the most part of the usual size
found at Zuñi; but there are also a number of very large specimens of
the white ornamented, black, and red ware, having a capacity of ten or
twelve gallons.
White decorated ware:
1511. (41356). Decorations exactly the same type as that shown in Fig.
359, except that there is a regular meander around the shoulder. The
type is shown in Fig. 514.
[Illustration:
Fig. 509 (42257) (½)
Fig. 510 (42263) (½)
Fig. 511 (40114) (½)
Fig. 512 (42262) (⅓)
Fig. 513 (42261) (⅓)
Figs. 509-513.--Wolpi Pipe, Effigies, and Ornament.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 514 (41602) (¼)
Fig. 514.--Wolpi Water Vase]
[Illustration:
Fig. 515 (40646) (1/7)
Fig. 516 (42374) (1/7)
Figs. 515, 516.--Wolpi Cooking Pots.]
The following belong to the same type as the above, the variations being
but slight, the large circular space with scroll being the chief
characteristic:
1512. (41601). Figure on the neck as on the body of Fig. 372.
1513. (41602). Shown in Fig. 514.
1514. (41603). The block containing the smaller circle is here solid and
square; there is a zig-zag band around the neck as on the margins of
some Zuñi bowls.
1515. (41604). This varies in having in place of the block with the
small circle, a regularly checkered block.
1516. (41606). This has only the large diamond figures on the body, and
a band of s’s round the shoulder.
1517. (41607). Like No. 1514.
1518. (41454). With handles on sides; fringe-like band around the
shoulder.
1519. (41455). Simple linear band around the body.
1520. (41456). Figures of a trident or three-pronged fork; and ladle on
the body.
The following are plain brown and red ware, some of them very large. The
neck is but slight, and they are often more pot-shaped than olla form.
Without ornamentation.
Brown or red.
1521-1533. 1521, (41632); 1522, (41633); 1523, (41635); 1524, (41636);
1525, (41637); 1526, (41638); 1527, (41639); 1528, (41640); 1529,
(41641); 1530, (41642); 1531, (41643); 1532, (41649); 1533, (41650).
1534. (41644).
1535. (40646). Fig. 515.
1536. (41647).
1537. (41648).
1538. (42374). Very large pot, used for cooking. Name, _nu-a-mash-pe_.
Represented in Fig. 516.
_WATER JUGS AND JARS._
These are similar to those obtained at Zuñi; sub-globular in form, one
side more distinctly flattened on which to lie, the other very convex.
Usually with two handles, sometimes loops, and sometimes studs or knobs.
Occasionally ornamented white ware, but most generally unadorned brown
or red ware. The latter showing, on some pieces, at least, a slight,
perhaps accidental, glazing. They vary in size from six or seven gallons
down to less than a pint.
As the various figures used in decorations have been described, only
those which are unusual will be noticed here.
White decorated ware:
1539. (41320). Underside as usual, blown. Scalloped band in direction of
mouth and handle, transverse double scalloped band across the upper
half.
1540. (41362). Similar to the last.
1541. (41342). Simple bands and scrolls.
1542, 1543. 1542, (41401) and 1543, (41447). Similar.
Brown ware without ornamentation:
1544-1567. 1544, (41321); 1545, (41322); 1546, (41323); 1547, (41324);
1548, (41325); 1549, (41326); 1550, (41327); 1551, (41328); 1552
(41329); 1553, (41330); 1554, (41331); 1555, (41332); 1556, (41333);
1557, (41334); 1558, (41335); 1559, (41336); 1560, (41337); 1561,
(41338); 1562, (41339); 1563, (41340); 1564, (41341); 1565, (41343);
1566, (41344); 1567, (41345).
1568-1569. 1568, (41609) and 1569, (41611). These have only the large
diamond figures on the body, and a zig-zag line around the neck.
1570. (41610). The large diamonds serrate on the outer margin; neck with
doubly oblique serrate lines.
1571. (41613). As in Fig. 514, except that the neck, instead of the
zigzag, has oblique diamonds.
1572. (41614). This varies from the preceding in having only a narrow
scalloped band around the neck.
1573. (41620). Only the large scrolls, nothing on the neck.
1574. (41622). Similar to the preceding, except that each alternate
scroll is replaced by a rosette in a circle.
1575. (41615). Like No. 1515, except that the neck has a scalloped band
with birds’ heads.
1576. (41618). Large diamonds on the body alternately with rosettes, by
the side of which is a bird.
1577. (41621). Similar to Fig. 514, except that the black has no circle
in it.
1578. (41358). Small with a broad checkered band around the body.
1579. (41605). With narrow scalloped band around the neck; triangular
figures pointing to right and left on the body with cross lines
between the bases.
1580. (41608). Outline figures of terraced hills with cactus growing
from them, and curved scalloped lines above.
1581. (41612). Scalloped band around the neck; oblique, heavy, double
diamond figures with scrolls on the body.
1582. (41617). No decorations on the neck; body with the spear points or
long triangles, and serrate oblique lines as on Zuñi bowls.
1583. (41616). Line of little circles on the neck; triangles of lines,
pointing to the left on the body.
1584. (41619). Similar in form and decorations to Fig. 371 (Zuñi),
except that the upper side of the band is formed of triangles instead
of scrolls.
1585. (41629). This is really a double-handled jar.
1586. (41630). Scalloped band around bottom, serrated squares near rim.
[Illustration:
Fig. 517 (41364) (¼)
Fig. 518 (41363) (⅓)
Fig. 519 (41366) (⅓)
Figs. 517-519.--Wolpi Vessels.]
1587. (41631). Scrolls on the neck; birds with crest feathers, and
flowers on the body.
1588. (41634). Very small, with numerous scalloped lines arranged in
diamond form.
1589. (41644). Series of double perpendicular scallops.
1590. (41468). Similar to No. 1586.
_TOY-LIKE WATER VESSELS._
The following are very small water vessels, probably intended for
children:
1591. (41449). Figures of birds on body.
1592. (41450). The usual diamond and scroll on body.
1593-1603. 1593, (41346); 1594, (41347); 1595, (41348); 1596, (41349);
1597, (41350); 1598, (41351); 1599, (41352); 1600, (41353); 1601,
(41354); 1602, (41355); 1603, (41448).
Small toy canteens:
1604-1607. 1604, (41439); 1605, (41440); 1606, (41442); 1607, (41443).
The following three are cup-shaped, with an ear on each side to which to
attach a string, the top is closed, with a round orifice in the middle,
and they are either medicine or little paint vessels and not canteens,
as given in the original field catalogue:
1608-1610. 1608, (41444); 1609, (41445); 1610, (41446).
Water jugs and bottles are of various forms, which will be described
under their respective numbers. They are usually of the white decorated
ware. The brown ware is always undecorated.
1611. (41363). See Fig. 518.
1612. (41364). Brown ware shown in Fig. 517.
1613. (41365). Brown ware, cylindrical, constricted in the middle and
with small orifice.
1614. (41393). Without handle.
1615. (41366). Fig. 519. A water jar made in imitation of a common gourd
cultivated by many of the Pueblo tribes. The body is ornamented on
both sides with a curved line and birds, as seen in the figure. A
small circular orifice is left at the base of the handle.
1616. (41367). As in Fig. 520.
1617. (41368). Shown in Fig. 522.
1618-1619. 1618, (41369), and 1619, (41370). Similar to the preceding.
1620. (41407). Regularly shaped jug with handle decorated with
geometrical figures.
1621. (41433). Brown ware, regular jug with two handles.
1622. (41434). Similar to preceding, but without handles.
1623. (41469). Bottle shaped. Brown ware. Represented in Fig. 521.
The following are similar:
1624-1628. 1624, (41373); 1625, (41374); 1626, (41375); 1627, (41376);
1630, (41377).
1629. (41393). Brown ware, with single constriction, without handle.
1630. (41394). Similar.
_CUPS._
Those obtained were chiefly very small. As will be seen, the ladle to a
very large extent supplies with this people the place of the cup.
1631. (41409). Regular handled cup; white ware, with a broad band in
which are white crescents.
1632. (41461). Shaped as preceding. White ware, all except a marginal
uncolored band marked with cross or checkered lines.
1633. (41526). Small white ware, outside without decorations; scalloped
marginal band inside; with handle.
1634. (41527). Sides straight; with handle, decorated on the outside
with triangular figures so common on bowls.
1635. (41430). With similar decorations.
Toy cups. Usually brown ware without ornamentation:
1636. (41415). White ware with a band of scrolls.
1637-1641. 1637, (41417); 1638, (41426); 1639, (41427); 1640, (41428);
1641, (41429). These five are brown ware.
1642. (41435). A pretty pitcher-shaped vessel ornamented with interlaced
or cross lines forming a regular net-work.
_EATING-BOWLS._
The bowls vary in size, as do those from Zuñi, but as a general rule
they are small, or of but medium size; quite a number of those obtained
are very small. In form they are generally like those from Zuñi, but
some are biscuit-shaped, as those from Tesuke; others are true basins;
and a few are square, and perhaps should not be classed as bowls, though
we have included them under that general term. The decorations on the
larger ones of regular form are very similar to those seen on Zuñi
bowls. The colors black and red or brown are usually lighter and
brighter than on the Zuñi pottery:
1643. (41357). Regular Form. Decorations on the inner face only;
marginal zigzag line, with diamond and scroll below.
1644. (41359). Outer and inner surface decorations as in Fig. 412.
1645. (41361). Decorations only a double-scalloped inner marginal band.
1646. (41400). Very small; a simple inner band.
1647. (41463). Small. This and the following small specimens are
decorated on the inside with what appears to be intended for an Indian
head, with a tuft of hair.
1648-1653. 1648, (41464); 1649, (41465); 1650, (41467); 1651, (41529);
1652, (41530); 1653, (41534).
1654-1657. 1654, (41538); 1655, (41539); 1656, (41589); 1657, (41565).
1658. (41466). No outer decorations; inner surface with the usual
diamond and scroll figure.
[Illustration:
Fig. 520 (41367) (⅓)
Fig. 521 (41469) (⅓)
Fig. 522 (41368) (⅓)
Figs. 520-522.--Wolpi Water Jars.]
1659-1660. 1659, (41528); 1660, (41531).
1661. (41540). Shown in Fig. 523.
1662-1663. 1662, (41541), and 1663, (41599), are marked only with a
broad inner marginal band of geometrical figures.
1664. (41532). No outer decorations; inner with diamond and scroll and
triangular figures.
The following have the outer surface decorated as in the Zuñi pattern,
shown in Figs. 416 and 417. The inner decorations vary slightly.
With crenate or zigzag line on inner margin, and scroll diamond, or
scrolls only:
1665-1671. 1665, (41544); 1666, (41547); 1667, (41562); 1668, (41568);
1669, (41576); 1670, (41590); 1671, (41577).
With similar marginal band and pentagonal scrolls and bird:
1672-1673. 1672, (41548), and 1673, (41549).
1674. (41550). With inner marginal band of geometrical figures; no other
inner decorations.
1675. (41561). Broad marginal band only.
1676. (41574). Inside with crenate marginal band; geometrical figures
below.
1677. (41584). Heavy, scalloped inner band with T-shaped spaces in the
scallops. Scrolls below.
1678. (41581). Broad checkered inner band only.
1679. (41592). Similar checkered band with scroll figures below.
1680. (41596). With terraced marginal band, and terraced or pyramidal
figures below.
1681. (41627). Marginal band of geometrical figures only.
1682. (41543). Biscuit-shaped. Outside with three rows or bands of large
serratures.
1683. (41545). No outer decorations; inner crenate marginal line;
scrolls and diamond below. The following are similar:
1684-1697. 1684, (41554); 1685, (41558), marginal band of lance points;
1686, (41564); 1687, (41567); 1688, (41569); 1689, (41573); 1690,
(41575); 1691, (41578); 1692, (41579); 1693, (41582); 1694, (41585);
1695, (41588); 1696, (41591), this has also the triangular bird; 1697,
(41623).
1698. (41551). No outer decorations; zigzag marginal line; flowers and
lines below.
1699. (41552). This has a very pretty design on the outside, a band of
diamonds, a little cross in each, and a dotted line above and below.
The inner decorations of this and the following consist of a broad
band only, of geometrical or architectural figures. Outer decorations
various, which alone are mentioned.
1700-1701. 1700, (41553), bird in a wreath; 1701, (51555), lines of
crescent.
1702-1703. 1702, (41556), and 1703, (41563). Same as the preceding.
1704. (41570). Similar to the preceding, with scroll band below.
1705. (41572). Triangular figures.
1706. (41597). Scalloped lines arranged in large diamonds, with a flower
in the center of the diamond.
1707. (41626). Scrolls and crescents.
1708. (41628). Same as No. 1706.
1709. (41559). Checkered band and scrolls inside, band of crescents
outside.
1710. (41566). Inner marginal band as in outer decorations found on Zuñi
bowls.
1711. (41571). No outer decorations; inner geometrical figures but no
band.
1712. (41593). Checkered band, and scrolls inside; broad marginal band
with lower side scalloped.
1713. (41594). With no outer figures; radiating simple and serrate lines
inside.
1714. (41595). No outer decorations; scalloped or crenate band, and
geometrical figures on inner surface.
1715. (41600). No outer decorations; birds and flowers or rosettes.
1716. (41625). No outer decorations; inside with successive scallops,
and the conventional bird form between squares, one above the other.
1717-1718. 1717, (41560), and 1718, (41624). Brown ware without
ornamentation.
Minute bowls, usually without decoration, but sometimes figured,
especially on the outside, with simple outline figures.
1719-1727. 1719, (41418); 1720, (41419); 1721, (41421); 1722, (41422);
1723, (41423); 1724, (41424); 1725, (41457); 1726, (41458); 1727,
(41459), with short handle; the decoration in this is true
herring-bone pattern.
1728. (41460). Square basins. These are comparatively small and resemble
in shape a common knife-basket or tray, but without handle or
division.
1729. (41533). Outside with figures of birds, flowers and diamonds.
1730. (41535). Outer band with scrolls along the under edge or margin;
diamond with scroll on inside.
1731. (41537). Inside similar to No. 1730; outside usual triangular
figures.
1732. (41536). Outside similar, inside with four faces in outline.
1733. (41542). Plain brown.
1734. (41546). Outside the usual triangular figures; inside bird figures
and slender leaf-stalks.
1735. (41557). Outside triangular figures; inside double scroll.
1736. (41586). Outside oblique, double serrate bands; inside broad
marginal checkered band; bottom four faces.
[Illustration:
Fig. 523 (41540) (⅓)
Fig. 524 (41385) (½)
Fig. 525 (41518) (½)
Figs. 523-525.--Wolpi Eating Bowl, Cooking Vessel and Ladle.]
_COOKING VESSELS._
These are usually unadorned and of brown or black ware. The number
obtained was not large, and they vary greatly in character. They are
generally of medium size or small, and some which appear to be used as
cooking vessels have a handle on the side and resemble pitchers and
cups. Some have two handles and are shaped like an urn or olla; others
appear to be true pots. The want of uniformity among this tribe in the
use of vessels of this kind renders its difficult to class them
according to use. I will, therefore, group them according to form.
Except one or two of the little pots none of them are ornamented.
Pot-shaped vessels:
1737-1739. 1737, (41360); 1738, (41379); 1739, (41385); two handles as
in Fig. 524.
1740-1741. 1740, (41380), and 1741, (41405). Without handle, the latter
possibly used as a drinking vessel.
1742-1746. 1742, (41381); 1743, (41382); 1744, (41383); 1745, (41384);
1746, (41386); each with a handle on one side; they resemble pitchers
or cups.
_TOY-LIKE VESSELS._
1747. (41416). Like a small water-vessel.
1748. (41442). Olla-shaped, with handles; decorated with a band of loops
around the middle.
1749. (41451). Olla.
1750-1751. 1750, (41452), and 1751, (41453). Cylindrical jars without
handles.
1752-1753. 1752, (41293), and 1753, (41294). Large black Cooking pots of
the usual shape.
1754. (42367). Flat jar-shaped vessel, red ware, with regular ears on
the sides with holes through them. Cooking vessel; new.
1755. (42369). Small globular red bowl, half burned.
1756. (42370). Part of a corrugated vessel. It is yellow, but partly
burned; it looks fresh and new, but is really old, having been out of
the ground of old ruins near Wolpi.
_LADLES._
Of these vessels, which are extensively used by the Shinumos, there are
various forms with an almost endless variation in decoration, being
generally of ornamented white ware. Some of them bear a strong
resemblance to the skillets used on cooking stoves, the handle being
looped, but the bowl is more saucer-shaped. Others, as shown in Figs.
527 and 529, are evidently fashioned after gourds. Some are somewhat of
the form shown in Figs. 439 and 440, but the handle is more distinct.
Others are true cup-shaped vessels, with the handles projecting from the
middle of the side. A few are double with a single handle.
Skillet-shaped vessels. Usually decorated in the bowl. As these figures
are generally similar to those already described, special notice will be
taken only of such forms as vary from the normal shape and figures.
1757-1758. 1757, (41396), and 1758, (41395). Gourd shaped; similar to
those shown in Figs. 527 and 529.
1759-1760. 1759, (41378), and 1760, (41397). Outside covered with
checkers.
1761. (41398). Outside covered with scrolls.
1762. (40408). Outside decorated with oblique serrate lines.
1763. (41411). Ladles with two bowls. Handle with the head of an animal,
probably a wild-cat, at the tip; figures of birds in the bowls.
1764. (41412). Shown in Fig. 528.
1765. (41413). Handle broken; bowls with only a scalloped marginal band.
1766-1767. 1706, (41470); 1767, (41476). Cup-shaped, with short handles;
shaped like a small olla.
1768. (41477). Handle with animal head on the tip; outside covered with
checkered figures.
1769. (41479). Handle as in the preceding; oblique, doubly serrate lines
on outside of bowl.
1770-1772. 1770, (41480); 1771, (41481); 1772, (41482); face in the bowl
of the last.
1773-1774. 1773, (41483), and 1774, (41484); the handle of the latter
represents an animal’s head, with face turned toward the bowl.
1775-1777. 1775, (41388); 1776, (41389); 1777, (41425). The handle of
this represents, in shape, the head of a woman and child, and the bowl
contains the figures of two faces.
1778-1783. 1778, (41462); 1779, (41471); 1780, (41472); 1781, (41473);
1782, (41474); 1783, (41475). The last of these has a minute head of a
woman on the end of the handle, which is solid.
1784-1785. 1784, (41485), and 1785, (41486). Bowls elaborately
ornamented with geometrical figures and a circle of serratures, in
which is a figure resembling a duck with spread wings seen from above.
1786-1788. 1786, (41487); 1787, (41488); 1788, (41489); the last with a
woman’s head on the tip of the solid handle.
1789-1793. 1789, (41498); 1790, (41499); 1791, (41508); 1792, (41514);
1793, (41490). The last of these as also the following seven pieces
have bent, gourd-like handles, slightly curved or hooked at the end,
solid and somewhat rounded.
1794-1800. 1794, (41491); 1795, (41492); 1796, (41493); 1797, (41494);
1798, (41496); 1799, (41497); 1800, (41500).
1801. (41495). Like No. 1788, as are also the following ten specimens:
1802-1811. 1802, (41502); 1803, (41504); 1804, (41505); 1805, (41507);
1806, (41515) 1807, (41518), Fig. 525; 1808, (41519); 1809, (41522);
1810, (41523); 1811, (41525).
1812. (41506). This is square; an unusual form.
[Illustration:
Fig. 526 (41410) (½)
Fig. 527 (41396) (½)
Fig. 528 (41412) (⅓)
Fig. 529 (41395) (⅓)
Fig. 530 (41392) (⅓)
Figs. 526-530.--Wolpi Ladles and Basket.]
1813-1822. 1813, (41509); 1814, (41510); 1815, (41511); 1816, (41512);
1817, (41513); 1818, (41516); 1819, (41517); 1820, (41520); 1821,
(41521); 1822, (41503).
1823-1824. 1823, (41524), and 1824, (41501). Shaped somewhat like an
oyster-shell.
1825. (41399). Water vessel in the shape of a bird, with tail and wings
represented.
1826. (41406). Cup with bird’s head on one side, tail opposite, and
slight projections to represent wings on the side. Brown ware.
1827. (41410). A double cup or ladle shown in Fig. 526.
1828. (41414). Like Fig. 531, ornamented with oblique scalloped stripes
on outside; geometrical figures inside.
1829-1830. 1829, (41431), and 1830, (41432). Square salt-boxes; the
former of white ware, with square figures on the outside; the latter
brown, unornamented.
1831. (41436). Cup-shaped basket, brown ware; woman’s head on top of
handle.
1832. (41437). Similar basket, white ornamented ware, handle plain.
1833. (41437). Similar small, brown, cup-shaped basket.
1834. (41478). Biscuit-shaped bowl, with ornamental diamonds on outside.
_MISCELLANEOUS._
1835. (41371). Basket similar to those used by the Zuñians in sacred
dances, with terraced margin, plain band inside, and comb-like figures
outside.
1836. (41372). Similar basket, bottom flat, and sides straighter than
the preceding, decorated on the outside with oblique double serrate
stripes.
1837-1838. 1837, (41387), and 1838, (41392). Baskets with straight
margins, both with geometrical figures on the outside. The latter is
shown in Fig. 530.
1839. (41390). Fig. 532, water-vase with bowl-shaped base.
1840. (41391). Fig. 531 Basin with looped handle arising from the center
of the inside; ornamented white ware.
_STATUETTES._
The clay images or statuettes obtained from the Shinumo pueblos are not
objects of worship as supposed by many persons, but appear to be used to
adorn their dwellings just as similar articles are used by civilized
races. This is evident from their form and ornamentation which rudely
represent the ordinary clothing worn by these Indians, and in the female
figures the usual mode of wearing the hair either in a bunch at the back
of the head or in two wheel-shaped knots at the sides. In a few
instances ear ornaments, made of pieces of shells or beads, are found
attached to the ears.
I am not aware that these images are used in their dances or religious
ceremonies. If they are objects of worship it must be in the family
only, or a secret worship of which I obtained no information.
Images are introduced, however, in their dances and religious rites, but
these are made of wood and highly ornamented, some of which were
obtained and are hereafter described.
1841. (42026). Composed of the same clays of which the general pottery
is made, with small lines of a brick-red color up and down the body;
black lines over the shoulder and around the body, terminating so as
to represent hands; small earlets, made of blue beads, suspended from
the ears; face in white, with black spots to represent month and eyes;
horn-shaped cap, extending obliquely back from the head. Represents a
male figure.
1842. (42027). Same as above, except the head, which has a square bunch
at its back, representing the one method of wearing the hair by the
Shinumos. Male figure.
1843. (42028). Same as No. 1841, especially in regard to the horn-shaped
protrusion from the back of the head.
1844. (42029). Plain flat image, probably intended to represent a
female.
1845. (42030). This image is quite characteristic of this class of
objects. The cut shows all but the colors, which are the same as
described above, the form only differing from No. 1841 in having two
horns curving back from the head. Seen in Fig. 533.
1846. (42031). Differs only from the rest in having a small hat on the
head.
1847. (42032). Female figure, but with a black band around under the
chin, apparently representing whiskers; dark brown body.
1848. (42033). Female figure with wheel-shaped knot on each side of the
head representing the manner of wearing the hair by the Shinumo women,
the body of the figure cream colored, face red, eyes and mouth black;
black necklace. Special parts of the body represented in red.
1849. (42034). Male figure ornamented with red vertical lines.
1850. (42035). Fig. 534. The cut presents all the lines on the image as
well as the form. The small wheels on each side of the head referred
to under No. 1848 show the style of wearing the hair; the black
markings shown on the cut are red on the figure. Female.
1851. (42036). Body red, marked with black and dark red lines; red and
black spots on back of head to represent the hair.
1852-1853. 1852, (42037); 1853, (42038); dark red bodies with black and
red lines.
1854-1856. 1854, (42039); 1855, (42040); 1856, (42041); similar to the
preceding; the last with the wheel-shaped knots representing the hair.
[Illustration:
Fig. 531 (41391) (⅓)
Fig. 532 (41390) (⅓)
Fig. 533 (42030) (½)
Fig. 534 (42035) (½)
Figs. 531-534.--Wolpi Basin, Vase, and Clay Statuettes.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 535 (42085) (¼)
Fig. 536 (42058) (⅕)
Figs. 535, 536.--Wolpi Meal Baskets.]
VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.
_BASKETRY._
The following specimens are examples of the tray-like baskets made from
round willows:
1857. (42085). Fig. 535 shows the mode of its construction.
1858-1871. 1858, (42076); 1859, (42077); 1860, (42078); 1861, (42079);
1862, (42080); 1863, (42081); 1864, (42082); 1865, (42083); 1866,
(42084); 1867, (42086); 1868, (42087); 1869, (42088); 1870, (42089);
1871, (42090).
The following numbers refer to specimens of the spiral or coiled
basketry, all the features of which are shown in Fig. 536, except the
color decoration:
1872-1907. 1872, (42058); 1873, (42051); 1874, (42052); 1875, (42053);
1876, (42054); 1877, (42055); 1878, (42056); 1879, (42057); 1880,
(42059); 1881, (42060); 1882, (42061); 1883, (42062); 1884, (42063);
1885, (42064); 1886, (42065); 1887, (42066); 1888, (42067); 1889,
(42068); 1890, (42069); 1891, (42070); 1892, (42071); 1893, (42072);
1894, (42090); 1895, (42073); 1896, (42074); 1897, (42075); 1898,
(42091); 1899, (42092); 1900, (42093); 1901, (42094); 1902, (42095);
1903, (42096); 1904, (42097); 1905, (42098); 1906, (42099); 1907,
(42100).
The following are canteen or water baskets, previously described, as to
method of making and using them:
1908-1912. 1908, (42101); 1909, (42102); 1910, (42103); 1911, (42104);
1912, (42105); are vase-shaped baskets, of which Fig. 537 is a
representative example.
The following are specimens of the same ware, differing only in form and
size:
1913-1920. 1913, (42106); 1914, (42107); 1915, (42108); 1916, (42109);
1917, (42110); 1918, (42111); 1919, (42112); 1920, (42113).
1921-1925. 1921, (42114); 1922, (42115); 1923, (42116); 1924, (42117);
1925, (42118), are only noticeable on account of their peculiar form.
They are almost top-shaped, with an acute apex at the bottom. The
mouth is small, like that of a jug. In one instance (42114) the body
slopes from top and bottom to the center, almost forming a ridge. Very
few of this form were obtained.
1926. (42119). A double-lobed canteen basket. Many of the clay
water-vessels in the collection are made in imitation of this
double-lobed basket.
1927-1931. 1927, (42120); 1928, (42121); 1929, (42122); 1930, (42123);
1931, (42124). Ordinary forms of the water-basket.
1932. (42125). A fine, large, and quite perfect specimen, of the jug or
water-basket, with ears of horse-hair and string attached for use.
Quite a number of the ancient water-jars are of this form, and both
bear evidence of antiquity.
1933. (42149). Fig. 538 is a good illustration of this form.
1934-1937. 1934, (42146); 1935, (42147); 1936, (42148); 1937, (42150),
are of the same class of cemented basket-ware. The small
fruit-baskets, made of round willows and with much less care, are also
of many forms. Some are square, others round, and some with a peculiar
flattened body; of the latter there are but few in the collection.
They belong to the older class of basketry.
The following specimens belong to that class:
1938-1941. 1938, (42126); 1939, (42127); 1940, (42128); 1941, (42129).
1942. (42130). A specimen of a much finer quality than the preceding. It
is long and vase-shaped, with a wide mouth and flaring rim, and woven
up from the bottom in oblique ridges.
1943. (42131). A coarsely constructed bowl-shaped basket, of which type
the following are also specimens:
1944-1951. 1944, (42132); 1945, (42133); 1946, (42134); 1947, (42135);
1948, (42136); 1949, (42137); 1950, (42138); 1951, (42139).
1952. (42140). Specimen of the older basketry, with large depressed
body, flat bottom, and jar-like mouth.
1953-1956. 1953, (42141); 1954, (42142); 1955, (42143); 1956, (42144),
are also different forms of the peach-basket.
1957. (42145). Fig. 540. A large floor or hearth mat frequently found in
use among the Pueblos. The specimen in the collection exhibits some
skill and taste in weaving it. The material of which it is made is a
small round willow.
1958. (42151). A large deep basket, constructed by weaving coarse willow
twigs around four upright posts or large sticks. It has a capacity of
about two bushels.
1959. (42152). This is a small square basket of the same character.
1960. (42153). A specimen of this ware. It is shown in Fig. 539,
exhibits a coarse, loose manner of construction. These are used as
fruit-baskets.
1961-1962. 1961, (42154), and 1962, (42155). These are examples of the
same kind.
1963. (42156). This specimen represents the finest quality of baskets in
the collection. They are all more or less tastefully ornamented during
the process of plaiting them. They are skillfully and closely woven,
and are used for holding the finest of their flour and meal. These are
undoubtedly of Apache manufacture. Fig. 541.
1964. (42157). Has been selected as an illustration of this class of
baskets, of which the following are examples, differing but little in
form:
[Illustration:
Fig. 537 (42105) (¼)
Fig. 538 (42149) (¼)
Figs. 537, 538.--Wolpi Baskets.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 539 (42153) (⅓)
Fig. 540 (42145) (⅛)
Figs. 539, 540.--Wolpi Fruit Basket and Floor Mat.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 541 (42157) (⅕)
Fig. 542 (42160) (⅕)
Figs. 541, 542.--Wolpi Baskets.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 543 (42183) (⅙)
Fig. 544 (42199) (¼)
Fig. 545 (42171) (⅓)
Figs. 543-545.--Wolpi Baskets.]
1965-1971. 1965, (42158); 1966, (42159); 1967, (42160), Fig. 542; 1968,
(42162); 1969, (42163); 1970, (42164); 1971, (42165). The two last are
almost flat; the rest saucer or bowl shaped and quite deep.
1972. (42166). Basket of coarse willow ware; platter-shaped.
1973. (42167). Conical-shaped basket of closely woven variety.
1974. (42168). Hemispherical-shaped basket of the same class; small.
1975. (42169). Cylindrical basket; small.
1976-1981. 1976, (42170); 1977, (42171); 1978, (42172); 1979, (42173);
1980, (42174); 1981, (42175). Small cylindrical-shaped peach-baskets
made of flat yucca leaves. Fig. 545 is an illustration of that class.
1982-1987. 1982, (42195); 1983, (42196); 1984, (42197); 1985, (42198);
1986, (42199), Fig. 544; 1987, (42200). Examples of the same class.
The following baskets are made from the broad leaves of the yucca, woven
or plaited crosswise in a very simple manner, and wrapped at the rims
with leaves of the same plant. The texture of the weaving is quite
coarse, not sufficiently close to hold any material smaller than corn or
fruit:
1988-2006. 1988, (42176); 1989, (42177); 1990, (42178); 1991, (42179);
1992, (42180); 1993, (42181); 1994, (42182); 1995, (42183); 1996,
(42184); 1997, (42185); 1998, (42186); 1999, (42187); 2000, (42188);
2001, (42189); 2002, (42190); 2003, (42191); 2004, (42192); 2005,
(42193); 2006, (42194), are all specimens of this class well shown in
Fig. 543.
_DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTS, TOYS, ETC._
2007. (41706). A Shinumo blanket loom, with a blanket partly completed,
with all the fixtures and implements employed in the art of blanket
weaving. This art, however, attains its highest degree amongst the
Navajos.
2008-2009. 2008, (41707), and 2009, (41708), are looms exhibiting
different modes of weaving.
2010. (41709). A loom with a partly finished garment.
2011. (41683). Fig. 546. Blanket-stick for tightening strands of
blankets during the process of weaving. After the thread is passed
through from one side to the other this stick is placed over the
thread and then firmly beaten down. The following numbers are
implements of the same kind. They are called _soo-qua_.
2012-2020. 2012, (41684); 2013, (41685); 2014, (41686); 2015, (41687);
2016, (41688); 2017, (41689); 2018, (41690); 2019, (41691); 2020,
(41692).
2021. (41888). Blanket stretcher, _tu-he-que-hey_.
2022. (41166). Reed frames, used in weaving belts and garters, called
_quey-hu-wuk-ta_.
The following are objects of the same kind:
2023-2027. 2023, (41667); 2024, (41668a); 2025, (41668b); 2026, (41669);
2027, (41670). Implement to show the process of making belts.
2028. (42372). Small notched stick used in weaving belts.
2029-2030. 2029, (41998), and 2030, (41999). Short pointed sticks for
stretching and drying skins.
2031. (41676). Spindle whorl, _pa-tu-he-kah_. This is a common object of
use amongst all the Pueblos. Fig. 547 is an illustration of one of
these implements, showing the shaft with spun yarn below the disk. As
previously mentioned, this spindle whorl is almost identical with the
drill used for perforating stone and shell charms and ornaments. The
addition of a cross stick and strings, with the flint tip, are only
necessary to convert it into a drill. In both the drills and whorls
the disks are made of horn, stone, bone, and wood. For the drill see
Fig. 494.
2032-2037. 2032, (41677); 2033, (41678); 2034, (41679); 2035, (41680);
2036, (41681); 2037, (41682). All spindle whorls.
2038. (41658). Bow and three arrow-shafts.
2039. (41659). Bow.
2040. (41660). Bundle of four arrow-shafts.
2041-2044. 2041, (41661); 2042, (41662); 2043, (41663); 2044, (41664),
are bundles of thirty-five arrow-shafts.
2045. (41651). Bow and six iron-pointed arrows.
2046. (41652), (41653). Bows.
2047. (41654). Bow and quiver.
2048. (41655). Quiver and twenty-six iron-pointed arrows.
2049. (41656). Child’s bow and two arrows.
2050. (41720). Boy’s bow with two arrows.
2051. (41976), Fig. 548. Stick used for hunting rabbits; it is in the
form of a boomerang.
2052-2055. 2052, (41977); 2053, (41978); 2054, (41979), Fig. 549; 2055,
(41980). Same objects as the last. In the Zuñi tongue this stick is
called _kle-ān-ne_, and in Shinumo _pu-wich-he-cu-he_.
2056. (41924). Saddle-tree.
2057. (41925). Stirrups, _pu-tut-hum-pee_.
2058. (41119). Sinch hooks, _cu-rah-bat-tow_.
2059. (42000). Wooden hoe, made in imitation of European hoe.
2060. (41693). Wooden forceps, _wat-cha_.
2061. (41909). Pronged stick for rake, called _ta-wish-wy-lah_. See Fig.
550.
2062-2063. 2062, (41916), and 2063, (41917). Small yoke-shaped
implements for drying the skins of small animals by stretching the
skin over them.
2064. (41863). Wooden treasure-box, of which the following numbers refer
to specimens, and which are well shown in Figs. 552 and 554:
[Illustration:
Fig. 546 (41683) (1/10)
Fig. 547 (41676) (1/7)
Fig. 548 (41976) (⅕)
Fig. 549 (41979) (⅕)
Figs. 546-549.--Wolpi Wooden Implements.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 550 (41909) (1/10)
Fig. 551 (41178) (⅕)
Fig. 552 (41866) (⅕)
Fig. 553 (41191) (⅓)
Fig. 554 (41865) (⅙)
Figs. 550-554.--Wolpi Implements.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 555 (41931) (⅙)
Fig. 556 (41926) (⅙)
Fig. 557 (41932) (⅕)
Fig. 558 (41940) (⅕)
Figs. 555-558.--Wolpi Dance Ornaments.]
2065-2069. 2065, (41864); 2066, (41865); 2067, (41866); 2068, (41867);
2069, (41868).
2070. (41985). Baby cradle, with hoops over the head for net work; made
of slats, _mu-hu-tah_.
2071. (41986). Baby cradle made of willow work.
2072. (41987). Cradle without top.
2073. (41988). Toy cradle, of basket work.
2074. (41989). Toy cradle of boards.
2075. (41710). Toy whirligig, made of a disk with two holes through
which strings are passed.
2076. (41711). Specimen of Indian corn.
2077-2078. 2077, (41715), and 2078, (41716).
2079. (41694). Paint toy, of wood, _tat-chi_.
2080. (41695). Bird snares, made of small sticks like the ramrod of a
gun, arranged with horse hairs, _wa-wa-shi_.
2081. (42371). Bunch of very small reed-like grass, called
_nen-a-wash-pi_ or rain broom.
2082-2083. 2082, (41889), and 2083, (41890). Whirling sticks.
2084-2886. 2084, (41177); 2085, (41178); 2086, (41179). Specimens of a
peculiar drum-stick in general use by the Shinumo, Zuñi, and other
Pueblo Indians. It is made from a stick, one end of which is shaved
off sufficiently to admit of bending the end thus shaved round in the
form of a hoop, and then tightly securing it. The hoop portion is used
in beating the drum. Fig. 551 is an illustration of one of these
drum-sticks.
2087. (41180). Calabash, or gourd, for holding food or water.
2088-2090. 2088, (41181); 2089, (41182); 2090, (41183). Ordinary forms
of the same vessel.
2091. (41191). Gourd, perforated, with a staff through the center,
painted in many colors; held on a pole in dances. See Fig. 553.
_ORNAMENTAL OBJECTS._
2092. (41926). Is a flat piece of wood about twenty inches long and five
in width, with a notched handle at the lower end. Two bunches of
feathers are attached to each edge of it, and a bunch at the top. The
form of the ornamentations is shown in Fig. 556; the colors employed
in these ornamentations are brilliant red, yellow, blue, and black.
The entire design is intended to represent the body of a human being.
These objects are carried in the hand in their dances.
2093-2097. 2093, (41927); 2094, (41928); 2095, (41929); 2096, (41930);
2097, (41931). These are other examples which are well represented in
Fig. 555.
2098-2100. 2098, (41932), Fig. 557; 2099, (41933); and 2100, (41934),
are sticks, carried in the main dance. They represent lightning.
2101-2102. 2101, (41935), and 2102, (41936). Small notched sticks,
ornamented with blades of grass and wild-turkey feathers; carried in
the dance.
2103-2106. 2103, (41937); 2104, (41938); 2105, (41939); 2006, (41940).
Wooden objects highly colored with various devices depicted on them.
These are worn on the head in dances. Mowers are represented on some;
on others, the human face, &c. Fig. 558, an illustration made from one
of them.
2107-2108. 2107, (41941), and 2108, (41942). Small frames, over which
canvas is stretched, to the edges of which are attached various small
ornaments; used in dances.
2109. (41943). Small hoop with canvas stretched over it, on which are
painted five small objects like stars, used in dances.
2110. (41944). Leather dance-mask, painted.
2111. (41945). Dance-mask.
2112. (41946). Pair of split horns worn in dances.
2113. (41947). Head-dress made in the form of scallops.
2114. (41948). Head-dress of painted sheep-horns.
2115. (41949). Head-dress crown made of basket-ware, to which are
attached three projections intended for horns, Fig. 559.
2116. (41950). Corn-husk ornament for the dance.
2117-2118. 2117, (41671), and 2118, (41972). Wooden objects made in
imitation of a sun-flower, with zigzag or snake-like sticks attached
to them, which are used as ornaments in the corn dance, called
_pah-wah_.
2119-2120. 2119, (41673), and 2120, (41674). Shuttle-cocks, made by
inserting the ends of two hawk-feathers in a small block. They are
carried in dances.
2121. (42042). Dance-rattle made from a small gourd, embellished in
colors of black, red, and white. The gourd is perforated at each side,
through which a stick is passed for a handle, cross S’s on each side.
See Fig. 562.
2122. (41982). Notched stick, with shoulder blade of sheep or deer, for
musical instrument. See Fig. 561.
2123-2124. 2123, (41983), and 2124, (41984). Notched sticks without the
bone.
2125. (41701). Dance ornaments, called _tau-ah-qu-la_, made by attaching
semi-circular sticks or hoops to a small pole; ornamented with colors.
2126-2129. 2126, (41702); 2127, (41703); 2128, (41704); 2129, (41705),
are ornaments of the same character as the preceding.
2130. (41857). Painted gourd-rattle for dances, of which the following
numbers are specimens variously ornamented:
2131-2135. 2131, (41858); 2132, (41859); 2133, (41860); 2134, (41861);
2135, (41862), of which the illustration of the latter is an example.
See Fig. 560.
[Illustration:
Fig. 559 (41949) (⅙)
Fig. 560 (41862) (⅓)
Fig. 561 (41982) (⅙)
Fig. 562 (42042) (½)
Fig. 563 (41752) (¼)
Fig. 564 (41877) (¼)
Fig. 565 (41922) (¼))
Figs. 559-565.--Wolpi Head-dress, Ornaments, &c.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 566 (41959) (⅕)
Fig. 567 (41953) (⅕)
Fig. 568 (41967) (¼)
Fig. 569 (41956) (⅕)
Figs. 566-569.--Wolpi Effigies.]
2136. (41883). Flat wooden block, painted, for head ornament.
2137. (41884). Cylindrical blocks, with a cup-shaped cavity in one end,
used as gaming blocks.
2138-2139. 2138, (41885), and 2139, (41886), are specimens of this block
called _sosh-he-wey_.
2140. (41887). Spherical grooved block, painted to represent a melon,
used in the melon dance.
2141. (41918). Wooden top, _ree-am-pee_.
2142. (41920). Wooden balls, probably to represent eyes.
2143. (41921). Ball attached to the end of a painted stick, the use of
which is not known; probably used in connection with dancing
ceremonies.
2144. (41900). Small implement of wood used as a dance ornament.
2145. (41752). Wooden ornament for the head, worn in dancing ceremonies.
Two little leather balls are attached to the dotted end; shown in Fig.
563.
2146. (41754). Two small wooden balls with black ends and a white band
around the middle; a dance ornament.
2147. (41756). Ornaments for the wrist; made of wooden rings.
2148. (41753). A similar object, painted in various bright colors.
2149-2150. 2149, (41881), and 2150, (41882), are slatted wooden
cylinders with conical blocks attached to them. Ornaments for dancing
ceremonies.
2151. (41876). Wooden ball attached to slatted gourd-neck, used as an
ornament in the dance.
2152. (41877). See Fig. 564.
2153-2154. 2153, (41878), and 2154, (41879). Specimens varying from the
preceding only in colors.
2155. (41922). Necklace of acorn hulls, _tuck-we-tah-qua-we_. Fig. 565.
2156. (41923). The same kind of an ornament.
_STATUETTES._
These objects vary in form, size, and decoration, the largest being
about thirty inches high, the smallest not more than five. They are
objects of worship in one form or another. The illustrations in the
woodcuts and colored plates will convey a better idea of them than could
be given in a description. They are entirely composed of wood, with
feathers and other small ornaments attached to them occasionally.
2157. (41951). This is the largest one of these images in the
collection, very highly ornamented with bright variegated colors. See
Fig. 571.
2158. (41952). One of these objects, differing only in size and manner
of decoration.
2159. (41953). This is a specimen of one of these images exhibited in
Fig. 567. The form is common to many of them, showing the pyramidal
projections attached to the head, with feathered tips.
2160-2161. 2160, (41954), and 2161, (41955). Similar objects.
2162. (41956). Fig. 569. This exhibits a female figure with variegated
colors, and in addition to the pyramidal projections from the head has
two round sticks with a ball and crown.
2163-2164. 2163, (41957), and 2164, (41958). Similar to Fig. 569.
2165. (41959). Fig. 566. The general characteristics of this specimen
are the same as those already referred to, but it differs in the
arrangement of the head attachments; two rows of pyramids are shown;
the lower one is inverted; the two rows are separated by three arches;
the upper pyramids are ornamented at the tips with feathers. A
necklace of acorn hulls is around the neck, with a shell ornament
attached to it. Garters are represented at the knees. In this
specimen, as in many others, the feet are only represented by stubs.
The body is decorated to represent fancifully colored clothing.
2166-2168. 2166, (41960); 2167, (41961); 2168, (41962). Similar to the
preceding.
2169. (41963). This is well shown in Fig. 570.
2270-2172. 2170, (41964); 2171, (41965); 2172, (41966). Objects of the
same character.
2173. (41967). This specimen (Fig. 568) differs considerably in form
from those previously mentioned. As will be observed by reference to
the figure, it has a conical projection from the top of the head,
representing a hat with a feather at the top, with two short, round
blocks at the base of the hat, and two round balls to represent ears.
The skirt is of cloth. The specimen is brilliantly decorated with
paint.
2174. (41968). Shows the form and details of carving, highly colored.
2175. (41969). A brilliantly colored image, which is well shown in
colors in Fig. 572.
2176-2180. 2176, (21970); 2177, (41971); 2178, (21972); 2179, (21973);
2180, (41974), are similar objects.
ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.
_HORN AND BONE._
2181. (40113). Large ladle from horn of mountain sheep, called
_ál-ly-ku_. See Fig. 573.
2182-2188. 2182, (41891); 2183, (41892); 2184, (41893); 2185 (41894);
2186 (41895); 2187 (41897); and 2188 (41898). No. 2182 is a bone awl
or perforator, of which the others are examples, as shown in Fig. 575.
2189-2192. 2189, (41990); 2190, (41991); 2191, (41992); 2192, (41193).
Goats’ horns perforated with small round holes, through which arrow
shafts are passed to smooth and straighten them. Fig. 576 is an
illustration of one of them, called _hoth-quen_.
[Illustration:
Fig. 570 (41963)
Fig. 571 (41951)
Fig. 572 (41969)
Figs. 570-572.--SHINUMO STATUETTES. ¼ NATURE]
[Illustration:
Fig. 573 (40113) (¼)
Fig. 574 (41855) (⅓)
Fig. 575 (41891) (⅓)
Fig. 576 (41992) (¼)
Figs. 573-576.--Wolpi Ladle, Rattle, &c.]
2193-2196. 2193, (41994); 2194, (41995); 2195, (41996); 2196, (41997).
Bundles of arrow shafts.
2197. (41855). Bunch of ox hoofs or toes used as a rattle in dances.
These same objects are frequently attached to the edges of turtle
shells for the same purpose. See Fig. 574 in Zuñi collection.
2198-2199. 2198, (41763), and 2199, (41764). Small hoops with painted
net-work stretched across them; dance ornaments.
2200-2201. 2200, (42346), and 2201, (42347). Shell ornaments,
_ya-wag-sha-na._
2202. (41854). Medicine shells.
_SKIN._
2203. (41737). Cap made from the skin of a panther’s head, with feathers
attached to the top of it, called _pow-how-wi-ta-nah-chi_.
2204. (41738). Head-dress made of the skin of a panther’s head, so as to
preserve the natural appearance of the animal, with feather ornaments
attached.
2205. (41740). Fur cap, ornamented with feathers.
2206. (41743). Boy’s sling, _tow-wow-kin-pi_.
2207. (41842). Large rabbit-skin robe, made by twisting strands of
rabbit-skins with the fur attached, and then sewing the strands
together, _tah-ru-pe_.
2208. (41843). Small robe of the same character.
2209. (42354). Buckskin wrist-guards, faced with metal, Fig. 579. These
guards are common with nearly all tribes of Indians, and are designed
to protect the wrist from the string of bows used in war and in
hunting.
2210. (41869). Women’s buckskin leggings.
2211. (41870). Women’s buckskin leggings.
2212. (41739). Anklet of buckskin, _pi-la-wak-chi_.
2213. (41741). Anklet of buckskin.
2214. (41828). A pair of men’s moccasins, which the accompanying
illustration shows well. They are made of buckskin, but differ from
the usual manner of making moccasins, called _pow-chi_. See Fig. 578.
2215. (41721). Baby’s moccasins, _tow-tow-chi-we-ha_.
2216. (41722). Pair child’s moccasins, _tow-tow-chi-we-ha_.
2217. (41723). Woman’s moccasins, _tow-chi_.
2218. (41829). Pair of child’s moccasins, _pow-tow-chi-u-wez-ha_. The
following are specimens of children’s moccasins:
2219-2222. 2219, (41830); 2220, (41831); 2221, (41832); 2222, (41833).
2223. (41755). Small gaming ball covered with goat skin.
2224. (41745). Buckskin paint bag, beaded.
2225. (41746). Buckskin paint bag, beaded.
2226. (41747). Buckskin paint bag, ornamented with fringe.
2227. (41748). Buckskin paint bag, ornamented with fringe.
2228. (41827). Deer-skin pouch, _la-hab-ush-i-wa_.
2229. (41657). Small deer-skin quiver and one arrow.
2230. (41841). Buckskin embroidered with beads.
2231. (41871). Buckskin dyed black.
2232. (41872). Buckskin dyed black.
2233. (41873). Buckskin dyed black.
2234-2235. 2234, (41717), and 2235, (41719), are riding whips made of
plaited leather or raw-hide, called _wi-wa-pi_. See Fig. 580.
2236. (41176). A flat drum, made by stretching goat-hide over a wide
hoop, and tightened by lacing crosswise around the edge with a cord of
the same hide. One side is plain, the other is decorated with a
figure, which is not interpreted. This specimen is from Shinumo, but
it does not differ from those used by many of the other Pueblo tribes.
Fig. 581.
2237. (42351). Fig. 577. Leather wristlets, ornamented with wild turkey
feathers.
2238-2239. 2238, (42352), and 2239, (42353), are objects of the same
kind, differing somewhat in ornamentation.
2240. (42354). Ornamental wristlets with metal facing.
2241. (42355). Buckskin wrist-guard, to protect the wrist from the
bowstring when shooting arrows.
2242-2243. 2242, (42356), and 2243, (42357), are similar objects, made
of leather.
2244. (42358). Anklets of leather or rawhide strips.
2245. (42359). Anklets.
2246-2247. 2246, (41749), and 2247, (41750). Leather bags for fire
stones.
2248. (41850). Leather attachments for moccasins.
2249. (41765). Leather gaming ball, _tat-chi_.
2250. (41758). Leather or rawhide lash rope with rings, called
_pe-qui-sha_.
2251. (41874). Specimen of undressed rawhide.
2252. (41875). Rawhide bag, painted, _cah-he-ne-si-vah_.
2253. (41844). Narrow strip of canvas, painted to represent some
fanciful feature. The following are specimens of the same:
2254-2258. 2254, (41845); 2255, (41846); 2256, (41847); 2257, (41848);
2258, (41849).
_WOVEN FABRICS._
2259. (41834). Woven belts or sashes, of which the following are
examples, and which are well shown in colors by Figs. 582 and 583:
2260-2269. 2260, (41713); 2261, (41803); 2262, (41255); 2263, (41823);
2264, (41835); 2265, (41836); 2266, (41837); 2267, (41838); 2268,
(41839); 2269, (41840).
2270. (41718). Woven waist belt, ornamented with sheep and goats’ toes,
attached to the lower edge of the belt.
2271. (41751). Head ornament of braided hair.
[Illustration:
Fig. 577 (42351)
Fig. 578 (41828) (⅕)
Fig. 579 (42354) (⅓)
Fig. 580 (41719) (⅙)
Fig. 581 (41176) (⅙)
Figs. 577-581.--Wolpi Wristlets, Moccasins, etc.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 582 (41255)
Fig. 583 (41823)
Figs. 582-583.--SHINUMO BLANKETS. ¼ NATURE]
2272. (42361). Flat circular pad, composed of hair, over which the
Shinumo women wear their hair, which appears like two wheels over the
ears.
2273. (41767). Head ornament for flower dance, called _tah-chi_.
2274. (41769). Ornament similar to the preceding.
2275. (41766). Maiden’s hair strings for head-dress, called
_chi-ca-ha-pi_.
2276. (41735). Rosette for head-dress in dance.
2277. (41736) Rosette with hair tufts attached; dance ornament for the
head.
2278. (41744). Woolen tassel, ornament for dress.
2279. (41762). Neck ornament, with feathers attached, called
_how-wah-he-qua-wi_.
2280. (41759). Feather charms.
2281. (41761). Woven band for the head, called _mong-at-a_.
[Illustration:
Fig. 584 (42365) (¼)]
2282. (42365). Fig. 584. Anklets, ornamented with porcupine quills; some
are beaded.
The following are specimens of the anklets, variously ornamented:
2283-2286. 2283, (42362); 2284, (42363); 2285, (42364); 2286, (42366).
2287. (41742). Woman’s knit leggings.
2288. (41826). Woven hair sinch or saddle-girt, _ah-chis-clah_.
2289. (41757). Braided lasso or lariat.
COLLECTIONS FROM LAGUNA.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VASES._
These are mostly of the usual form, though some should, probably on
account of their shape, be designated as jars. A few have the margin
undulate, and some are without any distinct neck.
They are generally well made and very symmetrical, of white ware, with
decorations in black, brown, or red colors.
2290. (41295). Small, with opposite handles or ears, resembling rats
peeping into the vessel; body decorated with broad oblique stripes and
figures resembling corn blades. Shown in Fig. 585.
2291. (42382). Small, decorated with birds fighting, their feathers
ruffled. Fig. 612.
2292. (42384). Small, with a single broad undulate band around the body,
having a white stripe in the middle marked with a row of dots.
2293. (42385). Fig. 586. Scalloped and straight band around the neck;
body with two interlaced undulate bands, with triangles alternately in
the inclosed and upper spaces.
2294. (42380). Red base, upright black bands in the center, with brown
band below neck, and oblique bars extending from rim downward. See
Fig. 610.
2295. (42381a). Fig. 587. The leaves in the decorations of this piece
are probably designed to represent corn blades. There is something
about the figures here used which leads one to believe they are, in
part, at least, symbolical.
2296. (42386). Fig. 588. Large. Large flower ornaments surrounding large
birds with crests and ruffled feathers, one in each space. The
large-billed bird may be intended for a raven; the other the
California quail.
2297. (42387). Small margin, with images of three birds with spread
wings on it; figures of two birds, with a few small flowers covering
the body. See Fig. 611.
2298. (42388). Small. Zigzag band around the neck; figures on the body
as in Fig. 585.
2299. (42389). Jar-shaped; zigzag band extending on neck and shoulder; a
straight and scalloped band just below the shoulder.
2300. (42390). No neck, broadest near the top; birds, and flowers with
stem. Small.
2301. (41391). Without neck; birds only, small.
2302. (42392). Without neck. Birds picking grass. Small flowers.
2303. (42393). Scalloped margin; birds only, small.
2304. (42394), Fig. 589. Scalloped margin. Deer, which seems to be
biting the leaves of a plant.
2305. (42395). Fig. 590.
2306. (42396). Jug-shaped, scalloped margin, with four bands of
crescents on the body.
2307. (42397). Jug-shaped, with square month; zigzag line around the
neck. Scrolls and oblique diamond figures on the body; small.
2308. (42398). Fig. 591. Ears in the form of animals peeping into the
vessel.
2309. (42399). Small, with crude images of animals on the margin; birds
alone on the body.
2310. (42400). Small; no neck, square mouth; image of a rabbit at each
corner on the rim; birds and checkered square on the body.
2311. (42401). Small and similar to preceding, except that there are
only corn leaves and a little square on the body.
2312. (41402). Similar in form to the preceding; image of an animal at
one corner only; zigzag line around the neck; double undulate line
around the body, with dots above and below.
2313. (41403). Similar to No. 2310, except that it is more slender and
jar-shaped; image of a dog or coyote at each corner; figure of a ladle
and a diamond on the body.
[Illustration:
Fig. 585 (41295) (⅓)
Fig. 586 (42385) (⅓)
Fig. 587 (42381) (¼)
Figs. 585-587.--Laguna Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 588 (42386) (¼)
Fig. 589 (42394) (⅓)
Fig. 590 (42395) (⅓)
Fig. 591 (42398) (⅓)
Fig. 592 (41298) (⅓)
Figs. 588-592.--Laguna Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 593 (41299) (½)
Fig. 594 (42412) (⅓)
Fig. 595 (42413) (⅓)
Fig. 596 (42409) (⅓)
Figs. 593-596.--Laguna Water Jars.]
2314. (41404). Jar-shaped, with a round mouth, one animal on the margin;
triangular lines on the body.
2315. (42406). Regular shaped olla of medium size; large figure of leaf
twigs arranged in the form of a Maltese cross, surrounded on the side
by broad curved lines or stripes.
The following are but slightly decorated:
2316-2317. 2316, (42376), and 2317, (42378). With one or two simple
narrow bands or lines.
2318. (42780). With slight oblique lines on the neck, and a few broad
upright lines in two groups on the body.
2319-2320. 2319, (42379), and 2320, (42381b). Without decorations of any
kind.
_WATER JUGS AND JARS._
2321. (41299). Fig. 593, Canteen with the images of four dogs or coyotes
on it. Leaf decorations.
2322. (41300). Canteens, regular form. Irregular figures.
2323. (42412). Fig. 594. Canteen of regular form, scalloped band, leaves
and geometrical figures.
2324. (42413). Fig. 595. Olla-shaped canteen. The top is depressed and
ornamented with a scalloped band; immediately below this is a broad
band consisting of two plain, narrow stripes, between which is a row
of oblong figures arranged in a zigzag pattern; around the middle of
the vessel there is a sparsely serrate band, interrupted at intervals
by small circles, in each of which there is the form of a cross.
2325. (42409). Fig. 596. The ornamentation on this piece is rather
peculiar and worthy of attention, especially the bands around the
columns.
2326. (42411). Double pepper and salt box, square form, with two handles
side by side; birds mounted on the handles; figures of elk on the
sides and ends in procession.
2327. (42475). Moccasin; rude.
_PITCHERS._
These are well formed, evidently in imitation of those introduced by the
white population. All similar in form, with handles. White ware with
decorations; of medium size.
2328. (41298). Shown in Fig. 592.
2329. (42405). Diamond scroll in the upper zone; a band of triangles
with points directed upward in lower zone.
2330. (42406). Flower or rosette in upper zone, one on each side; no
other figures.
2331. (42407). Broad band around the neck, from which two long-pointed
triangles or acuminate figures point downwards; then another simple
straight band, and below this a zigzag band.
2332. (42408). Scroll band around the neck; a band of hour-glass figures
around the shoulder.
2333. (42410). With an undulate band around the bowl.
_EFFIGIES._
These are of white decorated ware, and in the form of birds and
quadrupeds; the orifice being usually in the top of the head, but in
birds it is occasionally at the tail, and in the quadruped forms
sometimes in the breast.
Birds.
These are frequently without feet, &c.; one or two double ones are on
pedestals.
2334-2347. 2334, (41301); 2335, (41302), Fig. 597; 2336, (41303), Fig.
598; 2337, (41304); 2338, (41305); 2339, (42414), Fig. 608; 2340,
(42415), Fig. 599; 2341, (42418), Fig. 609; 2342, (42419); 2343,
(42423); 2344, (42426); 2345, (42427); 2346, (42428); 2347, (42429),
are all similar to that represented in the Figures; some of them are
intended to represent other birds than ducks.
2348. (42417). Fig. 600. With two heads on a pedestal.
2349. (42420). Two heads, but not on a pedestal; a handle on the back in
the form of a fox or dog. See Fig. 605.
2350-2352. 2350, (42421); 2351, (42422); 2352, (42424). Similar to those
shown in Fig. 598, but the decorations are scrolls and triangular
figures. The first has a flower or rosette on the breast.
2353. (42425). Two-headed; not on pedestal; lines, triangles, &c.
2354. (42435). With a crest and long tail; apparently a rooster.
Quadrupeds.
2355. (41306). Fig. 601. This represents a sheep. The orifice is in
front of the head.
2356-2357. 2356, (41307), Fig. 609, and 2357, (41309). These are
probably intended for sheep, but they are so rude that it is not
possible to determine with any certainty. Bark colored.
2358. (41308). A cow; although rude, the characteristics are well given,
even to the hoofs and udder; spotted on the back and breast. Coloring
on the sides intended to represent hair.
2359. (42430). Shown in Fig. 606.
2360. (42431). Fig. 602. This and the preceding figure are evidently
intended to represent rabbits.
2361-2362. 2361, (42432), and 2362, (42433). Similar to the last;
apparently intended for a figure of the ass (_Burro_), though the
spots on the former are inappropriate. The latter is decorated on the
side with the figure of another quadruped.
2363. (42434). Animal unknown.
2364-2365. 2364, (42436), and 2365, (42437). Animal not determinable;
decorated with spots.
[Illustration:
Fig. 597 (41302) (⅓)
Fig. 598 (41303) (⅓)
Fig. 599 (42415) (½)
Fig. 600 (42417) (⅓)
Figs. 597-600.--Laguna Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 601 (41306) (⅓)
Fig. 602 (42431) (⅓)
Fig. 603 (42438) (⅓)
Fig. 604 (42444) (⅓)
Figs. 601-604.--Laguna Effigies.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 605 (42420)
Fig. 606 (42430)
Fig. 607 (41307)
Fig. 608 (42414)
Fig. 609 (42418)
Figs. 605-609--LAGUNA POTTERY. ⅓ NATURE.
[Illustration:
Fig. 610 (42380)
Fig. 611 (42387)
Fig. 612 (42382)
Fig. 613 (42473)
Fig. 614 (42469)
Fig. 615 (42471)
Figs. 610-615.--LAGUNA POTTERY. (1/[illegible]) NATURE.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 616 (41297) (½)
Fig. 617 (42452) (⅓)
Figs. 616, 617.--Laguna Eating Bowls.]
2366-2371. 2366, (42438), Fig. 603; 2367, (42439); 2368, (42440); 2369,
(42441); 2370, (42442); 2371, (42443). Antelope and elk. The first is
evidently an antelope, and possibly the third and fifth. The rest are
certainly elk. Decorations simple.
2372. (42444). Probably a dog or coyote, with scrolls and diamond
figures. See Fig. 604.
2373. (42445). Probably a horse.
Human figures--dolls.
2374-2377. 2374, (42447); 2375, (42448); 2376, (42449); 2377, (42450).
Females; simple.
2378. (42446). Is a pretty fair representation of a chair.
_EATING BOWLS._
The Laguna bowls are mostly of two sizes, either large or small. The
former are eating bowls and are of the general form, or perhaps more
hemispherical than usual. The small ones vary in shape from the
preceding form to that of a flat-bottomed basin. The decorations present
but little similarity to those we have previously described from other
tribes; white ware with colored decorations.
Small bowls. Decorations all external:
2379. (41296). Square mouth, with two sides somewhat flattened. Scrolls
and leaf-like figures on the outside.
2380. (41297). Fig. 616. Shown in the figure.
2381. (42451). Basin-shaped, with a handle on one side and a lip on the
other; simple marginal and basal band with oblique lines.
2382. (42452). Fig. 617. Same form, with handle on which is seated some
animal, apparently a dog, no lip. Band of diamond figures with central
spaces. These two are the only specimens which have handles.
The following are quite small, basin-shaped, decorated with leaflike
figures:
2383-2388. 2383, (42453); 2384, (42454); 2385, (42457); 2386, (42458);
2387, (42459); 2388, (42460).
The two following are small, of regular form:
2389. (42455). With two zigzag lines around the body.
2390. (42456). With geometrical figures.
Large bowls.
2391. (41265). No external decorations; radiating lines and large spaces
inside.
2392. (42474). Inner zigzag marginal line as on Zuñi bowls; outer
decorations also somewhat like the usual triangular figures on the
Zuñi bowls.
The following are without inner decorations:
2393-2395. 2393, (42466); 2394, (42468); 2395, (42472). With broad band
of geometrical figures; the first with a narrow scalloped band
bordering the large band below.
2396-2397. 2396, (42461), and 2397, (42473), Fig. 613. With irregular
geometrical figures; no band.
2398. (42469). With diamond marginal band; irregular figures below. Fig.
614.
2399. (42470). The large circular scroll with irregular figures; no
band.
2400. (42471). Scalloped circle with a square in it, and leaf-like
figures. Fig. 615.
COLLECTIONS FROM ACOMA.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VASES._
There are but few pieces of this pottery, yet a careful examination of
these since my return increases my desire to procure more. The Acoma
bears a strong resemblance, especially in the ornamentation, to that
from Laguna. All that was obtained was of white ware with decorations in
color. In this pottery, in most cases where animals are figured, they
have a base or ground on which to stand.
2401. (39578). Medium size, figures of birds, ant-hills, and cactus. No
band on the neck.
2402. (39581). Fig. 618.
2403. (39582). Very pretty specimen, quite symmetrical, broad
jar-shaped, a scalloped band on the neck with little tassels suspended
from it, possibly intended to imitate fringe. Large triangles on the
body pointing to the right, each tipped with a flower.
2404. (39730). Small scalloped band around the neck similar to Fig. 624.
2405. (41310). Large double band of triangles on the neck; body with a
band of large diamonds, or squares placed as diamonds, with checkered
centers and crescents.
2406. (41313). No band on the neck; birds and ant hills.
2407. (41314). No band on neck; large elk and some irregular figures.
2408. (41315). No band on neck; bird on the ground amid leaves and
flowers.
2409. (41316). Fig. 619. The ornamentation on this is more than usually
spirited.
2410. (41318). Scalloped margin, no neck-band; belt of large open
diamonds around the body, each upper corner capped with three leaves.
See Fig. 621.
2411. (41317). Large size; a double band of crescents around the neck;
then on the shoulder an arched band with a central stripe of diamonds;
below this a double line of inverted crescents, and below this a large
three-leafed plant. See Fig. 620.
[Illustration:
Fig. 618 (39581) (¼)
Fig. 619 (41316) (¼)
Figs. 618, 619.--Acoma Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 620 (41317)
Fig. 621 (41318)
Fig. 622 (42377)
Figs. 620-622.--ACOMA POTTERY. ⅕ NATURE.]
2412. (42378). Plain.
2413. (42383). Small, with lines of outline crescents around the body.
2414. (42377). See Fig. 622.
_PITCHERS._
White decorated ware with handles:
2415. (41311). Regular form, of medium size, with a broad zigzag band
around the neck and another around the body. The latter has in each
large fold something like an arrow-head with point broken off.
2416. (41312). Olla-shaped neck with snort oblique bands; body with
large and small triangles.
_EATING BOWLS._
The following specimens are small:
2417. (42461). Shaped exactly like the small soup bowl in use at the
present day among the whites; with foot encircled by a vine with
well-formed leaves. A pretty piece.
2418. (42462). Regular form, with an outline zigzag band.
2419. (42463) and (42464). Very small, conical in shape, the former
marked with slender lines running around it, the latter with dots.
COLLECTION FROM COCHITI.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VESSELS._
Size: height 6 to 9 inches, diameter 6 to 15 inches.
These are of the same form as those of Zuñi, but the curves and outlines
are much more graceful, and there is a delicacy in the finish which
places them above the Zuñi pottery and indicates a greater freedom and
confidence in the ceramic artist. The rim is often slightly flared, the
neck more distinct and regularly formed.
The only figure given of this interesting group is not one of the
regularly formed specimens. They are all white ware with decorations in
black.
2420. (39501). Scalloped band around the neck; body divided into three
compartments by upright double lines with rosette in one and twigs in
the others.
2421. (39502), Pueblo or terraced figures around the body bordered by an
undulate line below. This is of special interest.
2422. (39503). Decorated with sunflower, the stem and leaves on the
body; straight and undulate lines around the neck.
2423. (39504). Decorated with straight and undulate bands.
2424. (39505). With figures of birds on the neck; and a tolerably well
executed true meander or Greek fret around the body. Evident imitation
of European pattern.
2425. (39506). Straight and undulate lines on the neck, triangle
pointing downwards, leaves and insects on the body.
2426. (39509). Depressed; with rosettes and geometrical figures on the
upper half of the body.
2427. (39634). Globular in form, without neck; scalloped marginal band;
figures of chickens on the body.
2428. (39731). Fig. 624. Small size.
2429. (39733). Small size, similar in form to the preceding, with
scalloped band around the neck, and scalloped arches on the body.
Shown in Fig. 623.
Globular vessels with handles, used for holding water. These are of two
forms: those which are almost or quite spherical, with wide month at the
top; and those which resemble tea-pots, and open through a spout in the
form of the head of a bird or other animal. These are sometimes
globular, with opening at the top. Size shown in the illustrations.
2430. (39557). Undulate band around the margin; figures of fish on the
body.
2431. (39558). Undulate line round the margin; figures of deer, bird,
and fruit.
2432. (39559). With figures of triangles and leaves on the body.
2433. (39560). With head of a bird projecting from one side; marked with
outline triangular and lunar figures on the body.
2434. (39561). Head of an animal projecting from one side.
Canteen-shaped vessels, with openings through a spout in the form of the
head of some animal. In some instances, where these are in the form of a
bird with the head for a spout, at the opposite end or side is the
representation of a tail, but often the latter is wanting. Handle
single, and usually on the top, unless otherwise specially mentioned.
2435-2436. 2435, (39563), and 2436, (39567). These are bird-shaped, with
simple meander bands round the neck, and procession or herd of sheep
or goats on the body. Head and tail shown. The former is seen in Fig.
625.
2437. (39564). Form of a bird without tail; decorations simple.
2438. (39565). Shown in Fig. 626.
2439. (39568). Bird without tail; figure of an Indian with a gun in his
hand, leading a calf followed by a cow.
2440. (39569). Bird with rude tail; figures of fishes and bird and a
scalloped band below.
2441. (39570). Bird without tail; feather figures on breast; oblique
checkered band to represent wing.
[Illustration:
Fig. 623 (39733) (⅓)
Fig. 624 (39731) (⅓)
Figs. 623, 624.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 625 (39563) (⅓)
Fig. 626 (39565) (⅓)
Figs. 625, 626.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 627 (39573) (⅓)
Fig. 628 (39720) (⅓)
Figs. 627, 628.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 629 (39725) (⅓)
Fig. 630 (39511) (⅓)
Figs. 629, 630.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 631 (39717) (⅓)
Fig. 632 (39721) (⅓)
Figs. 631, 632.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 633 (39718) (⅓)
Fig. 634 (39714) (⅓)
Figs. 633, 634.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
2442. (39571). With two heads opposite, handle crosswise between them;
serrate bands around the necks; figures of birds on the body.
2443. (39572). Representing a double-headed duck, with a single tail at
opposite end; square handle; outline flower or rosette on the body.
2444. (39573). Form and decorations shown in Fig. 627. Probably intended
for a dog.
2445. (39574). Form like preceding; decorations, fish, and grass; latter
well shown.
2446. (39575). Similar in form to preceding, but with the fore-legs
added. Decorations, collar or band around the neck and fish, on the
body.
2447. (39579). Without handle, canteen-shaped, with dark head on one
side; decorated with flowers and birds.
2448. (39696). Bird’s head on top, tail present, no handle; jug-shape;
feather on back, scrolls and flower on the side.
2449. (39697). Animal’s head; no tail; open on top as well as through a
spout; scalloped margin; birds and twigs on the body.
2450. (39698). Similar in form to the preceding, and with similar
decorations.
2451. (39699). Similar in form, but not open on top. Man, boy, and
birds, with lines or shading to represent the ground.
2452-2458. 2452, (39701); 2453, (39713); 2454, (39715); 2455, (39720);
Fig. 628; 2456, (39725), Fig. 629; 2457, (39727); 2458, (39730). These
are somewhat of bird form, with globular body and without tail. Nos.
2455, 2456, and 2457 are open on top, the others are not. Decorated
with figures of birds, and sometimes flowers or twigs. The bird
figures on No. 2453 (39713) are evidently intended for turkeys. This
is without handle, and open at the top.
2459. (39700). Bird without tail; figures of deer and some other animal,
also trees.
2460. (39703). Duck-shaped, without tail; rude figures of animals and
birds.
2461. (39511). Fig. 630.
2462. (39704). Bird-shape, no tail; outline figures of Indians.
2463-2465. 2463, (39706); 2464, (39712); 2465, (39721), Fig. 632. Usual
bird form as shown, and with similar animal figures.
2466. (39705). Resembles specimen shown in Fig. 629.
2467-2468. 2467, (39707), and 2468, (39708). Same form; decorations in
outline, former of plants, latter of animals; rude.
2469. (39709). Same form; figure of an Indian chasing a deer.
2470-2471. 2470, (39710), and 2471, (39717). Fig. 631. Decorated with
figures of fish.
2472. (39711). Usual form; oblique; double serrate band and figures of
fish.
2473. (39714). Fig. 634.
2474. (39718). Fig. 633.
2475. (39719). Fig. 635.
2476. (39722). Fig. 636. This belongs to the globular group above
described.
2477. (39723). Similar to the preceding and belongs to the same group;
with figures of sheep and fish.
2478. (39724). Fig. 637.
2479. (39726). Fig. 638. A true canteen.
2480. (39728).
2481. (39729). Fig. 639.
2482. (39508). Bird with tail more elongate in form than usual. Oblique
checkered band on the side.
2483. (39514). Similar to water jars in the form of birds, and without
handles.
2484. (39562). Fig. 640.
2485. (39515). Rosette of leaves on the back; tail well formed, probably
represents the dove.
2486. (39516). No head, merely a spout; decorations simple.
2487. (39517). Evidently intended for a hen.
2488. (39518). Fig. 642.
2489. (39584). Simulates a hen; feathers on the back, deer on the sides.
2490. (39585). With handle, wings rudely figured. Shown in Fig. 641.
2491. (39586). Similar in form to No. 2480; wings represented by figure,
behind them the figures of a bird, evidently a duck, resembling the
head of the vessel. Of the usual tea-pot shape.
2492. (39583). Without handle, canteen-shaped; open on top, with head
apparently of turtle on one side: decorations, bird and rosette.
2493. (39580). Fig. 643. Simple jar.
2494. (39576). Fig. 644. Figure of a priest.
2495-2496. 2495, (39777), and 2496, (39778). Simple water jars of black
ware, pitcher-shaped, with slight projection on the body for handle.
These were evidently obtained from some other tribe.
_EATING BOWLS._
There is but one specimen of Cochiti manufacture in the collection.
2497. (39512). Of ordinary shape; white ware, decorated with black on
the inside only; a central ring with radiating corn-leaf figures.
_ORNAMENTS, EFFIGIES, AND TOYS._
All small. White ware, slightly decorated unless otherwise specified.
2498. (39520). Head of some animal too rude to identify.
2499. (39521). Double-headed bird figure on a pedestal.
2500. (39526). Black ware. Sitting annual; very rude.
2501. (39527). Black ware. Probably jack-rabbit; handle at the back.
[Illustration:
Fig. 635 (39719) (⅓)
Fig. 636 (39722) (⅓)
Figs. 635, 636.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 637 (39724) (⅓)
Fig. 638 (39726) (⅓)
Figs. 637, 638.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 639 (39729) (⅓)
Fig. 640 (39562) (⅓)
Figs. 639-640.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 641 (39585) (⅓)
Fig. 642 (39518) (¼)
Figs. 641, 642.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 643 (39580) (⅓)
Fig. 644 (39576) (⅓)
Figs. 643, 644.--Cochiti Water Vessels.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 645 (39857) (½)
Fig. 646 (39825) (⅓)
Fig. 647 (39824) (⅓)
Figs. 645-647.--Cochiti Effigies.]
2502. (39528). Black ware. Young birds. The three last mentioned are
most likely from some other pueblo.
2503. (39824). Fig. 647. Black ware.
2504. (39825). Fig. 646. Black ware.
2505-2506. 2505, (39826), and 2506, (39827). Similar grotesque figures
of black ware.
2507. (39854). Double-headed figure of a bird on pedestal.
2508. (39855). Bird on pedestal; ruffled back.
2509-2518. 2509, (39856); 2510, (39857), Fig. 645; 2511, (39858); 2512;
(39859); 2513, (39860); 2514, (39861); 2515, (39769); 2516, (39775);
2517, (39883); 2518, (39862), are figures of birds on pedestals,
except No. 2514, which is the figure of a little duck, and probably is
a toy water vessel.
2519. (39524). A toy cup or basket in the shape of an olla, with handle,
the figure of the little water insect or worm appears on this, the
only instance in the Cochiti pottery.
COLLECTION FROM SANTO DOMINGO.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VESSELS._
There are but nine pieces of this pottery, and all but two of these are
small images or drinking vessels in the form of birds.
2520. (39510). A double globe jar or canteen. White ground, with
ornamentations in black, as seen in Fig. 649. Depression in the center
is probably designed to receive a band or cord to carry it with.
2521. (39513). Large black bowl; no ornamentation.
Images of black ware; two pieces; a bird on pedestal and a quadruped.
2522-2523. 2522, (39652a); 2523, (39652b).
2524-2525. 2524, (39653), and 2525, (39654). Human images, very rude.
2526. (39658). Bird on pedestal.
Small drinking vessels in the form of birds. White ornamented ware.
2527. (39655). With four rows of dots on the side; no tail.
2528. (39656). With handle; tail and neck ornamented.
2529. (39657). No ornamentation except a line or two and some dots on
the head. Fig. 648.
COLLECTIONS FROM TESUKE.
ARTICLES OF STONE.
_METATES, MORTARS, ETC._
2530. (39809). Stone metate for grinding grain, brown sandstone.
2531. (39810). Quartzitic stone mortar for grinding mineral pigment.
2532. (39811). Quite small mineral pigment mortar of quartz rock.
2533. (39821). Gaming ball of fine-grained sandstone.
2534. (42215). Discoidal quartz pounder.
2535. (42341). Fig. 650. Paint mortar. This mortar was made from a
somewhat rounded sandstone boulder by grinding out a cavity. In the
cut, which was drawn for another purpose, the pestle is represented
with a small cup-shaped cavity on one side of it, in which the fluid
pigment from the mortar was poured and used with the brush of the
artist for decorative purposes. This is the only specimen of the kind
in the collection, and the only one found where the pestle combines
the cup with it.
[Illustration:
Fig. 650 (42341) (⅓)
Fig. 648 (39657) (½)
Fig. 649 (39510) (⅓)
Figs. 646-649.--Santo Domingo Canteen and Effigy.]
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VASES._
This group, though comparatively small, contains some of the largest and
grandest pieces in the entire collection, some of the vases being twenty
inches in height and twenty-two in diameter, having a capacity of ten
gallons. It consists of white ware with decorations in black, bearing a
strong resemblance to that of Cochiti, brown micaceous, and polished
brown ware without ornamentation, and black ware without ornamentation.
Tinajas or vases. Well formed and similar in shape to those from
Cochiti.
2536. (39507). With oblique diamond figures on the neck, and geometrical
figures on the body.
2537. (39520). Upper half only decorated with rude figures of leaves and
twigs.
2538. (39523). Similar to the preceding.
2539. (39525). Without neck; a broad and true meander band around the
middle, with three-leaved flower above and below on each coil.
2540. (39530). Neck ornamented with a straight and an undulate line;
body as in No. 2539.
2541. (39531). With rosette and triangular figures somewhat similar to
those on Zuñi ollas.
2542. (39532). Decorations similar to those on Cochiti olla, No. 2421.
2543. (39801). Covered; a beautiful specimen, probably the most chaste
and artistic of the entire collection.
2544. (39533). Fig. 651. Similar to the preceding.
2545. (39534). Serrate band around the neck; body with broad band and
large circular spaces, each having four dark indentations.
2546. (39542). Neck with straight and undulate lines and short sigmoid
figures; body with figures of a plant.
2547. (39549). Neck similar to the preceding; body with a zigzag line
dotted along the upper side, and small ovoid spots above and below it,
one in each indentation.
2548. (39635). Plain black, polished, large.
2549. (39639). Like the last.
2550. (39660). Large size; dotted line around the neck; heavy band
around the shoulder, with sharp and long serrations pointing downward;
body with alternate ornamental ovals and four-pointed stars.
2551. (39661). Straight and undulate lines around the neck; body divided
into spaces by broad, double-scalloped, perpendicular stripes, having
the middle white with an undulate line in the white portion; the
intermediate spaces have a sun-shaped figure in the upper corner, from
which a double serrate stripe descends obliquely.
2552. (39664). Birds and undulate line on the neck; a straight line with
ring dots on the shoulder, broad meander band, with triple leaf
ornament around the body.
2553. (39665). Neck with meander as in the preceding; a slender vine,
well made, around the body.
2554. (39682). Rather slender; undulate margin; vine around the neck;
body with broad band of three-leaved flowers.
2555. (39683). Neck with straight and undulate lines; body with undulate
line terraced above as heretofore described, but above this is a row
or band of small distinct ovals.
2556. (39685). Black, without ornamentation.
2557. (39686). Large bowl-shaped olla, without neck, decorated with
vine, cross, scrolls, &c.
2558. (39687).
2559. (39740). Upper half with marginal scalloped band, from which hang,
obliquely, leaves with bent spines on their margin; below this a
serrate and then a double straight line.
2560. (39741). Squatted in shape. Vine with leaves around the middle of
the body.
2561. (39772). Small; slender vine around the neck, dotted line around
the shoulder, and three-leafed vine around the body.
2562. (39773). With flaring rim; scalloped band around the margin;
regular zigzag line around the shoulder, from each lower point of
which descend plants.
2563. (39789). Same decorations as No. 2539, but of the regular form.
2564. (39800). Small scalloped lines around the body.
2565. (39802). Brown, without ornamentation.
2566. (39803).
2567. (39805).
2568. (39806). Fig. 652.
2569. (39813). Fig. 654.
2570. (39814).
2571. (39815). Neck colored, with a white zigzag line running through
it; body with curious, large leaf-like ornaments of an angular shape.
2572. (39817). With similar leaf-like figures, but narrower and
differently arranged. Shown in Fig. 653. The piece is injured, and the
cords seen in the figure were tied about it by the natives to keep it
from, going to pieces.
2573. (39816). With a large zigzag band around the upper half of the
body, terraced above and below.
2574. (39818). Very large and beautiful specimen, decorated on the body
somewhat like some of the Zuñi pottery. The large circular scrolls are
formed of a vine with leaves on the outer side. There are but few of
the triangular figures seen in the Zuñi piece; there is a regular and
true serrate marginal band; below this on the neck a broad band with
diamond spaces.
2575. (39819). With a broad band around the neck composed of squares
placed obliquely, with an oblong white space in each; body with a
simple, narrow, straight band or double line.
2576. (39822). Large scalloped band around the neck, a little leaf
pendant from each point; the body with alternate large stars and
ornamental diamonds.
2577. (39823). This has the rim slightly flaring, a scalloped band and
leaves around the neck; the body profusely decorated with geometrical
figures. This belt is divided into four spaces, in each of which there
is a checkered, terraced pyramid pointing downward; the lower part and
sides of each space is occupied with triangular and sagittate figures.
2578. (39868). Small; neck with a row of ovals; the shoulder with a true
herring-bone band; a vine with spiny leaves around the body.
2579. (39865).
[Illustration:
Fig. 651 (39533) (¼)
Fig. 652 (39806) (⅕)
Figs. 651, 652.--Tesuke Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 653 (39817) (⅓)
Fig. 654 (39813) (⅓)
Figs. 653, 654.--Tesuke Water Vases.]
_WATER JUGS AND JARS._
2580. (39812). Plain double-bellied water bottle of micaceous ware. See
Fig. 655.
2581. (39834).
2582. (41366). Water jug. Fig. 519.
2583. (39790). Jar or urn of white ware, with two handles ornamented
with the usual meander.
_PITCHERS._
2584. (39745). A regular well-formed pitcher, with proper lip and
handle. White ware ornamented with serrate lines, triangles, and
circle. The only one from this tribe.
_EATING BOWLS._
The Tesuke bowls vary considerably in form, some having the slope
straight, others flaring and of the usual form, others biscuit-shaped.
No large specimens were obtained.
2585. (39613). Usual bowl-shape, with flaring margin; no external
decorations; inner surface with circular scrolls.
2586. (39647). Biscuit-shaped, with broad meander band externally; no
decoration internally.
The following are similar in form and decoration:
2587-2590. 2587, (39666); 2588, (39669); 2589, (39788); 2590, (39648).
Outside plain; inner marginal band a slender vine.
The following numbers are plain, of brown micaceous ware,
biscuit-shaped, small:
2591-2593. 2591, (39667); 2592, (39668); 2593, (39835).
The following are of the same ware, platter-shaped:
2594-2599. 2594, (39672); 2595, (39678); 2596, (39679); 2597, (39680);
2598, (39681); 2599, (39792).
2600. (39793). Square.
2601. (39797). Regular bowl-shaped, with foot.
2602. (39673). Biscuit-shaped, with band of straight and undulate lines.
2603. (39674). No outer decorations; inside with radiating serrate
lines, and leaves.
2604. (39675). No inner decorations; on outside a marginal serrate band,
and a band of leaves around the body.
2605. (39676). Biscuit-shaped; vine, with leaves, around the middle.
2606. (39677). Uo outer ornaments; on inner surface a center leaf-cross,
and above this, radiating lines.
2607. (39688). Decorated on inner surface only. A central flower and
submarginal band of oval leaves.
2608. (39742). Biscuit-shaped; zigzag line, with two leaves at each
point on the outside.
2609. (39743), Plain red, flower-pot shaped.
2610. (39744). Flower-pot shaped, with zigzag lines or vines running up
and down, a leaf at each point.
2611. (39776). Largest bowl of the group.
2612. (39787). Regular shape; zigzag band on the outside.
2613. (39798). Small, regular shape, with vines on the inside.
2614. (39799). Small figures and birds on the inside.
_COOKING VESSELS._
These are always plain black ware, and are of several forms.
Pots. Shaped like the Zuñi vessels.
2615-2632. 2615, (39601); 2616, (39602); 2617, (39605); 2618, (39606);
2619, (39607); 2620, (39608); 2621, (39611); 2622, (39670); 2623,
(39671); 2624, (39689); 2625, (39735); 2626, (39736); 2627, (39737);
2628, (39738); 2629, (39794); 2630, (39795), with handle; 2631,
(39828); 2632, (39874).
Bowel-shaped:
2633-2635. 2633, (39603); 2634, (39604); 3635, (39615), with handle. See
Fig. 657.
Platter-shaped:
2636-2646. 2636, (39609); 2637, (39610); 2638, (39612); 2639, (39614);
2640, (39690); 2641, (39691); 2642, (39692); 2643, (39693); 2644,
(39694); 2645, (39695), shown in Fig. 659; 2646, (39739).
_TOYS._
2647. (39791). Ornamented bird on pedestal.
Blackbirds on pedestals:
2648-2657. 2648, (39804); 2649, (39807); 2650, (39808); 2651, (39820);
2652, (39829); 2653, (39830); 2654, (39831), Fig. 656; 2655, (39832),
Fig. 658; 2656, (39833); 2657, (39836).
VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.
_MEDICINES._
2658. (39751). _O-sha_. Root used as medicine for rheumatism, internally
and externally.
2659. (39752). _Zerba-lobo_. Wolf root, for pulmonary complaints.
2660. (39753). _O-cha_. Root used for rheumatism.
2661. (39754). _Ka-cha-na_. Root, semi-medicinal and magic. To prevent
breach or wounds, and for sore eyes; external use.
[Illustration:
Fig. 655 (39812) (⅓)
Fig. 656 (39831) (½)
Fig. 657 (39615) (½)
Fig. 658 (39832) (½)
Fig. 659 (39695) (½)
Figs. 655-659.--Tesuke Vessels.]
COLLECTIONS FROM SANTA CLARA.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VASES._
This is all black and frequently polished ware without ornamentation.
The method of producing the black polish is explained in another part of
the catalogue.
Bowls and ollas. Black, without ornamentation. Some of these are of
comparatively large size.
2662-2670. 2662, (39645); 2663, (39748), Fig. 662; 2664, (39749); 2665,
(39750); 2666, (39779); 2667, (39780), Fig. 660; 2668, (39781); 2669,
(39782); 2670, (39786). A very pretty covered jar; cover with a
handle. Fig. 672.
2671. (39838). Small with scalloped margin.
2672. (39866).
2673. (39629). Fig. 661. Vase with depressed band around the center; rim
forming a band; base small.
2674. (39834). Double lobed bottle or canteen. See Fig. 671.
_EATING-BOWLS._
These are of black polished ware without decoration of any kind, and of
various forms, globular, bowl-shaped, and platter-shaped or true
platters.
Globular and small:
2675-2676. 2675, (39556), and 2676, (39616).
Bowl-shaped:
2677-2678. 2677, (39617), and 2678, (39618). With flared and notched
rim.
2679-2680. 2679, (39619), Fig. 667, and 2680, (39620). These two with
flared and scalloped rim.
2681. (39621). A cooking vessel.
2682-2689. 2682, (39628), Fig. 669; 2683, (39632), Fig. 663; 2684,
(39646), Fig. 664; 2685, (39633); 2686, (39636); 2687, (39637); 2688,
(39638); 2689, (39643).
Platter-shaped:
2690-2691. 2690, (39630), and 2691, (39640). Scalloped rim.
2692-2698. 2692, (39641); 2693, (39642); 2694, (39646), see Fig. 664;
2695, (39649), scalloped rim; 2696, (39784); 2697, (39785); 2698,
(39796).
2699. (39793). Fig. 668. Small platter-shaped dish of black polished
ware.
_COOKING VESSELS._
2700. (39794). Small pot, no handle.
2701. (39795). Small pot with handle.
2702-2705. 2702, (39623); 2703, (39626), Fig. 670; 2704, (39627); 2705,
(39629). Small pots without handles, with a constriction or
indentation around the middle.
2706-2707. 2706, (39837), and 2707, (39840). Small pitchers with handles
and lips.
2708. (39839). Canteen with spout and mouth above.
_EFFIGIES._
Bird figures, polished, on pedestals. All similar to those shown in the
figures.
2709-2720. 2709, (39841); 2710, (39842); 2711, (39843); 2712, (39844);
2713, (39845); 2714, (39846); 2715, (39847); 2716, (39848), Fig. 666;
2717, (39849), Fig. 665; 2718, (39850); 2719, (39554); 2720, (39555).
The last two are hollow, with an orifice in the back; no pedestal.
2721. (39553). Canteen in shape of a bird; no pedestal.
COLLECTIONS FROM SAN JUAN.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_EATING BOWLS._
2722-2723. 2722, (39587) and 2723, (39588). These two with handles on
each sides. Sides straight.
2724-2725. 2724, (39589), and 2725, (39590). Biscuit-shaped, as shown in
Fig. 675.
2726. (39591). Platter-shaped, with scalloped margin.
2727. (39592). Red ware, of medium size, with outer broad marginal band
of triangular figures.
Pots. Plain, black:
2728-2731. 2728, (39593); 2729, (39594); 2730, (39747); 2731, (39625).
Canteen-shaped, with handles or ears at or near the top; small
circular orifice. See Fig. 673.
2732. (39650). A similar vessel of black ware, with larger orifice, the
margin of which is scalloped. Large ears or handles near the top on
each side. Bottom oval, and an impressed band around middle of body.
In some of the canteen-shaped vessels this depression is for holding
the cord with which the vessel is transported. See Fig. 674.
[Illustration:
Fig. 660 (39780) (⅓)
Fig. 661 (39629) (½)
Fig. 662 (39748) (⅓)
Fig. 663 (39632) (½)
Fig. 664 (39646) (⅓)
Fig. 665 (39849) (½)
Fig. 666 (39848) (½)
Figs. 660-666.--Santa Clara Pottery.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 667 (39619) (⅕)
Fig. 668 (39793) (¼)
Fig. 669 (39628) (¼)
Fig. 670 (39626) (¼)
Fig. 671 (39834) (¼)
Fig. 672 (39786) (¼)
Figs. 667-672.--SANTA CLARA POTTERY.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 673 (39625) (½)
Fig. 674 (39650) (⅓)
Fig. 675 (39590) (⅓)
Figs. 673-675.--San Juan Pottery.]
2733. (39659). A jug-shaped pitcher of decorated red ware, with regular
handle neatly formed. Ornamented with a looped vine and twigs, with
leaves well drawn; neck slender and orifice with lip, but less in
proportion than in ordinary pitcher.
COLLECTION FROM JEMEZ.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
2734. (39926). Fig. 676. A very singular and pretty water vessel,
obtained at the Jemez pueblo. White ware decorated in black and brown.
It is probable that the peculiar form is given from mere fancy, and
not for the purpose of adapting it to any particular use, as it
appears to be simply a water vessel.
[Illustration:
Fig. 676 (39926) (⅓)]
COLLECTION FROM THE JICARILLA APACHES.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
This is a light brown micaceous ware, and the pieces are all small, or
comparatively so. They consist of pots, pitchers, and cups.
This small collection, though not obtained directly from the Jicarilla
Apaches, is attributed to them, for the reason that wherever found among
other tribes it is by them accredited to the Apaches. It is
manufactured, however, by some of the Pueblos along the Rio Grande, and
occasionally by the more western Pueblos. The party did not visit the
Apaches mentioned, and are not positively certain that they manufacture
pottery. These facts are mentioned in this connection to show that there
is some question as to the origin of this small collection.
Vase-shaped pots:
2735-2741. 2735, (39535); 2736, (39536); 2737, (39537); 2738, (39538);
2739, (39539); 2740, (39540); 2741, (39544). This and the next two
have the rims scalloped.
2742-2744. 2742, (39545); 2743, (39546); 2744, (39547).
Pot-shaped:
2745-2751. 2745, (39595); 2746, (39596); 2747, (39597); 2748, (39598);
2749, (39599); 2750, (39600); 2751, (39851).
Pitchers and cups, with handles of regular form:
2752. (39543). Finger impressions around the middle.
2753-2754. 2753, (39540), and 2754, (39548). Scalloped margin.
2755. (39770). With an undulate impressed line around the middle.
Miscellaneous:
2756. (39852). Incense-burner, somewhat in the shape of a beaver hat,
with a rim in the form of a bird; a small orifice in the middle.
2757. (39853). Bird image.
COLLECTIONS FROM OLD PECOS.
ARTICLES OF STONE.
2758. (39756). Flint scraper. Rudely shaped, of hard cherty rock, flat
on the inner face, convex on the back.
2759. (39757). An irregular square flat piece of sand-stone, on one side
of which is a small circular cup-shaped depression.
2760. (39758a). A small mortar composed of fine-grained sand-stone,
half broken away; being of quite soft stone, it was probably used for
pulverizing food of some kind.
2761. (39758b). Quartz mortar made from, a round water-worn boulder.
The cavity is symmetrical; diameter five inches.
2762. (39759). Half of a cherty water-worn boulder from which flakes for
flints have been chipped.
2763. (39760). Small round cherty boulders, frequently used in chipping
for flints, but in this instance they seem to have been used as
hammers.
2764. (39761). Hammer made from a section of a broken rubbing or
grinding stone of calcareous rock.
2765. (39762). Maul from broken rubbing stone or grinder, grooved at
each end; rhyolite.
2766. (39763). Rudely shaped sinker (or what is called a sinker),
rounded at each end and grooved in center; schistose rock.
2767. (39764). Rudely shaped chisel or celt of metamorphic schist.
2768. (39759). Rough chipping stone; agate.
2769. (39760). Three irregular round balls of flint-stone, flaked by
hammering.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
2770. (41771). Fragments of pottery from the old and new court,
exhibiting Spanish glaze.
2771. (41772). Pottery fragments, decorated in colors. Old and new
court.
2772. (41773). Ancient fragments, glazed.
[Illustration:
Fig. 677 (40814). (⅓)
Fig. 678 (40813). (⅓)
Fig. 679 (40815). (¼)
Fig. 680 (40816). (¼)
Figs. 677-680.--Water Vessels from Cañon de Chelly.]
2773. (41774). Fragments of pottery from the old court, showing glaze
with white ground.
2774. (41775). Miscellaneous fragments of pottery from various parts of
the ruins.
2775. (41794). Fragments of pottery, showing white coating, from new
court.
2776. (41796). Pottery fragments, showing Spanish glaze inside; new
court.
2777. (41797). Fragments with edges chipped.
2778. (41798). Rim pieces of black pottery were from the old court.
2779. (41799). Fragments of red pottery from new court.
2780. (41800). Fragments of plain pottery from both old and new courts.
2781. (42344). Specimens of adobe mortar from the walls of the Pecos
ruins.
2782. (42345). Specimen of same.
2783. (42373). Chimney pots from Casa Blanca, Old Pecos.
2784. (42374). Very large cooking pot in fragments from Casa Blanca, Old
Pecos.
ARTICLES OF WOOD.
2785. (41276). Beam of wood from the old court.
COLLECTIONS FROM THE CAÑON DE CHELLY.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VESSELS._
2786-2789. 2786, (40813), Fig. 678; 2787, (40814), Fig. 677; 2788,
(40815), Fig. 679; 2789, (40816), Fig. 680. These pieces are white
ware, decorated with black. The colors in great part still remain,
showing that they are comparatively modern. The lines represent colors
and not indentations.
2790. (40796). Fig. 681. Upper part broken; supposed to have been a
pitcher, as part of the handle remains. From Cliff House ruins, Cañon
de Chelly. Red ware. Comparatively modern.
The following articles are ancient ware, from the same place as the
preceding:
2791. (40600). Small vase of white ware, probably comparatively modern.
The design, though simple, is somewhat peculiar and different from
what is usually found on pottery of the present day. See Fig. 683.
2792. (42202). Fig. 682. Similar in form, size, and color to the
preceding; the design, as will be seen by reference to the figure, is
a common one.
2793. (40812). Pitcher. White ware, with black decorations. See Fig.
690.
2794-2795. 2794, (40819), Fig. 691, and 2795, (40820), Fig. 688.
Pitchers, white; ware figured.
2796. (40824). Very small pitcher with handle; of uncolored ware.
2797. (42203). A very pretty pitcher of white ware, with decorations in
black, much faded, showing age, although so well and truly formed it
is evidently not modern. Fig. 692.
2798. (40601). A round-bottomed pitcher-shaped vessel, white ware with
black lines; the colors are much faded, showing age. Fig. 689. The
design is evidently of a previous age, and we will be justified,
perhaps, in saying that it belongs to the period of transition from
the rigid lines and angles to the curves.
2799. (40811). Fig. 687, Small pitcher, _e-musch-ton-tsān-nā_,
originally of white ware; bowl uncolored.
_BOWLS._
2800. (40823). Small bowl, with handle each side, white, with black
colors. Fig. 684.
2801. (40825). A small paint-pot shown in Fig. 685.
2802. (40857). Fig. 686. A small pot, apparently blackened by fire,
unadorned except with the spine-like projections around the lower
half; probably used for a paint-pot.
_COOKING VESSELS._
2803-2806. 2803, (40817), Fig. 693; 2804, (40818), Fig. 696; 2805,
(40821), Fig. 695; 2806, (40822), Fig. 694. These are the old
corrugated ware, but with the exception of the third they do not show
the action of fire, but were probably used for cooking vessels.
COLLECTIONS FROM PICTOGRAPH ROCKS.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
[Illustration:
Fig. 697 (39873) (¼)]
2807. (39873). Fig. 697. A corrugated pot 11 inches high and 10 inches
in diameter at the widest point. Evidently coil-made; the different
coils slightly overlap each other tile-fashion. On the inside it is
smooth and does not show the coils. It has been blackened by the fire,
the original color having been a dark slate, the natural color of
the clay. It was evidently but slightly burned at first; very ancient.
[Illustration:
Fig. 681 (40796) (⅕)
Fig. 682 (42202) (⅓)
Fig. 683 (40600) (½)
Fig. 684 (40823) (½)
Fig. 685 (40825) (½)
Fig. 686 (40857) (½)
Figs. 681-686.--Ancient Pottery from Cañon de Chelly.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 687 (40811) (⅓)
Fig. 688 (40820) (½)
Fig. 689 (40601) (½)
Fig. 690 (40812) (¼)
Fig. 691 (40819) (⅓)
Fig. 692 (42203) (⅓)
Figs. 687-692.--Ancient Pottery from Cañon de Chelly.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 693 (40817) (¼)
Fig. 694 (40822) (⅓)
Fig. 695 (40821) (¼)
Fig. 696 (40818) (⅓)
Figs. 693-696.--Cooking Vessels from Cañon de Chelly.]
COLLECTIONS FROM OTHER LOCALITIES.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_MISCELLANEOUS._
2808. (39529). Black, polished olla, rather large; from Ponake Pueblo.
2809. (39551). Unadorned moccasin from Pueblo of New Mexico.
2810. (41770). Fragments of pottery, ornamented, colored, and plain,
from ruins near Pueblo of Nutria.
2811. (41776). Fragments of plain pottery from Agricultural Camp, six
miles east of San Antonio Springs.
The following specimens are from the same locality:
2812-2818. 2812, (41777), painted; 2813, (41778), corrugated; 2814,
(41779), ribbed; 2815, (41780), bird’s head painted on it; 2816,
(41781), painted; 2817, (41782), corrugated; 2818, (41783), ribbed.
2819. (41784). Fragments of pottery from Old Zuñi Mesa, three miles
southeast of Zuñi.
2820-2822. 2820, (41785); 2821, (41786); 2822, (41787), are fragments of
the corrugated, ribbed, indented, and decorated ware, from the Zuñi
Mesa.
2823-2825. 2823, (41791); 2824, (41792); 2825, (41793), are also
fragments of pottery from the Zuñi Mesa.
2826. (41795). Fragments of pottery from top of Zuñi Church.
2827-2829. 2827, (41788); 2828, (41789); 2829, (41790). Fragments of
ancient pottery from the environs of Wolpi. The specimens are of the
corrugated and laminated forms and are decorated in color.
2830. (41981). Notched stick, with bone, used as musical instrument. See
description of similar objects from Wolpi.
2831. (42224). Small wooden ladle; locality not known.
2832. (42049). Fragment of pottery with the edges ground off, probably a
pottery trowel, from Pictograph Rocks, about sixty miles east of Fort
Wingate, N. Mex.
2833. (42252). Fragment of pottery from Wolpi may be a charm, but likely
a pottery smoother or trowel.
2834. (42348). Chips of jasper and fragments of pottery from mound in
Missouri, opposite St. Louis.
2835. (42368). Handle of pottery ladle from Wolpi.
2836. (42370). Portion of large yellow corrugated vessel from near
Wolpi.
_STATUETTES._
The following numbers are specimens of statuettes, of micaceous clay,
representing human beings in various attitudes, both male and female.
They are attributed to the Cochiti Pueblos, but as they were obtained in
Santa Fé from traders, the correctness of their origin may be doubted.
They were made, however, by some of the Rio Grande Pueblos not very
remote from Santa Fé:
2837-2858. 2837, (42001); 2838, (42002); 2839, (42003); 2840, (42004);
2841, (42005); 2842, (42006); 2843, (42007); 2844, (42008); 2845,
(42009); 2846, (42010); 2847, (42011); 2848, (42012); 2849, (42013);
2850, (42014); 2851, (42015); 2852, (42016); 2853, (42017); 2854,
(42018); 2855, (42019); 2856, (42020); 2857, (42021); 2858, (42022).
* * * * *
* * * *
* * * * *
Errata:
Problems in Figure numbering and identification are listed separately.
[List of Illustrations]
Figs. 460-461. Zuñi effigies
_text reads “469-461”_
Figs. 681-683. Water vessels from Cañon De Chelly 420
Figs. 684-686. Bowls from Cañon De Chelly 420
_text reads “620” for both page numbers_
those represented by Figs. 359, 363, 364, and ----
_dash of omission in original_
is impossible to give any general / description
_text reads “genera”_
485. (40489). Plain marginal band
_text reads “maginal”_
having reference to size, viz.:
_period missing in original_
913, / (40357), varies in having the head of a bird.
_text reads “abird”_
1008-1017. 1008, (40451); 1009, (40452);
_text reads “10009”_
pottery or earthern ladles
_form “earthern” in original_
1468-1473 ... are all fragrants of rubbers.
_so in original: “fragments”?_
2058. (41119). Sinch hooks, _cu-rah-bat-tow_.
2288. (41826). Woven hair sinch or saddle-girt, _ah-chis-clah_.
_forms “sinch” and “girt” in original_
2359. (42430). Shown in Fig. 606.
_text reads “Shown on”_
2413. (42383). Small, with lines of outline crescents around the body.
_text reads “cresents”_
Bowl-shaped: // 2633-2635.
_text reads “Bowel-shaped”_
adapting it to any particular use
_text reads “paruticular”_
2753-2754. 2753, (39540), and 2754, (39548). Scalloped margin.
_text reads “Scollaped”_
[Irregularities in Figure Identification]
Some corrections are conjectural. Numbers were only changed when there
was a discrepancy between a catalog entry and its associated Figure.
123. (42245). Fig. 355.
_text reads “Fig. 335”_
Fig. 370 (41146)
_text reads “40146”_
191. (40777) ... Fig. 377.
Fig. 377 (40777)
_main text reads “40792”; figure caption reads “40797”_
237. (39928). A jar shown in Fig. 399.
_text reads “39528”_
288. (39887). Fig. 396.
Fig. 396 (39837)
_numbers “39887” and “39837” both appear to be wrong_
463. (39971)
_so in original, but see no. 903 and fig. 442 below_
The following numbers belong to the type represented in Figs. 356, 411,
and 412 .... 514[39979] - 520[40523]:
_“356” in original is wrong: “410”?_
Fig. 419 (40189)
_text reads “40139”_
804, (41092), shown in Fig. 434.
_text reads “Fig. 34”_
903. (39971). Fig. 442.
Fig. 442 (39971)
_so in original, but see no. 463 above_
Fig. 475 (41037)
_text reads “41097”_
1167. (41218) ... Shown in Fig. 479.
_text reads “Fig. 429”_
1336. (41725) ... Fig. 487
_text reads “41275”_
1378. (41807). Sash. See Fig. 501.
1379. (41808). Sash. See Fig. 502.
Fig. 501 (41808)
Fig. 502 (41838)
_correct labeling could not be deduced_
1513. (41602). Shown in Fig. 514.
_so in original, but may be “41609”_
Fig. 514 (41602)
_text reads “41609”; may be correct_
1611. (41363). See Fig. 518.
_text reads “41353”_
1615. (41366). Fig. 519. A water jar
_also listed as item 2582, with same Figure reference_
Fig. 538 (42149)
_text reads “42129”_
1963. (42156) ... Fig. 541.
1964. (42157)
Fig. 541 (42157)
_correct labeling could not be deduced_
Fig. 542 (42160)
_text reads “40160”_
2234-2235. 2234, (41717), and 2235, (41719) ... See Fig. 580.
_text reads “Fig. 550”_
Fig. 566 (41958)
_text reads “41959”_
2356-2357. 2356, (41307), Fig. 607
_text reads “Fig. 609”_
2396-2397 ... 2397, (42473), Fig. 613
_figure reference missing in text_
2400. (42471) ... Fig. 615.
_text reads “42473”_
2414. (42377). See Fig. 622.
_text reads “42317”_
2582. (41366). Water jug. Fig. 519.
_also listed as item 1615, with same Figure reference_
2682-2689 ... 2684, (39646), Fig. 664
2692-2698 ... 2694, (39646), see Fig. 664
_duplicate reference as in original_
*** End of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Illustrated Catalogue Of The Collections Obtained From The Indians Of New Mexico And Arizona In 1879 - Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the - Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1880-81, - Government Printing Office, Washington, 1883, pages 307-428" ***
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