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Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1 - Prependix
Author: Various
Language: English
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THE
ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
ELEVENTH EDITION
FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.
COPYRIGHT
in all countries subscribing to the
Bern Convention
by
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
_All rights reserved_
THE
ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
A
DICTIONARY
OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL
INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME VII
CONSTANTINE PAVLOVICH to DEMIDOV
New York
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue
Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
INITIALS USED IN VOLUME VII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1]
WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.
A. B. F. Y.
ALEXANDER BELL FILSON YOUNG.
Formerly Editor of the _Outlook_. Author of _Christopher
Columbus_; _Master-singers_; _The Complete Motorist_; _Wagner
Stories_; &c.
Dance (_in part_).
A. Bo.*
AUGUSTE BOUDINHON, D.D., D.C.L.
Professor of Canon Law in the Catholic University of Paris.
Honorary Canon of Paris. Editor of the _Canoniste contemporain_.
Curia Romana;
Decretals.
A. Ca.
ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.
See the biographical article: CAYLEY, ARTHUR.
Curve (_in part_).
A. E. B.
REV. ANDREW EWBANK BURN, M.A., D.D.
Vicar of Halifax and Prebendary of Lichfield. Author of _An
Introduction to the Creeds and the Te Deum_; _Niceta of
Remesiana_; &c.
Creeds.
A. E. J.
ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A.
Fellow of, and Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer at, Corpus Christi
College, Oxford. Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892.
Continued Fractions.
A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.
Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. Professor of English History
in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the _Dictionary
of National Biography_, 1893-1901. Author of _England under the
Protector Somerset_; _Life of Thomas Cranmer_; &c.
Coverdale;
Cox, Richard;
Craig, John;
Cranmer;
Cromwell, Thomas;
Crowley.
A. G.
MAJOR ARTHUR GEORGE FREDERICK GRIFFITHS (d. 1908).
H.M. Inspector of Prisons, 1878-1896. Author of _The Chronicles of
Newgate_; _Secrets of the Prison House_; &c.
Crime;
Criminology.
A. Go.*
REV. ALEXANDER GORDON, M.A.
Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.
Coornhert.
A. H. J. G.
ABEL HENDY JONES GREENIDGE, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.) (d. 1905).
Formerly Fellow and Lecturer of Hertford College, Oxford, and of
St John's College, Oxford. Author of _Infamia in Roman Law_;
_Handbook of Greek Constitutional History_; _Roman Public Life_;
_History of Rome_. Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History,
133-70 B.C._
Consul: Roman.
A. H. P.
REV. ARNOLD HILL PAYNE, M.A.
Chaplain, Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Late
Normal Fellow, National Deaf Mute College, Washington, U.S.A.
Author of _The Mental Development of the Orally and Manually
taught Deaf_; _The Pure Oral Method of necessity a Comparative
Failure_; &c.
Deaf and Dumb.
A. J. B.
ALFRED JOSHUA BUTLER, M.A., D.LITT.
Fellow and Bursar of Brasenose College, Oxford. Fellow of Eton
College. Author of _The Ancient Coptic Churches of Egypt_; _The
Arab Conquest of Egypt_; &c.
Copts: _The Coptic Church_.
A. J. B.*
ARTHUR JOHN BUTLER, M.A. (1844-1910).
Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of
Italian Language and Literature, University College, London.
Author of a prose translation of Dante's _Divine Comedy_; _Dante
and his Times_; &c.
Dante.
A. J. E.
ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, M.A., D.LITT., LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford, 1884-1908. Hon. Keeper since 1908. Made archaeological
discoveries in Crete, 1893; excavated the Palace of Knossos.
Author of _Through Bosnia on Foot_; _Cretan Pictographs and
Prae-Phoenician Script_; and other works on archaeology.
Crete: _Archaeology and Ancient History_.
A. L.
ANDREW LANG.
See the biographical article: LANG, ANDREW.
Crystal-Gazing.
A. Mw.
ALLEN MAWER, M.A.
Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College,
Newcastle-on-Tyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in English at the University of
Sheffield.
Danelagh.
A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.
See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.
Copernicus;
Delambre;
Delisle, J. N.
A. M. Cl.
AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS. WILDE).
Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
Joint-author of _Sources of Roman History, 133-70 B.C._
Curia;
Decemviri;
Decurio.
A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.
See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.
Coot;
Cormorant;
Crane;
Crossbill;
Crow;
Cuckoo;
Curlew.
A. N.*
REV. ALEXANDER NAIRNE, M.A.
Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis in King's College,
London. Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of St Albans. Fellow of
King's College, London. Formerly Fellow of Jesus College,
Cambridge. Crosse Scholar, 1886. Author of _The Bible Doctrine of
Atonement_; &c.
Creatianism and Traducianism.
A. N. M.
A. N. MONKHOUSE.
Member of Editorial Staff of _Manchester Guardian_.
Cotton (_in part_).
A. van M.
ALEXANDER VAN MILLINGEN, M.A., D.D.
Professor of History, Robert College, Constantinople. Author of
_Byzantine Constantinople_; _Constantinople_; &c.
Constantinople.
A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.
Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.
Curia Regis.
A. Wi.
ANEURIN WILLIAMS, M A., M.P.
Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple. Chairman of Executive,
International Cooperative Alliance. M.P. for Plymouth, 1910.
Author of _Twenty-eight Years of Co-partnership at Guise_; &c.
Co-operation.
A. W. R.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A, L.L.B.
Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
_Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.
Corporal Punishment;
Covenant.
A. W. W.
ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D.
See the biographical article: WARD, A. W.
Cumberland, Richard: Dramatist.
C. E.*
CHARLES EVERITT, A.M., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.
Sometime Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.
Constellation.
C. E. N.
CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LL.D.
See the biographical article: NORTON, CHARLES E.
Curtis, George William.
C. F. A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.
Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.
Crimean War;
Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_)
C. F. B.
CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D.
Regius Professor of Law and Professor of Political Economy in the
University of Dublin. Author of _Public Finance_; _Commerce of
Nations_; _Theory of International Trade_; &c.
Decimal Coinage.
C. K.
WILLIAM CHARLES MARK KENT.
Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Edited the _London Sun_ for
twenty-five years; the _Weekly Register_, 1874-1881. Author of
_The Humour and Pathos of Charles Dickens_; &c.
Dalling, Lord.
C. K. S.
CLEMENT KING SHORTER.
Editor of the _Sphere_. Author of _Sixty Years of Victorian
Literature_; _Immortal Memories_; _The Brontës: Life and Letters_;
&c.
Cowper, William;
Crabbe, George.
C. L.
H. CALDWELL LIPSETT.
Formerly Editor of the _Civil and Military Gazette_, Lahore,
India. Author of _Lord Curzon in India_.
Coolie.
C. Pf.
CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ÈS L.
Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Étude sur le règne de Robert le Pieux_; _Le
Duché merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Sainte-Odile_.
Dagobert.
C. R. B.
CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.
Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer
in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889.
Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of _Henry the Navigator_;
_The Dawn of Modern Geography_; &c.
Conti, Nicolo de';
Cook, Captain;
Dampier;
Daniel of Kiev;
Davis, John.
D. C. T.
DAVID CROAL THOMSON.
Formerly Editor of the _Art Journal_. Author of _The Brothers
Maris_; _The Barbizon School of Painters_; _Life of "Phiz"_; _Life
of Bewick_; &c.
Corot;
Daubigny.
D. F. T.
DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.
Balliol College, Oxford. Author of _Essays in Musical Analyses,
comprising Classical Concerto, The Goldberg Variations_; and
analyses of many other classical works.
Contrapuntal Forms;
Counterpoint.
D. G. H.
DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.
Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at
Paphos, 1888; Naukratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905;
Assiut, 1906-1907. Director, British School at Athens, 1897-1900;
Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.
Cyrenaica;
Cyrene.
D. H.
DAVID HANNAY.
Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of _Short
History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688_; _Life of Emilio Castelar_; &c.
Convoy (_in part_);
Copenhagen, Battle of;
Cordoba, Gonzalo Fernandez de;
Dahlgren, John Adolf.
D. Mn.
REV. DUGALD MACFADYEN, M.A.
Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director
of the London Missionary Society.
Cruden, Alexander.
E. Br.
ERNEST BARKER, M.A.
Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College,
Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven
Scholar, 1895.
Crusades.
E. B. El.
EDWIN BAILEY ELLIOTT, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.
Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics and Fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford.
President of London Mathematical Society, 1896-1898. Author of
_Algebra of Quantics_; &c.
Curve (_in part_).
E. B. P.
EDWARD BAGNALL POULTON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., LL.D.
Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford. Fellow of
Jesus College, Oxford. Author of _The Colours of Animals_; _Essays
on Evolution_; _Darwin and the Original Species_; &c.
Darwin.
E. C. Q.
EDMUND CROSBY QUIGGIN, M.A.
Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in
Modern Languages, and Monro Lecturer in Celtic.
Cuchulinn.
E. F. S.
EDWARD FAIRBROTHER STRANGE.
Assistant Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington.
Member of Council, Japan Society. Author of numerous works on art
subjects. Joint-editor of Bell's "Cathedral" Series.
Della Quercia.
E. G.
EDMUND GOSSE, LL.D.
See the biographical article: GOSSE, EDMUND.
Conte;
Couplet;
Cowley;
Crashaw;
Criticism;
Daniel, Samuel;
Davenant, Sir William;
Dekker, Edward Douwes.
E. Gr.
ERNEST ARTHUR GARDNER, M.A.
See the biographical article: GARDNER, PERCY.
Corfu (_in part_);
Corinth: _Isthmus of_;
Cos (_in part_);
Crisa;
Daphne;
Delos;
Delphi.
E. Ma.
EDWARD MANSON.
Barrister-at-Law. Joint-editor of _Journal of Comparative
Legislation_. Author of _Debentures and Debenture Stock_; &c.
Debentures and Debenture Stock.
Ed. M.
EDUARD MEYER, D.LITT. (Oxon.), LL.D., PH.D.
Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author
of _Geschichte des Alterthums_; _Forschungen zur alten
Geschichte_; _Geschichte des alten Ägyptens_; _Die Israeliten und
ihre Nachbarstämme_; &c.
Ctesiphon;
Cyaxares;
Cyrus;
Darius;
Deioces;
Demetrius of Bactria.
E. M. W.
REV. EDWARD MEWBURN WALKER, M.A.
Fellow, Senior Tutor and Librarian of Queen's College, Oxford.
Constitution of Athens.
E. Pr.
EDGAR PRESTAGE.
Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of
Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago.
Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and
Lisbon Geographical Society, &c.
Corte-Real, Jeronymo;
Cruz e Silva.
E. R. B.
EDWYN ROBERT BEVAN, M.A.
Formerly Scholar of New College, Oxford. Author of _House of
Seleucus_; _Jerusalem under the High Priests_.
Demetrius of Macedonia.
E. Tn.
REV. ETHELRED LEONARD TAUNTON (d. 1907).
Author of _The English Black Monks of St Benedict_; _History of
the Jesuits in England_.
Cullen, Paul;
Curci.
E. V.
REV. EDMUND VENABLES, M.A., D.D. (1819-1895).
Canon and Precentor of Lincoln. Author of _Episcopal Palaces of
England_.
Crypt.
F. E. W.
REV. FREDERICK EDWARD WARREN, M.A., B.D., F.S.A.
Rector of Bardwell, Bury St Edmunds. Fellow of St John's College,
Oxford, 1865-1882. Author of _The Old Catholic Ritual done into
English and compared with the Corresponding Offices in the Roman
and Old German Manuals_; _The Liturgy and Ritual of the Celtic
Church_; &c.
Dedication.
F. G. M. B.
FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BECK, M.A.
Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.
Deira.
F. Lu.
FRIEDRICH LUCKWALDT, PH.D.
Professor of History at the Royal Technical High School, Danzig.
Author of _Österreich und die Anfänge des Befreiungskriege von
1813_; &c.
Dahlmann.
F. Ll. G.
FRANCIS LLEWELLYN GRIFFITH, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A.
Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Formerly Scholar of
Queen's College, Oxford. Editor of the _Archaeological Survey_ and
_Archaeological Reports_ of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Fellow of
Imperial German Archaeological Institute.
Copts (_in part_).
F. Po.
SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., LL.D., D.C.L.
See the biographical article: POLLOCK: _Family_.
Contract.
F. S. P.
FRANCIS SAMUEL PHILBRICK, A.M., B.SC.
Formerly Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University. Member
of American Historical Association.
Cuba.
F. T. M.
SIR FRANK THOMAS MARZIALS, K.C.B.
Formerly Accountant-General of the Army. Editor of "Great Writers"
Series.
Daudet.
F. W. Ha.
FREDERICK WILLIAM HASLUCK, M.A.
Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens. Fellow
of King's College, Cambridge. Browne's Medallist, 1901.
Cyzicus.
F. W. R.*
FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.
Curator and Librarian at the Museum of Practical Geology, London,
1879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, 1887-1889.
Corundum;
Cryolite;
Demantoid.
G. A. B.
GEORGE A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.
In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department of
Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological Society
of London.
Cyprinodonts.
G. C. B.
GILBERT CHARLES BOURNE, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.
Linacre Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Oxford. Fellow of Merton
College, Oxford. Author of _An Introduction to the Study of
Comparative Anatomy of Animals_; &c.
Coral-reefs.
G. C. C.
G. C. CHUBB.
Cytology.
G. C. W.
GEORGE CHARLES WILLIAMSON, LITT. D.
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of _Portrait
Miniatures_; _Life of Richard Cosway, R.A._; _George Engleheart_;
_Portrait Drawings_; &c. Editor of new edition of Bryan's
_Dictionary of Painters and Engravers_.
Cooper, Alexander;
Cooper, Samuel;
Cosway, Richard.
G. F. Z.
G. F. ZIMMER, A.M.INST.C.E., F.Z.S.
Author of _Mechanical Handling of Material_.
Conveyors.
G. H. Fo.
GEORGE HERBERT FOWLER, F.Z.S., F.L.S., PH.D.
Formerly Berkeley Fellow of Owens College, Manchester, and
Assistant Professor of Zoology at University College, London.
Ctenophora.
G. J. T.
GEORGE JAMES TURNER.
Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln's Inn. Editor of _Select Pleas of the
Forest_ for the Selden Society.
County.
G. P. R.
GERALD PHILIP ROBINSON.
President of the Society of Mezzotint Engravers. Mezzotint
Engraver to Queen Victoria and to King Edward VII.
Cousins, Samuel.
G. Sa.
GEORGE SAINTSBURY, L.L.D., LITT.D.
See the biographical article: SAINTSBURY, G. E. B.
Corneille, Pierre;
Corneille, Thomas.
G. Sn.
GRANT SHOWERMAN, A.M., PH.D.
Professor of Latin at the University of Wisconsin. Member of the
Archaeological Institute of America. Member of American
Philological Association. Author of _With the Professor_; _The
Great Mother of the Gods_; &c.
Corybantes;
Criobolium;
Curetes;
Cybele.
G. W. T.
REV. GRIFFITHES WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.
Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew
and Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford.
Damiri.
H. Br.
HENRY BRADLEY, M.A., PH.D.
Joint-editor of the _New English Dictionary_ (Oxford). Fellow of
the British Academy. Author of _The Story of the Goths_; _The
Making of English_; &c.
Cynewulf.
H. B. W.
HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S.
Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales.
Wollaston Medallist, Geological Society. Author of _The History of
the Geological Society of London_; &c.
Dechen.
H. F. G.
HANS FRIEDRICH GADOW, M.A., F.R.S., PH.D.
Strickland Curator and Lecturer on Zoology in the University of
Cambridge. Author of _Amphibia and Reptiles_ (Cambridge Natural
History).
Crocodile.
H. Fr.
HENRI FRANTZ.
Art Critic, _Gazette des Beaux Arts_, Paris.
Courbet.
H. M. W.
H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., F.R.S., D.SC. (d. 1905).
Formerly Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge.
President of the British Mycological Society. Author of _Timber
and some of its Diseases_; _The Oak_; _Disease in Plants_; &c.
De Bary.
H. St.
HENRY STURT, M.A.
Author of _Idola Theatri_; _The Idea of a Free Church_; and
_Personal Idealism_.
Crusius;
Cudworth, R.
H. S. J.
HENRY STUART JONES, M.A.
Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and Director
of the British School at Rome. Member of the German Imperial
Archaeological Institute. Author of _The Roman Empire_; &c.
Costume: _Aegean, Greek, Etruscan and Roman_.
H. Th.
SIR HENRY THOMPSON, BART.
See the biographical article: THOMPSON, SIR HENRY.
Cremation.
H. Tr.
SIR HENRY TROTTER, K.C.M.G., C.B.
Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers. H.B.M. Consul-General for
Roumania, 1894-1906, and British Delegate on the European
Commission of the Danube. Victoria Medallist, Royal Geographical
Society, 1878.
Danube.
H. W. C. D.
HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAVIS, M.A.
Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls'
College, 1895-1902. Author of _England under the Normans and
Angevins_; _Charlemagne_.
Coutances, Walter of.
I. A.
ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, M.A.
Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of
Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author
of _A Short History of Jewish Literature; Jewish Life in the
Middle Ages_.
Crescas;
Delmedigo.
J. An.
JOSEPH ANDERSON, LL.D.
Keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Assistant
Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and Rhind
Lecturer, 1879-1882 and 1892. Editor of Drummond's _Ancient
Scottish Weapons_; &c.
Crannog.
J. A. C.
SIR JOSEPH ARCHER CROWE, K.C.M.G.
See the biographical article: CROWE, SIR J. A.
Cranach;
Cuyp.
J. A. H.
JOHN ALLEN HOWE, B.SC.
Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.
Corallian;
Cornbrash; Culm.
J. C. S.-H.
JOHN CASTLEMAN SWINBURNE-HANHAM, J.P.
Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Hon. Secretary of Cremation
Society of England.
Cremation: _Statistics_.
J. D. B.
JAMES DAVID BOURCHIER, M.A., F.R.G.S.
King's College, Cambridge. Correspondent of _The Times_ in
South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of
Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order
of St Alexander of Bulgaria.
Crete: _Geography and Statistics_; and _Modern History_.
J. D. Pr.
JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D.
Professor of Semitic Languages at Columbia University, New York.
Daniel (_in part_).
J. E. B.
JOHN EGLINTON BAILEY.
Author of _John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius_; _Life
of Thomas Fuller_.
Cryptography.
J. Go.*
JOSEPH GREGO.
Art Critic. Author of _A History of Parliamentary Elections_; _A
History of Dancing_; _Thomas Rowlandson_; _James Gillray_; &c.
Cruikshank.
J. G. K.
JOHN GRAHAM KERR, M.A., F.R.S.
Regius Professor of Zoology in the University of Glasgow. Formerly
Demonstrator in Animal Morphology in the University of Cambridge.
Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, 1898-1904. Walsingham
Medallist, 1898. Neill Prizeman, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1904.
Cyclostomata.
J. H. F.
JOHN HENRY FREESE, M.A.
Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.
Demeter.
J. H. M.
JOHN HENRY MIDDLETON, M.A., F.S.A., LITT.D., D.C.L. (1846-1896).
Formerly Slade Professor of Fine Art in the University of
Cambridge, and Art Director of the South Kensington Museum. Author
of _The Engraved Gems of Classical Times_; _Illuminated
Manuscripts in Classical and Medieval Times_.
Della Robbia (_in part_).
J. H. R.
JOHN HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.).
Author of _Feudal England_; _Studies in Peerage and Family
History_; _Peerage and Pedigree_; &c.
Court Baron.
J. Hl. R.
JOHN HOLLAND ROSE, M.A., LITT.D.
Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local
Lectures Syndicate. Author of _Life of Napoleon I._; _Napoleonic
Studies_; _The Development of the European Nations_; _The Life of
Pitt_; &c.
Daru, Count;
Decaen.
J. H. Rs.
REV. JAMES HARDY ROPES, D.D.
Bussey Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation,
and Dexter Lecturer on Bible Literature, Harvard University.
Author of _The Apostolic Age in the Light of Modern Criticism_;
&c.
Corinthians: _Epistles to the_.
J. L. M.
JOHN LINTON MYRES, M.A., F.S.A.
Wykeham Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford.
Formerly Gladstone Professor of Greek, and Lecturer in Ancient
Geography, University of Liverpool; and Lecturer on Classical
Archaeology in University of Oxford.
Cyprus (_in part_).
J. Mo.
VISCOUNT MORLEY OF BLACKBURN.
See the biographical article: MORLEY, VISCOUNT.
Danton.
J. McF.
JOHN MACFARLANE.
Formerly Librarian of the Imperial Library, Calcutta. Author of
_Library Administration_; &c.
Damien, Father.
J. M. M.
JOHN MALCOLM MITCHELL.
Sometime Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Lecturer in Classics,
East London College (University of London). Joint-editor of
Grote's _History of Greece_.
Delian League.
J. P. Pe.
REV. JOHN PUNNETT PETERS, PH.D., D.D.
Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly Professor of
Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director of the
University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of _Nippur,
or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates_.
Deir.
J. S. F.
JOHN SMITH FLETT, D.SC., F.G.S.
Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on
Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society
of London.
Crystallite;
Dacite.
J. T. Be.
JOHN T. BEALBY.
Joint-author of Stanford's _Europe_. Formerly Editor of the
_Scottish Geographical Magazine_. Translator of Sven Hedin's
_Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet_; &c.
Crimea (_in part_);
Daghestan (_in part_).
J. T. C.
JOSEPH THOMAS CUNNINGHAM, M.A., F.Z.S.
Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London.
Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assistant Professor
of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to
the Marine Biological Association.
Cuttle-fish.
J. V.
JOHN VEITCH, LL.D.
See the biographical article: VEITCH, JOHN.
Cousin, V. (_in part_).
K. G. J.
KINGSLEY GARLAND JAYNE.
Sometime Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Matthew Arnold
Prizeman, 1903. Author of _Vasco da Gama and his Successors_.
Croatia-Slavonia;
Dalmatia.
K. S.
KATHLEEN SCHLESINGER.
Author of _The Instruments of the Orchestra_; &c.
Contrafagotto; Cor Anglais;
Cornet (_in part_);
Cromorne (_in part_);
Crowd; Cymbals.
L.
COUNT LÜTZOW, LITT.D. (Oxon.), D.PH. (Prague), F.R.G.S.
Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia. Hon.
Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the Bohemian
Academy, &c. Author of _Bohemia, a Historical Sketch_; _The
Historians of Bohemia_ (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford, 1904); _The
Life and Times of John Hus_; &c.
Czech.
L. D.*
LOUIS DUCHESNE.
See the biographical article: DUCHESNE, L.M.O.
Damasus.
L. J. S.
LEONARD JAMES SPENCER, M.A.
Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly
Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar.
Editor of the _Mineralogical Magazine_.
Copper-glance;
Copper Pyrites;
Covellite; Crocoite;
Crystallography;
Cuprite; Cyanite;
Datolite.
L. V.*
LUIGI VILLARI.
Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly Newspaper
Correspondent in East of Europe. Italian Vice-Consul in New
Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, 1907; and Boston, U.S.A., 1907-1910.
Author of _Italian Life in Town and Country_; _Fire and Sword in
the Caucasus_; &c.
Contarini; Cornaro;
Correnti; Corsini;
Dandolo; Della Gherardesca.
M. A. C.
MAURICE A. CANNEY, M.A.
Assistant Lecturer in Semitic Languages in the University of
Manchester. Formerly Exhibitioner of St John's College, Oxford.
Pusey and Ellerton Hebrew Scholar, Oxford, 1892; Kennicott Hebrew
Scholar, 1895; Houghton Syriac Prize, 1896.
Daub, Karl.
M. Ha.
MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.SC., F.L.S.
Professor of Zoology, University College, Cork. Author of
"Protozoa" in _Cambridge Natural History_, and papers for various
scientific journals.
Cystoflagellata.
M. N. T.
MARCUS NIEBUHR TOD, M.A.
Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in
Epigraphy. Joint-author of _Catalogue of the Sparta Museum_.
Demaratus.
M. O. B. C.
MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK CASPARI, M.A.
Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in Greek
at Birmingham University, 1905-1908.
Corfu (_in part_);
Corinth (_in part_);
Cos (_in part_).
N. D. M.
NEWTON DENNISON MERENESS, A.M., PH.D.
Author of _Maryland as a Proprietary Province_.
Davis, Jefferson (_in part_).
N. W. T.
NORTHCOTE WHITBRIDGE THOMAS, M.A.
Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding
Member of the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. Author of _Thought
Transference_; _Kinship and Marriage in Australia_; &c.
Death-warning.
O. Ba.
OSWALD BARRON, F.S.A.
Editor of the _Ancestor_, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to Standing
Council of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage.
Costume: _Medieval and Modern European_;
Courtenay: _Family_.
O. J. R. H.
OSBERT JOHN RADCLIFFE HOWARTH, M.A.
Christ Church, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1901. Assistant
Secretary of the British Association.
Copenhagen.
P. A. K.
PRINCE PETER ALEXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN.
See the biographical article: KROPOTKIN, P. A.
Cossacks;
Crimea (_in part_);
Daghestan (_in part_).
P. C. Y.
PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A.
Magdalen College, Oxford.
Cottington, F. C., Baron;
Coventry, Sir William;
Craven, Earl of;
Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_);
Cromwell, Richard.
P. G.
PERCY GARDNER, LITT.D., D.C.L., F.S.A.
See the biographical article: Gardner, Percy.
Daedalus;
Demetrius (Sculptor).
P. Gl.
PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D.
Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and
University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the
Cambridge Philological Society. Author of _Manual of Comparative
Philology_; &c.
D.
P. G. K.
PAUL G. KONODY.
Art Critic of the _Observer_ and the _Daily Mail_. Formerly Editor
of _The Artist_. Author of _The Art of Walter Crane_; _Velasquez,
Life and Work_; &c.
David, Gerard.
R. A.*
ROBERT ANCHEL.
Archivist to the Département de l'Eure.
Convention, The National;
Cordeliers, Club of the.
R. A. S. M.
ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.
St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the
Palestine Exploration Fund.
Damascus;
Dead Sea;
Decapolis.
R. B. McK.
RONALD BRUNLEES MCKERROW.
Trinity College, Cambridge.
Dekker, Thomas (_in part_).
R. B. R.
RUFUS BYAM RICHARDSON, PH.D., B.D.
Formerly Director of American School of Classical Studies, Athens.
Member of American Geological Society, British Society of
Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Greek Archaeological Society, &c.
Author of _History of Greek Sculpture_; _Vacation Days in Greece_;
_Greece through the Stereoscope_; &c.
Corinth (_in part_).
R. H. C.
REV. ROBERT HENRY CHARLES, M.A., D.D., D.LITT.
Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford.
Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Professor of Biblical
Greek, Trinity College, Dublin. Author of _Critical History of the
Doctrine of a Future Life_; _Book of Jubilees_; &c.
Daniel (_in part_).
R. H. L.
ROBIN HUMPHREY LEGGE.
Principal Musical Critic for _Daily Telegraph_. Author of _Annals
of the Norwich Festivals_; &c.
Debussy.
R. J. M.
RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A.
Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the
_St James's Gazette_, London.
Conway, Henry Seymour;
Cowper, William C., 1st Earl;
Cromwell, Oliver (_in part_).
R. L.*
RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882.
Author of _Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in
British Museum_; _The Deer of all Lands_, &c.
Coyote;
Creodonta;
Deer.
R. N. B.
ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1909).
Formerly Assistant Librarian, British Museum. Author of
_Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden,
1513-1900_; _The First Romanovs, 1613 to 1725_; _Slavonic Europe:
the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796_; &c.
Corvinus;
Czartoryski;
Damjanich;
Deak;
De Geer;
De la Gardie;
Demetrius Donskoi;
Demetrius, Pseudo.
R. P. S.
R. PHENÉ SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy,
London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and
Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the
Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's _History of
Architecture_. Author of _Architecture: East and West_; &c.
Decorated Period.
R. So.
ROBERT SOMERS (1822-1891).
Editor of _North British Daily Mail_, 1849-1859. Author of
_Letters from the Highlands_; _The Southern States since the War_.
Corn Laws (_in part_).
R. S. C.
ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.).
Professor of Latin in the University of Manchester. Formerly
Professor of Latin of University College, Cardiff, and Fellow of
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
Cumae (_in part_).
R. W. R.
ROBERT WILLIAM ROGERS, D.D., LITT.D., LL.D., PH.D.
Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis, Drew Theological
Seminary, Madison, New Jersey. Author of _Inscriptions of
Sennacherib_; _History of Babylonia and Assyria_; _The Religion of
Babylonia and Assyria_; &c.
Cuneiform.
S. A. C.
STANLEY ARTHUR COOK, M.A.
Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and
Syriac, and formerly Fellow Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908.
Author of _Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions_; _The Laws of Moses
and the Code of Hammurabi_; _Critical Notes on Old Testament
History_; _Religion of Ancient Palestine_; &c.
Costume: _Ancient, Oriental_;
Cush;
Dan;
David (_in part_);
Deborah;
Decalogue (_in part_).
S. E. B.
HON. SIMEON EBEN BALDWIN, M.A., LL.D.
Professor of Constitutional and Private International Law in Yale
University. Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the
American Bar Association. Formerly Chief Justice of Connecticut.
Author of _Modern Political Institutions_; _American Railroad
Law_; &c.
Conveyancing (_United States_).
S. J. C.
SYDNEY JOHN CHAPMAN, M.A.
Professor of Political Economy and Dean of the Faculty of Commerce
in the University of Manchester. Author of _The Lancashire Cotton
Industry_; _The Cotton Industry and Trade_; &c.
Cotton: _Marketing and Supply_;
Cotton Manufacture.
S. Wa.
SAMUEL WADSWORTH, M.A.
Barrister-at-Law of the Inner Temple and of Lincoln's Inn.
Joint-editor of the 17th edition of Davidson's _Concise Precedents
in Conveyancing_.
Conveyancing (_in part_).
T. As.
THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.).
Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly
Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington
Prizeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
Institute.
Corfinium;
Cori;
Cortona;
Cosa;
Cosenza;
Cremona;
Crotona;
Cumae (_in part_);
Cures.
T. A. I.
THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D.
Trinity College, Dublin.
Convocation (_in part_);
Corn Laws (_in part_);
Coroner;
Cruelty;
Day.
T. A. J.
THOMAS ATHOL JOYCE, M.A.
Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon. Sec.,
Royal Anthropological Institute.
Costume (_in part_).
T. Ba.
SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P.
Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the
Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Problems of International Practice and
Diplomacy_; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.
Contraband;
Convoy (_in part_);
Declaration of Paris.
T. F. C.
THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN COLLIER, PH.D.
Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown,
Mass., U.S.A.
Constantinople, Councils of.
T. K. C.
THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE, D.D.
See the biographical article: CHEYNE, T. K.
Cosmogony;
Deluge, The.
T. M. F.
THOMAS MACALL FALLOW, M.A., F.S.A.
Editor of the _Antiquary_, 1895-1899. Author of _Memorials of Old
Yorkshire_; _The Cathedral Churches of Ireland_.
Coronation;
Cross and Crucifixion;
Crown and Coronet.
T. Se.
THOMAS SECCOMBE.
Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University
of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of
_Dictionary of National Biography_, 1891-1901. Author of _The Age
of Johnson_; &c.
Constantine Pavlovich.
T. T.
SIR TRAVERS TWISS, K.C., D.C.L., F.R.S.
See the biographical article: TWISS, SIR TRAVERS.
Consulate of the Sea;
Convocation (_in part_).
T. W. F.
THOMAS WILLIAM FOX, M.SC.TECH.
Professor of Textiles, Manchester University. Author of _Mechanism
of Weaving_.
Cotton-spinning Machinery.
V. M.
VICTOR CHARLES MAHILLON.
Principal of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels.
Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.
Cornet (_in part_);
Cromorne (_in part_).
W. A. B. C.
REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D. (Bern.).
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History,
St David's College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of _Guide du Haut
Dauphiné_; _The Range of the Tödi_; _Guide to Grindelwald_; _Guide
to Switzerland_; _The Alps in Nature and in History_; &c. Editor
of the _Alpine Journal_, 1880-1889; &c.
Crousaz, Jean Pierre de;
Dauphiné;
Davos.
W. A. P.
WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.
Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St
John's College, Oxford. Author of _Modern Europe_; &c.
Cope;
Crete (_in part_);
Costume: _National, Class and Official_;
Dalmatic.
W. B.*
WILLIAM BURTON, M.A., F.C.S.
Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great
Britain. Author of _English Stoneware and Earthenware_; &c.
Della Robbia (_in part_).
W. B. Sc.
WILLIAM BELL SCOTT.
See the biographical article: SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL.
Cox, David;
Delaroche.
W. C. S.
WILLIAM CHARLES SMITH, K.C., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. (Edin.).
Formerly Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty and Sutherland. Editor of
_Judicial Review_, 1889-1900.
Dance (_in part_).
W. C. T.
W. CAVE THOMAS.
Author of _Symmetrical Education_; _Mural or Monumental
Decoration_; _Revised Theory of Light_.
Cornelius, Peter von.
W. E. Co.
RT. REV. WILLIAM EDWARD COLLINS, D.D.
Bishop of Gibraltar. Formerly Professor of Ecclesiastical History,
King's College, London. Lecturer at Selwyn and St John's Colleges,
Cambridge. Author of _The Study of Ecclesiastical History_;
_Beginnings of English Christianity_; &c.
Cyprus: Church of.
W. E. H.
WILLIAM ERNEST HENLEY.
See the biographical article: HENLEY, W. E.
Cooper, James Fenimore.
W. Fr.
WILLIAM FREAM. LL.D. (d. 1907).
Formerly Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, University of
Edinburgh, and Agricultural Correspondent of _The Times_.
Dairy and Dairy-farming.
W. F. C.
WILLIAM FEILDEN CRAIES, M.A.
Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Lecturer on Criminal Law, King's
College, London. Editor of Archbold's _Criminal Pleading_ (23rd
edition).
Contempt of Court;
Conversion;
Costs;
Criminal Law;
Damages.
W. G. F.
WILLIAM GEORGE FREEMAN, B.SC. (London), A.R.C.S.
Joint-author of _Nature Teaching_; _The World's Commercial
Products_. Joint-editor of _Science Progress in the Twentieth
Century_.
Cotton (_in part_).
W. L. H. D.
WYNFRID LAWRENCE HENRY DUCKWORTH, M.A., M.D., D.SC.
Lecturer in Physical Anthropology, and Senior Demonstrator of
Human Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of Jesus
College. Author of _Morphology and Anthropology_; &c.
Craniometry.
W. L.-W.
SIR WILLIAM LEE-WARNER, M.A., K.C.S.I.
Member of Council of India. Formerly Secretary in the Political
and Secret Department of the India Office. Author of _Life of the
Marquis of Dalhousie_; _Memoirs of Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wylie
Norman_; &c.
Dalhousie, 1st Marquis.
W. M.
WILLIAM MINTO, M.A.
See the biographical article: MINTO, WILLIAM.
Dekker, Thomas (_in part_).
W. M. R.
WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI.
See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE G.
Correggio;
Crivelli, Carlo.
W. P.*
WALTER PITT, M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E.
Member of the Committee of International Maritime Conference,
London, &c.
Cranes.
W. R. E. H.
WILLIAM RICHARD EATON HODGKINSON, PH.D., F.R.S.
Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Ordnance College, Woolwich.
Formerly Professor of Chemistry and Physics, R.M.A., Woolwich.
Part-author of Valentin-Hodgkinson's _Practical Chemistry_; &c.
Cordite.
W. R. S.
WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH, LL.D.
See the biographical article: SMITH, W. R.
David (_in part_);
Decalogue (_in part_).
W. T. Ca.
WILLIAM THOMAS CALMAN, D.SC., F.Z.S.
Assistant in charge of Crustacea, Natural History Museum, South
Kensington. Author of "Crustacea" in _A Treatise on Zoology_,
edited by Sir E. Ray Lankester.
Crab;
Crayfish;
Crustacea.
W. Wr.
WILLISTON WALKER, PH.D., D.D.
Professor of Church History, Yale University. Author of _History
of the Congregational Churches in the United States_; _The
Reformation_; _John Calvin_; &c.
Cotton, John.
W. W. H.*
HON. WILLIAM WIRT HENRY, M.A. (d. 1900).
Formerly President of the American Historical Association and of
the Virginia Historical Society. Author and Editor of the _Life,
Correspondence and Speeches of Patrick Henry_.
Davis, Jefferson (_in part_).
W. W. R.*
WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL. LIC. THEOL.
Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary,
New York.
Council.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in
the final volume.
PRINCIPAL UNSIGNED ARTICLES
Constitution and Cricket.
Constitutional Law. Crocus.
Consul. Croquet.
Cookery. Cruciferae.
Coorg. Culdees.
Copper. Cumberland.
Coprolites. Curling.
Copyhold. Currant.
Copyright. Cursor Mundi.
Coral. Cutlery.
Cork. Cycling.
Cornell University. Cycloid.
Cornwall. Cynics.
Corporation. Cyrenaics.
Corrupt Practices. Dacia.
Corsica. Dahomey.
Corvée. Damask.
Costa Rica. Darfur.
Count. Deacon.
Court. Dean.
Couvade. Death.
Covenanters. Debt.
Crawford, Earls of. Deccan.
Crécy. Deism.
Cretaceous System. Delaware.
Cribbage. Delirium.
*** End of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 1 - Prependix" ***
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