Title: Story of the Aeroplane
Author: Galbreath, C. B.
Language: English
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                        *Story of the Aeroplane*

                                   By

                         C. B. Galbreath, M. A.



                          PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY

                 F. A. OWEN PUB. CO., Dansville, N. Y.

                                  and

                     HALL & McCREARY, Chicago, Ill.

                _INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES--No. 253_

                            COPYRIGHT, 1915
                       F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING CO.
                        _Story of the Aeroplane_



Table of Contents


    The Ocean of Air
    Early Attempts at Aviation
    Early Flying Machines
    Nineteenth Century Experiments
    Claims of Maxim and Ader
    Langley’s Tandem Monoplane
    Experiments with Gliders
    Aviation at the Beginning of the Present Century
    The Kite
    The “Plane” Defined
    Essentials of the Aeroplane
    The Wright Brothers and Their Problem
    Balancing the Machine
    At Kitty Hawk
    The First Flight
    Machine Balanced by Warping of Planes
    Newspaper Reports Verified
    Trial Flights at Fort Meyer
    Fatal Accident
    Wilbur Wright Wins Fame in France
    Wright Brothers Honored
    United States Government Requirements Successfully Met
    Recent Improvements
    Future of the Aeroplane

                        *Story of the Aeroplane*



The Ocean of Air


Around the dry land of the earth are the oceans of water. We may never
have seen them, but we have knowledge of them and their navigation, and
their names suggest very definite and concrete objects of thought. We
sometimes do not realize, however, that we live and move and have our
being at the bottom of a vaster and deeper ocean that covers to a depth
of many miles the whole earth, and to the surface of which man nor beast
nor bird has ever ascended; an ocean with currents and whirlpools and
waves of more than mountain height; an ocean in which we are as much at
home as are the finny tribes and the monsters of the deep in their
watery caverns. This is the ocean of the air. We are about to consider
man’s efforts to rise from the bottom of this ocean and wing his flight
a little way through the atmosphere above him. His excursions upward are
limited, for he could not live near the surface heights of this ocean,
vast and deep and boundless. The art and science of his flight through
the air, because of its relation to the flight of birds, we call
aviation. (_Avis_: Latin, a bird.)



Early Attempts at Aviation


“The birds can fly and why can’t I?”

This query of Darius Green’s, in various forms, has suggested itself to
man since the dawn of history. Born with an inspiration to look upward
and aspire, the navigation of the air has appealed with peculiar force
to his imagination and through the centuries has at different times led
bold and adventurous spirits to attempt what the world long regarded as
impossible. The heavens seemed reserved for winged insects, birds and
angels. Audacious man might not venture out upon the impalpable air. Can
man fly? After more than four thousand years it was left for man to
answer yes, to rise from the earth on wing and thrill the world “with
the audacity of his design and the miracle of its execution.” Bold
enterprise! Fitting achievement to usher in a new century! A seeming
miracle at first, but destined soon to excite no more curiosity than the
flight of bees and birds. The solution of the problem of human flight
was no miracle nor was it the swift work of genius accomplished at a
magic master stroke. It was the result of intelligence and industry
patiently applied for years till the barriers of difficulty gave way and
man ventured out with assurance on the highways of the air.

Just when he first attempted to fly is not known. Ancient Greek
mythology abounds in stories of flying gods and mortals. Kites which
bear some relation to the aeroplane were toys among the Chinese
thousands of years ago. A Greek by the name of Achytes is reported to
have made a wooden dove which flew under the propelling power of heated
air. Baldad, a tribal king in what is now England, so tradition has it,
attempted to fly over a city but fell and broke a leg. A similar
accident is said to have happened to a Benedictine monk in the eleventh
century and to others attempting like exploits in after years. A fall
and a broken leg seem to have been the usual results of these early
attempts at aerial flight.

In the fifteenth century students and inventors gave serious attention
to the navigation of the air and trustworthy accounts of their labors
come down to us. Jean Baptiste Dante, a brother of the great Italian
poet, made a number of gliding flights from high elevations and while
giving an exhibition at a marriage feast in Perugia, like his
predecessors in the middle ages, alighted on a roof and broke a leg.
Leonardo da Vinci, the great painter and sculptor, was an amateur
aviator of no mean attainment for his day. He invented a machine which
the operator was to fly by using his arms and legs to set wings into
flapping motion, like those of birds. This was called an orthopter, or
ornithopter, a name which may be properly applied to any similar device.
Another machine invented by him was in the form of a horizontal screw
ninety-six feet in diameter. By the twisting of this the machine was
designed to fly upward. This was called a helicopter. Da Vinci’s third
invention in this line was the parachute, with which successful descents
were made from towers and other elevations. In the early half of the
eighteenth century the Swedish philosopher, Emanuel Swedenborg, sketched
in one of his works a flying machine of the orthopter style which he
knew would not fly but which he suggested as a start, saying “It seems
easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it
requires greater force and less weight than exists in the human body.”

In 1742 the Marquis di Bacqueville at the age of sixty-two attempted to
make a gliding flight from the tower of his home in Paris across the
river Seine to the gardens of the Tuileries, started successfully in the
presence of a great multitude, but suddenly halted over the river and
fell into a boat, paying the historic penalty of a broken leg.

At this point it may be well to classify the flying devices thus far
considered.



Early Flying Machines


1. The _orthopters_, or as they are less commonly called, the
ornithopters. The word “orthopter” means straight wing and the word
“ornithopter” bird wing. This class of machines includes those designed
to fly by the flapping of wings, somewhat in imitation of birds.

2. The _helicopters_. The word “helicopter” means spiral wing. Flying
machines of this class are designed to fly by the rapid horizontal
rotation of two spiral propellers moving in opposite directions but so
shaped that their combined effect is to move the machine upward. They
are like a pair of tractor propellers of the modern aeroplane but
arranged horizontally to lift the machine instead of drawing it forward
in a vertical position.

3. The _gliders_. As the name suggests, these were designed to coast or
glide down the air, to start from a high elevation and by sailing
through the air in an oblique direction reach a lower elevation at some
distance from the starting point. Down to the latter part of the
nineteenth century only the gliders were successfully used in man
flight. In reality they can scarcely be called flying machines for they
could not lift their own weight, though late experiments prove that when
once in air they may rise above their starting point under the influence
of a strong wind. The glider, however, performed a most important part
in the evolution of the aeroplane. In coasting the air from hills, sand
dunes and towers against steady wind currents a number of inventors
through a series of years learned how to guide and control these gliders
in their downward flight--an essential preparation for the application
of motive power to lift the glider against the force of gravity and thus
make it a veritable flying machine or aeroplane.



Nineteenth Century Experiments


In the early part of the last century an Englishman, Sir George Cayley,
made many experiments with gliders and tabulated with great care the
results of his investigations. He concluded, like Swedenborg, that man
has not the power to fly by his own strength through any wing-flapping
device, or orthopter, but he intimated that with a lighter and more
powerful engine than had then been invented a plane like those used in
his gliders, if slightly inclined upward, might be made gradually to
ascend through the air. The results of his experiments he published in
1810. They clearly foreshadowed the triumph that came almost a century
later.

In 1844 two British inventors, Henson and String-fellow, working out the
suggestions of Cayley, made an aeroplane model equipped with a steam
engine which is said to have made a flight of forty yards--the first
real upward flight of a heavier than air machine on record. This model
was a monoplane, that is, the lifting surface was a single plane like
the outstretched wings of a bird. Twenty-two years later experiments
were made with a biplane, that is, an aeroplane with two lifting planes
or surfaces, one above the other.



Claims of Maxim and Ader


While others had made flying models, Sir Hiram Maxim in England
constructed a multiplane, driven by a powerful steam engine over a track
and rising at one time, as he declares, a few inches from the ground. He
claims that his was the first machine to “lift man off the ground by its
own power.” This test was made in 1889.

Clement Ader, a Frenchman, also claims this honor, saying that he was
the first to make a machine that would rise and lift a passenger. On
October 9, 1890, his friends say he made a short forward flight of 150
feet in a monoplane propelled by a forty horse power steam engine. In
1897 he claims to have made a number of secret flights, but a little
later, in a test before officers of the French army who had become
interested in the invention, the machine turned over and was wrecked.
The support of the army for further experiments was withdrawn and Ader
in despair abandoned the problem of aerial navigation which had claimed
long years of study and unremitting effort. He stopped just short of the
goal “with success almost within his grasp.”



Langley’s Tandem Monoplane


About this time two Americans, Samuel Pierpont Langley, of the
Smithsonian Institution and Octave Chanute were conducting along
scientific lines a series of experiments in aviation. On May 6, 1896, a
steam-propelled model was started in a flight over the Potomac River.
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, who was
present, declared that after a flight of eighty to one hundred feet the
machine “settled down so softly that it touched the water without the
least shock and was in fact immediately ready for a second trial.” Other
experiments were tried with success.

Langley’s first machine was a tandem monoplane, that is it had two pairs
of wings, one immediately following the other. The engine and the
propellers were between the two pairs of wings. In later models he used
the biplane construction.

Finally the United States government appropriated $50,000 to build a
machine that would carry a passenger. In constructing this, Langley
equipped it with a gasoline engine of about three horse power. The
machine was comparatively light, weighing all told only fifty-eight
pounds. On August 8, 1903, a public test was made “without a pilot,” on
the Potomac River near Washington. Spectators and reporters
congratulated the inventor on the success of the experiment, while he
with modest satisfaction said, “This is the first time in history, so
far as I know, that a successful flight of a mechanically sustained
flying machine has been made in public.” This statement was no doubt
true of machines of any considerable size, but as we shall presently
see, toy flying machines of the _helicopter_ type had long ere this been
exhibited to the wondering gaze of boys who were ultimately to bring to
a practical conclusion man’s long line of effort to rise triumphant and
shape his course through the ocean of air.

Langley’s machine had flown without a pilot. A little later the inventor
announced himself ready for the final test. Like his first model, his
machine was a tandem monoplane. Its weight with pilot was 830 pounds and
its plane or wing surface was 1040 square feet. It was fifty-two feet
long and its arched wings measured forty-eight feet from tip to tip. The
gasoline motor with which it was equipped developed fifty-two horse
power and with all accessories weighed about 250 pounds.

At Widewater, Virginia, September 7, 1903, the machine was tested. On a
barge it was carried out into the Potomac River, with Charles M. Manley,
Professor Langley’s assistant, who was to pilot it in its first flight.
The moment for the supreme test arrived. A mechanical device on the
barge shot the machine and pilot into the air. To the disappointment and
dismay of the spectators, the machine plunged front downward into the
water. It was rescued with the young pilot unharmed. Another attempt was
made to launch it in the air with a similar result, except that this
time it dropped into the water rear end downward. The government gave
the project no further encouragement, and the query ascribed to Darius
Green remained unanswered. Professor Langley died a few years afterward,
his life shortened, it is believed, through the blighting of the hope
that he had long entertained to be the first successfully to navigate
the air.



Experiments with Gliders


Through the latter part of the last century experiments were carried on
with gliders. Among those who achieved much success in this field was
the German, Otto Lilienthal, the “flying man,” who made remarkable
glides in the early nineties. He would run along the crest of a hill,
jump from a precipitous declivity and sail on the wings of his glider
over the valley below, guiding his course up and down and from side to
side with a rudder attached to the machine. It was his idea that the
problem of aviation was to be solved by perfecting the glider so that it
could be controlled in its downward flight and then adding a propelling
power that would sustain it and lift it through the air.

After the death of Lilienthal by accident in 1896, others continued
experiments along similar lines with the same purpose in view. Among
these were Octave Chanute and A. M. Herring. They tried at first a
monoplane glider and afterward one of five planes. This number they
reduced to two. The rudder was made of movable horizontal and vertical
blades. It was found that the glider with two planes, the biplane, was
most satisfactory.

Herring made for this a compressed air engine and claimed that with this
he accomplished a flight of seventy-three feet. There is some doubt,
however, as to this claim and some question as to whether it was an
upward flight or a downward glide.



Aviation at the Beginning of the Present Century


As briefly outlined here, such was the status of aviation at the
beginning of the new century. Much progress had been made and
substantial vantage ground had been gained, but the problem still
awaited practical solution. At this point it may be well to consider
some of the features of the problem and the devices thus far evolved by
long years of investigation and experiment.



The Kite


One of the simplest forms of the aeroplane is the common kite. This
takes various forms. It is usually made of a framework of three light
strips of wood crossing a little above the center and secured at the
outer ends by similar strips, or strong cord tautly drawn and making
when covered with paper a six-sided figure. From the corners of the
framework cords are drawn to a common point near the center and there
firmly united. At this point of union is attached the twine which is
held in the hand of the kite flyer. From the base of the kite is
suspended a string with light horizontal paper rolls, each about the
size of a lead pencil, tied at intervals of a few inches, and forming
the tail which steadies the kite in air. The paper surface of the kite
is the plane on which the pressure of the air current and the power
applied to the string is to lift the kite upward. As this simple form of
the kite has but one plane, it may be considered a monoplane. The box
kite presents two such surfaces joined together at the sides by the ends
of the “box,” and may therefore be called a biplane.

When the boy flies his kite he first determines the direction of the
wind and runs in that direction. In other words he flies his kite
against the wind. The pressure of the moving current against the under
surface keeps the kite aloft. When the boy runs against the wind, moving
the kite forward with him, this pressure is increased and the kite tends
to rise higher and higher. If instead of the long string and the boy
there could be placed with the kite itself a very light motor that would
give to it the same forward impulse, the kite would float through the
air without boy or string and we would have a small aeroplane flying
machine--a monoplane. If there were two kites, with parallel surfaces a
few inches apart, united with light framework so that the air would pass
between them, we should have a biplane. For many years the great problem
in aviation was to get an engine of sufficient lightness and power to
propel monoplanes, biplanes and multiplanes at an upward angle through
the air.



The “Plane” Defined


It may not be out of place here to consider what Constitutes a plane, as
that term is used in aviation. It is that part of the aeroplane, the
pressure of the air upon the surface of which, lifts and sustains the
aeroplane aloft. The plane may take a variety of forms; it may be curved
or its parts may meet in an angle; it may be uniform and unbroken in
shape or divided into parts. The two wings of a bird would constitute a
monoplane, when they are in a horizontal position for soaring, or when
the tips are uplifted and they form an angle like a broad V, called a
dihedral angle. If the aeroplane has two such planes, one back of the
other, it is still called a monoplane, or, more definitely, a tandem
monoplane; but if one of the planes is above the other it is called a
biplane. A similar arrangement of three planes, one above the other,
could be called a triplane and one of several planes a multiplane.



Essentials of the Aeroplane


_The planes_, as already described are, of course, a necessary part of
the aeroplane.

_The propeller_ supplies motive power to the aeroplane. This moves in a
circle much like the blades of the electric fan or the propeller of a
motor boat or modern stern ship. By driving the air backward it propels
the aeroplane forward. While the blades of the propeller are of
considerable length they are usually inconspicuous in photographs, and
as one who has never seen an aeroplane looks at a photograph he
naturally asks, “What moves it through the air?” The propeller is driven
by the engine.

_The engine_ is usually of the gasoline type which develops high power
with light weight, frequently one horse power for every three pounds of
weight and in rare instances as high as one horse power for every pound
of weight. These powerful little engines are marvels of mechanism and
they have had much to do in the rapid modern progress of aeronautics.

_The rudder_, as its name indicates, guides the aeroplane in its flight.
It consists in the main of small horizontal and vertical planes under
the control of the pilot. These may be in the front of the machine, but
they are usually placed in the rear. By skillful manipulation of these
the aeroplane can be guided upward, downward, to right or left at will.
It is also guided and controlled as we shall see, by the “warping” or
“curving” of the wings or planes.



The Wright Brothers and Their Problem


The dawn of the twentieth century was to immortalize new names in the
annals of aviation. In the city of Dayton, Ohio, two brothers in a
modest way were conducting a bicycle repair shop. From youth they had
been inseparable in their aims and work. They were the sons of Bishop
Milton Wright of the United Brethren Church. They had each a high school
education but had not attended college. In 1878, when they were boys of
seven and eleven years respectively, their father brought them one
evening a little flying toy, a small helicopter, the motive power of
which was furnished by a rubber band wound around the shafts of two
propellers so as to drive them, when “wound up” and released, in
opposite directions. The toy was made of light material to resemble a
bird. When the father released it in the presence of the wondering boys,
to their astonishment it flew upward in the room, rose to the ceiling
and after fluttering there for a little while fell to the floor. They
did not concern themselves much about the name of the toy, but properly
called it what to their minds it most closely resembled--“the bat.” They
afterward made other toys like it and discovered that as they were
increased in size they flew less successfully. They early developed a
fondness for kite flying and in this were regarded as experts. When they
grew to manhood, however, they abandoned these boyish sports and devoted
themselves industriously to their machine and repair shop. “The bat” and
the kite became memories, but the memories of youth have power to shape
the thoughts of manhood, and this early observation and experience with
aerial toys gave to Wilbur and Orville Wright an interest in the
attempts at aviation that were chronicled in the press from time to time
through the decade immediately preceding this new century.

In the year 1896 Orville, the younger of the two brothers, was
convalescing from a serious attack of typhoid fever. Wilbur, who had
been carefully attending him, was one day reading aloud an account of
the death of Otto Lilienthal, the German aviator, who was killed while
experimenting with his glider. The details of the tragic accident,
together with an account of what he had accomplished by years of
investigation and experiment, interested the brothers, who resolved as
soon as possible to apply themselves to the construction of a glider in
which flights could be made with comparative safety. The enthusiasm of
Orville over the project ran so high that it almost caused a return of
the fever. As soon as he had fully recovered, the two brothers returned
to their bicycle shop and applied themselves with increasing zeal to the
study of aeronautics, and after a time began the construction of a
glider.

The Wright brothers were peculiarly well equipped for the work upon
which they had entered. They were men of unflagging industry, abstemious
habits, few words and the happy faculty of keeping their own counsel.
Wilbur was unusually reticent. It is said of him that he spoke only when
he had something to say and then in a manner singularly brief and
direct. “He had an unlimited capacity for hard work, nerves of steel and
the kind of daring that makes the aviator face death with pleasure every
minute of the time he is in the air.” Orville, while much like his
brother, is more talkative and approachable. Both were modest and
unassuming when they began their work and continued so when the world
applauded their achievements.

In the study of the problem upon the solution of which they ventured,
they had of course the advantage of all that had thus far been achieved
by those who had preceded them in this field of investigation and
experiment. Professor Langley had already perfected his first monoplane
to such an extent that short flights were successfully made with a light
steam-propelled model. He was continuing his experiments and the Wright
brothers read with avidity the results of his work. Every scrap of
information that they could gather from others who had essayed the
solution of the problem was now collected and made the subject of
critical study. At first taking up aeronautics merely as a sport, they
soon afterward with zest began its more serious pursuit. “We reluctantly
entered upon the scientific side of it.” they said, “but we soon found
the work so fascinating that we were drawn into it deeper and deeper.”

In their efforts to construct a practical flying machine they adopted
the plan of Lilienthal and Chanute. They sought to construct a machine
which they could control and in which they could make glides with
safety. This they built in the form of a biplane glider and with it they
experimented industriously for years. The successful construction of the
machine required a high degree of skill. The length and width of the
planes, their distance apart, the materials to be used, the shape, size
and position of the rudder and numerous other details were to be worked
out only by patient study and frequent tests. They were now in the field
of original experiment and soon found that they had to reject as useless
many theories that had been carefully elaborated by scholarly writers.

The brothers soon learned that a long narrow plane in a position nearly
horizontal, moved in a direction at right angles to one of its lateral
edges and inclined or “tipped” slightly upward would develop greater
lifting power than a square or circular plane. This discovery was not
indeed original with them, but their experiments confirmed the
conclusions of their predecessors.

The surface shape of the plane is an important consideration. It has
been found that a slight upward arch from beneath, making the under
surface concave, gives the best results. The concavity should reach its
maximum about one-third of the distance from the front or entering edge
to the rear edge of the plane and should be the same whether one or more
planes are used. In flight the forward or entering edges of the planes
are tipped slightly upward to give the machine lifting power for the
same reason that the top of a kite is given an angle of elevation so
that the air will lift it as it is drawn forward by the string.



Balancing the Machine


The balancing of a machine in mid-air is one of the most difficult
problems in aviation. In the balloon this is easily accomplished because
the principal weight, the basket with the passenger, is below the
gas-filled sphere or compartment, and the balloon tends to right itself
after any disturbance by the wind, much like a plummet when swayed out
of its position.

Professor Langley, Lilienthal and others had sought to take advantage of
this tendency in the construction of their machines by placing or
arching the wings above the pilot or heavier portion of the mechanism.
After a slight disturbance in mid-air the machine would then tend to
right or balance itself and assume its former position. The practical
difficulty of this arrangement, however, arose from the fact that when
once set to swaying the gliders thus constructed continued to sway like
the pendulum of a clock. The Wright brothers set themselves the task of
finding some other method of preventing the biplane from dipping
downward or upward at either side with the shifting of air currents. The
first device to give steadiness of motion was a small movable horizontal
plane, supported parallel with and in front of the two main planes, and
by means of a lever, under control of the pilot.



At Kitty Hawk


Having after much study completed their glider, the Wright brothers
sought a suitable place for their first tests. By correspondence with
the United States Weather Bureau they learned that at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina, the winds are stronger and more constant than at any other
point in the United States. This treeless waste of sand dunes along the
solitary shore near the village afforded the privacy where they might
carry on their work unmolested. Here in October, 1900, they spent their
vacation testing their biplane glider. They sought to fly it in the face
of the wind like a kite. This they succeeded in doing but it would not
support the weight of a man. They then experimented with it, using light
ropes from below to work the levers and guide it through the air. It was
sufficiently responsive to encourage them and they went back home to
make at their leisure a number of improvements.

The year following they returned to the same place with a larger machine
considerably improved, but it still failed to lift the operator. Octave
Chanute, of Chicago, with whom they had been in correspondence, came to
witness their tests and examine their glider. They now decided to
abandon much of the “scientific data” which they had collected from the
writings of others and proceeded in the light of their own experience.
They coasted down the air from the tops of sand dunes and tested with
satisfaction their devices for guiding their air craft. In 1902, with
additional improvements, they made almost one thousand gliding flights,
some of which carried them a little over six hundred feet, more than
twice the distance attained the previous year. All this time their
object had been to control the machine while in air. Only after this was
accomplished did they propose to add motive power to keep it above the
earth. They wisely reasoned that it would be useless to apply this power
to a machine that could not be directed and controlled.



The First Flight


The Wrights had now reached a point where they felt that they were ready
to apply motive power, rise like a bird from the earth and direct their
course through the air. A new machine was built with two planes, each
six feet six inches wide and measuring forty feet from tip to tip. The
planes were arranged one directly above the other with an intervening
space of six feet. An elevating rudder of two horizontal planes ten feet
in front of the machine, and a rudder of two vertical planes about six
feet long and one foot apart in the rear of the machine were under
control by levers close to the hands of the pilot, who, prostrate on the
lower large plane, directed the course up or down, to the right or left
at will. But the most remarkable features of all were the gasoline
engine that was to give motive power and the propellers by which that
power was to move the machine in its flight through the air. The
mechanism, the result of patient study and arduous labor, had been
perfected in the little shop at Dayton and had been brought to the
barren sand coast of North Carolina for its first practical test. The
engine, which developed sixteen horse power, was connected by chains
with the two propellers, each eight feet in diameter at the rear of the
biplane. The total weight was 750 pounds.

To give the machine a “start” it was driven rapidly along an iron rail
by a cable attached to a weight of one ton suspended at the top of a
derrick. When everything was at last in readiness, the engine was
started, the propellers were set in rapid motion, the weight at the top
of the derrick was released, the biplane was driven rapidly forward, and
lo! bearing a man, it skimmed over the sand dunes! It continued only
eleven seconds but landed without injury to pilot or machine. A small
beginning indeed, but it proved the practicability of man flight and
ushered in the era of aviation. A few days earlier in the same month on
the banks of the Potomac a crowd of witnesses saw with keen
disappointment the failure of Professor Langley’s flying machine, and as
they turned away said mentally and not a few of them audibly,
“Impracticable!” “It can’t be done.” On the sand near Kitty Hawk, in the
presence only of the inventors and five others, life savers and
fishermen from Kill Devil Hill Station near by, fortune rewarded two
brothers unknown to the world and they achieved what had long been
regarded as impracticable and impossible. Professor Langley worked long
and patiently on his models and was very properly given $50,000 by the
government to aid in an enterprise that was to give man dominion of the
air. The Wright brothers with the same faith and unflagging zeal worked
secretly in their little shop at Dayton without financial assistance and
out of their small earnings conducted experiments on the Carolina coast,
doing their own cooking to lighten expenses, and solved the problem that
had thwarted the inventive genius of the world. No crowds, appreciating
the significance of the event were present to applaud, nor did the
brothers exult over the achievement. It was indeed only what they had
confidently expected.

On the day of their initial success two other nights of slightly longer
duration were made. The fourth flight continued fifty-nine seconds,
almost a minute, and extended over a distance of 853 feet. The machine
was then carried back to camp. In an unguarded moment it was caught by a
gust of wind, rolled violently over the ground and was partially
wrecked. But what mattered the loss? For the first time in the history
of the world a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power
into the air in free flight, had sailed forward on a level course
without reduction of speed and had landed without being wrecked.



Machine Balanced by Warping of Planes


The Wrights found one of the greatest difficulties to be overcome was
the balancing of their machine. This was only measurably and
unsatisfactorily accomplished by the horizontal rudder. They began to
study the flight of soaring birds for a solution of the difficulty. They
found that the hawk, the eagle and the gull maintained a horizontal
position by a slight, almost imperceptible upward or downward bending of
the extreme tips of their wings. They then began experiments with
slightly flexible planes that could be bent or warped at will by the
pilot. This was one of their most important and original contributions
to the problem of aviation, and it gave the pilot in a marked degree
control of his machine. The scientific arching of the planes to give
them the maximum lifting effect was also the result of their
investigations.

They now removed the field of experiment to Hoffman Prairie near Dayton
where at first they met with indifferent success. They invited friends
and reporters from their home city to witness a flight, but the machine
acted badly in the presence of company. While the spectators were not
favorably impressed the inventors were in no wise discouraged. Their
perseverance was later rewarded in 1904 by a flight of three miles in
five minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The year following a flight of
24.20 miles was made in thirty-eight minutes, thirteen seconds, at
heights of seventy-five to one hundred feet. These attracted small
attention. The inventors fully satisfied with their success and working
industriously to perfect their machine were also safeguarding the
results of their labors by carefully patenting every device that helped
them to the goal of practical aviation. While Europe was applauding the
achievements of the intrepid and wealthy Brazilian, Santos-Dumont, who
made public flights near Paris, the world was practically unaware of the
greater achievements of the Wright brothers a year earlier. Newspaper
accounts of their flights were received with a degree of incredulity,
but the indifference of the public was favorable to the modest brothers
who with tireless energy and slender means triumphed over difficulty
after difficulty as they moved toward the larger success that they
ardently desired and the fame that they sought not.



Newspaper Reports Verified


In 1907 the United States Government asked for bids for a flying machine
that would carry two men, remain in the air an hour and make a
cross-country flight of forty miles an hour. The Wright brothers entered
into a contract to build such a machine. This fact and rumors of their
success that reached the large cities from time to time led a party of
newspaper reporters to organize themselves into a spying party to trace
the Wrights to their secret retreat and verify the claims made in their
behalf or publish the deception to the public. After a long and tedious
journey from Norfolk they finally sighted the rude hut of these birdmen.
They then secreted themselves until they were rewarded with evidence
that the reports were true and promptly announced to the world that
these quiet men had actually solved the problem of aerial flight.



Trial Flights at Fort Meyer


In 1908 Orville Wright began trial flights at Fort Meyer preliminary to
the tests required by the government contracts. A record flight was made
in June. The morning was still and beautiful; the leaves hung motionless
on the great plane trees of Washington as Orville Wright and August
Post, Secretary of the Aero Club of America left the city about six
o’clock and proceeded by way of Georgetown to Fort Meyer where trial
flights were to be made with the biplane. It was taken from its shed and
placed on the starting rail. The weights were lifted into position, the
engine started, the propellers set in rapid motion and all was in
readiness for starting. Only a few persons were in sight, including a
squad of soldiers who were cleaning the guns of a field battery. Mr.
Wright took his place on the machine. At a signal the weights were
released, it was drawn forward, and rising gracefully at the end of the
rail gradually ascended in a circuitous course upward. Mr. Post kept
time and marked circuits on the back of an envelope. Round and round
went the machine, rising higher and higher. After a little the
spectators realized that a record flight was in progress. Ten--twenty
minutes passed. Higher and higher circled the aeroplane. Now it has been
aloft on wing for half an hour! The spectators stand rigid and look
upward. Mr. Taylor, chief mechanic, in almost breathless interest
exclaims, “Don’t make a motion. If you do he’ll come down.”

In the city, word had reached the newspaper reporters that Mr. Wright
had gone out for a flight. “Does he intend to fly today?” came the
question over the telephone. “Yes, he is in the air now and has been
flying for more than half an hour,” was the answer.

Then came the rush for fuller details and the results of the
record-making trial were flashed over the country and cabled under the
seas to distant lands. Senators, congressmen, departmental officials and
representatives of every walk of life in the national capital were a
little later on their way to witness another exhibition of the wonderful
flying machine. Mr. Wright in the afternoon made another world’s record,
remaining in the air an hour and seven minutes. In the evening with
Lieutenant Lahm at his side he performed without accident the greatest
two-man flight ever made. These achievements awed and thrilled the great
throng of spectators who greeted the triumphant conclusion of each with
tumultuous cheers. The problem of the centuries had been solved. The
“impossible” had been accomplished! The dream of the visionaries had
become a reality!



Fatal Accident


On the 17th of September occurred a sad accident that brought to a close
for the year the preliminary tests that had been carried on thus far
with marked success. When Orville Wright and Lieutenant Selfridge were
flying at a height of about seventy-five feet, one of the propellers
struck a stray wire which coiled around and broke the blade. This
precipitated the machine earthward and fatally injured Lieutenant
Selfridge who died three hours afterward. Orville narrowly escaped the
same fate with a number of broken bones. Aviation at this time was
attended with great dangers and the daring spirits who ventured aloft on
the wings of the wind were in constant peril of their lives.



Wilbur Wright Wins Fame in France


Meanwhile Wilbur Wright who had gone to France was making a series of
record flights. Early in the month of August near Le Mans he flew
fifty-two miles and was in the air one hour and thirty-one minutes. A
few days later he broke the previous record for altitude, attaining an
elevation of 380 feet. On the 31st day of December he won 20,000 francs
for the longest flight of the year. His modest bearing, simple habits
and wonderful achievements called forth great praise from the
impressionable French. When he took up his quarters at Le Mans he
arranged to prepare his own meals as he had previously done on the coast
of North Carolina, but the French would not hear to this and furnished
him a cook. In speaking of this incident afterward Wilbur Wright said in
a jocular way: “Not knowing enough French to dismiss him or find out who
sent him, I permitted him to remain.”

In January, 1909, Orville Wright, who had recovered from his injuries,
joined his brother at Pau, France. Here they gave many exhibition
flights that were witnessed by the great scientists and the nobility of
Europe. Here their feats were witnessed by the King of England and the
King of Spain who personally extended hearty congratulations. Wilbur
took his machine to Rome where King Emanuel attended his exhibition
flights. Later the two brothers were the guests, in London, of the
Aeronautical Society of Great Britain and received its gold medal. Their
bearing and achievements abroad gave them world-wide fame.



Wright Brothers Honored


Arriving in Washington June 10th, they received a medal at the hands of
President Taft from the Aero Club of America. Continuing their journey
homeward, they were met at Xenia, Ohio, by a delegation from Dayton.
They at once began to inquire about their fellow townsmen.

“Look here, Wilbur,” said one of the committee, “you’ll see all those
folks at the station in a few moments.”

“Why, who is at the station?” asked Wright.

“Oh, twenty-five or thirty of the boys” was the reply.

As they entered their home city they saw the streets thronged with
people.

“I see the twenty-five or thirty,” remarked Mr. Wright, “but I thought
you folks knew better than this.”

Later they were honored in their home city with a two-day celebration,
at the climax of which medals were presented to them from Congress, from
the State of Ohio and from the city of Dayton. Their fame was world-wide
and at last their own city had “discovered” them and welcomed them with
enthusiastic pride.



United States Government Requirements Successfully Met


Soon afterward they returned to Fort Meyer to continue their work
preparatory to the final tests. They had entered into a contract with
the United States Government which was to pay $25,000 for a machine
which would carry two men one hour in a circuitous course and perform a
cross-country flight of ten miles at the rate of forty miles an hour. On
the day of the final tests the people of Washington came forth in
greater crowds than ever before. Officialdom, including representatives
of foreign embassies, army officers, newspaper correspondents and
civilians, were present to witness the crucial test. Among the
spectators was Miss Katherine Wright, the scholarly sister of the two
brothers, who had followed with deep and sympathetic interest every step
in the progress of her brothers up to this hour.

At a signal, Orville Wright, with Lieutenant Lahm again at his side
started on his time-test flight. Upward in spiral course they rose. At
length the hour limit was passed and a mighty cheer from the multitude
announced the result. Still the machine with its two passengers remained
aloft. Nine minutes more passed. The world’s record made by Wilbur
Wright was broken.

Wilbur, who was present, announced the result by waving a handkerchief
and calling aloud, “Give him a cheer, boys.” Soon after this the machine
gently descended, having been in the air an hour, twelve minutes and
forty seconds, the longest two passenger flight that had been made to
that date.

Orville Wright was soon overwhelmed with congratulations. Coming forward
President Taft said:

“I am glad to congratulate you on your achievement. You came down as
gracefully and as much like a bird as you went up. I hope your passenger
behaved himself and did not talk to the motorman. It was a wonderful
performance. I would not have missed it.”

The President then shook hands with Wilbur, saying, “Your brother has
broken your record.”

“Yes,” replied Wilbur, with a smile, “but it’s all in the family.”

On August 30 came the speed trial over a course from Ft. Meyer to
Alexandria five miles distant. This at that time was considered the most
difficult test of all. The course was over a broken and uneven country,
valleys, ravines, hills, forests and open fields alternating. Lieutenant
Benjamin D. Foulois was chosen to accompany Orville Wright on this
perilous trip. The machine arose and circled between the two flags that
marked the starting line, and amid cheers of the spectators started on
its flight toward the two captive balloons that marked the limit of the
course. Smaller and smaller it grew in the distance as it was swayed
slightly out of its path by the wind. It at length turned the goal on
the hill at Alexandria. On the return it was borne downward until it
disappeared. Would it rise again or would it be swept down by a
treacherous current and wrecked in the valley? After a moment’s suspense
it again appeared in clearer outline over the treetops. Nearer and
nearer it came until in the midst of waving handkerchiefs and thunderous
cheers, it softly alighted near its starting place. The daring aviator
was heartily congratulated again by the President and other eminent men
who thronged about him. His sister told him that the glad news had
already been telegraphed to his aged father in Dayton. The machine had
successfully met all requirements and had made in the cross-country
flight 42.6 miles an hour, entitling the brothers in addition to the
$25,000 to a bonus of $5,000, making in all $30,000. Wonderful as was
this record at the time, succeeding flights with improved machines now
make it seem trivial and commonplace.

Later in the year 1909 Orville Wright went back to Europe where he
achieved distinction in a number of nights while Wilbur remained at home
to participate in the Hudson-Fulton celebration and thrill his
countrymen by encircling in a flight the statue of liberty and returning
to his starting point on Governor’s Island.

It is not necessary to follow further the aeronautic achievements of the
Wright brothers. While they were the first to construct a successful
aeroplane, inventors in America and abroad quickly followed them and
machines of various forms and construction but based on the same
principle were soon making record flights in many lands. The
simultaneous development of the aeroplane in the United States and
Europe is explained by the fact that the progress of the experiments of
the Wright Brothers was promptly reported and eagerly noted on the other
side of the Atlantic. Octave Chanute immediately after his visit to
Kitty Hawk made a trip abroad and gave a detailed account of what the
Wright brothers had accomplished. This account with drawings was
published and European inventors had this information on which to work.
In 1909 Louis Bleriot, a French aviator, who had sprung into prominence
the preceding year, crossed the English Channel in his beautiful
birdlike monoplane. In 1910 George Chauz, flying upward 7,000 feet,
crossed the Alps amid the treacherous and frozen winds of the
snow-capped peaks only to meet a tragic death as he neared the goal in
sunny Italy. Equally daring and dangerous was the trip of the brilliant
American aviator Glenn Curtis in his biplane from Albany to New York
City, followed a few days later by the notable achievement of Charles K.
Hamilton who in a machine of the same make flew from New York City to
Philadelphia at the average speed of fifty and one-half miles an hour.
Aviation meets and record breaking flights in this country and Europe
now followed in such rapid succession that the long list would only
weary the reader. In this rapid and spectacular progress that gave man
dominion over the air and the power to surpass the eagle’s flight it is
interesting to note how well the Wrights kept in the forefront of the
era that they ushered in. Frequent changes have greatly improved the
efficiency of their machine. In 1910 it made the greatest altitude
flight, reaching a height of 11,476 feet. In 1911 C. P. Rodgers, in
successive stages, flew in one of their biplanes from New York City to
Long Branch, California, a distance of 4,029 miles, the longest flight
ever made.



Recent Improvements


Improvements are still in rapid progress. The hydroaeroplane has been
invented. This is a slightly modified aeroplane with equipment that will
keep it afloat on the water from which it may rise and fly at the will
of the pilot. Aviators have developed high skill in the control of their
machines in mid-air. They have at high speed described intricate
figures, sustained themselves in inverted positions and performed the
dangerous and thrilling feat of “looping the loop” in their swift
downward flight. They have ascended high in air, reaching an altitude of
over 20,000 feet, and increased their speed rate to 126 miles an hour.
Swifter than flight of bird and outspeeding the winged tempest, man has
cleft the highways of the air. A long line of fatal accidents has marked
his progress, but with reckless and audacious courage he has kept his
course until he has added the “upper deep” to the realm of his dominion.



Future of the Aeroplane


Future achievements in this new field are of course matters of
speculation. Man has flown across the Alps, the Rocky Mountains, the
English Channel, the Straits of Florida and the Mediterranean Sea. Even
now there is reported a contemplated airship for the crossing of the
Atlantic.

Thus far the chief use of the aeroplane has been for sport and armament.
The leading nations of the world have equipped their armies with flying
machines from which it will be possible at a safe height to spy out the
position of the enemy, carry messages across besieging lines and drop
destructive explosives in the midst of hostile fortifications. What
effect this will have on the future of war can only be conjectured. Some
have predicted that when further perfected it will bring to an end this
era of vast armaments and defenses by making them useless. If it does
this, it may indeed be hailed as the beneficent invention of this new
century, for it will have realized the vision of the poet Tennyson who
crowned with his immortal verse the century that is gone:

    “For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,
    Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;

    “Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,
    Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;

    “Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rained a
    ghastly dew
    From the nations’ airy navies grappling in the central blue;

    “Far along the world-wide whisper of the south wind rushing
    warm,
    With the standards of the peoples plunging through the
    thunder-storm;

    “Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags were
    furled
    In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.”





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