| By Author | [ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Other Symbols ] |
| By Title | [ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | Other Symbols ] |
| By Language |
|
Download this book: [ ASCII | HTML | PDF ] Look for this book on Amazon Tweet |
Title: The Hawaiian Islands - Their Resources, Agricultural, Commercial and Financial
Author: Hawaii. Dept. of Foreign Affairs
Language: English
As this book started as an ASCII text book there are no pictures available.
*** Start of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "The Hawaiian Islands - Their Resources, Agricultural, Commercial and Financial" ***
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by Case Western Reserve University Preservation
Department Digital Library)
THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
THEIR RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL,
COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL.
[Illustration (Cover image).]
[Illustration: MAP of the HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.]
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. 3
CHAPTER II. 12
CHAPTER III. 16
CHAPTER IV. 20
CHAPTER V. 37
CHAPTER VI. 43
CHAPTER VII. 52
CHAPTER VIII. 58
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY. 85
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
MAP OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
SANFORD B. DOLE, President of the Republic of Hawaii.
EXECUTIVE BUILDING. / JUDICIARY BUILDING.
EWA MILL. / VALLEY SCENE, HAWAII.
PAUOA VALLEY RICE FIELDS. / PINEAPPLE PLANTATION.
COFFEE PLANTATION, HAMAKUA. / COFFEE PLANTATION, PUNA.
OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA. / VOLCANO HOUSE.
KOHALA RAILROAD. / RICE FIELD, PEARL CITY.
NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU. / WAIKIKI BEACH.
LUNALILO HOME, FOR AGED HAWAIIANS. / KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOL.
OAHU COLLEGE. / PAUAHI HALL, OAHU COLLEGE.
MASONIC TEMPLE. / KAMEHAMEHA MUSEUM.
KAWAIAHAO CHURCH (Hawaiian). / CENTRAL UNION CHURCH.
[Illustration: SANFORD B. DOLE. President of the Republic of Hawaii.]
THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
THEIR RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL, COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL.
Coffee,
_THE COMING STAPLE PRODUCT._
ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS,
1896.
HONOLULU:
PRINTED BY THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE COMPANY.
The following pamphlet has been compiled for the purpose of giving
information to those intending to invest in the industries of the
Hawaiian Islands. The information can be vouched for as correct. The
portion dealing with agriculture is from the pen of Joseph Marsden,
Esq., Commissioner of Agriculture. The digest of the land law has been
historical portion has been written by Prof. Alexander, Chief of the
Government Survey and author of a "Short History of the Hawaiian People"
and other works. The pamphlet has been planned, edited and in part
written by Alatau T. Atkinson, Esq., ex-Inspector General of Schools,
and now General Superintendent of Census.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL INFORMATION.
The Hawaiian Islands are situated in the North Pacific Ocean and lie
between longitudes 154° 40' and 160° 30' West, and latitudes 22° 16' and
18° 55' North. They are thus on the very edge of the tropics, but their
position in mid-ocean and the prevalence of the northeast trade wind
gives them a climate unequalled by any other portion of the globe--a
perpetual summer without an enervating heat. In the Hawaiian Islands
Americans and Europeans can and do work in the open air, at all seasons
of the year, as they cannot in countries lying in the same latitudes
elsewhere. To note an instance, Calcutta lies a little to the north of
the latitude of Kauai, our most northerly Island, and in Calcutta the
American and European can only work with his brain; hard physical labor
he cannot do and live. On the Hawaiian Islands he can work and thrive.
RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE.
The rainfall varies, being greater on the windward side of the Islands,
and increasing up to a certain elevation. Thus, at Olaa, on the Island
of Hawaii, windward side and elevation of about 2,000 feet, the rainfall
from July 1st, 1894, to June 30, 1895, was 176.82 inches, while at
Kailua, on the leeward side, at a low level, it was only 51.21 inches
during the same period.
The temperature also varies according to elevation and position. On the
Island of Hawaii you can get any climate from the heat of summer to actual
winter at the summits of the two great mountains. A meteorological record,
kept carefully for a period of twelve years, gives 89° as the highest and
54° as the lowest temperature recorded, or a mean temperature of 71° 30'
for the year. A case of sunstroke has never been known. People make no
special precautions against the sun, wearing straw and soft felt hats
similar to those worn in the States during the summer months.
WINDS.
The prevailing winds, as mentioned above, are the northeast trades.
These blow for about nine months of the year. The remainder of the
period the winds are variable and chiefly from the south. The Islands
are outside the cyclone belt, and severe storms accompanied by thunder
and lightning are of rare occurrence.
HEALTH.
The Islands possess a healthy climate. There are no virulent fevers such
as are encountered on the coast of Africa or in the West India Islands.
Epidemics seldom visit the Islands, and when they do they are generally
light. A careful system of quarantine guards the Islands now from
epidemics from abroad. Such grave diseases as pneumonia and diphtheria
are almost unknown. Children thrive wonderfully.
AREA.
For practical purposes--and these lines are written for practical
men--there are eight Islands in the Hawaiian group. The others are mere
rocks, of no value to mankind at present. These eight Islands, beginning
from the northwest, are named Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai,
Kahoolawe, Maui and Hawaii. The areas of these Islands are as follows:
=Square Miles.=
Niihau 97
Kauai 590
Oahu 600
Molokai 270
Maui 760
Lanai 150
Kahoolawe 63
Hawaii 4210
----
Total 6740
The Islands that interest an intending immigrant are Hawaii, Maui, Oahu
and Kauai. It is on these Islands that coffee, fruits, potatoes, corn
and vegetables can be raised by the small investor, and where land can
be obtained on reasonable terms.
HAWAII.
The Island of Hawaii is the largest in the group, and presents great
varieties of soil and climate. The windward side, which includes the
districts of North Kohala, Hamakua, Hilo and Puna, is copiously watered
by rains and, in the Hilo district, the streams rush impetuously down
every gulch or ravine. The leeward side of the Island, including South
Kohala, North and South Kona, and Kau, is not exposed to such strong
rains, but an ample supply of water falls in the rain belt. The Kona
district has given the coffee product a name in the markets of the world.
On this Island are now situated numerous sugar plantations. Coffee
employs the industry of several hundred owners, ranging from the man
with 200,000 trees to him who has only an acre or so. There are
thousands upon thousands of acres at present uncultivated and only
awaiting the sturdy arms and enterprising brains of the men of the
temperate zone to develop them.
MAUI.
Maui is also a very fine Island. Besides its sugar plantations, it has
numerous coffee lands, especially in the eastern part, which are just
now being opened up. The western slopes of Haleakala, the main mountain
of Maui, are covered with small farms where are raised potatoes, corn,
beans and pigs. Again, here, thousands of acres are lying fallow.
HONOLULU.
On Oahu is the capital, Honolulu. It is a city numbering thirty thousand
inhabitants and is pleasantly situated on the south side of the Island.
The city extends a considerable distance up Nuuanu Valley and has wings
extending northwest and southeast. It is a city of foliage. Except in
the business blocks, every house stands in its own garden, and some of
the houses are wonderfully beautiful.
The city is lighted with electric light; there is a very complete
telephone system, and tram cars run at short intervals along the
principal streets and continue out to a sea-bathing resort and public
park, four miles from the city. There are numerous stores where all
kinds of goods can be obtained. In this particular Honolulu occupies
a position ahead of any city of similar size. The public buildings
are handsome and commodious. There are numerous churches, schools, a
public library of over 10,000 volumes, Y. M. C. A. Hall, Masonic Temple,
Odd Fellows' Hall and Theater. There is frequent steam communication
with San Francisco, once a month with Victoria (British Columbia), and
twice a month with New Zealand and the Australian Colonies. Steamers
also connect Honolulu with China and Japan. There are three evening
daily papers published in English, one daily morning paper, and two
weeklies. Besides these there are papers published in the Hawaiian,
Portuguese, Japanese and Chinese languages, and also monthly magazines
in various tongues.
OAHU'S OPPORTUNITIES.
The Island of Oahu presents excellent opportunities for the investor.
Acres upon acres of land remain undeveloped among its teeming valleys,
the energies and wealth of the population having been devoted to the
development of the sugar lands on the larger Islands.
A line of railroad has been constructed which at present runs along the
coast to a distance of thirty miles from the city. It is proposed to
continue this line completely around the Island. This railroad opens up
rich coffee and farming lands and affords ready means of transport for
the produce, and an expeditious method for obtaining the necessary
supplies, etc., from the capital. The management of the railroad offers
special inducements for would-be investors to see the country, and
special rates should they conclude to settle.
KAUAI.
Kauai is called the "Garden Island," it is so well watered and so
luxuriant in vegetation. The Island is at present largely devoted to the
cultivation of sugar. Rice also cuts a considerable figure in the
agricultural production of Kauai. That it can produce coffee is
undoubted, but there is a timidity about embarking in the industry,
because some forty years ago the experiment of a coffee plantation was
tried, and owing to misjudgment of location and soil, failed. Since then
the cultivation of coffee has come to be more thoroughly understood, and
there is no doubt that quantities of land suitable for such cultivation
are now lying, like the sleeping beauty, waiting for the kiss of
enterprise to make them awake into usefulness and profit for mankind.
There is room on the Hawaiian Islands for at least ten times the present
population. The climate, soil and social conditions all tend to make
them a desirable home for those who are willing to work, and have a
moderate capital to begin with.
GOVERNMENT.
The Government of the Hawaiian Islands is a Republic. Up to the year
1893 it had been a limited monarchy, but at that date it was felt, by
the progressive party in the state, that monarchy had had its day, and
that the friends of such a form of government should give way to more
liberal institutions, assimilating to the institutions of the United
States, and to become a part of which Great Republic is the earnest
desire of all those who have the interests of the Islands at heart. The
monarchy, in a bloodless revolution, disappeared and the Republic took
its place.
The Republic is a republic of progress, and under the Government thus
established every facility has been given for developing and improving
the country. The President is elected for six years. The Legislature
consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, all members being
elected by popular vote. The Senators are elected for a term of six
years, and voters for Senators must have real property worth $1,500, or
personal property worth $3,000, or an income of not less than $600 per
annum. The vote for Representatives is based on manhood suffrage.
TAXATION.
All males between the ages of 20 and 60 pay a personal tax of $5, viz:
Poll tax, $1; road tax, $2; school tax, $2. Land pays a tax of one per
cent. on the cash value, and personal property a similar rate. Carts pay
$2, brakes $3, carriages $5, dogs $1, female dogs $3. From the above it
will be seen that the taxes are not heavy as compared with other
countries; moreover, there are no local taxes of any kind.
METHOD OF ACQUIRING LAND.
Land can be obtained from the Government by two methods, viz.; The cash
freehold system, and the right of purchase leases. Under the first
system the land is sold at auction. The purchaser pays one-quarter in
cash and the rest in equal installments of one, two and three years,
interest being charged at the rate of six per cent. upon the unpaid
balance. Under this system the purchaser is bound to maintain a home on
the land from the commencement of the second year to the end of the
third. The right of purchase leases are drawn for twenty-one years at a
rental of eight per cent. on the appraised value of the land. The lessee
has the privilege of purchasing the land, after the third year, _at the
original appraised value_, provided 25 per cent. of the land is reduced
to cultivation, and other conditions of the lease filled. In this case a
home must be maintained from the end of the first year to the end of the
fifth year. The limit of first-class agricultural land obtainable is 100
acres. This amount is increased on lands of inferior quality. Under the
above conditions the applicant must be 18 years of age and obtain
special letters of denization. Land can also be obtained from the
various land and investment companies, and from private parties. The
full land law will be treated of in Chapter VI. of this pamphlet.
[Illustration: EXECUTIVE BUILDING.]
[Illustration: JUDICIARY BUILDING.]
JUDICIARY, POLICE, ETC.
There is a thoroughly efficient judiciary consisting of a Supreme Court,
five Circuit Courts in which trials by jury are conducted, and District
Courts in every district. The higher courts are presided over by well
trained, educated men. There is an efficient police force in every part
of the group. The inhabitants are law-abiding and crimes of violence are
very rare. There is very little petty theft, and even in Honolulu, the
greatest center of population and a seaport town, many of the houses are
left with doors unlocked at night.
SCHOOLS.
There is an excellent system of free public schools taught in the
English language, the teachers in many cases being imported from the
United States. The main plan of the system is modelled upon the public
school system of the United States, modified to meet the wants of a
heterogeneous population. The children are instructed in writing,
reading, composition, arithmetic, geography, both local and general. The
books are uniform and obtainable at the same price as in the United
States. The schools are strictly non-sectarian. There is no district,
however remote, in which there is no school. The only people who cannot
read and write are those who come from abroad. Those born in the Islands
are compelled by law to take advantage of the education offered. Besides
the common school education, opportunities are given at various centers
for a higher education equivalent to the grammar grade of the United
States, and in Honolulu a high school and collegiate course can be
obtained at a small cost.
CHURCHES.
The various Christian denominations are represented and all forms are
tolerated. The country churches of the Protestant denominations are
chiefly conducted by Hawaiian pastors, the Roman Catholic by French and
German priests, who are mostly good linguists and speak Hawaiian,
English and Portuguese, besides their mother tongue. Wherever there is a
large collection of English speaking people a Protestant church is
usually supported by them. In Honolulu there is a large number of
churches, Congregational, Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Methodist and
Mormon. There is a Sunday law, and all work which is not absolutely
necessary is prohibited on that day. Rational outdoor amusement is not
prohibited, such as riding, boating, shooting, etc., and the Government
Band plays at the public park at Waikiki every Sunday afternoon.
PHYSICIANS.
In every district of the Islands the Government supports a doctor, who
gives his services to indigent Hawaiians free of charge--others have to
pay. In many places there are physicians settled who carry on a private
practice.
TELEPHONES.
The Islands of Oahu, Kauai and Hawaii have telephones to every
accessible point. The rent of the instrument is moderate, and a small
charge is made for those who do not care or cannot afford to possess an
instrument of their own. On Maui the telephone is at present established
only in part.
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE ISLANDS.
Communication between the Islands is by steamer; of these some seventeen
are constantly plying from port to port, affording weekly communication
with the capital. The regular passenger steamers are well fitted with
cabins, have electric bells and electric lights and all modern
accommodations.
POSTAL MATTERS.
There is a regular postal system, and on the arrival of a steamer at
any main point, mail carriers at once start out to distribute the
mail through the district. The Hawaiian Islands belong to the Postal
Union, and money orders can be obtained to the United States, Canada,
Great Britain, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Hong Kong and Colony of Victoria, as well as local orders
between the Islands.
CHAPTER II.
AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES.
The mainstay of the Hawaiian Islands has, for the last thirty-five
years, been the sugar industry. From this source a large amount of
wealth has been accumulated. But the sugar industry requires large
capital for expensive machinery, and has never proved remunerative to
small investors. An attempt has been made at profit-sharing and has met
with some success, the small farmer cultivating and the capitalist
grinding at a central mill. Of late years, moreover, the small farmer
has been steadily developing in the Hawaiian Islands and attention has
been given to other products than sugar.
Rice, neither the European nor the American can cultivate as laborers.
It requires working in marshy land, and though on the Islands it yields
two crops a year, none but the Chinaman can raise it successfully. A
dry-land or mountain rice has been introduced, which will be treated
under the head of Agricultural possibilities.
The main staple after sugar and rice is coffee. Of this hundreds of
thousands of trees have been planted out within the last five years.
This is essentially the crop of the future and bids fair to become as
important a staple as sugar. Coffee does not require the amount of
capital that sugar does, and it can be worked remuneratively upon a
small area. It is estimated that at the end of the fourth year the
return from a 75-acre coffee plantation will much more than pay the
running expenses, while from that time on a return of from eight to ten
thousand dollars per annum may be realized.
On page 32 will be found an estimate of the cost of establishing a
75-acre coffee plantation from the first to the seventh year.
Fruits can also be cultivated to advantage. At present the banana trade
of the Islands amounts to over 100,000 bunches per annum, valued at over
$100,000, and the quantity might be very easily quadrupled. The banana
industry may be regarded as in its infancy. The export of the fruit is
only from the Island of Oahu, but there are thousands of acres on the
other Islands of the group which could be profitably used for this
cultivation and for nothing else. The whole question of the banana
industry hinges on the market. At present the market is limited.
Limes and oranges can be cultivated and the fruit can be easily packed
for export; at present the production does not meet the local market.
The fruits can be raised to perfection. The Hawaiian orange has a fine
flavor and the Hawaiian lime has an aroma and flavor far superior to
that cultivated in Mexico and Central America. In the uplands of Hawaii
and Maui potatoes can be and are raised. Their quality is good. Corn is
also raised. In these industries many Portuguese, Norwegians and others
have embarked. Both these products find an ample local market. The corn
is used largely for feed on the plantations. The corn is ground with the
cob and makes an excellent feed for working cattle, horses and mules.
In the uplands, where the climate is temperate, as at Waimea, Hawaii,
vegetables of all kinds can be raised; excellent cauliflowers, cabbages
and every product of the temperate zone can be grown to perfection.
Cattle raising in so small a place as the Hawaiian Islands does not
present great opportunities except for local consumption. Pigs are
profitable to the small farmer. In the Kula district of Maui pigs are
fattened upon the corn and potatoes raised in the district. The price of
pork, dressed, is 25 cents per pound in Honolulu and about 15 cents per
pound in the outside districts. The Chinese, of whom there are some
15,000 resident on the various Islands, are extremely fond of pork, so
that there is a large local market, which has to be supplemented by
importations from California.
Attention has lately been given to fiber plants, for which there are
many suitable locations. Ramie grows luxuriantly, but the lack of proper
decorticating and cleaning machinery has prevented any advance in this
cultivation.
Sisal hemp and Sansevieria have been experimented with, but without any
distinct influence upon the trade output.
The cultivation of pineapples is a very growing industry. In 1895 pines
were exported from the Islands to San Francisco to the value of nearly
$9,000. This has grown up in the last half dozen years. There is every
reason to think that canning pineapples for the Coast and other markets
can be made profitable.
The guava, which grows wild, can also be put up to profit, for the
manufacture of guava jelly. It has never been entered upon on a large
scale, but to the thrifty farmer it would add a convenient slice to his
income, just as the juice of the maple adds an increase to the farmer of
the Eastern States. Well made guava jelly will find a market anywhere.
In England it is regarded as a great delicacy, being imported from the
West India Islands. Besides the guava there are other fruits which can
be put up to commercial profit, notably the poha or Cape gooseberry
(Physalis Edulis). This has been successfully made into jams and jelly,
which command an extensive local sale and should find their way into
larger markets.
In point of fact, outside the great industries of sugar, coffee and
rice, there is a good field for many minor industries which can be
carried on with profit by those who know what work is, and are willing
to put their shoulders to the wheel.
In the Hawaiian Islands a simple life can be lived, and entering
gradually upon the coffee industry, a good competence can be obtained
long before such could be realized by the agriculturalist elsewhere.
However, it is useless to come to the Islands without the necessary
capital to develop the land that can be obtained.
Between arriving and the time that the crops begin to give returns there
is a period where the living must be close, and cash must be paid out
for the necessary improvements. The land is here, the climate is here;
it only requires brains, a small capital and energy to realize such
comfort and independence as can not be realized in old countries, in
one-fourth of the time.
CHAPTER III.
COFFEE.
The most promising of all the Island products, outside of sugar, is
coffee. No finer coffee in the world is produced than that of the
Hawaiian Islands. It requires care and does not produce a crop until the
third year, but it remains till the fifth year to make a proper
realization upon the investment. It is evidently necessary to give a
very full description of the coffee plant and its method of culture to
assure intending immigrants of what is before them.
Coffee is a shrub belonging to the family of the Rubiaceae. Botanists
divide it into many species, but it can be practically divided into two
sections, Arabian coffee and Liberian coffee, or in point of fact,
Asiatic and African. In the Hawaiian Islands coffee grows best between
500 and 2,000 feet above the sea level, though there are cases in which
it has done well close to the sea. It requires a loose porous soil and
does not thrive well in heavy clayey ground which holds much water. Of
such heavy land there is very little in the Hawaiian Islands. The soil
is generally very porous.
It is very evident that coffee will thrive and give good results in
varying conditions of soil and degrees of heat. In these Islands it grows
and produces from very nearly at the sea level to the elevation of 2,600
feet. The highest elevation of bearing coffee, known here, is twenty-five
miles from the town of Hilo and in the celebrated Olaa district.
[Illustration: EWA MILL.]
[Illustration: VALLEY SCENE, HAWAII.]
With such a range it is evident that, in a tropical climate, the
cultivation of coffee presents greater opportunities for an investor
than other tropical products.
For years it was thought that coffee would only grow to advantage in the
Kona district of Hawaii. Practical experiment has shown that it can be
grown with success in almost any part of the Islands.
The opening up of the Olaa portion of the Puna district, by a well
macadamized road leading from Hilo to the Volcano, may be regarded as
the commencement of the coffee industry on a large scale on the Hawaiian
Islands. There are now over fifty plantations where six years ago there
was nothing but tangled and dense forest. The Olaa land is Government
property and can be acquired under the land law. There are still 10,000
acres not taken up. The location is very desirable as there is direct
communication with Hilo by an excellent road and the crop can be readily
taken to the shipping point. Indeed it can not be long before a railroad
will be built; when this takes place a far larger extent of land will be
available for coffee growing in this section of the country. The soil in
the Olaa district is deep and wonderfully prolific.
Other portions of Puna also present many fertile lands, and coffee
plantations in those parts are coming to the front showing excellent
results. A considerable number of investors have opened up coffee
plantations in them, all of which are doing excellently. These
plantations, to the knowledge of the writer are, many of them, carried
on out of the savings made by workers in Honolulu, who are thus
preparing for themselves a provision for their early middle age. On the
Island of Hawaii are the great coffee districts of Olaa, Puna, Kona and
Hamakua, in each of which thriving coffee plantations are established,
while tens of thousands of acres of the very finest lands are yet
undisturbed. Government lands in these districts are being opened up for
settlement as fast as circumstances will permit.
On the Island of Maui there is a large area of splendid coffee lands.
The extensive land of Keanae belonging to the Government will be opened
for settlement as soon as the preliminary work of surveying is completed.
On the Island of Molokai the industry is making progress and there are
several plantations along the leeward valleys.
So also on the Island of Oahu there is much good coffee land, which is
being experimented upon, and considerable capital invested in the
undertaking.
As the case now stands for the investor, land can be obtained for coffee
growing in:--
ISLAND OF HAWAII.
North and South Kona,
Hilo,
Puna, including Olaa,
Hamakua.
ISLAND OF MAUI.
Keanae,
Nahiku,
Lahaina,
Kaupo.
ISLAND OF MOLOKAI.
ISLAND OF OAHU.
ISLAND OF KAUAI.
In addition to the large tracts of Government lands on Hawaii and Maui,
there are many fine tracts of first-class coffee lands owned or
controlled by private parties. It is the policy of the Government to
encourage the settlement of its lands by small farmers. Hence the amount
of land, granted to one party or that one party can take up, while amply
sufficient to enable one person or family, with honest endeavor, to
acquire an independence, is not large enough to offer inducements for
the employment of large amounts of capital.
That areas of land, for the establishment of large coffee plantations,
can be acquired is reasonably certain as large owners are evincing a
disposition to sell and lease their lands.
There is no agricultural investment that offers better opportunities for
the profitable employment of capital, than a well managed coffee estate.
CHAPTER IV.
CULTIVATION OF THE COFFEE TREE IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
In order to obtain the best results the coffee tree requires to be
properly planted, and during its life time needs frequent and
intelligent cultivation.
The various operations incidental to the opening and carrying on of a
coffee plantation will be taken up in their proper order and described
in as plain language as possible, and as briefly as is consistent with a
clear explanation of the subject.
The very first thing the planter should do after obtaining possession of
his land is to plant a nursery, so that he may have, as soon as
possible, an abundant supply of strong healthy plants. Many planters
have planted their fields with wild stumps, these are young coffee
plants that are found under wild growths of coffee trees. The young
trees are cut off about six inches above the ground, they are then taken
up and the lateral roots trimmed close to the tap root. The thready end
of the tap root is cut off and the stump is ready to plant. In some
cases the young plants are taken up, from under the wild trees, and
planted just as they are. This method can be dismissed at once as the
worst possible method of planting the coffee tree. The very best plants
are strong healthy nursery plants, that is, plants that have been grown
from the best seed in a properly prepared nursery. The next best plants
to use are nursery stumps. These are nursery trees that have grown too
large to safely transplant. By cutting them down and trimming the roots
they can be safely transplanted to the field, where they will grow into
good healthy trees. Stumps soon after planting send up several shoots,
these, with the exception of the strongest one, are taken off. This
latter shoot is to grow and make the coffee trees.
MAKING THE NURSERY.
The size of the nursery will depend on how large the plantation is to
be. For a 75-acre plantation, one acre of ground will more than supply
all the plants required. It is always desirable to have a greater number
of plants than is needed to just plant the acreage the plantation is to
be, for after the fields are planted some of the plants may get injured
from dry weather and require replacing with plants from the nursery. Any
surplus left, after the trees in the fields are well established, can be
sold to some later planter, who will find it to his advantage to
purchase good nursery plants for his first planting and thereby save one
year of time. It is advisable for all planters to buy plants for their
first planting, but for the second year's planting they should have a
nursery of their own from which they can select the strongest and most
forward plants.
The land for the nursery should be selected as close as possible to
where the plantation is to be. It should be on a slight slope to insure
drainage, and free from rocks and stones. The soil should be ploughed or
dug over to the depth of one foot and made as fine as possible. Beds
should be thrown up six inches high and three feet wide. The surface of
the beds should be made quite smooth and level; the seeds should be
planted six inches apart and three quarters of an inch deep. A good way
to ensure even and regular planting is to make a frame three feet wide
each way. Pegs, three quarters of an inch long and five eighths of an
inch diameter, should be fastened to one side of the frame, placing
them exactly six inches apart. The frame, thus prepared, is placed, pegs
down, on the bed. A slight pressure will sink the pegs into the soil.
The frame is now lifted and you have the holes for the seeds all of one
depth and equi-distant from each other. The seeds can now be dropped one
in each hole. The seeds should be placed flat side down, and covered by
brushing over the surface of the bed. If the weather is at all dry it is
a good plan to mulch the surface of the bed with dry grass or fern
leaves. The soil should be kept moist, and if there is not sufficient
rain the beds must be watered. In six or seven weeks the seeds should
sprout and show above ground. The mulching should now be moved from over
the plants and arranged in the rows. It has been the practice of some
planters to plant the seed much closer than six inches apart, but it
will be found that plants at six inches apart can be more easily and
safely transplanted than from close planted beds. It will be advisable
in taking up plants from the beds, to take only every other one, this
will give the remaining plants more room to develop and grow more stocky
than would be the case if all the plants were taken up from each bed as
they were required.
CLEARING THE LAND.
The next thing for the planter to do is to get his land cleared. This
can be done more satisfactorily and cheaply by contract than can be done
by days' work. Gangs of Chinese and Japanese undertake the clearing of
land and will make a contract to clear the land as per specification. In
the Olaa District land costs from $20 to $50 per acre to clear,
according to the kind of clearing done. The land is forest land and some
planters have the trees cut down and everything burned making the land
quite clear, while others just have the vines and ferns cut and the
trees felled, leaving everything on the land to rot. This method while
costing much less than burning up everything, makes it more expensive to
lay out and plant the land. The planter must decide for himself which of
the two methods he will pursue. However, it can be said in the case of
those who only cut and fell, in a few years everything, trees, vines and
ferns rot down and greatly increase the fertility of the soil. The next
thing is to lay out the land for the digging of the holes where it is
intended to set out the young trees. There is a wide diversity of
opinion as to the proper distance apart to plant coffee trees. From
10x12 feet down to 5x6 and all intermediate distances are practiced. It
is a significant fact that planters who formerly planted their trees at
the wider distances are now setting out trees as close as 6x5. Trees
planted 6x6 will probably yield better results per acre than trees
planted at a wider or closer distance. Having fixed upon the distance
apart the trees are to be planted, the planter proceeds to mark with
pegs the places where he wants the holes dug. This is usually done with
a line or rope that has pieces of red rag fastened in the strands, at
the distance apart at which it is intended to dig the holes. The line is
drawn tightly across one end of the clearing and a peg driven into the
soil at every place that is marked on the line. The men, holding the two
ends of the line, are each provided with a stick the exact length that
the rows are to be apart. After one row is pegged, the line is advanced
one length of the stick and the operation repeated until the whole
clearing is pegged. After the first line is pegged a line should be laid
at exactly right angles to the first line so that the rows will be
straight both ways. The pegging being completed, the holes should be dug
not less than 18 inches wide and 18 inches deep. The top soil should be
carefully placed on one side of the hole and the subsoil on the other,
the holes should remain open as long as possible and should only be
filled in a week or so before planting the trees. The bottoms of the
holes should be explored with a light crowbar and, if any rocks or
stones are found, they should be removed. In filling the holes the top
soil (that has been placed on one side) should be placed in the bottom
of the hole and other top soil should be taken from between the rows
until the hole is full, the subsoil can now be disposed of by scattering
it between the rows. The holes after filling should have the marking
pegs replaced in the center of the filling, this will serve as a guide
for planting the trees.
PLANTING.
There is no operation in all the work of establishing a coffee
plantation that requires such careful supervision as that of planting
out the young trees. If the work is carelessly done and the slender tap
root is doubled up or, if it is shortened too much, the tree will never
thrive. It may grow fairly well for a time, perhaps until the time for
the first crop, then the foliage will turn yellow and the tree show
every sign of decay. The effort to produce a crop is too much for the
tree and the sooner it is pulled up and replaced by a properly planted
tree the better.
The closest supervision is necessary in order that the planter may be
certain that the tap roots are placed perfectly straight in the ground;
and the lateral roots placed in a natural position. In order to effect
this, with the least amount of trouble, transplanters have been used. A
transplanter that has been used with success is made as follows: two
pieces of sheet iron (galvanized) are bent into two half circles, which,
when placed together, form a cylinder 3 inches in diameter and seven
inches long. A piece of hoop iron is bent to a ring, that will fit over
the cylinder, and riveted. The mode of using is as follows: The two
halves of the cylinder are pressed into the ground, one on each side of
the young coffee tree. They are pressed down until the upper ends are
level with the surface of the soil. The hoop iron ring is then
pressed over the ends of the two halves of the cylinder, binding them
firmly together. The cylinder can now be lifted from the ground bringing
with it the young tree with all its roots in the position in which they
grew. In this condition the young trees are carried to the field and,
the holes being opened, the cylinder, holding the tree, is placed in the
ground and the soil packed firmly around it. The hoop iron ring is then
removed and the two halves of the cylinder withdrawn. The soil is again
compacted around the roots and the tree is planted. There is another
transplanter, invented in America, that would probably be better and
more economical in working than the one described above. This
transplanter consists of a cylinder of thin sheet steel. These are made
in America of various sizes to suit different kinds of trees. For a
coffee tree a good size would be 7 inches long and 5 inches in diameter.
The cylinder has an opening, five-eighths of an inch wide, running the
whole length of the cylinder and exactly opposite this opening a handle
is riveted. This handle is of half inch round iron, 18 inches long with
a cross bar on top. The rod is bent outward in the form of a bow, so
that in working, the branches of the young tree may not be injured. The
mode of working the transplanter is as follows: the cylinder is placed
on the ground with the tree in the center of the cylinder. This can be
done by allowing the stem of the young tree to pass through the slot in
the cylinder. Then, by means of the cross handle, the cylinder is turned
and pressed into the soil until the upper end is level with the surface
of the ground. Then, by lifting on the stem of the tree and the handle
of the transplanter at the same time, the tree is taken from the ground
with its roots undisturbed. Should the end of the tap root project below
the end of the cylinder, the thready end should be pinched off with the
thumb nail. By placing the lower end of the cylinder on the bottom of a
box and inserting a wedge-shaped piece of wood in the slot, the cylinder
is sprung open and can be withdrawn, leaving the young tree, with a
cylinder of earth around its roots, standing on the bottom of the box.
This operation can be repeated until the box is full of the young trees,
when it is carried to the field and the trees placed one at each hole.
By using a duplicate transplanter a cylinder of earth is removed from
the spot where the tree is to be placed, and the tree with its cylinder
of earth is placed in the round hole, which it exactly fits, the earth
being slightly compacted around the roots. The tree is thus planted with
the absolute certainty that the roots are in their natural position.
[Illustration: PAUOA VALLEY RICE FIELDS.]
[Illustration: PINEAPPLE PLANTATION.]
WEEDING.
The old adage, "a stitch in time saves nine," will bear its fullest
application in the care and weeding of a coffee estate. From the time
the land is first cleared, weeding should commence, and it is
astonishing how little it will cost if care is taken that no weed be
allowed to run to seed. The bulk of Hawaiian coffee lands is situated in
the forests where the land is covered with a dense undergrowth of ferns
and vines and there are no pernicious weeds to bother. But soon after
clearing, the seeds of weeds are dropped by the birds and are carried in
on the feet and clothing of the laborers and visitors. We have no weeds
that run to seed in less than thirty days, and if the fields are gone
over, once a month, and any weed that can be found pulled up and buried,
the work of weeding will be reduced to a minimum. But if the weeds, that
are bound to spring up, are allowed to run to seed, the work of weeding
will be greatly increased and will require the labor of a large gang to
keep the fields in order. If taken in time, the labor of one man will
keep from 15 to 25 acres quite clean. During the first year after
setting out the fields, all that is required is to keep the fields clear
of weeds and the replacing, with a healthy tree from the nursery, any
tree that from any cause looks sickly and does not come along well.
It will be found that in parts of the field some trees, while looking
healthy, do not grow as fast as the average of the trees, this is often
due to the soil not being of as good a quality. Knolls and side hills
are not generally so rich as the hollows and valleys, and the coffee
trees, planted in the poorest parts of the field, should be fertilized
until they are as vigorous as the trees in the best parts.
HANDLING.
During the second year the young trees will have begun to make a good
growth and will require handling. In order to make clear the description
of the operations of handling and pruning, it may be well to describe
here the component parts of the coffee tree.
The underground portion consists of a tap root and numerous lateral or
side roots. The parts above ground consist of:
1st. The stem or trunk.
2d. The primaries or first branches; these grow from the trunk in pairs
at intervals of from two to four inches, the two primaries, making a
pair, grow one opposite to the other, the pair above radiating out at a
different angle and so on to the top of the tree.
3rd. The secondaries; these are the branches that grow in pairs from the
primaries.
4th. The tertiaries; these are the third branches that grow in pairs
from the secondaries in the same manner as the secondaries grow on the
primaries.
5th. The leaves that grow on all the branches.
During the whole of the second year, the field should be gone over at
least every two months and all the secondaries that make their
appearance should be rubbed off; this can be done by a touch of the
fingers, if the secondaries are not more than two or three inches long.
If allowed to grow longer, the knife must be used, or there is danger
of tearing out the eye or bud, which we depend upon for growing new
secondaries at the proper time. During the second year, the secondaries
will make their appearance only on the lower sets of primaries, the
upper sets as they grow being too young to grow secondaries. At the
beginning of the third year all the secondaries should be allowed to
grow till they attain a length of six inches; then the trees should be
carefully gone over and all but five of the secondaries on each primary
cut off with a sharp pruning knife. No pairs should be left, and only
the strongest and most vigorous should be retained. They should be
disposed on alternate sides of the primary and none left in a space of
six inches from the stem of the tree. The object of this is to allow the
light to penetrate to the center of the tree, for the coffee tree bears
fruit in greater profusion on branches that are exposed to the light
than on those that are shaded.
During this third year the tree will blossom and bear the first or
maiden crop. In some cases the tree will blossom in the second year, but
it is a wise plan to rub all the blossoms off, as it only weakens the
tree to bear a crop at such an early age. It is of the utmost importance
that in the first crop, as well as in all future crops, the tree should
not be overburdened with a superabundance of growing wood. If left to
itself, the lower primaries will grow a mass of secondaries, so much so
that no blossom will set on them, and the first crop will come only on
the upper primaries, and be only a third or fourth of the crop that
would be produced if the trees were properly handled. By handling, as
described above, the tree is relieved of all superfluous wood and only
such secondaries are left as are needed to bear the fourth year's crop,
and the maiden crop will grow on the primaries. It may be well to
mention here, that coffee only grows on wood of the second year's
growth, and does not grow on the same wood twice.
During the third year, the secondaries will come on the upper primaries.
When they are well set, they should be reduced in number and in no case
should more than five be left to grow. In some cases four or even three
will be sufficient. Whatever the number that may be left, it must be
understood that these are the branches that will bear the crop for the
fourth year. During the third year new secondaries will grow from the
places where the former secondaries grew. Sometimes two will grow from
one bud, they should all be removed, the trees being gone over two
months, but at the last handling before blossoming time, which varies
greatly with the elevation above sea level, enough of these new
secondaries should be left to make wood for the fifth year's crop. From
this time on the coffee planter should be able to point out the wood on
which the present and the next year's crop will be borne, and it is this
wood and that only, that should be allowed to grow. All other shoots,
suckers, etc., should be rubbed off each time the tree is handled,
provision being made each year for the wood for the crop two years hence.
During the third year, the trees will require topping. As to the height
at which a coffee tree should be topped, there is a great diversity of
opinion. Some planters advocate topping as low as four and a half feet,
others at six or seven feet; as a matter of fact the coffee tree will
bear fruit if topped as low as one and one half feet or if not topped at
all. The only valid reason for topping as low as four and a half feet is
for the convenience of picking the crop. Five and a half or six feet is
a good height to top a coffee tree on the rich lands of the Hawaiian
Islands. In fact the planters should not be guided by the number of
feet, but by the number of primaries he desires the tree to carry.
Eighteen to twenty pairs are a reasonable number for a coffee tree to
carry in this country, and it will be found that by not counting those
primaries that grow on the stem within fifteen inches from the ground,
eighteen or twenty pairs of primaries will come on the stem within six
feet from the ground. Before topping the tree, it should be allowed to
grow somewhat higher that it is intended to top, so that the wood may be
hardened and not decay as it sometimes does if topped when the wood is
too young. Topping is performed by cutting off the top of the tree at a
point an inch above a pair of primaries. Both primaries should also be
cut off an inch from the stem. This will leave the top in the form of a
cross; a knot will form at this point from which the tree will
constantly send up shoots striving to make a new top. These should be
torn off every time the tree is handled.
We have now arrived at the time when the tree is bearing the first or
maiden crop. Through careful handling the tree has been divested of all
superfluous shoots, branches, etc., and the crop is maturing on the
primaries. If the trees are situated on good rich soil, and the trees
are well grown, there should be at least thirteen pairs of primaries
bearing crop. At an average of fifty berries to each primary there will
be a yield of over one and a quarter pounds of clean coffee to the tree.
This yield for the first crop has been much exceeded in this country,
but it can only be assured by careful cultivation and handling as
described in this paper.
We will now take a look at the condition of our three years old trees.
They have all been topped and are carrying from thirty-six to forty
primaries, of which all except the upper six or eight are carrying four
or five secondaries that are well advanced and which will bear the crop
for the fourth year. There will also be four or five secondaries, that
are one or two months old, which are intended to bear the fifth year's
crop. All other growth should be removed as before up to the time of
blossoming for the fourth year's crop. This may be estimated as follows:
There should be at least twenty-four primaries that have on each of them
say, four bearing secondaries. At thirty berries to each secondary, the
yield would be close to three pounds of clean coffee to each tree. This
again has been exceeded in this country for four year old trees, but it
must be borne in mind, that in order to obtain these results, proper
cultivation, handling and pruning must be done. Without proper care such
results would be impossible, the coffee cannot grow an abundance of wood
and coffee at the same time. As soon as the crop of the fourth year is
gathered the work of pruning must commence without delay. This consists
of cutting off with a sharp knife the secondaries that have borne the
crop. They must not be cut so close as to injure the eye or bud. About
three-sixteenths of an inch from the stem of the primary will be quite
safe, and the secondaries for the fifth year's crop will soon make their
appearance. Care should be taken to leave the stem of the tree clear of
shoots and foliage for a space of six inches from the stem; the tree
will want all the light it can get. The coffee tree can be said to be in
full bearing when all the primaries are carrying bearing secondaries.
During the life of the coffee tree, the planter must keep a close watch
on his trees and restrict their wood-bearing propensities to the wood
that is to bear his crops; nothing else should be allowed to grow. If
the work is commenced rightly and carried on systematically, the work
will not be difficult and no crops will be lost. But on the other hand,
if the work is neglected, the trees will become matted and all the lower
primaries die off. These, if once lost, will not grow again. The tree
under these conditions will only bear a tithe of the crop it would bear
with proper attention, and furthermore it is a most difficult matter to
bring a neglected tree into proper shape and it can only be done at a
loss of one and perhaps two years' time. There are many minor details
connected with the care of the coffee tree which would occupy too much
space to describe here, and which the coffee planter can easily learn as
he carries on the work of coffee planting. Without doubt coffee planting
in this country is destined to become a great industry. We have large
tracts of the finest coffee lands in the world, only waiting to be
cultivated to make prosperous and happy homes. One parting word to the
intending coffee planter, take Davie Crockett's motto, "Be sure you're
right and then go ahead."
ESTIMATE OF COST OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING A COFFEE PLANTATION OF
75 ACRES, FROM THE FIRST TO THE SEVENTH YEAR.
FIRST YEAR.
Purchase of 100 acres of Government land
at $10.00 per acre $1,000 00
Manager's house and water tank 600 00
Laborers' quarters and water tank 350 00
Clearing 50 acres of land, at $20 per acre 1,000 00
Fencing 300 00
Purchase of 65,000, 1-year old coffee
plants at $5.00 per M 325 00
Lining, holing and planting 50 acres 600 00
Manager's salary, 1 year 1,200 00
Labor of 6 Japanese, 1 year at $15 per
month 1,080 00
Purchase of tools and starting nursery 500 00
---------
$6,955 00 $6,955 00
SECOND YEAR.
Manager's salary $1,200 00
Labor, 6 Japanese 1,080 00
Extra labor lining, holing and planting
25 acres 300 00
Sundries 500 00
---------
$3,080 00 $10,035 00
THIRD YEAR.
Manager's salary $1,200 00
Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00
Pulping shed and drying house 500 00
Pulper, with engine and boiler 500 00
Extra help for picking, pulping and drying
20,000 lbs. of coffee from 50 acres
(at 4 cents per lb.) 800 00
Hulling, polishing and grading 20,000 lbs.
of coffee at 1 cent 200 00
Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 250 00
---------
$5,070 00 5,070 00
$15,105 00
CREDIT.
By sale of 20,000 lbs. of coffee at 18 cents 3,600 00
---------
$11,505 00
FOURTH YEAR.
Manager's salary $1,200 00
Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00
Extra labor picking, pulping and drying
50,000 lbs. of coffee from 50 acres
(at 4 cents per lb.) 2,000 00
10,000 lbs. from 25 acres (3-year-old trees) 400 00
Hulling, polishing and grading 60,000 lbs.
at 1 cent 600 00
Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 400 00
---------
$6,220 00 6,220 00
---------
$17,725 00
CREDIT.
By sale of 60,000 lbs. of coffee at 18c 10,800 00
---------
$ 6,925 00
FIFTH YEAR.
Manager's salary $1,200 00
Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00
Picking, pulping and drying 60,000 lbs.
coffee from 50 acres and 25,000 lbs.
from 25 acres, at 4 cents 3,400 00
Hulling, polishing and grading 85,000 lbs.
at 1 cent per lb. 850 00
Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 500 00
---------
$7,570 00 7,570 00
---------
$14,495 00
CREDIT.
By sale of 85,000 lbs. coffee at 18 cents 15,300 00
---------
Balance on hand $ 905 00
SIXTH YEAR.
Manager's salary $1,200 00
Labor, 9 Japanese 1,620 00
Picking, pulping and drying 75,000 lbs. of
coffee from 50 acres, and 25,000 lbs. from
25 acres, 100,000 lbs. at 4 cents 4,000 00
Hulling, polishing and grading 100,000 lbs.
at 1 cent 1,000 00
Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 1,000 00
---------
$8,820 00 $ 8,820 00
CREDIT.
By sale of 100,000 lbs. of coffee at 18 cents 18,000 00
---------
Balance on hand $10,085 00
SEVENTH YEAR.
Manager's salary $1,200 00
Labor, 12 Japanese 2,160 00
Picking, pulping and drying 125,000 lbs.
of coffee at 4 cents 5,500 00
Hulling, polishing and grading 125,000 lbs.
at 1 cent 1,250 00
Sundries: bags, freight, etc. 1,200 00
---------
$11,310 00 $11,310 00
CREDIT.
By sale of 125,000 lbs. of coffee at 18 cents 22,500 00
---------
Balance to credit of Plantation at
end of seventh year $21,275 00
The yields as given in the above estimate are far below what may be
attained by thorough cultivation and fertilizing. The coffee tree
responds readily to good treatment, but will disappoint its owner if
neglected.
[Illustration: COFFEE PLANTATION, HAMAKUA.]
[Illustration: COFFEE PLANTATION, PUNA.]
CHAPTER V.
AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES.
While the coffee trees are growing and during the time that will elapse
before the planter receives returns from his investment, it would be a
wise thing for him to plant such things, as will not only provide the
greater part of the food for himself and family, but may also yield a
moderate return in money. The soil and climate of the Hawaiian Islands
will grow almost anything that grows in any other country. All Northern
fruits can be grown if one will only go high enough on the mountain
slopes of Maui and Hawaii. But the coffee planter must confine himself
to such things as will thrive in the vicinity in which his coffee trees
are planted, and it is for the information of intending planters that
this chapter is written.
In the first place, almost all kinds of vegetables will grow in such
profusion as will astonish those who have lived only in Northern climes.
Green and sweet corn, potatoes, Irish and sweet, cabbages, tomatoes,
beans, lettuce, radishes and many other kinds of vegetables, all of the
finest quality and in the greatest profusion, can be had every day in
the year. Strawberries and raspberries can also be had all the year
round. In addition to oranges and limes, which grow to perfection in
this country, many fruits peculiar to tropical and semi-tropical
climates grow well and flourish in these Islands. Among the more
important is the Avocado Pear (Persea Gratissima), commonly called the
Alligator Pear. This tree grows well and bears fruit, of splendid
quality, in from 3 to 5 years from seed. The fruit is much esteemed by
all classes. A small quantity of the fruit is shipped to California;
what reaches there in good condition is quickly bought at high prices.
It can only be carried safely in cold storage, and this is very
expensive freight. A native peach does well, and will bear fruit in two
years from seed. The fruit is much smaller than the American peach,
which by the way does not do well on elevations below 4000 feet, but
very sweet and juicy and makes excellent preserves and pies. Without
doubt this peach could in a few years be improved so as to rival peaches
of any other country. The Mango (Mangifera Indica) is a tropical fruit
tree that grows in the greatest profusion and bears enormous crops of
delicious fruit. It comes into bearing in 5 or 6 years from seed and
does well from sea level to an elevation of 2000 feet. The fruit is much
liked by every one; the green fruit is made into a sauce resembling, but
much superior to, apple butter.
The Guava (Psidium Guayava) grows wild in all parts of the Islands
below 3000 feet. The fruit, of which there is a great abundance, is
made into jam and the very finest jelly in the world. In the fruiting
season large quantities of the jelly can be made, and without doubt,
exported at a profit.
The Poha (Physalis edulis) is a quick growing shrub bearing a berry that
makes excellent jelly and jam. The shrub grows wild on elevations
between 1000 and 4000 feet. A patch of pohas planted in a corner of a
garden, will grow and yield a bountiful supply of fruit almost without
cultivation.
Pineapples are at home on these Islands; a small plot planted with the
best varieties of this king of fruits will keep the table supplied the
year round.
Another valuable fruit indigenous to this country is the Papaia (Carica
papaya). This fine fruit can be raised in enormous quantities and is a
most fattening food for pigs and chickens. The tree fruits in eight or
nine months from the seed, and thence forward for years it yields ripe
fruit every month in the year. The fruit is of the size of a small
melon and is very rich in sugar. The unripe fruit contains a milky juice
that, even when diluted with water, renders any tough meat, that is
washed in it, quite tender. A small piece of the unripe fruit placed in
the water in which meat or tough chicken is boiled makes it tender and
easily digestible.
A very valuable food plant, indigenous to these Islands, is the taro
(Colocasia esculenta). The variety known as dry land taro will grow on
land that is moist enough for the coffee trees. The taro is a grand food
plant, the tubers containing more nutriment for a given weight than any
other vegetable food. The young tops when cooked are hard to distinguish
from spinach. The tubers must be cooked before they can be used for
food, in order to dissipate a very acrid principle that exists in both
leaves and root.
Another important food plant that has been introduced and yields
abundantly is the Cassava (Manihot utilissima). This plant furnishes the
staple food for the population of Brazil. It is easily propagated by the
planting pieces of the woody portions of the stems and branches. The
tubers are available in nine or ten months after planting. There are two
kinds, the sweet and the bitter; the latter being the more prolific. The
sweet kind can be fed to pigs without cooking. The bitter kind contains
a poisonous substance which is entirely destroyed by cooking. There is
no danger of animals eating the bitter kind in a raw state, for no stock
will touch it, while the sweet kind is eagerly eaten in the raw state by
pigs, horses, cows, etc. The tubers are prepared for human food by
grating them. The juice is then expelled by pressure, and the residue
pounded into a coarse meal, which is made into thin cakes. It is an
excellent food, and said to be much more digestible than bread and other
foods made from wheat. Pigs can be very cheaply raised on the sweet
variety of this plant. A field of the plant being ready to gather, a
portion is fenced off, and the pigs turned into it. They will continue
to feed until every vestige of the tubers is eaten, leaving the ground
in a fine condition for replanting. The tubers never spoil in the
ground, in fact the soil is the very best storehouse for them. However
if left for two or three years the tubers grow very large and tough.
Bananas, in great variety, are grown in all parts of the Islands where
there is sufficient moisture. Any land that will grow coffee will grow
bananas. The yield of fruit from this remarkable plant is something
astonishing. It commences to bear fruit in a little over one year from
the time of planting. The stem decays after the formation of a bunch
of fruit; this will weigh from 50 to 100 pounds and upwards. Numerous
suckers spring up from around the decaying stem and bear fruit in
their turn. One-half an acre planted with bananas would not only
furnish a large family with an abundance of delicious and nutritious
fruit, but would also yield a large supply of feed for pigs, chickens
and other stock.
The tea plant (Camellia Thea) grows well in this country and yields
a tea of good quality. It is hardly likely that it will become an
article of export from this country, as we cannot compete with the
very low prices paid for labor in the great tea countries, India,
Ceylon, and China. But it can be grown for home consumption, and
there is no reason why every coffee planter should not have a patch
of tea growing on his land. An eighth of an acre, planted out in tea
plants, would yield more tea than could be consumed by a large family;
the work of cultivation and preparation is light and easy and could be
done by women and children.
The coffee lands are situated in forested tracts in which there is
little or no pasturage for animals. Every coffee planter should keep one
or more cows to obtain the milk and butter which will furnish a large
addition to the food supply for himself and family. In order to do this,
it will be necessary to plant such things as will furnish food for
the animals. We have several fodder plants that will yield a large
quantity of feed and which will only grow in tropical and semi-tropical
countries.
[Illustration: OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA.]
[Illustration: VOLCANO HOUSE.]
First among these is the Teosinte Reana (Euchlacna luxurians). This
plant is a native of Guatamala, and grows splendidly in this country;
each plant requires sixteen feet of ground for its full development. It
is an annual if allowed to run to seed; but its growth can be continued
by cutting when four or five feet high, and green feed obtained all the
year round.
Guinea grass (Panicum Maximum), one of the grandest of fodder plants,
has been introduced and finds a congenial home in this country. It is
purely a tropical grass, it grows to a height of eight feet forming
large bunches which, when cut young, furnish an abundance of sweet and
tender feed. In districts when there is sufficient moisture, it can be
cut every two months. Caffir corn, Egyptian millet and Sorghum grow
well, and should be planted in order to have a change of feed.
Pumpkins and squash grow to an enormous size and yield an immense
quantity of feed, much relished by cows and pigs.
A dry land rice is being tried in the coffee districts of Olaa and Kona,
on the Island of Hawaii, and there is every reason to believe that it
will be successful. Nearly all the laborers on the coffee plantations
use rice as their staple food and it has to be brought from the Island
of Oahu to the Islands of Hawaii and Maui. There is no doubt but that
the rice used by the labor on the coffee plantations, can be raised on
the spot, reducing the cost of living to the laborers, and making them
more contented.
It will be seen from the foregoing that many things can be grown that
will enable the coffee planter to not only reduce the outlay for living
expenses for himself and family but will also allow them to enjoy many
of the comforts and luxuries of life.
While our main industries, sugar, coffee and rice, are being vigorously
carried on, new products are not lost sight of. Experiments are in
progress that promise to greatly diversify our industries and increase
the number of our exports.
Several fiber plants are receiving attention, particularly the Sisal
Hemp (Agave Sisalana) and Sansevieria or bow string Hemp. The Sisal
plant will grow and flourish on lands that are too dry for any other
cultivation. Many thousands of the plants have been introduced and at
least one plantation is being set out.
The bow string Hemp requires a wet, rich land in order to do well. It
probably yields the best fiber of all the leaf fiber plants.
Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) grows splendidly in this country and after being
well established will yield 4 to 6 crops per annum. Whenever a machine
is invented that will economically decorticate the Ramie fiber, its
cultivation will become an important industry in this country. Ramie
will grow and do well wherever the coffee tree will grow, and whenever
the machine is available, the coffee planter will have a profitable
industry, to go hand in hand with coffee and employ the slack time
between the coffee picking seasons.
Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) is the tree that produces the fruit from which
chocolate is made. It grows and bears well in moist humid districts, and
many of the coffee planters are setting out numbers of the trees.
There are many other economic plants that are well suited for culture in
this country. The country is entering on a new era, and as the lands
become settled and population increases, many small cultures will become
possible, which will afford many persons the opportunity of making an
easy living in a land of eternal summer.
CHAPTER VI.
DIGEST OF THE LAND ACT OF 1895.
(With reference to unoccupied lands.)
The Land Act of 1895, having for its special object the settlement and
cultivation of the Government agricultural and pastoral land, vested the
control and management of Public Lands in a Board of Three
Commissioners, composed of the Minister of the Interior and two persons
appointed and removable by the President, one of whom is designated the
Agent of Public Lands; but excepting from the control of the
Commissioners, town lots, landings, tracts reserved for Public purposes,
etc., which remain under the control of the Minister of the Interior.
For the purposes of the Act, the Republic of Hawaii is divided into Six
Land Districts, as follows:
1st. Hilo and Puna on the Island of Hawaii.
2d. Hamakua and Kohala on the Island of Hawaii.
3rd. Kona and Kau on the Island of Hawaii.
4th. The Islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe.
5th. The Island of Oahu.
6th. The Island of Kauai.
The Commissioners are represented by a Sub-Agent in each District.
Public Lands for the purposes of this Act are classified as follows:
I. Agricultural Lands. First Class: Land suitable for the cultivation of
Fruit, Coffee, Sugar or other perennial crops with or without irrigation.
Second Class: Land suitable for the cultivation of annual crops only.
Third Class: Wet lands such as kalo and rice lands.
II. Pastoral Land. First Class: Land not in the description of
Agricultural land but capable of carrying livestock the year through.
Second Class: Land capable of carrying livestock only part of the year,
or otherwise inferior to First Class Pastoral land.
III. Pastoral Agricultural Land: Land adapted in part for pasturage and
in part for cultivation.
IV. Forest Land: Land producing forest trees but unsuitable for
cultivation.
V. Waste Land. Land not included in the other classes.
The Act provides three principal methods for the acquirement of Public
Lands, under systems known as
I. Homestead Lease.
II. Right of Purchase Lease.
III. Cash Freehold.
GENERAL QUALIFICATION OF APPLICANTS.
Applicants for land under systems named above, must be over eighteen
years of age, must be citizens by birth or naturalization or have
received letters of denization or special rights of citizenship, be
under no civil disability for any offense, nor delinquent in the payment
of taxes. Special qualifications are named under the respective systems.
HOMESTEAD LEASE SYSTEM.
The Homestead Lease system permits the acquirement of Public Land by
qualified persons without other payments than a fee of two dollars upon
application and a fee of five dollars upon issuance of Homestead Lease.
The limit of area in the different classes of land which may be acquired
under Homestead Lease is:
8 acres first-class agricultural land;
16 acres second-class agricultural land;
1 acre wet (rice or taro) land;
30 acres first-class pastoral land;
60 acres second-class pastoral land;
45 acres pastoral-agricultural land.
SPECIAL QUALIFICATIONS OF APPLICANTS FOR HOMESTEAD LEASE.
Any person having the general qualifications (as to citizenship, etc.)
who is not the owner in his own right of any land in the Hawaiian
Islands, other than "wet land" (rice, taro, etc.) and who is not an
applicant for other land under the Act may apply under this part of
the Act, and such application may cover one lot of wet land in addition
to other land, if reasonably near. Husband and wife may not both be
applicants.
Applications must be made in person at the office of Sub-Agent of the
District, accompanied by sworn declaration of qualifications, and a fee
of $2.
CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPATION.
The successful applicant receives a certificate of occupation which
entitles him to occupy the described premises and to receive a homestead
lease for Nine Hundred and Ninety-Nine Years, if conditions of
certificate of occupation have been fulfilled, the conditions being:
That the occupier shall, before the end of two years, build a dwelling
house and reside on the premises. He shall maintain his home on the
premises from and after the end of two years from date of certificate.
He shall before the end of six years from date of certificate have in
cultivation not less than 10 per cent. of the land, or have in
cultivation 5 per cent. of the land and, in good growing condition, not
less than ten timber, shade or fruit trees per acre on agricultural
land, or if pastoral land, fence the same within six years.
He shall pay the taxes assessed upon the premises within sixty days
after the same are delinquent.
He shall perform any conditions of the certificates for the planting or
protection of trees, or prevention or destruction of vegetable pests
that may be on the premises.
CONDITIONS OF HOMESTEAD LEASE.
The Lessee or his successors must maintain his home on the leased
premises, must pay the taxes assessed upon the premises, within sixty
days after the same are delinquent, and perform any conditions of the
lease relating to protection or planting of trees, or destruction and
prevention of vegetable pests.
Lands held under a certificate of occupation or homestead lease are
liable to taxation as estates in fee.
In case of the death of an occupier or lessee his interests,
notwithstanding any devise or bequest shall vest in his relations, in
the order prescribed in the Act, the widow or widower being first in
order, then the children, etc.
Certificates of occupation or homestead lease, or any interest
thereunder, is not assignable by way of mortgage nor is the same subject
to attachment, levy or sale on any process issuing from the Courts of
the country. Neither the whole nor any portion of the premises may be
sub-let.
Surrender may be made to the Government by an occupier or lessee having
the whole interest if all conditions to date of surrender have been
fulfilled, and the person so surrendering is entitled to receive from
the Government the value of permanent improvement, whenever the same is
received by the Government from a new tenant.
RIGHT OF PURCHASE LEASES.
Right of Purchase Leases, for the term of twenty-one years, may be
issued to qualified applicants, with the privilege to the Lessee of
purchasing at the end of three years and upon fulfillment of special
conditions.
QUALIFICATIONS OF APPLICANTS.
Any person who is over eighteen years of age, who is a citizen by birth
or naturalization of the Republic of Hawaii or who has received letters
of denization of special rights of citizenship, who is under no civil
disability for any offense, who is not delinquent in the payment of
taxes, and who does not own any agricultural or pastoral land in the
Hawaiian Islands, may apply for Right of Purchase Lease, the limit of
areas which may be acquired being:
100 acres first-class agricultural land;
200 acres second-class agricultural land;
2 acres wet (rice or taro) land;
600 acres first-class pastoral land;
1200 acres second-class pastoral land;
400 acres mixed agricultural and pastoral land.
Any qualified person, owning less than the respective amounts stated in
foregoing list, and which is not subject to residence condition, may
acquire additional land of the classes already held by him but so that
his aggregate holding shall not be in excess of the limit named; or if
desiring additional land of another class may acquire the same according
to ratio established between the various classes.
Husband and wife may not both be applicants for Right of Purchase Leases.
Application must be made in person at the office of Sub-Agent of the
District, and must be accompanied by a fee equal to six months rent of
premises, fee to be credited on account of rent, if application is
successful, and to be returned is application is unsuccessful. In case
of more than one application for same lot the first application takes
precedence.
CONDITIONS OF RIGHT OF PURCHASE LEASE.
Term: twenty-one years.
Rental: Eight per cent. on the appraised value given in lease, payable
semi-annually.
The Lessee must from the end of the first to the end of the fifth year
continuously maintain his home on the leased premises.
The Lessee must have in cultivation at the end of three years five per
cent. and at the end of five years ten per cent. of his holding, and
maintain on agricultural land an average of ten trees to the acre.
Pastoral land must be fenced.
Interest in Right of Purchase Lease is not assignable without written
consent of the Commissioners of Public Lands, but the lease may be
surrendered to the Government.
In case of forfeiture or surrender of right of purchase lease,
reappraisement is made of the land and of permanent improvements
thereon, and if the land is again disposed of, the incoming tenant shall
pay for such permanent improvements and the amount when so received by
the Government shall be paid to the surrendering Lessee.
CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PURCHASE MAY BE MADE.
At any time after third year of leasehold term, the Lessee is entitled
to a Land Patent giving fee simple title, upon his payment of the
appraised value set forth in lease, if he has reduced to cultivation
twenty-five per cent. of his leased premises, and has substantially
performed all other conditions of his lease.
[Illustration: KOHALA RAILROAD.]
[Illustration: RICE FIELD, PEARL CITY.]
CASH FREEHOLDS.
Cash Freehold Lots are sold at auction to the highest qualified bidder,
at appraised value as upset price.
The qualification of applicants for Cash Freeholds and the areas of land
which may be acquired are the same as those under Right of Purchase
lease system.
APPLICATIONS.
Applications must be made to Sub-Agent of District in writing with sworn
declaration as to qualifications, and a fee of ten per cent. of
appraised value of lot, which fee is forfeited if applicant declines to
take the premises at the appraised value, and is credited to him if he
becomes the purchaser of the lot. If such applicant, however, is outbid,
his fee is returned to him.
If two or more applications are made and there is no bid above the upset
price, the first application takes precedence.
The purchaser at auction sale must pay immediately thereafter one-fourth
of purchase price and thereupon receive a "Freehold Agreement."
CONDITIONS OF FREEHOLD AGREEMENT.
The freeholder shall pay the balance of purchase price in equal
installments in one, two and three years, with interest at 6 per cent.,
but may pay any installment before it is due and stop corresponding
interest.
Twenty-five per cent. of agricultural land must be cultivated, and
pastoral land fenced before the end of third year.
Freeholder must maintain his home on the premises, from end of first to
end of third year.
He may not assign or sub-let without consent of Agent of Public Lands.
He must allow Agents of the Government to enter and examine the premises.
He must pay all taxes that may be due upon the premises.
If all conditions are fulfilled he is entitled at end of three years to
Patent giving fee simple title.
In case of forfeiture or surrender the land and permanent improvements
are reappraised separately, and the value of such improvements when
received by Government from new tenant or freeholder, will be paid to
surrendering freeholder.
SETTLEMENT ASSOCIATIONS.
Six or more qualified persons may form a "Settlement Association" and
apply for holdings in one block.
The provisions for cash freehold apply to the settlement of such blocks,
but first auction sale is confined to members of such Settlement
Association.
Any lot in such block which may be forfeited or surrendered, or which is
not taken up by any member of the Settlement Association, within three
months, shall be open to any qualified applicants.
Disputes, disagreements or misunderstandings, between the parties to
certificate of occupation, homestead lease, right of purchase lease, or
cash freehold and relating thereto, which can not be amicably settled,
shall be submitted to the Circuit Judge in whose jurisdiction the
premises are situated and his decision shall be final subject only to
appeal to Supreme Court.
CASH SALES AND SPECIAL AGREEMENTS.
With consent of Executive Council, public lands not under lease may be
sold in parcels of not over one thousand acres, at public auction for
cash, and upon such sale and payment of full consideration, a land
patent will issue.
Parcels of land of not over six hundred acres, may with consent of
Executive Council, be sold at public auction upon part credit and part
cash, and upon such terms and conditions of improvement, residence,
etc., as may be imposed.
Upon fulfillment of all conditions a Land Patent will issue.
GENERAL LEASES.
General leases of public lands may be made for a term not exceeding
twenty-one years.
Such leases are sold at public auction, and require rent in advance
quarterly, semi-annually or annually.
The conditions of general leases are made at discretion of the
Commissioners, and may be made for any class of public lands.
CHAPTER VII.
MISCELLANEOUS.
POPULATION.
The population of the Islands according to the census of 1890 was
89,991, or in round numbers 90,000. A census of the population has just
been taken, but the results cannot be exactly known for some months. An
estimate recently made based upon the knowledge of general increase from
various sources gives the population as follows:
Hawaiians 35,000
Part Hawaiians 10,000
Chinese 15,000
Japanese 24,000
Portuguese 9,000
American and European 14,000
-------
Total 107,000
Since the census returns began to come in, it is very evident that this
estimate will be exceeded by some 2,000, making the total population
109,000. The increase will probably be found among Japanese and
Portuguese. The population of Honolulu is 29,920, or practically 30,000.
SHIPPING.
The vessels flying the Hawaiian flag number 52, aggregating 21,678 tons.
They are divided as follows:
23 steamers, aggregating 9,575 tons
5 barks, " 4,198 "
3 ships, " 6,272 "
21 schooners and sloops, aggregating 1,623 "
Of these vessels 13 are employed in foreign trade and 39 in trade
between the Islands.
FINANCES.
Mention has been made of the taxes of this country. A few words will be
to the point upon the financial condition of the government.
The direct taxes yielded, in 1895, $592,691.92. The Customs revenue was
$547,149.04 and licenses, &c., produced $600,224.23, in all
$1,740,065.19.
The current expenditures are kept within the current income. Great
public improvements are provided for by loan. This is what every growing
country has to do. The public debt of the country on January 1, 1896,
was $3,764,335. With a population of 109,000, this gives about $34 per
head of the population. The Hawaiian Government finds no difficulty in
obtaining means for internal improvements, and a scheme is now on foot
to reduce the interest and consolidate the public debt.
The exports in 1895 amounted to $8,474,138.15 and the imports to
$5,339,785.04. This certainly shows well for a country whose total
population is exceeded by dozens of cities. Of the exports $7,975,590.41
were accredited to sugar, $22,823.68 to coffee, $102,599.25 to bananas
and $8,783.84 to pineapples. These three latter items are elastic and
the showing of 1896 will give a very large increase in their yields.
Of the imports $4,121,920.22 came from the Pacific ports of the United
States and $394,399.16 from the Atlantic ports; a total of
$4,516,319.38, leaving but $1,197,698.16 for every other nation that the
country has commercial relations with.
In point of fact, taking exports and imports, the business in 1895 done
by the Hawaiian Islands with all its commercial relations amounted to
$14,188,155.69; of this sum $12,908,508.92 was done with the United
States, which amounts to 91 per cent. of the whole business of the
Islands. From these figures it can be judged how prosperous a little
community that of the Hawaiian Islands is, and further how close are its
relations with the Great Republic. What country in the world has 91 per
cent. of its commercial relations with its neighbor?
The financial condition of Hawaii is on a sound basis. The men in charge
of its government are frugal and careful of the public expenditure, the
whole tendency of the Republic is to foster industry and thrift. The
institutions are liberal and nothing is more desirable for such a
country than the immigration of colonists, with capital to develop the
industries and determination to work honestly and well.
FOR TOURISTS.
It was not the intention when planning this pamphlet to speak of the
opportunities for tourists visiting the Islands, but a few words are
appended. The object of the pamphlet has been to show the agricultural
resources and general conditions.
The great attraction of the Islands is undoubtedly the Volcano of
Kilauea, the greatest and most striking volcano in the world. Though
quiescent for a time during part of 1895 and 1896, it has now burst
forth with renewed splendor and promises to exceed many of its former
efforts. Moreover, from the rising of the lakes of fire, and the floor
of the crater generally, it has evidently come to stay.
But it is not only this one great natural wonder that is attractive to
the tourist. The crater of Haleakala, the largest extinct crater in the
world, is almost, in its silent magnificence, equal to the wonder of the
boiling and seething Kilauea. Then the delightful climate, the balmy
breezes, the brilliant coloring of sky, sea and land, the luxuriant
tropical vegetation, and the peculiar "Dolce far niente" life, all lend
a charm to which no one who visits the place has ever failed to respond.
In fact a visit to the Hawaiian Islands is one of the pleasantest
experiences of a life-time.
For people suffering from pulmonary troubles the climate is unrivalled
and there are now several sanitariums where such patients can be
attended to.
San Francisco and Victoria are the two points of deportation for the
Hawaiian Islands. The Oceanic Steamship Line has vessels sailing twice a
month. One steamer sails for Honolulu, stays a few days, and returns to
San Francisco. The other steamers touch at Honolulu and go on to the
Australian colonies. Round trip tickets can be obtained and also lay
over tickets, at the Company's offices on Montgomery street, San
Francisco. The Pacific Mail and O. & O. S. S. lines, running from China
and Japan to San Francisco, also touch at Honolulu regularly.
Arrangements can be made to lay over in Honolulu, visit the Volcano and
proceed on the voyage by the next vessel.
From Victoria the C. & A. S. S. sail once a month. They give the tourist
a chance of seeing the Canadian Pacific Railroad before coming here, but
a round trip ticket would have to be for a full month. By the O. S. S.
lines less time need be spent on the Islands.
The cost of round trip passage is $125.
The cost of trip to the Volcano, including all expenses is $50.
Hotel expenses in Honolulu from $2 a day, according to accommodation.
Particulars on these subjects can always be learned by writing to Wilder
S. S. Co., Fort street, Honolulu; or the Inter-Island Steamship Co.,
Queen street, Honolulu.
PRICE LIST OF PROVISIONS ON THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
Fresh Hawaiian butter, from 25 to 50c. per lb.
Hams, from 16-1/2 to 30c. per lb.
Bacon, from 16-1/2 to 20c. per lb.
Cheese, from 20 to 35c. per lb.
Family pork, from 15 to 18c. per lb.
Corned beef, 7c. per lb.
Fresh meat, from 6 to 15c. per lb.
Loin of Porterhouse steaks, from 6 to 15c. per lb.
Tinned fruits per doz., from $1.75 to $2.25.
Golden Gate Flour, per 100-lb., $2.50.
Lower grades, $2.20.
Hawaiian rice, $3.25 to $5.00 per 100 lbs.
Hawaiian bananas, per bunch, 25 to 55c.
Potatoes, from 1 to 2c. per lb.
Eggs per dozen, 25 to 50c.
Rolled oats per case, $5.50.
Ice, in small quantities, 1-1/2c.; 50 lbs. and over, 1c. per lb.
WAGES.
The following is an approximation of the wages paid to different classes
of labor on the Hawaiian Islands:
Engineers on plantations, from $125 to $175 per month, house and
firewood furnished.
Sugar boilers, $125 to $175 per month, house and firewood furnished.
Blacksmiths, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, house and firewood
furnished.
Carpenters, plantation, $50 to $100 per month, house and firewood
furnished.
Locomotive drivers, $40 to $75 per month, room and board furnished.
Head overseers, or head lunas, $100 to $150.
Under overseers, or lunas, $30 to $50 with room and board.
Bookkeepers, plantation, $100 to $175, house and firewood furnished.
Teamsters, white, $30 to $40 with room and board.
Hawaiians, $25 to $30 with room; no board.
Field labor, Portuguese and Hawaiian $16 to $18 per month; no board.
Field labor, Chinese and Japanese, $12.50 to $15 per month; no board.
In Honolulu bricklayers and masons receive from $5 to $6 per day;
carpenters, $2.50 to $5; machinists, $3 to $5; painters, $2 to $5, per
day of nine hours.
DOMESTIC LABOR.
The domestic labor in Honolulu and in all parts of the Islands, has
for many years been performed by Chinese males, who undoubtedly make
excellent house servants. During the last four or five years the
Japanese have entered the field; the Japanese women are especially in
demand as nurses for children.
The following are the prevailing rates of wages:
Cooks, Chinese and Japanese, $3 to $6 per week, with board and room.
Nurses and house servants, $8 to $12 per month, with board and room.
Gardeners or yard men, $8 to $12 per month, with board and room.
Sewing women, $1 per day and one meal.
Good substantial meals can be obtained at respectable Chinese restaurants
and at the Sailors' Home for 25 cents or Board for $4.50 per week.
The market for all kinds of labor is overstocked and it would be very
unwise for any one to come to these Islands with no capital on the mere
chance of obtaining employment. The many steamships arriving at this
port bring numbers of people seeking employment who are obliged to
return disappointed.
[Illustration: NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU.]
[Illustration: WAIKIKI BEACH.]
CHAPTER VIII.
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
Although the written history of the Hawaiian Islands begins with their
discovery by Captain Cook in 1778, yet the aboriginal inhabitants had at
that time an oral traditional history which extended back for several
centuries.
ORIGIN.
As to their origin, these people formed but one branch of the Polynesian
race, which at a remote period settled all the groups of islands in the
central and Eastern Pacific, as far as New Zealand in the South and
Easter Island in the East. This is shown by the close physical and moral
resemblance between their inhabitants, as well as by the facts that they
all speak dialects of the same language, and have the same manners and
customs, the same general system of tabus, and similar traditions and
religious rites.
The evidence of both language and physical traits tends to show that
their remote ancestors came from the East Indian Archipelago, and that
they were still more distantly related to the pre-Arian races of
Hindostan.
It is also proved by concurrent traditions of the different groups that
there was a general movement of population throughout central Polynesia
during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries of the Christian Era, during
which the Harvey Islands and afterwards New Zealand were colonized, and
many voyages were made between the Hawaiian Islands and the Samoan and
Society groups. This intercourse, however, seems to have ceased for four
or five hundred years before the arrival of Captain Cook.
ARTS AND MANUFACTURES.
The ancient Hawaiians were not savages, in the proper sense of the term,
but barbarians of a promising type. When we consider that they occupied
the most isolated position in the world, and that they were destitute of
metals and of beasts of burden, as well as of the cereal grains, cotton,
flax and wool, we must admit that they had made a creditable degree of
progress towards civilization. Like the other Polynesians, they had not
invented the art of making pottery, or the use of the loom for weaving.
Their cutting tools were made of stone, sharks' teeth or bamboo. Their
axes were made of hard, fine grained lava, chiefly found on the mountain
summits. Their principal implement for cultivating the soil was simply a
stick of hard wood, either pointed or shaped into a flat blade at the
end. With these rude tools they cut and framed the timbers for their
houses, which were oblong with long sides and steep roofs, and were
thatched with _pili_ grass, ferns or _hala_ leaves. In the building as
well as in the management of canoes they were unsurpassed. For
containers they used a large gourd (_cucurbita maxima_, which was not
found elsewhere in the Pacific), and also cut out circular dishes of
wood as truly as if they had been turned in a lathe.
For clothing they beat out the inner bark of the paper mulberry and of
some other trees, until it resembled thick flexible paper, when it was
called _kapa_ or _tapa_. For insignia of rank, they made splendid
feather cloaks, and feather helmets, which were worn only by chiefs.
For lights they used the oily nuts of the _kukui_ or candle-nut tree.
For food they chiefly depended upon the tuberous roots of the _taro_
plant (_Colocasia antiquorum_), but sweet potatoes were cultivated in
the dry districts, and yams in Kauai and Niihau. They also cultivated
bananas and sugar cane and the _awa_ or _kava_ plant for its narcotic
properties.
Fishing was carried on with great ingenuity and skill. Extensive fish
ponds were built along the coasts, which must have cost immense labor.
Their food was cooked then, as now, by steaming it in an _imu_ or
underground oven with heated stones. Fire was produced by friction,
viz., by rubbing a hard, pointed stick in a groove made in a piece of
softer wood, until the little heap of fine powder collected at the end
of the groove took fire.
There was no circulating medium which served the purpose of money, and
all trade was conducted by barter.
CIVIL POLITY.
The civil polity of the ancient Hawaiians was far more despotic than
that of any other Polynesian tribe. The community was divided into three
classes, namely:
1. The nobility or _Alii_ (N. Z. _Ariki_), comprising the kings and
chiefs of various grades of rank.
2. The priests, _Kahuna_ (N. Z. _Tahunga_), including priests, sorcerers
and doctors.
3. The common people, _Makaainana_, or laboring class.
There was a wide and impassable gulch between the chiefs and common
people. In fact, the distinction between them was primarily of a sacred
and religious character. The chief was believed to be descended from the
gods, and to be allied to the invisible powers.
The contrast in stature and appearance as well as in bearing between the
chiefs and common people was very striking. Only a chief had the right
to wear the feather cloak and helmet, or the ivory clasp, _Niho Palaoa_;
his canoe and his sails were painted red, and on state occasions he was
attended by men carrying _kahilis_ or plumed staffs of various colors.
When the highest chiefs appeared abroad, all the common people
prostrated themselves with their faces upon the ground. It was death for
a common man to remain standing at the mention of the king's name in
song, or when the king's food, water or clothing was carried past; to
put on any article of dress belonging to him, to enter his enclosure
without permission, or to cross his shadow or that of his house. If a
common man entered the dread presence of the sovereign, he must crawl
prone on the ground, _kolokolo_, and leave in the same manner.
The head chief of an island was styled the _Moi_, and his dignity was
generally hereditary. There were usually at least four independent
kinglets in the group, and sometimes the single Island of Hawaii was
divided between several independent chiefs.
LAND TENURE.
As a rule, the chiefs were the only proprietors of the soil. They were
supposed to own not only the soil and all that grew upon it, not only
the fish of the sea, but also the time and labor of their people.
The accepted theory was that all the lands belonged to the king, of whom
they were held by the high chiefs in fief; _i. e._, on condition of
rendering him tribute and military service. Each of these district
chieftains divided up his territory among an inferior order of petty
chiefs, who owed to him the same service and obedience that he owed to
the king.
In this way the land was subdivided again and again, while at the bottom
of the scale were the miserable serfs who tilled the soil. These last
were simply tenants at will, liable to be dispossessed of their little
holdings at any time, or to be stripped of their personal property at
the requisition of the chief.
WAR.
Wars were frequent and cruel. There were numerous wars to settle the
succession to the sovereignty of an Island, as well as contests between
the head chiefs of the principal Islands. For example, the chiefs of
Oahu often contended with those of Maui for the possession of Molokai,
and there were frequent wars between the chiefs of Hawaii and those of
Maui for the district of Hana.
Their weapons consisted of long spears, _pololu_; javelins, _ihe_;
daggers, _pahoa_, and clubs made of hard wood. They never used the bow
in war, but slings made of cocoanut fiber or human hair were extensively
employed. They used no shields, but became wonderfully expert in
catching or parrying spears thrown at them.
Sometimes they engaged in sea fights, with large fleets of canoes
on each side. In general no quarter was given to the vanquished, but
there were certain sanctuaries called _puuhonuas_, which afforded an
inviolable refuge in time of war. Cannibalism was regarded by them with
horror and detestation.
RELIGION.
The religious system of the ancient Hawaiians was very similar to that
of other Polynesians. It consisted in a great measure of nature worship.
To their minds all the powers of nature, especially those that are
mysterious and terrible, were conceived of as living and spiritual
beings. Thus the volcano, the thunder, the whirlwind, the meteor and the
shark were feared as being either the embodiment or the work of
malevolent spirits (_akuas_).
The four great gods, Kane, Kanaloa, Ku and Lono, who were worshiped
throughout Polynesia, originally belonged to this class, as is shown by
the cosmogony of the New Zealand Maoris. Among these four Kane held the
primacy. The souls of great chiefs went to his abode after death.
Pele, the dread goddess of volcanoes, and her numerous family, dwelt in
the crater of Kilauea, but also caused the eruptions of Mauna Loa and
Hualalai. In Hawaii she was feared more than any other deity.
One large class of _akuas_ were supposed to be incarnated in certain
species of animals, which were feared or believed to have a supernatural
character, as the shark.
Another class of deities, which included most of the professional gods,
consisted of deified spirits of the dead. The _Aumakuas_ were tutelar
deities, attached to particular families, who were often deified
ancestors. Sickness and disease were generally caused by their
displeasure.
CEREMONIAL SYSTEM.
There were two hereditary orders of priests, endowed with lands, who
kept up the elaborate liturgy and ritual of the temples, and also
preserved whatever knowledge of astronomy, history, medicine, etc., had
been handed down to them.
The tabu system covered the entire daily life of the people with a vast
network of minute regulations and penalties. Thus, it was tabu for men
and women to eat together, or even to have their food cooked in the same
oven. Women were forbidden to eat pork, bananas, cocoanuts, or turtle
and certain kinds of fish, on pain of death. There were certain tabu
days when no canoe could be launched, no fire lighted, and when no sound
could be made, on pain of death. Even dogs had to be muzzled and fowls
shut up in calabashes for twenty-four hours at a time.
The human sacrifice was the crowning act of the ancient worship, offered
only on certain solemn occasions, and at the temples (_Heiaus_) of the
highest class.
Whenever a temple was to be dedicated, a new house to be built for the
chief, or a new war canoe to be launched, many of the people fled to the
mountains and lay hidden till the danger was past.
Besides the regular priesthood, there were many kinds of medicine men,
necromancers or mediums, sorcerers and diviners, who preyed upon the
superstition and credulity of their countrymen. The belief that all
forms of disease were caused by evil spirits, and their fear of being
"prayed to death" (_anaana_), kept the people in a state of abject fear.
There is too much reason to believe that during several centuries
preceding the discovery of the Islands they had been deteriorating in
many respects. As the historian Fornander has stated:
"It was an era of strife, dynastic ambitions, internal and external wars
on each Island, with all their deteriorating consequences of anarchy,
depopulation, social and intellectual degradation, loss of liberty, loss
of knowledge, loss of arts."
DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS.
It seems to be almost certain that one Juan Gaetano, a Spanish
navigator, saw Hawaii in 1555 A. D. A group of islands, the largest of
which was called La Mesa, was laid down in the old Spanish charts in the
same latitude as the Hawaiian Islands, but 10 degrees too far east.
On the eighteenth of January, 1778, Captain Cook, the great navigator,
while sailing due north from the Society Islands, discovered the Islands
of Oahu and Kauai. The next day he landed at Waimea, Kauai, where he
held friendly intercourse with the natives, and afterwards laid in
supplies at Niihau. He finally sailed for Alaska, Feb. 2d. The Hawaiians
looked upon him as an incarnation of the god Lono, and upon his crew as
supernatural beings. Returning from the Arctic the following winter, he
anchored in Kealakekua bay, January 17th, 1779. Here he received
divine honors and was loaded with munificent presents of the best that
the islands could produce. By his rash and arbitrary conduct, however,
he involved himself in an affray with the natives, in which he was
killed on February 14th, 1779.
The spot where he fell is now marked by an appropriate monument.
[Illustration: LUNALILO HOME, FOR AGED HAWAIIANS.]
[Illustration: KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOL.]
EARLY TRADERS.
For seven years after the death of Captain Cook no foreign vessel
ventured to touch at the Islands. After that time many of the vessels
engaged in the fur trade on the northwest coast of America called at the
Islands for supplies on their way to Canton or ran down here to spend
the winter. Waimea, Kauai, and Kealakekua bay were the two harbors most
frequented by them. Fire arms, powder and shot were the articles most in
demand among the natives.
THE RISE OF KAMEHAMEHA.
At the death of Kalaniopuu, _Moi_, of Hawaii, in 1782, a civil war broke
out, which rent the Island into three petty sovereignties, which were
presently reduced to two.
The districts of Kohala and Kona were held by Kamehameha, a nephew of
the late king, while the other districts were loyal to his son, Keoua.
After a sanguinary war lasting nine years (during which Kamehameha had
ravaged West Maui and conquered the district of Hamakua), he became
master of the whole of the Island of Hawaii by the assassination of his
rival, Keoua, at Kawaihae, in 1791.
VISITS OF VANCOUVER.
The name of Capt. George Vancouver is still cherished as that of a wise
and generous benefactor to these Islands. During his survey of the
northwest coast of America in 1792-1794, he made three visits to the
Islands. He uniformly refused to sell fire arms or ammunition to the
chiefs, but gave them useful plants and seeds, and presented Kamehameha
with the first cattle and sheep ever landed in the Islands. On the 25th
of February, 1794, Kamehameha and his chiefs voluntarily placed Hawaii
under the protection of Great Britain, in token of which the British
flag was hoisted on shore at Kealakekua.
CONQUEST OF OAHU.
After the death of Kahekili, the sovereign of the leeward Islands, in
1794, a civil war broke out between his brother Kaeo and his son
Kalanikupule, in which the former was killed. Soon after Kalanikupule
treacherously massacred Captains Brown and Gordon, who had assisted him
in the late war, and seized their vessels in the harbor of Honolulu.
Having put his guns and ammunition on board, he proposed to sail
immediately for Hawaii, in company with a fleet of war canoes, to attack
Kamehameha. But the English sailors who had been reserved to navigate
the two vessels, suddenly rose at midnight, recaptured them, and sailed
for Hawaii, where they informed Kamehameha of all that had occurred.
Kamehameha saw that his opportunity had now come, and lost no time in
mustering all the war canoes and fighting men of Hawaii.
After overrunning West Maui and touching at Molokai, he landed in
Waialea bay, Oahu, in the latter part of April, 1795. There he spent a
few days in organizing his army before marching up the valley of Nuuanu,
where Kalanikupule had prepared to make his last stand. The Oahu
warriors were soon routed and pursued up the valley. Some of the
fugitives were hemmed in and driven over the "_Pali_," or precipice, at
the head of Nuuanu, a little north of the present road.
This victory made Kamehameha master of all the Islands except Kauai and
Niihau. With the exception of a short insurrection in Hawaii, there was
peace during the rest of his reign.
DECREASE OF POPULATION.
The decrease of the population during this period must have been very
rapid. Vancouver in 1792, Broughton in 1796, and Trumbull in 1801, were
strongly impressed with the misery of the common people and their rapid
decrease in numbers. This was partly the result of wars, but was still
more due to the diseases and vices introduced by foreigners. In the
summer of 1804 a pestilence, supposed to have been the cholera, carried
off half of the population of Oahu. Botany Bay convicts had introduced
the art of distilling liquor before the year 1800, and drunkenness had
become very prevalent.
THE SANDAL-WOOD TRADE.
During the first quarter of the present century the sandal-wood trade
was at its height. This wood was in great request at Canton, where it
was sold for incense and the manufacture of fancy articles. It was
purchased by the picul of 133-1/2 pounds, the price varying from eight
to ten dollars for the picul. This wood, while it lasted, was a mine of
wealth for the chiefs, by means of which they were enabled to buy fire
arms, liquor, boats and schooners, as well as silks and other Chinese
goods, for which they paid exorbitant prices.
THE CESSION OF KAUAI.
In March, 1810, Kaumualii, the last King of Kauai, visited Honolulu in
the ship Albatross, Capt. Nathan Winship, in order to have an interview
with Kamehameha. It was then arranged between the two chiefs that
Kaumualii should continue to hold his Island in fief of Kamehameha
during his life-time, on condition of paying tribute.
RUSSIAN AGGRESSIONS.
During the year 1815 a Dr. Scheffer was sent to the Islands by Baranoff,
the Russian Governor of Alaska. He built a fort at Waimea, for
Kaumualii, on which the Russian colors were displayed, and urged him to
place himself under the protection of Russia. On hearing of this,
Kamehameha sent a large force to Honolulu, where a substantial fort was
built during the year 1816. He also sent orders to Kaumualii to expel
Dr. Scheffer, which was done.
DEATH OF KAMEHAMEHA.
Kamehameha I. died on May 8th, 1819, at Kailua, Hawaii. His work was
done. He had consolidated the group under a strong government, put an
end to feudal anarchy and petty wars, and thus prepared the way for
civilization and Christianity.
ABOLITION OF IDOLATRY.
In accordance with his will, his eldest son, Liholiho, was installed as
king, with the title of Kamehameha II., and Kaahumanu, his favorite
queen, as premier, to exercise equal powers with the young prince, whose
dissolute and reckless character is well known.
Their first important act was the abolition of the tabu system, which
took place at a great feast held at Kailua in October, 1819, at which men
and women ate together in public for the first time. This was followed by
the general burning of idols and temples throughout the group.
Kekuaokalani, a cousin of Liholiho, put himself at the head of the
adherents of the ancient faith, but was defeated and slain in the battle
of Kuamoo, fought about December 20th, 1819.
THE ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICAN MISSIONARIES.
The pioneer company of American missionaries to these Islands arrived at
Kailua, April 4th, 1820. They soon reduced the language to writing and
commenced printing the first book in January, 1822. They found in the
Hawaiians an amiable and highly receptive race, eager for knowledge and
easily influenced for good or evil. The principal opposition to reform
was made by foreigners.
THE WHALING FLEET.
The first whale ship called at Honolulu in 1820, and was soon followed
by many others. Their number soon increased to 100 every year, and the
furnishing of supplies for them became the chief resource of the
Islands, as the sandal-wood became exhausted.
DEATH OF LIHOLIHO.
The young king, accompanied by his wife and six chiefs, embarked for
England, November 27, 1823, on an English whale ship. On their arrival
in London they received the utmost hospitality and courtesy, but in a
few weeks the whole party was attacked by the measles, of which the king
and queen both died.
REBELLION ON KAUAI.
Meanwhile, on the death of Kaumualii, a rebellion broke out in Kauai,
led by his son, Humehume. A desperate assault was made on the fort at
Waimea, which was repulsed with loss. Over 1,000 warriors were sent down
from Oahu and Maui, and a battle was fought near Hanapepe, August 18th,
1824, in which the rebels were routed.
VISIT OF LORD BYRON.
The frigate "Blonde," commanded by Lord Byron, cousin of the poet of
that name, was commissioned to convey the remains of the late king and
queen, together with their retinue, back to their native land. It
arrived at Honolulu, May 6th, 1825, when the royal remains were
deposited in a mausoleum with impressive funeral ceremonies.
Kauikeaouli, the younger brother of Liholiho, was proclaimed king with
the title of Kamehameha III., and Kaahumanu as regent during his
minority. Her administration was signalized by a series of outrages at
Lahaina and Honolulu, committed by a depraved class of foreigners who
resented certain regulations made to restrict public prostitution.
Com. Jones visited the Islands in the "Peacock" in 1826, and concluded
the first treaty between the Hawaiian Islands and the United States. The
next year the first written laws were published against murder, theft,
adultery and gambling.
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC MISSION.
The first Roman Catholic missionaries arrived at Honolulu, July 7th,
1827, on the ship "Comet," from Bordeaux, and soon gathered a
congregation. They were members of the so-called "Picpusian Order," or
"Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary." Unfortunately,
misunderstandings arose, and from a mistaken belief that they were
fomenting discord and sedition, the chiefs caused them to be deported to
San Pedro, California, in January, 1832.
ACCESSION OF KAMEHAMEHA III.
Kaahumanu died June 5th, 1832, and was succeeded by Kinau, half-sister
of the king. The king's minority was declared to be at an end in March,
1833. A tract of land was leased to Ladd & Co. in 1835, and about the
same time a silk plantation was commenced by Peck & Titcomb. Cotton was
raised and manufactured on a small scale at Kailua, Hawaii.
PERSECUTIONS.
During the next few years the chiefs persisted in a harsh and
unjustifiable policy, which imperiled the independence of the country.
On the return of the two banished priests from California, in April,
1837, they were ordered to return in the same vessel in which they had
come, and were obliged to go on board of it. Meanwhile the British sloop
of war "Sulphur," Captain Belcher, and the French frigate "Venus,"
Captain Du Petit Thouars, arrived and interposed in behalf of the
priests. As a compromise, they were landed again on condition that they
should leave by the first favorable opportunity. Again on the 3d of
November, another priest, Rev. L. Maigret, and a lay brother arrived
from Valparaiso, but were not allowed to land. Finally Revs. Maigret and
Bachelot left in a schooner for Bonabe, Micronesia. From 1835 to 1839
the persecution of native converts was resumed, but was at last put an
end to by the declaration of rights promulgated June 4th, 1839, and the
king's edict of toleration, issued June 17th.
VISIT OF THE "ARTEMISE."
In consequence of these proceedings the French frigate "Artemise,"
Captain Laplace, was ordered to Honolulu, where it arrived July 9th, 1839.
Captain Laplace immediately sent the Government a peremptory letter
demanding that full religious liberty be proclaimed, and that the sum of
$20,000 be brought on board by noon of the 12th, or hostilities would
commence. The required treaty was signed and the money promptly paid,
and on the 16th, a commercial convention was also signed.
FIRST CONSTITUTION.
The declaration of rights, mentioned above, which guaranteed religious
liberty, produced a feeling of security unknown before, and formed the
first step towards establishing individual property in land. The first
constitution was proclaimed October 8th, 1840. It constituted a
Legislature, consisting of a House of Hereditary Nobles, and
Representatives to be chosen by the people, who voted as a separate
house. It also defined the duties of the Governors and provided for a
Supreme Court.
THE FIRST EMBASSY.
During the next two years the French and English consuls seemed to vie
with each other in the manufacture of petty grievances. Aware of the
dangers impending over it, the Hawaiian Government sent an embassy to
the United States, Great Britain and France, in July, 1842, which
consisted of Messrs. Haalilio, William Richards and Sir George Simpson,
one of the governors of the Hudson Bay Company.
VISIT OF CAPTAIN MALLET.
On the 24th of August, 1842, the French corvette "Embuscade," Captain
Mallet, arrived at Honolulu, having been sent to investigate complaints
of the violation of the Laplace Convention, chiefly relating to local
school matters. Having received an able and courteous reply to his
demands, he informed the king that Admiral Du Petit Thouars might be
expected the next spring to settle these matters.
THE CESSION TO LORD PAULET.
The dispatch of the embassy to Europe and the visit of Captain Mallet
both served to bring to a head the designs of Mr. Charlton, the British
consul. He suddenly left for London, leaving Alexander Simpson as
acting consul, in order to defeat the objects of the embassy. In
consequence of their representations, H. B. M. frigate "Carysford,"
commanded by George Paulet, was ordered to Honolulu, arriving there
February 10, 1843. On the arrival of the king from Lahaina, Lord Paulet
sent him six demands, threatening war if they were not acceded to by 4
p. m. of the next day. These demands chiefly related to a fraudulent
land claim of Charlton's, and to decisions of the courts in certain
civil suits between foreigners. Before the hour set for hostilities had
arrived, the king acceded to the demands under protest, and appealed to
the British Government for damages. But a fresh series of demands having
been made, and claims for damages having been trumped up amounting to
$80,000, the king decided, by Dr. Judd's advice, to forestall the
intended seizure of the Islands by a provisional cession, pending an
appeal to the justice of the home government.
The act of cession was carried into effect February 25th, 1843. The
British flag took the place of the Hawaiian for five months, and a body
of native troops was organized and drilled by British officers.
The country was meanwhile governed by a mixed commission consisting of
Lord Paulet, Lieutenant Frere, a Mr. Mackay and Dr. Judd.
[Illustration: OAHU COLLEGE.]
[Illustration: PAUAHI HALL, OAHU COLLEGE.]
THE RESTORATION.
On being informed of these events, Admiral Thomas, Commander-in-Chief of
H. B. M.'s naval forces in the Pacific ocean, immediately sailed from
Valparaiso for the Islands, arriving at Honolulu July 25th, 1843. He
immediately issued a proclamation, declaring in the name of his
government that he did not accept of the provisional cession of the
Hawaiian Islands, and on the 31st restored the national flag with
impressive ceremonies. His course was fully approved of by the home
government, and certainly tended to exalt the reputation of his country
for justice and magnanimity in dealing with inferior races.
THE RECOGNITION OF HAWAIIAN INDEPENDENCE.
Meanwhile the Hawaiian embassadors, who had been joined by Mr. Marshall,
the king's envoy, had done effective work in London and Paris. At their
request the matters in dispute had been referred to the law advisers of
the crown, who decided in favor of the Hawaiian Government on every
point except the Charlton land claim. At length, on the 28th of
November, 1843, the two governments of France and England issued a joint
declaration in which they recognized the independence of the Islands,
and reciprocally engaged "never to take possession, either directly or
under the title of a protectorate, or under any other form, of any part
of the territory of which they are composed."
ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT.
Both the king and his advisers saw that in order to maintain a permanent
government it was necessary to combine both the native and foreign
elements together in one common organization, and to make the king the
sovereign not merely of one race or class, but of all. During the next
few years the executive departments of the Government and the judiciary
were organized by a group of men of remarkably high character and
ability.
LAND TITLES.
During the period of 1846-1855 the ancient tenure of land was abolished,
and the foundation laid of individual property in land. In the first
place, the king as feudal suzerain divided the lands of the kingdom
between himself and each one of the chiefs, his feudatories, this
partition being recorded in a book called the _Mahele_ Book, or Book of
Division. After this first partition was closed, out of four million
acres there remained in the king's hands about two and a half millions.
The king then redivided the lands which had been surrendered to him,
setting apart about a million and a half acres for the Government, and
reserving for himself as his private domain, about a million acres,
including the best of the lands. The common people were granted fee
simple titles for their house lots and the lands which they actually
cultivated for themselves, called _Kuleanas_ or homesteads.
THE "REPRISALS" OF 1849.
From 1843 till 1848 the most amicable relations continued to exist
between France and the Hawaiian Government. But this state of things was
then reversed by M. Dillon, the new French consul, who endeavored to
reopen all old disputes and to create new grievances in every possible
way. His principal grounds of complaint were the high duty on brandy and
the alleged partiality shown to the English language. On the 12th of
August, 1849, the French frigate "Poursuivante," Admiral De Tromelin,
arrived at Honolulu, and was joined the next day by the corvette
"Gassendi."
On the 22d the admiral sent to the king ten demands, drawn up by M.
Dillon, allowing the Hawaiian Government three days in which to comply
with them.
As these demands were firmly but courteously refused, an armed force was
landed on the 25th, which took possession of the deserted fort, the
custom house and other buildings, and the harbor was blockaded for ten
days. The fort was dismantled and the king's private yacht confiscated
by way of "reprisal," after which the "Poursuivante" sailed for San
Francisco, taking M. Dillon as a passenger.
THE SECOND EMBASSY TO FRANCE.
The king immediately sent Dr. Judd as special commissioner to France,
accompanied by the two nephews of the king, Alexander, the
heir-apparent, and Lot Kamehameha.
But on arriving in Paris they found that M. Dillon had preceded them,
and still retained the confidence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
The embassy, however, agreed with Lord Palmerston upon the basis of a
new treaty with Great Britain.
THE U. S. PROTECTORATE.
The French corvette "Serieuse" arrived at Honolulu, December 13, 1850,
bringing M. Perrin, Commissioner of France, and remained in port three
months.
To the surprise of all, he presented again the identical ten demands of
his predecessor, and resumed his policy of petty annoyance and
interference with internal affairs of the kingdom. At length his
attitude became so menacing that the king and privy council passed a
proclamation placing the Islands provisionally under the protectorate of
the United States. This action was ratified by the next Legislature.
Although it was finally declined by the United States, it had the
desired effect, and the obnoxious demands were dropped.
THE CONSTITUTION OF 1852.
Was a very liberal one for the times, and has formed the basis of all
succeeding constitutions. The nobles were to be appointed by the kings
for life. The representatives, who were to be not less than twenty-four
in number, were to be elected by universal suffrage.
INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS.
Between the years 1850 and 1860 a large part of the government land was
sold to the common people in small tracts at nominal prices.
The rapid settlement of California opened a new market for the
productions of the Islands, and gave a great stimulus to agriculture.
For a time large profits were made by raising potatoes for the
California market. Wheat was cultivated in the Makawao district, and a
steam flouring mill was erected in Honolulu in 1854. The next year 463
barrels of Hawaiian flour were exported. A coffee plantation was started
at Hanalei, Kauai, in 1842, and promised well, but was attacked by
blight after the severe drought of 1851-2. The export of coffee rose to
208,000 pounds in 1850, but then fell off. The export of sugar only
reached 500 tons in 1853. The sugar mills were generally worked by oxen
or mules, and the molasses drained in the old fashioned way.
THE UNFINISHED ANNEXATION TREATY.
The year 1853 was rendered memorable by a terrible epidemic of
small-pox, which carried off several thousand people on the Island of
Oahu. During that and the following year there was an active agitation
in Honolulu in favor of annexation to the United States. The king
favored it as a refuge from impending dangers. The missionaries
generally opposed it, fearing that its effects would be injurious to the
native race. The negotiations were carried on between Mr. Gregg, the
American Minister, and Mr. Wyllie, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and
a draft of the treaty was completed in June, 1854.
The representatives of France and Great Britain remonstrated with the
king against it, while the heir-apparent was also opposed to it. The
negotiation was still pending when the king suddenly died on the 15th of
December, 1854.
His adopted son and heir, Alexander Liholiho, was immediately proclaimed
king, under the title of Kamehameha IV.
THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA IV.
Was uneventful. He was married to Emma Rooke, a chiefess partly of English
descent, who both by her character and her talents was worthy of the
position. By their personal exertions the king and queen succeeded in
raising the funds with which to found the "Queen's Hospital" at
Honolulu. Their little son, the "Prince of Hawaii," died in 1862, at
four years of age, and with him expired the hope of the Kamehameha
dynasty. During the same year Bishop Staley, accompanied by a staff of
clergymen, arrived at Honolulu and commenced the Anglican Mission.
During the following year the king was rapidly failing in health, and on
the 30th of November, 1863, he died, at the early age of twenty-nine,
and was succeeded by his elder brother, Prince Lot Kamehameha.
The development of the country during his reign was nearly at a
stand-still. The cultivation of wheat as well as that of coffee was
given up, but the culture of rice was commenced in 1860, and proved to
be a great success.
THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA V.
The reign of Kamehameha V. was memorable for the change of the
constitution which he made on his own authority, soon after coming to
the throne. The right of suffrage was made to depend on a small property
qualification and on ability to read and write. The Nobles and
representatives were henceforth to sit and vote in one chamber. During
his reign the Board of Education was constituted, the Bureau of
Immigration formed, and the Act passed in 1865 to segregate the lepers.
A treaty of reciprocity with the United States was negotiated, but
failed of ratification by the Senate.
A destructive eruption from Mauna Loa took place in 1868, in the
District of Kau. The almost total destruction of the whaling fleet in
the Arctic Sea in 1871 was a serious blow to the prosperity of the
Islands.
The King died suddenly December 11th, 1872, and with him ended the line
of the Kamehamehas.
THE REIGN OF LUNALILO.
As Kamehameha V. died without appointing any successor, the choice
devolved upon the Legislature, which met on the 8th of January, 1873,
and elected William Lunalilo, cousin of the late king, by a large
majority, amid general rejoicing. During that year, the proposal to cede
or lease Pearl Harbor to the United States in consideration of a treaty
of commercial reciprocity gave rise to an extensive agitation, which
intensified the suspicion and race prejudice that already existed.
The execution of the law for the segregation of lepers helped to widen
the breach, and the effects were seen in the mutiny of the household
troops in September, 1873, which had the sympathy of the populace.
The King's health was already failing, and on the 3d of February, 1874,
he died of pulmonary consumption. By his will he left the bulk of his
real estate to found a home for aged and indigent Hawaiians.
ACCESSION OF KALAKAUA.
Again the Legislature was called together to elect his successor on the
12th of February, 1874. The two rival candidates were the Queen-Dowager
Emma and David Kalakaua, the latter of whom was elected by thirty-nine
votes to six. A large mob, composed of Queen Emma's partisans,
surrounded the court house during the election, after which they broke
into the building and assaulted the members of the Legislature.
At the request of the Cabinet, a body of marines was landed from the U.
S. ships "Tuscarora" and "Portsmouth," and another from H. B. M.'s ship
"Tenedos," which dispersed the rioters and guarded the public buildings
for a week. Kalakaua was sworn in at noon the next day, and duly
proclaimed King.
THE RECIPROCITY TREATY.
During the next year negotiations were opened with the United States for
a treaty of commercial reciprocity, which was ratified in June, 1875,
and finally went into operation in September, 1876, in spite of bitter
opposition in both countries. The development of the resources of the
Islands, which has resulted from this treaty, has surpassed all
expectation. In connection with it there has also been a large increase
of the foreign elements in the population.
THE KING'S TOUR AROUND THE WORLD.
On the 20th of January, 1881, King Kalakaua set out on a tour around the
world, accompanied by the late Col. C. H. Judd, and Mr. W. N. Armstrong.
He was received with royal honors in Japan, and afterwards visited
China, Siam, Johore and British India. After visiting the Khedive of
Egypt, the party made the tour of Europe, and returned home by way of
the United States, arriving in Honolulu Oct. 29, 1881.
REACTIONARY POLICY OF KALAKAUA.
Unlike his predecessors, Kalakaua seemed to regard himself as merely a
king of the native Hawaiians, and foreign residents as alien invaders.
It also seemed to be his chief aim to change the system of government
into a personal despotism, in which he should have unchecked control of
the Government Treasury. Thus he took it upon himself in July, 1878, and
again in August, 1880, to dismiss a Ministry, without assigning any
reason, immediately after it had been triumphantly sustained by a vote
of the Legislature. On the latter occasion, his appointment of Celso
Caesar Moreno as premier called forth the protest of the representatives
of three great Powers, and such an uprising of the people that he had to
give way. Adroit politicians were not wanting to flatter his vanity,
defend his follies, and show him how to violate the spirit and intent
of the Constitution, while keeping within the letter of the law. The
Legislatures were packed with subservient office-holders, while every
artifice was used to debauch the native electorate and to foment race
prejudice. The national debt grew up from $389,000 in 1880 to $1,936,000
in 1887. At the same time, under the existing law, no foreigner could be
naturalized without the King's approval.
[Illustration: MASONIC TEMPLE.]
[Illustration: KAMEHAMEHA MUSEUM.]
THE REVOLUTION OF 1887.
After the legislative session of 1886, the King was virtually his own
prime minister, and went from one folly to another, until his acceptance
of two bribes, one of $75,000 and another of $80,000 in connection with
the assignment of an opium license, precipitated the revolution of
1887. Overawed by the unanimity of the movement, and deserted by his
followers, the King yielded without a struggle. The Constitution
which he was pleased to sign on the 7th of July, 1887, was a revision
of that of 1864, intended to put an end to mere personal government,
and to make the executive responsible to the representatives of the
people. Office-holders were made ineligible to seats in the Legislature.
The Ministers were henceforth to be removable only upon a vote of want
of confidence passed by a majority of all the elective members of
the Legislature. The Nobles, instead of being appointed by the King,
were to be elected for terms of six years, by electors who should
be possessed of taxable property worth $3,000, or in receipt of an
annual income of $600.
THE INSURRECTION OF 1889.
The opposition of the Court and of other adherents of the old regime, to
the reforms of 1887, led to an insurrection headed by R. W. Wilcox, on
the 30th of July, 1889 which was promptly put down, but not without
bloodshed. Seven of the rioters were killed and a large number wounded.
There can be little doubt that the late King and his sister were
accessory to this ill-advised outbreak.
ACCESSION OF LILIUOKALANI.
In order to recruit his health, the King visited California in November,
1890. In spite of the best medical attendance, he continued to fail, and
breathed his last on the 20th of January, 1891, in San Francisco. His
remains were brought to Honolulu in the U. S. S. "Charleston," arriving
there January 29th, 1891. On the same day, his sister took the oath to
maintain the Constitution, and was proclaimed Queen, under the title of
Liliuokalani.
THE REVOLUTION OF 1893.
The ex-Queen in a published statement has since declared that she signed
the Constitution unwillingly. The history of her short reign shows that
it was her unaltered purpose to restore autocratic government. In short,
she was determined to govern as well as to reign.
The decision of the Supreme Court that the term of the last Cabinet
expired with the King, gave her an opportunity (which she improved), to
dictate terms in advance to the incoming Cabinet, and to secure control
of all appointments. The legislative session of 1892 was protracted to
eight months chiefly by her determination to retain her control of the
Executive, as well as to carry through the opium and lottery bills.
Meanwhile she had caused a Constitution to be drawn up, which would
practically, have transformed the government from a limited to an
absolute monarchy, besides disfranchising a class of citizens who paid
two-thirds of the taxes. This Constitution she undertook to spring upon
the country by a _coup d'etat_, on the day of the prorogation of the
Legislature, January 14th, 1893.
Fortunately, at the critical moment, when her preparations were
complete, her Ministers shrank from sharing the responsibility of
such a revolutionary act, and induced her to postpone it. In such
an undertaking to hesitate is fatal.
Again there was a general uprising of the conservative part of the
community similar to that of 1887. But this time public opinion
condemned all half way measures, and declared the monarchy to be
forfeited by its own act.
The Reform leaders reorganized their forces, and formed a Provisional
Government, which was proclaimed January 17th, 1893 from the Government
Building. The U. S. S. "Boston," which had unexpectedly arrived from
Hilo on the day of the prorogation, landed a force on the 16th, to
protect the lives and property of American citizens, in case of disorder
or incendiarism. The Queen's ministers availed themselves of the
presence of these troops on shore as an excuse for their inaction, and
persuaded the Queen to resign under protest, and to appeal to the
government of the United States.
A treaty of annexation was soon after negotiated with the United States
during President Harrison's administration, which was withdrawn by
President Cleveland immediately after his accession. The failure of his
attempt to restore the monarchy by diplomacy is well known.
THE REPUBLIC OF HAWAII.
During the next year a convention was elected, which sat in Honolulu
during the month of June, 1894, and framed a new Constitution for the
country, and the Republic of Hawaii was formally proclaimed July 4, 1894.
Another royalist conspiracy was formed during the fall of that year,
which resulted in the insurrection of January 6th, 1895, which was
promptly crushed by the patriotic citizens of the Republic.
A dangerous epidemic of Asiatic cholera in the following September, was
stamped out by the united efforts of the public spirited citizens of
Honolulu.
For four years, in spite of hostile influences from without and enemies
at home, the Republic has maintained peace and order, administered
justice, carried on extensive internal improvements, advanced education,
and kept the financial credit of the nation above par in the markets of
the world.
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY, REPUBLIC OF HAWAII.
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.
Sanford B. Dole, President of the Republic of Hawaii.
Henry E. Cooper, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
James A. King, Minister of the Interior.
Samuel M. Damon, Minister of Finance.
William O. Smith, Attorney-General.
COUNCIL OF STATE.
William C. Wilder,
Cecil Brown,
P. C. Jones,
J. A. Kennedy,
C. Bolte,
George W. Smith,
John Phillips,
D. L. Naone,
A. G. M. Robertson,
E. C. Winston,
Mark P. Robinson,
John Ena,
Samuel M. Ka-ne,
John Nott,
J. P. Mendonca.
SUPREME COURT.
Hon. A. F. Judd, Chief Justice.
Hon. W. F. Frear, First Associate Justice.
Hon. W. Austin Whiting, Second Associate Justice.
Henry Smith, Chief Clerk.
Geo. Lucas, Deputy Clerk.
James Thompson, Second Deputy Clerk.
J. Walter Jones, Stenographer.
CIRCUIT JUDGES.
First Circuit--Alfred W. Carter, Antonio Perry, Oahu.
Second Circuit--J. W. Kalua.
Third and Fourth Circuits--S. L. Austin.
Fifth Circuit--J. Hardy.
Offices and Court-room in Court House, King street. Sitting in Honolulu:
First Monday in February, May, August and November.
DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Office in Executive Building, King street.
Henry E. Cooper, Minister Foreign Affairs.
George C. Potter, Secretary.
Alexander St. M. Mackintosh, Clerk.
Miss Kate Kelley, Stenographer.
B. L. Marx, Clerk Executive Council.
James W. Girvin, Secretary Chinese Bureau.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
Office in Executive Building, King street.
James A. King, Minister of the Interior.
Chief Clerk, John A. Hassinger.
Assistant Clerks, James H. Boyd, H. C. Meyers, Stephen Mahaulu,
George C. Ross, Edward S. Boyd.
CHIEFS OF BUREAUS, INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.
Surveyor-General, W. D. Alexander.
Superintendent Public Works, W. E. Rowell.
Superintendent Water Works, Andrew Brown.
Inspector Electric Lights, John Cassidy.
Registrar of Conveyances, T. G. Thrum.
Road Supervisor, Honolulu, W. H. Cummings.
Insane Asylum, Dr. Geo. H. Herbert.
BOARD OF FIRE COMMISSIONERS.
Andrew Brown, Charles Crozier and J. H. Fisher.
James H. Hunt, Chief Engineer, H. F. D.
William R. Sims, Secretary.
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY.
President, the Minister of the Interior. Allan Herbert, Thomas King,
Wray Taylor, E. W. Jordan. Joseph Marsden, Commissioner and Secretary.
DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE.
Office in Executive Building, King street.
Minister of Finance, Samuel M. Damon.
Auditor-General, H. Laws.
Registrar of Accounts, W. G. Ashley.
Clerk of Finance Office, E. R. Stackable.
Collector-General of Customs, James B. Castle.
Tax Assessor, Oahu, Jonathan Shaw.
Postmaster-General, J. M. Oat.
CUSTOMS BUREAU.
Office in Custom House, Esplanade, Fort street.
Collector-General, James B. Castle.
Deputy Collector, Frank B. McStocker.
Harbor Master, Captain A. Fuller.
Port Surveyor, George C. Stratemeyer.
Storekeeper, .........
DEPARTMENT OF ATTORNEY-GENERAL.
Office in Executive Building, King street.
Attorney-General, William O. Smith.
Deputy Attorney-General, E. P. Dole.
Clerk, J. M. Kea.
Marshal, A. M. Brown.
Deputy Marshal, H. R. Hitchcock.
Jailor Oahu Prison, J. A. Low.
Prison Physician, C. B. Cooper, M. D.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
Office in Judiciary Building.
Henry E. Cooper, Minister of Public Instruction.
Commissioners, Professor William Dewitt Alexander, Mrs. Emma Louisa
Dillingham, Mr. William A. Bowen, Mrs. Alice Clark Jordan,
Mr. H. M. von Holt.
H. S. Townsend, Inspector-General of Schools.
J. F. Scott, Deputy Inspector-General of Schools.
C. T. Rodgers, Secretary of Department.
BOARD OF IMMIGRATION.
Office in Judiciary Building.
President, James A. King.
Members of Board of Immigration, J. B. Atherton, Joseph Marsden,
D. B. Smith, James G. Spencer, J. Carden. Secretary, Wray Taylor.
BOARD OF HEALTH.
Office in Judiciary Building.
President, William O. Smith.
Secretary, Charles Wilcox.
Members, D. Keliipio, C. A. Brown, N. B. Emerson, M. D.;
F. R. Day, M. D.; C. B. Wood, M. D., and T. F. Lansing.
Port Physician, Dr. Francis Day.
Dispensary, Dr. H. W. Howard.
Leper Settlement, Dr. R. K. Oliver.
POLICE COURT.
Police Station Building, Merchant street.
George H. de la Vergne, Magistrate.
William Cuelho, Clerk.
[Illustration: KAWAIAHAO CHURCH (Hawaiian).]
[Illustration: CENTRAL UNION CHURCH.]
* * * * *
FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES IN HONOLULU.
_Diplomatic._
United States--Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary,
Albert S. Willis, Esq.; residence, King St. Ellis Mills, Esq.,
Secretary of Legation.
Portugal--Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General, Senhor A. de Souza
Canavarro; residence, Beretania St.
Great Britain--Commissioner and Consul-General, Captain A. G. S. Hawes.
Japan--Diplomatic Agent and Consul-General, Mr. H. Shimamura;
residence, Nuuanu Ave. H. I. J. M. Eleve Consul, Mr. K. Mimashi,
Secretary H. I. J. M. Consulate-General.
France--Consul and Commissioner, Mons. Louis Voisson; Chancellor
of Legation, Mons. A. Vizzavona.
_Consular._
United States--Consul-General, Ellis Mills. W. Porter Boyd, United
States Vice and Deputy Consul-General.
Italy--F. A. Schaefer, Consul. (Dean of the Consular Corps.)
Netherlands--J. H. Paty, Consul.
Denmark--H. R. Macfarlane, Consul.
Mexico, H. Renjes, Consul.
Peru--Bruce Cartwright, Consul.
Chile--Julius Hoting, Consul.
Austria-Hungary--J. F. Hackfeld, Consul.
Germany--J. F. Hackfeld, Consul.
Belgium--H. Focke, Consul.
Great Britain--T. R. Walker, Vice-Consul.
Spain--H. Renjes, Vice-Consul.
Russia--J. F. Hackfeld, Acting Vice-Consul.
Sweden and Norway--Charles Weight, Acting Consul.
China--Goo Kim Fui, Commercial Agent; Wong Kwai, Assistant
Commercial Agent.
U. S. Consular Agent, Kahului, A. J. Dickens, Acting.
U. S. Consular Agent, Mahukona, C. J. Falk.
U. S. Consular Agent, Hilo, Charles Furneaux.
* * * * *
PRINCIPAL HAWAIIAN REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD.
_United States._
Washington, D. C.--Francis M. Hatch, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary; Major Frank P. Hastings, Charge d'Affaires and
Secretary of Legation.
New York--E. H. Allen, Consul-General.
Chicago--Fred W. Job, Consul-General for the States of Illinois,
Michigan, Ohio, Indiana and Wisconsin.
San Francisco--Charles T. Wilder, Consul-General for the Pacific
States, California, Oregon, Nevada and Washington; J. F. Soper,
Vice and Deputy Consul-General.
Boston--Gorham D. Gilman, Consul-General.
Portland, Oregon--J. McCracken, Consul.
Port Townsend--James G. Swan, Consul.
Seattle--John H. Carter, Consul.
Tacoma--J. T. Steeb, Acting Consul.
Philadelphia--Robert H. Davis, Consul.
San Diego--H. P. Wood, Consul.
Detroit--A. L. Bresler, Consul.
_Great Britain._
London--Manley Hopkins, Consul-General; Cyril Hopkins, Vice-Consul.
Liverpool--Harold Janion, Consul.
Bristol--Mark Whitwill, Consul.
Hull--W. Moran, Consul.
Newcastle-on-Tyne--E. Biesterfeld, Consul.
Falmouth--Cecil Robert Broad, Consul.
Dover (and the Cinque Ports)--Francis Wm. Prescott, Consul.
Swansea--H. Goldberg, Consul.
Cardiff--J. Bovey, Consul.
Edinburgh and Leith--E. G. Buchanan, Consul.
Glasgow--Peter Denniston, Consul.
Dundee--J. G. Zoller, Consul.
Dublin--R. Jas. Murphy, Consul.
Queenstown--Geo. B. Dawson, Consul.
Belfast--W. A. Ross, Consul.
Middlesborough--B. C. Atkinson, Consul.
_British Colonies._
Toronto, Ontario--J. Enoch Thompson, Consul-General; Col. Geo. A. Shaw,
Vice-Consul.
St. John's, N. B.--Allan O. Crookshank, Consul.
Rimouski--J. N. Pouliot, Vice-Consul.
Montreal--Dickson Anderson, Consul.
Yarmouth, N. S.--Ed. F. Clements, Vice-Consul.
Victoria, B. C.--R. P. Rithet, Consul-General for British Columbia.
Vancouver, B. C.--J. W. McFarland, Vice-Consul.
Sydney, N. S. W.--W. E. Dixon, Consul-General.
Melbourne, Victoria--G. N. Oakley, Consul.
Brisbane, Queensland--Alex. B. Webster, Consul.
Hobart, Tasmania--Hon. Audley Coote, Consul.
Launceston, Tasmania--Geo. Collins, Vice-Consul.
Newcastle, N. S. W.--W. J. Gillam, Consul.
Auckland, N. Z.--James Macfarlane, Consul.
Dunedin, N. Z.--W. G. Neill, Consul.
Gibraltar--H. Schott, Consul.
_France and Colonies._
Paris--Alfred Houle, Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General;
A. N. H. Teyssier, Consul.
Marseilles--........, Consul.
Bordeaux--Ernest de Boissac, Consul.
Dijon--H. F. J. Vieilhomme, Consul.
Liborne--C. Schaessler, Vice-Consul.
Cette--Julius Chavasse, Vice-Consul.
Grenoble--J. L. Garcin, Vice-Consul.
Papeete, Tahiti--E. A. Bonet, Consul.
_Spain._
Barcelona--Enrique Minguez, Consul-General.
Cadiz--J. Shaw, Consul.
Valencia--Julio Soler, Consul.
Malaga--F. T. de Navarra, Consul.
Cartagena--J. Paris, Consul.
_Portugal and Colonies._
Lisbon--A. F. de Serpa, Consul-General.
Oporto--Narciso T. M. Ferro, Consul.
Madeira Island--L. D. F. Branco, Consul.
Cape Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands--Clarimundo Martins, Vice-Consul.
Lagos, Cape de Verde Islands--Manuel Jose Barbosa, Vice-Consul.
_Azores Islands._
Ponta Delgardo (St. Michaels)--Senhor Bernardo Machado de Faria Maia,
Consul-General; A. da Silva Moreira, Consul.
_Italy._
Rome--Dwight Benton, Consul-General; Hale P. Benton, Vice and Deputy
Consul-General.
Palermo, Sicily--A. Tagliavia, Consul.
Genoa--Raphael de Luchi, Consul.
_Holland._
Amsterdam--D. H. Schmull, Consul-General.
Dordrecht--P. J. Bouwman, Consul.
_Japan._
Tokio--R. W. Irwin, Minister Resident.
Kobe--C. P. Hall, Vice-Consul.
Yokohama--B. C. Howard, Consul; Dr. Stuart Eldridge, M. D.,
Sanitary Inspector.
_China._
Hong Kong--J. J. Bell Irving, Acting Consul-General; Dr. Gregory P.
Jordan, M. D., Sanitary Inspector.
Amoy--Robert H. Bruce, Consul; Dr. Hugh MacDougald, M. D.,
Sanitary Inspector.
_Belgium._
Antwerp--Victor Forge, Consul-General.
Ghent--E. Coppieters, Consul.
Liege--J. Blanpain, Consul.
Bruges--E. Van Den Brande, Consul.
_Sweden and Norway._
Stockholm, Sweden--C. A. Engvalls, Consul-General.
Christiana, Norway--L. Samson, Consul.
Gothemburg, Sweden--Gustaf Kraak, Vice-Consul.
_Austria._
Vienna--Hugo Schonberger, Consul.
_Germany and Colonies._
Bremen--H. F. Glade, Charge d'Affaires and Consul-General;
J. F. Muller, Consul.
Hamburg--E. F. Weber, Consul.
Frankfort-on-Main--J. Kopp, Consul.
Dresden--A. P. Russ, Consul.
_Canary Islands._
Las Palamas--L. Falcon y Quevedo, Consul; J. B. De Laguna, Vice-Consul.
Santa Cruz de la Palma--Antonio C. de las Casas, Vice-Consul.
Areciefe de Lanzarote--E. Murales, Vice-Consul.
_Mexico._
Mexico--Col. W. J. De Gress, Consul-General; R. H. Baker, Vice-Consul.
Manzanillo--Robert James Barney, Consul.
Ensenada--James Moorkens, Vice-Consul.
_Central and South America._
Valparaiso, South America--David Thomas, Charge d'Affaires and
Consul-General.
Lima, South America--F. L. Crosby, Consul.
Montevideo, South America--Conrad Hughes, Consul.
_Philippine Islands._
Iloilo--Geo. Shelmerdine, Consul.
Manila--Jasper M. Wood, Consul.
Cebu--Geo. A. Cadell, Consul.
Transcriber's Note
With the exception of OCEANIC STEAMSHIP AUSTRALIA, the illustrations and
cover image come from a slightly different printing of the pamphlet than
the text.
Minor typographical errors and irregularities have been corrected.
The table of contents and list of illustrations have been added for the
reader's convenience.
*** End of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "The Hawaiian Islands - Their Resources, Agricultural, Commercial and Financial" ***
Copyright 2023 LibraryBlog. All rights reserved.