Title: A Treatise on the Incubus, or Night-Mare, Disturbed Sleep, Terrific Dreams and Nocturnal Visions
Author: Waller, John
Language: English
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ON THE INCUBUS, OR NIGHT-MARE.



  J. M‘Creery, Printer,
  Black Horse Court, London.



  A TREATISE ON THE INCUBUS,

  OR

  Night-Mare,
  DISTURBED SLEEP, TERRIFIC DREAMS,
  AND NOCTURNAL VISIONS.

  WITH THE MEANS OF REMOVING THESE
  DISTRESSING COMPLAINTS.


  BY JOHN WALLER,
  SURGEON OF THE ROYAL NAVY.


  LONDON:
  PRINTED FOR E. COX AND SON, ST. THOMAS’S STREET,
  BOROUGH.

  1816.



INTRODUCTION.


The enjoyment of comfortable and undisturbed sleep, is certainly to be
ranked amongst the greatest blessings which heaven has bestowed on
mankind; and it may be considered as one of the best criterions of a
person enjoying perfect health. On the contrary, any disturbance which
occurs in the enjoyment of this invaluable blessing, may be considered a
decisive proof of some derangement existing in the animal economy, and a
consequent deviation from the standard of health. Indeed it is astonishing
how slight a deviation from that standard may be perceived, by paying
attention to the circumstance of our sleep and dreams. This may be more
clearly demonstrated by attending carefully to the state of persons on the
approach of any epidemic fever or other epidemic disease, and indeed of
every kind of fever, as I have repeatedly witnessed; when no other signs
of a deviation from health could be perceived, the patient has complained
of disturbed rest and frightful dreams, with Night-Mare, &c. Hence the
dread which the vulgar, in all ages and countries, have had of what they
call _bad_ dreams; experience having proved to them, that persons,
previously to being attacked with some serious or fatal malady, had been
visited with these kind of dreams. For this reason they always dread some
impending calamity either to themselves or others, whenever they occur;
and, so far as relates to themselves, often not without reason. Frightful
dreams, however, though frequently the forerunners of dangerous and fatal
diseases, will yet often occur when the disturbance of the system is
comparatively trifling, as they will generally be found to accompany every
derangement of the digestive organs, particularly of the stomach, of the
superior portion of the intestinal canal, and of the biliary system.
Children, whose digestive organs are peculiarly liable to derangement, are
also very frequently the subjects of frightful dreams, and partial
Night-Mares; which are frequently distressing enough to them. They are
still more so to grown up people, as they generally arise from a more
serious derangement of the system. Those who are subject to them will
agree with me in opinion, that they are by no means to be ranked amongst
the lesser calamities to which our nature is liable.

There are many persons in the world to whom it is no uncommon occurrence,
to rise from their bed in the morning more wearied and exhausted, both in
mind and body, than when they retired to it the evening before: to whom
sleep is frequently an object of terror rather than comfort, and who seek
in vain for relief from the means usually recommended by Physicians. To
such persons I dedicate this little work; for their information I have
laid down, in as clear terms as the subject will admit, the history of
those diseases, which, by depriving us of the benefit of sleep, and
driving rest from our couch, often render life itself miserable, and lay
the foundation of formidable, and sometimes of fatal diseases. Amongst
those affections which thus break in upon our repose, the most formidable
and the most frequent is the disease called Night-Mare; the history of
which, with its various modifications, I have endeavoured to give with as
much accuracy as possible, and have attempted also to investigate its
nature and immediate causes, as well as to point out the best mode of
obtaining relief. Very little assistance could be obtained in this
undertaking, from the writings of modern Physicians, who have paid little
or no attention to it: those of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,
seem to have well understood both its causes and cure, but differed much
amongst themselves respecting its nature, as will ever be the case when
we attempt to reason on any subject which is above our comprehension. I
have availed myself of all the light which these illustrious men could
throw upon the subject, which is not a little; but my principal
information respecting it has arisen from a personal acquaintance with the
disease itself, for a long series of years, having been a victim to it
from my earliest infancy. I have never met with any person who has
suffered to so great an extent from this affection, or to whom it was
become so habitual. To eradicate thoroughly a disease so deeply rooted and
of so long duration, cannot be expected: but I have so far succeeded as to
bring it under great control, and to keep myself free from its attacks for
several months together; or indeed scarcely ever to be disturbed by it
at all, but when I have deviated from those rules which experience has
proved to be sufficient to secure me from all danger of it.

The various kinds of disturbed sleep taken notice of in this little work,
are all so many modifications of Night-Mare, and may be all remedied by
observing the rules here laid down, as they will be found to originate
from one or other of the causes here specified. The regimen and treatment
I have recommended are directed to the root of the disease, that is, to
the hypochondriac or hysteric temperament; for Night-Mare, disturbed
sleep, terrific dreams, &c. may be considered only as symptoms of great
nervous derangement, or hypochondriasis, and are a sure sign that this
disease exists to a great extent. Thus, while the patient is seeking, by
the means recommended, to get rid of his Night-Mare, he will find his
general health improving, and the digestive organs recovering their proper
tone.



THE INCUBUS, &c.


This disease, vulgarly called Night-Mare, was observed and described by
physicians and other writers at a very early period. It was called by the
Greeks, εφιαλτης, and by the Romans, _Incubus_, both of which names are
expressive of the sensation of weight and oppression felt by the persons
labouring under it, and which conveys to them the idea of some living
_being_ having taken its position on the breast, inspiring terror, and
impeding respiration and all voluntary motion. It is not very surprising
that persons labouring under this extraordinary affection, should ascribe
it to the agency of some dæmon, or evil spirit; and we accordingly find
that this idea of its immediate cause has generally prevailed in all ages
and countries. Its real nature has never been satisfactorily explained,
nor has it by any means met with that attention from modern physicians
which it merits: indeed it scarcely seems to be considered by them as a
disease, or to deserve at all the attention of a physician. Those,
however, who labour under this affection to any great degree, can bear
testimony to the distress and alarm which it occasions; in many cases
rendering the approach of night a cause of terror, and life itself
miserable, from the dread of untimely suffocation. The little attention
paid to this disease by medical men, has left the subjects of it without a
remedy, and almost without hope. Its nature and its cause have been
altogether misunderstood by those who have lately given any opinion upon
it. It appears a general opinion that it only happens to persons lying
upon the back, and who have eaten large suppers; the causes of it have
consequently been traced to mechanical pressure upon the lungs, arising
from a full stomach; and a change of position, together with the avoiding
eating any supper, has been thought all that was necessary to prevent its
attack. To those, however, who are unfortunately afflicted with it to any
degree, it is well known by experience, that no change of position, or
abstinence, will secure them from the attacks of this formidable disturber
of the night. As I have so long been an unfortunate victim to this enemy
of repose, and have suffered more from its repeated attacks than any other
person I have ever met with, I hope to be able to throw some light on the
nature of this affection, and to point out some mode of relief to the
unfortunate victims of it.

The late Dr. Darwin, who had an admirable talent for explaining the
phenomena of animal life in general, is of opinion, that this affection is
nothing more than sleeping too sound; in which situation of things the
power of volition, or command over the muscles of voluntary motion, is too
completely suspended; and that the efforts of the patient to recover this
power, constitute the disease we call Night-Mare. In order to reconcile
this hypothesis with the real state of things, he is obliged to have
recourse to a method not unusual amongst theoretic philosophers, both in
medicine and other sciences--that is, when the hypothesis does not exactly
apply to the phenomenon to be explained by it, to twist the phenomenon
itself into such a shape as will make it fit, rather than give up a
favourite hypothesis. Now, in order to mould the Night-Mare into the
proper form, to make this hypothesis apply to it, he asserts, first, that
it only attacks persons when very sound asleep; and secondly, that there
cannot exist any difficulty of breathing, since the mere suspension of
volition will not produce any, the respiration going on as well asleep as
awake; so that he thinks there must needs be some error in this part of
the account. Any person, however, that has experienced a paroxysm of
Night-Mare, will be disposed rather to give up Dr. Darwin’s hypothesis
than to mistrust his own feelings as to the difficulty of breathing, which
is far the most terrific and painful of any of the symptoms. The dread of
suffocation, arising from the inability of inflating the lungs, is so
great, that the person, who for the first time in his life is attacked by
this “worst phantom of the night,” generally imagines that he has very
narrowly escaped death, and that a few seconds more of the complaint would
have inevitably proved fatal. This disease, although neglected by modern
physicians, was well described and understood by those of the seventeenth
century, as well as by the Greeks and Romans.[1] There are few affections
more universally felt by all classes of society, yet it is seldom at
present considered of sufficient consequence to require medical advice. To
those nevertheless who, from sedentary habits, and depraved digestion, are
the most frequent subjects of it, it is a source of great anxiety and
misery, breaking in upon their repose, and filling the mind with constant
alarms for more serious consequences, “making night hideous,” and
rendering the couch, which is to others the sweet refuge from all the
cares of life, to them an object of dread and terror. To such persons, any
alleviation of their sufferings will be considered an act of philanthropy;
as they are now in general only deterred from applying to the
practitioners of medicine for relief, from the idea that their case is out
of the reach of medicine.

It is a very well known fact, however, that this affection is by no means
free from danger. I have known one instance in which a paroxysm of it
certainly proved fatal, and I have heard of several others. I do not doubt
indeed but that this happens oftener than is suspected, where persons have
been found dead in their beds, who had retired to rest in apparent health.
I do not know that any late writer has observed a fatal case of
Night-Mare, but we find a circumstance recorded by Cœlius Aurelianus, who
is supposed to have lived a short time before Galen, which, if true, is
very remarkable; and I know no reason why it should be doubted. Yet I am
aware that in the age in which we live, it is a common practice, not
merely to doubt, but to contradict every fact recorded by ancient writers,
which, if admitted, would militate against any received theory. Cœlius
Aurelianus, however, informs us, upon the authority of _Silimachus_, a
follower of Hippocrates, that this affection was once epidemic at Rome,
and that a great number of persons in that city died of it.[2]

A young man, of sober habits, about thirty years of age, by trade a
carpenter, had been all his life subject to severe attacks of Night-Mare.
During the paroxysm he frequently struggled violently, and vociferated
loudly. Being at Norwich for some business, which detained him there
several weeks, he one night retired to bed in apparent good health;
whether he had eaten supper, or what he had taken previously to going to
bed, or during the day, I cannot now remember. In the night, or towards
morning, he was heard by some of the family in the house where he lodged
to vociferate and groan as he had been accustomed to do during the
paroxysms of Night-Mare; but as he was, after no great length of time,
perfectly quiet, no person went to his assistance. In the morning,
however, it was soon observed that he did not, as usual, make his
appearance, and on some person going into his room, he was found dead,
having thrown himself by his exertions and struggles out of bed, with his
feet, however, still entangled among the bed-clothes. This patient, and
the circumstances attending his death, were very well known to me, and I
have not the least doubt that it was Night-Mare which proved fatal to him.
A similar case has been related to me by a person deserving of credit,
and I do not doubt but they are of more frequent occurrence than is
generally supposed. It may appear surprising to some, that a person should
struggle with so much violence as to throw himself out of bed, and yet not
shake off the Night-Mare, since, in general, it is sufficient to call a
person by his name, and he will recover. This is indeed true in common
cases, and in every case it is of much more service than any exertions
which the patient himself can make. I once at sea, in a paroxysm of
Night-Mare, threw myself out of my cot, and it nearly cost me my life. Had
any person been near to have taken hold of my hand, and have called to me,
I should have been easily recovered, whilst, notwithstanding my struggles,
and the violence with which I fell out of my cot, I lay nevertheless for
some time partly upon a chest, and partly upon the cot, without being able
to recover myself. I cannot help thinking that, but for the violent
motion of the ship (as it was blowing a gale of wind), and the noise from
every thing about me, that paroxysm of Night-Mare would have proved fatal.
The disease had then gained very much upon me, and was at its greatest
height.

Although instances of a fatal termination of this disease may be rare; it
is not so, to find it degenerate into Epilepsy, of which it is frequently
the forerunner, and to which, when it has become habitual, it appears to
bear a great affinity. There is however a great difference in the degree
of danger, between an accidental and an habitual Night-Mare, which we
shall have occasion to notice hereafter.

I shall begin by describing this affection as it most commonly occurs,
pointing out the various degrees and varieties of it, and the persons most
subject to it. Its remote and proximate causes will be the next subject of
consideration, and lastly the means necessary to be pursued for avoiding
it, as well as those likely to afford immediate relief.

This affection has been very elegantly and correctly described both by
physicians and poets. There are two descriptions of the latter kind which
I cannot help placing before the reader; the first is given by the Prince
of Latin Poets; the other by one, (not the least,) of our own country.

  _Ac veluti in somnis, oculos ubi languida pressit
  Nocte quies, nequidquam avidos extendere cursus
  Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus ægri
  Succidimus; non lingua valet, non corpore notæ
  Sufficiunt vires, nec vox aut verba sequuntur._
            VIRGIL. _Æneid. Lib. xii. v. 909. et sequent._

  In broken dreams the image rose
  Of varied perils, pains, and woes;
  His steed now flounders in the brake,
  Now sinks his barge upon the lake;
  Now leader of a broken host,
  His standard falls, his honour’s lost.
  Then--from my couch may heavenly might
  Chase that worst phantom of the night!
            LADY OF THE LAKE, Canto 1. xxiii.

In tracing out the symptoms and mode of attack, I shall particularize
those symptoms which I have experienced in my own person, and take notice
likewise of those described by other writers on the subject.

First then, this disease attacks always during sleep. This is a truth of
which I am now well assured, although frequently the evidence of my senses
has apparently produced a contrary conviction. Whatever may be the
situation of the patient at the moment previous to the invasion of the
disease, he is at that moment asleep, although the transition from the
waking to the sleeping state may be so rapid as to be imperceptible. I
will explain this part of the subject more fully by and by, at present we
will assume the fact, and proceed to enumerate the symptoms. If the
patient be in a profound sleep, he is generally alarmed with some
disagreeable dream; he imagines that he is exposed to some danger, or
pursued by some enemy which he cannot avoid; frequently he feels as
though his legs were tied, or deprived of the power of motion; sometimes
he fancies himself confined in some very close place, where he is in
danger of suffocation, or at the bottom of a cavern or vault from which
his return is intercepted. It will not unfrequently happen, that this is
the whole of the sensation which the disease, for the time, produces, when
it goes off without creating any further annoyance: the patient either
falls into an oblivious slumber, or the alarming dream is succeeded by one
more pleasant. In this case the disease is not fully formed, but only
threatens an invasion; it proves however that the pre-disposition to it
exists, and that the person is in danger of it. But when the paroxysm does
actually take place, the uneasiness of the patient in his dream rapidly
increases, till it ends in a kind of consciousness that he is in bed, and
asleep; but he feels to be oppressed with some weight which confines him
upon his back and prevents his breathing, which is now become extremely
laborious, so that the lungs cannot be fully inflated by any effort he can
make. The sensation is now the most painful that can be conceived; the
person becomes every instant more awake and conscious of his situation: he
makes violent efforts to move his limbs, especially his arms, with a view
of throwing off the incumbent weight, but not a muscle will obey the
impulse of the will: he groans aloud, if he has strength to do it, while
every effort he makes seems to exhaust the little remaining vigour. The
difficulty of breathing goes on increasing, so that every breath he draws,
seems to be almost the last that he is likely to draw; the heart generally
moves with increased velocity, sometimes is affected with palpitation; the
countenance appears ghastly, and the eyes are half open. The patient, if
left to himself, lies in this state generally about a minute or two, when
he recovers all at once the power of volition: upon which he either jumps
up in bed, or instantly changes his position, so as to wake himself
thoroughly. If this be not done, the paroxysm is very apt to recur again
immediately, as the propensity to sleep is almost irresistible, and, if
yielded to, another paroxysm of Night-Mare is for the most part
inevitable.

Where the Disease has not established itself by very frequent recurrence,
the patient generally feels little inconvenience from it when thoroughly
awoke; but where it is habitual, there will generally be felt some
confusion in the head, with singing in the ears, a sense of weight about
the forehead, and, if in the dark, luminous _spectra_ are frequently seen,
such as appear to persons who immediately after gazing on a strong light,
close their eyes. The pulse, I believe, will in all instances be found to
be considerably accelerated; in my own case the motion of the heart
amounts almost to a palpitation.

I do not find this symptom taken notice of by any writer on the subject,
excepting Etmuller, whose accuracy in tracing the history of every disease
allowed no symptom to escape him. When reasoning on the phenomena which
this affection exhibits, “_et cum etiam simul sub respirationis defectu
imminuta plus minus evadat sanguinis circulatio, ob id ab eodem infarcti
pulmones anxietatem insignem præcordiorum inducunt: sicut dum evigilant
tales ægri, cor insignitur palpitat, quod testatur motum
convulsivum_.”--This palpitation of the heart grows stronger in proportion
to the length of the paroxysm, or the difficulty the patient finds in
waking himself.

There is, however, another symptom, which, as far as I am able to learn,
is very frequent, though not noticed by medical writers. (_Scilicet._)
_Priapismus interdum vix tolerabilis et aliquamdiu post paroxysmi
solutionem persistens._ I have noticed this symptom here, as I intend
presently to draw some inference from it. A sense of weight at the
stomach, and an unpleasant taste in the mouth will generally be found to
remain after the paroxysm, though seldom noticed, as it is not suspected
to have any connexion with the Night-Mare.

These are the most ordinary symptoms, and such as generally happen in
almost all paroxysms of Night-Mare; there are, however, other symptoms
which occasionally occur, and which sometimes cause no small alarm to the
patient. It frequently happens too, that the paroxysm goes off without the
patient waking, and in that case is productive of strange hallucination to
the person who is not accustomed to these paroxysms. It is by no means an
uncommon thing for the person labouring under Night-Mare to see, or at
least to imagine that he sees, some figure, either human, or otherwise,
standing by him, threatening him, or deriding, or oppressing him. This
circumstance has been productive of considerable misapprehensions and
mistakes, not only with persons of weak minds, but likewise with those
whose intellectual faculties have been greatly improved.--These visions
are various, as are likewise the senses which become thus hallucinated;
not only the sight, but the hearing, and the touch, are frequently imposed
on. These hallucinations have so often occurred to myself, that they have
long been rendered quite familiar, although they are still sometimes
productive of very laughable mistakes. As they are more frequently,
however, of the terrific cast, they act very powerfully on the minds of
those who are not acquainted with them, and produce terrors which I verily
believe sometimes prove fatal. I shall give some instances of these kinds
of visions which I have had from the most indubitable authority, and I do
not doubt but that many readers will find in their own recollections a
number of circumstances apparently incredible, which will easily admit
of the same solution. I must first premise, that the degree of
consciousness during a paroxysm of Night-Mare is so much greater than ever
happens in a dream, that the person who has had a vision of this kind
cannot easily bring himself to acknowledge the deceit, unless, as often
happens, he wakes out of the paroxysm, and finds himself in a very
different place to what he must have been in for such a transaction to
have occurred. When however, all the circumstances of time and place
concur with the vision, which sometimes happens, and the patient does not
wake in the paroxysm, but continues asleep for some time after, the
transactions which occurred during the paroxysm of Night-Mare, and those
of the dreams which took place during profound sleep are so very different
as to the impression they have left on the sensorium, that there is no
possibility of confounding them with one another. Indeed I know no way
which a man has of convincing himself that the vision which has occurred
during a paroxysm of Night-Mare, (if it be consistent in point of time and
place,) is not real, unless he could have the evidence of other persons to
the contrary who were present, and awake at the time, or that these
hallucinations were rendered familiar to him by frequent repetition. I
shall mention some circumstances here, which have occurred to myself and
to others, which will place this subject in a clearer point of view.

The first case of this kind which I shall relate, I had from the mouth of
a person of undoubted veracity, who never understood the nature of the
hallucination; but who, to the day of his death, was convinced that he had
received a supernatural visitation.

Mr. T----, a dissenting minister, was on a journey in Suffolk, and slept
at the house of a friend. He was desired by the master of the family not
to disturb himself in the morning till he was called; supposing that he
was fatigued and would require repose. Mr. T----, however, did not sleep
very sound, he awoke often, and as it was in the summer season, and he had
no watch with him, began to grow anxious about the time, as it had been
long day-light: he thought, however, on what he had been told over night,
and was expecting very shortly to be called to breakfast. He described
himself as being awoke out of his sleep by hearing distinctly some person
in an adjoining room get out of bed, and walk across the room to a door
communicating with his own, which he heard opened, and a voice called to
him, repeating distinctly his name, three times. He supposes that he
immediately afterwards fell asleep, and did not wake till some time after,
when, he observed, he had a paroxysm of Night-Mare; on recovering,
however, from this, he instantly got up, supposing that he had overslept
himself, and that the family would be waiting for him to breakfast. He was
greatly surprised to find the doors and the windows of the house all close
shut, and no one of the family stirring; it was in fact only five o’clock
in the morning. He consequently returned to bed, and slept comfortably
till breakfast was really announced to him. He related to the family the
adventure which had occurred to him, which seemed to cause little
surprize, but produced tears from some of them: they informed him that
nobody slept in the adjoining room, but that it had formerly been occupied
by their son, who had been several years at sea; that they had heard
nothing of him for some months, and entertained no doubt of his being
dead, and this circumstance served to confirm them in their opinion, and
left no doubt in the minds of all present that Mr. T---- had received a
supernatural visitation. Mr. T---- was himself of the same opinion to the
day of his death, although the young gentleman whose fate was considered
so well ascertained, proved in the sequel to be alive.

This, I am convinced, was a genuine case of Night-Mare, as I have very
frequently experienced something very similar to it, as I shall explain by
and by.

The next case I shall notice is that of a student in medicine, whom I have
often heard seriously relating the circumstance, and who could never be
persuaded that there was a possibility of his being deceived, till some
years afterwards, when another hallucination, equally strong, but
inconsistent as to time and place, pointed out to him the fallacy of such
visions. At the age of fifteen or sixteen, he described himself as lying
awake in the night, when he heard distinctly some one coming up the
stairs, and immediately afterwards saw a female figure enter his bed-room,
which he supposed to be his mother, who had died while he was in his
infancy, but whose person had been frequently described to him. The figure
before him answered precisely to the idea he had formed of her person, and
excited in him considerable alarm. She beckoned to him to get up and
follow her, which, after many ineffectual attempts, he at length
accomplished, and followed her to the bottom of the stairs, where he lost
sight of her, and returned to bed. This vision was repeated, either the
next night, or shortly after, but with this difference, that he found
himself unable to get out of bed, and the spectre quitted the room with
threatening gestures, and an indignant aspect. This vision made a deep
impression on the mind of the young gentleman, and no reasoning upon the
subject could convince him of the hallucination of the vision, till a
repetition of it several years afterwards, under circumstances equally
strong, but impossible in themselves, produced that conviction which
reasoning could not effect.

I know a gentleman, who is living at this moment, a slave to a needless
terror, arising from a circumstance which admits easily of explanation
from this cause. He was lying in bed with his wife, and, as he supposed,
quite awake; when he felt distinctly the impression of some person’s hand
upon his right shoulder, which created such a degree of alarm that he
dared not to move himself in bed, and indeed could not if he had possessed
the courage. It was some time before he had it in his power to awake his
wife, and to communicate to her the subject of his terror. The shoulder
which had felt the impression of the hand, continued to feel benumbed and
uncomfortable for some time; it had been uncovered, and most probably the
cold to which it was exposed, was the sole cause of the phenomenon. This
gentleman, I know, was, when at school, very subject to the Night-Mare:
this circumstance, however, was productive of the greatest terror, as he
never assigned to it any other cause than that of supernatural agency, and
considered it as a warning of some impending calamity. More than ten years
have elapsed since it occurred, and though the terror it occasioned has
been greatly diminished by time, it has not yet subsided entirely.

The case which I am now about to relate, is a remarkable instance of the
forcible impression which these visions are capable of making on the mind,
and is worthy of the utmost consideration of those persons who may feel
the strongest conviction in their own breasts that they have received some
supernatural visitation. Mr. B * * *, the young gentleman who is the
subject of it, is at this moment a student of medicine in one of the
London hospitals, and the fact I am going to relate is very well known to
all his friends and acquaintances. His first attendance at the hospitals
was about six years ago, and he was then of an age considerably less than
gentlemen usually are, who enter on the public courses of medicine. He had
never before been in town, and his mind, naturally timid and irritable,
was at that moment disposed in an extraordinary manner to reflections of a
terrific and alarming nature. He had no small dread on his mind, of the
robbers and house-breakers of the metropolis, of whose daring exploits he
had heard many terrible stories; added to this, he had conceived a fresh
stock of ideas of horror from his first introduction to the dissecting
rooms, so that it may readily be imagined, when alone and in the dark, he
could never be perfectly at his ease. Indeed I have often known some of
the bravest men, who would face death in the time of action, or of
imminent danger, with undaunted courage, who nevertheless were as timid as
children, where they have any idea of supernatural appearances: and I
have even observed this timidity in officers of rank, who have been
distinguished and rewarded by the country for their gallant exploits. Mr.
B * * *, however, thus relates the incident: he was living in lodgings in
the vicinity of St. Thomas’s Hospital, and happening to wake in the middle
of the night, as he imagined, he heard the sound of footsteps approach his
door, which was quickly opened, and he saw distinctly a man enter the
room, whom he described as having on a blue coat with white buttons; the
moon was shining into the room, and he could see every object distinctly:
the man approached the side of the bed, when Mr. B * * * drew himself
under the bed-clothes; in this situation he heard distinctly, the ticking
of his watch under the pillow, where he had always taken the precaution to
secure it: in a short time he felt the hand of the man rummaging the
pillow, as if with the design of seizing the watch; upon which Mr. B * * *
drew the watch gently into the bed, and concealed it there: he still,
however, felt distinctly the man’s hand under the pillow, and was now in
the greatest alarm imaginable, not only for his watch, but for his
personal safety, and began to complain aloud of pain in the bowels,
accusing the supper he had eaten as being the cause of the disturbance,
with the idea, that by this stratagem he might succeed in getting up and
going out of the room, without exciting any suspicion in the man, who was
still (as he supposed) standing by the bed-side, as to the true cause of
his getting up. He at length ventured to get out on the opposite side of
the bed, and hastened towards the door: the man followed him, and he says
he felt distinctly the impression of his hand upon one shoulder, just as
he was escaping out of the door. He ran instantly into the bed-room of the
man who kept the house, and gave an alarm. This person immediately arose
and called in the watchman; the house was searched from top to bottom very
strictly, but no person of any description could be found: the doors and
windows were all secure, nor was there a possibility of any one getting in
or out of the house unobserved. Mr. B * * *, however, could not be
satisfied on this score; the evidence of his own senses, which had never
before deceived him, appeared to him to be superior to all other evidence
whatsoever. He quitted his lodgings the next day, and retained
pertinaciously the opinion, that what he had seen was real, until more
than a year afterwards, when being at sea, he was again visited by this
extraordinary affection, and was equally certain of the reality of his
vision. But in this case, he had the opportunity of proving, in the most
satisfactory manner, that it was a delusion. He thought that one of his
comrades had come to the side of his hammock, and lifting it up, pressed
his breast against the beams, so that he could scarcely breathe. On
recovering from this seemingly dangerous predicament, he jumped out of bed
and made no less outcry about this affair, than he had done about the
former. The proof, however, in this case, was much easier to procure. A
sentry, whose post was close to his hammock, could vouch for no person
having approached the spot; and the gentleman, whom he thought he had seen
lifting up his hammock, was abed and asleep. Mr. B * * * has since this
time been frequently affected by Night-Mare, and being now under no alarm
about the visions, can always contemplate them calmly, and satisfy himself
thoroughly of their delusion.

I could recapitulate a number of instances of the same kind, but shall
only take notice of one or two more, which occurred to myself; such as
tend to throw a light upon the subject, and which, from their
consistency, left me in great doubt whether they were real or visionary
occurrences.

In the month of February, 1814, I was living in the same house with a
young gentleman, the son of a peer of the United Kingdom, who was at that
time under my care in a very alarming state of health; and who had been,
for several days, in a state of violent delirium. The close attention
which his case required from me, together with a degree of personal
attachment to him, had rendered me extremely anxious about him; and as my
usual hours of sleep suffered a great degree of interruption from the
attendance given to him, I was from that cause alone rendered more than
usually liable to the attacks of Night-Mare, which consequently intruded
itself every night upon my slumbers. The young gentleman in question, from
the violence of his delirium, was with great difficulty kept in bed; and
had once or twice eluded the vigilance of his attendants, and jumped out
of bed: an accident, of which I was every moment dreading a repetition. I
awoke from my sleep one morning about four o’clock, at least it appeared
to me that I awoke, and heard distinctly the voice of this young
gentleman, who seemed to be coming hastily up the stairs leading to my
apartment, calling me by name, in the manner he was accustomed to do in
his delirium; and immediately after I saw him standing by my bed-side
holding the curtains open, expressing all that wildness in his looks,
which accompanies violent delirium. At the same moment, I heard the voices
of his two attendants coming up the stairs in search of him, who likewise
came into the room, and took him away. During all this scene I was
attempting to speak, but could not articulate; I thought, however, that I
succeeded in attempting to get out of bed, and assisting his attendants in
removing him out of the room, after which I returned to bed, and
instantly fell asleep. When I waited upon my patient in the morning, I was
not a little surprised to find that he was asleep; and was utterly
confounded on being told that he had been so all night; and as this was
the first sleep he had enjoyed for three or four days, the attendants were
very minute in detailing the whole particulars of it. Although this
account appeared inconsistent with what I conceived I had seen, and with
what I concluded they knew as well as myself, I did not for some time
perceive the error into which I had been led, till I observed, that some
of my questions and remarks were not intelligible; then I began to suspect
the true source of the error, which I should never have discovered, had
not experience rendered these hallucinations familiar to me. But the whole
of this transaction had so much consistency and probability in it, that I
might, under different circumstances, have remained for ever ignorant of
having been imposed upon, in this instance, by my senses. The idea which I
myself entertained on the subject was this; that when the person came to
my bed-side, I was actually labouring under a paroxysm of Night-Mare,
which prevented my speaking to him, (a circumstance which has often
happened to me in the morning, when my servant has come to announce to me
that it was time to rise;) but that the arrival of the attendants, and the
noise and confusion created by the transaction, had dispelled the
Night-Mare, and I was then able to get up and render the necessary
assistance. The whole of this was probable enough, but no part of it true;
for the whole was a dream: the first part of which occurred during the
state of Night-Mare, which is a species of _somnium_; a state neither of
sleeping or waking, but essentially different from both; a state in which
I possessed a degree of consciousness which never accompanies sleep; so
much, indeed, that I was aware I was in bed, and was labouring under a
paroxysm of Night-Mare. This paroxysm continued but a short time, and went
off again before I awoke thoroughly. In short, having now no disturbance I
continued to sleep for some time, till a second paroxysm of _Incubus_
awoke me. Had I awoke in the first paroxysm, I should have instantly
perceived the fallacy of the vision; but not having had that conviction,
and the dream being continued after the paroxysm of _Incubus_ had ceased,
without any great deviation from probability, I had no means of conviction
left but the evidence of the persons themselves, the former part of the
transaction having made precisely the same impression on the mind, as if
such a thing had really occurred; and although the recollection of the
latter part of it was not so very distinct, but on the contrary, rather
confused, yet the degree of certainty which attached itself to the
principal part of the transaction, was such as would have prevented all
suspicion. In fact, the extreme probability of the whole, would have left
in my mind a thorough conviction that such a transaction had really
occurred, and the idea would have been so associated with the rest of the
train of ideas which related to the person in question, that in all
probability I should never have thought of his illness without calling to
mind, at the same time, his appearance at my bed-side in the middle of the
night, in a state of violent delirium, and the scene of confusion to which
it gave rise.

One more instance I will mention, merely to shew how complete the
conviction of the mind frequently is, where the bounds of probability or
even of possibility have not been exceeded by the vision or hallucination,
which takes place in Night-Mare.

This affection has always attacked me at sea with greater severity than
on shore. I have already hinted, that during the paroxysms, I have
frequently possessed that degree of consciousness, that I have been aware
that my servant was knocking at my door, announcing to me the hour of the
morning. Experience has repeatedly proved to me that I was correct in my
perceptions; often too have I found by experience, that I was widely
mistaken. The instance I am going to relate happened on board one of his
Majesty’s ships at Spithead: I was lying in my cot, labouring under a
paroxysm of Night-Mare; it was broad day-light, and I could perceive
distinctly all the objects in my cabin, which came within the range of
vision; I was likewise conscious of labouring at the moment under this
disagreeable malady, when I heard distinctly a person approach the cabin
door, and immediately after knock at it, and a well known voice of a
Quarter-master, who was often in the habit of calling me, after repeating
my name, informed me that the Captain wished to see me immediately. I was
unable to make any answer to this, although I attempted it, and both the
knocking and the message were repeated, I do not now remember whether
twice or thrice; I heard, however, the person retire from the cabin door.
As soon as I recovered, I rose and hastened to obey the summons which I
had received, but was soon informed that the Captain was not on board, and
that no messenger of any kind had been near my cabin.

These instances I have adduced, to shew how very strong a sense of
conviction they impress on the mind of their reality, when there is any
degree of probability in the transaction, and the evidence afforded by the
senses is no less striking when the vision itself is ever so extravagant.
When, however, the patient awakes immediately out of the Night-Mare, he is
generally at once convinced of the hallucination; unless in cases of
extreme probability like the last mentioned instance. But when the
paroxysm of Night-Mare goes off, and the patient continues asleep for some
time after, the confusion of ideas which succeed on waking is very
perplexing. If he has had any vision during the Night-Mare, the impression
of it remains on the mind like any transaction which has really occurred,
and he has no method of ascertaining the true nature of the case, but by
considering the degree of probability, and comparing it with his past
experience of similar hallucinations; if he has no such experience, it is
ten to one whether he will ever arrive at a true understanding of the
affair.

Hence it is easy to conceive, how many well-meaning persons may frequently
deceive themselves and others with the belief of having seen spectres,
heard voices, &c. in the dead of the night; and it is not very improbable
that a well-grounded conviction in the mind of any person, of having
received a supernatural warning of their approaching fate, should, under
certain circumstances, be productive of the very event which was thus
foreboded and dreaded. I could relate a number of instances where the
visions accompanying paroxysms of _Incubus_, have been of the most
terrific kind.[3] I think enough has been said on that subject to shew how
easily a person may be deceived where he thinks he has the evidence of his
own senses; and I have selected such histories in my own case to
illustrate this truth by, as were least likely to be suspected of arising
from fright or terror, or any cause that could be much aided by the
imagination.

I wish it, however, to be understood, that I by no means intend to explain
by this hypothesis, all the extraordinary accounts of supernatural
operations which are given us on indubitable authority, and supported by
unquestionable evidence. I am aware that there are a great many cases to
which it will not apply, neither can any one principle possibly explain
them all. I have been very much surprised to see a late medical writer on
the subject of apparitions, attempt to explain all the cases he has
adduced, by supposing the disease to exist, so ably described by Nicolai,
and of which several cases have been given by Dr. Alderson of Hull.

He has himself recorded several instances of spectres, which appear to be
closely connected with the death of persons at a distance, and with some
of the most important circumstances in the lives of the persons who saw
these appearances: he even admits the truth of these instances, yet
ascribes the most important circumstances attending them to chance.

Of all the modes of solving difficulties, which mankind have ever had
recourse to, this is certainly the least _philosophical_. In the present
age however it appears to be considered still more _unphilosophical_ to
acknowledge that any phenomenon, however extraordinary, is above our
comprehension.

I have been rather prolix on this subject, because I do not remember to
have seen any correct account of it in any writer, although the
circumstance of seeing spectres during the paroxysm of Incubus is noticed
by the most ancient medical writers and others, both Greek and Roman; many
of whom attributed the whole phenomenon of _Ephialtes_, or _Incubus_, to
the agency of Dæmons. This affection has likewise been noticed by St.
Augustine as well as other Fathers of the Church, who considered it to be
the work of Dæmons, and speaks of it as a thing common in those
days.--ST. AUGUSTIN. _De Civitate Dei_, lib. 15. c. 23.--“_Dæmones,
scilicet, qui mulieribus se commiscent, et ab incubando_ INCUBI _dicuntur,
sicuti, qui viris, et patiuntur muliebria_, SUCCUBI.” “_Sunt nonnulli, qui
hoc malum Incubi nomen accepisse putant, ex eo, quod Ephialte laborantes,
opinantur, hominem qui illos opprimit, turpis libidinis usum ab iis
exigere, seu una cum illis concumbere._”--SENNERTUS, Tom. ii. Liber i.
part. 2. Cap. xxix. _de Incubo_.

_Vide quæ supra de Priapismo memoravimus; necnon de Cordis palpitatione
quæ revera Priapismi etiam somnorumque supradictorum causa mihi esse
videtur; impulsum est nimirum in arterias pudicas plus sanguinis quam per
venas revehi potest, unde partes genitales vellicantur et stimulantur,
somniisque venereis, non tamen sine horrore quodam, ansa præbetur._

There is a symptom, said by Etmuller, and some others of the ancient
medical writers, to occur frequently in this disease, but which I have
never met with; that is, the appearance of red, or livid, or purple spots
upon the limbs and body, but especially on the thighs.--These are said to
remain till morning, and then disappear.

The following case is related by that celebrated Physician:

“_Historiam Incubi magis ad epilepticos, quam paralyticos affectus
referendi, subjungam: Puella xviii. annorum cachectica, et cui nondum
menses fluxerant, indeque nonnihil asthmatica, ex narrationibus,
crebrioribus servæ seu famulæ, primum imaginationem Incubi concipit, cum
ab illa sæpius audivisset, se quavis nocte Incubo corripi, et istud mali
ab alio concitari. Jam utut hæc ipsa dimissa fuerit, illa tamen mox ab
hujus discessu Incubo corripi cepit; nempe omni nocte præcise horâ secundâ
incipit quiritare, hinc mox sensu et motu privata jacet, donec successivè
ad se redeat, quo tempore sudore madet, et hinc inde in corpore, maculas
magnas rubras, præsertim in femoris parte carnosa observat. Hæc quavis
nocte eodem præcisè tempore redeunt. Ergo suspicabar Incubum esse revera
convulsivum in subjecto hypochondriaco cachectico. Dedi Tartari Emetici,
g. iij. qui parum operabatur, et hinc quovis mane de Pulvere Cachectico
seu Croco Martis Aperitivo largam dosin prohibendo acida. Successus fuit,
ut post aliquot dies noctesque, Incubus tardiùs affligeret, hora tertia,
hinc quarta, tandem quinta matutina, tandem per biduum, penitus deficeret,
quo transacto hora quinta matutina malum redit, sed absque maculis.
Propino Vomitorium liquidum, cujus usu cum copiosa mucosa rejecisset, non
rediit Incubus. Suasi ut Elixyr Proprietatis imposterum continuaret,
certus, modò primæ viæ a cruditatibus acido pituitosis essent liberæ, et
hinc menses comparerent, eam pancraticè valituram._”

To those to whom the disease is habitual, there remains after the paroxysm
a sense of lassitude, heaviness, drowsiness, and a continued
predisposition to the affection; so that if they indulge in sleep, they
are almost certain of a return of the symptoms. It is not easy to describe
this state, but the patient is very sensible of it, and every one who is
subject to this affection, can easily tell when the predisposition to it
exists.

This state of predisposition I have often experienced during the day, but
this only happens when the disease has arrived at a very great height. It
is attended with a sensation of something like a weight and great
uneasiness about the heart, requiring often a sudden and full inspiration
of the lungs, and obliging me to rise up and walk about a little, in order
to be clear of it. If in this state, I sit down to read or write, the
propensity to sleep is so great that in the space of a few seconds, after
having directed the whole attention of the mind to the object on which I
chance to be employed, I find my thoughts involuntarily carried away to
distant scenes, and that I am in reality dreaming, from which state I am
only roused by a sense of something like suffocation, and the unpleasant
sensation before mentioned about the heart. This is relieved for the
moment by a sudden and strong inspiration; but if the sedentary employment
be continued, it quickly returns. If in this state I yield to the strong
inclination to sleep, a severe paroxysm of Incubus is the inevitable
consequence, and that in the course of a very few minutes. When this
peculiar sensation about the heart occurs in bed, there is no recourse
left but rising instantly, and walking it off, or having recourse to such
medicines, if they are at hand, as experience has taught me are
efficacious in the removal of it.

These are I believe the most common phenomena attending Night-Mare. I must
beg leave, however, to remind the reader, that there are various degrees
of this affection, as well as of the predisposition to it; all of which
more or less disturb the rest, and derange the system. All unpleasant
dreams may be considered as certain modifications of this peculiar
affection; such as falling down precipices, or standing on their brink, or
being in the midst of a torrent, or in imminent danger of our lives. If
these ideas continue long, they generally produce a degree of
consciousness that we are asleep, which is succeeded by an attempt to
evade the danger by waking ourselves, which constitutes real Night-Mare.

There is, however, another kind, which differs a little from this I have
been describing, but is nevertheless to be considered as a modification of
Night-Mare, arising from the same cause, and requiring the same remedies;
for which reason I shall include it in my History of that disease. I mean
that undescribable terror which some persons feel in their sleep, and
which frequently obliges them to vociferate loudly, and generally to start
with violence, or sometimes even to jump out of bed. This terror is often,
perhaps mostly, accompanied by some really terrific dream. This is not
always the case, however, and when it does happen, the dream is rather to
be considered as the effect of the terror, than the cause of it. I have
frequently found this terror to be connected with some object, not at all
in itself terrific; as for instance, a cat or a dog, or sometimes a little
child which I had been contemplating in my dream for some time without any
dread or terror, has all at once become an object of the utmost horror and
alarm, and that without at all changing its appearance or attitude. A
sudden panic has struck me with a degree of terror, which I am convinced
nothing on earth could produce in me when awake; and which obliges me to
vociferate with uncommon vehemence, and to start with so much violence as
generally to wake myself immediately, and frequently great part of the
family beside. It would be impossible by any words, to convey an adequate
idea of the terror felt during this affection: the patient continues to
feel it for several minutes after he is awake; at least it requires some
little time for even a strong mind to recover its tranquillity. I have
always observed in my own case, as well as in all those I have had the
opportunity of investigating, that this kind of affection is universally
accompanied with a sensation called shivering; not precisely of that kind
which accompanies the paroxysm of ague, but that momentary sensation of
shivering which people are apt to feel on hearing any tale of horror
related, or frequently indeed, without any evident cause whatever. It is a
vulgar opinion, that this shivering takes place whenever any one is
walking over the future grave of the person who feels it. This kind of
shivering is, at all times, accompanied with some degree of horror, and
that has probably been the reason of the superstitious opinion above
mentioned. Hence also the common expression, on hearing a tale of horror,
that _it makes the blood run cold_; which is precisely the sensation of
the person, both in the dreams themselves which we are speaking of, and
for some little time after waking out of them. This sensation is always
referred to the spine, and appears to descend from the neck to the loins.
The cause of it is not very easy to explain; it evidently belongs to that
class of sensations and affections which we call nervous, and appears in
this case to be the immediate cause of that terror which invades us in
sleep, by inducing some idea of great horror.

Amongst all the subjects of terror which infest the human mind, there is
none so powerful as the idea, which is generally imbibed at a very early
period of life, respecting ghosts and supernatural appearances; and there
are comparatively few persons who, when alone and in the dark, are
perfectly free from them. In sleep, however, we are all much more timid
than when awake. I believe every person’s experience coincides in this
opinion: hence it arises, that the idea of ghosts and spectres being the
idea which inspires us with the greatest terror, is that which most
readily and frequently presents itself to the mind, when the nervous
system is suddenly agitated during sleep; a state when all objects of fear
act with increased force. Whatever may be the cause which induces this
kind of shivering during sleep, the shivering itself appears to me
evidently to be the immediate cause of the terror, and the accompanying
terrific dream; and this I conceive to happen from association; for as
this shivering is the kind of involuntary sensation we feel when suddenly
alarmed, or even when we hear or read a tale of terror, the feeling itself
becomes so associated with terror, as always to recal to the mind, even in
sleep, the idea of it; the sensation being the same as if the nerves had
actually received some terrific impression; and as the imagination has
full play when asleep, it is seldom long in furnishing the terrific
object.

I have known these dreams to be succeeded by an hysterical affection, of
involuntary laughing and crying; and they are, I believe, in all cases
attended with a great degree of nervous irritability.

It will sometimes happen in this case, as in the preceding, that the
patient does not awake from his dream, notwithstanding that his
vociferations have been loud enough to wake all those who may sleep near
him. When this happens he seldom or never has any recollection of his
terror, and feels greatly surprised when told of the alarm he had given to
others. The moment the shivering which produced the terror has ceased,
this likewise ceases; and seldom leaves in the mind, any trace of its
having existed: in this respect it differs greatly from the Night-Mare, in
some others it appears to have some considerable affinity to that
affection.

It is not uncommon for persons affected with these terrific dreams to leap
out of bed, and attempt to escape from some imaginary danger by flight.
Many instances have occurred of persons jumping immediately out of a high
window under these circumstances: the same accident very lately occurred
to a youth in this metropolis.

There are several other accidents to which our sleep is liable, but as
they differ in their nature considerably from Night-Mare, we shall not
here take any notice of them.

I shall now speak of the persons who are subject to Night-Mare, before
entering into an investigation of its causes.

This affection may at some time or other occur to any person whatever, as
it will for the most part be found to be the constant attendant upon
indigestion: now the most healthy person in the world will sometimes meet
with food which his stomach will not digest, and if he goes to sleep
whilst such food is remaining in the stomach, or in the superior portion
of the alimentary canal, he will certainly be affected with Night-Mare, to
a greater or less degree. But a peculiar habit of body is necessary to
render a person subject to it, so that it can become habitual. Many
persons begin to feel its effects in very early youth; these are generally
of a contemplative disposition, and of a peculiar temperament, which
renders them liable to hypochondriasis and nervous diseases. To these
persons the Night-Mare often becomes habitual. All who follow sedentary
employments, or whose avocations keep them mostly in doors, more
especially literary characters, and all studious persons, are the victims
of these affections. Those likewise, who, although they do not want for
air and exercise, yet are accustomed to a coarse and unwholesome diet;
hence sailors are, of all classes of men, the most subject to Night-Mare
and terrific dreams. All hypochondriacs, and frequently pregnant women,
are amongst the subjects of these affections.

It occasionally accompanies fever and other acute diseases. I remember one
patient to whom it became extremely troublesome in the last stage of
consumption, who had never before in her life been affected by it. Sylvius
Deleboe, who has recorded the _history_ of an epidemic disease, which
raged in the city of Leyden, in the year 1669, mentions the Incubus as a
very common affection in it, with which he was himself afflicted to a
great degree. He describes it as accompanied with an unusual degree of
somnolency, and making its attack on the accession of the febrile
paroxysm. Perhaps it was something of this kind, which Cœlius Aurelianus
asserts to have been epidemic at Rome. Sylvius relates that the lethargy,
or propensity to sleep, was so great during the febrile paroxysm, and
accompanied with so unpleasant a sensation, even when Night-Mare did not
come on, that he thought proper to order himself, as well as his patients,
to be kept awake by the attendants. He describes it thus: “_Non tantum cum
Incubo, sed absque ipso gravis fuit ægris multis Somnus profundus, et
insomniis multifariis molestus_.” In another place, “_Nec tantum sola
difficili respiratione laborarunt multi, verum etiam Incubo nonnulli, et
inter ipsos ego quoque; qui cum paroxysmis febrilibus repetens atque
somnolentiam simul excitans, fuit mihi valdè molestus, donec ipsum
agnoscens rogarem adstantes, ut tamdiu somnum in quem tam valde
propendebam, interturbarent ac impedirent, donec paroxysmo declinante in
somnum suavem ac commodum inciderem absque omni incubo_.” Sylvii Praxeos.
Med. Tract. x.

It sometimes appears in very early life, in which case it generally sticks
close to the patient, almost all his days. In some, however, such a
change in the constitution takes place at puberty as destroys altogether
that predisposition to this affection, which existed in early life.

Females appear much less subject to it, than males, though by no means
exempt. Of these, virgins and pregnant women are more particularly liable
to its attacks, as well as all those who are much visited by hysterical
affections, constipation, and flatulency. It is sometimes also found to
accompany the _chlorosis_ or green sickness. On the whole, however, it is
of comparatively rare occurrence amongst females.

Neither is this disease very common in advanced life, unless where
corpulency, or a tendency to lethargy exists. In those cases however where
it does occur, it is more to be dreaded than in youth or middle age. It is
no unfrequent attendant on asthmatic persons.

The opinions of medical men with respect to the immediate cause of this
disease, or what by them is termed its proximate cause, have been various
and discordant, as generally happens in all obscure investigations. In all
probability every one of them are wrong, so that it can be of little
utility to inquire into them. There is however one idea, which seems to be
more universally adopted than any other, and which deserves notice; it is,
that this affection is produced by a cause purely mechanical, and
depending on the position of the body. Some plausible theories have been
formed on this supposition, by assigning to the different thoracic and
abdominal viscera, certain relative positions which would occasion a
temporary pressure upon the organs of respiration, or upon some branch of
the intercostal nerves. With respect to this mechanical pressure, arising
from any imagined position of the patient, what I have already said on
that score, renders this hypothesis vain, for there is no position in
which it is possible for a person to fall asleep, in which I have not been
attacked by Night-Mare. Neither is there any more dependence to be placed
on the generally received opinion, of the disease being induced by a full
stomach. It may naturally be supposed, that any person labouring under
this affection to the degree which I have stated, although I have as yet
given a very feeble idea of its extent, would take every possible
precaution to keep clear of the causes, which were so generally believed
to have produced it. I religiously abstained, for many years from eating
any thing after dinner, and took dinner also at as early an hour as two
o’clock. It was during this period that I suffered most from the disease.
I think I may safely assert, that for more than twenty years, I have never
once, to the best of my recollection, fallen asleep on my back, or ever
found myself in that position on waking. When night after night has been
rendered miserable by this enemy of repose, I have had recourse to every
expedient which deep reflection could suggest. The perpendicular position
of the body, I have found by experience to be the worst in which a
paroxysm of Night-Mare can be borne. The difficulty of respiration, and
all the other symptoms are greatly aggravated, and an additional one is
felt, which greatly increases the sufferings of the patient; it is a
perpetual dread of falling, which appears inevitable, and which prevents
the patient from struggling so much as he would do if in a horizontal
position. Next to this is the position of sleeping with the body bent
forwards, and the head reclining with the face downwards on a table: in
this last position, the difficulty of inflating the lungs is extreme. I
have never been able to discover that any great difference arose between
sleeping on the right or left side. I have always considered it as a
matter of indifference. Although it is possible to render the paroxysm of
Night-Mare more tolerable by any particular position of the body, yet I am
well assured that no position will secure a person from its attacks, to
whom it has once become habitual. I slept for some time in an easy chair,
and found the disease greatly aggravated by it.

There must however be some reason for the universal opinion that it always
attacks persons lying on the back. I was for a long time of opinion
myself, that I was always lying in that position when the paroxysm came
on, but as the disease gained strength, and the paroxysms hung more
pertinaciously upon me, I became more perfectly awake, so as to be able to
discover more accurately the position in which I was lying, and I found
that little faith was to be given to the sensations that may occur during
Night-Mare, as they are the most deceitful of all evidences. It appears to
be one of the symptoms almost inseparable from the disease, that the
patient should appear to himself to be kept down upon the back by some
external force. This sensation I have almost always felt, even when I have
had the evidence of other people, as well as my own conviction when awake,
that I was in reality lying on the side. I cannot help suspecting that
many others have been deceived in a similar manner, and thus made to
believe, that they never had the Night-Mare except when sleeping on their
backs. There is also another sensation which is very apt to deceive the
patient, that is, on the paroxysm going off, and the moment of his
recovering the power of volition, a great confusion of ideas always takes
place, and a person to whom the Night-Mare is not very familiar, generally
imagines that he has recovered himself by some effort of his own,
frequently by turning from his back to his side, sometimes by sitting
upright in bed. These things are all extremely fallacious; there is no
trusting to the senses during a paroxysm of Incubus; nothing short of the
evidence of another person ought to satisfy the patient. I have often been
thoroughly convinced in my own mind that I had succeeded in throwing the
bed-clothes off my breast, and by that means gained relief, and not
unfrequently, that I had risen from bed, and opened the window to admit
air; yet both these ideas have been proved to be incorrect. I have often
felt very certain that my right arm was out of bed, and that I had moved
it about; but on waking thoroughly, I have found it under the bed-clothes,
and in a situation in which it could not have been moved. I cannot help
thinking then, that the universal idea of its attacking persons
exclusively lying on the back, is founded on an error, arising out of the
ordinary sensations of the patients themselves, who have always that idea,
let them be in what position they will. Several persons, subject to
habitual Night-Mare, have become convinced of the truth of this
observation, which I had made to them, after attending more closely to
their real situation during the continuance of, and immediately after the
paroxysm. I have also convinced one or two medical friends, who were
extremely sceptical on that point, that it would attack me in any
position, by going to sleep before them, on a chair, or sofa, when my own
feelings have indicated the certainty of attack, if I should indulge for a
few moments the propensity I felt to sleep.

Neither is it necessary for the stomach to be filled with food, in order
to produce Night-Mare, as is evident from what I have stated above with
respect to the abstinence I observed during the period in which I suffered
most from this affection. Experience has taught me that I may eat heartily
of some kinds of food, just before going to bed, with impunity; whilst the
smallest quantity of some other will inevitably bring on the disease, in
spite of all the precautions that can be taken.

Thus then we must give up every explanation of the phenomena which occur
in this disease, founded upon principles purely mechanical, however
plausible they may appear. Neither is the opinion of Darwin more correct,
that the Night-Mare is nothing more than a consciousness of the suspension
of the power of volition, and a desire to recover that power. If so, it
would differ little from sleep itself; or, however fatiguing it might be
to the mind, it could not occasion any derangement in the functions. The
breathing and the circulation would go on without any interruption, as in
sleep; nor would there be any thing that could produce the sense of
oppression on the breast. Darwin was well aware of this difficulty, and
therefore chose rather to contradict the generally received opinion of
oppression and difficulty of respiration. There is no doubt whatever of
the difficulty of breathing, which any one may assure himself of, if he
could have the opportunity of seeing a patient during the paroxysm of
Night-Mare. I have taken considerable pains to assure myself of this
circumstance from the evidence of other persons.

I must confess I have not hitherto been able to find any satisfactory
explanation of the phenomena which take place during Night-Mare. The
following observations which I have been able to make on the paroxysm
itself, and on the more immediate causes which give rise to it, may
possibly direct some happier genius to a more correct idea of its nature.

1st. I have frequently experienced that this affection may occur in very
profound sleep, without breaking or disturbing that sleep, any farther
than to produce a dream, the memory of which will remain after waking, in
the same manner as that of any other impressive dream. Thus I have
frequently dreamed that I had Night-Mare; supposing myself to be in a
place, and under circumstances very different to those in which I really
was. Under these circumstances I have never become conscious of the real
situation in which I was, but on waking, remembered very well that I had
been dreaming of labouring under Night-Mare. From this circumstance I
conclude, that the Night-Mare is not, as Dr. Darwin insinuates, a state of
imperfect sleep, but an absolute disease, which may occur, and go through
its regular stages, whilst the patient continues to be, to all intents and
purposes, in a natural sleep. There is no doubt but the disease, in this
case, is much slighter than ordinary, although the impression made upon
the mind may be very strong.

2nd. It happens still more frequently, that the patient is in a state
apparently between sleeping and waking, when the paroxysm takes place;
which has given rise to the belief, in many persons, that it came on
while awake. I have often heard it described by others, (and have felt it
myself) as a sense of weight, first upon the feet, and progressively
advancing towards the breast, until the paroxysm becomes complete. In the
beginning of this state of things, it appears to the patient that he might
easily, if he would, move himself, and shake off the incumbent weight. He
does not feel at all aware at that moment, of the suspension of the power
of volition; nor does he feel any inconvenience from that circumstance
until he begins to experience a necessity of exerting that power, in order
to carry on the function of respiration. It is not until the involuntary
action of the muscles concerned in respiration, in some measure ceases,
that the patient perceives that he is absolutely labouring under
Night-Mare.

I have paid very close attention to this circumstance, and have been
repeatedly convinced, that whenever the disease attacked in this manner,
I was always asleep at the commencement of the paroxysm, and that as soon
as I became conscious of my situation, or in other words, _awake_, the
power of volition was completely suspended, although very little
inconvenience arose from it; for, on making the attempt to move, which
appears very easy to do, I have always felt the paroxysm of Night-Mare to
be completely formed, and the difficulty of respiration, which before did
not exist, immediately to come on, and with it all the anxiety and
distress which characterize this disease.

From this I infer, that a suspension of volition always exists during a
paroxysm of Incubus, but that this is not alone sufficient to constitute a
complete Night-Mare, even when attended with a consciousness of our
situation. It is likewise necessary that the involuntary action of the
respiratory organs should experience some interruption, and I am disposed
to think that the circulation through the lungs, and the action of the
heart itself, partakes of this interruption. I conceive also, that the
difficulty of inflating the lungs is always increased in proportion as the
patient becomes more awake.

3d. It has almost constantly occurred to me, especially since the disease
had gained such considerable strength, that the power of volition has been
partially recovered for some time before the paroxysm ceases. I have
always recovered this power, first in the lower extremities, and last of
all in the head. It begins first to return in one or both feet, and by
moving them about as well as circumstances will allow, I recover by
degrees the command over the muscles of the legs and thighs, and
afterwards of the arms, but partially, and not without great exertion,
which exhausts me much, and does little good towards shaking off the
paroxysm. I have however at sea frequently profited by this power, for I
have been able to communicate a considerable motion to the cot in which I
slept, by pushing against the foot of it with one of my feet, until it
swung so much as to touch against something, and by that means produce a
shock, which being external, has frequently dispelled the fit. It is
really surprizing how slight an impression from without is sufficient
sometimes to recover the patient. Although I have frequently rolled about
the bed, and kicked all the bed-clothes off from me, I have not been able
to succeed for a long time in recovering myself from the paroxysm, when it
has instantly disappeared on receiving a moderate shock from another
person, or even by any one taking hold of my hand.

It is only however in the advanced stage of the disease, that this severe
struggle takes place. In the general way the patient is instantly
liberated from the paroxysm, as soon as he can succeed in moving any of
his limbs. I have seldom met with any one who was able to articulate
during the paroxysm, though I have generally been able myself to call any
person by name, who might be near me, and to beg of them to wake me, but
this is always effected with difficulty, and only after the paroxysm has
already continued some time.

4th. It frequently happens, especially when a person is anxious about
rising at a particular hour, and afraid of over-sleeping it, that he
becomes conscious of that circumstance in his sleep, and feels an ardent
desire to wake himself; to many persons this is by no means a difficult
task, and is soon accomplished; but to those who are subject to
Night-Mare, the reverse of this takes place. They strive with all their
might to awake, and soon become conscious of their precise circumstances,
but cannot recover the power of volition; after contending for this a
short time, the breathing at length becomes laborious, and a complete
paroxysm of Night-Mare succeeds, which always is severe in proportion as
the patient happens to be more perfectly awake.

From these observations it results, that the nature of Incubus is
essentially different to that of either sleeping or waking, and is an
absolute state of disease which may occur during sleep in a slight degree,
without breaking that sleep; that it consists in a suspension of the power
of volition very different to what takes place in natural sleep, because
it is accompanied with a consciousness of that suspension, and a strong
desire of recovering this power. But neither is this sufficient to
constitute Night-Mare, although this disease will, I believe always,
result from such a state of things, yet the paroxysm is by no means
complete, until, in addition to the general paralysis of all the muscles
of voluntary motion, there shall occur likewise a partial paralysis of
some of those concerned in the functions, which are performed
independently of the will, especially of respiration and the circulation
of the blood, the consequence of which will be a difficulty of breathing,
with a sense of oppression about the præcordia, and fluttering of the
heart. I conceive these symptoms to arise principally from a temporary
paralysis of the nerves of the diaphragm; or rather an inaptitude in those
nerves, together with some others of the principal branches of the
intercostals, to perform their functions. Thus then, from this partial
paralysis of the diaphragm and thoracic muscles, the patient is rendered
incapable of dilating the chest so as to allow of the expansion and
consequent inflation of the lungs; the blood consequently meets with some
interruption in its passage through that organ, and this interruption is
speedily communicated to the heart; the re-action which takes place here
is quickly communicated to the whole system, and probably is the
principal cause of the final solution of the paroxysm. How this solution
is at length effected is, I confess, a difficult and obscure question.
There are two ways in which it takes place; the first and most frequent is
by the patient becoming perfectly awake, by which means he recovers at
once the power of volition, and the partial paralysis of the diaphragm and
thoracic muscles at the same moment ceases, these muscles being then moved
by the power of the will. The other mode by which a solution of the
paroxysm is effected, is by the patient falling into a more perfect sleep,
and losing that consciousness which accompanies Night-Mare. The
involuntary actions then go on as before without interruption, and if the
dreams continue, they are no longer of that harassing and distressing
kind, but are now natural and easy. It is not only in slight cases of
Incubus that the patient recovers from the disease without waking, but
sometimes I have known it to happen even in very severe paroxysms, where
I have become conscious of the place and situation in which I was, and yet
have instantly been asleep on the cessation of the paroxysm. There appears
to me a greater difficulty in explaining this mode of the solution of the
paroxysm than the other, as there seems no evident cause for the cessation
of the paralysis of the Diaphragm, &c. Every thing connected with the
phenomena of sleep, is extremely obscure; and nothing on this subject
appears to me more extraordinary, than the sudden transition from the
sleeping to the waking state. Whatever it is which takes place at that
moment in the brain, and in the whole system, takes place only partially
during Night-Mare. Is it very absurd to suppose that a part of the system
may recover the waking state, while the brain, or some other part, remains
asleep, for want of a sufficient stimulus to rouse them? I cannot help
thinking but something very similar to this takes place in Night-Mare:
hence the power of moving the lower extremities, whilst the superior ones
remain paralyzed: hence the little good resulting to the patient from his
own struggling, whilst a comparatively slight touch from another person is
sufficient to dispel the charm. Hence the appearance of visions, whilst in
every respect the patient appears to himself to be perfectly awake. It
seems that the brain continues to present a succession of images to the
mind as in sleep, whilst at the same time, the body is become susceptible
of external impressions, and conscious of internal ones, such as those
arising from the derangement which has taken place in the functions of the
heart and lungs.

I am aware however of the obscurity and difficulty of this subject itself,
as well as the difficulty of expressing in accurate language, the ideas
which arise in my own mind concerning it. I have used the term paralysis
in speaking of the state of the diaphragm and other muscles during the
paroxysm of Night-Mare; this expression however, must be understood in a
different manner from that in which it is usually applied in medicine; for
in Night-Mare there remains always a consciousness of the inability to
move the muscles, and constant attempt at the same time to move them; this
appears to be as constantly impeded by some external force acting against
the efforts of the will: thus, when my hand and arm are lying uncovered,
and in a position which easily admits of moving it, I am able, by repeated
exertions, at length to raise it and bring it to my head, but the effort
which it requires is equal to what in the waking state, would raise a
covering, which might be laid over it, of twenty pounds weight: should a
part of the sheet, or even a handkerchief be lying over the arm thus
situated, the difficulty would be greatly increased; and the operation,
if effected, would so much exhaust me, that I should be obliged to desist
for some time from any further struggling, and the respiration at the same
time would be greatly accelerated. Nothing of this kind occurs in
paralysis, properly so called; for the patient is not even able to direct
any effort of the will to the paralyzed muscles, and frequently is
scarcely conscious of their existence. These two kinds of paralysis
evidently differ considerably from one another, and ought not to be
expressed by the same term.

In giving my opinion of the causes of Night-Mare, I feel still more
embarrassed for proper terms to express my ideas, than in explaining its
nature. I have already said, that I conceived the ancient physicians to be
well acquainted both with its nature, cause, and mode of cure; it might be
well to take some notice here of their opinions, especially as to the
causes which produce the disease, and the means by which it may be
removed, as these two things depend in a great measure on one another. In
order to render these opinions understood by those who have never read any
of the ancient writers of medicine, from a mistaken idea of their not
being worth the reading, I must premise, that they considered the nerves
to be the conductors of a certain subtile fluid, by means of which the
muscles are made to contract, and all the animal functions are performed;
this they denominated the _animal spirits_, and were of opinion that it
was secreted from the blood by the brain. This secretion they supposed,
like all the other secretions, could only be pure, when the blood from
which it was formed was healthy and proper; and that the goodness and
purity of this latter fluid depended on its being elaborated by healthy
organs out of proper materials. Consequently, that good blood could never
be formed out of an unwholesome diet, nor even out of the most wholesome
food badly digested. This induced them to pay great attention to the
state of the digestive organs, and to the diet of patients, and their
observations led to these conclusions; 1st. That the half digested, or ill
digested food, furnished a smaller proportion of good blood than nature
required, but a large proportion of excrementitious, half digested matter:
2ndly. That some portion of this matter would be taken up by the lacteal
vessels into the circulation, and deprave the blood, and consequently all
the secretions, more or less: 3dly. That different kinds of humors
resulted from this condition of the digestive organs; the principal of
which, and the only one we have here to deal with, is the _pituitous_
humor, of which they enumerated several kinds, and to the presence of
which they attributed most of the diseases of the human body. That kind of
_Pituita_, to which most of the ancient physicians attributed the
production of Night-Mare and deranged sleep, was called the _Pituita
Acida_, which was found to be generated in great abundance in the stomachs
and intestines of all patients subject to Night-Mare: this was supposed to
enter into the circulation, and to cause some derangement in the functions
of the nerves and animal spirits, by obstructing the free motion of the
latter, and rendering the former bad conductors. They had various opinions
respecting the manner in which this obstruction was effected, and also as
to the part where it took place; some making the brain the seat of this
affection, others the lungs and diaphragm. But without entering into the
merits of their respective theories, we shall pass on to their ideas of
the indication of cure. I cannot however pass over this part of the
subject without noticing Willis’s opinion of it, and the ingenious
hypothesis by which he attempts to explain this difficult subject. There
are few physicians who have left so splendid a monument of talents,
learning, and industry, for the admiration of posterity, as Willis has
done; and although an English physician, and flourishing in the British
court, there is no country in Europe in which his works are less known and
admired than in that in which they were published. In his work DE ANIMA
BRUTORUM, of which no man will ever repent the reading, he treats of this
disease in a distinct chapter, cap. vi. and places the seat of it in the
_cerebellum_. The following short extract will give some idea of his
hypothesis:

“_Quamobrem Ephialtis paroxysmum induci putamus, quatenus inter
dormiendum, una cum_ succo nerveo, _materies quædam incongrua_ cerebello
_instillata, quæ spiritus in prima scaturigine torporem, sive_ narcosin
_quandam inducens, eos mox a functionum suarum muniis paululum cessare
cogit, proinde ut ab altero velut lethargo intra cerebellum excitato_,
actiones vitales _eclipsin brevem patiantur; qua durante, partim a_
præcordiorum _obstrictorum lucta, partimque a_ sanguine _in iis plurimum
aggesto, et stagnante_, gravamen _istud, ac velut_ molis incumbentis,
_sensus infertur; deinde quoniam cæteræ omnes totius corporis facultates
a_ cordis _motu dependent, idcirco hoc impedito, et suppresso, illæ statim
deliquia, aut inordinationes subeunt, præsertim vero quià_ sanguinis in
cerebrum, _pro spirituum animalium fomite_, effluxus _interrumpitur,
propterea mox horum_ effluxus _in_ systema nervosum _supprimitur, adeo ut
laborantes, dum pectoris molem imaginariam excutere satagunt, nec corpus
nec membrum aliquod movere possint; nimirum quia_ spirituum (_donec
sanguinis affluxu destituuntur_) irradiatio _in partes motrices inhibetur:
interim qui in cerebro resident, huc, illuc, lati, phantasmata confusa, et
ex molestia a præcordiis impressa, horrenda spectorum insomnia
concipiunt._”

It appears evident, from the mode of treatment to which this disease gives
way, that the primary cause, in whatever manner it may act, has its seat
in the digestive organs; nor can any difference, or even error, in
explaining its _modus agendi_, in any manner invalidate this doctrine. The
ancient physicians seem tolerably well to agree on this point, and
consider Night-Mare as a species of epilepsy, arising from a
superabundance of _acid humor_ in the _primæ viæ_, and their treatment was
entirely directed to the evacuation and correction of that humor. If they
were mistaken in their pathological ideas of this affection, they were at
all events successful in their treatment; and it was usually their
practice to reason from the cure to the cause of a disease, a safe mode of
reasoning in medicine. Experience had taught them that a long train of
diseases originated from this cause, and a little observation will suffice
to convince any man, unprejudiced by medical theories, that Night-Mare
originates from no other cause than a defect in the digestive process,
whereby the food, which should be converted into good chyle, is
transformed into a half-digested mass of acid matter, which is productive
of heart-burn, acid eructations, flatulence, and intolerable gripings,
with the whole train of dyspeptic and hypochondriacal symptoms. There are
many stomachs which convert every thing they receive instantly into an
acid, and such will be generally found to be the case with persons subject
to habitual Night-Mare, or frightful dreams, and disturbed sleep. Such
stomachs too are frequently distended with some acid gas, and I have often
found the paroxysm of Night-Mare to be the consequence of this distension
alone, and to be immediately removed by any thing which would dispel the
gas, such as a glass of peppermint cordial, or gin, or any carminative
medicine. A medical gentleman in Norfolk, who laboured under an inveterate
disease of the digestive organs for several years, which in the end proved
fatal, was dreadfully tormented by the most pertinacious paroxysms of
Night-Mare, which threatened suffocation, had recourse to a solution of
Ammonia in warm water, which he always drank when the paroxysms of
Night-Mare began to disturb him; for whenever they did begin, they always
continued to torment him, every time he fell asleep. The success of this
plan very far exceeded his expectations. The immediate effect of the
medicine was to send up a great quantity of wind from the stomach, which
was succeeded by a profuse perspiration, and tranquil, undisturbed sleep.

I have always found, in my own case, that Night-Mare was accompanied with
distension of the stomach and bowels by flatus, constipation, and acid
eructations.

In this state of things every thing which is eaten or drank becomes
instantly acid; and even the saliva in the mouth, I have often observed to
have an acid taste. I have made repeated inquiries of others who were
habitually subject to Night-Mare, and have always found them to be
complaining of the same symptoms, although they had no idea that these
were any way connected with the disease in question. A closer examination
into the state of my own health, soon convinced me that my Night-Mare,
which was become so alarming as to induce the greatest fear of epilepsy,
was altogether depending on the state of dyspepsia under which I was
labouring, and which was always greatly increased by remaining at sea,
until at length it incapacitated me for my duty; attacking me in the
daytime, affecting my memory, and threatening the most serious
consequences. Under these circumstances I was twice invalided, and on
retiring into the country, in a few months recovered my health, so that
the Night-Mare, which was before habitual, and made its attacks whenever I
went to sleep, was now become in a measure accidental, and depending upon
causes more within my command. It was still however very severe, and
returned on the slightest degree of irregularity of living, and on going
to sea again, became worse than ever, accompanied with severe palpitations
of the heart, and great irregularity in the pulse. It was under these
circumstances that I began first to pay attention to that acidifying
principle which I found to exist in the organs of digestion, and to try
upon myself the effects of those remedies which have proved so successful
in combating this monster, that has so long proved the enemy of my repose.

Observing the success of the Ammonia in the case which I have mentioned
above, I had recourse to it myself in the same manner, but found it so
disagreeable to the stomach, that it frequently produced vomiting. This
indeed removed the tendency to Night-Mare, but it equally prevented my
rest. I tried some of the other alkaline salts, but with no better
success; the reason of which was, I believe, that I drank them dissolved
in some cold liquor, upon an empty stomach, at the time that the disease
was most troublesome to me, that is, early in the morning. Finding the
stomach reject the alkalies in this simple form, I made a variety of
attempts to render them palatable, and at length hit on the method of
dissolving them in ale, or porter, and fixed on the Carbonate of Soda as
the most agreeable of them. This experiment proved of more service to me
than I expected; for I soon found it to be, not a nauseous draught, like
the aqueous solution, but a delicious beverage, which I could drink with
great pleasure; for the porter or ale, which is generally greatly
inclining to acidity, was much benefited and improved by it. The carbonate
of soda becomes partially decomposed by the acid of the liquor, and parts
with a great portion of its carbonic acid gas, which causes the liquor to
foam up, and imparts to it the appearance and flavour of bottled porter
or ale. Having thus ameliorated the malt liquor itself, I grew fond of it,
and drank as much every day as would receive about a drachm of the
carbonate of soda, only at my meals; but whenever I found that sense of
oppression about the præcordia which indicated the predisposition to
Night-Mare, I had immediate recourse to a large dose of the soda, and
always obtained relief. This salt not only corrects the acidity in the
_primæ viæ_, but likewise brings away by stool a quantity of viscid slimy
matter, so acrid, as to burn and excoriate the parts as it passes out. As
I constantly persisted in the use of this alkaline salt, and got rid of
this trash from the body, my appetite, which had long been lost and
depraved, returned, and the digestive organs performed their functions
again with ease and success. But still the propensity to acidifying
remains, and a cautious attention to diet, and to the evacuations is
always necessary. By perseverance in a plan founded on these principles, I
found my enemy at length subdued, and brought under a degree of control
which I had never hoped to obtain, and this circumstance has induced me to
give to the world, (and more particularly to those labouring under the
same disease,) my opinions and advice. By a close attention to the latter,
I do not doubt but they will succeed in driving from their couch this
fiend of night, this enemy of repose.

A small work was published on this subject about half a century ago by
Bond, who places his principal dependence for cure on blood-letting. I do
not deny but there are subjects in whom this remedy might be admissible,
and perhaps advantageous; but I do not doubt, at the same time, that in
far the greatest number of persons habitually affected with this disease,
it would add fresh vigour to the monster, while it drains the vital
powers of the struggling patient, and increases his danger. Bond carried
this practice to a great length in his own person, but did not cure the
disease. It is at best but a doubtful and a dangerous remedy. To those
persons who are only occasionally subject to it, and who are generally
most alarmed at it, as the disease comes upon them unexpectedly, and
without their being always able to assign any cause for it, it appears
difficult to apply a remedy, as the mischief is generally over before they
are aware of its approach. A little attention however to the state of the
digestive organs will generally point out to them, that it was connected
with indigestion, flatulence, or costiveness; or perhaps all these
together: frequently it is the consequence of having eaten some particular
kind of food, which experience shews always to disagree with the stomach.
There are certain kinds of food which will constantly produce this
disease in such as are at all liable to it. Hildesheim, in his _Spiceleg.
De Affectibus Capitis_, says: _Qui scire cupit, quid sit Incubus? is ante
somnum comedat castaneas, et superbibat vinum fæculentum._ “He who wishes
to know what Night-Mare is, let him eat chestnuts before going to sleep,
and drink after them feculent wine.” I found by experience in the West
Indies, that eating a particular fruit, called the alligator pear, would
at any time of the day produce Night-Mare. This is a pulpy fruit, which,
when cut into, resembles a custard, and is frequently spread upon bread,
and eaten instead of butter, whence it has obtained amongst military men
the name of subaltern’s butter, and it is certainly no contemptible
substitute for fresh butter. I used frequently to eat it beat up with the
juice of Seville oranges and sugar, in which case its action was almost
instantaneous. So great a propensity to sleep came upon me, that I could
not resist the temptation, though well aware of the consequences; so that
I generally kept some person by me to awake me as soon as the Night-Mare
came on, which was always in the course of a few minutes. I have
frequently shewn this experiment to my medical friends, as I have hinted
above. The articles most likely in this country to produce Night-Mare, I
conceive to be cucumbers, nuts, apples, and all such things as generally
produce flatulence. Whenever a person has discovered the offending
article, it is certainly prudent to abstain from it, more especially in
the evening. If however that state of stomach and bowels which gives rise
to Night-Mare, should be perceived, there will be just reason to apprehend
that it will occur, and it will be advisable to have recourse to some
preventative. The paroxysm of Night-Mare does not always immediately
follow the eating any improper food, b℥ut sometimes several days elapse
before its attack. In this case it is easier to foresee, and consequently
to prevent it. The signs by which its approach may be known, are unusual
drowsiness, disagreeable dreams, and disturbed sleep, with wind in the
stomach and bowels. In this case I would recommend immediate recourse to
be had to the carbonate of soda, as I have described above, or to the
following draught, which may be taken at bedtime.

  No. 1. ℞. _Potassæ Carbonatis._ gr. x.
            _Tinct. Cardam. Comp._ f. Ʒ iij.
            _Syrupi Simplicis._ f. Ʒ j.
            _Aquæ Menth. Pip._ f. ℥ j.
      _M. fiat haustus._

Or this,

  No. 2. ℞. _Ammon. pp._ gr. x.
            _Tinct. Capsici._ f. Ʒ j.
            _Syr. Croci._ f. Ʒ j.
            _Aqua Cinnamom._ f. Ʒ x.
      _M. fiat haustus._

Should these medicines not produce any relaxation of the bowels, it would
be necessary to take next morning a dose of some of the neutral purging
salts, or, what will answer equally well, the following aperient draught.

  No. 3. ℞. _Magnesiæ._
            _Pulv. Rhabarb._ a. gr. xv.
            _Potassæ Carbonat._ gr. viij.
            _Syr. Simpl._ f. Ʒ j.
            _Aquæ Menth. Pip._ f. Ʒ xj.
      _M. fiat haustus._

To those persons however, who are habitually subject to Night-Mare, I
would advise the frequent repetition of one or other of the draughts, No.
1 or No. 2, for several nights in succession, after which the aperient
draught, No. 3, may be taken, if necessary. And this plan I would
recommend to be adopted whenever the symptoms of predisposition mentioned
above are perceived, paying great attention at the same time to regularity
and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is
more productive of this disease than drinking of bad wine. Of eatables,
those which are most prejudicial, are all fat and greasy meats, most
vegetables, fruit, and pastry. These ought to be avoided, or eaten with
caution. The same thing may be said of salted meats, for which dyspeptic
patients have frequently a remarkable predilection, but which are not, on
that account, the less noxious. Moderate exercise contributes in a
superior degree to promote the digestion of food, and prevent the
formation of flatulence: to those however who are necessarily confined to
a sedentary employment, I would recommend particularly to avoid applying
to study, or any other sedentary occupation immediately after eating. If a
strong propensity to sleep should occur after dinner, it will be certainly
better to indulge it a little, as the process of digestion frequently goes
on much better asleep than awake. I have always felt at sea an
irresistible propensity to sleep after dinner, whenever the dyspeptic
symptoms were considerable, and I never, in any one instance, was
attacked with Night-Mare under those circumstances.

There is no circumstance to which the sufferers under this disease ought
to pay more attention than to their sleep, for every irregularity in this
particular, will increase the violence of the disease. It is almost always
produced by sleeping too long, frequently by sleeping too sound, and
generally after having lain long awake in the night. These things ought
therefore to be carefully avoided. Going to bed before the usual hour is a
frequent cause of Night-Mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep
too long, or to lie awake in the night. Passing a whole night, or part of
a night, without rest, likewise gives birth to the disease, as it
occasions the patient on the succeeding night to sleep too sound.
Indulging in sleep too late in the morning is an almost certain method to
bring on the paroxysm; and it should be remembered, that the more
frequently the paroxysm returns, the greater strength it acquires. I am
aware that the propensity to sleep is at this time almost irresistible,
and indeed, without rising from bed, it is altogether so; but a little
resolution is required to be employed here.

Those who are habitually subject to the attacks of Night-Mare ought never
to sleep alone, but to have always some person near them and within reach,
so as to be immediately awoke by their groans or struggles; and the person
to whom this office may be entrusted, should be instructed to rouse the
patient as early as possible, that the paroxysm may not have time to gain
strength; for the frequent repetition of the paroxysms gives greater
strength to the disease, and that in proportion to the length of their
duration. A long and obstinate paroxysm of Night-Mare will be found to
differ not much from Epilepsy, and I have seen some to which it would be
difficult to apply the proper appellation. The patient cannot pay too
much attention to this circumstance, that is, the prevention, as much as
possible, of the paroxysms: _crescit eundo_. If he has not the means at
hand of preventing the paroxysms when they make their appearance, it will
be better to rise and walk about for an hour, or until the sense of weight
about the præcordia shall have disappeared. I have before observed, that
any thing which will procure the discharge of a quantity of wind from the
stomach, will for the time, put off the return of Night-Mare: I have
frequently effected it by a glass of common gin, when nothing else was at
hand; but either of the draughts, No. 1 or 2, will more effectually answer
the purpose, and for that reason should be kept in readiness by such as
are frequent sufferers from this disease. But it is not the temporary
relief from the paroxysms merely, that the patient ought to keep in view,
but the permanent amendment of his constitution, and the preventing, as
much as possible, the formation of that trash in the alimentary canal,
which gives rise to it. The tendency to convert every thing into an acid
that exists in the stomachs of these patients, is generally too obstinate
to be easily removed; it will require a long perseverance in the plan here
laid down in order to eradicate the disease. Indeed I would recommend them
never to drink any malt liquor without a portion of the Carbonate of soda,
or some other alkaline salt in it, and to pay the greatest attention to
regularity and choice of diet. One of the draughts, No. 1 or 2, or any
thing of the same nature which may be found more agreeable, should be
taken whenever the dyspeptic symptoms are at all urgent, and repeated as
often as occasion may require. Costiveness should be always obviated by
such means as the patient finds most agreeable to himself. If the constant
use of the Soda will not keep the bowels sufficiently open, aperients must
be had recourse to, and the draught, No. 3, will, I think, answer the
purpose sufficiently, if not, its strength maybe increased. Where there is
much languor and debility, with loss of appetite, I would recommend the
_Pilulæ Ferri Comp._ of the London Pharmacopæia, and a decoction of bark,
or infusion of Gentian or Quassia, but the cure cannot be wholly entrusted
to tonics.

By steadily persisting in the plan above laid down, I have succeeded in
bringing this monster under some kind of control, so as to be able to
commit myself to the arms of sleep with a degree of confidence unknown to
me for years before; and if in consequence of irregularity, fatigue or ill
health, I am occasionally visited by this fiend of darkness, I fly with
equal confidence to the antidote, which fails to chase him from my couch.

What has been said with respect to the treatment of Night-Mare, will apply
equally to the other kinds of disturbed sleep which I have noticed in this
work. They originate from the same cause, and will be removed by the same
remedies. In children, frightful dreams frequently result from worms, and
consequently will be remedied by any kind of treatment which removes the
worms themselves, and with them the trash which forms their nest. This
trash of itself frequently exists without the worms, and produces all the
symptoms which they occasion, and amongst others, Night-Mare and disturbed
sleep. By the treatment above recommended it will be evacuated, and its
further formation prevented.

If any unfortunate sufferer from this distressing complaint shall obtain
relief by the method here laid down, the end of writing this little
Treatise will be fully answered, which is to restore the blessings of
repose to those who are deprived of it by this hideous fiend.


FINIS.



FOOTNOTES:

[1] The learned Theophilus Bonetus observes, that this disease was unknown
to Hippocrates and Galen.--Vide _Polyath. Lib. ii. Cap. xxviii. De Incubo
et Catalepsi_. Unknown it could not be to such observers of nature,
although they may not have written upon it. In the book however, ascribed
to Galen, entitled “De Utilitate Respirationis,” the following short, but
comprehensive notice, is to be found concerning it.--_Et Ephialtes quædam
Epilepsia, quæ fit in somno: fit autem ex mistione tanquam Epilepsia.
Ideoque non in vigilante, sed in dormiente: ut enim, prædictum est somnus
et epilepsia fiunt in eodem loco, et ex simili causâ: unde Aristoteles
dicit epilepsiam esse somnum quendam: verum ephialtes longo tempore
perdurans in Epilepsiam convertitur._

[2] Memorat denique Silimachus Hippocratis sectator, contagione quâdam,
plurimos ex istâ passione, (i. e. Incubo) velut lue, apud Urbem Romam
confectos.--_Cœl. Aurel. lib. i. cap. iii._ de Incubone.

[3] _Forrestus incubo affectus putabat, pectus suum comprimi a cane nigro,
unde respirare non potuit, utut fæmina videret esse somnium fallax, uti de
se refert._--L. 10. Obs. 51.





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