Birds and all Nature, Vol. IV, No. 1, July 1898 - Illustrated by Color Photography

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Title: Birds and all Nature, Vol. IV, No. 1, July 1898 - Illustrated by Color Photography
Author: Various
Language: English
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BIRDS

AND

ALL NATURE

A MONTHLY SERIAL

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.

VOLUME IV.

CHICAGO AND NEW YORK.
NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING COMPANY.

NATURE STUDY PUBLISHING CO.

CHICAGO.

INTRODUCTION.

As heretofore announced, beginning with the present, each number of
BIRDS AND ALL NATURE will present at least two birds, three or four
animals, and the remaining plates will depict such natural subjects
as insects, butterflies, flowers, geological specimens, etc. In fact,
everything in nature which can be brought before the camera will in its
due course be portrayed.

BIRDS is without doubt one of the most popular magazines ever presented
to the American public. It is read and admired by over one hundred
thousand persons.

BIRDS AND ALL NATURE promises to be even more popular, if possible,
than BIRDS. We are constantly receiving congratulations on the success
of our enterprise, and people are delighted to learn that we shall
include in succeeding numbers all interesting branches of natural
history. When the bound volume appears it will prove to be worthy of
its predecessors.

Nature Study Publishing Company.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION. 3

SQUIRREL TOWN. 4

WILSON'S SNIPE. 7

THE BLACK WOLF. 8

AN ARMADILLO AS A PET. 12

AFRICAN FOLK LORE. 12

THE RED SQUIRREL. 15

SECRETS OF AN OLD GARDEN. 16

BIRDS FORTELL MARRIAGE. 16

THE PRAIRIE HEN. 19

ABOUT THE SONGSTERS. 21

THE BUTTERFLY TRADE. 22

THE PASSENGER PIGEON IN WISCONSIN AND NEBRASKA. 25

THE AMERICAN RABBIT. 26

THIRTY MILES FOR AN ACORN. 29

THE OCELOT. 30

AZAMET THE HERMIT AND HIS DUMB FRIENDS. 33

THE USE OF FLOWERS. 34

ALL NATURE. 37

THE BLOODLESS SPORTSMEN. 39

A BOOK BY THE BROOK. 39

SUMMARY. 40

SQUIRREL TOWN.

Where the oak trees tall and stately
Stretch great branches to the sky
Where the green leaves toss and flutter
As the summer days go by,
Dwell a crowd of little people,
Ever racing up and down,
Bright eyes glancing, gray tails whisking;
This is known as Squirrel Town.

Bless me, what a rush and bustle,
As the happy hours speed by!
Chatter, chatter--chatter, chitter,
Underneath the azure sky.
Laughs the brook to hear the clamor;
Chirps the Sparrow, gay and brown
"Welcome! Welcome, everybody!
Jolly place, this Squirrel Town."

Honey-bees the fields are roaming;
Daisies nod and lilies blow;
Soon Jack Frost--the saucy fellow--
Hurrying, will come, I know.
Crimson leaves will light the woodland;
And the nuts come pattering down.
Winter store they all must gather--
Busy place, then, Squirrel Town.

Blowing, blustering, sweeps the north wind--
See! the snow is flying fast.
Hushed the brook and hushed the Sparrow,
For the summer time is past.
Yet these merry little fellows
Do not fear old Winter's frown;
Snug in hollow trees they're hiding.
Quiet place is Squirrel Town.

--ALIX THORN.

BIRDS AND ALL NATURE.

ILLUSTRATED BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY.

VOL. IV. JULY, 1898. NO. 1.

[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
WILSON'S SNIPE.
7/9 Life-size.
Copyright by
Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

WILSON'S SNIPE.

Wilson's Snipe, otherwise known as the English Snipe, Jacksnipe, and
Guttersnipe, and which is one of our best known game birds, has a
very extended range; indeed, covering the whole of North America, and
migrating south in the winter to the West Indies and northern South
America. Its long, compressed, flattened, and slightly expanded bill
gives it an odd appearance, and renders it easily recognizable. From
March till September the peculiar and cheerful "_cheep_" of the Snipe
may be heard in the larger city parks where there are small lakes and
open moist grounds, and where it can feed and probe with its long,
soft, sensitive, pointed bill in the thin mud and soft earth for
worms, larvae, and the tender roots of plants. In some localities in
the Southern states, during the winter months, thousands of Snipe
are killed on the marshes where they collect on some especially good
feeding ground. We have rarely seen more than two together, as they
are not social, moving about either alone or in pairs. Its movements
on the ground are graceful and easy, and, while feeding, the tail is
carried partly erect, the head downward, the bill barely clearing
the ground. We recently watched one through an opera glass, but the
frequency of its changes from point to point and the rapidity of its
flight discouraged long observation. The flight is swift, and, at the
start, in a zigzag manner. Sportsmen say it is a most difficult bird
to shoot, requiring a quick eye and a snap shot to bag four out of
five. Col. Goss said that he always had the best success when the birds
were suddenly flushed, in shooting the instant its startled "_scaipe_"
reached his ear, "as it is invariably heard the moment the bird is
fairly in the air."

It is entertaining to watch the courtship of these birds, "as the male
struts with drooping wings and wide spread tail around his mate in
the most captivating manner, often at such times rising spiral-like
with quickly beating wings high in the air, dropping back in a wavy,
graceful circle, uttering at the same time his jarring, cackling love
note, which, with the vibration of the wings upon the air, makes a
rather pleasing sound."

The snipe's nest is usually placed on or under a tuft of grass, and is
a mere depression, scantily lined with bits of old grass and leaves.
The eggs are three or four, greyish olive, with more or less of a
brownish shade, spotted and blotched chiefly about the larger end with
varying shades of umber brown.

If you want to identify Wilson's Snipe, have with you a copy of this
number of BIRDS AND ALL NATURE as you stroll along shore or
beach. Our picture is his very image.

THE BLACK WOLF.

Some of my little readers have probably heard about the small boy who
thought it rare fun to frighten his friends by crying "Wolf! Wolf!"
as though he were being pursued. They lived in a wild part of the
country where Wolves were frequently seen, but in time they grew used
to Johnnie's little joke, so that one day when he cried "Wolf! Wolf!"
in frantic tones they paid no attention to him. Alas! that day a Wolf
really did sneak out of the woods--a hungry Wolf--and poor little
Johnnie furnished him a very satisfactory meal. There is a deep meaning
attached to this fable, which you had best ask your teacher to explain.

Well, the Black Wolf, whose picture we present is a fierce looking
fellow indeed. We have heard so many stories about Wolves attacking
travelers and their horses that we have thought them full of ferocity
and courage, when in fact they are the most cowardly of all our
animals. Unless pressed by extreme hunger they never attack animals
larger than themselves, and then only in packs. A cur dog, as a rule,
can drive the largest wolf on the plains. Lean, gaunt, and hungry
looking, they are the essence of meanness and treachery. Their long,
bushy tails are carried straight out behind, but when the animal is
frightened, he puts his tail between his legs just like the common dog.

There are men who make it a business to go Wolf hunting in order to
secure their "pelts," or hides. The bait they use is the carcass of
some animal, elk, deer, or coon, which they impregnate with poison, and
leave in a place which will do the most good. In the morning sometimes
as many as fifty dead Wolves will be found scattered about the carcass
whose flesh they had so ravenously devoured. A Wolf skin is worth about
one dollar and a half, so that it pays a hunter very well to "catch" a
number of these mean animals.

They are sometimes hunted on horseback with hounds, but they can run
with such speed when frightened, that no ordinary dog can keep up with
them. Among the pack are one or more greyhounds, who bring the wolf to
bay and allow the other dogs to come up.

[Illustration: From col. Mr. F. Kaempfer.
BLACK WOLF.
1/9 Life-size.
Copyright by
Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

THE BLACK WOLF.

At one time the Black Wolf of America was considered by naturalists to
be only a variety of the common Wolf, but it is now believed to be a
distinct species, not only by reason of the color of its fur but from
differences of stature, the position of the eye, the peculiar bushiness
of the hair and other evidence entitling it to rank as a separate
species. This variety is referred to as an inhabitant of Florida,
and is described as partaking of the general lupine character, being
fierce, dangerous, and at the same time cowardly and pusillanimous,
when they find themselves fairly enclosed. If imprisoned in even a
large space, they crouch timidly in the corners, and do not venture to
attack man when he enters the cage. Audubon mentions a curious instance
of this strange timidity in a ferocious nature, of which he was an
eye-witness: "A farmer had suffered greatly from Wolves, and determined
to take revenge by means of pitfalls, of which he had dug several
within easy reach of his residence. They were eight feet in depth and
wider at the bottom than at the top. Into one of these traps three fine
Wolves had fallen, two of them black, and the other a brindled animal.
To the very great astonishment of Mr. Audubon, the farmer got into the
pit, pulled out the hind legs of the Wolves, as they lay trembling at
the bottom, and with his knife severed the chief tendon of the hind
limbs, so as to prevent their escape. The skins of the captured animals
were sufficiently valuable to reimburse the farmer for his labor and
his previous losses."

The Esquimaux use traps made of large blocks of ice, constructed in the
same manner as our ordinary mouse-trap with a drop-door. The trap is
made so narrow that the Wolf cannot turn himself, and when he is closed
in by the treacherous door, he is put to death by spears.

Wood says that when Wolves and Dogs are domesticated in the same
residence a mutual attachment will often spring up between them,
although they naturally bear the bitterest hatred to each other. A
mixed offspring is sometimes the result of this curious friendship,
and it is said that these half-breed animals are more powerful and
courageous than the ordinary Dog. Mr. Palliser possessed a fine animal
of this kind, the father of which was a White Wolf and the mother an
ordinary Indian Dog. It is a well-known fact that the Esquimaux are
constantly in the habit of crossing their sledge Dogs with Wolves in
order to impart strength and stamina to the breed. Indeed they are so
closely related to Wolves that there can be no question that they are
descended from them.

The Wolf produces from three to nine young in a litter. In January
the mother Wolf begins to prepare her habitation, a task in which she
is protected or assisted by her mate, who has won her in a fair fight
from his many rivals. He attaches himself solely to one mate, and never
leaves her till the young Wolves are able to shift for themselves. The
den in which the young cubs are born is warmly lined with fur which she
pulls from her own body. The cubs are born in March and remain under
her protection seven or eight months. They begin to eat animal food in
four weeks after birth.

The Wolf's whelp will at last a Wolf become
Though from his birth he find with man a home.

_Arabian Proverb._

AN ARMADILLO AS A PET.

Nurse McCully of the Royal infirmary, Liverpool, has an Armadillo as a
pet. This little animal, which is a native of South America, was given
to the nurse by a sailor when it was quite a baby, weighing only three
pounds. It was most advantageously reared on peptonized milk,--ordinary
cow's milk being too strong,--and the little creature now weighs 11
pounds. Its present diet is peculiar, consisting of bread and milk,
bacon, apples, and sardines. Also, it supports its adopted country
by eating English tomatoes, but rejecting American ones. It sleeps
all day, rising at 6 p. m. and running all over the ward. Its chief
amusement seems to be tearing to pieces the patients' slippers. It
knows its mistress, and will readily come to her. The little Armadillo
sleeps in a warm barrel, furnished with bran and flannel. It has now
been at the Royal infirmary for about four years.--_Strand Magazine._

AFRICAN FOLK LORE.

African Literature is very rich in fables of animals, which may
be divided into the two categories of moral apologues and simple
narrations. In the former such an identity is noticeable with stories
of the peoples of Asia and Europe as almost to cause us to think
that both proceed from a common source whence they were drawn in
prehistoric times. To this may, however, be opposed the hypothesis of
an original and simultaneous origin in different places; a question for
the discussion of which we have not yet all the elements. One of the
most brilliant of the African apologues comes from Somaliland, and is
perhaps better than the corresponding European fable: "The Lion, the
Hyena, and the Fox went hunting, and caught a Sheep. The Lion said,
'Let us divide the prey.' The Hyena said, 'I will take the hinder
parts, the Lion the fore parts, and the Fox can have the feet and
entrails.' Then the Lion struck the Hyena on the head so hard that one
of its eyes fell out, then turned to the Fox and said, 'Now you divide
it.' 'The head, the intestines, and the feet are for the Hyena and me;
all the rest belongs to the Lion.' 'Who taught you to judge in that
way?' asked the Lion. The Fox answered, 'The Hyena's eye.'"--_Popular
Science Monthly._

[Illustration: From col. F. M. Woodruff.
RED SQUIRREL.
2/3 Life-size.
Copyright by
Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

THE RED SQUIRREL.

Chickaree is the common name of the Red Squirrel, so called from the
cry which it utters. It is one of the most interesting of the family,
and a pleasing feature of rural life. During the last weeks of autumn
the Squirrel seems to be quite in its element, paying frequent visits
to the nut trees and examining their fruit with a critical eye, in
anticipation of laying up a goodly store of food for the long and
dreary months of winter; as they do not, as was formerly asserted,
hibernate, but live upon the stores they secure. A scarcity may
mean much suffering to them, while an abundance will mean plenty
and comfort. In filling their little granaries, they detect every
worm-eaten or defective nut, and select only the soundest fruit,
conveying it, one by one, to its secret home. Feeding abundantly on
the rich products of a fruitful season, the Squirrel becomes very fat
before the commencement of winter, and is then in its greatest beauty,
the new fur having settled upon the body, and the new hair having
covered the tail with its plumy fringe.

Did you ever watch a squirrel open and eat the contents of a nut? It is
very curious and interesting. The little fellow takes it daintily in
his fore-paws, seats himself deliberately, and then carrying the nut
to his mouth, clips off the tips with his sharp chisel-edged incisor
teeth. He then rapidly breaks away the shell, and after peeling the
husk from the kernel, eats it complacently, all the while furtively
glancing about him, ever in readiness to vanish from his post at any
suspicious disturbance. The food of the Squirrel is not vegetable
substances. Young birds, eggs, and various insects constitute a part
of his food. He has the destructive habit of nibbling green and tender
shoots that sprout upon the topmost boughs, thus stunting the growth of
many a promising tree. He visits the farmers' corn-cribs, too, and thus
renders himself somewhat obnoxious. All in all, however, he has his
uses, and should not be wholly exterminated. Tender and juicy, he has
always paid for his apparent despoliation, and his destruction of much
injurious insect life rather favors his protection.

The Squirrel is a variable animal in point of color, the tint of its
fur changing with the country it inhabits. It is easily tamed, and is
a favorite domestic pet. It is said, however, that one should beware
of purchasing so-called tame Squirrels, as they are often drugged with
strychnine, under whose influence they will permit themselves to be
handled. In some cases the incisor teeth are drawn, to prevent them
from biting. It is sad that such cruel tricks of the vendors exist and
cannot be prevented.

It is related that about 1840, during a season of great scarcity of
mast, vast multitudes of Squirrels migrated from the eastern states
to Canada, where food conditions were more favorable. They crossed
the country in armies, swam rivers with their tails curled over their
backs, sailing before the wind. It was a curious instance of rare
instinct and self-preservation.

SECRETS OF AN OLD GARDEN.

This garden had some small fruit trees thickly covered with leaves,
and a tangle of currant bushes and raspberry vines, as well as neatly
worked rows of vegetables. There was also a thick clump of tall,
feathery grass beside the paling.

It was well it had these small places of refuge, for it had many
perils. Two cats, a white and a gray, patrolled the garden with silent
and velvety tread; boys, who were not silent, used all kinds of small
but deadly weapons on the street that ran beside it, and great heavy
wagons rumbled up and down all day, making a great noise and dust.

But how many birds I have seen and heard there! Red-headed Woodpeckers
tapped and called early in the morning on the tall telegraph pole at
the corner, and flocks of Grackles, the Bronze, the Purple, and the
Rusty Grackles, were fed from the fresh-turned earth. A Catbird hopped
lightly in the shadow of the tool-house, and I suspect some Robins of
foraging turn with their young families. Sparrows of all kinds dwelt
there--flocks of yellow Ground Sparrows, Brown and Gray Sparrows,
Clipping Sparrows. I saw one day the funniest Clipping baby with his
chestnut cap pushed up into a regular crown almost too big for his
tiny head, and the brightest black eyes peering at me, as he stood on
a clod of earth. Flocks, also, of Goldfinches, glittering like small
balls of gold, and Indigo Buntings, blue as the sky, held merry-makings
there, and oh, the songs from morning until night! A Warbling Vireo
sang so loud and so splendidly that we thought he must be some big bird
of scarlet plumage instead of the wee wood-sprite he was; and little
Wrens and little Indigo Birds fairly bubbled over with songs of joy.

The nests, the hidden nests, were the old garden's secrets, and the
garden kept them well. There was a flutter of wings, the bird floated
down, and was straightway invisible. Not the tip of a tail or beak was
to be seen. Or up flew the bird and was as quickly lost in the thick
screen of interwoven leaves overhead. There were certain gray birds so
much the color of the dead wood on which they perched that they might
have nested in full, open view, and yet have remained unseen until they
moved. How the little birds did love this garden--the noisy street on
one side, the close, dingy houses on the other, and how near its heart
did the old garden keep the birds.

So many and such different birds--yet "not one of them is forgotten
before God."--ELLA F. MOSBY.

BIRDS FORTELL MARRIAGE.

Some of the Prussian girls have an odd way of finding out which of a
number will be married first. The girls take some corn and make a small
heap of it on the floor, and in it conceal one of their finger rings.
A chicken is then introduced and let loose beside the little heaps of
corn. Presently the bird begins to eat the grain, and whichever ring is
first exposed the owner of it will be the first to marry.

[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
PRAIRIE HEN.
2/3 Life-size.
Copyright by
Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

THE PRAIRIE HEN.

Nuttall says that, choosing particular districts for residence, this
species of Grouse is far less common than its Ruffed relative. It
is often called Prairie Chicken and Pinnated Grouse. Confined to
dry, barren, and bushy tracts of small extent, these birds are in
many places now wholly or nearly exterminated. They are still met
with on the Grouse plains of New Jersey, on Long Island, in parts of
Connecticut, and in the Island of Martha's Vineyard. Mr. Nuttall was
informed that they were so common on the ancient bushy site of the
city of Boston that laboring people or servants stipulated with their
employers not to have the Heath Hen brought to table oftener than a few
times in the week. They are still common in the western states, but
thirty years ago we saw vast numbers of them on the plains of Kansas.
As there were no railroads then, they could not be sent to market, and
were only occasionally eaten by the inhabitants. The immense wheat
fields which have been sown for a number of years past have largely
increased this species, where they assemble in flocks, and are the
gleaners of the harvest.

Early in the morning Grouse may be seen flying everywhere, from one
alone to perhaps a thousand together. They alight in the cornfields.
"Look! Yonder comes a dozen; they will fly right over you; no, they
swerve fifty yards to one side and pass you like bullets; single out
your bird, hold four feet in front of him, and when he is barely
opposite cut loose. Following the crack of the gun you hear a sharp
whack as the shot strike, and you have tumbled an old cock into
the grass. You have of course marked down as many of the birds as
possible; let them feed an hour and then drive them up. They will rise
very wild, and the only object in flushing them is to see them down
where they will take their noon-day siesta."

On the prairies they are often shot from a wagon, the hunter remaining
seated, so plentiful are they in remote districts. Near the towns
very few are seen. The birds always seem to prefer the low ground in
a field. They are rarely seen during the middle of the day, as they
do not move about much. It is a fine sight to see a large flock of
chickens rise on the wing and fly swiftly and steadily for several
hundred yards. When they drop in the grass they separate and run in
every direction. Like the Quail, in the inclemency of winter they
approach the barn, "basking and perching on the fences, occasionally
venturing to mix with the poultry in their repast, and are then often
taken in traps." They feed on buds and mast, sometimes leaves and the
buds of the pine. In wintry storms they seek shelter in the evergreens,
but in spring and summer they often roost on the ground in company.
These birds begin pairing in March or April. Mr. Nuttall's account of
this interesting period (see his Hand-book of Ornithology--Little,
Brown & Co.)--is as follows: "At this time the behavior of the male
becomes remarkable. Early in the morning he comes forth from his bushy
roost and struts about with a curving neck, raising his ruff, expanding
his tail like a fan, and seeming to mimic the ostentation of the
Turkey. He now seeks out or meets his rival, and several pairs at a
time, as soon as they become visible through the dusky dawn, are seen
preparing for combat. Previously to this encounter, the male, swelling
out his throat, utters what is called a tooting--a ventriloquial
humming call to the female three times repeated, and though uttered
in so low a key, it may yet be heard three or four miles on a still
morning. About the close of March on the plains of Missouri we heard
this species of Grouse tooting or humming in all directions, so that
at a distance the sound might be taken almost for the grunting of the
Bison or the loud croak of the Bull-frog. While uttering his vehement
call the male expands his neck pouches to such a magnitude as almost to
conceal his head, and blowing, utters a low drumming bellow like the
sound of _k-tom-boo! k-tom-boo!_ once or twice repeated, after which is
heard a sort of guttural squeaking crow or _koak, koak, koak_. In the
intervals of feeding we sometimes hear the male also cackling, or, as
it were, crowing like _ko, ko, koop, koop!_ While engaged in fighting
with each other, the males are heard to utter a rapid, petulant
cackle, something in sound like excessive laughter. The tooting is
heard from day-break till eight or nine o'clock in the morning. As they
frequently assemble at these _scratching places_, as they are called,
ambuscades of bushes are formed around them, and many are shot from
these covers."

The nest is placed on the ground in the thick prairie grass, and at
the foot of bushes on the barren ground; a hollow is scratched in the
soil, and sparingly lined with grass and feathers. The nest is so well
concealed that it is not often discovered. The eggs are from ten to
twelve, and of a plain brownish color. The female alone protects and
attends the young, brooding them under her wings in the manner of the
domestic fowl. The affectionate parent and her brood keep together
throughout the season.

ABOUT THE SONGSTERS.

NEW NEIGHBORS.--"I see they are building a two-story house in our back
yard," said papa.

"O papa, that won't be nice!" said Marjorie. "People will look right
into our windows!"

"Yes," said papa; "one of the builders was sitting on my window-sill
this morning; but when he saw me he flew away."

"Oh, you mean a bird!" cried Nan.

* * * * *

BLUE-JAY ON A SPREE.--"Naw, sir, I ran him down. He's drunk on mad
berry. I didn't shoot him," so said our little stable-boy, John Henry.
We examined the beautiful Blue-Jay.

It was lying in the boy's hand, with a sort of contented _dolce
far niente_ expression on its face. Its saucy eyes were elated and
fearless. Its head wagged ridiculously in the effort to hold it up.
It was a common North American drunk, nothing less. The bird was
intoxicated on the berries of the Pride of China, known throughout the
south as the poison or mad-berry.

In Florida thousands of respectable Northern Robins, that would blush
to do it at home, are found lying about in the state of grossest
drunkenness from the same cause. We wondered if some blue-ribbon
society might not be profitably started among these poor birds. But
they do not know any better.

We have this advantage over them, we know the mad-berry when we see it.
It is to our disgrace if we do not let it alone.

* * * * *

SERVES AS WATCHMAN AND WAKES THE FAMILY.--A Mocking Bird serves as a
night watchman at the residence of R. F. Bettes, at Tampa, Fla., and
notifies the family of the coming of dawn every morning by pecking
on the window pane. Often when the doors are left ajar the Mocking
Bird comes inside and perches on the chairs and about the room. It
will allow the family to come very close and shows marked attention to
Mrs. Bettes and her little daughter. When they start out for a visit
it follows them some distance, and then returns to the yard. When the
family returns it appears very glad and will fly all about them, and
gives evidence of its joy in other ways. The children feed it about the
house, and when the family meal is to be served, if the window is not
raised, it makes its presence known by pecking on the window. During
the day it gets on a neighboring brush or tree and sings its roundelay
of song for hours at a time.

* * * * *

A WONDERFUL CANARY.--Mrs. Willet C. Durland, of Union Hall street,
Jamaica, is the owner of a Canary possessing extraordinary vocal
powers. It never tires of singing, and was the admiration of all who
heard it, until eight months ago, when it suddenly, and for no apparent
reason, became absolutely silent, uttering scarcely a chirrup for days
at a time. Mrs. Durland at last tired of keeping a Canary that did
not sing, and, finding a young Chippie bird on the lawn, one day, she
put it in the cage and let the Canary go. About sundown that evening,
the Canary returned and hopped about on the window sill, evidently
making a plea to be received back into the family. This was too much
for Mrs. Durland. She put the little creature back in its cage, and
the next morning the household was awakened by a flood of joyous song.
The Canary has been singing ever since, and the Durlands are sure it
considers being set free a punishment for its long silence, and is now
trying to make amends.

THE BUTTERFLY TRADE.

There are probably hundreds, if not thousands, of butterfly collectors
in this country, says the Boston Transcript. But it is doubtful if
there are many who gain their livelihood in this way, as is done by
the four Denton brothers of Wellesley, who have among them one of the
finest, and certainly one of the most beautiful collections in the
world, comprising specimens from India, China, South America, and many
other distant countries.

Large and fine as their collection is, however, it contains only a
small part of the butterflies that they have collected, as almost
all of them are sold to museums, and collectors, or simply as house
ornaments, for as they mount them, they are objects of great beauty
and are preserved in such a way as to give every opportunity for the
display of their fine points, while they will last for an indefinite
number of years.

They began this work in the usual amateur manner, and simply for their
own amusement, but instead of becoming tired of it and dropping it, as
is the case with most amateur collectors, they became more and more
interested, and their methods attracted so much attention and interest
in outsiders that they finally found it advisable to adopt this as
their life work. How extensive a business it is may be judged from
the fact that they have found it profitable to make a journey of six
months to South America for the purpose of increasing the size of their
collection, and that they have in India, China, and several other parts
of the world agents who collect for them and ship the butterflies to
them here.

The work of preparing the butterflies for sale and exhibition is all
done in a small building back of their house on Washington street at
Wellesley, and keeps them busy nearly all the time that they are not
collecting. When the butterflies are sent or brought in, each is in a
small paper folder, which protects it from friction or breakage. The
insects are laid with their wings together and pressed, being then put
into the folder, and shipped in small boxes, enough being put into
each box to prevent them from slipping about. In this way the insects
arrive in very good condition, although they are, of course, very dry
and brittle if they have come a long distance. In order to get rid of
this dryness, which would make it impossible to work on them, they are
put into a box with a lot of wet paper, and the dampness from this soon
saturates them and makes them soft again and easily shaped. The next
part of the work is in repairing what damage they have sustained, for,
of course, in spite of the care of shipping, they are not as perfect as
before they were caught, and there is a great deal of delicate work on
them before they are ready for exhibition or sale.

Mounted, a drawer full of butterflies is more beautiful than a
collection of precious gems, for, although many of our native
butterflies are exceedingly beautiful, they are not to be compared with
the average of those from India, China, and South America. In these
dead, heavy black alternates with brilliant crimson, yellow, and gold,
livid greens and blues, and deep, rich garnet and purple, sometimes in
broad bands and blotches of glowing color, and in others in wonderfully
delicate and intricate traceries and patterns. The texture of the wings
is also infinitely more beautiful than anything we have here, some of
them having a heavy rich gloss that exceeds that on the finest fabric
that human skill can produce, while others have the deep changing
lustre of gems or liquids.

[Illustration: Arginnis Alcestis.
Phyciodes Nycteis.
Colias Eurytheme.
Meganostoma Caesonia.

BUTTERFLIES.
Life-size.
Danais Archippus.

Vanessa Antiopa.
Pieris Protodice.
Debis Portlandia.
Pyrameis Huntera.]

THE PASSENGER PIGEON IN WISCONSIN AND NEBRASKA.

[See Vol. III, p. 23.]

Our records of this species during the past few years have referred,
in most instances, to very small flocks and generally to pairs or
individuals. In _The Auk_ for July, 1897, I recorded a flock of some
fifty Pigeons from southern Missouri, but such a number has been very
unusual. It is now very gratifying to be able to record still larger
numbers, and I am indebted to Mr. A. Fugleberg of Oshkosh, Wis., for
the following letter of information under date of Sept. 1, 1897: "I
live on the west shore of Lake Winnebago, Wis. About six o'clock on
the morning of August 14th, 1897, I saw a flock of Wild Pigeons flying
over the bay from Fisherman's Point to Stony Beach, and I assure you
it reminded me of old times, from 1855 to 1880, when Pigeons were
plentiful every day. So I dropped my work and stood watching them.
This flock was followed by six more flocks, each containing about
thirty-five to eighty Pigeons, except the last which only contained
seven. All these flocks passed over within half an hour. One flock
of some fifty birds flew within gun shot of me, the others all the
way from one hundred to three hundred yards from where I stood." Mr.
Fugleberg is an old hunter and has had much experience with the Wild
Pigeon. In a later letter dated Sept. 4, 1897, he writes: "On Sept. 2,
1897, I was hunting Prairie Chickens near Lake Butte des Morts, Wis.,
where I met a friend who told me that a few days previous he had seen
a flock of some twenty-five Wild Pigeons and that they were the first
he had seen for years."--This would appear as though these birds
were instinctively working back to their old haunts, as the Winnebago
region was once a favorite locality. We hope that Wisconsin will follow
Michigan in making a close season on Wild Pigeons for ten years, and
thus give them a chance to multiply and perhaps regain, in a measure,
their former abundance.

In _Forest and Stream_, of Sept. 25, 1897, is a short notice of
'Wild Pigeons in Nebraska,' by 'W. F. R.' Through the kindness of
the editor he placed me in correspondence with the observer, W. F.
Rightmire, to whom I am indebted for the following details given in
his letter of Nov. 5, 1897: "I was driving along the highway north of
Cook, Johnson County, Neb., on August 17, 1897. I came to the timber
skirting the head stream of the Nemaha River, a tract of some forty
acres of woodland lying along the course of the stream, upon both
banks of the same, and there, feeding on the ground or perched upon
the trees were the Passenger Pigeons I wrote the note about. The flock
contained seventy-five to one hundred birds. I did not frighten them,
but as I drove along the road, the feeding birds flew up and joined
the others, and as soon as I had passed by they returned to the ground
and continued feeding. While I revisited the same locality, I failed
to find the Pigeons. I am a native of Tompkins County, N. Y., and have
often killed Wild Pigeons in their flights while a boy on the farm,
helped to net them, and have hunted them in Pennsylvania, so that I
readily knew the birds in question the moment I saw them."

--RUTHVEN DEANE in April _Auk_.

THE AMERICAN RABBIT.

Cottontail and Molly Cottontail are the names commonly applied to this
easily recognized species of the Rabbit family, everywhere prevalent in
the middle states, continuing to be numerous in spite of the fact that
it is constantly hunted in season for food. Its flesh is more delicate
than that of the larger species, and is much valued. In winter the city
markets are well supplied with Cottontails, their increase being so
large that they are always abundant, while in rural districts the small
boys capture them in great numbers with dogs. We have known two hundred
of these innocent creatures to be taken in one day on a single farm.
If protected for but one season they would become as Rabbits are in
Australia, a pest.

Rabbits live in burrows, which are irregular in construction and often
communicate with each other. From many of its foes the Rabbit escapes
by diving into its burrow, but there are some animals, as the Weasel
and Ferret, which follow it into its subterranean home and slay it.
Dogs, especially those of the small terrier breeds, will often force
their way into the burrows, where they have sometimes paid the penalty
of their lives for their boldness. The Rabbit has been seen to watch
a terrier dog go into its burrow, and then fill up the entrance so
effectually that the invader has not been able to retrace his steps,
and has perished miserably in the subterranean tomb.

When the female Rabbit is about to begin to rear a family, she quits
the ordinary burrows and digs a special tunnel in which to shelter the
young family during the first few weeks of life. At the extremity of
the burrow she places a large quantity of dried herbage mingled with
down from her own body, with which to make a soft and warm bed for the
little ones. These are about seven or eight in number, and are born
without hair and with closed eyes, which they are only able to open
after ten or twelve days.

When domesticated the female Rabbit will often devour her young, a
practice which has been considered incurable. This propensity has,
however, been accounted for by natural causes. It has been the custom
to deprive pet Rabbits of water on the ridiculous plea that in a wild
state they do not drink, obtaining sufficient moisture from the green
herbs and grasses which constitute their food, but in the open country
they always feed while the dew lies upon every blade, which of course
is never the case with green food with which domestic Rabbits are
supplied. Thus have these poor innocents been the victims of ignorance.

Rabbits are great depredators in fields, gardens, and plantations,
destroying in very wantonness hundreds of plants which they do not care
to eat. They do great damage to young trees, stripping them of their
tender bark, as far up as they can reach while standing on their hind
feet. Sometimes they eat the bark, but in many cases they leave it in
heaps upon the ground, having chiseled it from the tree merely for the
sake of exercising their teeth and keeping them in good order.

[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
GRAY RABBIT.
1/2 Life-size.
Copyright by
Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.]

It is true that most Rabbits burrow in the ground, their burrows having
many devious ramifications, but the Cottontail usually makes his home
in a little dug-out, concealed under a bush or a tuft of grass. We
remember one of these little excavations which we found in a cemetery
concealed by the overhanging branches of a rosebush at the foot of a
grave. While reading the inscription on the tombstone we were startled
by a quick rush from the bush, and discovering the nest, in which there
were five tiny young with wide open eyes, we took them up tenderly and
carried them home. We too, were young then. Admonished that we had
cruelly deprived a mother of her offspring, and that our duty was to
return them to her, we unwillingly obeyed, and put them back in the
little cavern. They huddled together once more and no doubt were soon
welcomed by their parents.

A frosty Saturday morning, a light snow covering the ground, a common
cur dog, Cottontail tracks, and a small, happy boy. Do you not see
yourself as in a vision?

THIRTY MILES FOR AN ACORN.

Far away I hear a drumming--
Tap, tap, tap!
Can the Woodpecker be coming
After sap?

Down in Mexico there lives a Woodpecker who stores his nuts and acorns
in the hollow stalks of the yuccas and magueys. These hollow stalks
are separated by joints into several cavities, and the sagacious bird
has somehow found this out, and bores a hole at the upper end of each
joint and another at the lower, through which to extract the acorns
when wanted. Then it fills up the stalks solidly and leaves its stores
there until needed, safe from the depredations of any thievish bird or
four-footed animal.

The first place in which this curious habit was observed was on a
hill in the midst of a desert. The hill was covered with yuccas and
magueys, but the nearest oak trees were thirty miles away, and so it
was calculated, these industrious birds had to make a flight of sixty
miles for each acorn stowed thus in the stalks!

An observer of birds remarks: "There are several strange features to
be noticed in these facts: the provident instinct which prompts this
bird to lay by stores of provisions for the winter, the great distance
traversed to collect a kind of food so unusual for its race, and its
seeking in a place so remote from its natural abode a storehouse so
remarkable."

Can instinct alone teach, or have experience and reason taught these
birds that, far better than the bark of trees or crevices in rocks
or any other hiding place are these hidden cavities they make for
themselves with the hollow stems of distant plants?

This we cannot answer. But we do know that one of the most remarkable
birds in our country is this California Woodpecker, and that he is
well entitled to his Mexican name of el carpintero--the carpenter
bird.--_Exchange._

THE OCELOT.

The smaller spotted and striped species of the genus _Felis_, of both
the old and the new world, are commonly called Tiger-Cats. Of these one
of the best known and most beautifully marked, peculiar to the American
continent, according to authority, has received the name of Ocelot,
_Felis pardalis_, though zoologists are still undecided whether under
this name several distinct species have not been included, or whether
all the Ocelots are to be referred to as a single species showing
individual or racial variation. Their fur has always a tawny yellow or
reddish-grey ground color, and is marked with black spots, aggregated
in streaks and blotches, or in elongated rings enclosing an area which
is rather darker than the general ground color. They range through the
wooded parts of Tropical America, from Arkansas to Paraguay, and in
their habits resemble the other smaller members of the cat tribe, being
ready climbers and exceedingly blood-thirsty.

The fierceness of the disposition of this animal, usually called by the
common name of Wild Cat, and its strength and agility, are well known,
for although it is said that it does not seek to attack man, yet "when
disturbed in its lair or hemmed in, it will spring with tiger-like
ferocity on its opponent, every hair on its body bristling with rage,"
and is altogether an ugly customer to meet with.

It was long believed that the Ocelot was the offspring of the domestic
cat, but it is now known to be distinct from the wild form of our
woods. One would scarcely wish to stroke the Wild Cat's hair in any
direction. As soon as the young are able to see and crawl, their savage
nature is apparent, and they cannot be tamed. They are not often
hunted, but when accidentally met with by the hunter are despatched as
quickly as possible.

In length the Ocelot rather exceeds four feet, of which the tail
occupies a considerable portion. The height averages about eighteen
inches. On account of the beauty of the fur the skin is valued for home
use and exportation, and is extensively employed in the manufacture of
various fancy articles of dress or luxury. It may be said to be a true
leopard in miniature.

In its native wilds the Ocelot seeks its food chiefly among the smaller
mammalia and birds, although it is strong enough to attack and destroy
a moderate sized monkey. It chases the monkeys into the tree branches,
and is nearly as expert a climber as they are, but, as it cannot follow
the birds into the airy region, it is forced to match its cunning
against their wings, and it rarely secures them. As is often done by
the domestic cat it can spring amongst a flock of birds as they rise
from the ground, and, leaping into the air, strike down one or more of
them with its swift paw. But its usual method of securing birds is by
concealing itself among the branches of a tree and suddenly knocking
them over as they unsuspiciously settle within reach of the hidden foe.

The movements of the Tiger-cat are graceful and elegant, and few
specimens of animal life found in out zoological gardens are more
interesting.

[Illustration: From col. Chi. Acad. Sciences.
AMERICAN OCELOT.
1/3 Life-size.
Copyright by
Nature Study Pub. Co., 1898, Chicago.
CHICAGO COLORTYPE CO., CHICAGO & NEW YORK.]

AZAMET THE HERMIT AND HIS DUMB FRIENDS.

Azamet the vizier had been raised by Sultan Mahmoud to the highest
office in the empire. As soon as he was established in his position, he
tried to reform many abuses; but the nobles and imaums plotted against
him.

Deprived of his property, and deserted by his friends, Azamet withdrew
to the wilderness of Khorasan, where he lived alone in a hut of his own
building, and planted a little garden by the side of a brook.

He had lived a hermit's life for two years, when Usbeck, one of his old
friends, found his dwelling place.

The sage met the vizier about a mile from his hut; the two friends
recognized each other and embraced, while Usbeck shed tears; Azamet, on
the contrary, smiled, and his eyes beamed with joy. "Thanks be to God,
who gives strength to the unfortunate," said Usbeck. "The man who had a
gorgeous palace in the rich plains of Ghilem is contented with a hut in
the wildest part of Khorasan!"

Presently, when they drew near Azamet's hut they heard a young horse
neigh, and saw him come galloping to meet them. When he came near
Azamet, he caressed him, and ran home before him.

Usbeck saw two fine heifers come from a pasture near by, and run back
and forth near Azamet, as if offering him their milk; they began to
follow him. Soon after, two goats, with their kids, ran down from a
steep rock, showing, by their gambols, their delight at seeing their
master, and began to frolic around him.

Then four or five sheep came out of a little orchard, bleating and
bounding, to lick Azamet's hand as he patted them, smiling. At the
same moment, a few pigeons and a multitude of other birds which were
chirping on the trees in the orchard flew upon his head and shoulders.
He went into the little yard near his cabin, and a cock saw him and
crowed for joy; at this noise several hens ran, cackling, to greet
their master.

But the signs of joy and love which all these animals showed were as
nothing compared to those of two white dogs that were waiting for
Azamet at the door. They did not run to meet him, but seemed to show
him that they had been faithful sentinels over the house which their
master had placed in their care. As soon, however, as he entered, they
caressed him lovingly, fawning upon him, throwing themselves at his
feet, and only leaping up to lick his hands. When he gave them caresses
they seemed, beside themselves with delight, and stretched themselves
at their master's feet.

Usbeck smiled at this sight. "Well!" said the vizier, "you see that I
am now as I have been from childhood, the friend of all created things.
_I tried to make men happy, but they could not let me. I made these
animals happy, and I take pleasure in their affection and gratitude._
You see that even though I am in the wilderness of Khorasan, I have
companions, and love and am beloved."

Listen! what a sudden rustle
Fills the air.
All the birds are in a bustle
Everywhere.

Such a ceaseless croon and twitter
Over-head!
Such a flash of wings that glitter
Wide outspread!

THE USE OF FLOWERS.

God might have bade the earth bring forth
Enough for great and small;
The oak tree and the cedar tree,
Without a flower at all.

We might have had enough, enough
For every want of ours,
For luxury, medicine, and toil,
And yet have had no flowers.

The ore within the mountain mine
Requireth none to grow;
Nor doth it need the lotus flower
To make the river flow.

The clouds might give abundant rain;
The nightly dews might fall;
And the herb that keepeth life in man
Might yet have drunk them all.

Then wherefore, wherefore were they made,
All dyed with rainbow-light,
All fashioned with supremest grace
Upspringing day and night;

Springing in valleys green and low,
And on the mountains high,
And in the silent wilderness,
Where no man passes by?

Our outward life requires them not--
Then wherefore had they birth?
To minister delight to man,
To beautify the earth.

To comfort man--to whisper hope,
Whene'er his faith is dim,
For who so careth for the flowers
Will much more care for him!

--MARY HOWITT.

[Illustration: APPLE BLOSSOMS.
From Nature by Chicago Colortype Co.]

ALL NATURE.

W. E. WATT.

Bias, one of the seven sages of Greece, was a noted political and legal
orator. His most famous utterance was, "I carry all my wealth with me."
His store of learning and power of speech were always at hand, and his
life had been such that all his investments were in the man, rather
than in property which might or might not afterwards belong to the man.

He who knows nature and has a habit of seeing things carries with
him a fruitful source of happiness. It requires technical knowledge
to use any of the mechanical appliances with which civilized life is
crowded. It requires artistic training to appreciate any of the great
productions of the leaders in the fields of ideal pleasure. But there
is no preparation demanded by nature herself of those who would enjoy
her feasts. Whosoever will may be her guest.

But because she is so free with the race in giving pleasure to all
her guests, it must not be inferred that cultivation and systematic
pursuit will not be rewarded. All eyes are blind until they have been
opened, and all ears deaf till they have learned desire. Just why I am
delighted with the landscape before me is beyond my power to tell, and
the reasons for the varying feelings that course through me are too
numerous for recognition. But with all these thronging sensations and
reflections that occupy me, there is a multitude of others that escape
me because I have not had my soul opened in their directions.

Every new item of nature's news that breaks upon the consciousness
increases capacity for pleasure for all time. He who meets nature
with enlightened senses is rewarded every day of his life for the
pains taken in delightful study by way of preparation. A landscape is
infinitely enhanced to him who has pursued the science of color with
some diligence. The sounds of the forest speak tenderly to all; but he
who knows the secrets of melody and harmony, and the limits of human
skill in music, has worlds of delight in the forest that others may not
enter. And so has the swain whose childhood was spent among the voices
of the trees. The sense of smell has a thousand raptures for the man
whose nose has lived up to its possibilities.

To look upon all nature broadly with the familiarity which comes only
from long acquaintance and scientific investigation of her various
aspects is the highest type of living. While this is not possible to
all, yet, much of it may be experienced by every one who has the desire
and follows it. The leading facts of all the sciences are open to all
who care to know them. The beauties and mysteries of the world are
constantly inviting us. And the rapid developments of knowledge in all
directions give us all the exciting motives one can desire.

Looking out over the face of the world, we note that there are two
sorts of material to be considered. One is alive or was produced by the
action of life, and the other is material which has never known a want.
We are drawn most to that which has pulsed with sap or blood--that
which has made a struggle of some sort.

All things that live are made up chemically principally of four
of the elements of the universe which are best adapted by their
characteristics for the purposes of life. Three are gases, oxygen,
hydrogen, and nitrogen; one is a solid, carbon. All these have what
is technically known as affinities of narrow range and low intensity
except oxygen. Oxygen is greedy to attack almost everything, the
others unite but sparingly and feebly. From these elements, life
chooses combinations that are easily changed in form and light enough
to stand up from the earth, to swim in the waters, and even to fly in
the atmosphere. So gaseous and quick to change are the things of life
that life itself has the reputation of being fleeting. Development is
a change in the arrangement of parts, and function is a transformation
of motion. These four elements, three gaseous and one solid, three very
exclusive and one very free in choosing all sorts of associates, have
been the means whereby life has been possible upon the earth. Their
characters have provided for what are known as differentiation and
integration.

With these materials is formed the mass which is the lowest form of
life, protoplasm. This may be formed into cells or not, but it is from
this beginning the scale of living things springs, rising in beautiful
and mysterious forms till the earth is enveloped and beautified so
that we can hardly think of it except as the receptacle prepared by
Omniscience for the entertainment of living beings, all of which point
to the highest and speak of the expansion and eternal value of the
human soul.

By getting next to other substances, or by getting them inside, the
organism draws within itself new matter of its own selection. It
chooses always material that is chemically similar to itself, and we
say it grows. Where it wears away in the pursuit, it makes repairs with
the fresh material. Where the pursuit is wearing, and requires great
activity or strength, the new matter is consumed in furnishing energy
alone.

When the period of growth is well advanced, the living thing matures
organs for the preservation of its kind. Male and female are
distinguished. A seed marks the female element in the plant, and in
the animal an ovum or egg. And as soon as the race has been provided
for, the individual is of no more use upon the face of the earth. It
has served its purpose, and merits a reward. But whether in the economy
of nature the joys of life are regarded as sufficient reward to every
living creature, there follows fast upon the heels of its usefulness
a period of lamentable decline. The elements which were so facile in
building up the individual are no longer active in furnishing energy,
repair, and growth. All these products are lopped off. Weakness,
debility, and shrinking ensue. The organism loses its attractiveness
for its kind, the pulse of life weakens, and the corpse falls to the
earth, yielding rapidly to a process of transformation called decay,
which is merely a giving up of what has been recently of use to this
form of life to some new form of the same sort or a different one. Life
is so swift and relentless that most of its subjects fall by the way
and give up their substance so effectually that there is no memory or
record left upon the face of the earth that such a form has ever been.

And so God is creating the heavens and the earth. While we participate
in a measure in this creation, let us observe and enjoy it and be wise.

THE BLOODLESS SPORTSMEN.

I go a-gunning, but take no gun;
I fish without a pole;
And I bag good game and catch such fish
As suit a sportsman's soul;
For the choicest game that the forest holds,
And the best fish of the brook,
Are never brought down by a rifle shot
And are never caught with a hook.

I bob for fish by the forest brook,
I hunt for game in the trees,
For bigger birds than wing the air
Or fish that swim the seas.
A rodless Walton of the brooks
A bloodless sportsman, I--
I hunt for the thoughts that throng the woods,
The dreams that haunt the sky.

The woods were made for the hunters of dreams,
The brooks for the fishers of song;
To the hunters who hunt for the gunless game
The streams and the woods belong.
There are thoughts that moan from the soul of the pine,
And thoughts in a flower bell curled;
And the thoughts that are blown with the scent of the fern
Are as new and as old as the world.

--SAM WALTER FOSS.

A BOOK BY THE BROOK.

Give me a nook and a brook,
And let the proud world spin round;
Let it scramble by hook or by crook
For wealth or name with a sound,
You are welcome to amble your ways,
Aspirers to place or to glory;
May big bells jangle your praise,
And golden pens blazon your story;
For me, let me dwell in my nook,
Here by the curve of this brook,
That croons to the tune of my book,
Whose melody wafts me forever
On the waves of an unseen river!

--JAMES FREEMAN CLARKE.

SUMMARY.

Page 6.

=WILSON'S SNIPE.=--_Gallinago delicata._ Other names: English Snipe,
Jack Snipe, Gutter Snipe.

RANGE--From Canada and British Columbia, south in winter to the West
Indies, and even to South America. Breeds from the latitude of New
England southward.

NEST--Slight depression in the grass or moss of a bog.

EGGS--Three to four; grayish-olive to greenish-brown, spotted and
blotched with reddish-brown.

----

Page 10.

=BLACK WOLF.=--_Canis occidentalis._ Found in Florida.

----

Page 14.

=AMERICAN RED SQUIRREL.=--_Seiurus Hudsonius._ Other name: Chickaree,
from its cry.

Common in North America.

----

Page 18.

=PRAIRIE HEN.=--_Tympanucus americanus._ Other name: Pinnated Grouse.

RANGE--Prairies of the Mississippi Valley, east to Indiana and
Kentucky, north to Manitoba, west to the eastern Dakotas, south to
Texas and Louisiana. _T. cupido_, until lately supposed to be this
species, is now apparently extinct, except on the island of Martha's
Vineyard.

NEST--On the ground in the thick prairie grass.

EGGS--Eight to twelve, of tawn brown, sometimes with an olive brown
hue, occasionally sprinkled with brown.

----

Page 27.

=AMERICAN RABBIT.=--_Lepus sylvaticus._ Other names: Cottontail and
Molly Cottontail.

----

Page 31.

=OCELOT.=--_Felis pardalis._ Other name: Tiger-Cat.

RANGE--From the southwestern United States to Patagonia.

+----------------------------------------------------------------- +
| Transcriber's Note: |
| |
| Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. |
| |
| Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant |
| form was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. |
| |
| Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. |
| |
| Italicized words are surrounded by underline characters, |
| _like this_. Words in bold characters are surrounded by equal |
| signs, =like this=. |
| |
| The Contents table was added by the transcriber. |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

*** End of this LibraryBlog Digital Book "Birds and all Nature, Vol. IV, No. 1, July 1898 - Illustrated by Color Photography" ***

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