Title: Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, No. 435 - Volume 17, New Series, May 1, 1852
Author: Various
Language: English
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                     CHAMBERS' EDINBURGH JOURNAL

  CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, EDITORS OF 'CHAMBERS'S
  INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE,' 'CHAMBERS'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE,' &c.


  No. 435. NEW SERIES.   SATURDAY, MAY 1, 1852.   PRICE 1-1/2_d._



FORCED BENEFITS.


The maxim, that men may safely be left to seek their own interest, and
are sure to find it, appears to require some slight qualification, for
nothing can be more certain, than that men are often the better of
things which have been forced upon them. Those who advocate the idea
in its rigour, forget that there are such things as ignorance and
prejudice in the world, and that most men only become or continue
actively industrious under the pressure of necessity. The vast
advantages derived from railway communication afford a ready instance
of people being benefited against their will. At the bare proposal to
run a line through their lands, many proprietors were thrown into a
frenzy of antagonism; and whole towns petitioned that they might not
be contaminated with the odious thing. In spite of remonstrances, and
at a vast cost, railways were made; and we should like to know where
opponents are now to be found. Demented land-proprietors are come to
their senses; and even recalcitrant Oxford is glad of a line to
itself.

Cases of this kind suggest the curious consideration, that many
remarkable benefits now experienced were never sought for or
contemplated by the persons enjoying them, but came from another
quarter, and were at first only grudgingly submitted to. A singular
example happens to call our attention. There is a distillery in the
west of Scotland, where it has been found convenient to establish a
dairy upon a large scale, for the purpose of consuming the refuse of
the grain. Seven hundred cows are kept there; and a profitable market
is found for their milk in the city of Glasgow. That the refuse of the
cow-houses might be applied to a profitable purpose, a large farm was
added to the concern, though of such land as an amateur agriculturist
would never have selected for his experiments. Thus there was a
complete system of economy at this distillery: a dairy to convert the
draff into milk, and a farm to insure that the soil from the cows
might be used upon the spot. But, as is so generally seen in this
country, the liquid part of the refuse from the cow-houses was
neglected. It was allowed to run into a neighbouring canal; and the
proprietors would have been contented to see it so disposed of for
ever, if that could have been permitted. It was found, however, to be
a nuisance, the very fishes being poisoned by it. The proprietors of
the canal threatened an action for the protection of their property,
and the conductors of the dairy were forced to bethink them of some
plan by which they should be enabled to dispose of the noxious matter
without injury to their neighbours. They could at first hit upon no
other than that of carting away the liquid to the fields, and there
spreading it out as manure. No doubt, they expected some benefit from
this procedure; and, had they expected much, they might never have
given the canal company any trouble. But the fact is, they expected so
little benefit, that they would never have willingly taken the trouble
of employing their carts for any such purpose. To their surprise, the
benefit was such as to make their lean land superior in productiveness
to any in the country. They were speedily encouraged to make
arrangements at some expense for allowing the manure in a diluted form
to flow by a regular system of irrigation over their fields. The
original production has thus been _increased fourfold_. The company,
finding no other manure necessary, now dispose of the solid kind
arising from the dairy, among the neighbouring farmers who still
follow the old arrangements in the management of their cows. The sum
of L.600 is thus yearly gained by the company, being not much less
than the rent of the farm. If to this we add the value of the extra
produce arising from the land, we shall have some idea of the
advantage derived by this company from having been put under a little
compulsion.

An instance, perhaps even more striking, was supplied a few years ago
by certain chemical works which vented fumes noxious to a whole
neighbourhood. Being prosecuted for the nuisance, the proprietors were
forced to make flues of great length, through which the fumes might be
conducted to a considerable distance. The consequence was surprising.
A new kind of deposit was formed in the interior of the flues, and
from this a large profit was derived. The sweeping of a chimney would
sometimes produce several thousand pounds. At the same time, nothing
can be more certain than that this material, but for the threat of
prosecution, would have been allowed to continue poisoning the
neighbourhood, and, consequently, not yielding one penny to the
proprietors of the works.[1]

It has pleased Providence to order that from all the forms of organic
life there shall arise a refuse which is offensive to our senses, and
injurious to health, but calculated, under certain circumstances, to
prove highly beneficial to us. The offensiveness and noxiousness look
very much like a direct command from the Author of Nature, to do that
which shall turn the refuse to a good account--namely, to bury it in
the earth. Yet, from sloth and negligence, it is often allowed to
cumber the surface, and there do its evil work instead. An important
principle is thus instanced--the essential identity of Nuisance and
Waste. Nearly all the physical annoyances we are subjected to, and
nearly all the influences that are operating actively for our hurt,
are simply the exponents of some chemical solecism, which we are,
through ignorance or indifference, committing or permitting. There is
here a double evil--a positive and a negative. When the Londoner
groans at the smokiness of his streets, and the particles of soot he
finds spread over his shirt, his toilet-table, and every nice article
of furniture he possesses, he has the additional vexation of knowing,
that the smoke and soot should have been serving a useful purpose as
fuel. When he passes by a railway over the tops of the houses in some
mean suburb, and looks down with horror and disgust on the pools and
heaps of filth which are allowed to encumber the yards, courts, and
narrow streets of these localities, to the destruction of the health
of the inhabitants, he has a second consideration before him, that all
these matters ought to be in the care of some easy-acting system, by
which, removed to the fields, they should be helping to create the
means of life, instead of death. We never can look upon a great
factory chimney pouring forth its thick column of smoke, without a
twin grief--for the disgust it creates, and the good that is lost by
it. Properly, that volatile fuel should be doing duty in the furnace,
and effecting a saving to the manufacturer, instead of rendering him
and his concerns a nuisance to all within five miles.

Troublesome as these nuisances are, there is such an inaptitude to new
plans, that they might go on for ever, if an interference should not
come in from some external quarter. It matters little whence the
interference comes, so that the end be effected. We cannot, however,
view the proceedings of a Board of Health in ordering cleanly
arrangements, or those of a municipal council putting down factory
smoke, without great interest, for we think we there see part, and an
important one too, of the great battle of Civilisation against
Barbarism. And this interest is deepened when we observe the benefits
which Barbarism usually derives from its own defeats. The
factory-owner, for instance, will find that, in applying an apparatus
by which smoke may be prevented, he will not merely be sparing his
neighbours a great annoyance, but economising fuel to an extent which
must more than repay the outlay. By repressing nuisance, he will be in
the same measure repressing waste.[2] Were there, in like manner, a
general measure for enforcing the removal of refuse from the
neighbourhood of human habitations, the rate-payers would in due time
see blessed effects from the compulsion to which they had been
subjected. Their groans would be succeeded by gladness, and they would
thank the legislators who had slighted their remonstrances. When the
cholera approached in 1849, our British Board of Health ordered a
general cleaning out of stables, and a daily persistence in the
practice. It was complained of as a great hardship; but the Board
ascertained that owners of valuable race-horses cause their stables to
be thoroughly cleaned daily, as a practice necessary for the health of
the animals; the Board, therefore, very properly insisted on forcing
this benefit upon the proprietors of horses generally. Can we doubt
that a similar policy might be followed with the like good
consequences at all times, and with regard to the habitations of men
as well as horses?

It would thus appear, that men may really be allowed a too undisturbed
repose in their views and maxims, and, if always left to seek their
own interests, would often fail to find the way. If, indeed, it were
true that men are sure to find out their own interest, no country
should be behind another in any of the processes or arts necessary for
the sustenance and comfort of the people; whereas we know the contrary
to be the case. If it were true, there should be no class in our own
country willing to sit down with the dubious benefits of monopoly,
instead of pushing on for the certain results of enlightened
competition. It could only be true at the expense of the old proverb,
that necessity is the mother of invention; for do we not every day see
men submitting idly and languidly to evils which can just be borne?
whereas, if these were a little greater, and therefore insupportable,
they would at once be remedied. An impulse _ab extra_ seems in a vast
number of instances to be necessary, to promote the good of both
nations and individuals. Now, whether this shall come in the ordinary
course of things, and be recognised as necessity, or from an
enlightened power having a certain end, generally beneficial, in view,
does not appear to be of much consequence, provided only we can be
tolerably well assured against the abuses to which all power is
liable. It may be well worthy of consideration, whether, in this
country, we have not carried the principle of _Laissez faire_, or
_leave us alone_, a little too far in certain matters, where some
gentle coercion would have been more likely to benefit all concerned.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The idea of this article, and the above facts, are derived from a
valuable memoir just published by the Board of Health, with reference
to the practical application of sewage water and town manures to
agricultural production.

[2] We understand that this has been the case with factory-owners at
Manchester who have applied the smoke-preventing apparatus. The saving
from such an apparatus in the office where this sheet is printed,
appears to be about 5 per cent.; an ample equivalent for the outlay.



MONSIEUR JEROME AND THE RUSSIAN PRINCESS.


On arriving at Blois, I went to the Hôtel de la Tête Noire--a massive,
respectable-looking building, situated on the quay nearly opposite a
bridge that crosses the river to the suburb of St Etienne. The comfort
of the rooms, and the excellence of the dinners that succeeded one
another day by day, induced me to stay longer than I had intended, and
rendered me spectator and part-actor in an adventure not uncommon in
French-land. My apartment was numbered 48--by the way, who ever saw
No. 1 in a hotel, or upon a watch?--and next door--that is, at No.
49--dwelt a very dignified-looking gentleman, always addressed as M.
Jerome. I often take occasion to say, that I pique myself on being
something of a physiognomist; and as I have been several times right
in my judgment of character and position from inspection of the
countenance, the occasions in which I have been mistaken may be set
down as exceptions. M. Jerome at once interested me; and as I was idly
in search of health, and had taken care to have nothing whatever to do
but to kill time, the observation of this gentleman's appearance and
manners naturally formed a chief part of my occupation.

I began by ascertaining exactly the colour of his eyes and
hair--nearly black; the shape of his nose--straight, and rather too
long; and would have been glad to examine the form of his mouth, but a
huge moustache hanging over his lips in the French military style--see
the portrait of General Cavaignac--prevented me from ascertaining the
precise contour of what one of my old philosophers calls the Port
Esquiline of Derision. M. Jerome was, upon the whole, a handsome man,
with a romantically bilious complexion; and the expression of his
large dark eyes was really profound and striking. His costume was
always fashionable, without being showy; and there was nothing to
object to but a diamond ring, somewhat too ostentatiously displayed on
the little finger, which, in all his manual operations, at dinner or
elsewhere, always cocked up with an impertinent 'look-at-me air,' that
I did not like. When, indeed, this dandy walked slowly out of the
dining-room to the door-step, and lighted his cigar, the said little
finger became positively obnoxious; and I used to think whether it
were possible that that human being had been created purposely as a
scaffolding whereon to exhibit a flashing little stone, set in twenty
shillings worth of gold.

M. Jerome, though not, strictly speaking, a silent man, was
sufficiently reserved at table. The early courses were by him always
allowed to pass without any further remark than what politeness
requires--as: 'Shall I send you some more of this _blanquette_?' or,
'With pleasure, sir;' and so forth. When dessert-time approached,
however, he generally began to unbend, to take part in the general
conversation, and throw in here and there a piquant anecdote. He did
this with so much grace, that had it not been for the diamond ring, I
should have been disposed to consider him as a man of large experience
in the best society. The other people who generally attended at
table--travellers, commercial and otherwise, with one or two smart
folks from the town, on the look-out for Parisian gossip, to retail to
the less adventurous members of their circle--were all delighted with
M. Jerome: it was M. Jerome here, and M. Jerome there; and if M.
Jerome happened to dine out, every one seemed to feel uneasy, and look
upon him as guilty of a great dereliction of duty. They could almost
as well have done without their _demi-tasse_.

Although I am an inquisitive, I am not a very impertinent man. I like
to pry into other people's affairs only in so far as I can do so
without hurting their feelings, or putting my own self-love in danger
of a check. If, therefore, I gave the reins to my curiosity, and
devoted myself to studying the more apparent movements of this M.
Jerome, I shrank from putting any direct questions to the _garçon_,
who might probably at once have given me a very prosaic account of
him. On one occasion, I threw in casually a remark, to the effect that
the gentleman at No. 49 seemed a great favourite with the fair sex;
but the only reply was a smile, and an acknowledgment that, in
general, people of fascinating exterior--here the _garçon_ glanced at
the mirror he was dusting--_were_ great favourites with the fairer
portion of the creation. 'We Frenchmen,' it was added, 'know the way
to the female heart better than most men.' The waiter had paused with
his duster in his hand. I felt that he was going to give me his Art of
Love; and opportunely remembering that I had a letter to put into the
post, I escaped the infliction for the time.

I had, indeed, observed that if the public generally admitted the
valuable qualities of M. Jerome as a companion, his reputation was
based principally on the approval of the ladies. All these excellent
judges agreed that he was a nice, quiet, agreeable person; and 'so
handsome!' At least the seven members of an English family, who had
come to visit Chambord, and lingered at the hotel a week--five of them
were daughters--all expressed this opinion of M. Jerome; and even a
supercilious French lady, with a particle attached to her name,
admitted that he was 'very well.'

One day, a new face appeared at table to interest me; and as the
mysterious gentleman and his diamond ring had puzzled me for a
fortnight, during which I had made no progress towards ascertaining
his real position and character, I was not sorry to have my attention
a little diverted by a mysterious lady. Madame de Mourairef--a Russian
name, thought I--was a very agreeable person to look at; much more so
to me than M. Jerome. She was not much past twenty years of age;
small, slight, elegant in shape, if not completely so in manners; and
with one of those charming little faces which you can analyse into
ugliness, but which in their synthesis, to speak as moderns should,
are admirable, adorable, fascinating. I should have thought that such
a _minois_ could belong only to Paris--the city, by the way, of ugly
women, whom art makes charming. However, there it was above the
shoulders, high of course--swan-necked women are only found in
England--above the shoulders of a Russian marchioness, princess,
czarina, or what you will, who called for her cigarettes after dinner,
was attended by a little _soubrette_, named Penelope, and looked for
all the world as if she had just been whirled off the boards of the
Opera Comique.

I at first believed that this was a mere _mascarade_; but when a
letter in a formidable envelope, with the seal of the Russian embassy,
arrived, and was exhibited in the absence of the lady herself, to
every one of the lodgers, in proof of the aristocratic character of
the customer of the Tête Noire, I began to doubt my own perspicacity,
and to imagine that I had now a far more interesting object of study
than M. Jerome and his diamond ring. Madame de Mourairef was an
exceedingly affable person; and the English family aforesaid, whom I
have reason to believe were Cockney tradesfolks, pronounced her to be
very high-bred--without a fault, indeed, if it had not been for that
horrid habit of smoking, which, as they judiciously observed, however,
was a peculiar characteristic of the Russians. I am afraid, they would
have set her down as a vulgar wretch, had they not been forewarned
that she was aristocratic. The French lady seemed to look upon the
foreign one as an intruder, and scarcely deigned to turn her eyes in
that direction. Probably this was because she was so charming, and
monopolised so much of the attention of us gentlemen.

'They no sooner looked than they loved,' says Rosalind. This was not,
perhaps, quite the case with M. Jerome and the Russian princess, who
took care to let it be known that she was a widow; but in a very few
days what is called 'a secret sympathy' evidently sprang into
existence. The former, of course, made the first advances. His
diplomatic and seductive arts were not, however, put to a great test,
for in three days the lady manifestly felt uneasy until he presented
himself at dinner; and in a week, I met them walking arm in arm on the
bridge. It was easy to see that he was on his good behaviour; and from
some fragments of conversations I overheard between them when they met
in the passage opposite my door, I learned that he was 'doing the
melancholy dodge,' as in the vernacular we would express it; and had
many harrowing revelations to make as to the manner in which his heart
had been trifled with by unfeeling beauties.

'There is a tide in the affairs of an hôtel:' I am in a mood for
quoting from my favourite authors; and whereas we had at one time sat
down nearly twenty to table, we suddenly found ourselves to be only
three--M. Jerome, the princess, and myself. A kind of intimacy was the
natural result. We made ourselves mutually agreeable; and I was not at
all surprised, when one evening Madame de Mourairef invited us two
gentlemen to take tea with her in her little sitting-room. Both
accepted joyfully; and though I am persuaded that M. Jerome would have
preferred a tête-à-tête, he accepted my companionship with tolerable
grace. We strolled together, indeed, on the quay for half an hour. It
was raining slightly, and I had a cough; but I have too good an
opinion of human nature to imagine that my new acquaintance kept me
out by his fascinating conversation, in order to make me catch a
desperate cold, that would send me wheezing to bed.

The tea was served, as I suppose it is served in Russia, very weak,
with a plentiful admixture of milk and accompaniment of _biscuits
glacés_. Madame de Mourairef did the honours in an inexpressibly
graceful manner; and I observed that there was a delightful intimacy
between her and her maid Penelope, that quite upset my ideas of
northern serfdom. I think they even once exchanged a wink, but of this
I am not sure. There is nothing like experience to expand one's ideas,
and I made up my mind to re-examine the whole of my notions of
Muscovite vassalage. M. Jerome seemed less struck by these
circumstances than myself--being probably too much absorbed in
contemplation of our hostess--but even he could not avoid exclaiming,
'that if that were the way in which serfs were treated, he should like
to be a serf--of such a mistress!'

'You Frenchmen are _so_ gallant!' was the reply.

A little while afterwards, somebody proposed a game of whist. There
was an objection to 'dead-man,' and Penelope, with a semi-oriental
salaam, offered to 'take a hand.' Madame de Mourairef was graciously
pleased to order her to do so. We shuffled, cut, and played; and when
midnight came, and it was necessary to retire, I felt almost afraid to
examine into my own heart, lest I might find that the soubrette
appeared to me at least as high-bred as the mistress.

We spent some delightful evenings in this manner, and perhaps still
more delightful days, for by degrees we became inseparable, and all
our walks and drives were made in common. The garçon often looked
maliciously at me, even offered once or twice to develop his Art of
Love; but I did not choose to be interrupted in my physiognomical
studies, and gave him no opportunity.

A picnic was proposed, and agreed upon. We intended at first to go to
Chambord; but there was danger of a crowd; and a valley on the road to
Vendôme was pitched upon. A _calèche_ took us to the place, and set us
down in a delightful meadow, enamelled with flowers, as all meadows
are in poetry. A few great trees, forming almost a grove, shaded a
slope near the banks of a sluggish stream that crept along between an
avenue of poplars. Here the cloth was laid at once for breakfast; and
whilst M. Jerome and the princess strolled away to talk of blighted
hopes, Russia, serfdom, wedlock, and the conflagration of the Kremlin,
Penelope made the necessary preparation; and I, in my character of a
fidgety old gentleman, first advised and then assisted her. I am
afraid the young damsel had designs upon my heart, for she put several
questions to me on the state of vassalage in England; and when I
developed succinctly the principles and advantages of our free
constitution, and said some eloquent things that formed a French
edition of 'Britons never shall be slaves,' she became quite
enthusiastic; her cheeks flushed, her eyes brightened; and with a sort
of Thervigne-de-Mericourt gesture, she cried: 'Vive la République!'
This was scarcely the natural product of what I had said; but so
lively a little creature, in her dainty lace-cap and flying pink
ribbons, neat silk _caraco_, plaid-patterned gown, with pagoda
sleeves, as she called them, and milk-white _manchettes_--her
_bottines_ from the Rue Vivienne, and her face from Paradise--could
reconcile many a harder heart than mine to greater incongruities. Our
arrangements being made, therefore, I sat down on a camp-stool, whilst
Penelope reclined on the grass; and I endeavoured to explain to her
the great advantages of a moderate constitutional government, with
checks, balances, and so forth. Although she yawned, I am sure it was
not from ennui, but in order to shew me her pretty pearly teeth.

M. Jerome and the princess came streaming back over the meadow--even
affected to scold me for having remained behind. They were evidently
on the best possible terms, and I took great satisfaction in
contemplating their happiness. Either my perspicacity was at fault,
however, or both had some secret cause of uneasiness that pressed upon
their minds as the day advanced. Had they been only betrayed into a
declaration and a plighting of their troth in a hurry? Did they
already repent? Did Madame de Mourairef regret the barbarous splendour
of her native land? Did M. Jerome begin to mourn over the delights of
bachelorship? These were the questions I put to myself without being
able to invent any satisfactory answer. The day passed, however,
pleasantly enough; and the calèche came in due time to take us back to
Blois.

Next morning, M. Jerome entered my room with a graceful bow, to
announce his departure for Paris, whither it was necessary for him to
go to obtain the necessary papers for his marriage, and Madame de
Mourairef, he added, accompanied him. I uttered the necessary
congratulations, and gave my address in Paris, that he might call upon
me as soon as he was settled in the hôtel he proposed to take.

'I take two persons with me,' he said, smiling; 'but one of them
leaves her heart behind, I am afraid.'

This alluded to Penelope; but I was determined not to understand. I
went to say adieu to Madame de Mourairef, who seemed rather excited
and anxious. Penelope almost succeeded in wringing forth a tear; but I
did not think it was decreed that at my age I should really make love
to a Russian serf, however charming. So off they went to the railway
station, leaving me in a very dull, stupid, melancholy mood.

'What a fortunate man M. Jerome is!' said the garçon, as he came into
my room a few minutes afterwards.

'Yes,' I replied; 'Madame de Mourairef seems in every way worthy of
him.'

'I should think so,' quoth he. 'It is not every waiter, however
fascinating, that falls in with a Russian princess.'

'Waiter! M. Jerome!'

'Of course,' replied my informant. 'You seem surprised; but M. Jerome
is really a waiter at the Café ----, on the Boulevard des Italiens;
came down for his health. We were comrades once, and I promised to
keep the secret, for he thought it extremely probable that he might
meet a wealthy English lady here, who might fall in love with
him--your countrywomen are so eccentric. He has found a Russian
princess, which is better. I suppose we must now call him
Monseigneur?'

Although, like the rest of my species, disposed to laugh at the
misfortunes of my fellow-creatures, I confess that I pitied Madame de
Mourairef; for I felt persuaded that M. Jerome had passed himself off
as a very distinguished personage. However, there was no remedy, and I
had no right to interfere in the matter. The lady, indeed, had been in
an unpardonable hurry to be won, and must take the consequences.

In the afternoon, there was a great bustle in the hôtel, and
half-a-dozen voices were heard doing the work of fifty. I went out
into the passage, and caught the first fragments of an explanation
that soon became complete. M. Alphonse, courier to M. de Mourairef,
had arrived, and was indignantly maintaining that Sophie and Penelope,
the two waiting-maids of the princess, had arrived at the Tête Noire,
to take a suite of rooms for their mistress; whilst the landlord and
his coadjutors, slow to comprehend, averred that the great lady had
herself been there, and departed. The truth at length came out--that
these two smart Parisian lasses, having a fortnight before them, had
determined to give up their places, and play the mascarade which I
have described. When M. and Madame de Mourairef, two respectable,
middle-aged people, arrived, they were dismally made acquainted with
the sacrilege that had been committed; but as no debts had been
contracted in their name, and their letters came in a parcel by the
post from Orleans, they laughed heartily at the joke, and enjoyed the
idea that Sophie had been taken in.

The following winter, I went into a café newly established in the Rue
Poissonière, and was agreeably surprised to see Sophie, the
pseudo-princess, sitting behind the counter in magnificent toilette,
receiving the bows and the money of the customers as they passed
before her, whilst M. Jerome--exactly in appearance as before, except
that prosperity had begun to round him--was leaning against a pillar
in rather a melodramatic attitude, a white napkin gracefully depending
from his hand. They started on seeing me, and were a little confused,
but soon laughed over their adventure; called Penelope to take her
turn at the counter--the little serf whispered to me as she passed,
that I was 'a traitor, a barbarian,' and insisted on treating me to my
coffee and my _petit verre_, free, gratis, for nothing.



MEMOIRS OF LORD JEFFREY.


In the crisis of the French Revolution, British society was paralysed
with conservative alarms, and all tendency to liberal opinions, or
even to an advocacy of the most simple and needful reforms, was met
with a ruthless intolerance. In Scotland, there was not a public
meeting for five-and-twenty years. In that night of unreflecting
Toryism, a small band of men, chiefly connected with the law in
Edinburgh, stood out in a profession of Whiggism, to the forfeiture of
all chance of government patronage, and even of much of the confidence
and esteem of society. Three or four young barristers were
particularly prominent, all men of uncommon talents. The chief was
Francis Jeffrey, who died in 1850, in the seventy-seventh year of his
age, after having passed through a most brilliant career as a
practising lawyer and judge, and one still more brilliant, as the
conductor, for twenty-seven years, of the celebrated _Edinburgh
Review_. Another was Henry Cockburn, who has now become the biographer
of his great associate. It was verily a remarkable knot of men in many
respects, but we think in none more than a heroic probity towards
their principles, which were, after all, of no extravagant character,
as was testified by their being permitted to triumph harmlessly in
1831-2. These men anticipated by forty years changes which were
ultimately patronised by the great majority of the nation. They all
throve professionally, but purely by the force of their talents and
high character. As there was not any precisely equivalent group of men
at any other bar in the United Kingdom, we think Scotland is entitled
to take some credit to herself for her Jeffreys, her Cranstons, her
Murrays, and her Cockburns: at least, she will not soon forget their
names.

Lord Jeffrey--his judicial designation in advanced life--was of
respectable, but not exalted parentage. After a careful education at
Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Oxford, he entered at the bar in 1793, when
not yet much more than twenty years of age. His father, being himself
a Tory, desired the young lawyer to be so too, seeing that it would be
favourable to his prospects; but he could not yield in this point to
paternal counsel. The consequence was, that this able man practised
for ten years without gaining more than L. 100 per annum. All this
time, he cultivated his mind diligently, and was silently training
himself for that literary career which he subsequently entered upon.
His talents were at that time known only to a few intimates: there
were peculiarities about him, which prevented him from being generally
appreciated up to his deserts. His figure, to begin with, was almost
ludicrously small. Then, in his anxiety to get rid of the Scottish
accent, he had contracted an elocution intended to be English, but
which struck every one as most affected and offensive. His manners
were marked by levity, and his conversation to many seemed flippant.
His literary musings also acted unfavourably on the solicitors, the
leading patrons of young counsellors. Reduced by dearth of business
almost to despair, he had at one time serious thoughts of flinging
himself upon the London press for a subsistence. The first smile of
fortune beamed upon him in 1802, when the _Edinburgh Review_ was
started--a work of which he quickly assumed the management. That it
brought him income and literary renown, we gather from Lord Cockburn's
pages; but we do not readily find it explained how. While more
declaredly a literary man than ever, he now advanced rapidly at the
bar, and quickly became a man of wealth and professional dignity. We
suspect that, after all that is said of the effect of literary
pursuits on business prospects, the one success was a consequence in
great measure of the other.

The value of this work rests, in our opinion, on the illustration
which it presents of the possibility of a man of sound though
unpopular opinions passing through life, not merely without suffering
greatly from the wrath of society, but in the enjoyment of some of its
highest honours. After reading this book, one could almost suppose it
to be a delusion that the world judges hardly of any man's speculative
opinions, while his life remains pure, and his heart manifestly is
alive to all the social charities. The heroic consistency of Jeffrey
is the more remarkable, when it now appears that he was a gentle and
rather timid man, keenly alive to the sympathies of friends and
neighbours--indeed, of _womanish_ character altogether. As is well
known, his time arrived at last, when, on the coming of the Whigs into
power in 1830, he was raised to the dignified situation of Lord
Advocate for Scotland, and was called upon to take the lead,
officially, in making those political changes which he had all along
advocated. It is curious, however, and somewhat startling, to learn
how little gratification he professed to feel in what appeared so
great a triumph. While his rivals looked with envy on his exaltation,
and mobs deemed it little enough that he should be entirely at their
beck in requital for the support they gave him, Mr Jeffrey was sighing
for the quiet of private life, groaning at his banishment from a happy
country-home, and not a little disturbed by the troubled aspect of
public affairs. Mr Macaulay has somewhere remarked on the general
mistake as to the 'sweets of office.' We are assured by Lord Cockburn,
that Jeffrey would have avoided the advocateship if he could. He
accepted it only from a feeling of duty to his party. He writes to a
female relation of the 'good reason I have for being sincerely sick
and sorry at an elevation for which so many people are envying, and
thinking me the luckiest and most elevated of mortals for having
attained.' And this subject is still further illustrated by an account
he gives of the conduct of honest Lord Althorpe during the short
interval in May 1832, when the Whigs were _out_. 'Lord Althorpe,' he
says, 'has gone through all this with his characteristic cheerfulness
and courage. The day after the resignation, he spent in a great
sale-garden, choosing and buying flowers, and came home with five
great packages in his carriage, devoting the evening to studying where
they should be planted in his garden at Althorpe, and writing
directions and drawing plans for their arrangement. And when they came
to summon him to a council on the Duke's giving in, he was found in a
closet with a groom, busy oiling the locks of his fowlingpieces, and
lamenting the decay into which they had fallen during his ministry.'

In some respects, the book will create surprise, particularly as to
the private life and character of the great Aristarch. While the
_Edinburgh Review_ was in progress under the care of Mr Jeffrey, it
was a most unrelenting tribunal for literary culprits, as well as a
determined assertor of its own political maxims. The common idea
regarding its chief conductor represented him as a man of
extraordinary sharpness, alternating between epigrammatic flippancy
and democratic rigour. Gentle and refined feeling would certainly
never have been attributed to him. It will now be found that he was at
all times of his life a man of genial spirit towards the entire circle
of his fellow-creatures--that his leading tastes were for poetry and
the beautiful in external nature, particularly fine scenery--that he
revelled in the home affections, and was continually saying the
softest and kindest things to all about him--a lamb, in short, while
thought a lion. The local circle in which he lived was somewhat
limited and exclusive, partly, perhaps, in consequence of having been
early shut in upon itself by its dissent from the mass of society on
most public questions; but in this circle Jeffrey was adored by men,
women, and children alike, on account of his extreme kindliness of
disposition. He was almost, to a ridiculous degree, dependent on the
love of his friends; and the terms in which he addresses some of them,
particularly ladies, sound odd in this commonsense world. Thus, the
wife of one of his friends is, 'My sweet, gentle, and long-suffering
Sophia.' He pours out his very heart to his correspondents, and with
an effect which would reconcile to him the most irascible author he
ever scarified. Thus, to his daughter, who had just left him with her
husband:--'I happened to go up stairs, and passing into our room, saw
the door open of that little one where _you_ used to sleep, and the
very bed waiting there for you, so silent and desolate, that all the
love, and the _miss_ of you, which fell so sadly on my heart the first
night of your desertion, came back upon it so heavily and darkly, that
I was obliged to shut myself in, and cry over the recollection, as if
all the interval had been annihilated, and that loss and sorrow were
still fresh and unsubdued before me; and though the fit went off
before long, I feel still that I must vent my heart by telling you of
it, and therefore sit down now to write all this to you, and get rid
of my feelings, that would otherwise be more likely to haunt my vigils
of the night.' Thus, on the death of a sister in his early days:--'A
very heavy blow upon us all, and much more so on me than I had
believed possible. The habit of seeing her almost every day, and of
living together intimately since our infancy, had wound so many
threads of affection round my heart, that when they were burst at
once, the shock was almost overwhelming. Then, the unequalled
gentleness of her disposition, the unaffected worth of her affections,
and miraculous simplicity of character and manners, which made her
always appear as pure and innocent as an infant, took so firm, though
gentle a hold on the heart of every one who approached her, that even
those who have been comparatively strangers to her worth, have been
greatly affected by her loss.... During the whole of her illness, she
looked beautiful; and when I gazed upon her the moment after she had
breathed her last, as she lay still, still, and calm, with her bright
eyes half closed, and her red lips half open, I thought I had never
seen a countenance so lovely. A statuary might have taken her for a
model. Poor, dear love! I kissed her cold lips, and pressed her cold,
wan, lifeless hand, and would willingly at that moment have put off my
own life too, and followed her. When I came here, the sun was rising,
and the birds were singing gaily, as I sobbed along the empty
streets.'

The sensibility of Jeffrey to all fine expression that comes to us
through the medium of literature was intense, most so in his latter
days, when his whole character seems to have undergone a mellowing
process. While pining under his greatness as Lord Advocate, and an
authority in parliament (1833), he says: 'If it were not for my love
of beautiful nature and poetry, my heart would have died within me
long ago. I never felt before what immeasurable benefactors these same
poets are to their kind, and how large a measure, both of actual
happiness and prevention of misery, they have imparted to the race. I
would willingly give up half my fortune, and some little fragments of
health and bodily enjoyment that yet remain to me, rather than that
Shakspeare should not have lived before me.' Who that had only read
his lively, acute articles in the formal Review, could have believed
him to be so deeply sympathetic with an unfortunate poet, as he shews
in the following fine passage in one of his letters (1837)? 'In the
last week, I have read all Burns's Life and Works--not without many
tears, for the life especially. What touches me most, is the pitiable
poverty in which that gifted being (and his noble-minded father)
passed his early days--the painful frugality to which their innocence
was doomed, and the thought how small a share of the useless luxuries
in which we (such comparatively poor creatures) indulge, would have
sufficed to shed joy and cheerfulness in their dwellings, and perhaps
to have saved that glorious spirit from the trials and temptations
under which he fell so prematurely. Oh! my dear Empson, there must be
something _terribly_ wrong in the present arrangements of the
universe, when those things can happen, and be thought natural. I
could lie down in the dirt, and cry and grovel there, I think, for a
century, to save such a soul as Burns from the suffering, and the
contamination, and the _degradation_, which these same arrangements
imposed upon him; and I fancy that, if I could but have known him, in
my present state of wealth and influence, I might have saved, and
reclaimed, and preserved him, even to the present day. He would not
have been so old as my brother-judge, Lord Glenlee, or Lord Lynedoch,
or a dozen others that one meets daily in society. And what a
creature, not only in genius, but in nobleness of character,
potentially at least, if right models had been put _gently_ before
him!'

The narrative of Lord Cockburn occupies only one volume, the other
being filled with a selection from Lord Jeffrey's letters. It is a
brief chronicle of the subject; many will feel it to be
unsatisfactorily slight. The author seems to have been afraid of
becoming tedious. It is, however, a manly and faithful narration, with
the rare merit of going little, if at all, beyond bounds in its
appreciation of the hero or his associates, or the importance of the
circumstances in which he moved. The sketches of some of Jeffrey's
contemporaries, as John Clerk, Sir Harry Moncreiff, and Henry Erskine,
are vigorous pieces of painting, which will suggest to many a desire
that the author should favour the public with a wider view of the men
and things of Scotland in the age just past. With a natural partiality
as a friend and as a biographer, he seems to us to set too high an
estimate on Jeffrey when he ranks him as one of a quartett, including
Dugald Stewart, Sir Walter Scott, and Dr Chalmers, 'each of whom in
literature, philosophy, or policy, caused great changes,' and 'left
upon his age the impression of the mind that produced them.' Few of
his countrymen would claim this rank for either Jeffrey or Stewart.
Jeffrey, no doubt, raised a department of our literature from a low to
a high level; he was a Great Voice in his day. But he produced nothing
which can permanently affect us; he gave no great turn to the
sentiments or opinions of mankind. His only original effort of any
mark, is his exposition of the association theory of beauty, which
rests on a simple mistake of what is pleasing for what is beautiful,
and is already nothing. We suspect that no man with his degree of
timidity will ever be very great, either as a philosopher or as a man
of deeds. He was a brilliant _writer_--the most brilliant, and, with
one exception, the most versatile in his age; but to this we would
limit his panegyric, apart from the glory of his long and consistent
career as a politician, which we think can scarcely be overestimated.

So many of the most remarkable passages of the work have been already
hackneyed through the medium of the newspapers, that we feel somewhat
at a loss to present any which may have a chance of being new to our
readers. So early as his twentieth year, we find Mr Jeffrey thus
sensibly expressing himself on an important subject:--

'There is nothing in the world I detest so much as companions and
acquaintances, as they are called. Where intimacy has gone so far as
to banish reserve, to disclose character, and to communicate the
reality of serious opinions, the connection may be the source of much
pleasure--it may ripen into friendship, or subside into esteem. But to
know half a hundred fellows just so far as to speak, and walk, and
lounge with them; to be acquainted with a multitude of people, for all
of whom together you do not care one farthing; in whose company you
speak without any meaning, and laugh without any enjoyment; whom you
leave without any regret, and rejoin without any satisfaction; from
whom you learn nothing, and in whom you love nothing--to have such a
set for your society, is worse than to live in absolute solitude; and
is a thousand times more pernicious to the faculties of social
enjoyment, by circulating in its channels a stream so insipid.'

At the peace of Amiens, Jeffrey wrote thus to his friend Morehead, 7th
October 1801: 'It is the only public event in my recollection that has
given me any lively sensation of pleasure, and I have rejoiced at it
as heartily as it is possible for a private man, and one whose own
condition is not immediately affected by it, to do. How many parents
and children, and sisters and brothers, would that news make happy?
How many pairs of bright eyes would weep over that gazette, and wet
its brown pages with tears of gratitude and rapture? How many weary
wretches will it deliver from camps and hospitals, and restore once
more to the comforts of a peaceful and industrious life? What are
victories to rejoice at, compared with an event like this? Your
bonfires and illuminations are dimmed with blood and with tears, and
battle is in itself a great evil, and a subject of general grief and
lamentation. The victors are only the least unfortunate, and suffering
and death have, in general, brought us no nearer to tranquillity and
happiness.' It may be well thus to bring the value of a peace before
the public mind. Let those who only know of war from history, reflect
how great must be the evils of a state the cessation of which gives
such a feeling of relief.

Here is a curious passage about the society of Liverpool in 1813, and
his love of his native country. We must receive the statement
respecting the Quakers with something more than doubt, at least as to
the extent to which it is true:--'I have been dining out every day for
this last week with Unitarians, and Whigs, and Americans, and brokers,
and bankers, and small fanciers of pictures and paints, and the Quaker
aristocracy, and the fashionable vulgar, of the place. But I do not
like Liverpool much better, and could not live here with any comfort.
Indeed, I believe I could not live anywhere out of Scotland. All my
recollections are Scottish, and consequently all my imaginations; and
though I thank God that I have as few fixed opinions as any man of my
standing, yet all the elements out of which they are made have a
certain national cast also. In short, I will not live anywhere else if
I can help it; nor die either; and all old Esky's[3] eloquence would
have been thrown away in an attempt to persuade me that _banishment
furth the kingdom_ might be patiently endured. I take more to Roscoe,
however: he is thoroughly good-hearted, and has a sincere, though
foolish concern for the country. I have also found out a Highland
woman with much of the mountain accent, and sometimes get a little
girl to talk to. But with all these resources, and the aid of the
Botanical Garden, the time passes rather heavily; and I am in some
danger of dying of ennui, with the apparent symptoms of extreme
vivacity. Did you ever hear that most of the Quakers die of
stupidity--actually and literally? I was assured of the fact the other
day by a very intelligent physician, who practised twenty years among
them, and informs me that few of the richer sort live to be fifty, but
die of a sort of atrophy, their cold blood just stagnating by degrees
among their flabby fat. They eat too much, he says; take little
exercise; and, above all, have no nervous excitement. The affection is
known in this part of the country by the name of _the Quaker's
disease_, and more than one-half of them go out so. I think this
curious, though not worth coming to Liverpool to hear, or writing from
Liverpool, &c.'

He was at this time about to sail for America, in order to marry a
lady of that country. In a letter to Morehead, he recalls his
old-fashioned country residence of Hatton, in West Lothian, and Mr
Morehead's family now resident there. Tuckey was a nickname for one of
Mr Morehead's daughters; Margaret was another. Till the last, he had
pet names for all his own descendants and relatives, having no doubt
felt how much they contribute to the promotion of family affection. 'I
am almost ashamed of the degree of sorrow I feel at leaving all the
early and long-prized objects of my affection; and though I am
persuaded I do right in the step which I am taking, I cannot help
wishing that it had not been quite so wide and laborious a one. You
cannot think how beautiful Hatton appears at this moment in my
imagination, nor with what strong emotion I fancy I hear Tuckey
telling a story on my knee, and see Margaret poring upon her French
before me. It is in your family that my taste for domestic society and
domestic enjoyments has been nurtured and preserved. Such a child as
Tuckey I shall never see again in this world. Heaven bless her, and
she will be a blessing both to her mother and to you.' After touching
upon a volume of poems which Mr Morehead had published--'If I were
you, however, I would live more with Tuckey, and be satisfied with my
gardening and pruning--with my preaching--a good deal of walking and
comfortable talking. What more has life? and how full of vexation are
all ambitious fancies and perplexing pursuits! Well, God bless you!
Perhaps I shall not have an opportunity to inculcate my innocent
epicurism upon you for a long time again. It will do you no harm.'

It will be a new fact to most of the admirers of Jeffrey, that he had
in early life devoted himself to the writing of poetry. Of what he
wrote between 1791 and 1796, the greater part has disappeared from his
repositories. 'But,' says his biographer, 'enough survives to attest
his industry, and to enable us to appreciate his powers. There are
some loose leaves and fragments of small poems, mostly on the usual
subjects of love and scenery, and in the form of odes, sonnets,
elegies, &c.; all serious, none personal or satirical. And besides
these slight things, there is a completed poem on Dreaming, in blank
verse, about 1800 lines long. The first page is dated Edinburgh, May
4, 1791, the last Edinburgh, 25th June 1791; from which I presume that
we are to hold it to have been all written in these fifty-three
days--a fact which accounts for the absence of high poetry, though
there be a number of poetical conceptions and flowing sentences. Then
there is a translation into blank verse of the third book of the
_Argonauticon_ of Apollonius Rhodius. The other books are lost, but he
translated the whole poem, extending to about 6000 lines.... And I may
mention here, though it happens to be in prose, that of two plays,
one, a tragedy, survives. It has no title, but is complete in all its
other parts.... He was fond of parodying the _Odes_ of Horace, with
applications to modern incidents and people, and did it very
successfully. The _Otium Divos_ was long remembered. Notwithstanding
this perseverance, and a decided poetical ambition, he was never
without misgivings as to his success. I have been informed, that he
once went so far as to leave a poem with a bookseller, to be
published, and fled to the country; and that, finding some obstacle
had occurred, he returned, recovered the manuscript, rejoicing that he
had been saved, and never renewed so perilous an experiment.

'There may be some who would like to see these compositions, or
specimens of them, both on their own account, and that the friends of
the many poets his criticism has offended might have an opportunity of
retaliation, and of shewing, by the critic's own productions, how
little, in their opinion, he was worthy to sit in judgment on others.
But I cannot indulge them. Since Jeffrey, though fond of playing with
verses privately, never delivered himself up to the public as the
author of any, I cannot think that it would be right in any one else
to exhibit him in this capacity. I may acknowledge, however, that, so
far as I can judge, the publication of such of his poetical attempts
as remain, though it might shew his industry and ambition, would not
give him the poetical wreath, and of course would not raise his
reputation. Not that there are not tons of worse verse published, and
bought, and even read, every year, but that their publication would
not elevate Jeffrey. His poetry is less poetical than his prose.
Viewed as mere literary practice, it is rather respectable. It evinces
a general acquaintance, and a strong sympathy, with moral emotion,
great command of language, correct taste, and a copious possession of
the poetical commonplaces, both of words and of sentiment. But all
this may be without good poetry.'

Having given little of Lord Cockburn in our extracts, we shall
conclude with a passage of his narration which stands out distinctly,
and has a historical value. It refers to Edinburgh in the second
decade of the present century, but takes in a few names of deceased
celebrities:--'The society of Edinburgh was not that of a provincial
town, and cannot be judged of by any such standard. It was
metropolitan. Trade or manufactures have, fortunately, never marked
this city for their own; but it is honoured by the presence of a
college famous throughout the world, and from which the world has been
supplied with many of the distinguished men who have shone in it. It
is the seat of the supreme courts of justice, and of the annual
convocation of the Church, formerly no small matter; and of almost all
the government offices and influence. At the period I am referring to,
this combination of quiet with aristocracy made it the resort, to a
far greater extent than it is now, of the families of the gentry, who
used to leave their country residences and enjoy the gaiety and the
fashion which their presence tended to promote. Many of the curious
characters and habits of the receding age--the last purely Scotch age
that Scotland was destined to see--still lingered among us. Several
were then to be met with who had seen the Pretender, with his court
and his wild followers, in the Palace of Holyrood. Almost the whole
official state, as settled at the Union, survived; and all graced the
capital, unconscious of the economical scythe which has since mowed it
down. All our nobility had not then fled. A few had sense not to feel
degraded by being happy at home. The Old Town was not quite deserted.
Many of our principal people still dignified its picturesque recesses
and historical mansions, and were dignified by them. The closing of
the continent sent many excellent English families and youths among
us, for education and for pleasure. The war brightened us with
uniforms, and strangers, and shows.

'Over all this, there was diffused the influence of a greater number
of persons attached to literature and science, some as their calling,
and some for pleasure, than could be found, in proportion to the
population, in any other city in the empire. Within a few years,
including the period I am speaking of, the College contained Principal
Robertson, Joseph Black, his successor Hope, the second Munro, James
Gregory, John Robison, John Playfair, and Dugald Stewart; none of them
confined monastically to their books, but all--except Robison, who was
in bad health--partaking of the enjoyments of the world. Episcopacy
gave us the Rev. Archibald Alison; and in Blair, Henry, John Home, Sir
Harry Moncreiff, and others, Presbytery made an excellent
contribution, the more to be admired that it came from a church which
eschews rank, and boasts of poverty. The law, to which Edinburgh has
always been so largely indebted, sent its copious supplies; who,
instead of disturbing good company by professional matter--an offence
with which the lawyers of every place are charged--were remarkably
free of this vulgarity; and being trained to take difference of
opinion easily, and to conduct discussions with forbearance, were,
without undue obtrusion, the most cheerful people that were to be met
with. Lords Monboddo, Hailes, Glenlee, Meadowbank, and Woodhouselee,
all literary judges, and Robert Blair, Henry Erskine, and Henry
Mackenzie, senior, were at the earlier end of this file; Scott and
Jeffrey at the later--but including a variety of valuable persons
between these extremities. Sir William Forbes, Sir James Hall, and Mr
Clerk of Eldin, represented a class of country gentlemen cultivating
learning on its account. And there were several, who, like the founder
of the Huttonian theory, selected this city for their residence solely
from the consideration in which science and letters were here held,
and the facilities, or rather the temptations, presented for their
prosecution. Philosophy had become indigenous in the place, and all
classes, even in their gayest hours, were proud of the presence of its
cultivators. Thus learning was improved by society, and society by
learning. And unless when party-spirit interfered--which, at one time,
however, it did frequently and bitterly--perfect harmony, and, indeed,
lively cordiality, prevailed.

'And all this was still a Scotch scene. The whole country had not
begun to be absorbed in the ocean of London. There were still little
great places--places with attractions quite sufficient to retain men
of talent or learning in their comfortable and respectable provincial
positions, and which were dignified by the tastes and institutions
which learning and talent naturally rear. The operation of the
commercial principle which tempts all superiority to try its fortune
in the greatest accessible market, is perhaps irresistible; but
anything is surely to be lamented which annihilates local intellect,
and degrades the provincial spheres which intellect and its
consequences can alone adorn. According to the modern rate of
travelling, the capitals of Scotland and of England were then about
2400 miles asunder. Edinburgh was still more distant in its style and
habits. It had then its own independent tastes, and ideas, and
pursuits. Enough of the generation that was retiring survived to cast
an antiquarian air over the city, and the generation that was
advancing was still a Scotch production. Its character may be
estimated by the names I have mentioned, and by the fact, that the
genius of Scott and of Jeffrey had made it the seat at once of the
most popular poetry and the most brilliant criticism that then
existed. This city has advantages, including its being the capital of
Scotland, its old reputation, and its external beauties, which have
enabled it, in a certain degree, to resist the centralising tendency,
and have hitherto always supplied it with a succession of eminent men.
But now that London is at our door, how precarious is our hold of
them, and how many have we lost!'

We would just add one remark which occurs to us after reviewing the
career of this eminent patriot and writer, and it may be of service to
young men now entering upon the various paths of ambition. It is the
fortune of many to be led by whim, prejudice, and other reasons, into
certain tracks of opinion, which, as they do not lead to the public
good, so neither do they conduce to any ultimate benefit for those
treading them. How striking the contrast between the retrospect of a
literary man, who has spent, perhaps, brilliant abilities in
supporting every bad cause and every condemned error of his time, and
necessarily found all barren at last, and the reflections of one like
Francis Jeffrey, who, having embraced just views at first, continued
temperately to advocate them until he saw them adopted as necessary
for the good of his country, and had the glory of being almost
universally thanked for his share in bringing about their triumph! Let
young literary men particularly take this duly to heart, for it may
save them from many a bitter pang in their latter days.

FOOTNOTES:

[3] 'Lord Eskgrove, a judge, who consoled a friend he was obliged to
banish, by assuring him that there really were places in the world,
such as England, for example, where a man, though out of Scotland,
might live with some little comfort.'



THE MOONLIGHT RIDE.


A number of years ago, a gentleman in Clydesdale offered me a
situation as head-groom, which I accepted. He had one horse which was
kept in a stable by himself, and was, without exception, the ugliest
and most savage animal of his kind I had ever seen. There was not a
single point of a strong or a fast horse about him. He was as black as
charcoal; he was named Satan, and richly did he deserve the name. He
would fly at you, like a dog, with his teeth; attempt to beat you down
with his fore-feet; and strike round a corner at you with his hind
ones. He had beaten off all the rough-riders, grooms, and jockeys in
that part of the country.

After being in the place for a few days, I was asked by the gentleman,
if I thought I could make anything of Satan. I replied, that if he
beat me, he would be the only horse which had ever done so; but still
I considered him to be by far the most savage I had ever seen. 'Try
him to-morrow at one o'clock,' said he, as he turned to go away: 'I
will have a few friends with me to see how you succeed.'

I determined, however, to try him that night, and without any witness
to see whether I succeeded or not. My room was over the stables, and
as the moon did not rise till eleven o'clock, I threw myself upon the
bedclothes, and, contrary to my intention, fell asleep. When I awoke,
it was twelve, the moon was shining brightly, and rendering everything
as visible as if it were day.

I went down to the stable with a bridle prepared for the purpose, and
a heavily-loaded whip in my hand. I knew that it would be impossible
to saddle him; and, indeed, I should be safer on his bare back, in the
event of his throwing himself down. I opened the stable-door gently,
and there he was prone on his side, his legs and neck stretched out,
as I have often seen horses lying after sore fatigue. I clapped my
knee upon his head, loosed the collar that bound him, slipped the bit
into his mouth, buckled the throat-band, raised him to his feet,
backed him out, and leaped upon his back before he had time to get his
eyes right opened. But open them now he did, and that with a
vengeance; he pawed, and struck the walls with his fore-feet, till the
fire flashed from the stones; and then he reared till he fell right
back upon the pavement. I was prepared for this, and slipped off him
as he went down, and then leaped on him again as he rose. I had not as
yet touched him with whip, bridle, or spur; but now I gave him the
curb and the spurs at the same instant. He gave one mad bound, and
then went off at a rate that completely eclipsed the speed of the
fleetest horse I had ever ridden. He could not trot, but his gallop
was unapproachable, and consisted in a succession of leaps, performed
with a precision, velocity, and strength, absolutely bewildering.

He fairly overturned all my preconceived notions of a fast horse. On
he thundered, till we came under the shadow of a fir-wood, and then,
whether out of mischief or dread of the darkness, he halted
instantaneously, his fore-feet so close together that you might have
put them into a bucket. Owing to the depression of his shoulders--for
he had no more withers than an ass--the way that he jerked down his
head, and the suddenness of the stop, a monkey, although he had been
holding on with his teeth, must have been unseated. For me, I was
pitched a long way over his head, but alighted upon a spot so soft and
mossy, that it looked as if some kind hand had purposely prepared it
for me. Had I been in the slightest degree stunned, or unable to
regain my feet, that instant he would have torn me to pieces with his
teeth, and beaten my mangled body into the earth with his hoofs. But I
at once sprang to my feet, and faced him. I could have escaped by
leaping into the wood; but my blood was up, my brain clear, and my
heart gave not one extra pulsation. There he stood upon his hind-legs
nearly upright, beating the air with his fore-feet, his mouth open,
his upper lip curled, his under one drawn down, his large white teeth
glancing like ivory in the moonlight. As soon as he saw me upon my
feet, he gave a yell such as I had never heard from a horse before,
save once, and which I believe is never elicited from that animal,
except when under the domination of frantic rage or fear.

This unearthly cry roused every living thing within hearing. An army
of rooks, startled from their encampment in the wood, circled and
wheeled between us and the moon, shading her light, and filling the
midnight air with their discordant screams. This attracted the
attention of Satan, and, bringing his fore-feet to the ground, he
pricked up his ears, and listened. I sprang forward, seized him by the
mane, and vaulted upon his back. As I stooped forward to gather up the
reins, which were dangling from his head, he caught me by the cuff of
the jacket--luckily it was but the cuff!--and tore it up to the
shoulder. Instantly he seized me again; but this time he succeeded
rather better, having a small portion of the skin and flesh of my
thigh between his teeth. The intense pain occasioned by the bite, or
rather bruise, of a horse's mouth, can only be properly judged of by
those who have felt it. I was the madder of the two now; and of all
animals, an enraged man is the most dangerous and the most fearless. I
gave him a blow between the ears with the end of the whip; and he went
down at once, stunned and senseless, with his legs doubled up under
him, and his nose buried in the ground. I drew his fore-legs from
under him, that he might rise the more readily, and then lashed him
into life. He turned his head slowly round, and looked at me, and then
I saw that the savage glare of his eye was nearly quenched, and that,
if I could follow up the advantage I had gained, I should ultimately
be the conqueror. I now assisted him to rise, mounted him, and struck
at once with whip and spur. He gave a few bounds forward, a stagger or
two, and then fell heavily upon his side. I was nearly under him;
however, I did save my distance, although that was all. I now began to
feel sorry for him; his wonderful speed had won my respect; and as I
was far from being naturally cruel, whip or spur I never used except
in cases of necessity: so I thought I would allow him to lie for a few
minutes, if he did not incline to get up of himself. However, as I had
no faith in the creature, I sat down upon him, and watched him
intently. He lay motionless, with his eyes shut; and had it not been
for the firm and fast beat of his heart, I should have considered him
dying from the effects of the blow; but the strong pulsation told me
that there was plenty of life in him; and I suspected that he was
lying quiet, meditating mischief. I was right. Every muscle began
presently to quiver with suppressed rage. He opened his eyes, and gave
me a look, in which fear and fury were strangely blended. I am not
without superstition, and for an instant I quailed under that look, as
the thought struck me, that the black, unshapely brute before me might
actually be the spirit indicated by his name. With a muttered growl at
my folly, I threw the idea from me--leaped up--seized the reins--with
a lash and a cry made him spring to his feet--mounted him as he rose,
and struck the spurs into his sides. He reared and wheeled; but
finding that he could not get rid of me, and being unable to stand the
torture of the spurs, which I used freely (it was no time for mercy!)
he gave two or three plunges, and then bounded away at that dreadful
leaping gallop--that pace which seemed peculiarly his own. I tried to
moderate his speed with the bridle; but found, to my surprise, that I
had no command over him. I knew at once that something was wrong, as,
with the bit I had in his mouth, I ought to have had the power to have
broken his jawbone. I stooped forward to ascertain the cause; the
loose curb dangling at the side of his head gave a satisfactory
explanation.

He had it all his own way now; he was fairly off with me; and all I
could do was to bear his head as well up as I could, to prevent him
from stumbling. However, as it would have been bad policy to let him
know how much he was master, I gave him an occasional touch with the
spur, as if wishing him to accelerate his pace; and when he made an
extra bound, I patted him on the neck, as if pleased with his
performance.

A watery cloud was passing over the face of the moon, which rendered
everything dim and indistinct, as we tore away down a grassy slope;
the view terminating in a grove of tall trees, situated upon a
rising-ground. Beyond the dark outline of the trees, I saw nothing.

As we neared the grove, Satan slackened his speed; this I thought he
did with a view to crush me against the trunks of the trees. To
prevent him from having time to do this, I struck him with the spurs,
and away again he went like fury. As he burst through the trees, I
flung my head forward upon his neck, to prevent myself from being
swept off by the lower branches. In doing this, the spurs accidentally
came in contact with his sides. He gave one tremendous leap
forward--the ground sank under his feet--the horse was thrown over his
own head--I was jerked into the air--and, amid an avalanche of earth
and stones, we were hurled down a perpendicular bank into the brown,
swollen waters of the Clyde.

Owing to a bend in the river, the force of the current was directed
against this particular spot, and had undermined it; and although
strong enough to bear a man or a horse, under ordinary circumstances,
yet down at once it thundered under the desperate leap of Satan.
However, it did not signify, as nothing could have prevented us from
surging into the water at the next bound.

A large quantity of rain had fallen in the upper part of the shire;
and, in consequence, the river was full from bank to brae. I was
nearly a stranger to the place; indeed, so much so, that I had
supposed we were running from the river. This, combined with the
suddenness of the shock, and the appearance of a turbid, rapid
river--sweeping down trees, brushwood, branches, hay, corn, and straw
before it, with resistless force--was so foreign to my idea of the
calm, peaceful Clyde, that when I rose to the surface, I was quite
bewildered, and had very serious doubts as to my own identity.

I was roused from this state of bewilderment by the snorting and
splashing of the horse: he was making a bold attempt to scale the
perpendicular bank. Had I been thrown into the body of the stream, I
should have been swept away, and the animal must have perished; but in
all heavy rapid runs of water, salt or fresh, there is what is termed
an eddy stream, running close inshore, in a contrary direction to the
main body of the water. I have seen Highlanders in their boats
catching fish in the eddy stream of the Gulf of Corrievrekin, within a
short distance of the main tide, which, had it but got the slightest
hold on their boat, would have swept them with fearful velocity into
the jaws of the roaring gulf. I was caught by this eddy, which kept me
stationary, and enabled me, by a few strokes, to reach the horse's
side. To cross the river, or to land here, was alike impossible; so I
took the reins in my right hand, wheeled the horse from the bank, and
dashed at once with him into the strength of the current. Away we
went, Satan and I, in capital spirits both; not a doubt of our
effecting a safe landing ever crossing my mind. And the horse evinced
his certainty upon that subject, by snatching a bite out of a heap of
hay that floated at his side, and eating it as composedly as if he had
been in the stable.

We soon swept round the high bank that had caused our misfortune, and
came to a level part of the country, which was flooded far up into the
fields. I then struck strongly out in a slanting direction for the
shore, and soon had the satisfaction of finding myself once more upon
the green turf. Satan shook himself, pricked up his ears, and gave a
low neigh. I then stroked him, and spoke kindly to him. He returned
the caress by licking my hand. Poor fellow! he had contracted a
friendship for me in the water--a friendship which terminated only
with his life; and which was rendered the more valuable, by his never
extending it to another living thing.



THE GOLD-FEVER IN AUSTRALIA.


The discovery of gold in the new continent has thrown the country into
a state which well merits examination. The same circumstance in
California was no interruption to progress of any kind. It merely
peopled a desert, and opened a trade where there was none before;
while in Australia it finds an established form of civilisation, and a
commerce flowing in recognised channels. It is an interesting task,
therefore, to trace the nature of the influence exercised in the
latter country over old pursuits by the new direction of industry; and
it is with some curiosity we open a mercantile circular, dated Sydney,
1st November 1851. This, we admit, is a somewhat forbidding document
to mere literary readers; but we shall divest its contents of their
technical form, and endeavour, by their aid, to arrive at some general
idea of the real state and prospects of the colony.

Up to the middle of last May, the colonial heart beat high with hope.
Trade was good; the pastoral interests were flourishing; the country
properties, as a matter of course, were improving; and the
introduction of the alpaca, the extended culture of the vine, and the
growth of cotton, appeared to present new and rich sources of wealth.
At that moment came the discovery of the Gold Fields; and a shock was
communicated to the whole industrial system, which to some people
seemed to threaten almost annihilation. The idea was, that
gold-digging would swallow up all other pursuits, and the flocks
perish in the wilderness from the want of shepherds. Nor was this
altogether without foundation; for the stockholders have actually been
considerable sufferers: all the industrial projects mentioned have
been stopped short; and the gold-diggings still continue to attract to
themselves, as if by a spell, the labour of the country. The panic,
however, has now subsided. It is seen that the result is not so bad as
was anticipated, and hopes are entertained that the evil will go no
further. A stream of population, it is thought, will be directed to
Australia from abroad, and the labour not demanded by gold may suffice
for other pursuits. Up to the date of the circular, the value of gold
shipped for England from New South Wales had been L. 217,000, and it
was supposed that about L. 130,000 more remained at Sydney and in the
hands of the miners: 10,000 persons were actually engaged in mining,
and 5000 more concerned otherwise in the business; and as the result
of the exertions of that multitude, the amount of gold fixed
arbitrarily for exportation during the next twelve months, is L.
2,000,000.

But, on the other hand, in the Sydney district alone, the trade in
wool has already fallen off to the extent of several thousand bales--a
deficiency, however, not as yet attributed to the diminished number of
the sheep. It is supposed that the high rates of labour will operate
chiefly in disinclining the farmers to extend their operations; and if
this at the same time affords them leisure and motive to attend better
to the state of their clips, it will ultimately have an effect rather
beneficial than otherwise. Australian wool has hitherto been
attainable by foreigners only in the English market; but it is a
favourable symptom that two cargoes left Sydney last year direct for
Hamburg. To shew the falling off in trade during the gold year, it may
be mentioned that the exports of wool in the two previous years were
about 52,000 bales; and in 1850-1, about 48,000. There was likewise a
deficiency of about 6000 casks of tallow, and 3000 hides.

It is interesting to notice, that preserved meats are sent from New
South Wales to the neighbouring colonies and to England in
considerable quantities. Timber for shipbuilding is rising in
estimation in the English market. Australian wines are said to be
fully equal to Rhenish; and a Vineyard Association has been formed for
the purpose of improvement. Wool, however, is at present the great
staple; and the Circular seems to derive some consolation from the
idea, that if the crop should continue deficient, prices in England
will probably be maintained. 'To anticipate the future prices for our
staples,' it says, 'in a market open to so many influences as that of
Great Britain, is almost impossible; but it may be well to point out
the causes which are likely to affect their value--we allude more
especially to wool. We have stated that the production thereof, in New
South Wales, is likely to be checked by the attraction of the
gold-diggings; and still further, by the gradual abandonment of
indifferent or limited runs, which formerly supported a large number
of sheep, but which will not pay to work at present prices of wool and
labour. Therefore, if we bear in mind that Australia has furnished
half of the entire quantity of the wools imported into Great Britain,
and that the English buyers have hitherto been purchasing in
anticipation of a large annual increase from hence, which for the
present, at anyrate, will not be forthcoming, we think we need be
under no apprehension of lower prices than the present.'

It will be remarked, that this somewhat unfavourable report is made at
the end of the first six months of the gold-fever. That kind of
gold-seeking, however, which unsettles the habits of a population, and
represses the other pursuits of industry, is not likely to endure very
long in any country. It must give way in time to scientific mining,
which is as legitimate a business as any other, and which, by the
wealth it circulates, will tempt men into new avenues of industry, and
recruit, to any extent that may be desirable, the supply of labour.
Hitherto that supply has come in inadequate quantities, or from
polluted sources; but we have now precisely what the colony wanted--a
stream of voluntary emigration, which, in the process of time, when
skilled labour only can be employed, will flood the diggings, and its
superfluous portions find their level in the other employments
afforded by the country. That this will take place without the
inconvenience of a transition period, is not to be expected; but, upon
the whole, we look upon the present depression of the legitimate trade
of the colony as merely a temporary evil, arising out of circumstances
that are destined to work well for its eventual prosperity.

The same process, it should be observed, has already been gone through
in California. The lawless adventurers who rushed to the gold-fields
from all parts of the world subsided gradually into order from mere
motives of self-preservation; and as the precious metal disappeared
from the surface, multitudes were driven by necessity or policy into
employments more remunerative than digging. The large mining
population--the producers of gold--became the consumers of goods;
markets of all kinds were opened for their supply; emporia of trade
rose along the coast; and a country that so recently was almost a
desert, now promises to become one of the great marts of the commerce
of the world. If this has been the case in California, the process
will be much easier in Australia, where the rudiments of various
businesses already exist, and where the staple articles of produce are
such as can hardly be pushed to a superfluous extent.

The true calamity, however, under which the fixed colonists, the
producers of the staples, suppose themselves to suffer, is the change
occasioned in the price of labour by the golden prospects of the
diggings. On this question there is always considered to be two
antagonistical interests--that of the employers, and that of the
employed; the former contending for the minimum, and the latter for
the maximum rate. But this is a fallacy. The interest of the two is
identical; and for these obvious reasons, that if wages be too high,
the capitalist must cease to produce and to employ; and if too low,
the working population must sink to the position of unskilled
labourers at home, and eventually bring about that very state of
society from which emigration is sought as an escape. In supposing
their interests to be antagonistical, the one party reasons as badly
as the other; but, somehow, there always attaches to the bad reasoning
of the employed a stigma of criminality, from which that of the other
is free. This is unjust enough in England, but in Australia it is
ridiculous. A capitalist goes out, provided with a sum so small as to
be altogether useless at home as a means of permanent support, but
which, in the colony, he expects, with proper management, to place him
for the rest of his life in a position of almost fabulous prosperity.
These cheering views, however, he confines to his own class. The
measure of his happiness will not be full unless he can find cheap
labour, as well as magnificent returns. For this desideratum he will
make any sacrifice. He will take your paupers, your felons--your
rattlesnakes; anything in the shape of a drudge, who will toil for
mere subsistence, and without one of the social compensations which
render toil in England almost endurable.

We are never sorry to hear of the high price of labour in countries
where the employers live in ease and independence; and we join
heartily in the counsel to the higher class of working-men in this
country given by Mr Burton in his _Emigrants Manual_--'never to
confound a large labour-market with good sources of employment.' It
does not appear to us to be one of the least of the benefits that will
accrue after convalescence from the gold-fever in Australia, the
higher value the employed will set upon their labour. We cannot reason
from the English standard, which has not been deliberately fixed, but
forced upon us by competition, excessive population, public burdens,
and the necessities of social position. In a new country, however,
where all these circumstances are absent, and whither employers and
employed resort alike for the purpose of bettering their condition, we
should like to see traditions cast aside, and the fabric of society
erected on a new basis.



BURGOMASTER LAW IN PRUSSIA.


On turning out, and then turning over, a mass of old papers which had
lain packed up in a heavy mail-trunk for a period of more than forty
years, I came the other day upon a little bundle of documents in legal
German manuscript, the sight of which set me, old as I am, a laughing
involuntarily, and brought back in full force to my memory the
circumstances which I am about briefly to relate. A strange thing is
this memory, by the way, and strangely moved by trifles to the
exercise of its marvellous power. For more than thirty years--for the
average period that suffices to change the generation of man upon
earth--had this preposterous adventure, and everything connected with
it, lain dormant in some sealed-up cavity of my brain, when the bare
sight of the little bundle of small-sized German foolscap, with its
ragged edges and blotted official pages, has set the whole paltry
drama, with all its dignified performers, in motion before the retina
of my mind's eye with all the reality of the actual occurrence.

It was in the spring or early summer of the year 1806, that, in the
capacity of companion and interpreter to a young nobleman who was
making the tour of Germany, I was travelling on the high-road from
Magdeburg to Berlin. We rolled along in a stout English carriage drawn
by German post-horses, and having left Magdeburg after an early
breakfast, stopped at a small neat town, some eighteen or twenty miles
on our route--my patron intending to remain there for an hour or two,
in the hope of being rejoined by a friend who had promised to overtake
us. He ordered refreshment, and sat down and partook of it, while I,
not choosing to participate, seated myself in the recess of
an old-fashioned window, and kept my eyes fixed upon our
travelling-carriage, from which the wearied horses had been removed,
and which stood but a few paces from where I sat. At the end of an
hour, my patron having satisfied his appetite, declined to wait any
longer, and proposed that we should proceed on our journey. It was my
office to discharge all accounts, and of course to check any attempt
at peculation which might be made. I summoned the innkeeper, whose
just demand was soon paid, and ordered the horses to be put to. This
was done in a few minutes, and the stable-man, as we walked out to the
carriage, came forward and presented his little bill. As I ran it
hastily over before paying it, I saw that the rascal had charged for
services which he had not rendered. With the design of making the most
of a chance-customer, he had put down in his account a charge for
greasing the wheels of the carriage. Now, as I had never taken my eyes
from the carriage during the whole period of our stay, I could not be
deceived in the conviction that this was a fraud. True, it was the
merest trifle in the world; but the fellow who wanted to exact it was
the model of an ugly, impudent, and barefaced rogue, and therefore I
resolved not to pay him. Throwing him the money, minus the attempted
imposition, I told him to consider himself fortunate that he had got
that, which was more than such a rogue-_schurke_ was the word I
used--deserved.

'Do you call me a rogue?' said he.

'Certainly; a rogue is your right name,' I replied, and sprang into
the carriage.

'Ho! ho!' said he; 'that is against the law. Hans Felder,' he bawled
to the postilion, 'I charge you not to move; the horses may be led
back to the stable: the gracious gentleman has called me a rogue.
Stiefel, run for the police: the gracious gentleman says I am a rogue.
I will cite him before the council.'

It was in vain that I put my head out of the window, and bawled to the
postilion to proceed. He was evidently afraid to move. In a few
minutes a crowd began to collect around us, and in less than a quarter
of an hour half the inhabitants of the place had assembled in front of
the inn. The noise of a perfect Babel succeeded in an instant to the
dull silence of the quiet town. I soon gathered from the vehement
disputes that arose on all sides, that the populace were about equally
divided into two parties. The more reasonable portion were for
allowing us to proceed on our journey, and this would perhaps have
been permitted, had not my companion, on understanding what was the
matter, burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter, and repeated the
offensive word, accompanying it with a declaration in French, which
many of the bystanders understood, that he considered it generally
applicable. The landlord of the inn now came forth, and after a not
very energetic attempt to conciliate the ostler, who refused to forego
his determination to obtain legal redress, invited us to alight and
resume our quarters in the inn. This we were compelled to do, to
escape the annoyance of the crowd; and the carriage being housed under
a shed, the horses returned to the stable. We had not been three
minutes in the inn before the police appeared to take me into custody,
and march me off to durance vile. By this time I began to see that the
charge, and the dilemma into which it had led us, was no joke. I might
perhaps have bribed the scoundrel who preferred it, and have sent away
the police with a gratuity; but I felt as little disposed to do that
as to go to prison. I refused to leave the inn, protested against the
jurisdiction of their absurd laws over strangers, and at length, with
the assistance of my companion, and a good deal of threatening talk,
succeeded in ejecting the two police functionaries from the room. They
kept watch, however, at the door, and planted sentinels at the
windows, to prevent an ignominious flight that way.

In the meanwhile, the whole town was in commotion, and everybody was
hurrying towards the _rathhaus_, or town-hall, where it was plain
enough that preparations were making for putting me immediately upon
my trial. I saw the old _burgermeister_ go waddling by in his robe of
office, accompanied by a crowd of nondescript officials, with one of
whom my villainous-looking adversary was in close confabulation. In a
short space of time, a band of very scurvy-looking police, plainly
vamped up for the occasion, made its appearance; and one of the band
entering the room without ceremony, presented me with a summons,
couched in legal diction, citing me to appear instantly before the
commission then sitting, to answer an indictment preferred against me
by Karl Gurtler, Supernumerary Deputy Road Inspector of the district,
whose honourable character I had unjustly and wantonly assailed and
deteriorated by the application of the scandalous and defamatory term,
schurke. There was nothing for it but to obey the mandate; and
accordingly, requesting the bearer to convey my compliments to the
assembled council, and to say that I would have the honour of
attending them in a few minutes, I dismissed him, evidently soothed
with my courteous reception. I did this with a view of getting rid of
the _posse comitatus_, in whose company I did not much relish the idea
of being escorted as a prisoner. My politeness, however, had not the
anticipated effect, as, upon emerging from the inn, we found the whole
squad waiting at the door as a sort of body-guard, to make sure of our
attendance.

On arriving at the rathhaus, which was crammed to overflowing with all
the inhabitants of the place who could possibly wedge themselves into
it, way was cleared for us through the crowd to the seats which had
been considerately allotted for us, in front of the tribunal. A more
extraordinary bench of justice was perhaps never convened. It was
plain that the little village was steeped in poverty to the lips, and
that I, having been entrapped, through an unconscious expression, in
the meshes of some antiquated law, was doomed to administer in some
measure to their need by the payment of a penalty and costs. The fat
old fellow who presided as judge, and beneath whose robe of office an
unctuous leathery surtout was all too visible, peered in vain through
a pair of massive horn-spectacles into a huge timber-swathed volume in
search of the act, the provisions of which I had violated. At length,
the schoolmaster--a meagre, pensive-looking scarecrow, industriously
patched all over--came to his assistance, turned over the ponderous
code by which the little community were governed, and having rummaged
out the law, and the clause under the provisions of which I had been
so summarily arrested, handed it to the clerk, who I shrewdly
suspected to be nothing more or less than the village barber. He, at
the command of the judge, read it aloud for the information of all
present, and for my especial admonition. From the contents, it
appeared to have been decreed, how long ago I had no means of judging,
that, for the better sustentation of good morals and good-breeding,
and for the prevention of quarrelling, or unseemly and abusive
conversation, any person who should call or designate any other person
in the said town by the name of thief, villain, rascal, rogue
(schurke), cheat, charlatan, impostor, wretch, coward, sneak,
suborner, slanderer, tattler, and sundry other titles of ill-repute,
which I cannot recollect now, and could not render into English were I
to recall them, should, upon complaint of the person aggrieved, and
upon proof of the offence by the evidence of worthy and truth-speaking
witnesses, be amerced in such penalty, not exceeding a certain sum, as
in the estimation of the presiding magistrate should be held to be a
proper compensation for the injury to his reputation suffered by the
plaintiff. When the clerk drew breath at the end of the long-winded
clause, I inquired if the law in question made no counter-provision
for cases which might occur where, the abusive term being richly
deserved, it could be no crime to apply it. The schoolmaster, who,
despite his patched habiliments, was a clever fellow, at once answered
my question in the negative, and justified the omission of any such
provision by contraverting the position I had advanced upon moral
grounds. This he did in a speech of some length, and with remarkable
ingenuity and good sense; proving--to the satisfaction of his
fellow-townsmen at least--that to taunt a malefactor openly with his
misdeeds, was not the way to reform him, while it was a sure mode of
producing a contrary result; and winding up with an assurance, that
the law was a good law, and perfect in all its parts; and that if I
had suffered wrong, I might obtain at their hands redress as readily
and with as much facility as my antagonist.

I had nothing to reply to this, and the proceedings went on in due
form. Without being sworn, the plaintiff was called upon to state his
case, which he did with an elaborate circumlocution altogether without
a parallel in my experience. He detailed the whole history of his
life--from his birth, in Wolfenbüttel, up to his seven years' service
in the army; then followed his whole military career; and after that,
his service under the _weg_-inspector, which was rewarded at length by
the gratification of his honest ambition, in his appointment as
supernumerary deputy road inspector of the district. He enlarged upon
the service he had rendered to, and the honours he had received from,
his country; and then put it to his judges to decide whether, as a
public officer, a soldier, and a man of honour, he could submit to be
stigmatised as a schurke, without appealing to the laws of his
Fatherland to vindicate his character. Of course it was not to be
thought of. He then detailed the circumstances of the assault I had
made upon his character, forgetting to mention, however, the
provocation he had given by the fraudulent charge for greasing. Having
finished his peroration, he proceeded to call witnesses to the fact of
the abuse, and cited Hans Felder, our postilion, to be first examined.
Hans, who had heard every syllable that passed, was not, however, so
manageable a subject as the plaintiff expected to find him. Whether,
like Toby Allspice in the play, he 'made it a rule never to disoblige
a customer;' or whether, which was not unlikely, he owed Karl Gurtler
a grudge, either for stopping him on his route, or for some previous
disagreement with that conscientious public functionary; or whether,
which was likeliest of all, he feared to compromise his claim for
_trinkgeld_ from the highborn, gracious gentlemen he had the honour of
driving, I cannot pretend to determine. Certain it is, that when
brought to the bar, he had heard nothing, and seen nothing, and knew
nothing, and could recollect nothing, and say nothing, about the
business in hand; and nothing but nothing could be got out of him by a
single member of the bench, though all took him in hand by turns. He
was finally sent down. By this time, so dilatory had been the
proceedings, the sun was sinking in the west. My companion, weary of
the prosecutor's long story, had withdrawn to the inn to order dinner.
As the second witness was about to give his testimony, a note was
handed to the old burgermeister, who, having given it a glance,
immediately adjourned the court till the next morning at nine o'clock.
The assembly broke up, and, returning to the inn, I found that the
proceedings had been stopped by the landlord, to save the reputation
of his cookery, which would have been endangered had the dinner waited
much longer. Having first consulted my fellow-traveller, he had
despatched directions to the judge to adjourn the case till the
morrow, who, like a good and obliging neighbour, had accordingly done
so.

The little town was unusually alive and excited that evening. Karl
Gurtler was the centre of an admiring circle, who soon enveloped him
in the incense of their meerschaums. He held a large levée in the
common room of the inn, where a succession of very terrific
battle-songs kept us up to a late hour, as it was of no use to think
of slumber during their explosion. The next morning, at the appointed
hour, the proceedings recommenced, and the remainder of the witnesses
were examined at full length. It was in vain that I offered to plead
guilty, and pay the penalty, whatever it might be, so that we might be
allowed to proceed on our journey. I was solemnly reminded, that it
was not for me to interrupt the course of justice, but to await its
decision with patience. I saw they were determined to prevent our
departure as long as possible; and, judging that the only way to
assist in the completion of the unlucky business, was to interpose no
obstacle to its natural course, I henceforth held my peace, conjuring
my companion on no account to give directions for dinner. After a
sitting of nearly seven hours on the second day, when everything that
could be lugged into connection with the silly affair had been said
and reiterated ten times over, the notary in attendance read over his
condensed report of the whole, and I was called upon for my defence. I
told them plainly that I did not choose to make any; that I was sick
of the company of fools; that since it was a crime to speak the truth
in their good town, I was willing to pay the penalty for so doing, for
the privilege of leaving it; that I was astonished and disgusted at
the spectacle of a company of grave men siding with such a beggarly
_räuber_ (I believed that term was not proscribed in their precious
statute) as Karl Gurtler was, and taking advantage of the law, of
which a stranger must necessarily be ignorant, to obstruct him on his
journey, and levy a contribution on his purse; and I added, finally,
for I had talked myself into an angry mood, that if the farce were not
immediately brought to a conclusion, I should despatch my friend
forthwith to Berlin, and lay a report of their proceedings before the
British ambassador. I could perceive something like consternation in
the broad visage of the burgermeister as I concluded my harangue; but
without attempting to answer it, the Solons on the bench laid their
heads together, and after a muttering of a few minutes' duration, the
schoolmaster pronounced the sentence of the court, which was, that I
should indemnify the plaintiff to the amount of one dollar, and pay
the costs of the proceedings, which amounted to three more. I could
scarce forbear laughing at the mention of a sum so ludicrous. Fifteen
shillings for penalty and costs of a trial which had lasted nearly two
days! I threw down the money, and was hastening from the court, when
the notary called upon me to stop for one moment, while he concluded
his report of the case, to which, it appeared, their laws gave me a
valid claim. I took the papers, and crammed them into my valise, in
the hasty packing which took place so soon as I got back to my
companion. In a quarter of an hour, we were on our road towards
Berlin, having been taught a lesson of politeness, even towards
rogues, at the expense of a stoppage of more than thirty hours on our
route. I have no recollection how the papers found their way into the
old trunk from which they were lately unkennelled. They are now before
me, and consist of nearly fifty sides of small foolscap, written in a
bold legal hand, affording a unique specimen of the cheapness of law
amongst a community who, it is to be supposed, had but little demand
for it.

A few short months after this event, and the little town where it took
place had something else to think of. The ill-advised step of the
Prussian government, who, relying upon the aid of Russia, declared war
against Napoleon, brought the devastating hordes of republican France
among them. The battle of Jena placed the whole kingdom at the foot of
the conqueror; and few towns suffered more, comparatively, than the
little burgh which, by the decree of a very doubtful sort of justice,
had mulcted me in penalties for calling a very ill-favoured rogue by
his right name.



TRACES OF THE DANES AND NORWEGIANS IN ENGLAND.


Mr J. J. A. Worsaae, a conspicuous member of that brilliant corps of
northern antiquaries who have of late given a new wing to history,
travelled through the United Kingdom in 1846-7, on a commission from
his sovereign the king of Denmark, to make inquiry respecting the
monuments and memorials of the Danes and Norwegians, which might still
be extant in these islands. The result of his investigations appeared
in a concise volume, which has been translated into English, and
published by Mr Murray in a handsome style, being illustrated by
numerous wood-cuts.[4] It is a work which we would recommend to the
attention of all who feel any interest in our early history, as
calculated to afford them a great gratification. One is surprised to
find in how great a degree the Northmen affected Britain; what an
infusion of Scandinavian blood there is in our population; how many
traces of their predominancy survive in names of places and in more
tangible monuments. Mr Worsaae writes with a warm feeling towards his
country and her historical reminiscences, but without allowing it to
carry him into any extravagances. He is everywhere clear and
simple--sometimes rises into eloquence; and always displays a close
and searching knowledge of his subject.

From the end of the eighth century till the time of the Norman
Conquest, the restless chiefs of Denmark and Norway were continually
in the practice of making piratical expeditions to our shores. They
committed terrible devastations, and made many settlements, almost
exclusively on the eastern coast. Finally, as is well known, we had a
brief succession of Danish kings in England, including the magnanimous
Canute. When we look at the quiet people now inhabiting Denmark and
Norway, we are at a loss to understand whence came or where resided
that spirit of reckless daring which inspired such a system of
conquest, or how it came so completely to die out; but the explanation
is, that the Northmen of those days were heathens, animated by a
religion which made them utterly indifferent to danger. Whenever they
became Christianised, they began to appreciate life like other men,
and ceased, of course, to be the troublers they had once been. Mr
Worsaae draws a line from London to Chester--the line of the great
Roman road (Watling Street)--to the north of which the infusion of
Scandinavian population is strong, and their monuments abundant. A
vast number of names of places in that part of the island are of
Danish origin--all ending in _by_, which in Danish signifies a town,
as Whitby (the White Town), Derby (Deoraby, the town of Deer), Kirby
(the church town), &c.--all ending in _thwaite_, which signifies an
isolated piece of land--all ending in _thorpe_ (Old Northern, a
collection of houses separated from some principal estate)--all ending
in _næs_, a promontory, and _ey_ or _öe_, an island. _Toft_, a field;
_with_, a forest; _beck_, a streamlet; _tarn_, a mountain-lake;
_force_, a waterfall; _garth_, a large farm; _dale_, a valley; and
_fell_, a mountain, are all of them common elements of names of places
in England, north of the line above indicated, and all are
Scandinavian terms. The terminations _by_, _thwaite_, and _thorpe_,
are still common in Denmark.

Mr Worsaae found many memorials of the Northmen in London: for
example, the church of St Clement's Danes, where this people had their
burial-place; the name _Southwark_, which is 'unmistakably of Danish
or Norwegian origin;' St Olave's Church there, and even Tooley Street,
which is a corruption of the name of that celebrated Norsk saint; but,
above all, in the fact that 'the highest tribunal in the city has
retained in our day its pure old northern name "Husting."' The fact
is, that about the time of Canute, the Danes predominated over the
rest of the population of London. Mr Worsaae was not able to trace the
Danish face or form as a distinct element in the modern population. In
going northward, however, he soon began to find that the prevailing
physiognomy was of a northern character: 'The form of the face is
broader, the cheek-bones project a little, the nose is somewhat
flatter, and at times turned a little upwards; the eyes and hair are
of a lighter colour, and even deep-red hair is far from being
uncommon. The people are not very tall in stature, but usually more
compact and strongly built than their countrymen towards the south.
The Englishman himself seems to acknowledge that a difference is to be
found in the appearance of the inhabitants of the northern and
southern counties; at least, one constantly hears in England, when
red-haired, compact-built men with broad faces are spoken of: "They
must certainly be from Yorkshire;" a sort of admission that light
hair, and the broad peculiar form of the face, belong mostly to the
north of England people.... In the midland, and especially in the
northern part of England, I saw every moment, and particularly in the
rural districts, faces exactly resembling those at home. Had I met the
same persons in Denmark or Norway, it would never have entered my mind
that they were foreigners. Now and then I also met with some whose
taller growth and sharper features reminded me of the inhabitants of
South Jutland, or Sleswick, and particularly of Angeln; districts of
Denmark which first sent colonists to England. It is not easy to
describe peculiarities which can be appreciated in all their details
only by the eye; nor dare I implicitly conclude that in the
above-named cases I have really met with persons descended in a
direct line from the old Northmen. I adduce it only as a striking
fact, which will not escape the attention of at least any observant
Scandinavian traveller, that the inhabitants of the north of England
bear, on the whole, more than those of any other part of that country,
an unmistakable personal resemblance to the Danes and Norwegians.'

Scandinavian words abound in the popular language of those districts.
'On entering a house there, one will find the housewife sitting with
her _rock_ (Dan., _Rok_; Eng., a distaff) and _spoele_ (Dan., _Spole_;
Eng., spool, a small wheel on the spindle); or else she has set both
her _rock_ and her _garnwindle_ (Dan., _Garnvinde_; Eng., reel or
yarn-winder) aside, whilst standing by her _back-bword_ (Dan.,
_Bagebord_; Eng., baking-board) she is about to knead dough (Dan.,
_Deig_), in order to make the oaten-bread commonly used in these
parts, at times, also, barley-bread; for _clap-bread_ (Dan.,
_Klappebröd_, or thin cakes beaten out with the hand), she lays the
dough on the _clap-board_ (Dan., _Klappebord_.) One will also find the
_bord-claith_ spread (Dan., _Bordklæde_; Eng. table-cloth); the people
of the house then sit on the _bank_ or _bink_ (Dan., _Bænk_; Eng.,
bench), and eat _Aandorn_ (Eng., afternoon's repast), or, as it is
called in Jutland and Fünen, _Onden_ (dinner.) The chimney (_lovver_)
stands in the room; which name may perhaps be connected with the
Scandinavian _lyre_ (Icelandic, _ljóri_)--namely, the smoke-hole in
the roof or thatch (_thack_), out of which, in olden times, before
houses had regular chimneys and "_lofts_" (Dan., _Loft_; Eng., roof,
an upper room), the smoke (_reek_ or _reik_, Dan., _Rög_) left the
dark (_mirk_ or _murk_, Dan., _Mörk_) room. Within is the _bower_ or
_boor_ (Eng., bed-chamber), in Danish, _Buur_; as, for instance, in
the old Danish word _Jomfrubuur_ (the maiden's chamber), and in the
modern word _Fadebuur_ (the pantry.)'

Mr Worsaae only speaks the truth when he remarks how the name of the
Danes has been impressed on the English mind. 'Legends about the Danes
are,' he says, 'very much disseminated among the people, even in the
south of England. There is scarce a parish that has not in some way or
another preserved the remembrance of them. Sometimes, they are
recorded to have burned churches and castles, and to have destroyed
towns, whose inhabitants were put to the sword; sometimes, they are
said to have burned or cut down forests; here are shewn the remains of
large earthen mounds and fortifications which they erected; there,
again, places are pointed out where bloody battles were fought with
them. To this must be added the names of places--as, the
_Danes-walls_, the _Danish forts_, the _Dane-field_, the
_Dane-forest_, the _Danes-banks_, and many others of the like kind.
Traces of Danish castles and ramparts are not only found in the
southern and south-eastern parts of England, but also quite in the
south-west, in Devonshire and Cornwall, where, under the name of
_Castelton Danis_, they are particularly found on the sea-coast. In
the chalk-cliffs, near Uffington, in Berkshire, is carved an enormous
figure of a horse, more than 300 feet in length; which, the common
people say, was executed in commemoration of a victory that King
Alfred gained over the Danes in that neighbourhood. On the heights,
near Eddington, were shewn not long since the intrenchments, which, it
was asserted, the Danes had thrown up in the battle with Alfred. On
the plain near Ashdon, in Essex, where it was formerly thought that
the battle of Ashingdon had taken place, are to be seen some large
Danish barrows which were long, but erroneously, said to contain the
bones of the Danes who had fallen in it. The so-called dwarf-alder
(_Sambucus ebulus_), which has red buds, and bears red berries, is
said in England to have germinated from the blood of the fallen Danes,
and is therefore also called _Daneblood_ and _Danewort_. It flourishes
principally in the neighbourhood of Warwick; where it is said to have
sprung from, and been dyed by, the blood shed there, when Canute the
Great took and destroyed the town.

'Monuments, the origin of which is in reality unknown, are, in the
popular traditions, almost constantly attributed to the Danes. If the
spade or the plough brings ancient arms and pieces of armour to light,
it is rare that the labourer does not suppose them to have belonged to
that people. But particularly if bones or joints of unusual size are
found, they are at once concluded to be the remains of the gigantic
Danes, whose immense bodily strength and never-failing courage had so
often inspired their forefathers with terror. For though the
Englishman has stories about the cruelties of the ancient Danes, their
barbarousness, their love of drinking, and other vices, he has still
preserved no slight degree of respect for Danish bravery and Danish
achievements. "As brave as a Dane," is said to have been an old phrase
in England; just as "to strike like a Dane" was, not long since, a
proverb at Rome. Even in our days, Englishmen readily acknowledge that
the Danes are the "best sailors on the continent;" nay, even that,
themselves of course excepted, they are "the best and bravest sailors
in all the world." It is, therefore, doubly natural that English
legends should dwell with singular partiality on the memorials of the
Danes' overthrow. Even the popular ballads revived and glorified the
victories of the English. Down to the very latest times was heard in
Holmesdale, in Surrey, on the borders of Kent, a song about a battle
which the Danes had lost there in the tenth century.'

In our own northern land, the Northmen committed as many devastations,
and made nearly as many settlements, as in England. The Orcadian
Islands formed, indeed, a Norwegian kingdom, which was not entirely at
an end till the thirteenth century. In that group, and on the adjacent
coasts of Caithness and Sutherlandshires, the appearance of the
people, the names of places, and the tangible monuments, speak
strongly of a Scandinavian infusion into the population. Sometimes,
between the early Celtic people still speaking their own language, and
the descendants of the Norwegians, a surprisingly definite line can be
drawn. The island of Harris is possessed for the most part by a set of
Celts, 'small, dark-haired, and in general very ugly;' but at the
northern point, called 'the Ness,' we meet with people of an entirely
different appearance. 'Both the men and women have, in general,
lighter hair, taller figures, and far handsomer features. I visited
several of their cabins, and found myself surrounded by physiognomies
so Norwegian, that I could have fancied myself in Scandinavia itself,
if the Gaelic language now spoken by the people, and their wretched
dwellings, had not reminded me that I was in one of those poor
districts in the north-west of Europe where the Gaels or Celts are
still allowed a scanty existence. The houses, as in Shetland, and
partly in Orkney, are built of turf and unhewn stones, with a wretched
straw or heather roof, held together by ropes laid across the ridge of
the house, and fastened with stones at the ends. The houses are so
low, that one may often see the children lie playing on the side of
the roof. The family and the cattle dwell in the same apartment, and
the fire, burning freely on the floor, fills the house with a thick
smoke, which slowly finds its way out of the hole in the roof. The
sleeping-places are, as usual, holes in the side-walls.

'It is but a little while ago that the inhabitants of the Ness, who
are said to have preserved faint traditions of their origin from
Lochlin--called also in Ireland, Lochlan--or the North, regarded
themselves as being of better descent than their neighbours the Gaels.
The descendants of the Norwegians seldom or never contracted marriage
with natives of a more southern part of the island, but formed among
themselves a separate community, distinguished even by a peculiar
costume, entirely different from the Highland Scotch dress. Although
the inhabitants of Ness are now, for the most part, clothed like the
rest of the people of Lewis, I was fortunate enough to see the dress
of an old man of that district, which had been preserved as a
curiosity. It was of thick, coarse woollen stuff, of a brown colour,
and consisted of a close-fitting jacket, sewn in one piece, with a
pair of short trousers, reaching only a little below the knees. It was
formerly customary with them not to cover the head at all.'

The people of the Ness are described as good fishermen--a striking
trait of their original national character, for nothing could
distinguish them more from their neighbours, the ordinary Highlanders
being everywhere remarkable for their inaptitude to a sea-life.

Tradition speaks loudly all over Scotland of the ancient doings of the
Danes. So much, indeed, is this the case, that every antiquity which
cannot be ascribed to the Romans, is popularly thought to be Danish,
an idea which has been implicitly adopted by a great number of the
Scotch clergy in the Statistical Account of their respective parishes.
In the Highlands, Mr Worsaae found the people retaining a very fresh
recollection of the terrors of the Northmen, and ready to believe that
their incursions might yet be renewed. 'Having employed myself,' he
says, 'in examining, among other things, the many so-called "Danish"
or Pictish towers on the west and north-west coast of Sutherland, the
common people were led to believe, that the Danes wished to regain
possession of the country, and with that view intended to rebuild the
ruined castles on the coasts. The report spread very rapidly, and was
soon magnified into the news, that the Danish fleet was lying outside
the sunken rocks near the shore, and that I was merely sent beforehand
to survey the country round about; nay, that I was actually the Danish
king's son himself, and had secretly landed. This report, which
preceded me very rapidly, had, among other effects, that of making the
poorer classes avoid, with the greatest care, mentioning any
traditions connected with defeats of the Danes, and especially with
the killing of any Dane in the district, lest they should occasion a
sanguinary vengeance when the Danish army landed. Their fears were
carried so far, that my guide was often stopped by the natives, who
earnestly requested him, in Gaelic, not to lend a helping-hand to the
enemies of the country by shewing them the way; nor would they let him
go, till he distinctly assured them that I was in possession of maps
correctly indicating old castles in the district which he himself had
not previously known. This, of course, did not contribute to allay
their fears; and it is literally true, that in several of the Gaelic
villages, particularly near the firths of Loch Inver and Kyle-Sku, we
saw on our departure old folks wring their hands in despair at the
thought of the terrible misfortunes which the Danes would now bring on
their hitherto peaceful country.'

We have here been obliged wholly to overlook Mr Worsaae's curious
chapters about Ireland and the Isle of Man, and to give what we cannot
but feel to be a very superficial view of the contents of his book
generally; but our readers have seen enough to inspire them with an
interest in it, and we trust that this will lead many of them to its
entire perusal.

FOOTNOTES:

[4] _An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland, and
Ireland._ By J. J. A. Worsaae, For. F. S. A., London; Author of
_Primæval Antiquities of Denmark._ London: Murray. 1852.



CHILDREN OF PRISONS.


When I was in Berlin, I went into the public prison, and visited every
part of the establishment. At last I was introduced to a very large
hall, which was full of children, with their books and teachers, and
having the appearance of a Prussian school-room. 'What!' said I, 'is
it possible that all these children are imprisoned here for crime?' 'O
no,' said my conductor, smiling at my simplicity; 'but if a parent is
imprisoned for crime, and on that account his children are left
destitute of the means of education, and are liable to grow up in
ignorance and crime, the government places them here, and maintains
and educates them for useful employment.' This was a new idea to me. I
know not that it has ever been suggested in the United States; but
surely it is the duty of government, as well as its highest interest,
when a man is paying the penalties of his crime in a public prison, to
see that his unoffending children are not left to suffer and inherit
their father's vices. Surely it would be better for the child, and
cheaper as well as better for the state. Let it not be supposed that a
man will go to prison for the sake of having his children taken care
of; for those who go to prison, usually have little regard for their
children. If they had, _discipline_ like that of the Berlin prison
would soon sicken them of such a bargain.--_Professor Stowe_.



JUPITER, AN EVENING STAR.


    Ruler and hero, shining in the west
      With great bright eye,
    Rain down thy luminous arrows in this breast
      With influence calm and high,
    And speak to me of many things gone by.

    Rememberest thou--'tis years since, wandering star--
      Those eves in June,
    When thou hung'st quivering o'er the tree-tops far,
      Where, with discordant tune,
    Many-tongued rooks hailed the red-rising moon?

    Some watched thee then with human eyes like mine,
      Whose boundless gaze
    May now pierce on from orb to orb divine
      Up to the Triune blaze
    Of glory--nor be dazzled by its rays.

    All things they know, whose wisdom seemed obscure;
      They, sometime blamed,
    Hold our best purities as things impure:
      Their star-glance downward aimed,
    Makes our most lamp-like deeds grow pale and shamed.

    Their star-glance?--What if through those rays there gleam
      Immortal eyes
    Down to this dark? What if these thoughts, that seem
      Unbidden to arise,
    Be souls with my soul talking from the skies?

    I know not. Yet awhile, and I shall know!--
      Thou, to thy place
    Slow journeying back, there startlingly to shew
      Thy orb in liquid space,
    Like a familiar death-lost angel face--

    O planet! thou hast blotted out whole years
      Of life's dull round;
    The Abel-voice of heart's-blood and of tears
      Sinks dumb into the ground,
    And the green grass waves on with lulling sound.



GRATUITOUS SERVICES.


Never let people work for you _gratis_. Two years ago, a man carried a
bundle for us to Boston, and we have been lending him two shillings a
week ever since.--_American paper_.

       *       *       *       *       *

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Dublin.--Advertisements for Monthly Parts are requested to be sent to
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