Title: Our Common Land - (and Other Short Essays)
Author: Hill, Octavia
Language: English
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OUR COMMON LAND

(AND OTHER SHORT ESSAYS).

[Illustration: Logo]


OUR COMMON LAND

(AND OTHER SHORT ESSAYS).

BY

OCTAVIA HILL.

London:

MACMILLAN AND CO.

1877.

[_All Rights reserved._]


CHARLES DICKENS AND EVANS,
CRYSTAL PALACE PRESS.



CONTENTS.

I.
                                                  PAGE
OUR COMMON LAND                                      1


II.

DISTRICT VISITING                                   18


III.

A FEW WORDS TO VOLUNTEER VISITORS AMONG THE POOR    46


IV.

A MORE EXCELLENT WAY OF CHARITY                     63


V.

A WORD ON GOOD CITIZENSHIP                          88


VI.

OPEN SPACES                                        105


VII.

EFFECTUAL CHARITY                                  152


VIII.

THE FUTURE OF OUR COMMONS                          175



OUR COMMON LAND.



I.

OUR COMMON LAND.


Probably few persons who have a choice of holidays select a Bank
holiday, which falls in the spring or summer, as one on which they
will travel, or stroll in the country, unless, indeed, they live
in neighbourhoods very far removed from large towns. Every railway
station is crowded; every booking-office thronged; every seat--nay,
all standing room--is occupied in every kind of public conveyance;
the roads leading out of London for miles are crowded with every
description of vehicle--van, cart, chaise, gig--drawn by every size
and sort of donkey, pony, or horse; if it be a dusty day, a great dull
unbroken choking cloud of dust hangs over every line of road.

Yet in spite of all this, and in spite of the really bad sights to be
seen at every public-house on the road, in spite of the wild songs and
boisterous behaviour, and reckless driving home at night, which show
how sadly intoxication is still bound up with the idea and practical
use of a holiday to hundreds of our people, how much intense enjoyment
the day gives! how large a part of this enjoyment is unmixed good! And
the evil is kept in check very much. We may see the quiet figure of the
mounted policeman as we drive home, dark in the twilight, dark amidst
the dust, keeping order among the vehicles, making the drunken drivers
mind what they are doing. He keeps very tolerable order. And then these
days in the country ought to lessen the number of drunkards every year;
and more and more we shall be able to trust to the public opinion of
the quiet many to preserve order.

And watch, when at last the open spaces are reached towards which
all these lines of vehicles are tending--be it Epping, or Richmond,
or Greenwich, or Hampstead--every place seems swarming with an
undisciplined, but heartily happy, crowd. The swings, the roundabouts,
the donkeys, the stalls, are beset by dozens or even hundreds of
pleasure-seekers, gay and happy, though they are not always the
gentlest or most refined. Look at the happy family groups--father,
and mother, and children, with their picnic dinners neatly tied up in
handkerchiefs; watch the joy of eager children leaning out of vans
to purchase for a halfpenny the wonderful pink paper streamers which
they will stick proudly in their caps; see the merry little things
running untiringly up and down the bank of sand or grass; notice the
affectionate father bringing out the pot of ale to the wife as she sits
comfortably tucked up in shawls in the little cart, or treating the
children to sweetmeats; sympathise in the hearty energy of the great
rough lads who have walked miles, as their dusty boots well show; their
round, honest faces have beamed with rough mirth at every joke that has
come in their way all day; they have rejoiced more in the clamber to
obtain the great branches of may than even in the proud possession of
them, though they are carrying them home in triumph. To all these the
day brings unmixed good.

Now, have you ever paused to think what Londoners would do without
this holiday, or what it would be without these open spaces? Cooped up
for many weeks in close rooms, in narrow streets, compelled on their
holiday to travel for miles in a crowded stream, first between houses,
and then between dusty high hedges, suddenly they expand into free
uncrowded space under spreading trees, or on to the wide Common from
which blue distance is visible; the eye, long unrefreshed with sight of
growing grass, or star-like flowers, is rejoiced by them again. To us
the Common or forest looks indeed crowded with people, but to them the
feeling is one of sufficient space, free air, green grass, and colour,
with a life without which they might think the place dull. Every atom
of open space you have left to these people is needed; take care you
lose none of it; it is becoming yearly of more vital importance to save
or increase it.

There is now a Bill for regulating inclosure before the House of
Commons. Mr. Cross has said what he trusts will be its effect if it
becomes law; but those who have been watching the history of various
inclosures, and the trials respecting special Commons, are not so
hopeful as Mr. Cross is as to the effect this Bill would have. It makes
indeed good provisions for regulating Commons to be kept open for the
public when a scheme for regulation is applied for. But the adoption
of such a scheme depends in large part on the lord of the manor.
Will he in nine cases out of ten ever even apply for a scheme for
regulating a Common, when he knows that by doing so he shuts out from
himself and his successors for ever the possibility of inclosing it,
and appropriating some part of it? Do any provisions for regulating,
however excellent, avail anything when no motive exists which should
prompt the lord of the manor to bring the Common under them? and, as
the Bill stands, it cannot be so brought without his consent.

Secondly, the Bill provides that urban sanitary authorities can
purchase rights which will enable them to keep open any suburban
Common, or may accept a gift of the same. But then a suburban Common
is defined as one situated within six miles of the outside of a town
of 5,000 inhabitants. Now, I hardly know how far out of a large town
Bank-holiday excursionists go, but I know they go every year farther
and farther. I am sure that a Common twelve, nay, twenty, miles off
from a large town is accessible by cheap trains to hundreds of
excursionists all the summer, to whom it is an inestimable boon. Again,
is the privilege of space, and light, and air, and beauty not to be
considered for the small shopkeeper, for the hard-working clerk, who
will probably never own a square yard of English land, but who cares
to take his wife and children into the country for a fortnight in the
summer? Do you not know numbers of neighbourhoods where woods, and
Commons, and fields used to be open to pedestrians, and now they must
walk, even in the country, on straight roads between hedges? The more
that fields and woods are closed, the more does every atom of Common
land, everywhere, all over England, become of importance to the people
of every class, except that which owns its own parks and woods. "On
the lowest computation," says the Report of the Commons Preservation
Society, "5,000,000 acres of Common land have been inclosed since Queen
Anne's reign; now there are but 1,000,000 acres left.[1] The right
of roving over these lands has been an immense boon to our people; it
becomes at once more valued and rarer year by year. Is it impossible,
I would ask lawyers and statesmen, to recognise this right as a legal
one acquired by custom, and not to be taken away? Mr. Lefevre suggested
this in a letter to _The Times_. He says:

"The right of the public to use and enjoy Commons (which they have for
centuries exercised), it must be admitted, is not distinctly recognised
by law, though there is a remarkable absence of adverse testimony on
the subject. The law, however, most fully recognises the right of
the village to its green, and allows the establishment of such right
by evidence as to playing games, &c., but it has failed as yet to
recognise the analogy between the great town and its Common, and the
village and its green, however complete in fact that analogy may be.
But some of these rights of Common, which are now so prized as a means
of keeping Commons open, had, if legal theory is correct, their origin
centuries ago in custom. For long they had no legal existence, but
the courts of law at last learned to recognise custom as conferring
rights. The custom has altered in kind; in lieu of cattle, sheep, and
pigs turned out to pasture on the Commons, human beings have taken
their place, and wear down the turf instead of eating it. I can see
no reason why the law, or, if the courts are too slow to move, the
Legislature, should not recognise this transfer and legalise this
custom. Again, it is probable that Commons belonged originally much
more to the inhabitants of a district than to the lord. Feudal theory
and its subsequent development--English Real Property Law--have ridden
rather roughly over the facts and the rights of the case. The first
placed the lord of the manor in his position as lord, giving him
certain privileges, and coupling with them many responsibilities. The
second gradually removed these responsibilities, and converted into a
property what was at first little more than an official trust. If these
considerations are beyond the scope of the law courts, they are proper
for Parliament. One step has been made. It has been proved that it is
not necessary to purchase Commons for the public, but that ample means
of protecting them from inclosure exist. It is also obvious that the
rights which constitute these means are now in practice represented
by a public user of Commons for recreation. The Legislature should, I
venture to think, recognise this user as a legal right."

If the Legislature would do this, Commons all over England might
be kept open, which, I venture to think, would be a great gain.
Hitherto the right to keep Commons open has been maintained, even in
the neighbourhood of towns, by legal questions affecting rights of
pasturage, of cutting turf, or carting gravel. This is all very well
if it secures the object, but it is on the large ground of public
policy, for the sake of the health and enjoyment of the people, that
the conscience of the nation supports the attempt to keep them open;
it cares little for the defence of obsolete and often nearly valueless
customs, and it would be very well if the right acquired by use could
be recognised by law, and the defence put at once on its real grounds.

I have referred to the opinion expressed by lawyers and members of
Parliament that the opportunity of applying for schemes for regulation
provided by the Bill now before the House will not be used at all
largely, owing to the necessity of the consent of those owning
two-thirds value of the Common, and of the veto possessed by the lord
of the manor. They tell me also (and it certainly appears to me that
both statements are evident on reading the Bill) that _unless Mr.
Cross consents to insert a clause forbidding all inclosures except
under this Act_, the passing of it will be followed by a large number
of high-handed inclosures under old Acts, or without legal right. For
unless the right of some independent body like the public who use
the space can be recognised as having a voice in opposing illegal
inclosures, what chance have the rural Commons? The agricultural
labourers, often tenants-at-will of a powerful landlord, can be ejected
and their rights immediately cancelled; moreover, they do not know
the law, they have few to advise them, to plead their cause, or to
spend money on expensive lawsuits. Mr. Lefevre says in the same letter
quoted above, "I would at least ask them to declare all inclosures not
authorised by Parliament to be _primâ facie_ illegal and to remove the
necessity of litigation by persons actually themselves commoners,
by authorising any public body, or public-spirited individual, to
interfere in the case of any such inclosures, and put the lord to
strict proof of his right."

And do not let us be too ready to see the question dealt with as a
matter of mere money compensation. It is much to be feared lest the
short-sighted cupidity of one generation of rural commoners may lose
a great possession for future times. This danger is imminent because
we are all so accustomed to treat money value as if it were the only
real value! Can we wonder if the eyes of poor men are often fixed
rather on the immediate money value to themselves than on the effect
of changes for their descendants? Should we stand by, we who ought to
see farther, and let them part with what ought to be a possession to
the many in the future? A few coals at Christmas, which rapidly come
to be looked upon as a charity graciously accorded by the rich, or
the recipients of which are arbitrarily selected by them, may in many
cases be blindly accepted by cottagers in lieu of Common rights. Is
the influence of such doles so healthy that we should wish to see them
taking the place of a Common right over a little bit of English soil?
The issue at a nominal charge of orders to cut turf or furze by a lord
of the manor has been known gradually to extinguish the right to do so
without his leave. Is the influence of the rich and powerful so slight
that we should let it be thus silently strengthened? Is the knowledge
just brought so prominently before us that one quarter of the land in
England is owned by only seven hundred and ten persons so satisfactory
that we will stand by and see quietly absorbed those few spots which
are our common birthright in the soil? It is not likely that farms or
estates will diminish in size; and the yeoman class is, I suppose,
passing away rapidly. With the small holdings, is there to pass away
from our people the sense that they have any share in the soil of their
native England? I think the sense of owning some spaces of it in common
may be healthier for them than even the possession of small bits by
individuals, and certainly it now seems more feasible. Lowell tells us
that what is free to all is the best of all possessions:


     'Tis heaven alone that is given away,
     'Tis only God may be had for the asking;
     There is no price set on the lavish summer,
     And June may be had by the poorest comer.


Hugh Miller, too, points out how intimately the right to roam
over the land is connected with the love of it, and hence with
patriotism. He says, speaking of his first visit to Edinburgh: "I
threw myself, as usual, for compensatory pleasures, on my evening
walks, but found the inclosed state of the district, and the fence of
a rigorously-administered trespass-law, serious drawbacks; and ceased
to wonder that a thoroughly cultivated country is, in most instances,
so much less beloved by its people than a wild and open one. Rights of
proprietorship may exist equally in both; but there is an important
sense in which the open country belongs to the proprietors and to the
people too. All that the heart and intellect can derive from it may
be alike free to peasant and aristocrat; whereas the cultivated and
strictly fenced country belongs usually, in every sense, to only the
proprietor; and as it is a much simpler and more obvious matter to love
one's country as a scene of hills, and streams, and green fields, amid
which nature has often been enjoyed, than as a definite locality, in
which certain laws and constitutional privileges exist, it is rather
to be regretted than wondered at that there should be often less true
patriotism in a country of just institutions and equal laws, whose
soil has been so exclusively appropriated as to leave only the dusty
high-roads to its people, than in wild open countries, in which the
popular mind and affections are left free to embrace the soil, but
whose institutions are partial and defective." So writes at least one
man of the people; and whether we estimate the relative value of just
laws or familiar and beloved scenes quite as he does, or not, I think
we must all feel there is deep truth in what he says.

Let us then press Government, while there is still time, that no bit of
the small portion of uninclosed ground, which is the common inheritance
of us all as English men and women, shall be henceforth inclosed,
except under this Bill; which simply means that each scheme shall be
submitted to a Committee of the House, and considered on its merits.

Surely this is a very reasonable request. Do not let us be satisfied
with less. Do not let us deceive ourselves as to the result of this
Bill if it pass unamended.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The amount remaining uninclosed and subject to Common-rights is
variously estimated; a report of the Inclosure Commissioners in 1874
putting it at about 2,600,000 for England and Wales, while the recent
return of landowners, prepared by the Local Government Board, makes the
uninclosed area little more than 1,500,000 acres.



II.

DISTRICT VISITING.[2]


I have assumed throughout this paper that most district visitors feel
a certain dissatisfaction both with district visiting and with systems
of relief as they exist, even where such systems are best organised.
Some may think that there is too much relief given, some that there is
too little, others that what is given is of the wrong kind. I believe,
also, some visitors feel that their spiritual influence is interfered
with in different ways by the unsatisfactory character of the temporal
relief. To some of them it seems incongruous to carry tracts in one
hand and coal-tickets in another; to others, that carrying either,
still more carrying both, as a matter of course, shuts them off from
true intercourse with the best kind of working men and women; others,
again, feel that carrying tracts without coal-tickets when the grate is
empty seems a little like want of sympathy; and others that carrying
coal-tickets without tracts is treating the poor as if they were only
concerned with the outside things of life.

However earnestly our clergy have desired to solve this problem of
how to deal wisely with the temporal condition of their flocks, it
remains a problem still. However tenderly our visitors have mourned
over it, as it affects hundreds of individuals, it remains mournful
still. What prospect is there of its being vigorously studied with a
view to solution, or even to radical improvement, by those who have
power to effect improvement? Busy, overworked clergymen, with services
and sermons, and churches and schools, and thousands of souls to see
to, have inherited systems of relief in their parishes which they
hardly have time to reform, and the gigantic pressure of daily duty
perpetuates many unwise plans, though many, I am well aware, are being
abolished. How far the best still falls below what they would like to
see let the clergy themselves say. I believe most of them, if asked,
would reply: "I have tried honestly to make my system of relief as
satisfactory as I could, but it is far from my ideal." And this is
so from another cause. You can never make a _system_ of relief good
without perfect administration, far-sighted watchfulness in each
individual case; and this is specially true in an age in which bad
systems of relief have trained the people to improvidence. Given your
entirely enlightened clergyman, he cannot in a large London parish do
much more than see to his people when the crisis of distress has come.
He cannot watch over them before it comes, yet it is then that distress
is preventable. On whom does the continuous watchfulness devolve at
best? Visitors, young, inexperienced, untaught, undertake districts;
they find themselves part of a system, and follow in its lines; they
meet individual cases of want, improvidence, disease, and though they
know little themselves how to deal with such, they hesitate to make
calls upon the time of a too busy clergyman, kind as he is in helping,
gladly as he would reply to a practical question about the individual;
they cannot talk out with him radical means of dealing with the roots
of such evils. What can they do? They give or withhold the soup-ticket
or the shilling. Has the clergyman usually time, has the visitor often
knowledge to do much more than deal with the individual question of
relief or no relief at the moment in the special case?

And yet the problem has become appalling, gigantic: viewed in its
entirety, it might make us almost tremble?

Statesmen, philanthropists, political economists, try their hands at
it, or rather their heads. Do they succeed better than the clergy and
the visitors? Do they not often succeed worse? For the clergy and the
visitors at least bear witness to the poor of sympathy with them, and
deal with the wants round them practically; while the theorists, let
their theories be ever so excellent, somehow stand so far off that they
bring little practically into operation. Who does not know of good
laws passed which are nearly inoperative because not enforced by brave
persons face to face with the evils which should be removed by them?
Who does not know of sound principles of political economy clearly
enunciated to those unconcerned by them, which never reach the ears of
those whose lives they deeply affect, still less are brought before
them by those whom they would trust?

Now these two classes, the studious, more leisurely, generalising
thinkers, and the loving, individualising doers, need to be brought
into communication; and that is what in this paper I wish most
emphatically to enforce. Each has knowledge the other requires;
separated, they are powerless; combined, they may do much. For I have
drawn miserable pictures of the weakness of both, but see on the other
hand what each has of strength. The clergy have all that is pitiful,
all that is generous in the hearts of their richer parishioners on
their side--the power of calling out workers from among them, the power
of directing a large part of their alms, the distribution of money, the
leadership of the men. Besides these they have the enormous accumulated
knowledge of the poor, gathered in long years of intimate observation
of them in their homes--a mass of information over which they may not
have much time to brood, and from which they may not be in the habit of
generalising, yet what might not the theorists learn from it?

And the visitors. I have called them inexperienced, and I might have
added that their work is less valuable in many ways, because it is
intermittent; but pause to think what these visitors are and might be.
Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of gentle, earnest, duty-doing souls, well
born, well nurtured, well provided for, possibly well educated, turning
aside out of the bright paths which they could pursue continuously, to
bring a little joy, a little help, to those who are out of the way.
A voluntary gift this, if a very solemn duty. I have heard persons
who give their whole time to the poor speak a little disparagingly of
these fleeting visits, and young girls themselves, fevered with desire
to do more, talk rather enviously of those who can give their time
wholly to such work; but have they ever thought how much is lost by
such entire dedication?--or, rather, how much is gained by her who is
not only a visitor of the poor, but a member of a family with other
duties? It is the families, the homes of the poor, that need to be
influenced. Is not she most sympathetic, most powerful, who nursed her
own mother through her long illness, and knew how to go quietly about
the darkened room; who entered so heartily into the sister's love and
marriage; who obeyed so perfectly the father's command when it was
hardest? Better still if she be wife and mother herself, and can enter
into the responsibilities of a head of a household, understands her
joys and cares, knows what heroic patience it needs to keep gentle when
the nerves are unhinged and the children noisy. Depend upon it, if we
thought of the poor primarily as husbands, wives, sons, and daughters,
members of households, as we are ourselves, instead of contemplating
them as a different class, we should recognise better how the house
training and high ideal of home duty was our best preparation for work
among them. Nay, to come down to much smaller matters than these family
duties, to the gladness of party, ball, and flower-show, I believe
these, too, in innocent and happy amount, when they brighten the eyes
and bring the ready smile to the face, and make the step free and
joyous, prepare us to bring a gleam of sunlight into many a monotonous
life among the poor. What, in comparison with these gains, is the
regularity of work of the weary worker, whose life tends to make her
deal with people _en masse_, who gains little fresh spring from other
thoughts and scenes? For what is it that we look forward to as our
people gradually improve? Not surely to dealing with them as a class
at all, any more than we should tell ourselves off to labour for the
middle class, or aristocratic class, or shop-keeping class. Our ideal
must be to promote the happy natural intercourse of neighbours--mutual
knowledge, mutual help, of a kind, certainly, but not this professed
devotion of a life; and it will be better from the beginning to mould
our system so that it shall bear witness of what it ought to become. If
we establish a system of professed workers, amateur or paid, we shall
quickly begin to hug our system, and perhaps to want to perpetuate it
even to the extent of making work for it. Well, here we have then our
wonderful company of visitors full of real care for the people, with
time and intelligence to apply the wisest principles, did they but know
them, with fullest thought, to individual cases; capable of inspiring
confidence, of winning allegiance; of getting those whom they visit to
understand what is best for their future, and to make up their minds
to do it. Is not this precisely what is needed--the individual thought
which can apply the wise principles, the love which can influence the
wills which should be brought into harmony with those principles? Then
turn to consider how these principles are now being thought out, with
what painstaking devotion, what science, what accuracy some of our
greatest men are studying them. What a mass of information they have
accumulated! How day by day they are learning to explain better the
meaning of it all! Think of the doctors, the legislators, the poor-law
reformers, the advocates of co-operation, the members of the Charity
Organisation Society, how they examine, study, and expound. Once
duty to the poor was supposed to consist in giving large alms; once,
self-sacrifice and devotion were thought sufficient qualifications for
a worker among the poor; now it is seen that to these must be added
the farthest sight, the wisest thought, the most self-restraining
resolution to make a useful worker.

These two classes, gentle doers and wise thinkers, stand far apart,
yet, if they could be brought into close communication, both would gain
much; the people for whom they are both labouring would gain much more.
In what follows I have tried to show how such a communication might
be made a practical reality. The scheme described is not based wholly
on theory, but has substantially been in operation in a district of
Marylebone for some years, and has been lately adopted by two other
districts.

To effect a union, to establish communication with so numerous a body
as the district visitors of London, would be in itself difficult. The
difficulty is increased by the fact that they are not only a very
numerous, but very changeful body; not only does death, marriage, or
migration take them wholly away, but they are often interrupted by
temporary absence from home, household duties, illness, and this far
more than would be the case with paid workers, their district work
being only a secondary, though a very real, duty. These incessant
changes could never, without enormous labour and much likelihood of
confusion, be registered at one centre; and this necessitates that the
visitors must be dealt with by certain selected persons, who may be
local leaders or centres. Large numbers of them are already gathered
in district groups, round various churches and chapels. My first very
natural thought was to ask the ministers of those churches and chapels
to accept new duties towards their visitors, to bring before them
whatever it might seem to the theorists ought to come under their
notice, and to transmit to the theorists any individual problems quite
too hard for solution in the locality, and to be ready to furnish other
information to visitors on questions affecting the temporal condition
of their people. But it was obviously impossible to ask hard-worked
London clergymen and ministers to undertake additional work, especially
such a work as this. For its whole value should depend on the constant,
living, detailed interchange of information. And, besides, though the
district visitors attached to churches and chapels are by far the
most numerous bodies to be enrolled, there are other groups which it
is important to secure, and there are also individual visitors to
be enlisted who might be ready to help with tangible work, and not
prepared to take spiritual work. And this is another reason for not
asking the clergy to take up the task. On the whole, then, it appears
to me best to suggest leaving the question of all spiritual and moral
work exactly where it is--where it almost must be, gathering round
the clergy and ministers, everything affecting it being referred to
them, and of course all funds and charities now in their hands being
as hitherto managed and distributed wholly under their direction; but
at the same time to ask them to consider whether they could single
out someone from each ecclesiastical district, or from any given
group of visitors, who should be a secretary to the others--a means
of communication between them and the people dealing as officials or
theorists with questions affecting large bodies of the poor.

I will describe what I think such a secretary should be and do.

She need at first have no special knowledge of laws affecting the
poor, institutions established for them, or the principles of action
which those who have thought most on the subject unite in thinking
best; ladies furnished with such knowledge would not be found in many
districts, and though such information would doubtless be of immense
value, it would not be essential to secure it at first, as a great deal
would be rapidly acquired by anyone holding the post of which I speak.
She ought to have a good deal of time for writing, and seeing her
fellow-workers. She need not have time for visiting the poor. In fact
I should advise selecting someone who had experience in visiting them,
but was content to resign that work, as I think her full available
power should be devoted to her secretarial duties. She should be
able, however, to attend regularly at least one meeting weekly of the
Charity Organisation Committee of her district. If she has a house of
her own, or so much control over one as would enable her to see the
visitors often there, it would be a great advantage; in fact, some way
of seeing them frequently and individually appears to me essential.
She should be one who, for the greater part of the year, is resident in
town; for though of course a temporary successor could be appointed,
or her post left vacant, absences, especially if frequent, would be a
drawback to her usefulness. She ought to have tact, gentleness, and
firmness. She must be a careful, conscientious woman of business,
with clear head, or very methodical ways; for next to ready sympathy,
method will be of all things most necessary to her. Such a secretary
should, in that capacity, busy herself only with matters relating to
the temporal condition of the poor. She would have relations to her
own group of visitors, to the locality in which she lived, and to
the metropolis generally. Those to her own fellow-workers would be
different probably in different cases; but I suppose she would help and
advise new visitors, tell them of the local charities, consult with
them about special cases, register their temporary absence, getting
the clergy to fill in such gaps if possible, show them how to keep
written records of families under their charge in given form, so as to
be of use to succeeding visitors, whether temporary or permanent, and
communicate to visitors, new and old, all facts within her knowledge
which might be of value to them. With regard to the local organisation,
I will not stay to describe in detail the ways in which she might be
valuable to the School Board officer, to the relieving officer, to the
inspector of nuisances, who might learn to look to her for more radical
means of help than are at their command, both material and moral, and
for information as to details such as rarely reaches officials, and
yet might enable them to bring beneficent laws more powerfully to
bear on special cases. The secretary should not only avail herself
of the investigating machinery of the Charity Organisation Society,
but she should, as I said, attend the committee meetings. There she
will learn an immense deal about wise principles of relief, new and
important facts of law affecting the people, and the working of
various institutions; in short, she ought to get there nearly all
the instruction she requires. She would also be invaluable to the
committee. She would be well acquainted with the principles on which
relief is given by those whom she represents, could tell whether they
would be likely to make a grant in a certain case, and, approximately,
how large such grant would be. She would know, too, how to enlist that
individual gentle help which is so often needed in cases coming before
the Charity Organisation Society after the preliminary investigation
is made, and which the paid agent has neither time nor capacity to
give. In fact, for applicants from every street, and court, and lane,
in which a visitor was at work, she would know to whom to turn for the
personal attention which the Charity Organisation Committee feel they
so urgently need. Nor would her services end there. Not only would
she obtain the aid of the visitors she represented at such times of
crisis in the history of a poor family as those in which they usually
apply to the Charity Organisation Society, not only would she be able
to supply a detailed report of the past life of the applicant on
points which might bear on the committee's decision, but afterwards,
when the decision was made and relief granted or withheld, through
succeeding years she would get the people watched over with that
continuous care without which right decisions at any particular crisis
of life lose half their efficacy; indeed, she might often avert such a
crisis altogether. For instance, she might get the visitors to induce
the man to join a provident dispensary or club; which would be more
Satisfactory, though not perhaps more necessary, than refusing him
aid when he has not done so. Sometimes, when I think of those Charity
Organisation Committees so much misunderstood by many, because they
have so resolutely determined to give no fresh unsatisfactory relief,
some of them tenderly pitiful of the poor, some of them a little far
off from them, but all trying to help them in thoughtfully considered
ways, and of the great current of careless, inconsiderate relief going
on unchecked and uncontrolled by them, I feel as if a union between
you and them would do more than almost anything else to help the poor.
There they are all ready for you in every district of London, asking
you to co-operate, asking you to study with them what is best, and you
leave them in too many cases to be mere repressors of the grossest
forms of mendicity, and by no means organisers of charity. If the plan
I suggest were adopted by only a few visiting societies, I delight
to think what might be gained by furnishing the committees with a
few gentle workers representing many more, and associated with the
charities of the neighbourhood.

But I pass on to consider the relations of these secretaries to the
metropolis. They ought to be supplied with information about the laws
affecting the poor, Sanitary Laws, Poor Laws, Education Acts, &c.; they
ought to get notice of important meetings about medical charities; of
new suggestions and arrangements as to the best methods of collecting
and storing the earnings of the poor. And how is this to be done? Much
of it might even now be done through the Charity Organisation Society.
All of it, I hope, will be done through the Society in the future; but
the committees are too busy, too occupied with their daily labour, to
deal with this new matter with the fulness of detail which at first it
will require; and perhaps they do not everywhere nor always command
the full sympathy and confidence of their district. Added to which, I
have noticed that people, curiously enough, are more willing to invite
information from private persons than from official bodies. Something
must be done to meet the wants of a time of transition, and I trust I
am not over-bold in offering, while the plan is new, to do what I can
to fill the gap; but in the future we ought to endeavour to secure that
the visitors should be so organised that they themselves can compare
notes, and each communicate to each how practical difficulties have
been met in particular localities--so organised that facts bearing on
their work should reach them swiftly and certainly, and that their
experience should be accessible for legislators and reformers.

I have set before you nothing great, nothing grand, no new society, no
fresh light even on the problems respecting wiser systems of relief, or
their applications to individuals, which you are desiring so much to
solve, each in your own parish or court. I do believe those problems
to be capable of solution. I do believe that our almsgiving has been
cruel in its kindness. It is for the sake of the people themselves
that I would see it decreased, yes, even put down altogether; I believe
they would be richer, as well as happier, for it. For the sake of the
energy of the poor, the loss of which is so fatal to them, for the sake
of that intercourse with them, happy, friendly, human intercourse,
which dependence renders impossible, seek to your utmost for better
ways of helping them. We can give you no general rules which will
obviate necessity of thought, singly must your difficulties be met,
singly conquered; but see that you throw upon them all available light
from the experience of others, the thoughts of the thoughtful. No new
society, no great scheme, have I to urge, only if here or there any
one or two of the groups of visitors care to select one among them to
be their secretary, and send me her name and address, I will tell her
what I can which I think may be helpful to her or them. We might meet,
too, we secretaries, now and again, to talk over important questions
and strengthen one another; and though I could not possibly find
time to deal with difficulties in detail, I might show, or get shown,
what plans have been found useful in places which I know. I might
help, too, a little about finding employment. I hear of a good many
situations of an exceptional kind, and difficult to fill up suitably,
and notice of such vacancies I might send on to secretaries, who could
find among their visitors someone who would care to spend thought and
time in fitting into an exceptional place the person best adapted for
it. The large demands for labour are, I believe, best dealt with by
advertisement or registry; but there is not any more valuable way of
helping individuals than by fitting them in where they are wanted, in
ways that are not possible except to those who have personal knowledge
of candidates. Mere routine notices might thus meet great human needs.

I have spoken throughout this paper of outward means and appliances;
I have referred very little to improvement of the lives and spirits
of men. This is not because I do not care for those lives and spirits.
They are reached, we must remember, in many different ways. A great
deal of life is necessarily spent in getting its surroundings into
order, and in London here, this machinery of ours, all the tangible
things round us, need a great deal done to them; it tests us better
than any words can do. It is very difficult--impossible, I believe--to
make the things of this world fair and orderly, to arrange them
justly, to govern them rightly, without living very nobly. The right
use of money, the laws affecting houses and lands, involve principles
which test the sincerity of a man or a nation; they test it, I say,
as words cannot test it. I think our poor see this very clearly, and
that, strange as it may seem, the messages about God's nature, and
about His relation to them, come in a subtle way through our acts.
More perhaps than through our words. This is emphatically so just
now. They have heard a great many words, and have been puzzled because
our actions have often seemed to them at variance with those words.
I know how hopelessly we must fail in any attempt to live up to the
unspeakable majesty of God's tenderness, and the boundless wisdom of
His righteousness; but even our failure, after sincere trial, brings
a message of what He is to His children. Our actions are speaking to
them. For this reason I have never felt the execution of the most
minute duty with regard to tangible things beneath my notice, and I do
not feel that in urging any of you to consider the right settlement of
questions of temporal relief, I am asking you to devote yourselves to
a task which is otherwise than holy. On the contrary, I have felt that
it can be only rightly dealt with by those who are content to carry it
on in silent allegiance to One who will judge with farther sight than
feeble men, who will know what deeper mercy there may be in the act
which looks to men harsh at the moment. Indeed, I dare not, trust the
difficult things there may be to do in refusal of immediate help to
any mere reasonable political economist. The generals who can direct
the sad retracing of our foolish steps should be those who care for
the people because their Father cares, and so desire to make them what
He would have them to be; and the only ones who will have fortitude
to bear the misunderstanding this may cause will be those who feel
tenderest pity for the people.

Not a small thing, even in itself, is the dealing with the tangible and
soulless things of earth. We may be very proud, justly proud, of the
well-ordered spot of earth, the well-spent income, the self-restrained
providence, whether they are our own, or whether we have helped another
so to regulate the talents entrusted to him; but the glad pride breaks
away, and a deep thankfulness overpowers us, if ever by word or deed
we seem to have helped anyone to catch even a little glimpse of the
mighty Love which enwraps his spirit, uniting it in solemn harmony with
all that _is_ contained, as well as all that _cannot_ be contained, in
this wonderful, visible world.

FOOTNOTE:

[2] Read on the 4th of May, 1876, to a meeting of district visitors and
clergy at the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol's house in London.



III.

A FEW WORDS TO VOLUNTEER VISITORS AMONG THE POOR.[3]


You have asked me to speak to you to-day about work in this parish,
and you know I have not the pleasure of knowing it or you. If anything
I say is inapplicable you must forgive my ignorance; but if I am able
to give you any hints which are of use it will not be strange, for one
comes across the same kind of difficulties in many various districts
of London just now. After the paper is read, if there are any special
questions affecting your own district which any of you care to ask me
about, I shall be delighted to answer them to the best of my power
from this place, or we will have a little general conversation about
them later.

Now I am going to say a great deal about hurtful gifts; but do not
misunderstand me, and jump to a conclusion that because I speak of
these I have lost sight of the great and good gifts we are each of
us bound to make. The needs of the poor we must consider our special
charge, and each of us give what we can that _is_ real help--not only
time, and heart, and spirit, and thought, but money too; only we must
see that it is really helpful, which needs thought and experience, and
if we haven't experience we must seek it. There are gifts of money to
be made; there are hard workers recovering from illness to be sent
to convalescent homes; there are orphans to be supported and well
educated; there are pensions to feeble old people who have worked hard,
to be given to meet their own savings or compensate for lost savings;
there are children to be placed in industrial schools; girls to be
fitted out for service; travelling expenses to be paid for people going
to better fields of work; but the decision about even these safer forms
of gift requires experience. Give, by all means, abundantly, liberally,
regularly, individually, with all enthusiasm, by all manner of means,
but oh, give wisely too.

Now to secure this wise relief, I am convinced you will require good
investigation, co-operation on the part of your donors, thought and
time given by your wisest men. All these are essential, but I am not
going to dwell on them just now; the part of your work I am naturally
most interested in is your district visiting. I wonder whether you have
among you instances of the solitary, inexperienced district visitor,
and can feel for her difficulties? Do you know what I mean? A lady,
well born, highly cultivated, well nurtured, becomes convinced that
she has duties to the poor. Perhaps some great personal pain drives
her to seek refuge from it in Christian service of the poor; perhaps
some family loss darkens her whole horizon, and opens her eyes to
other forms of sorrow; perhaps some stirring sermon startles her in
the midst of triumphant pleasure, making her feel that she ought to
give some slight offering of time to the poor; perhaps weariness of all
superficial glitter of amusement makes her seek for deeper interests
in life. Be it what it may--desire to do good, or the urgent request
of a friend, or desire to escape pain, she determines to volunteer as
a district visitor. She is welcomed by the clergy, and requested to
take such and such a district--I really think she has often little
more preparation or instruction than that. She does not start with the
desire of knowing the poor, but of helping them; help being in her
mind synonymous in such cases with temporal help. She does not think
of them primarily as _people_, but as _poor_ people. But though her
ideas naturally therefore turn to questions of _relief_ as if these
were her main concerns, she has never studied what has been found to
be the effect of different ways of alms-giving, she knows little about
the earnings of the poor, little of their habits and expenses, little
about poor-law relief, little about the thousand and one societies for
granting various kinds of help, little about the individual donors at
work in the neighbourhood, little about distant fields of labour and
demands for workers in them. Now just pause and think of the effect
of her actions when she begins--as begin she must by the very fact of
her view of her duty--to deal practically with questions of relief;
questions which, to say the least, are so difficult to deal with wisely
that our most earnest, experienced, and thoughtful men pause in awe
before them, advance slowly to practical conclusions, and speak humbly
about them after years of study. Ladies would pause before they went in
and offered to help a house-surgeon at a hospital by undertaking a few
patients for him, yet are they not doing something like it when they
don't seek advice in district visiting? Gradually, after weeks, months,
perhaps years of worse than wasted labour, those who persevere begin
to realise the disastrous effect of their action; hundreds who do not
steadily persevere never even catch a glimpse of it, and go on blindly
scattering gifts to the destruction of the recipients. For just pause
and think what these gifts do to them. You or I go into a wretched
room; we see children dirty and without shoes, a forlorn woman tells us
a story of extreme poverty, how her husband can find no work. We think
it can do no harm to give the children boots to go to school; we give
them, and hear no more. Perhaps we go to Scotland the following week,
and flatter ourselves if we remember the children that that gift of
boots at least was useful. Yet just think what harm that may have done.
Perhaps the woman was a drunkard, and pawned the boots at once and
drank the money; or perhaps the man was a drunkard neglecting his home,
and the needs of it, which should have been the means of recalling
him to his duties, he finds partially met by you and me and others;
or perhaps the clergy have seen that the poor woman cannot support
the children and her husband, who is much too ill to find work, and
have felt that if she and they are not to die of starvation they must
go into the workhouse, for it is the only means of getting enough for
them; charity, not being organised in the district, cannot undertake to
do all that is wanted for them, and so had better do nothing. For gifts
so given may raise false hopes which you and I, now pleasantly enjoying
ourselves, never think of. Because we went in and gave those boots,
because others like us gave coal-tickets and soup-tickets last winter,
what may not turn up? the poor woman asks herself. That gambling,
desperate spirit enters into her heart, the stake being freedom and
home. She plays high: she wins, or loses. We charitable people first
of all never investigated the case to learn what it really was, what
the character of the people was, whether the home was worth keeping
together, whether with or without club-money it would cost more than
we were ready or able to give; we raised hopes which it is a chance
whether we fulfil; we met the want before us without thought; we forgot
to consider the influence of that action on the life. Such gifts are
uncertain, insufficient, based on no knowledge. Let us imagine that
in another case we give to a man whose income is small; what is the
effect on his character of these irregular doles? Do they not lead him
to trust to them, to spend up to the last penny what he earns, and hope
for help when work slackens or altogether fails? Does he try, cost
what it may, to provide for sickness, for times when trade is dull and
employment scarce? Yet though we have by our gifts encouraged him
in not making the effort to do this, are we quite sure to be at hand
when the need comes? Are we not most likely to be away? Trade is slack
when London is empty and district visitors away. Every man's riches
depend on his providence; they do so tenfold more markedly the nearer
poverty he is, yet we have undermined his providence by uncertain
action. Do not our doles encourage him to keep his big daughter at
home, earning a few pence in the street, where she has what she calls
"freedom," instead of training her for decent service? I believe our
irregular alms to the occupant of the miserable room, to the shoeless
flower-seller, are tending to keep a whole class on the very brink
of pauperism who might be taught self-control and foresight if we
would let them learn it. I believe too that our blanket charities,
soup-kitchens, free dormitories, old endowed charities distributing
inadequate doles, have a great tendency to keep down the rate of wages
of the very lowest class, partly because they come in like a rate in
aid of wages, not so regular as that of the old poor-law, yet still
appreciable--partly because they tempt large numbers who might raise
themselves to hang on to low callings, and make competition fiercer in
them and the chance of absolute want greater. The street-sellers and
low class desultory workers usually remain what they are by choice; a
little self-control would raise them into the ranks of those who are
really wanted, and who have made their way from the brink of pauperism
to a securer place, and one where they are under better influences.
Above all is this true of the children. A little self-control would
enable the daughters of most of these people to rise into the class of
domestic servants; and their sons, instead of remaining street-sellers,
would soon learn a trade or go to sea if they cared to do regular
work. We are largely helping, by our foolish gifts, to keep them
herded together in crowded, dirty, badly-built rooms, among scenes of
pauperism, crime, and vice. And we each of us think it is only the two
shillings and sixpence, only the shilling for this or that perfectly
justifiable object we have given. I have sometimes wanted to move some
widow and her children to the North, where the children would learn a
trade and support themselves well, where the woman would find much more
work at washing and charring, and where the family would have a cottage
healthy and spacious, instead of the one close room. The widow has
been a little fearful of making so important a step. If the guardians,
if the clergy, if, above all, the visitors, have let the need of work
teach its own natural lesson, that family has removed and has been
happy and independent. I have now several such well established in the
North. But if the various donors have broken in with their miserable
pittances of fixed or desultory relief, the family, in poverty and
uncertainty of income, have dragged on here in London. In nearly every
case requiring help there is some such step of _self_-help which ought
to be taken by the family itself, or some member of it; some girl ought
to go to service, some boy to get a place, some member of the family
to begin learning a trade, some cheaper lodging to be found. Depend on
it, you cannot wisely help a family, you cannot tell whether help at
all is needed, till the circumstances and character of each member has
been well investigated. Lay this to heart as a fact--I am certain of
it. Let it be with any of you who desire to do good a strict rule to
yourselves to have the case of every family you want to help thoroughly
scrutinised. If you can make up your mind not to give anything pending
the receipt of a report, so much the better. But if you can't (I think
you soon will), at any rate never give a sixpence without sending for
a report on the case; it will guide your future action in that and
other instances. It is not much I ask of you. The Charity Organisation
Society in every district in London will do the work for you free
of charge. I am afraid I cannot yet promise you that it will always
advise you as to efficient treatment; some of the committees could, and
all that could would. But it is even more difficult to advise as to
suitable treatment than to investigate a case, and it is not easy to
find members for thirty-eight committees yet who know very much of the
subject. But every Charity Organisation Committee will know _far_ more
than inexperienced visitors, and I should strongly advise all visitors
to consult the Committee about families in their district apparently
needing relief.

I hope you will notice that I have dwelt on the need of restraining
yourselves from alms-giving on the sole ground that such restraint is
the only true mercy to the poor themselves. I have no desire to protect
the purses of the rich, no hard feeling to the poor. I am thinking
continually and only of what is really kindest to them--kindest in
the long run, certainly, but still kindest. I think small doles unkind
to them, though they bring a momentary smile to their faces. First of
all, I think they make them really poorer. Then I think they degrade
them and make them less independent. Thirdly, I think they destroy the
possibility of really good relations between you and them. Surely when
you go among them you have better things to do for them than to give
them half-crowns. You want to know them, to enter into their lives,
their thoughts, to let them enter into some of your brightness, to
make their lives a little fuller, a little gladder. You who know so
much more than they might help them so much at important crises of
their lives; you might gladden their homes by bringing them flowers,
or, better still, by teaching them to grow plants; you might meet them
face to face as friends; you might teach them; you might collect their
savings; you might sing for and with them; you might take them into
the parks, or out for quiet days in the country in small companies,
or to your own or your friends' grounds, or to exhibitions or picture
galleries; you might teach and refine and make them cleaner by merely
going among them. What they would do for you I will not dwell on, for
if the work is begun in the right spirit you will not be thinking of
that; but I do believe the poor _have_ lessons to teach us of patience,
vigour, and content, which are of great value to us. We shall learn
them instinctively if we are among them as we ought to be as friends.
It is this side of your relation to them, that of being their friends,
which has given all the value to your work as district visitors; it has
been because you have been friends, in as far as you have been friends,
that the relation between you has been happy and good. The gift has
often darkened this view of you, and prevented the best among the poor
from wishing to know you; when it has absolutely been the expression
of friendship, its evil has been reduced to a great extent. But the
gift you have to make to the poor, depend upon it, is the greatest of
all gifts you can make--that of yourselves, following in your great
Master's steps, whose life is the foundation of all charity. The form
of it may change with the ages, the great law remains, "Give to him
that asketh of thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not
thou away;" but see that thou give him bread, not a stone--bread, the
nourishing thing, that which wise thought teaches you will be to him
helpful, not what will ruin him body and soul; else, while obeying
the letter of the command, you will be false to its deep everlasting
meaning. My friends, I have lived face to face with the poor for now
some years, and I have not learned to think gifts of necessaries,
such as a man usually provides for his own family, helpful to them. I
have abstained from such, and expect those who love the poor and know
them individually will do so more and more in the time to come. I
have sometimes been asked by rich acquaintances when I have said this
whether I do not remember the words, "Never turn your face from any
poor man." Oh, my friends, what strange perversion of words this seems
to me. I may deserve reproach; I may have forgotten many a poor man,
and done as careless a thing as anyone, but I cannot help thinking that
to give _oneself_ rather than one's _money_ to the poor is not exactly
turning one's face from him. If I, caring for him and striving for him,
do in my inmost heart believe that my money, spent in providing what he
might by effort provide for himself, is harmful to him, surely he and I
may be friends all the same. Surely I am bound to give him only what I
believe to be best. He may not always understand it at the moment, but
he will feel it in God's own good time.

FOOTNOTE:

[3] Read at Westminster, June 23rd, 1876.



IV.

A MORE EXCELLENT WAY OF CHARITY.[4]


You have asked me to speak to you to-night, though I am a stranger
to your parish, and know nothing of its special needs or special
advantages. Why, then, am I here? I suppose I may safely assume
that it is mainly because I represent those who have deep care for
the poor, and _also_ strong conviction that organisation and mature
thought are necessary to any action which shall be really beneficial
to them. I fancy your parish, like many another--like most others that
have not passed through the stage and answered the problem--is just
now questioning itself as to whether investigation, organisation,
deliberate and experienced decision, which it feels to be essential if
wise relief is to be secured, are, or are not, compatible with gentle
and kindly relief; whether charity can be fully of the heart, if it is
also of the head. If so, how are you to get the full strength of head
and heart. If this is impossible, what in the world you are to do,
for you cannot give up either. You ask practically, I fancy, when you
invite me here, what I think on these points.

I answer, then, emphatically and decidedly, that my experience confirms
me entirely in the belief that charity loses nothing of its lovingness
by being entirely wise. Now it cannot be wise without full knowledge
of the circumstances of those to be dealt with--hence the necessity
of investigation; it cannot come to satisfactory conclusions on those
facts unless it employs the help of experienced men--hence the need
of a committee for decision; it will not be gracious and gentle, nor
fully enter into individual needs, unless it secures the assistance of
a good body of visitors. I do not wish to draw your attention to any
special form of organisation, but I believe you will find, the more you
think of it, that some form is needed, and that whatever it be, it will
have to secure those three as essentials--good investigation, decision
by a wise committee, and the help of a staff of visitors.

I shall say nothing further on the first head, Investigation, except
that I consider it is done best by a good paid officer. A great deal of
the preliminary work is quickly and well done by an experienced person,
which it would be difficult for a volunteer to do; neither is it a sort
of work which it is worth while for a volunteer to undertake. I refer
to verifying statements as to residence, earnings, employment, visiting
references, and employers. The finishing touches of investigation, the
little personal facts, the desires and hopes, and to a certain extent
the capacities of the applicant, no doubt a volunteer visitor would
learn more thoroughly, but that can always be done separately from the
preliminary and more formal inquiry.

And now to turn to the consideration of the visitors--those who must be
the living links binding your committee with the poor, the interpreters
of their decision, the bearers of their alms, the perpetual guardians
to prevent renewed falling into want. I have spoken in so many other
places of the extreme value of such a body working in concert with
a wise committee, and of the mistakes they are likely to make where
undirected, that I am unwilling to dwell on either point in much
detail here. I will only briefly reiterate that I think no committee
can do its work with real individual care unless it contains those who
will watch over each family with continuous interest, interpret its
decisions intelligently and kindly, and learn all personal detail which
may assist the committee in judging rightly. Unhappily, visitors have
very seldom any special training for their work, nor is the need of it
pointed out to them. I earnestly wish we could get this recognised;
not that any should be deterred from working from want of training,
but that in every district some plans for advising and helping the
inexperienced visitors, and binding all visitors more together, should
be adopted. I have, in a paper read elsewhere, given a sketch of a
practical scheme for securing this end. But even without the help
there spoken of, visitors might try to look a little farther into the
result of their action. They think of the immediate effect, and very
little of the future one. Now in all things we must beware of hasty
action. It is not well, in the desire to alleviate an immediate want,
to produce worse want in the future. I do not know the poor of your
district: there may be many more of them, and they may be poorer, than
I suppose; but in really populous poor parishes I have found, and
surely you should find here, that an immense deal more might be done
by the people for themselves than has been done hitherto. Whatever may
be the difficulties of finding work for them, aim at that first. Try
to get them to bring up their children to callings requiring skill,
and which will raise them to the higher ranks of labour; help them to
save; encourage them to join clubs; lend them books; teach them to
cultivate and care for flowers. These and other like influences will
indirectly help them far more even as to outward comforts, than any
gifts of necessaries. But do not, when a family wants help, hesitate to
give largely, if adequate help will secure permanent good. Remember, if
you establish people in life so that they can be self-supporting, it is
well worth while to do it, cost what it may.

I know little of your parish. But if it be, as I fancy, one in which
the rich are many and the poor few compared to other places, I should
like to add a word or two to such residents as are in good health
and working here, urging them to consider the needs of more desolate
districts, and pause to think whether or not they could transfer some
of their time to them. I know it is a difficult question, and one to
be judged in each case on its merits. I know well what may be urged
on the ground of individual friendships formed with dwellers in your
neighbourhood, on the score of want of strength and time, and the
claims of your own parish. Weigh these by all means, but think of
the other side too, if by chance you can realise it. Friendship with
poor old women in your district! Respect its claims; but are there no
times when it may be worth while to make a change in work, even if
it cause one to see less of friends? Have you ever seen the ward of
an East End workhouse, where from year's end to year's end the old
women live without any younger life round them, no sons or daughters
whose strength may make their feebleness more bearable, no little
grandchildren to be cared for, and make the old which is passing forget
itself in the young which is coming into vigour! Is your bright young
presence not asked for by the gray, monotonous, slowly-ebbing life of
those wards? If your strength does not allow you to visit in remote
districts, I grant that an unanswerable argument; for strength is meant
to be temperately used and not thrown away. Time! Well, it takes time
to go backwards and forwards; but isn't one hour where the need is
great and the workers very few worth more than many hours in a more
favoured district?

Have you ever realised what those acres and acres of crowded, heated,
badly-built houses, over which you pass so quickly by train when you
go in and out of London, mean? What kind of homes they make? What sort
of human beings live and die there? Have you asked yourselves whether
your presence, your companionship, is needed there? Whether the little
children want your teaching? Whether your gentleness, your refinement,
your gaiety, your beauty, are wanted there? Neighbourhood! Oh yes, it
has strong claims--some of the best possible; but then we must take
care that we let our neighbours come round us naturally, rich _and_
poor. I only know this neighbourhood as I see it from the station, and
it is possible it is otherwise inside, for I know quarters where the
poor lodge often escape the eye of a casual observer; but I do know
districts which _are_ very like what yours _looks_, where the villas
cover all the ground, and there is no place for the poor man's cottage.
Where the idea of building for him would be mentioned with awed
abhorrence by the comfortable residents, and they would talk about the
unpleasantness of the poor living so near, chances of infection, &c.
&c. Where the few persons required to serve the needs of the residents
live, in a somewhat pampered and very respectful dependence, in small
districts decently withdrawn from view, visited and over-visited by
ladies who haven't far to go--where the poor say there isn't a house to
be had, and the rich say they get everything from a distance.

While you are determined to have the _rich_ neighbourhoods, you
must have the poor ones elsewhere. When you have gathered the poor
round you, built for them, taught them, purified their houses and
habits by your near presence, by all means talk about the claims of
neighbourhood. But till then you must, I believe, take a wider outlook,
and think of the neighbourhoods you have left, where moreover those who
indirectly serve you earn their bread. You who are merchants' wives
and daughters, nay, even those of you who buy the merchants' goods,
have the dock-labourers no claims upon you? If the question, Who is my
neighbour? is asked by you, how do you think God answers it from heaven
when He looks down and sees the vast multitudes of undisciplined poor
by whose labour you live, and the few heroic workers whose lives are
being spent for those poor almost forsaken by you?

And if some of you went there to give what little of leisure, what
little of strength, you have to spare, would your own neighbourhood
suffer? I fancy not. For it seems as if usually where there are few
poor and many rich living near together, the former become dependent
in fat unenergetic comfort on the latter; and if this be such a
neighbourhood, a few finding a call for their sympathy and help
elsewhere might do good to all. It might be a real blessing to the
place where you live to transfer to other and needier districts some of
the superfluous wealth and unneeded care which from its very abundance
may be spoiling and pampering your native poor. What a good thing it
might be if each of your congregation here would undertake to help with
money and with workers some poor district where wise principles were
being strenuously and faithfully worked out. Only remember, though
you may send your money, and send it to those who use it wisely, the
gift is a very poor one compared with that of yourselves. It is _you_
who are wanted there, your love, your knowledge, your sympathy, your
resolution--above all, your knowledge; for if you saw, you could not
leave things as they are. For instance, on a summer evening sultry as
this, there are thousands of families who have no place to sit in but
one close room, in which the whole family has eaten, slept, washed,
cooked. It is stifling. They go to the doorstep; their neighbours are
at their steps. It gets hotter, the children swarm in the narrow court;
the dust flies everywhere; the heat, the thirst is insufferable, the
noise deafening, the crowd bewildering; they go to the public-house:
do you wonder? It may be there are a few spaces unbuilt over close
by, but who will open the gates for them, plant a few flowers, put
a few seats? The garden of Lincoln's Inn Fields is certainly kept
very lovely; but how few eyes are allowed to see it; Red Lion Square
is a howling ugliness; the Board School playgrounds are closed on
Saturday;[5] the little graveyard in Drury Lane[6]--half the graveyards
in London--are close locked and barred, and left in ugliness too; the
Quakers are actually deciding to sell for building purposes their
ancient burial-ground near Bunhill Fields.[7] Can they not afford to
let the place allotted to their dead be consecrated to the poor and
become a place of rest to the weary living before their pilgrimage is
over? Money, money, money, to spend where we see its effect in parks,
or villas, or cosy suburban houses, and not a glimpse of what we might
do with it in the districts where the poor live and die.

Of course this is only one side of the truth, and no one knows the
converse better than I. I know how people are coming forward year by
year to do and to feel more and more of their duty to the poor. The
interest deepens and spreads, and that rapidly. Haven't I myself such
a body of fellow-workers as makes me hardly know how to be thankful
enough? And doubtless many of you here are doing exactly what I urge,
or better things than I have thought of. But forgive me if the sight of
all that is needed sometimes makes me a little impatient, and urge the
point with some implied reproach towards those who delay to come and do
what it looks as if they might. I daresay they may many of them have
better reasons than I know for holding aloof: all have not the same
duties; but sure I am that the need is urgent, and that to many such
work would add new and deeper interests to life. I only say, "Look for
yourselves what the need is, consider what your duty may be, and when
seen do it resolutely, quietly, hopefully."

And now, leaving the subject of visitors, let us consider, in
conclusion, the third point essential to wise dealing with the
poor--the decisions of your committee after the facts are gathered
for it by investigating agent and volunteer visitor. Now, to secure
right decision, one must have a distinct object in view. What is to
be the ultimate object of your decisions respecting relief? Let us at
once distinctly clear the way by assuming that it must be the good of
the people themselves. We have nothing to do with saving the money of
the rich. It is possible--nay, probable--that in our first attempts
to put charity on a right footing, we may have to spend more than we
did before, and make larger demands on the purses of the wealthy. A
few substantial gifts, wisely bestowed, may easily make up a larger
sum than a multitude of petty careless doles. A weekly pension, a
grant of a few pounds to help a family to migrate, is more than the
money-equivalent of many a random shilling. But if, on reflection, we
decide to withhold gifts of any kind whatsoever, it is only to be done
for the sake of the people themselves. If doles, or bread-tickets,
or coal-tickets, are proved to help the people, we are bound to give
them to the extent of our power. If they are proved to injure them,
we are bound not to give them, however pleasant it may be, however
easy, however it may seem to pave the way for other influences. Do we
want to make the poor depend on relief, which is ready at a moment's
notice, instead of having the fortitude to save a little to meet a
sudden emergency? If so, we shall be always treating cases as urgent,
and relieving pending investigation, and assuming that discretionary
power of granting instant help must be vested somewhere besides in the
relieving-officer. I know parishes where benevolent people plead that
starvation or great need may arise if they have a weekly committee and
no officer empowered to deal with urgent cases. Suppose we ourselves
had lost the pride of independence which does still exist in the middle
and upper classes, though the tendency to look for extraneous help
is, I sometimes fear, eating gradually upwards; but suppose we had no
hesitation on the score of pride in asking our richer neighbour for
a meal, or new clothes or boots, or additional blankets, or a ton of
coal, would it be better for us to use just the amount of providence
necessary for us to go to him a week beforehand and say, "Please we
shall want our dinner next Sunday," or would it be better for us to be
led to expect that if we called on Saturday to tell him the fact, and
he was out at a garden-party, when he came home he would say: "Dear
me, perhaps they have no dinner, and Sunday too. I dare not wait to
see why they are in want; whether there is any member of the family
who might be helped to a place where he can earn more. I'd better send
some roast meat. I don't like to be enjoying myself at garden-parties
with my wife and daughter and not consider my poorer neighbours"? Do
you think that, be our earnings much or little, that kind of help would
be likely to be helpful? The smaller the earnings the more need of
providence; and there is no man so poor but he might, by effort, at
least have a few shillings in hand for emergency, if he really felt it
important. Literally, that is all that is wanted to do away with this
clamour about urgency. That every man should at some time of his life
put aside five or ten shillings which should be ready for need, and
apply for help directly he saw need to draw upon that, instead of when
he hadn't a crust in the house. I don't know whether you are troubled
with this great bugbear of "urgency" here; it frightens many districts,
but always disappears when approached. Depend upon it, starvation
cases are more likely to arise where we have trained our poor to look
for instantaneous help, than where they rely on their own forethought
at least to the extent I have mentioned; for _if_ they trust to sudden
aid, and any accident prevents their receiving it, then they have no
money, and are in need indeed. Depend on it, the poor-law, which the
poor do not turn to readily, which has, moreover, a strong permanent
machinery in every parish in England, is the only right source of
relief for urgent cases. No respectable family but has friends,
neighbours, or savings to fall back on just while you look well into
their cases. Those who are not respectable want, and, in my estimation,
should have, help; but they cannot be helped easily with grants in
urgent haste; they need thought, and influence, and much power. If,
then, we decide that urgent cases can be left to the poor-law, your
committees will have those only left to deal with whose circumstances
they can thoroughly know and deliberately decide upon. And these, I
believe they will find, class themselves into cases in which temporary
help will raise the applicants into permanently self-supporting
positions, and chronic cases. The first, no doubt, they will try to
help liberally, carefully, and kindly. The second they will probably
help only if they can do so adequately, which I should fancy here you
might easily do, if you all heartily and thoughtfully co-operated, and
knew each what the other was doing, so that no work was done twice
over. Such organisation of alms-giving would be, I should think, the
limit of your aim at present.

Perhaps you will also add to these relieved persons a very large number
of sick, whom I should be glad to see after, say, a year's notice,
forced into some independent form of sick-club.

For I do not myself believe that we from above can help the people
so thoroughly and well in any other way as by helping them to help
themselves. This I think they are meant to do--this I believe they can
do by association and by forethought. When they do provide necessaries
for their own families, I think it leaves our relation to them far
better, and enables us to help them more fully in better ways. After
all, what are the gifts of these outside things compared to the great
gifts of friendship, of teaching, of companionship, of advice, of
spiritual help? I know some people think the half-crown, or packet of
tea, the best introduction to these. I cannot say I have seen it so. I
do not remember a single example in any age or country in which a class
in receipt of small occasional doles was in a position of honourable
healthy friendship with the givers of such, or fit to receive from
them any intelligent teaching. Of course the receipt of alms produces
curtsies and respectful welcomes, and perhaps attendances at church
or chapel from those who care more for the gifts than for the quiet
dignity of independence which is found in many humble people; more for
the good tea than for any sermon or service. But how do the better ones
feel it? Haven't your gifts absolutely tended to alienate them from
churches and chapels? Do they not scorn them, and desire to be seen to
benefit nothing by them? The application for help is nearly always made
by the wife, and the respectable husband would no more make it than you
or I would, in nine cases out of ten. Only notice what happens whenever
the rule is that the man must come up to ask for help; they hardly ever
come, but simply earn the needed amount. And among the women, too, the
better ones hold aloof from anything that looks like bribery to come
to a place of worship. I would ask any clergyman whether he does not
think that the mixing of temporal gifts with spiritual teaching has
not a direct tendency to lower the value of the teaching in the eyes
of the recipient? Of old, when apostles preached, they treated the
Gospel as good news which the people would care to receive for itself;
they honoured it in treating it as if it were a blessing. Of course
it is difficult to distinguish between the actions which come from
the radiant outpouring of every species of good gift in mere wealth
of joyful human love springing from vivid sense of Divine love, which
we see in earnest preachers of all ages, from the gift which is meant
to be, and felt to be, a bribe. In many cases, probably, the gifts
comprise a mixture of love and a purpose to attract, which it would
be impossible to separate. But religious teaching, I have no manner
of doubt whatever, has suffered of late years incomparably more than
it has gained by this confusion. Let the gift, then, stand or fall
by its own intrinsic value; if it be helpful in itself, cultivating
such right qualities as will make the recipient richer in such outside
things as itself, let it be made. If not, withhold it. And for God's
sake let His truth stand on its own merits. If it be a real need of
His children, trust Him in His own good time to make this plain to
them. Preach it by word, by deed, by patient abiding; but do not use
bribes, or even what look like bribes, to make men take it in. Depend
on it, it cannot be taken so. It has been accepted in this and other
ages by men ready to meet poverty, toil, scorn, death, rather than be
false to it; it has been accepted with acclaim by multitudes who felt
in it the answer to their difficulties, the great good news for their
lives. The lowest natures, when they have received it, have done so
through the noble feelings which are latent in the worst of us. It is
only through appeal to these--their fortitude, their reverence--that
it can come home to them. I cannot believe that God's truth has ever
entered one human heart wrapped up in a bribe. Let it speak quietly for
itself; it is very strong. Shall we doubt it? Our special form of it,
or application of it, may not commend itself to our neighbours. Do
not let this disappoint us; let us with single-minded zeal try to get
those neighbours to be and to do what they see to be right, and then
will be revealed to them, gradually, whatever form of truth they can
comprehend and apply. They will help to form God's Church, which is of
many members; and if


     Our little systems have their day,
     They have their day and cease to be,


we must remember that the words go on:


     They are but broken lights of Thee,
     And Thou, O Lord, art more than they.


FOOTNOTES:

[4] Read at a meeting held in a suburban district in July, 1876.

[5] Eighteen of these are now to be opened.

[6] Now open to the public, and planted as a garden.

[7] Since sold for building.



V.

A WORD ON GOOD CITIZENSHIP.


I have often, on previous occasions, felt bound to urge, not only the
evils of indiscriminate alms-giving, but the duty of withholding all
such gifts as the rich have been accustomed to give to the poor. At the
same time I have realised so fully how tremendous the responsibility
of abstaining from such gifts is considered by the donors, that I have
not thought they could act on my advice without themselves seeing that
it would be merciful as well as wise to withhold such gifts. I have,
therefore, usually said: "Look for yourself, but look with the sound of
my words ringing in your ears." And those words have been distinctly
to proclaim that I myself have no belief whatever in the poor being one
atom richer or better for the alms that reach them, that they are very
distinctly worse, that I give literally no such alms myself, and should
have no fear for the poor whatever if any number of people resolved to
abstain from such alms. But, on the other hand, I have long felt, and
feel increasingly, that it is most important to dwell on the converse
of the truth.

The old forms in which charity expressed itself are past or passing
away. With these forms are we to let charity itself pass? Are
there no eternal laws binding us to charitable spirit and deed?
Are we, who have become convinced that doles of soup, and loans of
blankets, and scrubbing-brushes sold at less than cost-price, have
failed to enrich any class--have helped to eat out their energy
and self-reliance--thereon to tighten our purse-strings, devise
new amusements for ourselves, expend more in luxurious houses and
expensive dinners, cultivate our own intellects, indulge elegant
tastes, and float down the stream of Time in happy satisfaction
that the poor cannot be bettered by our gifts--in fact, must learn
self-help--we meantime going to flower-shows, or picture galleries, or
studying systems of political economy? Are the old words, "Bear ye one
another's burdens," to pass away with the day of coal-tickets? Have the
words, "Ye are members one of another," ceased to be true because our
tract and dole distribution has broken down? Are there no voices still
speaking in our hearts the old commandment, "Love one another?" Is
that love to be limited henceforward to the pleasant acquaintances who
call upon us, and like the same poets, and can talk about Rome and the
last clever book? Or is it, as of old, to go forth and gather in the
feeble, the out-of-the-way, the poor? Is humanity, is nationality, is
citizenship too large for our modern love or charity to embrace, and
shall it in the future be limited to our family, our successful equals,
or our superiors? Are we going to look out and up, but never down? The
love of our Master Christ, the love of St. Francis, the love of Howard,
the love of John Brown, the burning love of all who have desired to
serve others, has been a mighty, all-embracing one, and specially
tender, specially pitiful. All modern forms of alms-giving may pass
and change, but this love must endure while the world lasts. And if
it endure, it must find expression. Charity such as this _does_ find
expression. It finds expression, when healthiest and most vigorous, not
in weak words, but in strong acts. If we would not be mere butterflies
and perish with our empty, fleeting, self-contained lives; if we
would not be fiends of intellectual self-satisfaction living a cold
and desolate life; if we would not leave the hungry, the forlorn, the
feeble, to perish from before us, or to rise and rend us; we must
secure such love as that which lighted and intensified the lives of
heroes and of missionaries, and struggle to see what scope there is for
acts which shall embody that love.

The mistake the old-fashioned donors make is not in their
benevolence--that cannot be too strong--but they forget to watch
whether the influence of their deeds is beneficent. I should not at
all wonder if even thirty years ago doles were more beneficent than
now. If the poor had at that time not learned to trust to them, if
they came straight from the loving hands of those who cared to step
aside from beaten tracks to know and serve the poor they must have
had very different results from any they have now, when people _have_
learned to depend on them, when they are almost the fashion, and often
the relief for the consciences of those who don't feel quite easy, if
they give _no_ time, _no_ heart, _no_ trouble, nor _any_ money to the
poor. I have no manner of doubt, that just now gifts of necessaries are
injurious. What form, then, shall our charity take in the immediate
future?

Take that question home to yourselves, each of you who has not answered
it already; ask it of yourselves, not as if you were asked to take
the position of hero, or martyr, or professed philanthropist, but as
if I had said to you, "What do you, as a man or woman, feel bound to
do beyond the circle of your family for those who are fellow-men,
fellow-citizens, many of them sunk into deep ruts of desolation,
poverty, and sin?" Find some answer, live up to it, so shall your own
life, your own city, your own age be better.

I will tell you what kind of answer I think may come to you. First, as
to money, which is perhaps the most difficult thing to give without
doing harm. Don't sit down under the conviction that therefore you are
to buy or spend it all for yourself. If you like to earn rather less,
to pause in middle life, and give full thought to spending what you
have, or, better still, to give time which might have made money,
I shall certainly not complain of you. But do not think there is no
scope for beneficent gifts of money because soup-kitchens and free
dormitories are not beneficent. There is abundant scope for large
gifts, large enough to please the proudest of you. Are there no great
gifts of open spaces to be made for the rich and poor to share alike in
the time to come--spaces which shall be to the child no more corrupting
than the mountain to the Highlander, or the long sea horizon to the
fisherman's lad? They will come to him as an inheritance he possesses
as a Londoner or an English child; most likely being taken, like light
and air, straight from God, and not in any way tending to remind him
of men's gifts, still less to pauperise him. But if a memory of you
as a donor comes to him as youth ripens into manhood, long after you
are in your grave, the thought is more likely to incite him to make
some great, abidingly useful gift to his town, than in any way to
paralyse his energies or weaken his self-respect. Are there no places
to plant with trees, no buildings to erect, no libraries to found, no
scholarships to endow? Are there, moreover, none of those many works
to achieve, which a nation, a municipality, a vestry, first needs to
see done, to learn the use of by using, though finally such a community
may prize them more by making an effort to establish similar ones?
For instance, no one would dwell more urgently than I on the need of
making healthy houses for the poor remunerative; and now the problem
of doing so has been in a great measure solved. But do we not owe this
to the efforts of a body of men in earlier time who were content to
lose money in experiments and example? Pioneers must risk, if not give,
largely, that we may travel smoothly over the road which they made
with such difficulty. Are we in turn never to be pioneers? Are there
no improved public-houses, no improved theatres, no better machinery
for collecting savings, which we may establish and give our money to?
The same kind of far-sighted policy might be adopted with all smaller
gifts, making them either radically beneficial in themselves, as when
they train an orphan for service-work in life, or give rest to an
invalid whose savings are exhausted; or they may be gifts of things
which no one is bound to provide for himself, but which give joy--as if
you helped to put coloured decoration outside our schools or houses in
dingy streets, or invited a company of poor people whom you know to tea
in your garden during the fair June weather, or even sent some shells
from your home by the sea to small children in one of our few London
playgrounds.

But to leave the question of money and come to the greater gift of
_time_. Here especially I would beg you to consider whether you have
each of you done your utmost. A poor district in London is inhabited
by a number of persons, ill-educated, dirty, quarrelsome, drunken,
improvident, unrefined, possibly dishonest, possibly vicious. I will
assume that we, too, have each of us a good many faults--perhaps we are
selfish, perhaps we are indolent. I am sure all the virtue is not among
the rich; but certain advantages they surely have which the poor have
not--education, power of thinking out the result of certain courses
of action, more extended knowledge of facts or means of acquiring it,
habits of self-control, habits of cleanliness, habits of temperance,
rather more providence usually, much more refinement, nearly always
a higher standard, perhaps a high standard, of honesty. Have we not
a most distinct place among the poor, if this be so? Is not our very
presence a help to them? I have known courts nearly purified from
very gross forms of evil merely by the constant presence of those who
abhorred them. I know, you probably all know, that dirt disappears
gradually in places that cleanly people go in and out of frequently.
Mere intercourse between rich and poor, if we can secure it without
corrupting gifts, would civilise the poor more than anything. See,
then, that you do not put your lives so far from those great companies
of the poor which stretch for acres in the south and east of London,
that you fail to hear each other speak. See that you do not count your
work among them by tangible result, but believe that healthy human
intercourse with them will be helpful to you and them. Seek to visit
and help in parishes in which this is recognised as an end in itself.

Again, we have got our population into a state of semi-pauperism, from
which individuals and societies cannot raise them merely by abstaining
from gifts by guardians or withdrawing out-relief. We have accustomed
them to trust to external help, and only by most patient individual
care shall we raise them. Neither can we persuade donors, unaccustomed
to study the future results of their acts, to abstain from distinctly
unwise charity unless we are among them, unless we are ready, too, to
consider with them about each human soul, which is to them and to us
inexpressibly precious, what is at the moment the wise thing to do.
Have most gentlemen any idea how much this work needs doing in the poor
districts of London? The Charity Organisation Society came forward now
some years ago to try to get the donors of London to meet and consider
this question in detail in every district in London. It undertook to
look carefully into all cases brought to its offices, and to report the
results of its inquiries. It did _not_ undertake to make additional
gifts except where they might secure enduring benefit, but it said to
the donors, "Associate yourselves, relieve after due thought, after
investigation, and in conjunction one with another." That Society has
made great way; it has established offices in every district, and has
provided an investigating machinery of inexpressible value, of which
every Londoner may avail himself. But, I ask, where are the donors?
Where are the representatives of the various relieving agencies? The
clergy? The district visitors? There are of course a certain number
who have co-operated heartily, but, as a rule, I am forced to reply
very mournfully, after all these years they are for the most part going
on with their ill-considered relief very much the same, not using the
machinery, and reproaching the Charity Organisation Society that _it_
is not relieving largely, and that it is not composed of themselves!
Now, till these relieving agencies come in and take their share, and
give their gentler tone to the somewhat dry machinery, are these
offices to be places where mere routine business is done by an agent
who cannot have much individual care for the applicants? Or is there to
be anyone to watch over each applicant with real charity, questioning
him gently, thinking for him sympathetically, seeking for him such help
as will be really helpful? In some offices in the poor districts we
have found honorary secretaries to do this, and splendid work it has
been. Wherever such help has been forthcoming the poor have been well
served, and the old-fashioned donors have been in some measure won to
wiser courses of action. But many more such honorary secretaries are
needed, and that imperatively and immediately. Are there no men of
leisure, with intellect and heart, who will come forward? I have known
no such urgent need as this in the many years I have spent face to face
with the poor since I came to London--the need of advice, of sympathy,
of thoughtful decision for poor man after poor man, as he comes up to
our offices at a crisis in his life.

One more instance of the way help can be given, and I have done; for I
will not dwell now on the good that might be done by the purchase and
management of the houses of the poor, by teaching, by entertainments
for them, by oratorios, by excursions, by the gift of beautiful
things. I will only point out now that as guardians or vestrymen the
most influential sphere of work presents itself. If you try to get
into Parliament, many men of equal education, high principles, and
refinement probably contest the place with you; if you succeed they
fail; if you try to make a name among the fashionable or wealthy
circles, you may or may not succeed; but if you fail no one misses
you much. But if, instead of trying to get high up, you were to try
to get down low, what a position of usefulness you would have! You
would learn much from vigorous colleagues, much I fancy which would
make you ashamed; but what might not they gain, what might not the
locality gain, if the administration of its affairs were carried on
under the influence of men of education! As guardians, how you might
see to the poor, leading them back to independence in most thoughtful
ways, watching over them individually that no wrong was done! As
vestrymen, how you might be on the side of far-sighted expenditure or
the suppression of corruption! When I see people all struggling to get
up higher, they seem to me like people in a siege, who should all rush
to defend the breach for the glory and renown of it, and trample one
another to death, and leave little doors unwatched all round the town;
and I can't help wondering sometimes why more of them don't pray Marion
Erle's prayer when she leaves the wedding-dress unfinished to go and
nurse the fever-stricken patient, "Let others miss me, never miss me,
God."

I don't the least mean that the works I have suggested are the only
ones, or the best, or even that always that _kind_ of work may be best.
The form that charity takes in this age or in that must be decided by
the requirements of the time, and these I describe may be as transient
as others. Only never let us excuse ourselves from seeking the best
form in the indolent belief that no good form is possible, and things
are better left alone; nor, on the other hand, weakly plead that what
we do is _benevolent_. We must ascertain that it is really _beneficent_
too.



VI.

OPEN SPACES.[8]


All that is strictly practical that I have to say to-day could be
summed up in a very few words. I have no changes in the law to suggest.
I have not thought it well to relate the past history of inclosures,
nor even to prepare for you statistics, neither have I touched on
recent legislation respecting commons. I have had but one end in view
in writing this paper--the laying out and opening small central spaces
as public gardens.

I have to interest you in accomplishing the object. "There is little
to see, and little to say; it is only to do it," as was once said by a
hard worker. I cannot transport you all to see the good sample-work
which there is in some few neighbourhoods in London. I can, therefore,
only ask you to let me describe in some detail the need of these
gardens, then what has been, and what, it seems to me, should be,
done, with various kinds of small spaces. This paper contains this
description and information, as to the very simple preliminary steps
necessary to be taken to render some of these spaces available for
public use; but though so much of it is thus necessarily descriptive,
it is only on the ground of its bearing on distinct practical results
that I trouble you with it.

There are two great wants in the life of the poor of our large towns,
which ought to be realised more than they are--the want of space, and
the want of beauty. It is true that we have begun to see that a whole
family living in one room is very crowded, and we have been for some
years well aware that it would be a good thing if we could manage so
to build that a working man could pay for two or even three rooms;
it is true that we have learned that the extreme narrowness of our
courts and alleys, and the tiny spaces, often only four or five feet
square, called by courtesy "yards," which are to be found at the back
of many of the houses filled with families of the poor, appear to us
insufficient. We wish we could enlarge them, we wish that Building Acts
had prevented landlords thus covering with rent-producing rooms the
gardens or larger yards which once existed at the back of high houses;
and we are alive to the duty of trying to obviate, as soon as may be,
this want of space, to any degree to which it may yet be possible.
But there is a way in which some compensation for this evil may be
provided, which appears only to have begun lately to dawn upon the
perception of men. I mean the provision of small open spaces, planted
and made pretty, quite near the homes of the people, which might be
used by them in common as sitting-rooms in summer. Even in England
there are a good many days when at some hours sitting out of doors is
refreshing, and when very hot days do come, it seems almost a necessity.

I fancy very few of you know what a narrow court near Drury Lane or
Clerkenwell is on a sultry August evening. The stifling heat, the dust
lying thick everywhere, the smell of everything in the dirty rooms,
the baking, dry glare of the sun on the west window of the low attic,
just under the roof, making it seem intolerable--like an oven. The
father of the family which lives there, you may be pretty sure, is
round the corner at the public-house, trying to quench his thirst with
liquor which only increases it; the mother is either lolling out of
the window, screaming to the fighting women below, in the court, or
sitting, dirty and dishevelled, her elbow on her knee, her chin on
her hand, on the dusty, low door-step, side by side with a drunken
woman who comments with foul oaths on all who pass. The children,
how they swarm! The ground seems alive with them, from the neglected
youngest crawling on the hot stones, clawing among the shavings, and
potato-peelings, and cabbage-leaves strewn about, to the big boy and
girl "larking" in vulgarest play by the corner. The sun does not
penetrate with any purifying beams to the lower stories of the houses,
but beats on their roofs, heating them like ovens. The close staircase
is sultry, the dust-bins reek, the drains smell, all the dirty bedding
smells, the people's clothes smell. The wild cries of the thirsty,
heated, irritated crowd driven to drink, the quarrelling children's
voices echo under the low and narrow archway by which you enter the
court. Everyone seems in everyone else's way. You begin to wonder
whether a human being, man, woman, or child, is in very deed in any
sense precious, either to God who made them, or to their own family,
or to their fellow-citizens. Somehow you wonder whether, when one of
them is carried out by the undertaker at last, to use a common old
saying, "His room is not worth more than his company," so fearful is
the life to which people take under such conditions, so terribly does
the need of a little more space strike you, so impossible seems any
quiet in which tone might be recovered by these exhausted creatures.
And yet every one of those living beings, crowding almost under your
feet, having to move from doorway or stair as you enter, has a human
form, a human character too; somebody knows and loves him, some mother,
father, sister, brother, child, watches for that face among the many,
and would feel a great gap left in the world if that one came never
any more up the court. Even the reeling drunkard would be missed. Each
is surrounded by a love which makes him precious, each has also some
germ and gleam of good in him, something you can touch, or lead, or
strengthen, by which in time he might become the man he was meant to
be. Each is a child of God, meant by him for some good thing. Put him
in a new colony with wood, or heath, or prairie round him, or even
lead him into the quiet of your own study, and you will begin to see
what is in the man. It is this dreadful crowding of him with hundreds
more, this hustling, jostling, restless, struggling, noisy, tearing
existence, which makes him seem to himself or you so useless, which
makes him be so little what he might be. Can you give him a little
pause, a little more room, especially this sultry summer afternoon?

I think you may. There are, all over London, little spots unbuilt over,
still strangely preserved among the sea of houses--our graveyards.
They are capable of being made into beautiful out-door sitting-rooms.
They should be planted with trees, creepers should be trained up their
walls, seats should be placed in them, fountains might be fixed there,
the brightest flowers set there, possibly in some cases birds in cages
might be kept to delight the children. To these the neighbouring poor
should be admitted free, under whatever regulations should seem best.
The regulations will vary according to the size of the ground and
other local circumstances. In some cases where the ground is large
it might, no doubt, be thrown absolutely open, as Leicester Square
is, a man being always in attendance to keep order, though the people
will themselves help to keep order very soon. In the case of very
small grounds admission might be given to certain numbers by tickets
placed in the hands of guardians, schoolmasters, ministers of all
denominations, Bible-women, and district visitors. Though, no doubt,
much supervision would be needed at first, after a time an old man, any
not too feeble old pensioner, especially if fortified with some kind of
uniform, would be amply sufficient, if always there, to keep order.
His wages would be small, and employing him would be a double charity.
In these gardens, near to their own homes, and therefore easily
accessible to the old and feeble, they might sit quietly under trees;
there the tiny children might play on gravel or grass, with a sense of
Mother Earth beneath them. There comrades might meet and talk, whose
homes are too small and wretched for them to sit there in comfort, and
for whom the public-house is too often the only place to meet in, or to
read the newspaper. If visitors could gather small groups of children
together, and use these out-door sitting-rooms as places to teach them
games, read to them, or get leave for them to train the creepers up the
wall, much good might be done, and much of the evil of playing in the
streets prevented.

It is to the conversion of these churchyards into gardens that I would
specially turn your attention to-day; there are a vast number of them
all over London, as shown in a map prepared by the Commons Preservation
Society, 1, Great College Street, Westminster.

I have ventured to draw the attention of some few London vicars
to the question, and if you would each of you look in any crowded
neighbourhood known to you, what might be done, and bring the question
before the incumbents, churchwardens, or leading vestrymen, a great
many of these graveyards might rapidly be made available. Of course
there may be special local difficulties here and there, but the process
is very simple where there is no opposition; and if those parishes
where there is none would lead the way, that would soon bring the
others to follow so good an example. The first step to be taken is to
secure the leave of the incumbent of the parish. Notice must then be
placed on the church-doors giving notice that a vestry meeting will be
called to consider the scheme. The vestry then obtains a faculty from
the Dean of Arches. The vestry can then be asked for a grant, and they
can apply to the Metropolitan Board of Works for a further grant. In
the case of St. George's-in-the-East £1,200 was voted by the vestry,
and £3,000 by the Metropolitan Board of Works. This was of course a
specially expensive scheme, the churchyard itself being large, and
the freehold of adjoining ground, which was formerly a burial-ground
belonging to dissenters, having to be absolutely bought. The expense
in the case of the Drury Lane ground was about £160; the vestry became
responsible for the whole, but hope the neighbouring parishes and
private persons will help. It appears to me that the vestries should in
the first instance be applied to, though doubtless private people would
gladly help if necessary.

It may be interesting to you to know, so far as I can tell you, what
has already been done in planting and opening churchyards. Mr. Harry
Jones has induced his vestry to co-operate with him, and has made
a public garden of the churchyard of St. George's-in-the-East. He
obtained the hearty co-operation of his parishioners, and the place
bears the stamp of being one in which they feel they all have a share.
I believe the churchwarden gave the fountain, and the vestry, instead
of having to be urged on to spend more, actually ordered 24,000 bulbs
this spring, in their enthusiasm to make the place bright and pretty!
The high wall covered with spikes, which separated the church from the
dissenting burial-ground, has been pulled down, and the whole thrown
into one. The ground has been laid out with grass, flower-beds, broad
gravel walks, and plenty of seats have been placed there. The day I was
last there, there were many people in the garden, one or two evidently
convalescents. The ground was in perfect order, a gardener and one man
being in attendance; but the people, though evidently of the lower
class, were clearly impressed with a feeling that the garden should
be respected. In fact the special feature of this garden seemed to me
to be the evident sense of its being common property--something that
everyone had had a share in doing, and in which they had a common
interest. The tombstones are all removed, but measurements were taken,
and an authorised plan made of the ground, showing precisely the place
of every grave, also a certified copy of every tombstone has been
entered in a large book. These precautions for carefully preserving
power of identifying the spot where any body is buried, and securing
the record of the inscription, have entirely satisfied the owners of
graves and the legal authorities, and it would be well for vicars
having disused churchyards to remember the plan as one which has met
all difficulties in the way of removing tombstones.

The little churchyard in Bishopsgate which has been planted is probably
well known to most of you. It is, I believe, a delight to many. A
friend said to me the other day, "I often pass through it; it is
certainly very nice. The only thing I am sorry about is that they
have taken away the peacock and put two swans instead." "Are they not
as pretty?" I asked. "Oh, I daresay they are," he replied; "it was
the swans I was thinking of, they have so small a space, while the
peacock was quite happy, because he always had plenty of people to
admire his tail!" The Rev. G. M. Humphreys brought the question of
opening the little burial-ground in Drury Lane before the notice of
the St. Martin's-in-the-Fields vestry. They agreed to carry forward
the work, and it was opened last week to the people as a garden. It is
a refreshing breathing-space in a terribly crowded neighbourhood. It
is bounded by a small piece of ground on the north which is admirably
fitted for a block of dwellings for working people. If the Duke of
Bedford, to whom I understand it belongs, would build, or arrange for
others to build there, a block of houses where abundant air would be
secured to them, and transfer there the population of some crowded
court, he would do a great and good work.

By-the-way, this paper was written before the news reached me of the
temporary closing of the garden until such time as the vestry have
decided in what way to regulate the admission of the public in future.
As much will doubtless be heard of this temporary closing, I may as
well explain, that my friend, Miss Cons, was there on Thursday, and
saw the extent of mischief done, and went pretty thoroughly into the
whole question. There does not appear to have been any destructiveness
of mischievous feeling--the people availed themselves in such crowds
of the privilege of going in, that the ivy was very much trampled on,
and the yuccas which had been planted in the middle of the gravel
without any sort of protection had their leaves spoiled; but the
shrubs were hardly injured, nor does there appear to have been any
intentional mischief done. It is hardly wonderful that the ivy should
be trampled on, seeing that no low wire fence, such as guards the
beds in Leicester Square, nor little hoops, such as protect them in
St. George's-in-the-East, had been placed. At the same time I may add
that, seeing how very small the ground is in proportion to the dense
population near Drury Lane, in the letter in which I brought the
subject of planting it before the vicar, I suggested opening it by
tickets distributed by workers in the district, rather than throwing it
absolutely open to everyone. I thought that might have been done later,
if it were found possible. I also pointed out to the man in charge, as
I left the ground last week, that _at first_ much supervision would be
needed. If the vestry has the smallest doubt about the possibility of
succeeding in keeping it in order, I have not the smallest hesitation
in undertaking to do it for them for a year, if they like to trust me
with it, and so meet the first difficulties by special individual care,
and prove the possibility of conducting the experiment there, as well
as it has been done in St. George's-in-the-East. But I have no doubt
they will see their way effectually to carry through the good work they
have begun, only I have not had time to communicate with them yet.

The large churchyard in the Waterloo Road is in process of being turned
into a garden. The Rev. Arthur Robinson has collected £290, and is
laying it out more like a country garden, and less like a place planned
by a Board of Works, than any other I have seen. He has stumps prepared
for ferns to grow on (and wants some, by-the-way, which some of you
might send him); he has a nice bank, winding walks between the turf,
knows which side of the church his wisteria will grow, spoke with hope
of getting the large blue clematis to flower, wants numberless creepers
to cover the church walls, and to wreathe around and make beautiful
the few tombs which he leaves unmoved because relatives are still
living and care to retain them. I understand he purposes applying to
the vestry for help, and in view of the many churchyards there are to
deal with, this would seem the right thing to do in general. At the
same time, I can see we should get a more country-like garden, the more
the planning of it could be left in the hands of a man of culture, who
loves plants and colour.

I believe St. Pancras Churchyard is now open as a garden; Limehouse is,
I understand, thus utilised as far as the tombstones allow. The Rev. W.
Allen has got his parishioners to memorialise the vestry to take some
steps towards opening the ground in Bermondsey, but hitherto without
success, and there may be others either now laid out or in progress--I
earnestly hope there are--of which I have no knowledge.

I regret to say that an attempt to induce the Quakers to appropriate to
the same purpose a burial-ground belonging to them in Bunhill Fields
has utterly failed. The ground was one which would have been of almost
more value for the purpose than any I know in London. It is close
to Whitecross Street, which some of you may know as a street quite
swarming with costermongers; the houses there are tunnelled every few
yards with archways leading to as crowded courts as I know anywhere.
Many houses of the poor actually overlooked the ground. In Coleman
Street, which bounds the ground on the north, is a factory from which
crowds of workmen turn out daily at dinner-time, many, no doubt, to
adjourn to the public-house. But one hot day last summer, when I was
there, dozens of them were sitting on the dusty pavement, their backs
leaning against the great, dead, heated wall, which hid from them the
space occupied by the burial-ground. There is not a tombstone in it,
and it might have been planted and thrown open easily. Last summer I
wrote to the Quakers, hearing they were about to sell the ground for
building, laying before them the reasons for devoting it to the public
as a garden. After urging them to give it thus to the poor themselves,
I added a request that if they did not see their way to do this, they
would at least pause to enable me and my friends who were interested
in such undertakings to see whether we could not raise enough money to
secure it for the poor, even if they determined to exact for it full
building-land value. I certainly could hardly believe that Quakers
could thus sell land once devoted to their dead, and which had never
brought them in rent, but I thought it just possible they might
hesitate to give what belonged to the Society all to the poor. At any
rate, I was determined no want of effort on my part should lose for the
people so valuable and unique a space lying in the heart of a crowded
neighbourhood. My letter was never even considered by the meeting. The
company in treaty for the ground did not purchase it then, because they
thought it irreverent to disturb the dead. Yet although I have again
and again seen and written to leading Quakers about it, and addressed
several letters to their organ, _The Friend_, they have deliberately
just sold it for building. No builder could be found who liked to buy
the ground and disturb the bodies, and the Quakers themselves employed
workmen to accomplish the most ghastly unearthing of the contents of
the graves, uprooting five thousand bodies, which, I should think,
never was undertaken before. They are selling the land for dwellings
for the poor, and are excusing themselves by harping on the need of
dwellings; but the immediate neighbourhood is to be dealt with under
the Artisans Dwellings Bill, by means of which a large number of
healthy homes for the poor will be erected, while I fear there is no
chance of any other garden being made in their midst. And, especially
as only a portion of the Quakers' burial-ground is to be devoted to
workmen's dwellings, the number of rooms provided in the district will
not be sensibly affected. They have excused themselves, too, because
they have not dug up George Fox, but only some of their lesser leaders
and their nameless dead. Even if they formed a slightly different
estimate of the relative advantages of a few more rooms and a garden, I
own to an amazed sorrow that the Quakers rejected a scheme by which the
land might have been rendered a blessing to the living, without doing
violence to what seems to me to be a natural instinct of reverence,
ineradicable in every human heart, for whatever has been associated
with the loved, or the great and noble who are no longer with us. Nor
could I have borne, if I had been they, to draw so marked a distinction
between the unknown, who had surely been loved, and the known, who had
been famous, as to uproot five thousand bodies and spare George Fox's
grave. I am sorry English workmen were called in to "separate those who
had lain side by side for two centuries," that "the bones of young and
old were" by them "placed in coarse deal boxes and re-interred in a
large hole at the other end of the ground." That "many of them, while
awaiting this fresh burial, were piled in a rude heap in a corner,"
with carbolic acid poured over them. Is this the lesson our workmen
are to learn? Are they, too, valueless because so nameless? These poor
bodies now mouldering away were once animated by spirits of beloved men
and women. That which was once the form which embodied any human soul,
named or unnamed, would have seemed to me worth a little gentler care.
Better have let it mingle quietly with the dust and feed the trees and
the daisies, keeping the resting-place of the dead one also for the
weary and the poor.

I deal with the matter thus at length because the Quakers still have
a burial-ground in Whitechapel and one in Bermondsey, which would
be available as gardens, and which they have not yet sold; and also
because I am not aware that they have decided how they will deal with
the small portion of the Bunhill Fields ground which they cannot build
over, where they have re-buried their unearthed dead. Have any of you
influence with them, or can anything be done? The Whitechapel ground,
though not nearly so central and important as Bunhill Fields, is well
worth preserving. It is overlooked by the workhouse, in the chronic
wards of which there must be many who would rejoice to look out over
trees and flowers, and who will never see them again unless this ground
is planted with them. On the east side of the ground, too, is a wall;
only to pull down that wall and put a railing instead, would give light
and air to a whole street. Yet though Mr. Lefevre, on behalf of the
Commons Preservation Society, has twice asked them to say whether, and
if so on what terms, they would arrange for the ground to be put in
order and used as a garden for the people, they give evasive answers,
and I believe have it in contemplation to sell it for building.
The rector of Whitechapel has written to them, the guardians have
memorialised them. They make no responsive sign. I make these remarks
in no spirit of hostility to the Quakers; some of my oldest and best
friends are Quakers, and I have the deepest respect for them as a body,
and well know they have been leaders in much that is good, thoughtful,
and liberal in times past, to the poor to a remarkable degree, and I
know the value of such gardens is only beginning to attract notice; but
I think the facts as concerning the land should be well known to the
whole Society and to the public, and I only hope that the Society will
consider them thoroughly at their yearly meeting this month. Within
the last few days I have received letters from leading Quakers, asking
me to bring the question before their yearly meeting; but I think I
must really leave it in their own hands; the responsibility is wholly
theirs. Their best ground is now almost gone, the facts are well before
them, and Mr. Shaw-Lefevre's offer is not only well known to the whole
Society, but the correspondence between him and their committee has
been published in _The Friend_ newspaper.

There is another body which I hope will swiftly become aware of
their opportunities for doing good with land which is under their
control--the London School Board. They have in all fifty-seven acres of
playground, which they entirely close on the children's one holiday,
Saturday, and during the summer evenings. It seems almost incredible,
does it not? But so it really is. Of course the fact is that the Board
has not considered how to manage the supervision. But surely that
difficulty ought to be met either by the Board itself paying for it,
if that is within its powers, or by some society, such as that which
has summoned us here to-day, or by individual donors. Having the ground
which, however small, is at least available for games for a certain
number of children selected by the masters, it seems ridiculous not to
use it. A deputation from this Society will wait on the School Board
on May 30, to press the opening of the ground upon them--for that
deputation influential support is much needed. If any of you can help,
I hope you will communicate with Miss Lankester. I spoke of the very
corrupting influence of the streets, though I did so with reference
to the small companies of children who might be brought together for
quiet pastimes in our churchyard-gardens of the future. The School
Board playgrounds would afford scope for the more active games. Surely
this should be afforded by anybody who realises how very beneficial
athletic exercise and active play would be to the children's health,
and how happy it would make them. Why, I have seen two swings make
children so happy, I have been ashamed to think how few we have in
London. They don't take much space, and what delight they give!

A clergyman near here is about to fit up a yard as a gymnasium for the
men belonging to a workmen's club, and doubtless others will do the
same.

The uses to which even a small playground in London may be put would
take long to describe. I have charge of two, where, besides opening
them every Saturday and in the summer evenings, every May we have a
real maypole--flowers from the country in thousands, flags flying, band
playing, swings, and see-saws fully used, children marching, dancing,
and skipping, and a kind and able body of ladies and gentlemen who know
them amusing them, keeping order, and increasing by their presence the
sense of festivity. The trustees of Lincoln's Inn Fields have, for
the last two or three years, kindly granted to me leave to take in a
company of the children of our tenants one afternoon each summer. It is
a pleasant sight. The square is larger, I believe, than any in London,
and the trees are most beautiful. They have also just given permission
to the boys from the Refuge in Great Queen Street to exercise there two
mornings a week from seven to nine o'clock. But this is a small amount
of use to make of one of the largest, and most beautiful, and most
central spaces of the metropolis, where there are few or no residents
to be disturbed or interfered with at the hours when the ground would
be most valuable; and it is to be earnestly hoped that the trustees
will soon extend the privileges that they have hitherto kindly accorded
to us to others. It appears to me to be simply a question of adequate
supervision, and for this there are people who would be willing to pay.

It is well known that the Temple and Lincoln's Inn Gardens are now
opened regularly on summer evenings to children. Why the managers
limit the privilege to children I cannot think. Surely older people
need the air, and surely they would help unconsciously to keep order
too. The more of such places that are open, the less will the grass
in each be worn--the better the people will learn to behave. I have
sometimes heard it urged against opening places to the poor that there
is a chance of their conveying infection to children of a higher class.
Setting aside the fact that out of doors is the last place people are
likely to take infection, and that I presume the richer children would
be under supervision as to playing with strangers, I ask you seriously
to consider who ought to monopolise the few spaces there are in this
metropolis for outdoor amusements. Is it the children whose parents
take them to the sea, or the country, or the Continent, when the
summer sun makes London unbearable? Is it the children who, if their
little cheeks look pale, or their strength flags after an illness,
are at once sent under careful supervision to Hastings or Malvern?
Is it even the children whose sturdy and vigorous father has amassed
a little money, and delights to take them by train on a Saturday
afternoon to Richmond, Bushey, or Erith? Or is it not rather the tiny
child of the hard-working widow, whose frail form seems almost to grow
smaller year by year instead of larger? Is it not the pale child with
great sunken eyes, just discharged from the hospital, the bed being
wanted, convalescent, but to whom fresh air and a little quiet are
still so needful? Is it not to the careful, motherly, little elder
sister, patient nurse of eight or nine years old, hugging the heavy,
round-cheeked baby, with two or three other children clinging to her
dress, she who cannot get as far as the park? Is it not the sturdy
urchin, son of a costermonger perhaps, whose hardy and energetic
spirit scorns the bounds of the narrow court, and seeks wider fields
with freer power of movement, but who has no chance, even when July
comes, of climbing cliffs or jumping ditches? Should not the few spaces
be available for these latter to the very utmost of your power? And
again, do you really think now, people who live in comfortable houses,
that you do or can escape infection by any precautions if small-pox
and fever rage in the back courts of your city? You take all manner
of precautions, I know (except, perhaps, what I should call the best
of all), but you have no idea how near you, how all round you, this
infection is, if it be indeed the subtle thing doctors say. The shops
you enter, the cabs you travel in, the clothes you wear, the food you
eat, all bring you into communication with those who are coming in
contact with patients whenever disease is rife. Depend on it, your best
chance of escape is to make the places inhabited by the poor healthy,
to let them have open space where the fresh wind may blow over them
and their clothes, places where they may be less crowded and gain
health. You never will, or can, really separate yourselves from your
neighbours; accept then the nobler aim of making them such that you
shall desire not separation--but union.

Among the small open spaces which we must hope to see thrown open to
the people in the time to come in a greater or less degree are the
squares. Of course I know that the ground in the square gardens is the
property of the freeholder, and that with the leases of the surrounding
houses are granted certain privileges with regard to the gardens, which
neither can nor ought to be arbitrarily withdrawn. But I hope the day
is not far distant when it may dawn upon the dwellers in our West End
squares that during August and September not one in fifty of their
families is in town, and that it is a rather awful responsibility to
lock up the only little bit of earth which is unbuilt over, which is
within reach of the very old, the very feeble, or the very young; and
that when they leave town they will, in their corporate capacity, grant
such discretionary power to those who stay in town, to admit the poor
to sit under the trees, as may seem consistent with their rights as
leaseholders, interpreted perhaps a little liberally, as they contrast
the utmost they _can_ give in the somewhat dingy, early dried-up,
London plane-tree, with the wealth of magnificent foliage of wood,
or park, or mountain, to which they and their rejoicing family, baby
and all, grandmother and all, go before the autumn sun dries up poor
scorched London.

Also, oh, you rich people, to whom the squares belong, some few of
whom too own private gardens actually in London, adjoining Hyde Park
or Regent's Park, or saved on some great estate round the landowner's
house, I think you might have a flower-show or large garden-party,
once a year, for the poor of your neighbourhood, while you are in
town to meet them. I have seen such things done in squares with
delightful results. A whole district gathered together, old friends
and new, in happy fellowship under the trees, the band playing, and
the place looking its gayest. I have seen tents filled with flowers
reared in the houses of the poor, each in itself a poor plant, yet,
gathered together, looking quite bright and flourishing; and friends
whom circumstances had parted, former clergymen, former visitors,
meeting the poor friend whom else it might have been difficult to
see. Have such a party once a year if you can; one afternoon in the
summer will never be missed by the dwellers in the square, while the
memories of many a poor neighbour may be enriched by the thought of
the bright gathering in the soft summer air. I never was present at
the flower-shows at Westminster Abbey, nor do I know how far they grew
out of previous intercourse with the poor; but I feel sure that is
the way to use any open space in London. The more the festivals can be
connected with previous work the better; but those few who own ground
easily accessible to the people will do well to put the ground once
yearly at the service of those who _do_ know the poor for a flower-show
or garden-party. I know nothing that with less trouble gives more joy,
or more thoroughly brings corporate life into a parish.

There are, besides the grander squares, some, I think, which are
deserted by the rich, where "life"--that is, plenty going on--would be
more acceptable than quiet; where the residents would be actually glad
to have the gates thrown open, the beds set with bright flowers, the
seats available for all, as in Leicester Square. I think even a band
on a Saturday afternoon might be thought a gain. It is a pity these
deserted wildernesses, with their poverty-stricken privet-hedges, are
not by some common consent made to adapt themselves to the needs of the
neighbourhood.

I have thus far dwelt mainly on open spaces as affecting the health
or social life of our people, but there is another way in which such
spaces might be made most valuable to them. That is, if they could
be made really beautiful. Londoners are surrounded with the most
depressing ugliness; the richer ones try with more or less good taste
to mitigate this by decoration indoors; but those who have little or
no superfluous wealth, and far less refinement, to lead them to spend
any part of it in this way, are, at home and abroad, from year's end to
year's end, surrounded by ugliness. If we could alter this, it would
go far to refine and civilise them. Now it would be difficult to do
this in their own homes at once; besides, that is a sphere where each
should do it for his own family; but wherever a common meeting-place
is arranged, within doors or without, there it seems to me that rich
people might find a really useful scope for spending money. The poor
man's independence does not demand that he should plant trees and
flowers for himself, or decorate with colour wall or door, still less
does it require that he should provide such beautiful things for the
public, rich or poor. My sister has founded a society, called, after
the Man of Ross, the Kyrle Society, which has for its object to bring
beauty into the haunts of the poor; it has met with much support, and
I hope the day may come when hospitals, mission-rooms, school-rooms,
workmen's clubs, and, in fact, all common meeting-places of the poor,
may be enriched by beautiful things given by it. It is dealing also
with open spaces, is not only planting and bringing plants to the poor,
but it is trying in other ways to beautify these spaces, and I am not
without hope that gradually either mural decorations, inscriptions in
tiles, or possibly cloisters, might be given by those who cared to
obtain for their fellow-citizens, not only space, but beauty. This
is being done in some cases. I will read you a short poem now being
painted on zinc by a lady, to put up on a wall of a tiny little garden
in a court in Whitechapel which is under my care.

        SONG OF THE CITY SPARROW.

     When the summer-time is ended
       And the winter days are near;
     When the bloom hath all departed
       With the childhood of the year;

     When the martins and the swallows
       Flutter cowardly away,
     Then the people can remember
       That the sparrows always stay.

     That although we're plain and songless,
       And poor city birds are we,
     Yet before the days of darkness
       We, the sparrows, never flee.

     But we hover round the window,
       And we peck against the pane,
     While we twitteringly tell them
       That the spring will come again.

     And when drizzly dull November
       Falls so gloomily o'er all,
     And the misty fog enshrouds them
       In a dim and dreary pall;

     When the streets all fade to dreamland,
       And the people follow fast,
     And it seems as though the sunshine
       Was for evermore gone past;

     Then we glide among the house-tops,
       And we track the murky waste,
     And we go about our business
       With a cheerful earnest haste.

     Not as though our food were plenty,
       Or no dangers we might meet;
     But as though the work of living
       Was a healthy work and sweet.

     When the gentle snow descendeth,
       Like a white and glistening shroud,
     For the year whose life hath ended,
       Floated upwards like a cloud;

     Then although the open country
       Shineth very bright and fair,
     And the town is overclouded,
       Yet we still continue there.

     Even till the spring returneth,
       Bringing with it brighter birds,
     Unto whom the city people
       Give their love and gentle words,

     And we yet again, descended
       To become the least of all,
     Take our name as "only sparrows,"
       And are slighted till we fall.

     Still we're happy, happy, happy,
       Never minding what we be;
     For we have a work and do it,
       Therefore very blithe are we.

     We enliven sombre winter,
       And we're loved while it doth last,
     And we're not the only creatures
       Who must live upon the past.

     With a chirrup, chirrup, chirrup,
       We let all the slights go by,
     And we do not feel they hurt us,
       Or becloud the summer sky.

     We are happy, happy, happy,
       Never minding what we be,
     For we know the good Creator
       Even cares for such as we.


Is it not pleasant to think of the children having those words to
read--painted in pretty colours, too--rather than looking at a blank
wall? Sometimes I think we might even hope to carry with us the hearts
of people by setting up for them deliberately very solemn and beautiful
words indeed, coloured richly in lasting tiles. I do not see why at any
rate our churches should not bear on their face some message to the
outside world. I was fancying the other day, as I looked at the great,
blank, dirty, dead side wall of a London church, which was seen from a
principal thoroughfare, and which bounded the graveyard, long disused,
but full of graves, how beautiful it would be to put in coloured tiles,
along the whole length of the wall, Kingsley's words:


     Do noble things, not dream them, all day long,
     And so make life, death, and that vast for-ever,
           One grand, sweet song.


The words are simple, and would go home to the hearts of every
passer-by; the bright colours, the look of expensive care bestowed on
them, the fact that they are on the wall of a church, would give them
a look of serious purpose, too great, it seems to me, for any sense
of jar as to their publicity to be felt for a moment. It seemed to
me that as the hurrying crowd went its way along the thoroughfare,
the words might recall to someone high purposes once entertained and
long forgotten, either in the struggle of life or the more deadening
influence of success or ease--startle him to memories, at least, of a
greater, nobler life than he was leading; to the weary and dejected
it seemed to me they might point to the continuance in that great
hereafter of all we seem to lose here, and all the while the words
would be felt to be keeping watch over the dead, whose sudden silence
is so hard to bear, but the harmony of whose grand, sweet song in that
vast for-ever we catch now and again when we _are_ doing noble things,
and so tuning our hearts into more perfect sympathy with the music of
God's universe.

I have spoken mainly of making open spaces, because I think the
usefulness of the parks and the embankment is much more generally
known. I am rather afraid of their being supposed to supersede the need
of small open spaces quite near the homes of the poor, than of their
value being underrated. The old and the very young cannot get to them
often, nor from all parts of London. But I ought hardly to pass them
over in absolute silence; they certainly do meet a quite distinct want
on the part of the stronger portion of the community, who can get some
sense of power of expansion, can see the fair summer sun going down
behind the towers of Westminster Abbey, a space of sky being visible,
so rarely seen from the streets or courts. Let us be very thankful for
them.

Also when I undertake to speak to you about open spaces, though I
cannot to-day dwell on them at length, I dare not omit all reference to
those which are perhaps most precious of any, and which are by no means
secured to us as yet as the parks are--our commons--the only portion of
the land of England which remains in a living sense of the birthright
of the people of England, and which, bit by bit, gradually and
insidiously is filched away, under this and that pretext, by one big
landowner after another, quietly surrounded by his effectual railing,
and added to his park or field. Often is this done under shadow of
law, often without any legal right, but just because no one is careful
enough, or rich enough, or brave enough to oppose. My friends, there
is a society which has done much good work, much unpopular work, which
this session even saved you from encroachments on Mitcham and Barnes
Commons; it is little known, it wants money support, and it deserves
your full support of every kind--the Commons Preservation Society. Note
down its address, 1, Great College Street, Westminster, give it what
support you can, but above all if ever you see a common threatened,
or a piece of one inclosed, write and ask the Society whether it is
legally done--what chance of redress there is. The Society has set
itself to fortify local effort by advice, by parliamentary support,
sometimes by money; it watches over the interests of Englishmen in the
small amount of uninclosed land yet remaining to them. While house is
being added to house and field to field, while one small farm after
another is being swallowed up in the big estate, there are yet left
for the common inheritance of Englishmen who have small chance of
ever owning even a little garden of their very own, some few moorland
spaces, set with gorse and heather, fringed by solemn rank of guardian
fir-trees, where in the sandy banks their children yet may hollow
caves, where the heath-bell waves in the faint evening breeze, and from
which--oh, wondrous joy to us Londoners--still the far blue distance
may be seen, witness to us for ever, as it lies there still, and calm,
and bright, that the near things which overshadow us, which seem so
tremendous, like tall London houses, built by man, and covering so
large a portion of our horizon and sky, hemming us in with terrible
oppressive sense of dreariness, may fade back and back from us in
distance, till they become even lovely in God's fair sunlight, little
jagged peaks only against His calm sky, and all softened into sweetest
colour by the light He sheds over them.

Keep those fair, far, still places for your children, and your
children's children, if you can: the more cities increase, the more
precious they will be; for the more man's soul will long for the
beauty, for the quiet, which the city does not, cannot give.

FOOTNOTE:

[8] Read at a meeting of the National Health Society, May 9, 1877.



VII.

EFFECTUAL CHARITY.[9]


Tender pity for the poor has been a growing characteristic of this age;
a better sign of it still is the increased sense of duty to them, not
only as _poor_ men, but as _men_. There needs, however, it appears to
me, something still before our charity shall be effectual for good. The
feeling is there, the conscience is there, but there is wanting the
wise thought and the resolute, because educated, will.

Our charity, if by the word we mean our loving-kindness, has been
good in itself, but if we mean by the word, alms-giving, can we
flatter ourselves that it has been productive of a satisfactory
state of things? We have taught our poor to live in uncertainty as
to their resources, which is producing among them a reckless want of
forethought, which is quite appalling. The most ordinary occurrences of
their lives--the regular winter frost which stops the work of some men
year by year; the changes in the labour market, caused by the London
season; the expenses attending illness; the gradual approach of old
age--are not dwelt on now usually among the poor as reasons for trying
to provide a fund to meet them. Thus there are hundreds of our people
living on the extremest brink of pauperism or starvation, learning more
and more to be dependent on the chance coal-ticket, or half-crown, or
blanket; and if it does not happen to be given at the moment when it
is wanted, how forlorn is the position of the improvident man? But
look also on the even more important question of their spirit, and of
their relation to those above them in class. Can there be energy,
independence, vigour, healthy activity among them? Can there be between
them and the donors any of that happy manly interchange of thought, by
which the possessors of education, refinement, leisure, might help,
or be helped by, the active, self-reliant working-man, with his large
capacity for fresh vigorous joy, and his store of power accumulated
during a long period of endurance and patient effort? If different
classes, like different people, have separate characters which are
meant to act and react one on the other, are we not, by allowing the
help to be one of a dole of money, destroying the possibility of the
better help that might have been?

And is our money doing any good? Did you ever see the district--the
family--the individual that was richer for this repeated alms-giving?
Has it ever been powerful, even for outside good, to be recipients?
Is the bed better covered in the long run for the lent blankets, or
the children better fed for the free distribution of soup? Or is it
consistent with our ideal that there should be this body of people
dependent for the most ordinary necessities of life on the gifts of
another class? Rely upon it, if we foster this state of things it will
continue to increase.

Here we are, however, in the midst of this alms-giving, aimless,
thoughtless, ineffectual to achieve any object its donors had in view.
It is a gigantic system, or rather no system, which has grown up around
us. What is our duty with regard to it? Specially what is the duty of
those of us who are, in any sense of the word, trustees of charitable
funds?

There is a society which you all know well enough by name--the Charity
Organisation Society--which has set itself to help distributors of
alms in two important ways. First, it has offered to examine, free
of all charge, carefully, for anyone who wants to learn about them,
the circumstances and character of applicants for relief. Donors
cannot decide what help it is wise to give until they know all about
an applicant; the Society can learn such facts in a far more complete
way than donors possibly can. Clearly then, to my mind, donors or
distributors of gifts ought to accept this proffered help.

But the Society offers a second advantage; it will give an opinion
on the case of an applicant. When the facts respecting his condition
and character are ascertained, the problem is simply this. How can he
be so helped that the help may soon be needed no longer; how placed
speedily out of the reach of want, in an honourable useful place where
he can help himself? Or if his need be necessarily chronic, how can he
be provided for adequately and regularly--so regularly that he shall
be tempted neither to begging nor extravagance? It is very difficult
to set a man up again in the world; and the main hope of doing it is
to pause deliberately over his case, to bring to bear upon it all the
collected information, all the practised experience, and intelligent
thought of men and women accustomed to think out such problems, and
to watch the results of many attempts to solve them. The ordinary
district visitor has no qualifications for forming an opinion on the
best way of meeting the difficulties of the case, nor usually has the
busy clergyman much more. The visitor has very rarely even a glimmering
notion that there is such a way of dealing with the poverty she pities,
she hardly dreams that it is possible to attack it at its roots, and
so she gives the ticket or the shilling. The clergyman usually feels
that this is an unsatisfactory way of treating the matter; but he knows
probably no more than the visitor, in what part of the country there
may be an opening for work for the man whose trade is slack in London;
nor what training would enable the invalid girl who can only use her
hands, and lies bed-ridden and helpless, to contribute something
to the common income; nor what institution would receive, and how
the guardians might pay for, the cripple who is made an excuse for
begging for the whole family, and how he might learn a trade, and in
the future honourably support himself. It is only a body accustomed to
deal with many such cases, to devote attention to practical questions
mainly, that acquires the knowledge of what measures can be taken under
different circumstances, and knows the latest news as to the labour
market, and the opportunities open to the needy.

I am far from saying that the Charity Organisation Society has, as yet,
in each of the thirty-eight divisions of London, a committee capable of
giving a valuable opinion on a case; nor even that in every district
the committee has realised that to give such an opinion is its real
end and aim. But I do say that this is the intention of the Society,
and that on the committee, if anywhere, you will in each neighbourhood
find the men and women most alive to the importance of fulfilling this
duty; for more and more of the district committees are finding members
who set before themselves the necessity of learning to execute it.

I know little of your own Charity Organisation Committee, but I would
ask you to remember that it is not a separate society coming from afar
and settling down among you. It is what you workers among the poor make
it; it is you who ought to form it. And that which I said above you
separately were not able to do, collectively you, and none but you, can
do--decide what help it is wise to give to every poor man or woman who
comes before you at a crisis in life. A representative from every local
charity, a few men conversant with the work of every great metropolitan
charity, two or three active guardians, the clergy and ministers of all
denominations, or some leading member of their staff or congregations,
these should form your district committee. After careful investigation
by a skilled paid officer, the case of an applicant for charity, when
it comes before such a committee as that, has a fair chance of really
effectual treatment. Either someone present will know of work that
needs to be done; or, if the applicant's wants can only be met by
distinct gift, then, all the givers or their representatives being
present, the gift can after due deliberation be made without chance of
overlapping, with certainty that it is sufficient and its object well
thought out.

District visitors will find it valuable to study with the district
committee many questions respecting relief. The work of visitors is
one in which I have long taken the deepest interest; their gentle
influence in their informal visits is just what is wanted to bridge
over the great chasm which lies open between classes. Rich and poor
should know one another simply and naturally as friends, and the more
visitors can enter into such real friendship the better. When, however,
they attempt to deal with cases of relief, I feel that they possess
few of the qualifications requisite for doing it wisely, and I would
most seriously urge them, either to leave this branch of help entirely
to others, or with deliberate purpose to set themselves to learn all
that it is essential to them to know before they can do it well. For
there is more at stake, a great deal more, than the wasting of their
own or their friends' money: that would matter comparatively little
if the effect of mistake in its use were not positively disastrous
to the poor. But it is disastrous. We go into the house of a young
working-man; we meet with ready gift the first need as it arises; we
do not pause to remember how the effort to meet that need was a duty
for the young husband and father. We discourage the quiet confidence,
the careful forethought which would have made a man of him; we diminish
his sense of responsibility; the way he spends his earnings begins to
appear to him a matter of smaller moment--he dissipates them in the
public-house; he gets into the habit of doing so; we, or succeeding
visitors, feel the hopelessness of help increase; not only does the
drag upon our purse become heavier and heavier, but it becomes clearer
to us that the money we give does not adequately feed the wife and
children, while it does lead the husband to hope that if he yields to
the strongly increased temptation to drink, some lady will help, some
charity interpose, the children won't quite starve. We have weakened
the natural ties, broken the appointed order, and the neat, tidy little
home has sunk into the drunkard's desolate room.

Or we take up the case of a widow, and instead of once for all
considering how much she can do for her own and her children's support,
and deliberately uniting our forces to relieve her once for all of that
part of the cost which she cannot meet, we let her come up to our house
whenever she cannot fulfil her engagements, and we give her, when her
story or tears move us, a few shillings. We ease our own feelings by
doing this, but what besides have we done. We have not fortified her
for the battle of life; we have not cultivated in her the habit of
deliberate arrangement as to the best expenditure of her scanty means.
We have done something to teach her how easy it is, if she gets into
debt and the brokers are put in, to go round to one house after another
and get a few shillings from each, and having met the difficulty for
the moment to begin involving herself in another. Look at her a few
years later. The sincere grief of the widowed mother has been degraded
into a means of begging; the ready tears come, or appear to come, at
call; the sacred grief is for everyone to see in hopes someone may
alleviate it with half-a-crown. The sense of a right to be helped has
grown, the sense of her own duty has diminished. Work has not paid
so well that it has been steadily persevered in. The easily begged
money has been easily spent; the powers of endurance, the habits of
industry are gone; grief is her stock-in-trade; its frequent use has
diminished the power of feeling strongly and sincerely. Perhaps she has
discovered that professions of piety are rewarded with half-crowns, and
expressions, once sincere, have become cant phrases. We are shocked
at her; we say we were glad enough to help her when she was working,
and was feeling simply and strongly, but now it is different. My
friends, who made it different? God gave her the sacred sorrow and the
difficulties of her life to soften and to train her. It might have
been well that we should like true friends have stood by her, and so
far diminished her difficulty as to make it just within her power to
meet it; it might have been well for us to support one child, to pay
school-fees, or to help in some other way by some one distinct payment,
so regular as to become very natural to her, but in some way we ought
to have left her responsibilities to have been met by her own energies.
Then we should have been able to take and keep the position of friends;
she would not have learned to watch our faces to see what expression
on her part extorted pity or shillings best, but would have come to us
when the memories of the past were too heavy to bear alone, and the
words of hope in God's mercy and wisdom would have been spoken from the
heart to the heart.

Let visitors be friends, and nothing else, leaving money help to
others; or else study seriously all wise effectual ways of help,
that they may not be driven to miserable doles of half-crowns and
bread-tickets, which are surely destructive of vigorous life in the
poor, and of natural healthy relation between friends. I could, you
could yourselves, multiply instances of this a hundredfold. It will be
more profitable to study how in the future they may be avoided.

A marked advantage of district committees is that, while doing nothing
to weaken local action, they present a larger area to the sympathy
of their members. When parishes were first constituted, each parish
must in general have had its own rich and poor. But this has ceased
to be so in many cases, owing to the large population dwelling in a
small area. The tendency of late has been to subdivide ecclesiastical
districts. The rich are not anxious to have the poor living in very
close proximity to them, and every class is more and more driven into
quarters appropriated exclusively to itself. The consequence of this
is--and increasingly--that if a rich man says, "I will help in my own
parish," there are vast numbers of poor living perhaps near to him,
probably within what in the country would be considered easy walking
distance, and certainly in the same town, whose lives he does not
touch. I cannot tell you how terrible to me appear these vast spaces
of ground covered with houses inhabited by persons at one dead level
of poverty; sometimes the tracts appropriated to the houses of the
wealthy seem to me in another way more terrible. All good gifts, for
which we are bound to lift our hearts in praise to God, seem to retain
their sanctity only when they are shared; and it seems to me often as
if the luxury, the ease, the splendour, yes, even the fair spaces of
lawn and terrace were almost ghastly when they are enjoyed by those who
never consider the poor, in whom no spirit of self-sacrifice leads to
resolute appropriation of some large share of the good things to those
who are out of the way. There are few who do not recognise the duty of
giving or sharing in some measure; but the subdivision of districts,
leaving one poor and another rich, the ever-extending size of London
making the poor farther and farther off from the rich, has a tendency
to shut out many poor from this sympathy.

The Charity Organisation Society has done something to mitigate this
evil, to make you feel that you are parts of a larger whole than your
ecclesiastical parish. The poor-law has compulsorily made you feel it.
When it became clear that it was intolerably unjust to throw the burden
of the largest number of paupers on the poorest ratepayers, poor-law
areas were enlarged so as to unite rich and poor neighbourhoods;
also, certain expenditure was charged to a metropolitan rate. That
poor-law arrangement, however, never touched your hearts. It is
doubtful whether the dwellers in Fitzroy Park feel more united with
those in Somer's Town because they are both in St. Pancras parish,
nor much added tenderness for the sick man in Poplar, because if he
has small-pox he is carried to a hospital supported by a metropolitan
rate. The alteration has done good because it has equalised burdens,
and enforced the fulfilment of a duty. But the Charity Organisation
Society does more--it asks you to accept this duty as a privilege, and
voluntarily and gladly to help, remembering the less favoured districts
which are near you, or which, though farther off, still belong to the
same city. It has taken the poor-law boundary to mark its area; it
has asked all charitable people within that area to meet and consult
about their charities; it has arranged that the working expenses of
office and agent shall be shared by a large district, it has formed a
meeting-place, where workers for the poor shall be able to learn each
what the other is doing, even at the farther extremes of a long parish
like this. You will certainly enlarge your sympathies if thus you meet;
for when there come before you the stories of living men and women
wanting help in districts where funds are not abundant, when you learn
to know the clergy and others labouring in poorer places, you will
begin to interpret the word "neighbour" in a large and liberal sense.

Do you realise how limited is our notion of it now, and what it has
brought us to? Have you any picture before you of the parts of London
where for acres and acres the ground is covered with the dwellings
of the poor alone, where no landlord can afford many feet of space
unbuilt over at the back of his house; where the clergyman toils on
almost singlehanded, for unrefreshed year after unrefreshed year;
where curates will hardly go and work; where no gay life enlivens the
monotony of toil, which is interrupted only by the wild unholy carousal
of a Bank holiday; where the clergyman's wife can hardly sleep because
of the wild mirth of the surrounding streets? We talk of the claims of
parish and neighbourhood, and they should be seriously remembered; but
are they not sometimes urged rather from a lazy desire not to take the
trouble to go farther, or from the easy agreeable wish to oblige the
neighbouring minister, who calls to ask a new resident for help in the
Sunday school or district? If, indeed, the decision is a deliberate
choice of a near duty distinctly seen, rather than of a far off one
less realised, one may respect it. But we must remember there are other
claims than those arising out of proximity, and that it may be our
duty to realise what is not brought under our eyes. We live upon the
labours of the poor in districts far from our homes. Our fathers and
brothers may have chambers, factories, offices right down among them.
We are content to draw our wealth from these. Does this imply no duty?
Is the whole duty fulfilled when the head of a firm draws a cheque
for donations to the local charity, and are the gentle ministrations
of the ladies of the family to be confined to the few pampered
poor near their house? It is our withdrawal from the less pleasant
neighbourhood to build for ourselves substantial villas with pleasant
gardens, which has left these tracts what they are. Even when there
is nothing sensationally terrible in the wickedness or destitution of
a place, when it is covered with little houses of laundresses or small
shopkeepers, are we who have advantages of education or refinement not
needed there? Have we no bright flowers to take to the people, no books
to lend, no sweet sympathy and young brightness to carry among them?
Ought we not to be accumulating those memories which will give us a
place near them as real friends if the time of loss and trial comes?

I would urge you all who are inhabitants of a large parish, markedly
divided into poor and rich districts, as citizens of a city fearfully
so divided, to weigh well your duties; and, never forgetting the near
ones to home and neighbourhood, to remember also that when Europe is
sacrificed to England, England to your own town, your own town to your
parish, your parish to your family, the step is easy to sacrifice
your family to yourself. Whereas if you try to accept the duty as
our Lord showed it, and to carry with you joyfully in such acceptance
those who are nearest and dearest to you, you will find that a large
and true imagination will show you the place which every duty should
hold in your lives; you will not find any human being so away but
that your sympathy will reach, and your desire to help will tell in
due degree if the need of help comes. Your life, be it shadowed ever
so much by individual loss or pain, will be full and blessed; for all
God's children will be dear to you, and His earth sacred; you will
have no real conflict of duties, nor long doubt about their relative
importance; no pain shall overwhelm, nor doubt confound you; for the
blessing of guidance shall be yours, and you will assuredly learn what
those words mean, "When thou passest through the waters I will be with
thee, and through the rivers they shall not overflow thee." "Though the
Lord give thee the bread of adversity, and the water of affliction,
yet shall not thy teachers be removed into a corner any more; but thine
eyes shall see thy teachers, and thine ears shall hear a word saying,
This is the way, walk ye in it, when ye turn to the right hand or when
ye turn to the left."

FOOTNOTE:

[9] Paper read at a meeting of the Charity Organisation Society, at
Highgate, June 18th, 1877.



VIII.

THE FUTURE OF OUR COMMONS.


The question of the appropriation of the common land of England is
one which is of great importance now, and which will be of increasing
importance as time goes on. The matter is not simply one of providing a
public park or common in the near neighbourhood of cities which are now
large and rapidly increasing, nor of securing a cricket or recreation
ground and an acre or two of cottage gardens to a few villagers. The
question before the country--and it is well we should realise its
magnitude before important decisions are made--is whether, consistently
with all private rights, there is still any land in England which can
be preserved for the common good; and, secondly, in what way such land
can best be used. Is it best to parcel it out amongst various owners,
and increase the building or corn-growing area? Is it best to let the
largest possible amount of it in allotments to the poor? Is it well to
devote any portion of it, in rural as well as suburban districts, to
the public, to be by them enjoyed in common, in the form of beautiful,
wild, open space?

It must be observed that the nation as a nation is not held to
possess the open, uncultivated, unappropriated land of England. True,
generation after generation has passed over much of it freely, but it
seems that the people are not thereby held to have acquired a right
to do so. Perhaps this is because such right has no money value, for
rights of way, rights of light, rights of possession of soil, even
rights on these very open spaces of pasturing cattle, cutting furze
and of playing games are recognised by law when they have been long
enjoyed. Had the right to wander freely, and to enjoy the beauty of
earth and sky, been felt to be a more distinct possession, it may be
that these rights also would have been legally recognised; but it has
not hitherto been so. It is, therefore, lords of manors and commoners
who have mainly the control of such waste places. When, however, they
come to Parliament to ask to have their respective rights settled, and
to get leave to inclose, Parliament has, under the Inclosure Acts,
distinctly a voice in deciding the appropriation of the land. What
ought its decision to be, having in view the future life of the nation
as well as the present one?

That æsthetic considerations govern individuals in the disposition of
their own estates is clear. When a gentleman possesses an estate he
apportions it to various uses. He asks himself how much of it he will
devote to arable land and kitchen garden; some small part he may set
aside for his children, that they may dig in it and plant it in their
spare time; and a part of it he will devote probably to a flower-garden
or a park; for he knows that the family has need of enjoyment and of
rest, and that beauty sustains in them some higher life than the mere
material one. Are we as a nation to have any flower-garden at all? Can
we afford it? Do we care to set aside ground for it, or will we have
beet-root and cabbages only? In other words, is all the land, so far as
the people are concerned, from sea to sea, to be used for corn-growing,
or building over only? Are those who own estates to have their gardens,
and the people to have none? or, if any, how many and how pretty may
they be? Is there only land enough for exercise near the big city, or
can we have any for beauty far away from it?

Surely we want some beauty in our lives; they cannot be all labour,
they cannot be all feeding. When the work is done, when the eating
is finished, the soul and spirit of men ask for rest; they want air,
they want the sense of peace, they want the sense of space, they
want the influence of beauty. Men seek it on the rocky sea-shore, on
the peaks of the mountains, by the streams in the valleys, or on the
heather-covered moorlands. Over-excited in the cities, over-strained
by toil, they need, if it were but once in their lives, that wonderful
sense of pause and peace which the near presence of the great creations
of God gives. The silence brings them marvellous messages, the clouds
seem their companions, the lights which pass over the heather-covered
hills fill them with an immeasurable joy. Old cares seem so far away
as hardly to be real; and in the great peace which surrounds them the
whole spirit is brought into harmony with grander music, tuned to
nobler imaginings, and nerved for mightier struggles. "Man does not
live by bread alone." And the words God speaks to us on the moorlands
proceed, indeed, from His mouth with audible power, and memories of
them haunt us with ennobling and consoling thought in the bustle, the
struggle, and the pain to which we must return. This as individuals we
know. There are signs that, as a Nation, we are beginning to see it.

A very remarkable change with regard to the relative value of different
uses of land has taken place in England during the last thirty years,
as the course taken by the Legislature sufficiently proves. Mr. Cross,
in introducing the Commons Act of last year, laid stress upon this
change. He pointed out that the Inclosure Act of 1845 was framed when
the notion of statesmen was that England must depend, at any rate in
case of war, wholly on herself for the wheat which her people needed.
The Corn Laws were not then repealed; the country was not nearly so
thickly populated; space was far more abundant; and the production of
wheat seemed the best possible use to which land could be devoted.
It was far different now. Corn reached our shores untaxed; our
population had so vastly increased that it necessarily depended largely
on imported wheat; we had learned much more about the importance to
health of fresh air and exercise, and we felt increasingly the value
of space as well as food for our people. The needs of the nation in
1845 demanded inclosure for purposes of cultivation, and the Act of
that year was accordingly specially drawn to facilitate it. But now the
case was different, and Mr. Cross stated that his Bill was specially
intended to promote regulation to meet the growing need of open space.

Further proof of the change in public opinion is afforded by the course
taken by Parliament with regard to the New Forest. In 1851 no public
objection was raised to an Act which was passed, empowering the Crown
to plant formal and monotonous plantations of fir-trees, valuable as
timber, in such a manner as eventually to cover the whole expanse of
forest; while in 1876 this Act was repealed in favour of one which
provided that the ancient trees and wild undergrowth should be left
henceforward undisturbed; thus showing that the nation is now willing
to sacrifice the profits accruing from fast-growing timber in order to
preserve forest glades and heathery slopes, valuable only for their
beauty.

The advantages to the Nation of possessing uninclosed land in
perpetuity in certain instances, as opposed to the advantage of
cultivating every available acre, have thus been distinctly recognised.
But the proportion and situation of such uninclosed land remains to be
determined, and will be decided by Parliament in the course of the next
year or two.

Mr. Cross's Act prescribes that the application for regulation or
inclosure shall be made to the Inclosure Commissioners (who were
appointed under the Act of 1845), the Commissioners are to hold a
local inquiry, and then prepare a scheme which is to be submitted to
a committee of the House. The scheme, when approved by the committee,
comes before the House for confirmation. It may prove unfortunate that
agents originally selected to administer an Act having for its main
object _inclosure_--_i.e._ the dividing of the land among separate
owners--should have been chosen to carry out one specially intended, as
Mr. Cross explained, to facilitate _regulation_--_i.e._ the preserving
of the land open for the use of all.

So great has been the tendency to inclose that, out of 414,000 acres
available for allotments, recreative-grounds, &c., under the Act of
1845, only 4,000 had actually been thus allotted; whilst in 1869,
out of 6,916 acres proposed to be inclosed, such were the views of
the Commissioners, that they considered nine acres to be adequate
reservation for public purposes--viz. three for recreation, and
six for field-gardens. And the four schemes hitherto submitted to
Parliament under the new Act contained a provision for only seventeen
acres to be reserved for recreation and sixty-five for field-gardens
out of 6,000 to be inclosed. The lords of the manors subsequently
offered two more in each case, if opposition in committee were
withdrawn. The offer was accepted by the committee, but the attempt
to pass the Bill at the fag end of the session was most fortunately
frustrated.

There is yet time, therefore, for consideration whether regulation
would not meet the requirements of some of these cases rather than
inclosure; and in some of them, or at least those parts of them
which are commons or waste lands of manors strictly speaking, as
distinguished from commonable lands, it would seem that if ever
regulating schemes are to be adopted in rural districts, these are
cases most suitable for them.

One of the commons recommended for inclosure--Riccall Dam--is pasture
land, and will never be available for growing corn, as it is subject to
floods. It is close to the village, and is constantly used for cricket.
The chief objection to its present condition is that the existing
rights of turning out cattle upon it are improperly used, an evil which
it is admitted could be remedied by regulation. If such an open space
is to be inclosed, it is difficult to conceive what rural common, in
the opinion of the Inclosure Commissioners, would be a fit subject for
regulation.

The conviction is forced upon us that, unless the Inclosure
Commissioners insist upon regulation wherever it is practicable, there
will be little prospect of this part of the recent Act having a fair
trial. Those who are pecuniarily interested in the commons--the lords
of the manors and the commoners--will, as a rule, prefer inclosure to
regulation, and the bias of the Commissioners will probably be in the
same direction; and if the option rests only with them there is little
doubt which course will be preferred.

It behoves, then, the Commissioners to carry out the intentions of Mr.
Cross, and to refuse inclosure in any case where regulation may be
applicable, and not to act only upon the instance and preferment of
those interested. The failure so far of the regulating clauses of the
Act of 1876 bears out the views of those who opposed the Act, and who,
while conceding the good intents of the promoters, pointed out that
the regulating clauses were so hampered by the necessity of consents
that they practically presented no alternative to inclosure, and who
predicted that few, if any, schemes would ever come before Parliament
under this part of the Act.

It has been shown that in all probability thirty-seven schemes for
inclosure come before Parliament next session. Many thousands of acres
now open will be subjected to inclosure under these schemes, and they
will form the precedent for dealing with others in the future. They
will come before Parliament; but the evidence in each case is heard
only by a small committee; and there are but few outside that committee
who will notice or care anything about each scheme as it successively
comes forward. And yet, if the schemes are all carried out, England
will have next year from this cause alone thirty-seven fewer open
spaces than she has hitherto possessed. A great deal of this land might
be saved if public attention were aroused, and aroused in time. On the
next two or three years the fate of our commons will mainly depend. For
seven years past, pending legislation, it has been possible to resist
all schemes for inclosure; but since the passing of the Act of 1876
postponement of action is no longer possible, and each scheme must be
dealt with immediately, and on its own merits.

There is danger lest, as the schemes may relate each to a small area,
and may not come before the public simultaneously, the gravity of the
issue may not be generally perceived. It is no less a one than what
proportion of the soil of England--of its commons, charts, and forests,
its scars, fells, and moorlands--shall be retained to be used in common
by her people as open unappropriated space both now and in the time to
come.

Such, however, has been the growth of public opinion, that we may
assume that Parliament would not sanction the inclosure of a common
in the near neighbourhood of any large and populous town. But there
seems some danger lest our legislators and the public should not duly
consider how rapid is the growth of many towns, and that some which are
not large and closely packed now may in a few years become so, and may
need commons in their vicinity; nor how in many places suburb stretches
beyond suburb as year succeeds year, and thus the town approaches
the commons which once were rural. Increased facilities of swift and
inexpensive travelling, and the opening of new lines of railway, make
many a common once out of reach of the dwellers in town practically
easy of access.

And there is a reason why even the still more distant rural commons
should if possible be saved from inclosure. Every year, in many country
neighbourhoods, population is increasing, and houses for letting are
being built; more and more the field-paths by the river-side are
being closed, and the walks through the cornfields or bright upland
meadows are being shut. The hedge through the many gaps of which it was
easy once to step into the roadside-wood and to gather primroses in
thousands is now stoutly repaired, and new boards are put up warning
trespassers that they "will be prosecuted." In self-defence the
landowners erect barriers and warn off the public wherever that public
becomes numerous. The field shut up for hay in the remote country has
so small a chance of being trampled on, that the farmer, hospitably
or carelessly, leaves the gate unlocked; but as the neat little rows
of lodging-houses come to be built near it, or as substantial villas
multiply in the neighbourhood, and the buttercups tempt the more
numerous little children to run in among the tall grass near the path,
or the great boughs of may induce the big boys to make long trampled
tracks beside the hedge, the farmer is obliged to lock his gate, put up
his notices, or, if "right of way" exist, erect a fence which should
leave the narrowest admissible pathway for the public. So it is, so it
will be, year by year increasingly, with all private property. It is
not only the artisan who, on his day's holiday, will depend more and
more on the common or public park; the professional man, the shopkeeper
who is able to take a house or lodgings for a few weeks in August or
September for his family, will also depend more and more each year on
finding some neighbourhood where there is a heath, or forest, or moor
which is public. He does not take his wife and children away only to
breathe fresher air, nor is the small lodging-house garden all they
want to spend the day in. To walk merely along the roads, if these
roads pass between parks or fields barricaded from entrance, frets the
human love of freedom which makes us want to wander farther, to escape
the dusty prescribed track, to break away over the hills, or pause in
the meadow by the pool or the river, or gather the flowers in the wood.
The more these are and must be closed, the more intensely precious does
the common or forest, safe for ever from inclosure, become. It is not
only the suburban common, it is the rural also which is of value to us
as a people.

Nor does the allotment scheme, admirable as it is in giving the
landless classes a share in our common soil, in the least degree
meet the need for beauty. Under all the schemes for inclosing rural
commons, it is probable that henceforward provision will be made
for field-gardens. This is excellent. But do not let it be supposed
that such allotments compensate for the entire loss of all open
unappropriated land.

It is, moreover, possible that allotments might, as time goes on,
be provided from quite other sources than our commons. The very
considerable area held in trust for charitable purposes may well
furnish ground for the purpose. Moreover, future changes which should
facilitate the transfer of land, and should enable men to buy or rent
it in small quantities, would meet the demand for allotments. Such
changes might easily be effected when Englishmen come to the conclusion
that small gardens are desirable for the people. If the allotments
are not made now we may still hope for them in the future; but if we
lose our open spaces now, shall we ever recover them? Think of the
cost of purchasing them back! Think of the compulsory powers to compel
sale of contiguous plots! Think of the impossibility of breaking them
ever again into uneven surface of woodland, dingle, or old quarry, or
getting the forest trees on them again; and pause before you barter
them for a few cultivated gardens, rented at high rates to a small
group of men--valuable as field-gardens in themselves maybe.

Note, too, by-the-way, what is done in giving them. For allotments,
working-men will pay four or five times the agricultural value and
have done so, under the old Inclosure Acts. That proves them to be
appreciated. Under the recent Act the amount of payment is limited. But
is it not strange to take away free enjoyment from many, and to offer
in exchange, at any money payment, a privilege to the few?

We have mentioned the schemes of inclosure now coming before the
Legislature, but besides these there is another extensive process of
inclosure going on for which the Legislature is not responsible. It is
that which is silently pursued by lords of manors, without any distinct
legal settlement of rights. They _may_ be taking only their due; they
may be taking more. In some cases they are offering to the commoners,
or to the poor, where lands are left for their benefit, gifts of money
or land or coals, in lieu of their old rights of cutting fuel or
turning out a cow. Perhaps the coals are quite equivalent to the value
of the fuel to the individual cottager; but they depend often on the
will of squire or lord, are administered by churchwardens to the needy,
and become a form of dole instead of a birthright. Again, all land in
England is increasing in value. Why should the ignorant agricultural
labourer be induced, by the gift of a few poles of land, to part with
the valuable inheritance of his descendants? Why should the lord absorb
to himself alone the "unearned increment of the land?" It ought not
to be left to any private person to make such terms with his tenants,
still less ought he to be allowed to decide, by high-handed erection of
fence, how much is his and how much is theirs. Yet there are numbers
of such inclosures silently going on throughout England in districts
where there is no one powerful enough, rich enough, or with knowledge
enough to carry the matter into a court of law, or watch effectually
that justice be done. Such suits are very costly; the law in such cases
is often complicated; a large amount is needed to secure the plaintiff
against loss should he not have costs awarded him; and landowners,
knowing that these difficulties prevent their being opposed when they
inclose the tempting ground adjoining their park, and give a little bit
of it to all neighbours likely to be troublesome, too often exercise a
power which there is no one at hand to prevent.

Even the metropolitan commons, which might have been thought to be
already secured by the Metropolitan Commons Act of 1866, are not
absolutely safe. No one now would apply for leave to inclose one of
these _in toto_, but there is hardly a company advocating a scheme for
a reservoir or sewage farm, sidings for a railway or what not, that
does not cast longing eyes on the cheap common land, one little bit of
which it is supposed will hardly be missed. Accordingly, application is
made to Parliament for compulsory power to take a small portion. So our
metropolitan commons even may be nibbled away, and polluted and spoilt
by the proximity of objectionable buildings or works. No less than five
such schemes came before the public in 1877 affecting Barnes, Mitcham,
and Hampstead.

The reader will perceive from what has been said that three distinct
dangers threaten our common land:--

1st. That due use should not be made of the powers given by the Act
of last year, to promote regulation rather than inclosure, and that
in the separate schemes about to be presented to Parliament no weight
whatever should be given to the growing importance of wild open spaces
free to all.

2nd. That illegal inclosure should take place unnoticed, or be
unopposed, for want of legal knowledge or money to organise resistance.

3rd. That the commons already protected by the Metropolitan Commons
Act should be injured by the action of bodies applying for compulsory
powers of purchase for small portions of them.

It remains only to consider what can be done to meet these three
dangers.

First. Let the public take care that they thoroughly understand the
bearings of every scheme submitted to Parliament. Let due notice be
taken that the proportion of land allotted to the public be adequate,
and that the situation of it be well selected. Much depends also
on its character. To revert to the parallel of the disposition of
land made by the owner of an estate, who certainly would not place
his kitchen-garden in the loveliest part of his park, do not let the
Nation surrender forest or hillside, but, preserving them intact,
apportion for purposes of cultivation the less beautiful, flatter,
and probably more productive ground. Let the public watch how many of
the schemes brought forward relate to regulation, not inclosure. Mr.
Cross announced, as we have said, that his Bill was intended to promote
regulation; let us watch that its intention is thoroughly fulfilled.
The machinery of the Act to regulate commons being now provided, it
remains for those who care for open space to see that it is not used to
promote inclosure.

Second. The high-handed inclosures for which no Parliamentary sanction
is sought, are more difficult to meet. The expense of opposing is
considerable; the legal questions complicated. Few individuals can
deal with the problem single-handed. Here again, however, happily,
the machinery exists ready to our hands. The Commons Preservation
Society[10] was founded twelve years ago with the express object of
watching over the interests of the public in the remaining commons
of England in Parliament and in the courts of law. How much this was
needed will be seen when we consider that about 5,000,000 acres have
been inclosed since the reign of Queen Anne, and that there remain only
1,524,648 acres of open land, according to the Domesday-book, for all
present and future needs. The Committee of this Society gives advice
(free from all cost), to those who wish to consult them respecting
the course to be adopted when open spaces in their neighbourhood are
threatened with inclosure. If the neighbourhood is poor, and legal
resistance is the only way to meet the difficulty, the society will, to
the best of its means, aid with money and influence.

It appears to me that the objects of this Society are so important and
far-reaching that it ought to be a large national union, every one
joining it as members and supporting it to the utmost of their power.
It is not a question which ought longer to be left to a comparatively
few zealous men; it ought to be supported by, and its machinery used
by, everyone who cares to keep the common land open. If legal decisions
are to be arrived at, if landowners are to be made to feel that
they will be called to account for any inclosures made by them, the
matter cannot be left in the hands of individuals, and it is only by
combination, and under good legal advice, that the undertakings can be
rightly and wisely begun and brought to a successful issue.

To meet the third danger--that arising from attempts to obtain
compulsory power to purchase small portions of the metropolitan commons
supposed to be protected under the Act of 1866--it is important
(equally as in the case of rural commons) to watch each scheme that
may be brought forward, and thus to let Parliament see that the matter
is one about which the Nation cares. The schemes previously referred
to, relating to commons at Barnes, Mitcham, and Hampstead, were only
defeated by strenuous public opposition. Under these schemes it was
actually proposed to take four acres of Barnes Common for a sewage
farm, and to widen the railway that crosses it by additional sidings
and coal depôts; to cut up Mitcham Common with additional lines of
railway, and to take 100 acres of it for sewage purposes, and to
surround and partly undermine Hampstead Heath with a railway provided
with three or four stations situated on some of its prettiest spots!

One other point bearing on the question of metropolitan commons may
be noted here. Whenever the question of their inclosure has come up
before the courts of law to be tried, it has been hitherto found that
the rights of commoners have been adjudged sufficient to preserve
them from inclosure. It is therefore deeply to be regretted that
last session the Board of Works again resorted to their old practice
of purchasing these rights; they gave £5,000 for Bostal Heath, near
Woolwich. The purchase was clearly unnecessary in this case, because a
decree of the Court of Chancery exists preventing the inclosure of the
heath. The Board probably took this step from a dislike to the trouble
of defending their scheme for regulation. Such a practice must heavily
burden the ratepayers of London, already quite sufficiently taxed. And
this is done in order to secure for them that which there seems no
reason to suppose could not be secured without any such expenditure,
open spaces having already been legally preserved without purchase in
the cases of Epping, Coulsden, Berkhampstead, and others. It is an
old idea of the Metropolitan Board, and not a harmless one. In 1865,
the chairman and members of the Board proposed to make the Board the
central authority to protect and preserve commons; they asked for
large taxing powers in order to raise money sufficient to buy up all
rights of the lords of the manors and commoners, and to sell parts
of the metropolitan commons for building, in order in some degree to
recoup the ratepayers. The committee of the House of Commons which was
then considering the question rejected this scheme of the Metropolitan
Board, holding that the rights of commoners being amply sufficient to
keep the commons open, purchase was unnecessary. This opinion has since
been repeatedly confirmed by decisions in the law courts. There seems
no reason to suppose that Hampstead Heath, for which the Metropolitan
Board gave nearly £50,000, might have not been kept open without
purchase had the matter been carried to an issue. The question is an
important one as far as the ratepayers are concerned; it is also very
important as a matter of precedent. The plan of operation of any body
of men which, like the Commons Preservation Society, should examine the
rights of the public and uphold them by law, is much to be preferred
to the purchase scheme, though this may be more acceptable to large
landowners, and have more appearance of magnificence.

To sum up. It is by watchful care that every scheme under the new Act
can be well considered and wisely decided when it is brought before
Parliament; it is by steady co-operation to bring to a legal issue
every unauthorised inclosure that a share in our common land can alone
be preserved for the landless classes. Shortly--before, perhaps, as
a Nation, we awake to its importance--will this great question be
permanently decided.

In England there is a very small and continually decreasing number
of landowners. We have no peasant proprietors as in France; and few
tenants of small holdings, as in Ireland. Yet the love of being
connected with the land is innate; it deepens a man's attachment to
his native country, and adds dignity and simplicity to his character.
Each family cannot hope to own a small piece of cultivated land as in
France--no inaccessible mountain-ranges exist for our people to learn
to love as in Switzerland--but it may be that in our common-land we
are meant to learn an even deeper lesson:--something of the value of
those possessions in which each of a large community has a distinct
share, yet which each enjoys only by virtue of the share the many have
in it; in which separate right is subordinated to the good of all;
each tiny bit of which would have no value if the surface were divided
amongst the hundreds that use it, yet which when owned together and
stretching away into loveliest space of heather or forest becomes the
common possession of the neighbourhood, or even of the County and
Nation. It will give a sense of a common possession to succeeding
generations. It will give a share in his country to be inherited by the
poorest citizen. It will be a link between the many and through the
ages, binding with holy happy recollections those who together have
entered into the joys its beauty gives--men and women of different
natures, different histories, and different anticipations--into one
solemn joyful fellowship, which neither time nor outward change can
destroy--as people are bound together by any common memory, or common
cause, or common hope.


CHARLES DICKENS AND EVANS, CRYSTAL PALACE PRESS.

FOOTNOTE:

[10] Offices, 1, Great College Street, Westminster.



_By the same Author._


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solution.... We know nothing in literature of this kind more touching
than the simple, unaffected tale of her struggles, disappointments, and
triumphs. There is not a word of mere sentimentalism in any one of her
papers; she is clear, practical, and definite."--_Globe._


STREETS AND LANES OF A CITY. Being the Reminiscences of Amy Dutton;
with a Preface by the Bishop of Salisbury. Second and Cheaper Edition.
Extra fcap. 8vo, 2s. 6d.


FIRST LESSONS ON HEALTH. By J. BERNERS. Seventh Edition. 18mo, cloth,
1s.


HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT AND COOKERY. By W. B. TEGETMEIER. With an Appendix
of Recipes used by the Teachers of the National School of Cookery.
18mo, 1s.


FIRST LESSONS IN THE PRINCIPLES OF COOKING. By LADY BARKER. Second
Edition. 18mo, 1s.

MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON.





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