Title: The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences
Author: Treves, Frederick
Language: English
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                           The Elephant Man
                                  and
                          Other Reminiscences


                                  By
                      Sir Frederick Treves, Bart.
                         G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D.
              _Serjeant-Surgeon to His Majesty the King._

        _Author of “The Other Side of the Lantern,” “The Cradle
         of the Deep,” “The Country of the Ring and the Book,”
         “Highways and Byways of Dorset,” “The Riviera of the
           Corniche Road,” “The Lake of Geneva,” etc. etc._

                       CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD.
                London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne
                                 1923

                    First published _February 1923_
                       _Reprinted February 1923_

                      _Printed in Great Britain_



                               CONTENTS


                                                                    PAGE
     I. THE ELEPHANT MAN                                               1

    II. THE OLD RECEIVING ROOM                                        39

   III. THE TWENTY-KRONE PIECE                                        59

    IV. A CURE FOR NERVES                                             67

     V. TWO WOMEN                                                     91

    VI. A SEA LOVER                                                  111

   VII. A CASE OF “HEART FAILURE”                                    121

  VIII. A RESTLESS NIGHT                                             135

    IX. IN ARTICULO MORTIS                                           155

     X. THE IDOL WITH HANDS OF CLAY                                  181

    XI. BREAKING THE NEWS                                            199

   XII. A QUESTION OF HATS                                           213



                           The Elephant Man
                        And Other Reminiscences



                                   I

                           THE ELEPHANT MAN


In the Mile End Road, opposite to the London Hospital, there was (and
possibly still is) a line of small shops. Among them was a vacant
greengrocer’s which was to let. The whole of the front of the shop,
with the exception of the door, was hidden by a hanging sheet of canvas
on which was the announcement that the Elephant Man was to be seen
within and that the price of admission was twopence. Painted on the
canvas in primitive colours was a life-size portrait of the Elephant
Man. This very crude production depicted a frightful creature that
could only have been possible in a nightmare. It was the figure of a
man with the characteristics of an elephant. The transfiguration was
not far advanced. There was still more of the man than of the beast.
This fact—that it was still human—was the most repellent attribute of
the creature. There was nothing about it of the pitiableness of the
misshapened or the deformed, nothing of the grotesqueness of the freak,
but merely the loathsome insinuation of a man being changed into an
animal. Some palm trees in the background of the picture suggested a
jungle and might have led the imaginative to assume that it was in this
wild that the perverted object had roamed.

When I first became aware of this phenomenon the exhibition was closed,
but a well-informed boy sought the proprietor in a public house and
I was granted a private view on payment of a shilling. The shop was
empty and grey with dust. Some old tins and a few shrivelled potatoes
occupied a shelf and some vague vegetable refuse the window. The light
in the place was dim, being obscured by the painted placard outside.
The far end of the shop—where I expect the late proprietor sat at a
desk—was cut off by a curtain or rather by a red tablecloth suspended
from a cord by a few rings. The room was cold and dank, for it was the
month of November. The year, I might say, was 1884.

The showman pulled back the curtain and revealed a bent figure
crouching on a stool and covered by a brown blanket. In front of it,
on a tripod, was a large brick heated by a Bunsen burner. Over this
the creature was huddled to warm itself. It never moved when the
curtain was drawn back. Locked up in an empty shop and lit by the faint
blue light of the gas jet, this hunched-up figure was the embodiment
of loneliness. It might have been a captive in a cavern or a wizard
watching for unholy manifestations in the ghostly flame. Outside the
sun was shining and one could hear the footsteps of the passers-by, a
tune whistled by a boy and the companionable hum of traffic in the road.

The showman—speaking as if to a dog—called out harshly: “Stand up!” The
thing arose slowly and let the blanket that covered its head and back
fall to the ground. There stood revealed the most disgusting specimen
of humanity that I have ever seen. In the course of my profession I had
come upon lamentable deformities of the face due to injury or disease,
as well as mutilations and contortions of the body depending upon like
causes; but at no time had I met with such a degraded or perverted
version of a human being as this lone figure displayed. He was naked to
the waist, his feet were bare, he wore a pair of threadbare trousers
that had once belonged to some fat gentleman’s dress suit.

From the intensified painting in the street I had imagined the Elephant
Man to be of gigantic size. This, however, was a little man below the
average height and made to look shorter by the bowing of his back. The
most striking feature about him was his enormous and misshapened head.
From the brow there projected a huge bony mass like a loaf, while from
the back of the head hung a bag of spongy, fungous-looking skin, the
surface of which was comparable to brown cauliflower. On the top of the
skull were a few long lank hairs. The osseous growth on the forehead
almost occluded one eye. The circumference of the head was no less than
that of the man’s waist. From the upper jaw there projected another
mass of bone. It protruded from the mouth like a pink stump, turning
the upper lip inside out and making of the mouth a mere slobbering
aperture. This growth from the jaw had been so exaggerated in the
painting as to appear to be a rudimentary trunk or tusk. The nose was
merely a lump of flesh, only recognizable as a nose from its position.
The face was no more capable of expression than a block of gnarled
wood. The back was horrible, because from it hung, as far down as the
middle of the thigh, huge, sack-like masses of flesh covered by the
same loathsome cauliflower skin.

The right arm was of enormous size and shapeless. It suggested the limb
of the subject of elephantiasis. It was overgrown also with pendent
masses of the same cauliflower-like skin. The hand was large and
clumsy—a fin or paddle rather than a hand. There was no distinction
between the palm and the back. The thumb had the appearance of a
radish, while the fingers might have been thick, tuberous roots. As a
limb it was almost useless. The other arm was remarkable by contrast.
It was not only normal but was, moreover, a delicately shaped limb
covered with fine skin and provided with a beautiful hand which
any woman might have envied. From the chest hung a bag of the same
repulsive flesh. It was like a dewlap suspended from the neck of a
lizard. The lower limbs had the characters of the deformed arm. They
were unwieldy, dropsical looking and grossly misshapened.

To add a further burden to his trouble the wretched man, when a boy,
developed hip disease, which had left him permanently lame, so that he
could only walk with a stick. He was thus denied all means of escape
from his tormentors. As he told me later, he could never run away. One
other feature must be mentioned to emphasize his isolation from his
kind. Although he was already repellent enough, there arose from the
fungous skin-growth with which he was almost covered a very sickening
stench which was hard to tolerate. From the showman I learnt nothing
about the Elephant Man, except that he was English, that his name was
John Merrick and that he was twenty-one years of age.

As at the time of my discovery of the Elephant Man I was the Lecturer
on Anatomy at the Medical College opposite, I was anxious to examine
him in detail and to prepare an account of his abnormalities. I
therefore arranged with the showman that I should interview his strange
exhibit in my room at the college. I became at once conscious of a
difficulty. The Elephant Man could not show himself in the streets. He
would have been mobbed by the crowd and seized by the police. He was,
in fact, as secluded from the world as the Man with the Iron Mask.
He had, however, a disguise, although it was almost as startling as
he was himself. It consisted of a long black cloak which reached to
the ground. Whence the cloak had been obtained I cannot imagine. I
had only seen such a garment on the stage wrapped about the figure
of a Venetian bravo. The recluse was provided with a pair of bag-like
slippers in which to hide his deformed feet. On his head was a cap
of a kind that never before was seen. It was black like the cloak,
had a wide peak, and the general outline of a yachting cap. As the
circumference of Merrick’s head was that of a man’s waist, the size
of this headgear may be imagined. From the attachment of the peak a
grey flannel curtain hung in front of the face. In this mask was cut
a wide horizontal slit through which the wearer could look out. This
costume, worn by a bent man hobbling along with a stick, is probably
the most remarkable and the most uncanny that has as yet been designed.
I arranged that Merrick should cross the road in a cab, and to insure
his immediate admission to the college I gave him my card. This card
was destined to play a critical part in Merrick’s life.

I made a careful examination of my visitor the result of which I
embodied in a paper.[1] I made little of the man himself. He was
shy, confused, not a little frightened and evidently much cowed.
Moreover, his speech was almost unintelligible. The great bony mass
that projected from his mouth blurred his utterance and made the
articulation of certain words impossible. He returned in a cab to the
place of exhibition, and I assumed that I had seen the last of him,
especially as I found next day that the show had been forbidden by the
police and that the shop was empty.

I supposed that Merrick was imbecile and had been imbecile from birth.
The fact that his face was incapable of expression, that his speech
was a mere spluttering and his attitude that of one whose mind was
void of all emotions and concerns gave grounds for this belief. The
conviction was no doubt encouraged by the hope that his intellect was
the blank I imagined it to be. That he could appreciate his position
was unthinkable. Here was a man in the heyday of youth who was so
vilely deformed that everyone he met confronted him with a look of
horror and disgust. He was taken about the country to be exhibited
as a monstrosity and an object of loathing. He was shunned like a
leper, housed like a wild beast, and got his only view of the world
from a peephole in a showman’s cart. He was, moreover, lame, had but
one available arm, and could hardly make his utterances understood.
It was not until I came to know that Merrick was highly intelligent,
that he possessed an acute sensibility and—worse than all—a romantic
imagination that I realized the overwhelming tragedy of his life.

The episode of the Elephant Man was, I imagined, closed; but I was
fated to meet him again—two years later—under more dramatic conditions.
In England the showman and Merrick had been moved on from place to
place by the police, who considered the exhibition degrading and
among the things that could not be allowed. It was hoped that in
the uncritical retreats of Mile End a more abiding peace would be
found. But it was not to be. The official mind there, as elsewhere,
very properly decreed that the public exposure of Merrick and his
deformities transgressed the limits of decency. The show must close.

The showman, in despair, fled with his charge to the Continent. Whither
he roamed at first I do not know; but he came finally to Brussels.
His reception was discouraging. Brussels was firm; the exhibition was
banned; it was brutal, indecent and immoral, and could not be permitted
within the confines of Belgium. Merrick was thus no longer of value. He
was no longer a source of profitable entertainment. He was a burden.
He must be got rid of. The elimination of Merrick was a simple matter.
He could offer no resistance. He was as docile as a sick sheep. The
impresario, having robbed Merrick of his paltry savings, gave him
a ticket to London, saw him into the train and no doubt in parting
condemned him to perdition.

His destination was Liverpool Street. The journey may be imagined.
Merrick was in his alarming outdoor garb. He would be harried by an
eager mob as he hobbled along the quay. They would run ahead to get a
look at him. They would lift the hem of his cloak to peep at his body.
He would try to hide in the train or in some dark corner of the boat,
but never could he be free from that ring of curious eyes or from those
whispers of fright and aversion. He had but a few shillings in his
pocket and nothing either to eat or drink on the way. A panic-dazed
dog with a label on his collar would have received some sympathy and
possibly some kindness. Merrick received none.

What was he to do when he reached London? He had not a friend in the
world. He knew no more of London than he knew of Pekin. How could he
find a lodging, or what lodging-house keeper would dream of taking him
in? All he wanted was to hide. What most he dreaded were the open
street and the gaze of his fellow-men. If even he crept into a cellar
the horrid eyes and the still more dreaded whispers would follow him to
its depths. Was there ever such a homecoming!

At Liverpool Street he was rescued from the crowd by the police and
taken into the third-class waiting-room. Here he sank on the floor in
the darkest corner. The police were at a loss what to do with him. They
had dealt with strange and mouldy tramps, but never with such an object
as this. He could not explain himself. His speech was so maimed that he
might as well have spoken in Arabic. He had, however, something with
him which he produced with a ray of hope. It was my card.

The card simplified matters. It made it evident that this curious
creature had an acquaintance and that the individual must be sent
for. A messenger was dispatched to the London Hospital which is
comparatively near at hand. Fortunately I was in the building and
returned at once with the messenger to the station. In the waiting-room
I had some difficulty in making a way through the crowd, but there,
on the floor in the corner, was Merrick. He looked a mere heap. It
seemed as if he had been thrown there like a bundle. He was so huddled
up and so helpless looking that he might have had both his arms and
his legs broken. He seemed pleased to see me, but he was nearly done.
The journey and want of food had reduced him to the last stage of
exhaustion. The police kindly helped him into a cab, and I drove him
at once to the hospital. He appeared to be content, for he fell asleep
almost as soon as he was seated and slept to the journey’s end. He
never said a word, but seemed to be satisfied that all was well.

In the attics of the hospital was an isolation ward with a single bed.
It was used for emergency purposes—for a case of delirium tremens,
for a man who had become suddenly insane or for a patient with an
undetermined fever. Here the Elephant Man was deposited on a bed, was
made comfortable and was supplied with food. I had been guilty of an
irregularity in admitting such a case, for the hospital was neither a
refuge nor a home for incurables. Chronic cases were not accepted, but
only those requiring active treatment, and Merrick was not in need of
such treatment. I applied to the sympathetic chairman of the committee,
Mr. Carr Gomm, who not only was good enough to approve my action but
who agreed with me that Merrick must not again be turned out into the
world.

Mr. Carr Gomm wrote a letter to the _Times_ detailing the circumstances
of the refugee and asking for money for his support. So generous is
the English public that in a few days—I think in a week—enough money
was forthcoming to maintain Merrick for life without any charge upon
the hospital funds. There chanced to be two empty rooms at the back of
the hospital which were little used. They were on the ground floor,
were out of the way, and opened upon a large courtyard called Bedstead
Square, because here the iron beds were marshalled for cleaning and
painting. The front room was converted into a bed-sitting room and
the smaller chamber into a bathroom. The condition of Merrick’s skin
rendered a bath at least once a day a necessity, and I might here
mention that with the use of the bath the unpleasant odour to which I
have referred ceased to be noticeable. Merrick took up his abode in the
hospital in December, 1886.

Merrick had now something he had never dreamed of, never supposed to
be possible—a home of his own for life. I at once began to make myself
acquainted with him and to endeavour to understand his mentality. It
was a study of much interest. I very soon learnt his speech so that
I could talk freely with him. This afforded him great satisfaction,
for, curiously enough, he had a passion for conversation, yet all his
life had had no one to talk to. I—having then much leisure—saw him
almost every day, and made a point of spending some two hours with him
every Sunday morning when he would chatter almost without ceasing. It
was unreasonable to expect one nurse to attend to him continuously,
but there was no lack of temporary volunteers. As they did not all
acquire his speech it came about that I had occasionally to act as an
interpreter.

I found Merrick, as I have said, remarkably intelligent. He had learnt
to read and had become a most voracious reader. I think he had been
taught when he was in hospital with his diseased hip. His range of
books was limited. The Bible and Prayer Book he knew intimately, but he
had subsisted for the most part upon newspapers, or rather upon such
fragments of old journals as he had chanced to pick up. He had read a
few stories and some elementary lesson books, but the delight of his
life was a romance, especially a love romance. These tales were very
real to him, as real as any narrative in the Bible, so that he would
tell them to me as incidents in the lives of people who had lived. In
his outlook upon the world he was a child, yet a child with some of the
tempestuous feelings of a man. He was an elemental being, so primitive
that he might have spent the twenty-three years of his life immured in
a cave.

Of his early days I could learn but little. He was very loath to talk
about the past. It was a nightmare, the shudder of which was still upon
him. He was born, he believed, in or about Leicester. Of his father
he knew absolutely nothing. Of his mother he had some memory. It was
very faint and had, I think, been elaborated in his mind into something
definite. Mothers figured in the tales he had read, and he wanted his
mother to be one of those comfortable lullaby-singing persons who are
so lovable. In his subconscious mind there was apparently a germ of
recollection in which someone figured who had been kind to him. He
clung to this conception and made it more real by invention, for since
the day when he could toddle no one had been kind to him. As an infant
he must have been repellent, although his deformities did not become
gross until he had attained his full stature.

It was a favourite belief of his that his mother was beautiful. The
fiction was, I am aware, one of his own making, but it was a great joy
to him. His mother, lovely as she may have been, basely deserted him
when he was very small, so small that his earliest clear memories were
of the workhouse to which he had been taken. Worthless and inhuman as
this mother was, he spoke of her with pride and even with reverence.
Once, when referring to his own appearance, he said: “It _is_ very
strange, for, you see, mother was so beautiful.”

The rest of Merrick’s life up to the time that I met him at Liverpool
Street Station was one dull record of degradation and squalor. He was
dragged from town to town and from fair to fair as if he were a strange
beast in a cage. A dozen times a day he would have to expose his
nakedness and his piteous deformities before a gaping crowd who greeted
him with such mutterings as “Oh! what a horror! What a beast!” He had
had no childhood. He had had no boyhood. He had never experienced
pleasure. He knew nothing of the joy of living nor of the fun of
things. His sole idea of happiness was to creep into the dark and hide.
Shut up alone in a booth, awaiting the next exhibition, how mocking
must have sounded the laughter and merriment of the boys and girls
outside who were enjoying the “fun of the fair”! He had no past to
look back upon and no future to look forward to. At the age of twenty
he was a creature without hope. There was nothing in front of him but a
vista of caravans creeping along a road, of rows of glaring show tents
and of circles of staring eyes with, at the end, the spectacle of a
broken man in a poor law infirmary.

Those who are interested in the evolution of character might speculate
as to the effect of this brutish life upon a sensitive and intelligent
man. It would be reasonable to surmise that he would become a spiteful
and malignant misanthrope, swollen with venom and filled with hatred of
his fellow-men, or, on the other hand, that he would degenerate into
a despairing melancholic on the verge of idiocy. Merrick, however,
was no such being. He had passed through the fire and had come out
unscathed. His troubles had ennobled him. He showed himself to be a
gentle, affectionate and lovable creature, as amiable as a happy woman,
free from any trace of cynicism or resentment, without a grievance and
without an unkind word for anyone. I have never heard him complain. I
have never heard him deplore his ruined life or resent the treatment
he had received at the hands of callous keepers. His journey through
life had been indeed along a _via dolorosa_, the road had been uphill
all the way, and now, when the night was at its blackest and the way
most steep, he had suddenly found himself, as it were, in a friendly
inn, bright with light and warm with welcome. His gratitude to those
about him was pathetic in its sincerity and eloquent in the childlike
simplicity with which it was expressed.

As I learnt more of this primitive creature I found that there were two
anxieties which were prominent in his mind and which he revealed to me
with diffidence. He was in the occupation of the rooms assigned to him
and had been assured that he would be cared for to the end of his days.
This, however, he found hard to realize, for he often asked me timidly
to what place he would next be moved. To understand his attitude it is
necessary to remember that he had been moving on and moving on all his
life. He knew no other state of existence. To him it was normal. He had
passed from the workhouse to the hospital, from the hospital back to
the workhouse, then from this town to that town or from one showman’s
caravan to another. He had never known a home nor any semblance of one.
He had no possessions. His sole belongings, besides his clothes and
some books, were the monstrous cap and the cloak. He was a wanderer, a
pariah and an outcast. That his quarters at the hospital were his for
life he could not understand. He could not rid his mind of the anxiety
which had pursued him for so many years—where am I to be taken next?

Another trouble was his dread of his fellow-men, his fear of people’s
eyes, the dread of being always stared at, the lash of the cruel
mutterings of the crowd. In his home in Bedstead Square he was
secluded; but now and then a thoughtless porter or a wardmaid would
open his door to let curious friends have a peep at the Elephant Man.
It therefore seemed to him as if the gaze of the world followed him
still.

Influenced by these two obsessions he became, during his first few
weeks at the hospital, curiously uneasy. At last, with much hesitation,
he said to me one day: “When I am next moved can I go to a blind asylum
or to a lighthouse?” He had read about blind asylums in the newspapers
and was attracted by the thought of being among people who could not
see. The lighthouse had another charm. It meant seclusion from the
curious. There at least no one could open a door and peep in at him.
There he would forget that he had once been the Elephant Man. There he
would escape the vampire showman. He had never seen a lighthouse, but
he had come upon a picture of the Eddystone, and it appeared to him
that this lonely column of stone in the waste of the sea was such a
home as he had longed for.

I had no great difficulty in ridding Merrick’s mind of these ideas. I
wanted him to get accustomed to his fellow-men, to become a human being
himself and to be admitted to the communion of his kind. He appeared
day by day less frightened, less haunted looking, less anxious to hide,
less alarmed when he saw his door being opened. He got to know most
of the people about the place, to be accustomed to their comings and
goings, and to realize that they took no more than a friendly notice of
him. He could only go out after dark, and on fine nights ventured to
take a walk in Bedstead Square clad in his black cloak and his cap. His
greatest adventure was on one moonless evening when he walked alone as
far as the hospital garden and back again.

To secure Merrick’s recovery and to bring him, as it were, to life once
more, it was necessary that he should make the acquaintance of men and
women who would treat him as a normal and intelligent young man and not
as a monster of deformity. Women I felt to be more important than men
in bringing about his transformation. Women were the more frightened
of him, the more disgusted at his appearance and the more apt to give
way to irrepressible expressions of aversion when they came into his
presence. Moreover, Merrick had an admiration of women of such a kind
that it attained almost to adoration. This was not the outcome of his
personal experience. They were not real women but the products of his
imagination. Among them was the beautiful mother surrounded, at a
respectful distance, by heroines from the many romances he had read.

His first entry to the hospital was attended by a regrettable incident.
He had been placed on the bed in the little attic, and a nurse had
been instructed to bring him some food. Unfortunately she had not been
fully informed of Merrick’s unusual appearance. As she entered the room
she saw on the bed, propped up by white pillows, a monstrous figure
as hideous as an Indian idol. She at once dropped the tray she was
carrying and fled, with a shriek, through the door. Merrick was too
weak to notice much, but the experience, I am afraid, was not new to
him.

He was looked after by volunteer nurses whose ministrations were
somewhat formal and constrained. Merrick, no doubt, was conscious that
their service was purely official, that they were merely doing what
they were told to do and that they were acting rather as automata than
as women. They did not help him to feel that he was of their kind. On
the contrary they, without knowing it, made him aware that the gulf of
separation was immeasurable.

Feeling this, I asked a friend of mine, a young and pretty widow, if
she thought she could enter Merrick’s room with a smile, wish him good
morning and shake him by the hand. She said she could and she did. The
effect upon poor Merrick was not quite what I had expected. As he let
go her hand he bent his head on his knees and sobbed until I thought
he would never cease. The interview was over. He told me afterwards
that this was the first woman who had ever smiled at him, and the
first woman, in the whole of his life, who had shaken hands with him.
From this day the transformation of Merrick commenced and he began to
change, little by little, from a hunted thing into a man. It was a
wonderful change to witness and one that never ceased to fascinate me.

Merrick’s case attracted much attention in the papers, with the result
that he had a constant succession of visitors. Everybody wanted to see
him. He must have been visited by almost every lady of note in the
social world. They were all good enough to welcome him with a smile
and to shake hands with him. The Merrick whom I had found shivering
behind a rag of a curtain in an empty shop was now conversant with
duchesses and countesses and other ladies of high degree. They brought
him presents, made his room bright with ornaments and pictures, and,
what pleased him more than all, supplied him with books. He soon had
a large library and most of his day was spent in reading. He was
not the least spoiled; not the least puffed up; he never asked for
anything; never presumed upon the kindness meted out to him, and was
always humbly and profoundly grateful. Above all he lost his shyness.
He liked to see his door pushed open and people to look in. He became
acquainted with most of the frequenters of Bedstead Square, would chat
with them at his window and show them some of his choicest presents.
He improved in his speech, although to the end his utterances were
not easy for strangers to understand. He was beginning, moreover, to
be less conscious of his unsightliness, a little disposed to think it
was, after all, not so very extreme. Possibly this was aided by the
circumstance that I would not allow a mirror of any kind in his room.

The height of his social development was reached on an eventful day
when Queen Alexandra—then Princess of Wales—came to the hospital to pay
him a special visit. With that kindness which has marked every act of
her life, the Queen entered Merrick’s room smiling and shook him warmly
by the hand. Merrick was transported with delight. This was beyond even
his most extravagant dream. The Queen has made many people happy, but
I think no gracious act of hers has ever caused such happiness as she
brought into Merrick’s room when she sat by his chair and talked to him
as to a person she was glad to see.

Merrick, I may say, was now one of the most contented creatures I have
chanced to meet. More than once he said to me: “I am happy every hour
of the day.” This was good to think upon when I recalled the half-dead
heap of miserable humanity I had seen in the corner of the waiting-room
at Liverpool Street. Most men of Merrick’s age would have expressed
their joy and sense of contentment by singing or whistling when they
were alone. Unfortunately poor Merrick’s mouth was so deformed that he
could neither whistle nor sing. He was satisfied to express himself by
beating time upon the pillow to some tune that was ringing in his head.
I have many times found him so occupied when I have entered his room
unexpectedly. One thing that always struck me as sad about Merrick was
the fact that he could not smile. Whatever his delight might be, his
face remained expressionless. He could weep but he could not smile.

The Queen paid Merrick many visits and sent him every year a Christmas
card with a message in her own handwriting. On one occasion she sent
him a signed photograph of herself. Merrick, quite overcome, regarded
it as a sacred object and would hardly allow me to touch it. He cried
over it, and after it was framed had it put up in his room as a kind
of ikon. I told him that he must write to Her Royal Highness to thank
her for her goodness. This he was pleased to do, as he was very fond of
writing letters, never before in his life having had anyone to write
to. I allowed the letter to be dispatched unedited. It began “My dear
Princess” and ended “Yours very sincerely.” Unorthodox as it was it was
expressed in terms any courtier would have envied.

Other ladies followed the Queen’s gracious example and sent their
photographs to this delighted creature who had been all his life
despised and rejected of men. His mantelpiece and table became so
covered with photographs of handsome ladies, with dainty knicknacks and
pretty trifles that they may almost have befitted the apartment of an
Adonis-like actor or of a famous tenor.

Through all these bewildering incidents and through the glamour of
this great change Merrick still remained in many ways a mere child. He
had all the invention of an imaginative boy or girl, the same love of
“make-believe,” the same instinct of “dressing up” and of personating
heroic and impressive characters. This attitude of mind was illustrated
by the following incident. Benevolent visitors had given me, from
time to time, sums of money to be expended for the comfort of the
_ci-devant_ Elephant Man. When one Christmas was approaching I asked
Merrick what he would like me to purchase as a Christmas present. He
rather startled me by saying shyly that he would like a dressing-bag
with silver fittings. He had seen a picture of such an article in an
advertisement which he had furtively preserved.

The association of a silver-fitted dressing-bag with the poor wretch
wrapped up in a dirty blanket in an empty shop was hard to comprehend.
I fathomed the mystery in time, for Merrick made little secret of
the fancies that haunted his boyish brain. Just as a small girl with
a tinsel coronet and a window curtain for a train will realize the
conception of a countess on her way to court, so Merrick loved to
imagine himself a dandy and a young man about town. Mentally, no doubt,
he had frequently “dressed up” for the part. He could “make-believe”
with great effect, but he wanted something to render his fancied
character more realistic. Hence the jaunty bag which was to assume the
function of the toy coronet and the window curtain that could transform
a mite with a pigtail into a countess.

As a theatrical “property” the dressing-bag was ingenious, since there
was little else to give substance to the transformation. Merrick could
not wear the silk hat of the dandy nor, indeed, any kind of hat. He
could not adapt his body to the trimly cut coat. His deformity was such
that he could wear neither collar nor tie, while in association with
his bulbous feet the young blood’s patent leather shoe was unthinkable.
What was there left to make up the character? A lady had given him a
ring to wear on his undeformed hand, and a noble lord had presented him
with a very stylish walking-stick. But these things, helpful as they
were, were hardly sufficing.

The dressing-bag, however, was distinctive, was explanatory and
entirely characteristic. So the bag was obtained and Merrick the
Elephant Man became, in the seclusion of his chamber, the Piccadilly
exquisite, the young spark, the gallant, the “nut.” When I purchased
the article I realized that as Merrick could never travel he could
hardly want a dressing-bag. He could not use the silver-backed brushes
and the comb because he had no hair to brush. The ivory-handled razors
were useless because he could not shave. The deformity of his mouth
rendered an ordinary toothbrush of no avail, and as his monstrous lips
could not hold a cigarette the cigarette-case was a mockery. The silver
shoe-horn would be of no service in the putting on of his ungainly
slippers, while the hat-brush was quite unsuited to the peaked cap with
its visor.

Still the bag was an emblem of the real swell and of the knockabout Don
Juan of whom he had read. So every day Merrick laid out upon his table,
with proud precision, the silver brushes, the razors, the shoe-horn
and the silver cigarette-case which I had taken care to fill with
cigarettes. The contemplation of these gave him great pleasure, and
such is the power of self-deception that they convinced him he was the
“real thing.”

I think there was just one shadow in Merrick’s life. As I have already
said, he had a lively imagination; he was romantic; he cherished an
emotional regard for women and his favourite pursuit was the reading
of love stories. He fell in love—in a humble and devotional way—with,
I think, every attractive lady he saw. He, no doubt, pictured himself
the hero of many a passionate incident. His bodily deformity had left
unmarred the instincts and feelings of his years. He was amorous. He
would like to have been a lover, to have walked with the beloved object
in the languorous shades of some beautiful garden and to have poured
into her ear all the glowing utterances that he had rehearsed in his
heart. And yet—the pity of it!—imagine the feelings of such a youth
when he saw nothing but a look of horror creep over the face of every
girl whose eyes met his. I fancy when he talked of life among the blind
there was a half-formed idea in his mind that he might be able to win
the affection of a woman if only she were without eyes to see.

As Merrick developed he began to display certain modest ambitions in
the direction of improving his mind and enlarging his knowledge of the
world. He was as curious as a child and as eager to learn. There were
so many things he wanted to know and to see. In the first place he was
anxious to view the interior of what he called “a real house,” such a
house as figured in many of the tales he knew, a house with a hall, a
drawing-room where guests were received and a dining-room with plate
on the sideboard and with easy chairs into which the hero could “fling
himself.” The workhouse, the common lodging-house and a variety of mean
garrets were all the residences he knew. To satisfy this wish I drove
him up to my small house in Wimpole Street. He was absurdly interested,
and examined everything in detail and with untiring curiosity. I could
not show him the pampered menials and the powdered footmen of whom he
had read, nor could I produce the white marble staircase of the mansion
of romance nor the gilded mirrors and the brocaded divans which belong
to that style of residence. I explained that the house was a modest
dwelling of the Jane Austen type, and as he had read “Emma” he was
content.

A more burning ambition of his was to go to the theatre. It was a
project very difficult to satisfy. A popular pantomime was then in
progress at Drury Lane Theatre, but the problem was how so conspicuous
a being as the Elephant Man could be got there, and how he was to see
the performance without attracting the notice of the audience and
causing a panic or, at least, an unpleasant diversion. The whole matter
was most ingeniously carried through by that kindest of women and most
able of actresses—Mrs. Kendal. She made the necessary arrangements with
the lessee of the theatre. A box was obtained. Merrick was brought up
in a carriage with drawn blinds and was allowed to make use of the
royal entrance so as to reach the box by a private stair. I had begged
three of the hospital sisters to don evening dress and to sit in the
front row in order to “dress” the box, on the one hand, and to form a
screen for Merrick on the other. Merrick and I occupied the back of the
box which was kept in shadow. All went well, and no one saw a figure,
more monstrous than any on the stage, mount the staircase or cross the
corridor.

One has often witnessed the unconstrained delight of a child at its
first pantomime, but Merrick’s rapture was much more intense as well
as much more solemn. Here was a being with the brain of a man, the
fancies of a youth and the imagination of a child. His attitude was
not so much that of delight as of wonder and amazement. He was awed.
He was enthralled. The spectacle left him speechless, so that if he
were spoken to he took no heed. He often seemed to be panting for
breath. I could not help comparing him with a man of his own age in
the stalls. This satiated individual was bored to distraction, would
look wearily at the stage from time to time and then yawn as if he had
not slept for nights; while at the same time Merrick was thrilled by a
vision that was almost beyond his comprehension. Merrick talked of this
pantomime for weeks and weeks. To him, as to a child with the faculty
of make-believe, everything was real; the palace was the home of kings,
the princess was of royal blood, the fairies were as undoubted as
the children in the street, while the dishes at the banquet were of
unquestionable gold. He did not like to discuss it as a play but rather
as a vision of some actual world. When this mood possessed him he would
say: “I wonder what the prince did after we left,” or “Do you think
that poor man is still in the dungeon?” and so on and so on.

The splendour and display impressed him, but, I think, the ladies
of the ballet took a still greater hold upon his fancy. He did not
like the ogres and the giants, while the funny men impressed him as
irreverent. Having no experience as a boy of romping and ragging, of
practical jokes or of “larks,” he had little sympathy with the doings
of the clown, but, I think (moved by some mischievous instinct in his
subconscious mind), he was pleased when the policeman was smacked in
the face, knocked down and generally rendered undignified.

Later on another longing stirred the depths of Merrick’s mind. It was
a desire to see the country, a desire to live in some green secluded
spot and there learn something about flowers and the ways of animals
and birds. The country as viewed from a wagon on a dusty high road was
all the country he knew. He had never wandered among the fields nor
followed the windings of a wood. He had never climbed to the brow of a
breezy down. He had never gathered flowers in a meadow. Since so much
of his reading dealt with country life he was possessed by the wish to
see the wonders of that life himself.

This involved a difficulty greater than that presented by a visit to
the theatre. The project was, however, made possible on this occasion
also by the kindness and generosity of a lady—Lady Knightley—who
offered Merrick a holiday home in a cottage on her estate. Merrick
was conveyed to the railway station in the usual way, but as he could
hardly venture to appear on the platform the railway authorities were
good enough to run a second-class carriage into a distant siding.
To this point Merrick was driven and was placed in the carriage
unobserved. The carriage, with the curtains drawn, was then attached
to the mainline train.

He duly arrived at the cottage, but the housewife (like the nurse
at the hospital) had not been made clearly aware of the unfortunate
man’s appearance. Thus it happened that when Merrick presented himself
his hostess, throwing her apron over her head, fled, gasping, to
the fields. She affirmed that such a guest was beyond her powers of
endurance, for, when she saw him, she was “that took” as to be in
danger of being permanently “all of a tremble.”

Merrick was then conveyed to a gamekeeper’s cottage which was hidden
from view and was close to the margin of a wood. The man and his wife
were able to tolerate his presence. They treated him with the greatest
kindness, and with them he spent the one supreme holiday of his life.
He could roam where he pleased. He met no one on his wanderings, for
the wood was preserved and denied to all but the gamekeeper and the
forester.

There is no doubt that Merrick passed in this retreat the happiest
time he had as yet experienced. He was alone in a land of wonders.
The breath of the country passed over him like a healing wind. Into
the silence of the wood the fearsome voice of the showman could never
penetrate. No cruel eyes could peep at him through the friendly
undergrowth. It seemed as if in this place of peace all stain had been
wiped away from his sullied past. The Merrick who had once crouched
terrified in the filthy shadows of a Mile End shop was now sitting in
the sun, in a clearing among the trees, arranging a bunch of violets he
had gathered.

His letters to me were the letters of a delighted and enthusiastic
child. He gave an account of his trivial adventures, of the amazing
things he had seen, and of the beautiful sounds he had heard. He had
met with strange birds, had startled a hare from her form, had made
friends with a fierce dog, and had watched the trout darting in a
stream. He sent me some of the wild flowers he had picked. They were of
the commonest and most familiar kind, but they were evidently regarded
by him as rare and precious specimens.

He came back to London, to his quarters in Bedstead Square, much
improved in health, pleased to be “home” again and to be once more
among his books, his treasures and his many friends.

Some six months after Merrick’s return from the country he was found
dead in bed. This was in April, 1890. He was lying on his back as
if asleep, and had evidently died suddenly and without a struggle,
since not even the coverlet of the bed was disturbed. The method of
his death was peculiar. So large and so heavy was his head that he
could not sleep lying down. When he assumed the recumbent position the
massive skull was inclined to drop backwards, with the result that
he experienced no little distress. The attitude he was compelled to
assume when he slept was very strange. He sat up in bed with his back
supported by pillows, his knees were drawn up, and his arms clasped
round his legs, while his head rested on the points of his bent knees.

He often said to me that he wished he could lie down to sleep
“like other people.” I think on this last night he must, with some
determination, have made the experiment. The pillow was soft, and
the head, when placed on it, must have fallen backwards and caused a
dislocation of the neck. Thus it came about that his death was due to
the desire that had dominated his life—the pathetic but hopeless desire
to be “like other people.”

                   *       *       *       *       *

As a specimen of humanity, Merrick was ignoble and repulsive; but the
spirit of Merrick, if it could be seen in the form of the living, would
assume the figure of an upstanding and heroic man, smooth browed and
clean of limb, and with eyes that flashed undaunted courage.

His tortured journey had come to an end. All the way he, like another,
had borne on his back a burden almost too grievous to bear. He had been
plunged into the Slough of Despond, but with manly steps had gained
the farther shore. He had been made “a spectacle to all men” in the
heartless streets of Vanity Fair. He had been ill-treated and reviled
and bespattered with the mud of Disdain. He had escaped the clutches of
the Giant Despair, and at last had reached the “Place of Deliverance,”
where “his burden loosed from off his shoulders and fell from off his
back, so that he saw it no more.”



                                  II

                        THE OLD RECEIVING ROOM


A house-surgeon at a great accident hospital in the east of London
happens upon strange scenes, some pathetic, some merely sordid,
together with fragments of tragedy in which the most elemental passions
and emotions of humanity are displayed. The chief place in which this
experience is gained is the Receiving Room. I speak of a hospital not
as it is now, but as it was some fifty years ago. The Receiving Room
is a bare hall, painted stone colour. It contains as furniture rows
of deal benches and as wall decoration a printed notice, framed and
glazed, detailing vivid measures for restoring the apparently drowned.
Below this helpful document is fixed an iron-bound money-box. There
is, moreover, a long desk in the hall where entries are made and
certificates and other papers issued. As a room for the reception of
the sick and suffering it is a cold, harsh place, with about it an air
of cynical indifference.

This hall serves as a waiting-room, and there are nearly always some
people waiting in it. It may be a sniffing woman who has called for her
dead husband’s clothes. It may be a still breathless messenger with a
“midwifery card” in her hand, or a girl waiting for a dose of emergency
medicine. There may be some minor accident cases also, such as a torn
finger, a black eye like a bursting plum, a child who has swallowed
a halfpenny, and a woman who has been “knocked about cruel,” but has
little to show for it except a noisy desire to have her husband “locked
up.” In certain days of stress, as on Saturday nights, when the air is
heavy with alcohol, or on the occasion of a “big” dock accident, the
waiting-room is crowded with excited folk, with patients waiting their
turn to be dressed, with policemen, busybodies, reporters and friends
of the injured.

On each side of the waiting-hall is a dressing room—one for women, one
for men. Into these rooms the accident cases are taken one after the
other. Here the house-surgeon and his dressers are engaged, and here
the many-sided drama of the Receiving Room reaches its culminating
point. It is an uninviting room, very plain, and, like the outer hall,
bears an aspect of callous unconcern. By the window is a suspiciously
large sink, and on the ledge above it a number of pewter porringers.
One side of the room is occupied by a mysterious cupboard containing
dressings, gags, manacles, emetics and other unattractive things. In
the centre are a common table and two hard chairs.

The most repellent thing in the room is a low sofa. It is wide and
is covered with very thick leather which is suspiciously shiny and
black. It suggests no more comfort than a rack. Its associations are
unpleasant. It has been smothered with blood and with every kind of
imaginable filth, and has been cleaned up so often that it is no
wonder that the deeply stained leather is shiny. It is on this grim
black couch that “the case” just carried into the hospital is placed.
It may be a man ridden over in the street, with the red bone-ends of
his broken legs sticking through his trousers. It may be a machine
accident, where strips of cotton shirt have become tangled up with
torn flesh and a trail of black grease. It may be a man picked up in
a lane with his throat cut, or a woman, dripping foul mud, who has
been dragged out of a river. Sometimes the occupant of the sofa is a
snoring lump of humanity so drunk as to be nearly dead, or it may be
a panting woman who has taken poison and regretted it. In both cases
the stomach pump is used with nauseating incidents. Now and then the
sofa is occupied by a purple-faced maniac, who is pinned down by sturdy
dressers while a strait-jacket is being applied to him. This is not the
whole of its history nor of its services, for the Receiving Room nurse,
who is rather proud of it, likes to record that many a man and many a
woman have breathed their last on this horrible divan.

The so-called dressing room is at its best a “messy” place, as two mops
kept in the corner seem to suggest. It is also at times a noisy place,
since the yells and screams that escape from it may be heard in the
street and may cause passers-by to stop and look up at the window.

Among the sick and the maimed who are “received” in this unsympathetic
hall, the most pathetic are the wondering babies and the children.
Many are brought in burnt and wrapped up in blankets, with only their
singed hair showing out of the bundle. Others have been scalded, so
that tissue-paper-like sheets of skin come off when their dressings
are applied. Not a few, in old days, were scalded in the throat
from drinking out of kettles. Then there are the children who have
swallowed things, and who have added to the astounding collection of
articles—from buttons to prayer-book clasps—which have found their
way, at one time or another, into the infant interior, as well as
children who have needles embedded in parts of their bodies or have
been bitten by dogs or cats or even by rats.

I remember one bloated, half-dressed woman who ran screaming into
the Receiving Room with a dead baby in her arms. She had gone to
bed drunk, and had awakened in the morning in a tremulous state to
find a dead infant by her side. This particular experience was not
unusual in Whitechapel. Then there was another woman who rushed in
drawing attention to a thing like a tiny bead of glass sticking to her
baby’s cheek. The child had acute inflammation of the eyeball, which
the mother had treated with cold tea. The eye had long been closed,
but when the mother made a clumsy attempt to open the swollen lids
something had popped out, some fluid and this thing like glass. She
was afraid to touch it. She viewed it with horror as a strange thing
that had come out of the eye. Hugging the child, she had run a mile or
so with the dread object still adhering to the skin of the cheek. This
glistening thing was the crystalline lens. The globe had been burst,
and the child was, of course, blind. Happily, such a case could hardly
be met with at the present day.

On the subject of children and domestic surgery as revealed in the
Receiving Room, I recall the case of a boy aged about four who had
pushed a dry pea into his ear. The mother attempted to remove it with
that common surgical implement of the home, a hairpin. She not only
failed, but succeeded in pushing the pea farther down into the bony
part of the canal. Being a determined woman, she borrowed a squirt, and
proceeded to syringe out the foreign body with hot water. The result
was that the pea swelled, and, being encased in bone, caused so intense
and terrible a pain that the boy became unconscious from shock.

Possibly the most dramatic spectacle in connexion with Receiving Room
life in pre-ambulance days was the approach to the hospital gate of a
party carrying a wounded woman or man. Looking out of the Receiving
Room window on such occasion a silent crowd would be seen coming down
the street. It is a closely packed crowd which moves like a clot,
which occupies the whole pavement and oozes over into the road. In the
centre of the mass is an obscure object towards which all eyes are
directed. In the procession are many women, mostly with tousled heads,
men, mostly without caps, a butcher, a barber’s assistant, a trim
postman, a whitewasher, a man in a tall hat, and a pattering fringe of
ragged boys. The boys, being small, cannot see much, so they race ahead
in relays to glimpse the fascinating object from the front or climb
up railings or mount upon steps to get a view of it as it passes by.
Possibly towering above the throng would be two policemen, presenting
an air of assumed calm; but policemen were not so common in those days
as they are now.

The object carried would be indistinct, being hidden from view as
is the queen bee by a clump of fussing bees. Very often the injured
person is merely carried along by hand, like a parcel that is coming to
pieces. There would be a man to each leg and to each arm, while men on
either side would hang on to the coat. Possibly some Samaritan, walking
backwards, would hold up the dangling head. It was a much prized
distinction to clutch even a fragment of the sufferer or to carry his
hat or the tools he had dropped.

At this period the present-day stretcher was unknown in civil life. A
stretcher provided by the docks was a huge structure with high sides.
It was painted green, and was solid enough to carry a horse. A common
means of conveyance for the helpless was a shutter, but with the
appearance of the modern ambulance the shutter has become as out of
date as the sedan chair. Still, at this time, when anyone was knocked
down in the street some bright, resourceful bystander would be sure to
call out “Send for a shutter!”

The conveying of a drunken man with a cut head to the hospital by the
police (in the ancient fashion) was a more hilarious ceremonial. The
“patient” would be hooked up on either side by an official arm. His
body would sag between these two supports so that his shoulders would
be above his ears. His clothes would be worked up in folds about his
neck, and he would appear to be in danger of slipping earthwards out
of them. As it was, there would be a display of shirt and braces very
evident below his coat. His legs would dangle below him like roots,
while his feet, as they dragged along the pavement, would be twisted
now in one direction and now in another like the feet of a badly
stuffed lay figure. He would probably be singing as he passed along, to
the delight of the people.

Of the many Receiving Room processions that I have witnessed the most
moving, the most savage and the most rich in colour, noise and language
was on an occasion when two “ladies” who had been badly lacerated in a
fight were being dragged, carried or pushed towards the hospital for
treatment. They were large, copious women who were both in an advanced
stage of intoxication. They had been fighting with gin bottles in some
stagnant court which had become, for the moment, an uproarious cockpit.
The technique of such a duel is punctilious. The round, smooth bottoms
of the bottles are knocked off, and the combatants, grasping the
weapons by the neck, proceed to jab one another in the face with the
jagged circles of broken glass.

The wounds in this instance were terrific. The faces of the two,
hideously distorted, were streaming with blood, while their ample
bodies seemed to have been drenched with the same. Their hair, soaked
in blood, was plastered to their heads like claret-coloured seaweed on
a rock. The two heroines were borne along by their women friends. The
police kept wisely in the background, for their time was not yet. The
crowd around the two bleeding figures was so compressed that the whole
mass moved as one. It was a wild crowd, a writhing knot of viragoes
who roared and screamed and rent the air with curses and yells of
vengeance, for they were partisans in the fight, the Montagues and
Capulets of a ferocious feud.

The crowd as it came along rocked to and fro, heaved and lurched as if
propelled by some uneasy sea. The very pavement seemed unsteady. Borne
on the crest of this ill-smelling wave were the two horrible women.
One still shrieked threats and defiance in a voice as husky as that of
a beast, while now and then she lifted aloft a blood-streaked arm in
the hand of which was clutched a tuft of hair torn from her opponent’s
head. Every display of this trophy called forth a shout of pride from
her admirers.

The other woman was in a state of drunken hysteria. Throwing back her
head until the sun illumined her awful features, she gave vent to
bursts of maniacal laughter which were made peculiarly hideous by the
fact that her nose was nearly severed from her face, while her grinning
lips were hacked in two. At another moment, burying her head against
the back of the woman in front of her, she would break out into sobs
and groans which were even more unearthly than her laughter.

The whole affair suggested some fearful Bacchanalian orgy, associated
with bloodshed, in which all concerned were the subjects of demoniacal
possession. There is, happily, much less drunkenness nowadays and less
savagery, while the police control of these “street scenes” is so
efficient and the public ambulance so secretive that such a spectacle
as I now recall belongs for ever to the past.

When a crowd, bearing a “casualty,” reaches the hospital gates its
progress is stayed. It rolls up against the iron barrier. It stops and
recoils like a muddy wave against a bank. The porter is strict. Only
the principals, their supporters and the police are allowed to filter
through. The members of the crowd remain in the street, where they look
through the railings, to which they cling, and indulge in fragments
of narrative, in comments on the affair, and on the prospects of the
parties injured. If a scream should escape from the Receiving Room the
watchers feel that they are well rewarded for long waiting, while any
member of the privileged party who may leave the building is subjected
to very earnest questioning.

It is needless to say that the Receiving Room is not always tragical,
not always the scene of alarms and disorders, not always filled with
wild-eyed folk nor echoing the scuffle of heavy feet and the moans of
the suffering. It may be as quiet as a room in a convent. I have seen
it so many a time, and particularly on a Sunday morning in the heyday
of summer. Then the sun, streaming through the windows, may illumine
the figure of the nurse as she sits on the awful sofa. She has her
spectacles on, and is busy with some white needlework. Her attitude
is so placid that she might be sitting at a cottage door listening to
a blackbird in a wicker cage. Yet this quiet-looking woman, although
she has not fought with wild beasts at Ephesus, has fought with raving
drunkards and men delirious from their hurts, and has heard more foul
language and more blasphemy in a week than would have enlivened a
pirate ship in a year.

The Receiving Room nurse was, in old days, without exception the
most remarkable woman in the hospital. She appeared as a short, fat,
comfortable person of middle age, with a ruddy face and a decided look
of assurance. She was without education, and yet her experience of
casualties of all kinds—from a bee-sting to sudden death—was vast and
indeed unique. She was entirely self-taught, for there were no trained
nurses in those days. She was of the school of Mrs. Gamp, was a woman
of courage and of infinite resource, an expert in the treatment of the
violent and in the crushing of anyone who gave her what she called
“lip.” She was possessed of much humour, was coarse in her language,
abrupt, yet not unkindly in her manner, very indulgent towards the
drunkard and very skilled in handling him. She was apt to boast that
there was no man living she would not “stand up to.” She called every
male over fifty “Daddy” and every one under that age “My Son.” She
would tackle a shrieking woman as a terrier tackles a rat, while the
woman who “sauced” her she soon reduced to a condition of palsy. She
objected to the display of emotion or of feeling in any form, and was
apt to speak of members of her sex as a “watery-headed lot.”

She had, like most nurses of her time, a leaning towards gin, but was
efficient even in her cups. She had wide powers, for she undertook—on
her own responsibility—the treatment of petty casualties. The dressers
regarded her with respect. Her knowledge and skill amazed them, while
from her they acquired the elements of minor surgery and first aid.
The house-surgeons were a little frightened of her, yet they admired
her ready craft and were duly grateful for her unswerving loyalty and
her eagerness to save them trouble. Her diagnosis of an injury was
probably correct, so sound was her observation and wide her experience.
She was a brilliant bandager, and was accepted by the students as the
standard of style and finish in the applying of a dressing. She was on
duty from early in the morning until late at night, and knew little of
“hours off” and “half-days.” In the personnel of the hospital of half a
century ago she was an outstanding figure, yet now she is as extinct as
the dodo.

The hospital in the days of which I speak was anathema. The poor people
hated it. They dreaded it. They looked upon it primarily as a place
where people died. It was a matter of difficulty to induce a patient to
enter the wards. They feared an operation, and with good cause, for an
operation then was a very dubious matter. There were stories afloat of
things that happened in the hospital, and it could not be gainsaid that
certain of those stories were true.

Treatment was very rough. The surgeon was rough. He had inherited that
attitude from the days when operations were carried through without
anæsthetics, and when he had need to be rough, strong and quick, as
well as very indifferent to pain. Pain was with him a thing that had
to be. It was a regrettable feature of disease. It had to be submitted
to. At the present day pain is a thing that has not to be. It has to be
relieved and not to be merely endured.

Many common measures of treatment involved great suffering. Bleeding
was still a frequent procedure, and to the timid the sight of the red
stream trickling into the bowl was a spectacle of terror. There were
two still more common measures in use—the seton and the issue. The
modern student knows nothing of these ancient and uncleanly practices.
He must inform himself by consulting a dictionary. Without touching
upon details, I may say that in my early days, as a junior dresser, one
special duty was to run round the ward before the surgeon arrived in
order to draw a fresh strand of thread through each seton and to see
that a fresh pea was forced into the slough of every issue.

Quite mediæval methods were still observed. The first time in my life
that I saw the interior of an operating theatre I, in my ignorance,
entered by the door which opened directly into the area where the
operating table stood. (I should have entered by the students’
gallery.) When I found myself in this amazing place there was a man on
the table who was shrieking vehemently. The surgeon, taking me by the
arm, said, “You seem to have a strong back; lay hold of that rope and
pull.” I laid hold of the rope. There were already two men in front
of me and we all three pulled our best. I had no idea what we were
pulling for. I was afterwards informed that the operation in progress
was the reduction of a dislocated hip by compound pulleys. The hip,
however, was not reduced and the man remained lame for life. At the
present day a well-instructed schoolgirl could reduce a recent hip
dislocation unaided.

In this theatre was a stove which was always kept alight, winter and
summer, night and day. The object was to have a fire at all times ready
whereat to heat the irons used for the arrest of bleeding as had been
the practice since the days of Elizabeth. Antiseptics were not yet in
use. Sepsis was the prevailing condition in the wards. Practically all
major wounds suppurated. Pus was the most common subject of converse,
because it was the most prominent feature in the surgeon’s work. It
was classified according to degrees or vileness. “Laudable” pus was
considered rather a fine thing, something to be proud of. “Sanious” pus
was not only nasty in appearance but regrettable, while “ichorous” pus
represented the most malignant depths to which matter could attain.

There was no object in being clean. Indeed, cleanliness was out of
place. It was considered to be finicking and affected. An executioner
might as well manicure his nails before chopping off a head. The
surgeon operated in a slaughter-house-suggesting frock coat of black
cloth. It was stiff with the blood and the filth of years. The more
sodden it was the more forcibly did it bear evidence to the surgeon’s
prowess. I, of course, commenced my surgical career in such a coat, of
which I was quite proud. Wounds were dressed with “charpie” soaked in
oil. Both oil and dressing were frankly and exultingly septic. Charpie
was a species of cotton waste obtained from cast linen. It would
probably now be discarded by a motor mechanic as being too dirty for
use on a car.

Owing to the suppurating wounds the stench in the wards was of a kind
not easily forgotten. I can recall it to this day with unappreciated
ease. There was one sponge to a ward. With this putrid article and
a basin of once-clear water all the wounds in the ward were washed
in turn twice a day. By this ritual any chance that a patient had of
recovery was eliminated. I remember a whole ward being decimated by
hospital gangrene. The modern student has no knowledge of this disease.
He has never seen it and, thank heaven, he never will. People often
say how wonderful it was that surgical patients lived in these days.
As a matter of fact they did not live, or at least only a few of them.
Lord Roberts assured me that on the Ridge at Delhi during the Indian
Mutiny no case of amputation recovered. This is an extreme instance,
for the conditions under which the surgeons on the Ridge operated were
exceptional and hopelessly unfavourable.

The attitude that the public assumed towards hospitals and their works
at the time of which I write may be illustrated by the following
incident. I was instructed by my surgeon to obtain a woman’s permission
for an operation on her daughter. The operation was one of no great
magnitude. I interviewed the mother in the Receiving Room. I discussed
the procedure with her in great detail and, I trust, in a sympathetic
and hopeful manner. After I had finished my discourse I asked her if
she would consent to the performance of the operation. She replied:
“Oh! it is all very well to talk about consenting, but who is to pay
for the funeral?”



                                  III

                        THE TWENTY-KRONE PIECE


More than once in speaking at public meetings on behalf of hospitals I
have alluded to my much valued possession—a twenty-krone piece—and have
employed it as an illustration of the gratitude of the hospital patient.

The subject of this incident was a Norwegian sailor about fifty years
of age, a tall, good-featured man with the blue eyes of his country
and a face tanned by sun and by salt winds to the colour of weathered
oak. His hair and his beard were grey, which made him look older than
he was. He had been serving for three years as an ordinary seaman on
an English sailing ship and spoke English perfectly. During his last
voyage he had developed a trouble which prevented him from following
his employment. Accordingly he had left his ship and made his way to
London in the hope of being cured. Inquiring for the hospital of London
he was directed to the London Hospital and, by chance, came into my
wards. He had an idea—as I was told later—that the operation he must
needs undergo might be fatal, and so had transferred his savings to his
wife in Norway.

He was a quiet and reserved man, but so pleasant in his manner that
he became a favourite with the nurses. He told them quaintly-worded
tales of his adventures and showed them how to make strange knots with
bandages. The operation—which was a very ordinary one—was successful,
and in four or five weeks he was discharged as capable of resuming his
work as a seaman. His ship had, however, long since started on another
voyage.

One morning, three weeks after he had left the hospital, he appeared
at my house in Wimpole Street. My name he would have acquired from the
board above his bed, but I wondered how he had obtained my address. I
assumed that he had called to ask for money or for help of some kind.
As he came into my room I was sorry to see how thin and ill he looked,
for when he left the wards he was well and hearty.

He proceeded to thank me for what I had done, little as it was. He had
an exaggerated idea of the magnitude of the operation, which idea he
would not allow me to correct. I have listened to many votes of thanks,
to the effulgent language, the gush and the pompous flattery which
have marked them; but the little speech of this sailor man was not of
that kind. It was eloquent by reason of its boyish simplicity, its
warmth and its rugged earnestness.

As he was speaking he drew from his pocket a gold coin, a twenty-krone
piece, and placed it on the table at which I sat. “I beg you, sir,”
he said, “to accept this coin. I know it is of no value to you. It is
only worth, I think, fifteen shillings. It would be an insult to offer
it as a return for what you have done for me. That service can never
be repaid. But I hope you will accept it as a token of what I feel,
of something that I cannot say in words but that this coin can tell
of. When I left my home in Norway three years ago my wife sewed this
twenty-krone piece in the band of my trousers and made me promise never
to touch it until I was starving. A seaman’s life is uncertain; he
may be ill, he may be long out of a job; and so for three years this
coin has been between me and the risk of starvation. When I was in the
hospital I had a wish to give it to you if it so happened that I got
well. Here I am, and I do hope, sir, you will accept it.”

I thanked him as warmly as I could for his kindness, for his thought in
coming to see me and for his touching offer, but added that I could
not possibly take the gold piece and begged him to put it back into his
pocket again and present it to his wife when he reached home. At this
he was very much upset. Pushing the coin along the table towards me
with his forefinger, he said: “Please, sir, do take the money, not for
what it is worth but for what it has been to me. I am proud to say that
since I left the hospital I _have_ been starving. I have been looking
for a ship. I have not slept in a bed since you saw me in the wards.
Now, at last, I have got a ship and, thank God, I have kept the coin
unbroken so that you might have it. I implore you to accept it.”

I took it; but what could I say that would be adequate for such a gift
as this? My attempt at thanks was as stumbling and as feeble as his had
been outright; for I am not ashamed to confess that I was much upset.

I have received many presents from kindly patients—silver bowls,
diamond scarf-pins, gold cigarette cases and the like, but how little
is their value compared with this one small coin? As I picked it up
from the table I thought of what it had cost. I thought of the tired
man haunting the docks in search of a ship, often aching with hunger
and at night sleeping in a shed, and yet all the time with a piece of
gold in his pocket which he would not change in order that I might have
it.

A coin is an emblem of wealth, but this gold piece is an emblem of a
rarer currency, of that wealth which is—in a peculiar sense—“beyond the
dream of avarice,” a something that no money could buy, for what sum
could express the bounty or the sentiment of this generous heart?

It would be described, by those ignorant of its history, as a gold
coin from Norway; but I prefer to think that it belongs to that “land
of Havilah where there is gold” and of which it is truly said “and the
gold of that land is good.”



                                  IV

                           A CURE FOR NERVES


In the account of the case which follows it is better that I allow the
patient to speak for herself.

I am a neurotic woman. In that capacity I have been the subject of much
criticism and much counsel. I have been both talked to and talked at.
On the other hand I have detailed my unhappy symptoms to many in the
hope of securing consolation, but with indefinite success. I am afraid
I have often been a bore; for a bore, I am told, is a person who will
talk of herself when you want to talk of yourself.

My husband says that there is nothing the matter with me, that my
ailments are all imaginary and unreasonable. He becomes very cross when
I talk of my wretched state and considers my ill-health as a grievance
personal to himself. He says—when he is very irritated—that he is sick
of my moanings, that I look well, eat well, sleep well, and so must
be as sound as a woman can be. If I have a headache and cannot go out
he is more annoyed than if he had the headache himself, which seems
to me irrational. He is often very sarcastic about my symptoms, and
this makes me worse. Once or twice he has been sympathetic and I have
felt better, but he says that sympathy will do me harm and cause me to
give way more. I suppose he knows because he is always so certain. He
says all I have to do is to cheer up, to rouse myself, to pull myself
together. He slaps himself on the chest and, in a voice that makes
my head crack, says, “Look at me! I am not nervous, why should you
be?” I don’t know why I am nervous and so I never try to answer the
question. From the way my husband talks I feel that he must regard me
as an impostor. If we have a few friends to dinner he is sure to say
something about “the deplorable flabbiness of the minds of some women.”
I know he is addressing himself to me and so do the others, but I can
only smile and feel uncomfortable.

I have no wish to be nervous. It is miserable enough, heaven knows.
I would give worlds to be free of all my miseries and be quite sound
again. If I wished to adopt a complaint I should choose one less
hideously distressing than “nerves.” I have often thought I would
sooner be blind than nervous, and that then my husband would be really
sorry for me; but I should be terribly frightened to be always in the
dark.

I get a good deal of comfort from many of my women friends. They at
least are sympathetic; they believe in me, know that my complaints are
real and that what I say is true. Unfortunately, when I have described
certain of my symptoms—such as one of my gasping attacks—they say that
they have just such attacks themselves, only worse. They are so sorry
for me; but then they will go on and tell me the exact circumstances
under which they have had their last bouts. I am anxious to tell them
of my other curious symptoms, but they say that it does them so much
good to pour out their hearts to someone, and I, being very meek, let
them go on, only wishing that they would listen to me as I listen to
them.

I notice that their husbands have for the most part just the same
erroneous views about nerves that mine has. Some of them say that they
would like to make their menfolk suffer as they do themselves. One lady
I know always ends with the reflection: “Ah, well! I shall not be long
here, and when I am dead and under the daisies he will be sorry he was
not more appreciative. He will then know, when it is too late, that
my symptoms were genuine enough.” I must say that I have never gone
to the extreme of wishing to die for the mere sake of convincing my
husband of obstinate stupidity. I should like to go into a death-like
trance and frighten him, for then I should be able to hear what he said
when he thought I was gone and remind him of it afterwards whenever he
became cynical.

It is in the morning that I feel so bad. I am really ghastly then. I
wake up with the awful presentiment that something dreadful is going
to happen. I don’t know what it is, yet I feel I could sink through
the bed. I imagine the waking moments of the poor wretch who has been
condemned to death and who is said to have “slept well” on the night
before his execution. He will probably awake slowly and will feel at
first hazily happy and content, will yawn and smile, until there creeps
up the horrible recollection of the judge and the sentence, of the
gallows and the hanging by the neck. I know the cold sweat that breaks
over the whole body and the sickly clutching about the heart that
attend such an awakening, but doubt if any emerging from sleep can be
really worse than many I have experienced.

I can do so little in the day-time. I soon get exhausted and so utterly
done up that I can only lie still in a dark room. When I am like that
the least noise worries me and even tortures me almost out of my mind.
If someone starts strumming the piano, or if a servant persistently
walks about with creaky boots, or if my husband bursts in and tries to
be hearty, I feel compelled to scream, it is so unbearable.

It is on such an occasion as this that my husband is apt to beg me “to
pull myself together.” He quite maddens me when he says this. I feel
as full of terror, awfulness and distress as a drowning man, and how
silly it would be to lean over a harbour wall and tell a drowning man
in comfortable tones that he should “pull himself together.” Yet that
is what my husband says to me, with the irritating conviction that he
is being intelligent and practical.

I cannot walk out alone. If I attempt it I am soon panic-stricken. I
become hot all over, very faint, and so giddy that I reel and have
to keep to the railings of the houses. I am seized with the hideous
feeling that I can neither get on nor get back. I am not disturbed
by the mere possibility of falling down on the pavement, but by the
paralysing nightmare that I cannot take another step.

If anyone were to put me down in the middle of a great square, like
the Praço de Dom Pedro at Lisbon, and leave me there alone, I think I
should die or lose my reason. I know I should be unable to get out. I
should fall in a heap, shut my eyes and try to crawl to the edge on my
hands and knees, filled all the time with a panting terror. A man who
finds himself compelled to cross a glassy ice slope which, twenty feet
below, drops over a precipice, could not feel worse than I do if left
adrift, nor pray more fervently to be clear of the abhorred space and
safe. My husband says that this is all nonsense. I suppose it is, but
it is such nonsense as would be sense if the jester were Death.

The knowledge that I have to go to a dinner party fills me with
unutterable alarm. By the time I am dressed and ready to start I am
chilled, shaking all over and gasping for breath. The drive to the
house is almost as full of horror as the drive of the tumbril to the
guillotine. By the time I arrive I am so ill I can hardly speak and am
convinced that I shall fall down, or be sick, or shall have to cry out.
More than once I have insisted upon being driven home again, and my
husband has gone to the dinner alone after much outpouring of language.

Possibly my most direful experiments have been at the theatre, to which
I have been taken on the ground that my mind needed change and that a
cheerful play would “take me out of myself.” My worst terrors have come
upon me when I have chanced to sit in the centre of the stalls with
people packed in all around me. I have then felt as if I was imprisoned
and have been filled by one intense overwhelming desire—the passion to
get out. I have passed through all the horrors of suffocation, have
felt that I must stand up, must lift up my arms and gasp. I have looked
at the door only to feel that escape was as impossible as it would be
to an entrapped miner about whom the walls of a shaft had fallen.

It is useless for my husband to nudge me and tell me not to make a fool
of myself. If I did want to make a fool of myself I should select some
more agreeable way of doing it. It is useless, moreover, to argue. No
argument can dispel the ever-present sense of panic, of being buried
alive, or relieve the hopeless feeling of inability to escape. I have
sat out a play undergoing tortures beyond expression, until I have
become collapsed and until my lip had been almost bitten through in the
effort not to scream. No one would believe that I—a healthy-looking
woman in a new Paris dress, sitting among a company of smiling
folk—could be enduring as much agony as if I were lodged in an iron
cell the walls of which were gradually closing in around me.

I am very fond of my clothes when I am well, but there are certain
frocks I have come to loathe because they recall times when I have
nearly gasped out my life in them.

I have taken much medicine but with no apparent good. I envy the woman
who believes in her nerve tonic, since such faith must be a great
comfort to her. I knew a poor girl who became for a time a mental
wreck, owing to her engagement having been broken off. She refused food
and lived for a week—so she told me—on her mother’s nerve tonic. She
declared that it saved her reason. I tried it, but it only brought me
out in spots. I have seen a good many doctors, but although they are
all very kind, they seem to be dense and to have but the one idea of
treating the neurotic woman as they would treat a frightened child or a
lost dog.

I was taken to one doctor because he had the reputation of being very
sensible and outspoken. My husband said there was no nonsense about
him. He certainly made no effort to be entertaining. After he had
examined me he said that all my organs were perfectly sound. He then
began to address me as “My dear lady,” and at once I knew what was
coming. It was to tell me that I wanted rousing and that all I had to
do was to get out of myself. He said I was not to think about myself at
all, which is very good advice to a person who feels on the point of
dissolution. He told my husband afterwards, in strict confidence, that
if I was a poor woman and had to work for my living I should be well
directly. He went farther and said that what would cure me would be a
week at the washing tub—at a laundry, I suppose. My husband imparted
these confidences to me as we drove home from the doctor’s and said
what a shrewd, common-sense man he was. My husband quite liked him.

Another doctor I went to was very sympathetic. He patted my hand and
was so kind that he almost made me cry. He said he understood how
real and intense my sufferings were. He knew I must have gone through
tortures. He gave me a great many particulars as to how I was to live
and said I was never to do anything I did not like. I wanted to come
and see him again, but he insisted that I must go abroad at once
to break with my sad associations and afford my shattered nerves a
complete rest. He gave me a letter to a doctor abroad which he said
contained a very full and particular account of my case.

Something happened to prevent me from leaving England, but six months
later I came across the letter and, feeling it was no longer of use,
opened it. It began, “My dear Harry,” and contained a great deal about
their respective handicaps at golf and their plans for the summer. The
kind doctor ended in this wise in a postscript: “The lady who brings
this is Mrs. ——. She is a terrible woman, a deplorable neurotic. I
need say no more about her, but I hope you won’t mind my burdening you
with her, for she is the kind of tedious person who bores me to death.
However she pays her fees.” My husband sent the letter back to the
doctor who wrote it, because he thought the memoranda about the golf
handicaps would be interesting for him to keep.

As I made no progress and as my friends were getting as tired of me as
I was of myself, it was resolved that I should be taken “seriously in
hand.” I was therefore sent to a nursing home to undergo the rest cure.
I had to lie in bed, be stuffed with food and be massaged daily. I was
cut off from all communion with the familiar world and was allowed to
receive neither letters nor newspapers.

The idea underlying this measure is, I think, a little silly. It is
in the main an attempt to cure a patient by enforced boredom. The
inducement offered is crudely this: “You can go home as soon as you
think fit to be well.” I did not mind the quiet nor the lying in bed.
The excessive feeding merely made me uncomfortable. The massage was a
form of torture that I viewed with great loathing. The absence of news
from home kept me in a state of unrest and apprehension. It was the
continued speculation as to what was going on in my household which
prevented me from sleeping at night.

The withdrawal of all newspapers was evidently a punishment devised by
a man. It was no punishment to me nor would it be to the average woman.
The nurse, of course, kept me informed of current events as she was
extremely fond of talking and thereby rendered a newspaper unnecessary.
She told me of the occasions when my husband called to inquire and
always said that he looked very well and remarkably cheerful. She
walked past my house once and came back with the information that the
drawing-room blinds were up and that the sun was streaming into the
room. This worried me a great deal as I don’t like faded carpets and
silks and am very fond of my furniture.

After I had been in the home a few days I discovered that the
institution was not wholly devoted to rest-cure cases, but that it
was also a surgical home where many operations were performed. This
frightened me terribly because I began to wonder whether an operation
had been an item of the programme when I was taken seriously in hand.
I arrived at the conclusion that I was being “prepared for operation,”
that I was being “built up,” with the result that I was prostrated by
alarm. I felt that at any moment a man with a black bag might enter the
room and proceed to chloroform me. There came upon me a conviction that
I was being imprisoned, that I had been duped and trapped. Above all
was the awful feeling, which nearly suffocated me, that I was powerless
to escape. I thought my husband had been most base to desert me like
this and hand me over, as it were, to unknown executioners.

I have a dread of operations which is beyond expression. The mere
thinking of the process of being chloroformed makes me sick and
faint. You are held down on a table, I believe, and then deliberately
suffocated. It must be as if a man knelt upon your chest and strangled
you by gripping your throat with his hands. When I was a small girl I
saw a cook dispose of a live mouse by sinking the mouse-trap in which
it was imprisoned in a bucket of water. I remember that the struggles
of the mouse, as seen under water, were horrible to witness. When I
grew up and was told about people being chloroformed for operation I
always imagined that their feelings would be as hideous as those of the
drowning mouse in a trap.

I told all my suspicions and alarms to the nurse, who laughed at me
contemptuously. She said: “You are merely a nerve case.” (“Merely,”
thought I.) “No surgeon ever thinks of operating on a nerve case. The
greater number of the patients here come for very serious operations.
They are real patients.” As she conversed further I must confess that
my pride began to be touched. I had supposed that my case was the most
important and most interesting in the establishment. I had the largest
room in the house while the fussing over me had been considerable. I
now began to learn that there were others who were in worse plight
than myself. I, on the one hand, had merely to lie in bed and sleep.
They, on the other, came to the home with their lives in their hands to
confront an appalling ordeal. I was haunted by indefinite alarms; they
had to submit to the tangible steel of the surgeon’s knife. I began
to be a little ashamed of myself and of the trouble I had occasioned.
Compared with me these women were heroines. They had something to
fuss about, for they had to walk alone into the Valley of the Shadow
of Death. I had many times said that I wished I was dead, but a little
reflection on the modes of dying made me keep that wish ever after
unexpressed.

My nurse deplored that she was not a surgical nurse. “To nurse an
operation case is real nursing,” she said. “There is something
satisfactory in work like that. I am only a mental nurse, you see”—a
confession which humbled me still further.

It was in September that I entered the home, and as the leading
surgeons were still out of London there were no operations. When
October came the gruesome work was resumed. The house was set vibrating
with excitement. In this I shared as soon as I discovered that the
operating theatre was immediately over my bedroom. Almost the first
operation happened to be a particularly momentous one, concerned with
which was none other than the great surgeon of the day. His coming was
anticipated with a buzz of interest by the nurses, an interest which
was even shared by the mental nurse in whose charge I was.

I could learn very little about this great case save that it was
desperate and the victim a woman. I know that she entered the home
the night before, for my nurse planned to meet her on her way to her
room. I know also that just before the hour of closing the house I
heard sobbing on the staircase as two people slowly made their way
down. I came to know afterwards that one was the husband, the other the
daughter.

The operation was to be at nine in the morning. By 6 A.M. the whole
house was astir. There was much running up and down stairs. Everybody
was occupied. My morning toilet and breakfast were hurried through with
little ceremony. The nurse was excited, absent-minded and disinclined
to answer questions. After my breakfast was cleared away she
vanished—it was supposed that I was never to be left alone—and did not
appear again until noon. When she did come back she found me an altered
woman.

I lay in bed in the solitary room with my eyes fixed upon the white
ceiling over my head. I was terrified beyond all reason. There was
everywhere the sense of an overstrung activity, hushed and ominous,
which was leading on to tragedy. I knew that in the room above me was
about to be enacted a drama in which one of the actors was Death.

There was considerable bustle in the room in question. They were moving
something very heavy into the middle of the floor. It was, I am sure,
the operation table. Other tables were dragged about and adjusted with
precision. Above the ceaseless patter of feet I could hear the pouring
of water into basins.

I knew when the surgeon and his assistants arrived, for I heard his
voice on the stair. It was clear and unconcerned, the one strong and
confident thing among all these portentous preparations. Heavy bags
were carried up from the hall to be deposited on the floor above. I
could hear the surgeon’s firm foot overhead and noticed a further
moving of tables. There came now a clatter of steel in metal dishes
which made me shiver.

I looked at the clock on my table. It was three minutes to nine.

What of the poor soul who was waiting? She also would be looking at the
clock. Three minutes more and she would be led in her nightdress into
this chamber of horrors. The very idea paralysed one. If I were in her
place I should scream until I roused the street. I should struggle with
every fibre of my body. I should cling to the door until my arms were
pulled out of their sockets. A barrel-organ in the road was playing a
trivial waltz, a boy was going by whistling, the world was cheerfully
indifferent, while the loneliness of the stricken woman was horrible
beyond words.

As the church clock struck nine I knew that the patient was entering
the room. I fancied I could hear the shuffle of her slippers and the
closing of the door—the last hope of escape—behind her. A chair was
moved into position. She was stepping on to the table.

Then came an absolute silence. I knew they were chloroforming her. I
fancied that the vapour of that sickly drug was oozing through the
ceiling into my room. I was suffocated. I gasped until I thought my
chest would burst. The silence was awful. I dared not scream. I would
have rung my bell but the thought of the noise it would make held me
back.

I lay glaring at the ceiling, my forehead covered with drops of cold
sweat. I wrung my fingers together lest all sensation should go out of
them.

In a while there came three awful moans from the room above and then
once more the moving, of feet was to be heard, whereby I felt that the
operation had begun. I could picture the knife, the great cut, the cold
callousness of it all. For what seemed to me to be interminable hours
I gazed at the ceiling. How long was this murdering to go on! How could
the poor moaning soul be tortured all this while and endure another
minute!

Suddenly there was a great commotion in the room above. The table
was dragged round rapidly. There were footsteps everywhere. Was the
operation over? No. Something had gone wrong. A man dashed downstairs
calling for a cab. In a moment I could hear the wheels tear along the
street and then return. He had gone to fetch something and rushed
upstairs with it.

This made me wonder for a moment what had happened to the husband and
daughter who were waiting in a room off the hall. Had they died of the
suspense? Why did they not burst into the room and drag her away while
there was yet time? The lower part of the house was practically empty
and I was conscious that two or three times the trembling couple had
crept up the stairs to the level of my room to listen. I could hear the
daughter say, “What shall we do! What shall we do!” And then the two
would stumble down the stairs again to the empty room.

I still glared at the ceiling like one in a trance. I had forgotten
about myself, although there was such a sinking at my heart that I
could only breathe in gasps. The loathsome bustle in the room above
continued.

Now, as I gazed upwards, I noticed to my expressionless horror a small
round patch of red appear on the white ceiling. I knew it was blood.
The spot was as large as a five-shilling piece. It grew until it had
become the size of a plate.

It burnt into my vision as if it had been a red-hot disk. It became
a deeper crimson until at last one awful drop fell upon the white
coverlet of my bed. It came down with the weight of lead. The impact
went through me like an electric shock. I could hardly breathe. I was
bathed with perspiration and was as wet and as cold as if I had been
dragged out of a winter’s river.

Another drop fell with a thud like a stone. I would have hidden my head
under the bedclothes but I dared not stir. As each drop fell on the
bed the interval came quicker until there was a scarlet patch on the
white quilt that grew and grew and grew. I felt that the evil stain
would come through the coverings, hot and wet, to my clenched hands
which were just beneath, but I was unable to move them. My sight was
now almost gone. There was nothing but a red haze filling the room,
a beating sound in my ears and the drop recurring like the ticking of
some awful clock.

I must have become unconscious for I cannot remember the nurse entering
the room. When I realized once more where I was I found that the
bedclothes had been changed. There was still the round red mark on the
ceiling but it was now dry.

As soon as I could speak I asked, “Is she dead?” The nurse answered
“No.” “Will she live?” “Yes, I hope she will, but it has been a fearful
business. The operation lasted two and a quarter hours, and when the
great blood vessel gave way they thought it was all over.” “Was she
frightened?” I asked. “No; she walked into the room, erect and smiling,
and said in a jesting voice, ‘I hope I have not kept you waiting,
gentlemen, as I know you cannot begin without me.’”

In a week I returned home cured. My “nerves” were gone. It was absurd
to say that I could not walk in the street when that brave woman had
walked, smiling, into that place of gags and steel. When I thought of
the trouble I had made about going to the play I recalled what had
passed in that upper room. I began to think less of my “case” when I
thought of hers.

The doctor was extremely pleased with my recovery; while his belief
in the efficacy of the rest cure became unbounded. I did not trouble
to tell him that I owed my recovery not to his tiresome physic and
ridiculous massage but to that red patch on the ceiling.

The lady of the upper room got well. Through the instrumentality of the
nurse I was able to catch sight of her when she was taking her first
walk abroad after the operation. I expected to see a goddess. I saw
only a plain little woman with gentle eyes and a very white face. I
knew that those eyes had peered into eternity.

Some years have now passed by, but still whenever I falter the
recollection of that face makes me strong.



                                   V

                               TWO WOMEN


In the course of his experience the medical man acquires probably a
more intimate knowledge of human nature than is attained by most. He
gains an undistorted insight into character. He witnesses the display
of elemental passions and emotions. He sees his subject, as it were,
unclothed and in the state of a primitive being. There is no camouflage
of feeling, no assumption of a part, no finesse. There is merely a
man or a woman faced by simple, rudimentary conditions. He notes how
they act under strain and stress, under the threat of danger or when
menaced by death. He observes their behaviour both during suffering and
after relief from pain, the manner in which they bear losses and alarms
and how they express the consciousness of joy. These are the common
emotional experiences of life, common alike to the caveman and the man
of the twentieth century. Among the matters of interest in this purview
is the comparative bearing of men and of women when subject to the
hand of the surgeon. As to which of the two makes the better patient
is a question that cannot be answered in a word. Speaking generally
women bear pain better than men. They endure a long illness better,
both physically and morally. They are more patient and submissive,
less defiant of fate and, I think I may add, more logical. There are
exceptions, of course, but then there are exceptions in all things.

Perhaps what the critic of gold calls the “acid test” is provided by
the test of an operation. Here is something very definite to be faced.
A man is usually credited with more courage than a woman. This is no
doubt a just estimate in situations of panic and violence where less
is expected of a woman; but in the cold, deliberate presence of an
operation she stands out well.

A display of courage in a man is instinctive, a feature of his
upbringing, a matter of tradition. With women is associated a rather
attractive element of timidity. It is considered to be a not indecorous
attribute of her sex. It is apt to be exaggerated and to become often
somewhat of a pose. A woman may be terrified at a mouse in her bedroom
and yet will view the entrance into that room of two white-clad
inquisitors—the anæsthetist and the surgeon—with composure. A woman
will frankly allow, under certain conditions, that she is “frightened
to death”; the man will not permit himself that expression, although he
is none the less alarmed. A woman seldom displays bravado; a man often
does. To sum up the matter—a woman before the tribunal of the operating
theatre is, in my experience, as courageous as a man, although she may
show less resolve in concealing her emotions.

In the determination to live, which plays no little part in the success
of a grave operation, a woman is, I think, the more resolute. Her
powers of endurance are often amazing. Life may hang by a thread,
but to that thread she will cling as if it were a straining rope. I
recall the case of a lady who had undergone an operation of unusual
duration and severity. She was a small, fragile woman, pale and
delicate-looking. The blow she had received would have felled a giant.
I stood by her bedside some hours after the operation. She was a mere
grey shadow of a woman in whom the signs of life seemed to be growing
fainter and fainter. The heat of the body was maintained by artificial
means. She was still pulseless and her breathing but a succession of
low sighs. She evidently read anxiety and alarm in the faces of those
around her, for, by a movement of her lips, she indicated that she
wished to speak to me. I bent down and heard in the faintest whisper
the words, “I am _not_ going to die.” She did not die; yet her recovery
was a thing incredible. Although twenty-eight years have elapsed since
that memorable occasion, I am happy to say that she is still alive and
well.

There are other traits in women that the surgeon comes upon which, if
not actually peculiar to their sex, are at least displayed by them in
the highest degree of perfection. Two of these characteristics—or it
may be that the two are one—are illustrated by the incidents which
follow.

The first episode may appear to be trivial, although an eminent
novelist to whom I told the story thought otherwise and included it,
much modified, in one of his books.

The subject was a woman nearing forty. She was plain to look at,
commonplace and totally uninteresting. Her husband was of the same
pattern and type, a type that embraces the majority of the people in
these islands. He was engaged in some humdrum business in the city of
London. His means were small and his life as monotonous as a downpour
of rain. The couple lived in a small red-brick house in the suburbs.
The house was one of twenty in a row. The twenty were all exactly
alike. Each was marked by a pathetic pretence to be “a place in the
country”; each was occupied by a family of a uniform and wearying
respectability. These houses were like a row of chubby inmates from an
institution, all wearing white cotton gloves and all dressed alike in
their best.

The street in which the houses stood was called “The Avenue,” and the
house occupied by the couple in question was named “The Limes.” It was
difficult to imagine that anything of real interest could ever occur in
“The Avenue.” It was impossible to associate that decorous road with a
murder or even a burglary, much less with an elopement. The only event
that had disturbed its peace for long was an occasion when the husband
of one of the respected residents had returned home at night in a state
of noisy intoxication. For months afterwards the dwellers in “The
Avenue,” as they passed that house, looked at it askance. It may be
said, in brief, that all the villas were “genteel” and that all those
who lived in them were “worthy.”

The plain lady of whom I am speaking had no children. She had been
happy in a stagnant, unambitious way. Everything went well with her and
her household, until one horrifying day when it was discovered that
she had developed a malignant tumour of the breast. The growth was
operated upon by a competent surgeon, and for a while the spectre was
banished. The event, of course, greatly troubled her; but it caused
even more anxiety to her husband. The two were very deeply attached.
Having few outside interests or diversions, their pleasure in life was
bound up with themselves and their small home.

The husband was a nervous and imaginative man. He brooded over the
calamity that had befallen his cherished mate. He was haunted by the
dread that the horrid thing would come back again. When he was busy at
his office he forgot it, and when he was at home and with a wife who
seemed in such beaming health it left his mind. In his leisure moments,
however, in his journeyings to London and back and in sleepless hours
of the night, the terror would come upon him again. It followed him
like a shadow.

Time passed; the overhanging cloud became less black and a hope arose
that it would fade away altogether. This, however, was not to be. The
patient began to be aware of changes at the site of the operation.
Unpleasant nodules appeared. They grew and grew and every day looked
angrier and more vicious. She had little doubt that “it”—the awful
unmentionable thing—had come back. She dared not tell her husband. He
was happy again; the look of anxiety had left his face and everything
was as it had been. To save him from distress she kept the dread secret
and, although the loathsome thing was gnawing at her vitals, she smiled
and maintained her wonted cheerfulness when he and she were together.

She kept the secret too long. In time she began to look ill, to become
pallid and feeble and very thin. She struggled on and laughed and joked
as in the old days. Her husband was soon aware that something was
amiss. Although he dared not express the thought, a presentiment arose
in his mind that the thing of terror was coming back. He suggested that
she should see her surgeon again, but she pooh-poohed the idea. “Why
should a healthy woman see a surgeon?” At last her husband, gravely
alarmed, insisted, and she did as he wished.

The surgeon, of course, saw the position at a glance. The disease
had returned, and during the long weeks of concealment had made such
progress that any operation or indeed any curative measure was entirely
out of the question. Should he tell her? If he told her what would be
gained thereby? Nothing could be done to hinder the progress of the
malady. To tell her would be to plunge her and her husband into the
direst distress. The worry that would be occasioned could only do her
harm. Her days were numbered; why not make what remained of her life as
free from unhappiness as possible? It was sheer cruelty to tell her.
Influenced by these humane arguments he assured her it was all right,
patted her on the back and told her to run away home.

For a while both she and her husband were content. She was ready to
believe that she had deceived herself and regretted the anxiety she had
occasioned; but the unfortunate man did not remain long at ease. His
wife was getting weaker and weaker. He wondered why. The surgeon said
she was all right; she herself maintained that she was well, but why
was she changing so quickly? The doubt and the uncertainty troubled
both of them; so it was resolved that a second opinion should be
obtained, with the result that she came to see me in London.

A mere glimpse was enough to reveal the condition of affairs. The case
was absolutely hopeless as her surgeon, in a letter, had already told
me. I was wondering how I should put the matter to her but she made
the decision herself. She begged me to tell her the absolute truth.
She was not afraid to hear it. She had plans to make. She had already
more than a suspicion in her mind and for every reason she must know,
honestly and openly, the real state of affairs. I felt that matters
were too far gone to justify any further concealment. I told her. She
asked if any treatment was possible. I was obliged to answer “No.” She
asked if she would live six months and again I was compelled to answer
“No.”

What happened when she left my house I learned later. It was on a
Saturday morning in June that she came to see me. For her husband
Saturday was a half-holiday and a day that he looked forward to with
eager anticipation. So anxious was he as to my verdict that he had not
gone to his business on this particular day. He had not the courage to
accompany his wife to London and, indeed, she had begged him not to be
present at the consultation. He had seen his wife into the train and
spent the rest of the morning wandering listlessly about, traversing
every street, road and lane in the neighbourhood in a condition of
misery and apprehension.

He knew by what train she would return, but he had not the courage to
meet it. He would know the verdict as she stepped out of the carriage
and as he caught a glimpse of her face. The platform would be crowded
with City friends of his, and whatever the news—good or bad—he felt
that he would be unable to control himself.

He resolved to wait for her at the top of “The Avenue,” a quiet and
secluded road. He could not, however, stand still. He continued to
roam about aimlessly. He tried to distract his thoughts. He counted
the railings on one side of a street, assuring himself that if the
last railing proved to be an even number his wife would be all right.
It proved to be uneven. He jingled the coins in his pocket and decided
that if the first coin he drew out came up “Heads,” it would be a sign
that his wife was well. It came up “Heads.” Once he found that he had
wandered some way from “The Avenue” and was seized by the panic that he
would not get back there in time. He ran back all the way to find, when
he drew up, breathless, that he had still twenty-five minutes to wait.

He thought the train would never arrive. It seemed hours and hours
late. He looked at his watch a dozen times. At last he heard the train
rumble in and pull up at the station. The moment had come. He paced the
road to and fro like a caged beast. He opened his coat the better to
breathe. He took off his hat to wipe his streaming forehead. He watched
the corner at which she would appear. She came suddenly in sight. He
saw that she was skipping along, that she was waving her hand and that
her face was beaming with smiles. As she approached she called out, “It
is all right!”

He rushed to her, she told me, with a yell, threw his arms round her
and hugged her until she thought she would have fainted. On the way to
the house he almost danced round her. He waved his hat to everybody he
saw and, on entering the house, shook the astonished maid-servant so
violently by the hand that she thought he was mad.

That afternoon he enjoyed himself as he had never done before. The
cloud was removed, his world was a blaze of sunshine again, his wife
was saved. She took him to the golf links and went round with him as
he played, although she was so weak she could hardly crawl along. His
game was a series of ridiculous antics. He used the handle of his club
on the tee, did his putting with a driver and finished up by giving the
caddie half a sovereign. In the evening his wife hurriedly invited a
few of his choicest friends to supper. It was such a supper as never
was known in “The Avenue” either before or since. He laughed and joked,
was generally uproarious, and finished by proposing the health of his
wife in a rapturous speech. It was the day of his life.

Next morning she told him the truth.

I asked her why she had not told him at once. She replied, “It was his
half-holiday and I wished to give him just one more happy day.”

The second episode belongs to the days of my youth when I was a
house-surgeon. The affair was known in the hospital as “The Lamp Murder
Case.” It concerned a family of three—husband, wife and grown-up
daughter. They lived in an ill-smelling slum in the most abject quarter
of Whitechapel. The conditions under which this family existed were
very evil, although not exceptional in the dark places of any town.

The husband was just a drunken loafer, vicious and brutal, and in
his most fitting place when he was lying in the filth of the gutter.
He had probably never done a day’s work in his life. He lived on the
earnings of his wife and daughter. They were seamstresses and those
were the doleful days of “The Song of the Shirt.” As the girl was
delicate most of the work fell upon the mother. This wretched woman
toiled day by day, from year’s end to year’s end, to keep this unholy
family together. She had neither rest nor relaxation, never a gleam of
joy nor a respite from unhappiness. The money gained by fifteen hours’
continuous work with her needle might vanish in one uproarious drinking
bout. Her husband beat her and kicked her as the fancy pleased him. He
did not disable her, since he must have money for drink and she alone
could provide it. She could work just as well with a black eye and a
bruised body as without those marks of her lord’s pleasure.

As she had to work late at night she kept a lamp for her table. One
evening the sodden brute, as he staggered into the room, said that he
also must have a lamp, must have a lamp of his own. What he wanted it
for did not matter. He would have it. He was, as a rule, too muddled to
read even if he had ever learnt to read. Possibly he wanted the lamp
to curse by. Anyhow, if she did not get him a lamp to-morrow he would
“give her hell,” and the poor woman had already seen enough of hell.
Next day she bought a lamp, lit it and placed it on the table with some
hope no doubt in her heart that it would please him and bring a ray of
peace.

He came home at night not only drunk but quarrelsome. The two lamps
were shining together on the table. The room was quite bright and,
indeed, almost cheerful; but the spectacle drove him to fury. He cursed
the shrinking, tired woman. He cursed the room. He cursed the lamp.
It was not the kind of lamp he wanted. It was not so good as her lamp
and it was like her meanness to get it. As she stood up to show him how
nice a lamp it really was he hit her in the face with such violence
that he knocked her into a corner of the room. She was wedged in and
unable to rise. He then took up his lamp and, with a yell of profanity,
threw it at her as she lay on the ground. At once her apron and cotton
dress were ablaze and, as she lay there burning and screaming for
mercy, he hurled the other lamp at her.

The place was now lit only by the horrible, dancing flames that rose
from the burning woman. The daughter was hiding in terror in the
adjoining room. The partition which separated it from her mother’s
was so thin that she had heard everything that passed. She rushed
in and endeavoured to quench the flames; but streams of burning oil
were trickling all over the floor, while the saturated clothes on
her mother’s body flared like a wick. Her father was rolling about,
laughing. He might have been a demon out of the Pit. Neighbours poured
in and, by means of snatched-up fragments of carpet, bits of sacking
and odd clothes, the fire was smothered; but it was too late.

There followed a period of commotion. A crowd gathered in the dingy
lane with faces upturned to the window from the broken panes of which
smoke was escaping. People pressed up the stair, now thick with the
smell of paraffin and of burning flesh. The room, utterly wrecked,
was in darkness, but by the light of an unsteady candle stuck in a
bottle the body of the woman, moaning with pain, was dragged out.
An improvised stretcher was obtained and on it the poor seamstress,
wrapped up in a dirty quilt, was marched off to the hospital, followed
by a mob. The police had appeared early on the scene and, acting on the
evidence of the daughter, had arrested the now terrified drunkard.

When the woman reached the hospital she was still alive but in acute
suffering. She was taken into the female accident ward and placed on a
bed in a corner by the door. The hour was very late and the ward had
been long closed down for the night. It was almost in darkness. The gas
jets were lowered and the little light they shed fell upon the white
figures of alarmed patients sitting up in bed to watch this sudden
company with something dreadful on a stretcher.

A screen was drawn round the burnt woman’s bed, and in this little
enclosure, full of shadow, a strange and moving spectacle came to
pass. The miserable patient was burned to death. Her clothes were
reduced to a dark, adhesive crust. In the layers of cinder that marked
the front of her dress I noticed two needles that had evidently
been stuck there when she ceased her work. Her face was hideously
disfigured, the eyes closed, the lips swollen and bladder-like and the
cheeks charred in patches to a shiny brown. All her hair was burnt off
and was represented by a little greasy ash on the pillow, her eyebrows
were streaks of black, while her eyelashes were marked by a line of
charcoal at the edge of the lids. She might have been burnt at the
stake at Smithfield.

As she was sinking it was necessary that her dying depositions should
be taken. For this purpose a magistrate was summoned. With him came
two policemen, supporting between them the shaking form of the now
partly-sobered husband. The scene was one of the most memorable I have
witnessed. I can still see the darkened ward, the whispering patients
sitting bolt upright in their nightdresses, the darker corner behind
the screen, lit only by the light of a hand lamp, the motionless
figure, the tray of dressings no longer needed, the half-emptied
feeding-cup. I can recall too the ward cat, rudely disturbed, stalking
away with a leisurely air of cynical unconcern.

The patient’s face was in shadow, the nurse and I stood on one side of
the bed, the magistrate was seated on the other. At the foot of the
bed were the two policemen and the prisoner. The man—who was in the
full light of the lamp—was a disgustful object. He could barely stand;
his knees shook under him; his hair was wild; his eyes blood-shot; his
face bloated and bestial. From time to time he blubbered hysterically,
rocking to and fro. Whenever he looked at his wife he blubbered and
seemed in a daze until a tug at his arm by the policeman woke him up.

The magistrate called upon me to inform the woman that she was dying. I
did so. She nodded. The magistrate then said to her—having warned her
of the import of her evidence—“Tell me how this happened.” She replied,
as clearly as her swollen lips would allow, “It was a pure accident.”

These were the last words she uttered, for she soon became unconscious
and in a little while was dead. She died with a lie on her lips to
save the life of the brute who had murdered her, who had burned her
alive. She had lied and yet her words expressed a dominating truth.
They expressed her faithfulness to the man who had called her wife,
her forgiveness for his deeds of fiendish cruelty and a mercy so
magnificent as to be almost divine.



                                  VI

                              A SEA LOVER


The man I would tell about was a mining engineer some forty and odd
years of age. Most of his active life had been spent in Africa whence
he had returned home to England with some gnawing illness and with the
shadow of death upon him. He was tall and gaunt. The tropical sun had
tanned his face an unwholesome brown, while the fever-laden wind of the
swamp had blanched the colour from his hair. He was a tired-looking man
who gave one the idea that he had been long sleepless. He was taciturn,
for he had lived much alone and, but for a sister, had no relatives
and few friends. For many years he had wandered to and fro surveying
and prospecting, and when he turned to look back upon the trail of his
life there was little to see but the ever-stretching track, the file of
black porters, the solitary camp.

The one thing that struck me most about him was his love of the sea.
If he was ill, he said, it must be by the sea. It was a boyish love
evidently which had never died out of his heart. It seemed to be his
sole fondness and the only thing of which he spoke tenderly.

He was born, I found, at Salcombe, in Devonshire. At that place, as
many know, the sea rushes in between two headlands and, pouring over
rocky terraces and around sandy bays, flows by the little town and
thence away up the estuary. At the last it creeps tamely among meadows
and cornfields to the tottering quay at the foot of Kingsbridge.

On the estuary he had spent his early days, and here he and a boy
after his own heart had made gracious acquaintance with the sea. When
school was done the boys were ever busy among the creeks, playing at
smugglers or at treasure seekers so long as the light lasted. Or they
hung about the wharf, among the boats and the picturesque litter of the
sea, where they recalled in ineffable colours the tales of pirates and
the Spanish Main which they had read by the winter fire. The reality
of the visions was made keener when they strutted about the deck of
the poor semi-domestic coaling brig which leaned wearily against the
harbour side or climbed over the bulwarks of the old schooner, which
had been wrecked on the beach before they were born, with all the dash
of buccaneers.

In their hearts they were both resolved to “follow the sea” but fate
turned their footsteps elsewhere, for one became a mining engineer in
the colonies and the other a clerk in a stockbroker’s office in London.

In spite of years of uncongenial work and of circumstances which took
them far beyond the paradise of tides and salt winds the two boys, as
men, ever kept green the memory of the romance-abounding sea. He who
was to be a clerk became a pale-faced man who wore spectacles and whose
back was bent from much stooping over books. I can think of him at his
desk in the City on some day in June, gazing through a dingy window
at a palisade of walls and roofs. The clerk’s pen is still, for the
light on the chimney-pots has changed to a flood of sun upon the Devon
cliffs, and the noise of the streets to the sound of waves tumbling
among rocks or bubbling over pebbles. There are sea-gulls in the air,
while far away a grey barque is blown along before the freshening
breeze and the only roofs in view belong to the white cottages about
the beach. Then comes the ring of a telephone bell and the dream
vanishes.

So with the man whose life was cast in unkindly lands. He would recall
times when the heat in the camp was stifling, when the heartless plain
shimmered as if it burnt, when water was scarce and what there was of
it was warm, while the torment of insects was beyond bearing. At such
times he would wonder how the tide stood in the estuary at home. Was
the flood swirling up from the Channel, bringing with its clear eddies
the smell of the ocean as it hurried in and out among the piles of the
old pier? Or was it the time of the ebb when stretches of damp sand
come out at the foot of cliffs and when ridges of rock, dripping with
cool weed, emerge once more into the sun? What a moment for a swim! Yet
here on the veldt there was but half a pint of water in his can and a
land stretching before him that was scorched to cracking, dusty and
shadowless.

It was in connexion with his illness that I came across him. His
trouble was obscure, but after much consideration it was decided that
an operation, although a forlorn hope, should be attempted. If the
disease proved to be benign there was prospect of a cure; if a cancer
was discovered the outlook was hopeless.

He settled that he would have the operation performed at the seaside,
at a town on the south coast, within easy reach of London. Rooms were
secured for him in a house on the cliffs. From the windows stretched a
fine prospect of the Channel, while from them also could be seen the
little harbour of the place.

The surgeon and his assistant came down from London and I with them.
The room in which the operation was to be performed was hard and
unsympathetic. It had been cleared of all its accustomed furniture.
On the bare floor a white sheet had been placed, and in the middle
of this square stood the operation table like a machine of torture.
Beyond the small bed the patient was to occupy and the tables set out
for the instruments the room was empty. Two nurses were busy with the
preparations for the operation and were gossiping genially in whispers.
There was a large bow-window in the room of the type much favoured at
seaside resorts. The window was stripped of its curtains so that the
sunlight poured in upon the uncovered floor. It was a cloudless morning
in July.

The hard-worked surgeon from London had a passion for sailing and had
come with the hope that he might spend some hours on the sea after his
work was done. His assistant and I were to go with him.

When all the preparations for the operation were completed the patient
walked into the room erect and unconcerned. He stepped to the table
and, mounting it jauntily, sat on it bolt upright and gazed out
earnestly at the sea. Following his eyes I could see that in the
harbour the men were already hoisting the mainsail of the little yawl
in which we were to sail.

The patient still sat up rigidly, and for so long that the surgeon
placed a hand upon his shoulder to motion him to lie down. But he kept
fixedly gazing out to sea. Minutes elapsed and yet he moved not. The
surgeon, with some expression of anxiety, once more motioned him to lie
down, but still he kept his look seawards. At last the rigid muscles
relaxed, and as he let his head drop upon the pillow he said, “I have
seen the last of it—the last of the sea—you can do what you like with
me now.” He had, indeed, taken, as he thought, farewell of his old
love, of the sea of his boyhood and of many happy memories. The eyes
of the patient closed upon the sight of the English Channel radiant in
the sun, and as the mask of the anæsthetist was placed over his face he
muttered, “I have said good-bye.”

The trouble revealed by the surgeon proved to be cancer, and when, some
few days after the operation, the weary man was told the nature of his
malady he said, with a smile, he would take no more trouble to live. In
fourteen days he died.

Every day his bed was brought close to the window so that the sun could
fall upon him, so that his eyes could rest upon the stretch of water
and the sound of waves could fall upon his tired ears.

The friend of his boyhood, the clerk, came down from London to see him.
They had very little to say to one another when they met. After the
simplest greeting was over the sick man turned his face towards the
sea and for long he and his old companion gazed at the blue Channel in
silence. There was no need for speech. It was the sea that spoke for
them. It was evident that they were both back again at Salcombe, at
some beloved creek, and that they were boys once more playing by the
sea. The sick man’s hand moved across the coverlet to search for the
hand of his friend, and when the fingers met they closed in a grip of
gratitude for the most gracious memory of their lives.

The failing man’s last sight of the sea was one evening at sundown
when the tide was swinging away to the west. His look lingered upon the
fading waves until the night set in. Then the blind of the window was
drawn down.

Next morning at sunrise it was not drawn up, for the lover of the sea
was dead.



                                  VII

                       A CASE OF “HEART FAILURE”


What a strange company they are, these old patients who crowd into the
surgeon’s memory after a lifetime of busy practice! There they stand,
a confused, impersonal assembly, so illusive and indistinct as to be
little more than shadows. Behind them is a dim background of the past—a
long building with many windows that I recognize as my old hospital, a
consulting room with familiar furniture, an operating theatre, certain
indefinite sick-rooms as well as a ward in which are marshalled a
double row of beds with blue and white coverlets.

Turning over the pages of old case books, as one would idle with the
sheets of an inventory, some of these long departed folk appear clearly
enough, both as to their faces and the details of their histories;
but the majority are mere ghosts with neither remembered names nor
features, neither age nor sex. They are just fragments of anatomy, the
last visible portions of figures that are fading out of sight. Here,
among the crowd, are the cheeks of a pretty girl encircled by white
bandages and the visage of a toothless old man with only one ear. I can
recollect nothing but their looks. They belong to people I have known,
somewhere and somehow, in the consulting room or the ward. Here a light
falls upon “that knee,” “that curious skull,” “that puzzling growth.”
Here is a much distorted back, bare and pitiable, surmounted by coils
of beautiful brown hair. If the lady turned round I should probably not
recognize her face; but I remember the back and the coils of hair.

This is a gathering, indeed, not of people, but of “cases” recalled
by portions of their bodies. The collection is not unlike a medley
of fragments of stained glass with isolated pieces of the human
figure painted upon them, or it may be comparable to a faded fresco
in a cloister, where the portions that survive, although complete in
themselves, fail to recall the story they once have told.

It is curious, when so much is indefinite, how vividly certain trivial
items stand forth as the sole remains of a once complete personality.
All I can recall of one lady—elderly but sane—was the fact that she
always received me, during a long illness, sitting up in bed with a
large hat on her head trimmed with red poppies. She also wore a veil,
which she had to lift in order that I might see her tongue. She was
further distinguished by a rose pinned to her nightdress, but I recall
with relief that she did not wear gloves.

Of one jolly boy the only particular that survives in my mind is a
hare’s foot which was found under his pillow when he was awaiting an
operation. It had been a talisman to coax him to sleep in his baby
days, when his small hand would close upon it as the world faded. His
old “nanny” had brought it to the nursing home, and had placed it
secretly under his pillow, knowing that he would search for it in the
unhappy daze of awakening from chloroform. He wept with shame when it
was discovered, but I am sure it was put back again under the pillow,
although he called his “nanny” “a silly old thing.”

Then, again, there was the whistling girl. She was about sixteen, and
had recently learnt whistling from a brother. Her operation had been
serious, but she was evidently determined to face it sturdily and never
to give way. She expressed herself by whistling, and the expression
was even more realistic than speech. Thus as I came upstairs the tone
of her whistling was defiant and was intended to show that she was not
the least afraid. During the dressing of the wound the whistling was
subdued and uncertain, a rippling accompaniment that conveyed content
when she was not hurt, but that was interrupted by a staccato “whoo”
when there was a dart of pain. As soon as my visit was over the music
became debonair and triumphant, so that I often left the room to the
tune of Mendelssohn’s “Wedding March.”

On the other hand, among the phantoms of the case book are some who are
remembered with a completeness which appears never to have grown dim.
The figures are entire, while the inscription that records their story
is as clear as it was when it was written.

In the company of these well remembered people is the lady whose story
is here set forth. More than thirty years have passed since I saw her,
and yet I can recall her features almost as well as if I had met her
yesterday, can note again her little tricks of manner and the very
words she uttered in our brief conferences. She was a woman of about
twenty-eight, small and fragile, and very pretty. Her face was oval,
her complexion exquisite, while her grey-blue eyes had in them the look
of solemn wonder so often seen in the eyes of a child. Her hair came
down low on either side of her face, and was so arranged as to remind
me of the face of some solemn lady in an old Italian picture. Her mouth
was small and sensitive, but determined, and she kept her lips a little
apart when listening. She was quiet and self-possessed, while her
movements and her speech were slow, as if she were weary.

She was shown into my room at an hour when I did not, as a rule,
receive patients. She came without appointment and without any letter
of introduction from her doctor. She said that she had no doctor, that
she came from a remote place in the north of England, that she had an
idea what was the matter with her, and that she wanted me to carry
out the necessary operation. On investigation I found that she had an
internal growth which would soon imperil her life. I explained to her
that an operation would be dangerous and possibly uncertain, but that
if it proved successful her cure would be complete. She said she would
have the operation carried out at once, and asked me to direct her to
a nursing home. She displayed neither anxiety nor reasonable interest.
Her mind was made up. As to any danger to her life, the point was not
worth discussing.

She had informed me that she was married, but had no children. I
inquired as to her parents, but she replied that she was an orphan.
I told her that I must write fully both to her doctor and to her
husband. She replied, as before, that she had no doctor, and that
it seemed a pity to worry a strange medical man with details about
a patient who was not under his care. As to her husband, she asked
if I had told her all and if there would be anything in my letter
to him that I had not communicated to her. I said that she knew the
utmost I had to tell. “In that case,” she replied, “a note from you is
unnecessary.” I said, “Of course, your husband will come up to London?”
To which she remarked, “I cannot see the need. He has his own affairs
to attend to. Why should any fuss be made? The operation concerns no
one but myself.”

I asked her then what relative or friend would look after her during
the operation. She said, “No one. I have no relatives I care about;
and as to friends, I do not propose to make my operation a subject for
gossip.” I explained to her that under such circumstances no surgeon
would undertake the operation. It was a hazardous measure, and it was
essential that she should have someone near her during a period of such
anxiety. She finally agreed to ask an elderly lady—a remote connexion
of hers—to be with her during her stay in the nursing home.

Still, there was some mystery about the lady that I could not fathom,
something evidently that I did not know. There was a suggestion of
recklessness and even of desperation in her attitude that it was
difficult to account for. As she sat in the chair by the side of my
desk, with her hands folded in her lap and her very dainty feet crossed
in front of her, her appearance of indifference was so pronounced that
no onlooker would imagine that the purport of our converse was a matter
of life and death. One little movement of hers during our unemotional
talk was recalled to my mind some days later. She now and then put her
hand to her neck to finger a brooch in the collar of her dress. It was
a simple gold brooch, but she appeared to derive some comfort, or it
may be some confidence, from the mere touching of it.

The operation was effected without untoward incident of any kind.
It was entirely successful. The wound healed by what is known as
“first intention,” there was no rise of temperature and no surgical
complication. But the condition of the patient caused an uneasiness
that deepened day by day. She became restless and apathetic and at
the same time very silent, answering questions only in monosyllables.
She resisted no detail of treatment, but accepted everything with a
lethargic complacency impossible to overcome.

That, however, was not all. She appeared to be possessed by an
indefinite anxiety which was partly expressed by an intense attitude of
expectation. She was expecting a letter, looking out for it day after
day and hour after hour. She listened to the door and to any sound
on the stair as an imprisoned dog might listen for the steps of its
master. This terrible vigil began on the second or third day after the
operation. When I made my visit about that time she asked me if I had
given orders that she was to have no letters. I assured her I had not
done so and that she should have every letter the moment it arrived.
But no letter came.

Whenever I made my appearance her first question was, “Did you see a
letter for me in the hall?” I could only answer “No.” Then she would
press me with other inquiries: “How often does the postman come? Is
he not sometimes late? Has there been any accident on the railway? Do
letters get occasionally lost in the post?” and so on interminably. If
anyone came into the room there was always a look of expectation on her
face, an eager searching for a letter in the hand or on a tray. If a
knock was heard at the front door, she at once inquired if it was the
postman, and very usually asked me to go to the top of the stair to
ascertain.

The sisters, the nurses and the patient’s friend could tell me nothing.
No letter of any kind arrived. The poor, tormented creature’s yearning
for a letter had become a possession. I inquired if she had written any
letters herself. The sister said that, as far as was known, she had
written but one, and that was on the eve of her operation. Although she
should have been in bed at the time, she insisted on going out for the
purpose of posting the letter herself.

She rapidly became weaker, more restless, more harassed by despair. She
was unable to sleep without drugs and took scarcely any food. Feeble
and failing as she was, her anxiety about the coming of a letter never
abated. I asked a physician versed in nervous disorders to see her, but
he had little to propose. She was evidently dying—but of what?

She was now a pitiable spectacle, emaciated and hollow-eyed, with a
spot of red on her cheek, an ever-wrinkled brow and ever-muttering
lips. I can see to this day the profile of her lamentable features
against the white background of the pillow. Pinned to the pillow
was the brooch that I had noticed at her neck when I saw her in my
consulting room. She would never allow it to be removed, but gave no
reason for her insistence. I have seen her hand now and then move up to
touch it, just as she had done during our first interview.

I was with her when she died. As I entered the room there was still the
same expectant glance at the door. Her lips, dry and brown, appeared to
be shaping the question, “A letter for me?” There was no need to answer
“No.” At the very last—with a display of strength that amazed me—she
turned over with her face to the wall as if she wished to be alone;
then, in a voice louder than I had known her to be capable of for days,
she cried out, “Oh, Frank! Frank!” and in a moment later she was dead.

Her death was certified, with unconscious accuracy, as due to “heart
failure.”

Here was a mystery, and with it a realization of how little we knew
of this lady who had died because she wished to die. I was aware that
her husband’s christian name was William, but beyond that I knew
practically nothing of him. The sister of the nursing home had both
written and telegraphed to the husband, but no reply had been received.
It was afterwards ascertained that he was away at the time and that
the house was shut up.

I was determined to find out the meaning of the tragedy, but it was
some months before I was possessed of the whole of the story. The poor
lady’s marriage had been unhappy. Her husband had neglected her, and
they were completely estranged. She formed a friendship with a man of
middle age who lived near by. This is he whose christian name was Frank
and who was, I imagine, the giver of the brooch. The friendship grew
into something more emotional. She became, indeed, desperately attached
to him, and he to her. Their intimacy was soon so conspicuous as to
lead to gossip in the neighbourhood, while the state of the two lovers
themselves was one of blank despair. She looked to him as Pompillia
looked to Caponsacchi. He was her saviour, her “soldier saint, the
lover of her life.” To him she could repeat Pompillia’s words: “You are
ordained to call and I to come.”

It became evident in time that the only course the two could adopt
was to run away together. She, on her part, counted no cost and would
have followed him blindly to the world’s end. He, on the other hand,
hesitated. He did count the cost and found it crushing. His means were
small. His future depended on himself. An elopement would involve
ruin, poverty and squalor as well as, in time, a fretful awakening from
a glorious dream.

He did the only thing possible. He told her that they must part, that
he must give her up, that he must not see her again, that he must not
even write to her. It was a wise and, indeed, inevitable decision; but
to her it seemed to foretell the end of her life. He kept the compact,
but she had not the strength to accept it. It was something that was
impossible. She endeavoured to get in touch with him again and again,
and in many ways, but without success. Hard as it was, he had kept to
his resolve.

Then came the episode of the operation. Now, she thought, if she wrote
to him to say that she was in London and alone and that she was about
to undergo an operation that might cause her death, he must come to see
her or he must at least reply to her letter. She felt assured that she
would hear from him at last, for, after all that had passed between
them, he could not deny her one little word of comfort in this tragic
moment.

She wrote to him on the eve of her operation. The rest of the story I
have told.



                                 VIII

                           A RESTLESS NIGHT


It was in Rajputana, in the cold weather, that we came upon the dâk
bungalow. I was proceeding south from a native state where I had met
an officer in the Indian Medical Service. He was starting on a medical
tour of inspection, and for the first stage of the journey we travelled
together. He was glad to have a member of his own profession to talk to.

Towards the end of the day we halted at this dâk bungalow. It was
situated in a poor waste which was possessed of two features only—dried
earth and cactus bushes. So elemental was the landscape that it might
have been a part of the primeval world before the green things came
into being. The cactus, bloated, misshaped and scarred by great age,
looked like some antediluvian growth which had preceded the familiar
plants with leaves. If a saurian had been in sight browsing on this
ancient scrub the monster would have been in keeping. Some way
distant across the plain was a native village, simple enough to be a
settlement of neolithic men. Although it was but a splash of brown
amidst the faded green it conveyed the assurance that there were still
men on the earth.

The bungalow was simple as a packing-case. It showed no pretence at
decoration, while there was in its making not a timber nor a trowel
of plaster which could have been dispensed with. In the centre of
the miserly place was a common room with a veranda in front and a
faintly-suggested kitchen at the back. Leading out of the common room,
on either side, was a bedroom, and the establishment was complete.
The central room was provided with one meal-stained table and two
dissolute-looking chairs of the kind found in a servant’s attic. The
walls were bare save for certain glutinous splashes where insects had
been squashed by the slipper of some tormented guest. The place smelt
of grease and paraffin, toned by a faint suggestion of that unclean
aromatic odour which clings to Indian dwellings. The bedrooms were
alike—square chambers with cement floors, plain as an empty water-tank.
An inventory of their respective contents was completed by the
following items—one low bedstead void of bedding, one chair, one table
with traces of varnish in places and one looking-glass in a state of
desquamation. To these may be added one window and two doors. One door
led into the common room, the other into a cemented bathroom containing
a battered tin bath, skinned even of its paint.

We each of us had an Indian servant or bearer who, with mechanical
melancholy, made the toilet table pretentious by placing upon it the
entire contents of our respective dressing bags.

After dinner, of a sort, we sat on the penitential chairs and smoked,
leaning our elbows on the table for our greater comfort. The doctor
was eloquent upon his medical experiences in the district, upon his
conflicts with pessimistic patients and his struggles with fanaticism
and ignorance. The average sick man, he told me, had more confidence in
a dried frog suspended from the neck in a bag than in the whole British
Pharmacopœia. Most of his narratives have passed out of my memory, but
one incident I had reason to remember.

It concerned a native from the adjacent village who was working as a
stone-mason and whose eye was pierced by a minute splinter of stone.
As a result the eye became inflamed and sightless, save that the man
retained in the damaged organ an appreciation of light. As bearing
upon the case and its sequel I must explain the circumstances of
“sympathetic ophthalmia.” When an eye is damaged as this was, and
inflammation ensues, it is not uncommon for the mischief to spread
to the sound globe and destroy that also. In order to prevent such a
catastrophe it is necessary to remove the injured and useless eye as
promptly as possible. That was the uniform practice in my time. The
operation in question was urged upon the native an order to prevent
sympathetic ophthalmia in the sound eye, but he declined it, preferring
to consult a magician who lived a day’s journey from the village. The
consultation took place and the man returned to the local dispensary;
for although he still had good vision in the sound eye it was beginning
to trouble him.

The surgeon considered that the operation was now probably too late;
but he yet urged it upon the ground that there was some prospect of
success, while, on the other hand, failure could make the patient’s
condition no more desperate. The man, persuaded against his will, at
last consented, and the useless eyeball was removed. Unfortunately the
operation _was_ too late; the sound eye became involved beyond recovery
and the miserable native found himself totally blind. He ignorantly
ascribed his loss of sight to the operation.

Before my friend left the station the man was brought into his room
for the last time, and when it was explained to him that he was in the
doctor’s presence he threw his arms aloft and, shrieking aloud, cursed
the man of healing with a vehemence which should have brought down fire
from heaven. He called upon every deity in the Indian mythology to pour
torments upon this maimer of men, to blast his home and annihilate his
family root and branch. He blackened the sky with curses because the
darkness which engulfed him prevented him from tearing out with his
nails the eyes of this murderous Englishman. Foaming and screaming,
and almost voiceless from the violence of his speech, he was led away
to stumble about his village, where for weeks he rent the air with his
awful imprecations. Whether the poor man was now alive or dead the
doctor could not say, for he had heard no more of him.

In due course we agreed that the time had come to go to bed. The doctor
said that he always occupied the right-hand bedroom when he came to the
bungalow, but as it was found that my servant had deposited my bedding
and effects in this particular sepulchre, he retired to the chamber
across the hall.

I did not look forward to a night in this so-called “Rest House.” The
bedroom was as comfortless as a prison cell and as desolate as the
one sound room in a ruin. There was some comfort in contemplating the
familiar articles displayed on the dressing-table, yet they looked
curiously out of place.

I locked the door leading to the common room, but found that the door
to the bathroom had no lock; while there was merely a bolt to the
outer door that led from the bathroom into the open. This bolt I shot,
but left the intermediate door ajar, feeling that I should like to
assure myself from time to time that the far room was empty. There
was one small paraffin lamp provided, but the glass shade of it had
been broken, so that it was only when the wick was very low that it
would burn without smoking. By the glimmer of this malodorous flame I
undressed and, blowing it out, got into bed.

The place was as black as a pit, as stifling and as silent. I lay awake
a long time, for the stillness was oppressive. I found myself listening
to it. It seemed to be made up of some faint, far-off sounds of
mysterious import of which I imagined I could catch the rhythm. It was
possible to believe that these half-imagined pulsations were produced
by the rush of the earth through space, and that the stillness of the
night made them audible.

I went to sleep in time and slept—as I afterwards discovered—for some
hours, when I was aroused by a noise in the room. I was wideawake in
an instant, with my head raised off the pillow, listening rigidly for
the sound that I must have heard in my sleep. The place was in solid
darkness. I felt that there was something alive in the room, something
that moved.

At last the sound came again. It was the pattering of the feet of some
animal. The creature was coming towards the bed. I could hear others
moving along the floor, always from the bathroom, until the place
seemed to be alive with invisible creatures. Such is the effect of
imagination that I conceived these unknown animals to be about the size
of retrievers. I wondered if their heads would reach the level of the
couch, until I was relieved to hear that many were now running about
under the bed. I resolved to shout at them but fancied that the noise
of my own voice would be as unpleasant to hear as the voice of another
and unknown human being in the room.

I noticed now a faint odour of musk, and was glad to think that these
pattering feet belonged to musk-rats, and that these animals must
have entered through the drain hole I had observed in the outer wall
of the bathroom. I dislike rats, and especially rats in a bedroom.
This prejudice was not made less when I felt that some of them were
climbing up on to the bed. I was certain I could hear one crawling over
my clothes which lay on the chair by the bedside. I was certain that
others were searching about on the dressing-table, and recognized—or
thought I did—the clatter of a shoe-horn that lay there. I recalled
stories in which men had been attacked by hordes of rats, and I
wondered when they would attack me, for, by this time, the whole room
seemed to be full of rats, and I could picture legions swarming in from
the plain outside in a long snake-like column.

In a while I was sure that a rat was on the pillow close to my head. My
hair seemed to be flicked by the whiskers of one of these fœtid brutes.
This was more than I could tolerate, so I sprang up in bed and shouted.
There was a general scuttle for the far door; but it was some time
before I ventured to pass my hand over the pillow to assure myself that
a rat was not still there.

I had a mind to get out of bed and light the lamp; but to do this
seemed to be like taking a step into a black pit. I lay down again.
For a while all was quiet. Then came once more the pattering of feet
from the direction of the bathroom, the sickly odour of musk and a
conviction that at least a hundred rats were pouring into the room.
They crept up to the bed and ran about beneath it with increasing
boldness. I was meditating another shout when there came a sound in
the room that made every vein in my body tingle. It arose from under
the bed, a hollow scraping sound which I felt sure was due to the
movement of a human being. I thought it was caused by the scraping of a
belt buckle on the cement floor, the belt being worn by a man who was
crawling on his stomach. I disliked this sound more than the rats.

At this moment, to add to my discomfort, I felt a rat crawling across
my bare foot, a beast with small, cold paws and hot fur. I kicked it
off so that it fell with a thud on the floor. I shouted again and,
driven to desperation, jumped out of bed. I half expected to tread
on a mass of rats, but felt the hard floor instead. I went to the
dressing-table and struck a light. The place was empty, but I could not
see under the bed. The match went out and in the blackness I expected
some fresh surprise to develop. I managed to strike another match and
to light the lamp.

I placed it on the floor and looked under the bed. What I saw there I
took at first to be a piece of a human skull. I got a stick and touched
it. It seemed lighter than a dried bone. I dragged it out into the
room. It was a cake of unleavened bread, much used by the natives—dried
up into a large curled chip. The rats had been dragging this away
and had so produced the scraping sound which I had exaggerated into
something sinister.

Having convinced myself that the room was empty I blocked up the
drain hole in the outer wall by placing the bath in front of it and,
feeling secure from any further disturbance, returned to bed, leaving
the lamp alight on the table.

For a long time I kept awake, watching every now and then the bathroom
door to satisfy myself that I had succeeded in keeping the beastly
animals out. During this vigil I fell asleep and then at once embarked
upon a dream, the vividness and reality of which were certainly
remarkable.

The most convincing feature was this. The dream, without a break,
continued the happenings of the night. The scene was this identical
bedroom at this identical moment. The dream, as it were, took up the
story from the moment that I lost it. Owing to my close scrutiny every
detail of the vile chamber had already become as clearly impressed upon
my brain as if it had been fixed by a photographic plate. I had not—in
my dream—fallen asleep again, but was still wideawake and still keeping
a watch over the bathroom door for the incoming of the rats.

The bathroom door was just ajar, but the very faint glimmer of the lamp
did not enable me to penetrate the darkness that filled it. I kept my
eye fixed on the entry when, in a moment, to my horror, the door began
to open. The sight was terrifying in the extreme. My heart was thumping
to such a degree that I thought its beats must be audible. I felt a
deadly sinking in my stomach, while the skin of my back and neck seemed
to be wrinkling and to be dragged up as might be a shirt a man is
drawing over his head. There is no panic like the panic felt in a dream.

A brown hand appeared on the edge of the door. It was almost a relief
to see that it was a human hand. The door was then opened to its
utmost. Out of the dark there crept a middle-aged man, a native, lean
and sinewy, without a vestige of clothing on his body. His skin shone
in the uncertain light, and it was evident that his body, from head
to foot, was smeared with oil. The most noticeable point about the man
was that he was blind. His eyelids were closed, but the sockets of his
eyes were sunken as are those of a corpse. With his left hand he felt
for the wall, while in his right hand he carried a small stone-mason’s
pick. His face was expressionless. This was the most terrible thing
about it, for his face was as the face of the dead. He crept into the
room as Death himself might creep into the chamber of the dying.

I realized at once in my dream that this was the native about whom my
friend had been speaking before we had retired for the night. This man
had heard of the doctor’s arrival, would know my room as the one he
usually occupied, and had now come there to murder him.

I was so fascinated by the sight of this unhuman creature moving
towards me that I could not stir a muscle. I was raised up in bed, and
was leaning on one elbow like an image on a tomb. I was so filled with
the sense of a final calamity that I felt I had ceased to breathe.
There were, indeed, such a clutching at my throat and such a bursting
at my heart that the act of breathing seemed wellnigh impossible. Had
I been awake I should, without doubt, have shouted at the uncanny
intruder and attacked him, but in the dream I was unable to stir, and
the longer I remained motionless the more impossible did it appear that
I could move. My limbs might have been turned into stone.

The figure crept on, feeling his way by the wall. There was a sense
of an oncoming, irresistible fate. Every time that a horrible bare
foot was lifted, advanced and brought to the ground I felt that I was
one step nearer to the end. The figure seemed to grow larger as it
approached me. The hand, with outstretched fingers, that groped its
way along the wall was like a claw. I could hear the breathing of the
creature, the breath being drawn in between the closed teeth. I could
see the muscles of the arm that held the pick contract and relax. There
was now in the air the loathsome smell of the unclean native mixed with
the odour of oil.

One more step and he was so near that I could see the faint light
glimmer on his teeth and could notice that they were dry. The
outstretched, claw-like hand that felt its way along the wall was now
nearly over my head. In another moment that awful pick would crash into
my skull or plunge into my neck. I bowed my head instinctively so that
I should not see the blow coming, and at the same time I thought it
would be less terrible if the iron were driven into my back rather than
into my head or face.

The evil creature was now close to the bed. The extended arm was
clawing along the wall above my pillow, for I had now shrunken as
low as I could. With my head bent I could now see nothing of the man
but his wizened thigh, upon which the muscles rose and fell. A bony
knee-cap was advanced slowly, and then I saw a shadow move on the
floor. This I felt was the shadow of the arm with the pick raised to
strike.

I was mesmerized as would be a rabbit in a corner within a foot of
a snake. Suddenly the lamp flame gave a little crackle. The sound,
breaking the silence, was intensified into an explosion. It seemed to
call me to my senses. With one maddened half-conscious effort I rolled
gently off the bed, away from the pursuer, and slipped, between the
couch and the wall, on to the floor.

I made little noise in doing this, for my body was uncovered, the bed
was very low, and the space between it and the wall so narrow that I
was let slowly down to the ground. To the blind man I may merely have
turned in bed.

As I lay there on the floor I could see the two sinewy feet close to
the couch and could hear the awful hand moving stealthily over the very
pillow. I next knew that he was bending over the couch to find what
was between the bed and the wall. Turning my head, I saw a shadowy
hand descend on the far side of the bed, the fingers extended as if
feeling the air. In a moment he would reach me. His hand moved to and
fro like the head of a cobra, while I felt that with a touch of his
tentacle-like fingers I should die. The climax of the dream was reached.

I was now well under the bed. In a paroxysm of despair I seized the two
skinny ankles and jerked them towards me, at the same moment lifting
the frail bed bodily with my back so that it turned over on its side
away from the wall. The wretch’s feet being suddenly drawn away from
him, he fell heavily backwards upon the bare floor, his head striking
the stone with a hollow sound. The edge of the bedstead lay across him.
The feet, which I still held, were nerveless, and he made no movement
to withdraw them. I crept back clear of the bed and, jumping upright
against the wall, bolted through the bathroom and out into the plain. I
had a glimpse of the man as I went by. He was motionless and his mouth
hung open.

I ran some way from the bungalow before I stopped. I was like a man
saved from the scaffold as the very axe was about to drop. There was a
gentle air blowing, cool and kindly. Above was a sky of stars, while in
the east the faint light of the dawn was appearing behind the Indian
village.

For a moment or two I watched the door leading from the bathroom,
expecting to see the man with the pick creep out, but the anticipation
of the sight was so dread that I turned away and walked to the other
side of the bungalow. Here my greatest joy was merely to breathe, for I
seemed to have been for hours in a suffocating pit.

The relief did not last for long. I was seized with another panic. Had
I killed the man? I felt compelled to return to the abhorred room and
learn the worst. I approached it with trembling. So curious are the
details of a dream that I found—as I expected—the bolt on the outer
door wrenched off and hanging by a nail. I stepped into the disgusting
place, full of anxiety as to what further horror I had to endure. The
little lamp was still alight. The bedstead was on its edge as I left
it, but the man was gone. There was a small patch of blood where his
head had struck the floor, but that was the sole relic of the tragedy.

I awoke feeling exhausted, alarmed and very cold. I looked at once
at the floor for the patch of blood, and, seeing nothing, realized,
to my extreme relief, that I had been merely dreaming. It was almost
impossible to believe that the events of the latter part of the night,
after the departure of the rats, had not been real. At breakfast I
retailed to my companion the very vivid and dramatic nightmare in which
I had taken part. At the end he expressed regret for the mistake the
servants had made in allotting us our rooms overnight, but I am not
sure that that regret was perfectly sincere.



                                  IX

                          IN ARTICULO MORTIS


The recent work on “Death and its Mystery,”[2] by Camille Flammarion,
the eminent astronomer, cannot fail to be of supreme interest. The
second volume of the series, entitled “At the Moment of Death,” will
more especially appeal to medical men, and it is with this volume and
with the reminiscences it has aroused that I am at present concerned.

About the act or process of dying there is no mystery. The pathologist
can explain precisely how death comes to pass, while the physiologist
can describe the exact physical and chemical processes that ensue when
a living thing ceases to live. Furthermore, he can demonstrate how the
material of the body is finally resolved into the elements from which
it was formed.

The mystery begins in the moment of death, and that mystery has
engaged the thoughts and imaginations of men since the dawn of human
existence. It was probably the first problem that presented itself
to the inquisitive and ingenious mind, and it may be that it will be
the last to occupy it. Beyond the barrier of death is “the undiscovered
country” where a kindly light falls upon Elysian Fields or happy
hunting grounds, or fills with splendour the streets of an eternal
city. To some, on the other hand, there is no such country but only
an impenetrable void, a blank, a mere ceasing to be. Certain who read
these works of the learned astronomer may perhaps feel that he has
thrown light upon the great mystery. Others may affirm that he leaves
that mystery still unillumined and wholly unsolved, while others again
may think that he makes the mystery still more mysterious and more
complex.

M. Flammarion deals with the manifestations of the dying, with agencies
set in action by the dying, and with events which attend upon the
moment of death. He affirms that in addition to the physical body there
is an astral body or “psychic element” which is “imponderable and
gifted with special, intrinsic faculties, capable of functioning apart
from the physical organism, and of manifesting itself at a distance.”

This leads to the theory of bilocation where the actual body (at the
point of death) may be in one place and the astral body in another.
It is this power of bilocation which explains the phantasms and
apparitions of which the book gives many detailed records. These
apparitions may be objective—that is to say, may be visible to several
people at the same time—or they may be subjective or capable of being
perceived only by the subject or seer. “These apparitions,” the author
states, “are projections emanating from the soul of the dying.” They
are astral bodies detached for the moment from the physical body of
which they are part. “It is,” the author continues, “at the hour of
death that transmissions of images and of sensations are most frequent”
(p. 108).

These phantasms appear, either in dreams or in broad daylight, to the
friends of dying persons. They may announce in words, “I am dying,”
or “I am dead.” They may merely appear with signs upon their faces of
alarm or of impending dissolution. They may appear as bodies lying dead
upon a couch or in a coffin. They may predict the hour of their death,
but more usually their appearance coincides with the exact moment at
which their physical bodies ceased to exist.

M. Flammarion gives numerous instances of these apparitions seen under
such varying circumstances as have been named. In certain examples the
phantom appears to have substance and to be capable of making its
presence actually felt. Thus in one case the subject saw the apparition
of her sister who was dying in a place far away, and at the same time
“felt a hand brush lightly against the sheets.” The subject, when
questioned, said: “No, no, it wasn’t a dream! I heard her steps; they
made the floor creak. I’m sure of it; I wasn’t dreaming; she came; I
saw her” (p. 345).

It may be further noted that persons who announce their deaths to
others by visions or by spoken words may at the time of such warning
be in perfect health. Moreover, the apparition may announce to the
dreamer the exact date of the speaker’s own death many days in advance.
In one such instance a man—then in sound health—appeared to a friend
in a dream on August 2 and informed him that he (the subject of the
apparition) would die on August 15. The event happened as foretold.
An instance which involved an interval of years is recorded by Robert
Browning the poet. Seven years after his wife’s death she appeared in
a dream to her sister, Miss Arabel Barrett. Miss Barrett asked the
apparition, “When will the day come on which we shall be reunited?” The
dead woman answered, “My dear, in five years.” Five years, lacking a
month, after this vision, Miss Barrett died of heart disease.

In messages or warnings from the dying M. Flammarion affirms that
telepathy (or the transmission of thought to a distance) plays an
important part. More than this, he says: “It is beyond doubt that at
the moment of death a subtle shock, unknown in its nature, at times
affects those at a distance who are connected with the dying person in
some way. This connexion is not always that of sympathy.” The method
in which telepathy acts is explained by the author in the following
words: “It is admitted that a kind of radiation emanates from the
dying person’s brain, from his spirit, still in his body, and is
dispersed into space in ether waves—successive, spherical waves, like
those of sound in the atmosphere. When this wave, this emanation, this
effluvium, comes into contact with a brain attuned to receive it, as
in the case of a wireless-telegraph apparatus, the brain comprehends
it—feels, hears, sees” (p. 284).

The manifestations produced by these passages between the living and
those who are on the point of death are very varied. They may take the
form of warnings, predictions or notifications of death. They may be
conveyed vast distances and are usually received at the very moment
at which the body from which they emanate ceases to be. Warnings or
announcements may be conveyed by voices or by visions of various kinds.
The voices may be recognized as those of the dying, or the actual death
scene, “visioned from a distance,” may be presented complete in every
detail. Some of the manifestations may take a physical form, such as
knockings upon doors and windows, the sound of footsteps or of gliding
feet, the moving of articles of furniture, the falling of portraits
from the wall, the opening of doors, the passage of a gust of wind.

Many of the phenomena appear to me to be hardly worthy of being
recorded. As illustrations I may quote the movement of a hat on a
hat peg used by the deceased, the violent shaking of an iron fender
to announce a daughter’s death, the fact that about the time of a
relative’s decease a table became “split completely along its whole
length,” while on another like occasion a gas jet went out in a room in
which a party was sitting, playing cards.

The following circumstance will not commend itself to the reasonable as
one that was dependent upon a supernatural agency. “My grandmother,”
a student writes, “died in 1913. At the hour of her death the clock
which hung in her room stopped, and no one could make it go again. Some
years afterwards her son died, and the very day of his death the clock
again began to go without anyone having touched it.” “It is strange,”
comments M. Flammarion, “that the spirit of someone dying or dead
should be able to stop a clock or start it again.” Assuredly it is more
than strange. The same comment might apply to the following testimony
provided by a gardener in Lunéville. “A friend, when one day cleaning
vegetables, seated in a chair, was struck on the knee by a turnip which
was on the ground, and heard at the same instant two cries: ‘Mother!
Mother!’ That same day her son, a soldier, was dying in our colony of
Guiana; she did not hear of his death until very much later.”

M. Flammarion’s work is probably the most orderly, temperate and exact
that has appeared on the subject of death from the point of view of the
spiritualist. It has been the work of many years and its conclusions
are based upon hundreds of reports, letters and declarations collected
by the writer. To many readers the book will, no doubt, be convincing
and inspiring, while possibly to a larger number of people the author’s
position will appear to be untenable, and much of the evidence upon
which his conclusions are based to be either incredible or impossible.
With those who may hold this latter opinion I am entirely in accord.

Many of the so-called manifestations, such as the spirit visitants,
the visions and the voices, can be as fitly claimed to be illusions
and hallucinations as affirmed to be due to the action of the psychic
element or astral body. The tricks of the senses are innumerable.
The imagination, stimulated and intensified, can effect strange
things in sensitive subjects; while, on the other hand, the powers
of self-deception are almost beyond belief, as the experience of any
physician will attest. Belief in the supernatural and the miraculous
has a fascination for many minds, and especially for minds of not
too stable an order. Such persons seem to prefer a transcendental
explanation to one that is commonplace. Apparitions are not apt to
appear to those who are healthy both in body and in mind. Dreams, it
will be admitted by all, are more often due to indigestion than to a
supernatural or a spiritual agency. Voices are heard and non-existing
things are seen by those whose minds are deranged, and it must be
allowed that not a few of the men and women upon whose evidence M.
Flammarion depends exhibit a degree of emotional excitement or
exaltation which borders on the abnormal.

I think, moreover, it would not be unjust to suggest that certain of
the narratives are exaggerated and that an element of invention is
possible and, indeed, probable in many of them. There is an impression
also that some of the circumstances detailed have been misinterpreted
or misapplied or have been modified by events which have followed
later and to which they have been adapted as an afterthought. Above
all I am reluctant to believe that the dying, in the solemn and
supreme moment of passing away from the earth, can be occupied by the
trivialities—and, indeed, I would say by the paltry tricks—which are
accredited to their action in this book.

It is only fair to point out that the volume now discussed is written
by an eminent man of science who has been trained all his life in
methods of precision, in the judicial examination of reported facts
and in the close scrutiny of evidence. Further it may be said that the
terms “incredible” and “impossible” would have been applied a few years
ago to any account of the telephone or of wireless telegraphy, while
the same expressions would assuredly be employed by a medical man when
told, not so long since, that there was a ray capable of making a
human body so transparent as to render visible not only the bones but
the details of their internal construction.

In common with others who have been for many years on the staff of a
large hospital, I have seen much of death and have heard even more from
those who have been in attendance on the dying. In this experience of
a lifetime I have never met with a single circumstance which would
confirm or support the propositions advanced by M. Flammarion. This is
obviously no argument. It is merely a record of negative experience.
The only two events, within my personal knowledge, which bear even
remotely upon the present subject are the following.

I was, as a youth, on a walking tour in the south of England with
a cousin. We put up one night at a certain inn. In the morning my
companion came down to breakfast much excited and perturbed. He
declared that his father was dead, that in a vivid dream he had seen
him stretched out dead upon the couch in his familiar bedroom at home.
He had awakened suddenly and noted that the hour was 2 A.M. That his
father had expired at that moment he was assured, so assured that he
proposed to return home at once, since his mother was alone. Inasmuch
as the journey would have occupied a whole day, I suggested that,
before starting, he should telegraph and seek news of his father.
With great reluctance he consented to this course and the telegram
was dispatched. A reply was received in due course. It was from the
father himself expressing surprise at the inquiry and stating that he
was never better in his life. Nothing, it transpired, had disturbed
the father’s rest at 2 A.M. on this particular night. Nothing untoward
happened. My uncle lived for many years, and finally died one
afternoon, and not, therefore, at 2 A.M.

The other incident is associated with an actual death and with a
strange announcement, but the announcement is not to be explained by
any of the theories propounded by M. Flammarion. The facts are these.
I was on a steamship which was making a passage along that coast known
in old days as the Spanish Main. We put in at Colon, and remained
there for about a day and a half. I took advantage of this break in
the voyage to cross the Isthmus by train to Panama. The names of those
who were travelling by the train had been telegraphed to that city,
which will explain how it came about that on reaching the station I was
accosted by one of the medical officers of the famous American hospital
of the place. He begged me to see with him a patient under his care.
The sick man was an Englishman who was travelling for pleasure, who was
quite alone and who had been taken ill shortly after his arrival on
the Pacific. He was the only Englishman, he said, on that side of the
Isthmus.

I found the gentleman in a private ward. He was a stranger to me, was
very gravely ill, but still perfectly conscious. I had nothing fresh
to suggest in the way of treatment. The case was obviously hopeless,
and we agreed that his life could not be extended beyond a few days
and certainly not for a week. It was a satisfaction to feel that the
patient was as well cared for as if he had been in his own home in
England. I returned to Colon. Travelling with me was a retired general
of the Indian Army. He had remained at Colon during my absence. I told
him my experience. He did not know the patient even by name, but was
much distressed at the thought of a fellow-countryman dying alone in
this somewhat remote part of the world. This idea, I noticed, impressed
him greatly.

Two days after my return from Panama we were on the high seas, having
touched at no port since leaving Colon. On the third day after my
visit to the hospital the general made a curious communication to me.
The hour for lunch on the steamer was 12.15. My friend, as he sat
down to the table, said abruptly, “Your patient at Panama is dead.
He has just died. He died at 12 o’clock.” I naturally asked how he
had acquired this knowledge, since we had called nowhere, there was
no wireless installation on the ship, and we had received no message
from any passing vessel. Apart from all this was the question of time,
for the death, he maintained, had only just occurred. He replied, “I
cannot say. I was not even thinking of the poor man. I only know that
as the ship’s bell was striking twelve I was suddenly aware that he
had, at that moment, died.” The general, I may say, was a man of sturdy
common sense who had no belief in the supernatural, nor in emanations
from the dying, nor in warnings, nor in what he called generally “all
that nonsense.” Telepathy—in which also he did not believe—was out of
the question, since he and the dead man were entirely unknown to one
another. My friend was merely aware that the news had reached him. It
was useless for me to say that I did not think the patient could have
died so soon, for the general remained unmoved. He only knew that the
man was dead whether I expected the event or whether I did not.

When we reached Trinidad I proposed to go ashore to ascertain if any
news had arrived of the death at Panama. The general said it was
waste of time. The man was dead, and had died at noon. Nevertheless,
I landed and found that a telegram had appeared in which the death of
this lonely gentleman was noted as having taken place on the day I
have named. The hour of his death was not mentioned, but on my return
to England I was shown by his relatives the actual cablegram which had
conveyed to them the news. It stated that he had died at Panama on that
particular day at twelve o’clock noon. No coincidence could have been
more precise.

The general, to whom the event was as mysterious as it was unique
in his experience, ventured one comment. He said that during his
long residence in India he had heard rumours of the transmission of
news from natives in one part of India to natives in another, which
reports—if true—could not be explained by the feats of runners nor by
any system of signalling, since the distances traversed were often
hundreds of miles. We were both aware of the rumour, current at the
time, that the news of the defeat at Colenso was known in a certain
Indian bazaar a few hours after the guns had ceased firing. This,
we agreed, was assuredly an example of loose babble—started by a
native who hoped to hear of the failure of the British—and that this
gossip had become, by repetition, converted into a prophecy after the
occurrence.

For my own part I must regard the Panama incident as nothing but a
remarkable coincidence of thought and event. My friend was inclined to
regard it as an example of the sudden transmission of news of the kind
suggested by his Indian experience. Why he of all people should have
been the recipient of the message was beyond his speculation, since he
had no more concern with the happenings at Panama than had the captain
of the ship, to whom I had also spoken of the occurrence.

A further subject of some interest, suggested by M. Flammarion’s work,
may be touched upon. In the contemplation of the mystery of death it
may be reasonable to conjecture that at the moment of dying, or in the
first moment after death, the great secret would be, in whole or in
part, revealed. There are those who believe that after death there is
merely the void of nonexistence, the impenetrable and eternal night
of nothingness. Others conceive the spirit of the dead as wandering,
somewhere and somehow, beyond the limits of the world. It is this
belief which has induced many a mother, after the death of her child,
to leave the cottage door open and to put a light in the window with
some hope that the wandering feet might find a way home. Others, again,
hold to the conviction that those who die pass at once into a new state
of existence, the conditions of which vary according to the faith of
the believer.

In the face of the great mystery it would be thought that those who
have returned to life after having been, for an appreciable time,
apparently dead might have gained some insight into the unknown that
lies beyond. Cases of such recovery are not uncommon, and not a few
must have come within the experience of most medical men of large
practice. I have watched certain of such cases with much interest.
Among them the most pronounced example of apparent lifelessness was
afforded by the following occasion.

A middle-aged man, in good general health, was brought into the theatre
of the London Hospital to undergo an operation of a moderate degree
of severity. The administration of an anæsthetic was commenced, but
long before the moment for operating arrived the man collapsed and
appeared to be dead. His pulse had stopped, or at least no pulse could
be detected, the heartbeat could not be felt, he had ceased to breathe,
all traces of sensation had vanished, and his countenance was the
countenance of the dead. Artificial respiration was at once employed,
injections of various kinds were given, electricity was made extended
use of, while the heat of the body was maintained by hot bottles
liberally disposed.

The man remained without evidence of life for a period so long that
it seemed to be impossible that he could be other than dead. In the
intense anxiety that prevailed, and in the excitement aroused, I have
no doubt that this period of time was exaggerated and that seconds
might have been counted as minutes; but it represented, in my own
experience, the longest stretch of time during which a patient has
remained apparently without life. Feeble indications of respiration
returned and a flutter at the wrist could again be felt, but it was
long before the man was well enough to be moved back to the ward, the
operation having been, of course, abandoned.

I determined to watch the recovery of consciousness in this instance,
for here was a man who had been so far dead that, for a period almost
incredible to believe, he had been without the signs and evidences of
life. If life be indicated by certain manifestations, he had ceased to
live. He was, without question, apparently dead. It seemed to me that
this man must have penetrated so far into the Valley of the Shadow of
Death that he should have seen something of what was beyond, some part,
at least, of the way, some trace of a path, some sight of a country.
The door that separates life from death was in his case surely opening.
Had he no glimpse as it stood ajar?

He became conscious very slowly. He looked at me, but I evidently
conveyed no meaning to his mind. He seemed gradually to take in the
details of the ward, and at last his eye fell upon the nurse. He
recognized her, and after some little time said, with a smile, “Nurse,
you never told me what you heard at the music hall last night.” I
questioned him later as to any experience he may have had while in the
operating theatre. He replied that, except for the first unpleasantness
of breathing chloroform, he remembered nothing. He had dreamed nothing.

At a recent meeting (1922) of the British Medical Association at
Glasgow Sir William MacEwen reports an even more remarkable case of
a man who was brought into the hospital as “dead.” He had ceased to
breathe before admission. An operation upon the brain was performed
without the use of an anæsthetic of any kind. During the procedure
artificial respiration was maintained. The man recovered consciousness
and, looking round with amazement at the operating theatre and
the strange gathering of surgeons, dressers and nurses, broke his
death-like silence by exclaiming, “What’s all this fuss about?” It is
evident from cases such as these that no light upon the mystery is
likely to be shed by the testimony of those who have even advanced so
far as to reach at least the borderland of the “undiscovered country.”

I might conclude this fragment with some comment on the Fear of
Death. The dread of death is an instinct common to all humanity. Its
counterpart is the instinct of self-preservation, the resolve to live.
It is not concerned with the question of physical pain or distress,
but is the fear of extinction, a dread of leaving the world, with its
loves, its friendships and its cherished individual affairs, with
perhaps hopes unrealized and projects incomplete. It is a dread of
which the young know little. To them life is eternal.

The adventure is before them. Death and old age are as far away as the
blue haze of the horizon. It is about middle age that the realization
dawns upon men that life does not last for ever and that things must
come to an end. As the past grows vaster and more distant and the
future lessens to a mere span, the dread of death diminishes, so that
in extreme old age it may be actually welcomed.

Quite apart from this natural and instinctive attitude of mind there is
with many a poignant fear of death itself, of the actual act of dying
and of the terror and suffering that may be thereby involved. This
fear is ill-founded. The last moments of life are more distressing to
witness than to endure. What is termed “the agony of death” concerns
the watcher by the bedside rather than the being who is the subject
of pity. A last illness may be long, wearisome and painful, but the
closing moments of it are, as a rule, free from suffering. There may
appear to be a terrible struggle at the end, but of this struggle the
subject is unconscious. It is the onlooker who bears the misery of it.
To the subject there is merely a moment—

    “When something like a white wave of the sea
     Breaks o’er the brain and buries us in sleep.”

Death is often sudden, may often come during sleep, or may approach so
gradually as to be almost unperceived. Those who resent the drawbacks
of old age may take some consolation from the fact that the longer a
man lives the easier he dies.

A medical friend of mine had among his patients a very old couple who,
having few remaining interests in the world, had taken up the study
and arrangement of their health as a kind of hobby or diversion. To
them the subject was like a game of “Patience,” and was treated in
somewhat the same way. They had made an arrangement with the doctor
that he should look in and see them every morning. He would find them,
in the winter, in a cosy, old-fashioned room, sitting round the fire in
two spacious arm-chairs which were precisely alike and were precisely
placed, one on the right hand and one on the left. The old lady, with a
bright ribbon in her lace cap and a shawl around her shoulders, would
generally have some knitting on her knees, while the old gentleman, in
a black biretta, would be fumbling with a newspaper and a pair of horn
spectacles.

The doctor’s conversation every morning was, of necessity, monotonous.
He would listen to accounts of the food consumed, of the medicine taken
and of the quantity of sleep secured, just as he would listen to the
details of a game of “Patience.” Now and then there would be some
startling “move,” some such adventure as a walk to the garden gate or
the bold act of sitting for an hour at the open window. After having
received this report he would compliment the lady on her knitting and
on the singing of her canary and would discuss with the gentleman such
items of news as he had read in the paper.

On one morning visit he found them as usual. The wife was asleep, with
her spectacles still in place and her hands folded over her knitting.
The canary was full of song. The midday beef tea was warming on the
hob. The old gentleman, having dealt with his health, became very
heated on the subject of certain grievances, such as the noise of the
church bells and the unseemly sounds which issued from the village
inn. He characterized these and like disturbances of the peace as
“outrages which were a disgrace to the country.” After he had made his
denunciation he said he felt better.

“Your wife, I see, is asleep,” said the doctor. “Yes,” replied the
old man; “she has been asleep, I am glad to say, for quite two hours,
because the poor dear had a bad night last night.” The doctor crossed
the room to look at the old lady. She was dead, and had, indeed, been
dead for two hours. Such may be the last moments of the very old.

Quite commonly the actual instant of death is preceded, for hours
or days, by total unconsciousness. In other instances a state of
semi-consciousness may exist up to almost the last moment of life. It
is a dreamy condition, free of all anxiety, a state of twilight when
the familiar landscape of the world is becoming very indistinct. In
this penumbra friends are recognized, automatic acts are performed,
and remarks are uttered which show, or seem to show, both purpose and
reason. It is, however, so hazy a mental mood that could the individual
return to life again no recollection of the period would, I think,
survive. It is a condition not only free from uneasiness and from any
suspicion of alarm, but is one suggestive even of content.

I was with a friend of mine—a solicitor—at the moment of his death.
Although pulseless and rapidly sinking, he was conscious, and in
the quite happy condition just described. I suggested that I should
rearrange his pillows and put him in a more comfortable position. He
replied, “Don’t trouble, my dear fellow; a lawyer is comfortable in any
position.” After that he never spoke again.

In connexion with this semi-somnolent state it is interesting to note
how certain traits of character which have been dominant during life
may still survive and assert themselves—it may be automatically—in
those whose general consciousness is fading away in the haze of death.
The persistence of this ruling passion or phase of mind was illustrated
during the last moments of an eminent literary man at whose death-bed
I was present. This friend of mine had attained a position of great
prominence as a journalist. He had commenced his career as a reporter,
and the reporter’s spirit never ceased to mark the intellectual
activities of his later life. He was always seeking for information,
for news, for some matter of interest, something to report. His
conversation, as one acquaintance said, consisted largely of questions.
He always wanted to know. When he was _in extremis_, but still capable
of recognizing those around him, the dire sound of rattling in his
throat commenced. He indicated that he wanted to speak to me. I went to
his bedside. He said, in what little voice remained, “Tell me: Is that
the death rattle?” I replied that it was. “Thank you,” he said, with a
faint shadow of a smile; “I thought so.”



                                   X

                      THE IDOL WITH HANDS OF CLAY


The good surgeon is born, not made. He is a complex product in any
case, and often something of a prodigy. His qualities cannot be
expressed by diplomas nor appraised by university degrees. It may be
possible to ascertain what he knows, but no examination can elicit what
he can do. He must know the human body as a forester knows his wood;
must know it even better than he, must know the roots and branches of
every tree, the source and wanderings of every rivulet, the banks of
every alley, the flowers of every glade. As a surgeon, moreover, he
must be learned in the moods and troubles of the wood, must know of
the wild winds that may rend it, of the savage things that lurk in
its secret haunts, of the strangling creepers that may throttle its
sturdiest growth, of the rot and mould that may make dust of its very
heart. As an operator, moreover, he must be a deft handicraftsman and a
master of touch.

He may have all these acquirements and yet be found wanting; just as
a man may succeed when shooting at a target, but fail when faced by
a charging lion. He may be a clever manipulator and yet be mentally
clumsy. He may even be brilliant, but Heaven help the poor soul who has
to be operated upon by a brilliant surgeon. Brilliancy is out of place
in surgery. It is pleasing in the juggler who plays with knives in the
air, but it causes anxiety in an operating theatre.

The surgeon’s hands must be delicate, but they must also be strong. He
needs a lace-maker’s fingers and a seaman’s grip. He must have courage,
be quick to think and prompt to act, be sure of himself and captain of
the venture he commands. The surgeon has often to fight for another’s
life. I conceive of him then not as a massive Hercules wrestling
ponderously with Death for the body of Alcestis, but as a nimble man in
doublet and hose who, over a prostrate form, fights Death with a rapier.

These reflections were the outcome of an incident which had set me
thinking of the equipment of a surgeon and of what is needed to fit
him for his work. The episode concerned a young medical man who had
started practice in a humble country town. His student career had been
meritorious and indeed distinguished. He had obtained an entrance
scholarship at his medical school, had collected many laudatory
certificates, had been awarded a gold medal and had become a Fellow of
the Royal College of Surgeons. His inclination was towards surgery.
He considered surgery to be his _métier_. Although circumstances had
condemned him to the drab life of a family doctor in a little town, he
persisted that he was, first and foremost, a surgeon, and, indeed, on
his door-plate had inverted the usual wording and had described himself
as “surgeon and physician.” In his hospital days he had assisted
at many operations, but his opportunities of acting as a principal
had been few and insignificant. In a small practice in a small town
surgical opportunities are rare. There was in the place a cottage
hospital with six beds, but it was mostly occupied by medical cases, by
patients with rheumatism or pneumonia, by patients who had to submit to
the surgical indignity of being poulticed and of being treated by mere
physic. Cases worthy of a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons were
very few, and even these seldom soared in interest above an abscess or
a broken leg.

Just before the young doctor settled down to practise he married. It
was a very happy union. The bride was the daughter of a neighbouring
farmer. She had spent her life in the country, was more familiar with
the ways of fowls and ducks than with the ways of the world, while a
sunbonnet became her better than a Paris toque. She was as pretty as
the milkmaid of a pastoral picture with her pink-and-white complexion,
her laughing eyes and her rippled hair.

Her chief charm was her radiant delight in the mere joy of living.
The small world in which she moved was to her always in the sun, and
the sun was that of summer. There was no town so pretty as her little
town, and no house so perfect as “the doctor’s” in the High Street.
“The doctor’s” was a Georgian house with windows of many panes, with a
fanlight like a surprised eyebrow over the entry and a self-conscious
brass knocker on the door. The house was close to the pavement, from
which it was separated by a line of white posts connected by loops of
chain. Passers-by could look over the low green wooden blinds into
the dining-room and see the table covered with worn magazines, for
the room was intended to imitate a Harley Street waiting-room. They
could see also the bright things on the sideboard, the wedding-present
biscuit box, the gong hanging from two cow horns and the cup won at
some hospital sports. To the young wife there never was such a house,
nor such furniture, nor such ornaments, nor, as she went about with a
duster from room to room, could there be a greater joy than that of
keeping everything polished and bright.

Her most supreme adoration, however, was for her husband. He was so
handsome, so devoted, and so amazingly clever. His learning was beyond
the common grasp, and the depths of his knowledge unfathomable. When
a friend came in at night to smoke a pipe she would sit silent and
open-mouthed, lost in admiration of her husband’s dazzling intellect.
How glibly he would talk of metabolism and blood-pressure; how
marvellously he endowed common things with mystic significance when he
discoursed upon the value in calories of a pound of steak, or upon the
vitamines that enrich the common bean, or even the more common cabbage.
It seemed to her that behind the tiny world she knew there was a
mysterious universe with which her well-beloved was as familiar as was
she with the contents of her larder.

She was supremely happy and content, while her husband bestowed upon
her all the affection of which he was capable. He was naturally vain,
but her idolatry made him vainer. She considered him wonderful, and he
was beginning to think her estimate had some truth in it. She was so
proud of him that she rather wearied her friends by the tale of his
achievements. She pressed him to allow her to have his diploma and his
more florid certificates framed and hung up in the consulting room, but
he had said with chilling superiority that such things “were not done,”
so that she could only console herself by adoring the modesty of men of
genius.

One day this happy, ever-busy lady was seized with appendicitis.
She had had attacks in her youth, but they had passed away. This
attack, although not severe, was graver, and her husband determined,
quite wisely, that an operation was necessary. He proposed to ask a
well-known surgeon in a neighbouring city to undertake this measure.
He told his wife, of course, of his intention, but she would have none
of it. “No,” she said, “she would not be operated on by stuffy old Mr.
Heron.[3] He was no good. She could not bear him even to touch her. If
an operation was necessary no one should do it but her husband. He was
so clever, such a surgeon, and so up-to-date. Old Heron was a fossil
and behind the times. No! Her clever Jimmy should do it and no one
else. She could trust no one else. In his wonderful hands she would be
safe, and would be running about again in the garden in no time. What
was the use of a fine surgeon if his own wife was denied his precious
help!”

The husband made no attempt to resist her wish. He contemplated the
ordeal with dread, but was so influenced by her fervid flattery that he
concealed from her the fact that the prospect made him faint of heart
and that he had even asked himself: “Can I go through with it?”

He told me afterwards that his miserable vanity decided him. He
could not admit that he lacked either courage or competence. He saw,
moreover, the prospect of making an impression. The town people would
say: “Here is a surgeon so sure of himself that he carries out a grave
operation on his own wife without a tremor.” Then, again, his assistant
would be his fellow-practitioner in the town. How impressed he would be
by the operator’s skill, by his coolness, by the display of the latest
type of instrument, and generally by his very advanced methods. It was
true that it was the first major operation he had ever undertaken, but
he no longer hesitated. He must not imperil his wife’s faith in him
nor fail to realize her conception of his powers. As he said to me more
than once, it was his vanity that decided him.

He read up the details of the operation in every available manual he
possessed. It seemed to be a simple procedure. Undoubtedly in nine
cases out of ten it is a simple measure. His small experience, as an
onlooker, had been limited to the nine cases. He had never met with the
tenth. He hardly believed in it. The operation as he had watched it at
the hospital seemed so simple, but he forgot that the work of expert
hands does generally appear simple.

The elaborate preparations for the operation—made with anxious
fussiness and much clinking of steel—were duly completed. The lady
was brought into the room appointed for the operation and placed on
the table. She looked very young. Her hair, parted at the back, was
arranged in two long plaits, one on either side of her face, as if
she were a schoolgirl. She had insisted on a pink bow at the end of
each plait, pleading that they were cheerful. She smiled as she saw
her husband standing in the room looking very gaunt and solemn in
his operating dress—a garb of linen that made him appear half-monk,
half-mechanic. She held her hand towards him, but he said he could
not take it as his own hand was sterilized. Her smile vanished for a
moment at the rebuke, but came back again as she said: “Now don’t look
so serious, Jimmy; I am not the least afraid. I know that with you I
am safe and that you will make me well, but be sure you are by my side
when I awake, for I want to see you as I open my eyes. Wonderful boy!”

The operation was commenced. The young doctor told me that as he cut
with his knife into that beautiful white skin and saw the blood well up
behind it a lump rose in his throat and he felt that he must give up
the venture. His vanity, however, urged him on. His doctor friend was
watching him. He must impress him with his coolness and his mastery of
the position. He talked of casual things to show that he was quite at
ease, but his utterances were artificial and forced.

For a time all went well. He was showing off, he felt, with some
effect. But when the depths of the wound were reached a condition
of things was found which puzzled him. Structures were confused and
matted together, and so obscured as to be unrecognizable. He had read
of nothing like this in his books. It was the tenth case. He became
uneasy and, indeed, alarmed, as one who had lost his way. He ceased to
chatter. He tried to retain his attitude of coolness and command. He
must be bold, he kept saying to himself. He made blind efforts to find
his course, became wild and finally reckless. Then a terrible thing
happened. There was a tear—something gave way—something gushed forth.
His heart seemed to stop. He thought he should faint. A cold sweat
broke out upon his brow. He ceased to speak. His trembling fingers
groped aimlessly in the depths of the wound. His friend asked: “What
has happened?” He replied with a sickly fury: “Shut up!”

He then tried to repair the damage he had done; took up instrument
after instrument and dropped them again until the patient’s body was
covered with soiled and discarded forceps, knives and clamps. He
wiped the sweat from his brow with his hand and left a wide streak of
blood across his forehead. His knees shook and he stamped to try to
stop them. He cursed the doctor who was helping him, crying out: “For
God’s sake do this,” or “For God’s sake don’t do that”; sighed like a
suffocating man; looked vacantly round the room as if for help; looked
appealingly to his wife’s masked face for some sign of her tender
comfort, but she was more than dumb. Frenzied with despair, he told
the nurse to send for Mr. Heron. It was a hopeless mission, since that
surgeon—even if at home—could not arrive for hours.

He tried again and again to close the awful rent, but he was now nearly
dropping with terror and exhaustion. Then the anæsthetist said in a
whisper: “How much longer will you be? Her pulse is failing. She cannot
stand much more.” He felt that he must finish or die. He finished in a
way. He closed the wound, and then sank on a stool with his face buried
in his blood-stained hands, while the nurse and the doctor applied the
necessary dressing.

The patient was carried back to her bedroom, but he dared not follow.
The doctor who had helped him crept away without speaking a word. He
was left alone in this dreadful room with its hideous reminders of what
he had done. He wandered about, looked aimlessly out of the window, but
saw nothing, picked up his wife’s handkerchief which was lying on the
table, crunched it in his hand, and then dropped it on the floor as the
red horror of it all flooded his brain. What had he done to her? She!
She of all women in the world!

He caught a sight of himself in the glass. His face was smeared with
blood. He looked inhuman and unrecognizable. It was not himself he saw:
it was a murderer with the brand of Cain upon his brow. He looked again
at her handkerchief on the ground. It was the last thing her hand had
closed upon. It was a piece of her lying amid this scene of unspeakable
horror. It was like some ghastly item of evidence in a murder story. He
could not touch it. He could not look at it. He covered it with a towel.

In a while he washed his hands and face, put on his coat and walked
into the bedroom. The blind was down; the place was almost dark; the
atmosphere was laden with the smell of ether. He could see the form
of his wife on the bed, but she was so still and seemed so thin. The
coverlet appeared so flat, except where the points of her feet raised
a little ridge. Her face was as white as marble. Although the room
was very silent, he could not hear her breathe. On one side of the
bed stood the nurse, and on the other side the anæsthetist. Both were
motionless. They said nothing. Indeed, there was nothing to say. They
did not even look up when he came in. He touched his wife’s hand, but
it was cold and he could feel no pulse.

In about two hours Heron, the surgeon, arrived. The young doctor saw
him in an adjacent bedroom, gave him an incoherent, spasmodic account
of the operation, laid emphasis on unsurmountable difficulties, gabbled
something about an accident, tried to excuse himself, maintained that
the fault was not his, but that circumstances were against him.

The surgeon’s examination of the patient was very brief. He went into
the room alone. As he came out he closed the door after him. The
husband, numb with terror, was awaiting him in the lobby. The surgeon
put his hand on the wretched man’s shoulder, shook his head and,
without uttering a single word, made his way down the stairs. He nearly
stumbled over a couple of shrinking, white-faced maids who had crept up
the stairs in the hope of hearing something of their young mistress.

As he passed one said: “Is she better, doctor?” but he merely shook his
head, and without a word walked out into the sunny street where some
children were dancing to a barrel-organ.

The husband told me that he could not remember what he did during these
portentous hours after the operation. He could not stay in the bedroom.
He wandered about the house. He went into his consulting room and
pulled out some half-dozen works on surgery with the idea of gaining
some comfort or guidance; but he never saw a word on the printed page.
He went into the dispensary and looked over the rows of bottles on the
shelves to see if he could find anything, any drug, any elixir that
would help. He crammed all sorts of medicines into his pocket and took
them upstairs, but, as he entered the room, he forgot all about them,
and when he found them in his coat a week later he wondered how they
had got there. He remembered a pallid maid coming up to him and saying:
“Lunch is ready, sir.” He thought her mad.

He told me that among the horrors that haunted him during these hours
of waiting not the least were the flippant and callous thoughts that
would force themselves into his mind with fiendish brutality. There
was, for example, a scent bottle on his wife’s table—a present from
her aunt. He found himself wondering why her aunt had given it to her
and when, what she had paid for it, and what the aunt would say when
she heard her niece was dead. Worse than that, he began composing in
his mind an obituary notice for the newspapers. How should he word it?
Should he say “beloved wife,” or “dearly loved wife,” and should he add
all his medical qualifications? It was terrible. Terrible, too, was his
constant longing to tell his wife of the trouble he was in and to be
comforted by her.

Shortly after the surgeon left the anæsthetist noticed some momentary
gleam of consciousness in the patient. The husband hurried in. The
end had come. His wife’s face was turned towards the window. The
nurse lifted the blind a little so that the light fell full upon her.
She opened her eyes and at once recognized her husband. She tried
to move her hand towards him, but it fell listless on the sheet. A
smile—radiant, grateful, adoring—illumined her face, and as he bent
over her he heard her whisper: “Wonderful boy.”



                                  XI

                           BREAKING THE NEWS


Among the more painful experiences which haunt a doctor’s memory are
the occasions on which it has been necessary to tell a patient that
his malady is fatal and that no measure of cure lies in the hands of
man. Rarely indeed has such an announcement to be bluntly made. In the
face of misfortune it is merciless to blot out hope. That meagre hope,
although it may be but a will-o’-the-wisp, is still a glimmer of light
in the gathering gloom. Very often the evil tidings can be conveyed by
the lips of a sympathetic friend. Very often the message can be worded
in so illusive a manner as to plant merely a germ of doubt in the mind;
which germ may slowly and almost painlessly grow into a realization
of the truth. I remember being present when Sir William Jenner was
enumerating to a friend the qualities he considered to be essential in
a medical man. “He needs,” said the shrewd physician, “three things.
He must be honest, he must be dogmatic and he must be kind.” In
imparting his dread message the doctor needs all these qualities, but
more especially the last—he must be kind. His kindness will be the more
convincing if he can, for the moment, imagine himself in the patient’s
place and the patient in his.

The mind associates the pronouncing of a verdict and a sentence of
death with a court of justice, a solemn judge in his robes, the
ministers of the law, the dock, a pallid and almost breathless
audience. Such a spectacle, with its elaborate dignity, is impressive
enough, but it is hardly less moving when the scene is changed to a
plain room, hushed almost to silence and occupied by two persons only,
the one who speaks and the one who listens—the latter with bowed head
and with knotted hands clenched between his knees.

The manner in which ill-news is received depends upon its gravity,
upon the degree to which the announcement is unexpected and upon the
emotional bearing of the recipient. There may be an intense outburst of
feeling. There may be none. The most pitiable cases are those in which
the sentence is received in silence, or when from the trembling lips
there merely escapes the words, “It has come.”

The most vivid displays of feeling that occur to my mind have been
exhibited by mothers when the fate of a child is concerned. If her
child be threatened a mother may become a tigress. I remember one
such instance. I was quietly interviewing a patient in my consulting
room when the door suddenly flew open and there burst in—as if blown
in by a gust of wind—a gasping, wild-eyed woman with a little girl
tucked up under her arm like a puppy. Without a word of introduction
she exclaimed in a hoarse whisper, “He wants to take her foot off.”
This sudden, unexplained lady was a total stranger to me. She had no
appointment. I knew nothing of her. She might have dropped from the
clouds. However, the elements of violence, confusion and terror that
she introduced into my placid room were so explosive and disturbing
that I begged my patient to excuse me and conducted, or rather
impelled, the distraught lady into another room. Incidentally I may
remark that she was young and very pretty; but she was evidently
quite oblivious of her looks, her complexion, her dress or her many
attractions. I had before noticed that when a good-looking woman is
unconscious of being good-looking there is a crisis in progress.

The story, which was told me in gasps and at white heat, was as follow.
The child was a little girl of about three, almost as pretty as her
mother. She was the only child and had developed tuberculous disease
in one foot. The mother had taken the little thing to a young surgeon
who appears to have let fall some rash remark as to taking the foot
off. This was enough for the mother. She would not listen to another
syllable. She, whom I came to know later as one of the sweetest and
gentlest of women, changed at the moment to a wild animal—a tigress.

Without a word she snatched up the baby and bolted from the house,
leaving the child’s sock and shoe on the consulting-room floor. She had
been given my name as a possible person to consult and had dashed off
to my house, carrying the child through the streets with its bare foot
and leg dangling in the air. On being admitted she asked which was my
room. It was pointed out to her, and without more ado she flung herself
in as I have described. The child, I may say, was beaming with delight.
This dashing in and out of other people’s houses and being carried
through the streets without a sock or a shoe on her foot struck her as
a delicious and exciting game.

The mother’s fury against my surgical colleague was almost
inexpressible. If the poor man had suggested cutting off the child’s
head he could not have done worse. “How dare he!” she gasped. “How
dare he talk of cutting off her foot! If he had proposed to cut off
my foot I should not have minded. It would be nothing. But to cut
off her little foot, this beautiful little foot, is a horror beyond
words, and then look at the child, how sweet and wonderful she is!
What wickedness!” It was a marvellous display of one of the primitive
emotions of mankind, a picture, in human guise, of a tigress defending
her cub. By a happy good fortune, after many months and after not a few
minor operations, the foot got well so that the glare in the eyes of
the tigress died away and she remembered again that she was a pretty
woman.

It is well known that the abrupt reception of ill-tidings may have a
disastrous effect upon the hearer. The medical man is aware that, if he
would avoid shock, the announcement of unpleasant facts or of unhappy
news must be made slowly and with a tactful caution. In this method of
procedure I learnt my lesson very early and in a way that impressed my
memory.

I was a house-surgeon and it was Christmas time. In my day each
house-surgeon was on what was called “full duty” for one entire week
in the month. During these seven days all accident cases came into
his surgeon’s wards. He was said to be “taking in.” On this particular
Christmas week I was “taking in.” Two of my brother house-surgeons had
obtained short leave for Christmas and I had undertaken their duties.
It was a busy time; so busy indeed that I had not been to bed for two
nights. On the eve of the third night I was waiting for my dressers in
the main corridor at the foot of the stair. I was leaning against the
wall and, for the first and the last time in my life, I fell asleep
standing up. The nap was short, for I was soon awakened, “rudely
awakened” as novelists would put it.

I found myself clutched by a heated and panting woman who, as she
clung to me, said in a hollow voice, “Where have they took him?” The
question needed some amplification. I inquired who “he” was. She
replied, “The bad accident case just took in.” Now the term “accident”
implies, in hospital language, a man ridden over in the street, or
fallen from a scaffold, or broken up by a railway collision. I told
her I had admitted no such case of accident. In fact the docks and the
great works were closed, and men and women were celebrating the birth
of Christ by eating too much, by getting drunk and by street rioting,
which acts involved only minor casualties. She was, however, convinced
he was “took in.” He was her husband. She gave me his name, but that
conveyed nothing, as it was the dresser’s business to take names. With
a happy inspiration I asked, “What is he?” “A butler,” she replied.
Now a butler is one of the rarest varieties of mankind ever to be seen
in Whitechapel, and it did so happen that I had, a few hours before,
admitted an undoubted butler. I told her so, with the effusion of one
eager to give useful information. She said, “What is the matter with
him?” I replied cheerily, “He has cut his throat.”

The effect of this unwise readiness on my part was astonishing. The
poor woman, letting go of my coat, collapsed vertically to the floor.
She seemed to shut up within herself like a telescope. She just went
down like a dress dropping from a peg. When she was as small a heap as
was possible in a human being she rolled over on to her head on the
ground. A more sudden collapse I have never seen. Had I been fully
awake it would never have happened. We placed her on a couch and soon
restored her to consciousness.

Her story was simple. She and her husband had met. The two being “full
of supper and distempering draughts” (as Brabantio would say) had had
a savage quarrel. At the end he banged out of the house, exclaiming,
“I will put an end to this.” She had bawled after him, “I hope to God
you will.” He had wandered to Whitechapel and, creeping into a stable,
had cut his throat there and then. The friend who hastened to inform
the wife told her, with a tactfulness I so grievously lacked, that her
husband had met with an accident and had been taken to the hospital.
This lesson I never forgot and in the future based my method of
announcing disaster upon that adopted by the butler’s discreet friend.

Although a digression from the present subject I am reminded of the
confusion that occasionally took place in the identity of cases. All
patients in the hospital who are seriously ill, whether they have been
long in the wards or have been only just admitted, are placed on “the
dangerous list” and have their names posted at the gate so that their
relatives might be admitted at any time of the day or night.

A man very gravely injured had been taken into the accident ward. He
was insensible and his condition such that he was at once put on the
dangerous list, or, in the language of the time, was “gated.” During
the course of the evening a youngish woman, dressed obviously in her
best, bustled into the ward with an air of importance and with a
handkerchief to her lips. She demanded to see the man who had been
brought in seriously injured. She was directed by the sister to a
bed behind a screen where lay the man, still insensible and with his
head and much of his face enveloped in bandages. The woman at once
dropped on her knees by the bedside and, throwing her arms about the
neck of the unconscious man, wept with extreme profusion and with such
demonstrations of grief as are observed at an Oriental funeral. When
she had exhausted herself she rose to her feet and, staring at the
man on the bed, exclaimed suddenly, “This is not Jim. This is not my
husband. Where is he?”

Now, in the next bed to the one with the screen, and in full view
of it, was a staring man sitting bolt upright. He had been admitted
with an injury to the knee. This was Jim. He was almost overcome by
amazement. He had seen his wife, dressed in her best, enter the ward,
clap her hand to her forehead, fall on her knees and throw her arms
round the neck of a total stranger and proceed to smother him with
kisses. Jim’s name had been “gated” by mistake.

When she came to the bedside of her real husband she was annoyed and
hurt, so hurt, indeed, that she dealt with him rudely. She had worked
herself up for a really moving theatrical display in the wards, had
rehearsed what she should say as she rode along in the omnibus and
considered herself rather a heroine or, at least, a lady of intense
and beautiful feeling which she had now a chance of showing off. All
this was wasted and thrown away. An injured knee, caused by falling
over a bucket, was not a subject for fine emotional treatment. She was
disgusted with Jim. He had taken her in. “Bah!” she exclaimed. “Come
in with water on the knee! You might as well have come in with water
on the brain! You are a fraud, you are! What do you mean by dragging
me all the way here for nothing? You ought to be ashamed of yourself.”
With this reproof she sailed out of the room with great dignity—a
deeply injured woman.

To return to the original topic. In all my experience the most curious
manner in which a painful announcement was received was manifested
under the following circumstances. A gentleman brought his daughter to
see me—a charming girl of eighteen. He was a widower and she was his
only child. A swelling had appeared in the upper part of her arm and
was increasing ominously. It became evident on examination that the
growth was of the kind known as a sarcoma and that the only measure to
save life was an amputation of the limb at the shoulder joint, after,
of course, the needful confirmatory exploration had been made.

A more distressing position could hardly be imagined. The girl appeared
to be in good health and was certainly in the best of spirits. Her
father was absolutely devoted to her. She was his ever-delightful
companion and the joy and comfort of his life. Terrible as the
situation was it was essential not only that the truth should be told
but told at once. Everything depended upon an immediate operation and,
therefore, there was not a day to be lost. To break the news seemed for
a moment almost impossible. The poor father had no suspicion of the
gravity of the case. He imagined that the trouble would probably be
dealt with by a course of medicine and a potent liniment. I approached
the revelation of the dreadful truth in an obscure manner. I discussed
generalities, things that were possible, difficulties that might be,
threw out hints, mentioned vague cases, and finally made known to him
the bare and ghastly truth with as much gentleness as I could command.

The wretched man listened to my discourse with apparent apathy, as
if wondering what all this talk could mean and what it had to do with
him. When I had finished he said nothing, but, rising quietly from his
chair, walked over to one side of the room and looked at a picture
hanging on the wall. He looked at it closely and then, stepping back
and with his head on one side, viewed it at a few feet distant. Finally
he examined it through his hand screwed up like a tube. While so doing
he said, “That is a nice picture. I rather like it. Who is the artist?
Ah! I see his name in the corner. I like the way in which he has
treated the clouds, don’t you? The foreground too, with those sheep, is
very cleverly managed.” Then turning suddenly to me he burst out, “What
were you talking about just now? You said something. What was it? For
God’s sake say that it is not true! It is not true! It cannot be true!”



                                  XII

                          A QUESTION OF HATS


I had had a very busy afternoon and had still two appointments to
keep. The first of these was in the suburbs, a consultation with a
doctor who was a stranger to me. It was a familiar type of house where
we met—classic Doric pillars to the portico, a congested hall with
hat-pegs made of cow horns, a pea-green vase with a fern in it perched
on a bamboo tripod, and a red and perspiring maid-servant. Further, I
became acquainted with a dining-room containing bomb-proof, mahogany
furniture, and great prints in pairs on the walls, “War” and “Peace” on
one side, “Summer” and “Winter” on the other. Then there was the best
bedroom, rich in lace and wool mats, containing a bedstead as glaring
in brass as a fire-engine, a mirror draped with muslin and pink bows,
and enough silver articles on the dressing-table to start a shop. After
a discussion of the case with the doctor in a drawing-room which smelt
like an empty church, I rushed off, leaving the doctor to detail the
treatment we had advised, for I found—to my dismay—that I was twenty
minutes late.

The second case was that of an exacting duke whom I had to visit at
regular periods and, according to the ducal pleasure, I should be at
the door at least one minute before the appointed hour struck. I was
now hopelessly late and consequently flurried. On reaching the ducal
abode I flew upstairs prepared to meet the storm. His Grace ignored
my apologies and suggested, with uncouth irony, that I had been at a
cricket match. He added that it was evident that I took no interest
in him, that his sufferings were nothing to me, and concluded by
asserting that if he had been dying I should not have hurried. I always
regard remarks of this type as a symptom of disease rather than as a
considered criticism of conduct, and therefore had little difficulty in
bringing the duke to a less contentious frame of mind by reverting to
that topic of the day—his engrossing disorder.

The duke never allowed his comfort to be in any way disturbed. He
considered his disease as a personal affront to himself, and I
therefore discussed it from the point of view of an unprovoked and
indecent outrage. This he found very pleasing, although I failed to
answer his repeated inquiry as to why His Grace the Duke of X should
be afflicted in this rude and offensive manner. It was evident that
his position should have exempted him from what was quite a vulgar
disorder, and it was incomprehensible that he, of all people, should
have been selected for this insult.

The interview over, I made my report to the duchess, who was in a
little room adjacent to the hall. She followed me out to ask a final
question just as I was on the point of taking my hat. The hat handed to
me by the butler was, however, a new hat I had never seen before. It
was of a shape I disliked. The butler, with due submission, said it was
the hat I came in. I replied it was impossible, and, putting it on my
head, showed that it was so small as to be absurd. The duchess, who was
a lady of prompt convictions, exclaimed, “Ridiculous; that was never
your hat!” The butler could say no more: he was convicted of error. The
duchess then seized upon the only other hat on the table and held it at
arm’s length. “Whose is this?” she cried. “Heavens, it is the shabbiest
hat I ever saw! It cannot be yours.” (It was not.) Looking inside, she
added, “What a filthy hat! It is enough to poison the house.” Handing
it to the butler as if it had been an infected rag, she exclaimed,
“Take it away and burn it!”

The butler did not at once convey this garbage to the flames, but
remarked—as if talking in his sleep—“There is a pianoforte tuner in the
drawing-room.” The duchess stared with amazement at this inconsequent
remark. Whereupon the butler added that the new hat I had rejected
might possibly be his. He was at once sent up to confront the artist,
whose aimless tinkling could be heard in the hall, with the further
message that if the dirty hat should happen to be his he was never to
enter the house again. The butler returned to say that the musician did
not “use” a hat. He wore a cap, which same he had produced from his
pocket.

While the butler was away a great light had illumined the mind of the
duchess. It appeared that Lord Andrew, her son-in-law, had called that
afternoon with his wife. He had just left, his wife remaining behind.
It was soon evident that the duchess had a grievance against her
son-in-law. When the light fell upon her she exclaimed to me, “I see it
all now. This horrible hat is Andrew’s. He has taken yours by mistake
and has left this disgusting thing behind. It is just like him. He is
the worst-dressed man in London, and this hat is just the kind he would
wear.”

At this moment the daughter appeared. She had overheard her mother’s
decided views, and was proportionately indignant. She disdained to
even look at the hat, preferring to deal with the indictment of
Andrew on general grounds. She defended her husband from the charge
of being unclean with no little show of temper. Without referring to
the specific hat, she said she was positive, on a priori grounds, that
Andrew would never wear a dirty hat. Her mother had no right to say
such things. It was unjust and unkind.

The duchess was now fully roused. She was still more positive. This,
she affirmed, was just the sort of thing Andrew would do—leave an old
hat behind and take a good one. She would send him at once a note by a
footman demanding the immediate return of my hat and the removal of his
own offensive headgear.

The daughter, deeply hurt, had withdrawn from the discussion. I
suggested that as Lady Andrew was about to go home she might inquire
if a mistake had been made. Her Grace, however, was far too moved to
listen to such moderation. She wanted to tell Andrew what she thought
of him, and it was evident she had long been seeking the opportunity.
So she at once stamped off to write the note. In the meanwhile I
waited, gazing in great melancholy of mind at the two hats. The silent
butler also kept his eyes fixed upon them with a gloom even deeper than
mine. I had hinted that the new hat might belong to Lord Andrew, but
the duchess had already disposed of that suggestion by remarking with
assurance that Andrew never wore a new hat. The note was produced and
at once dispatched by a footman.

I have no idea of the wording of the note, but I was satisfied that the
duchess had not been ambiguous, and that she had told her son-in-law
precisely what were her present views of him in a wider sense than
could be expressed in terms of hats. The writing of the letter had
relieved her. She was almost calm.

She now told the silent butler to fetch one of the duke’s hats, so
that I might have at least some decent covering to my bare head thus
unscrupulously stripped by the unclean Andrew. The butler returned with
a very smart hat of the duke’s. It had apparently never been worn.
It fitted me to perfection. In this vicarious coronet I regained my
carriage. I felt almost kindly towards the duke now that I was wearing
his best hat.

Next day I placed the ducal hat in a befitting hat-box and, having put
on another hat of my own, was starting for the scene of the downfall
of Lord Andrew. At my door a note was handed me. It was from the
suburban doctor. He very courteously pointed out that I had taken his
hat by mistake, and said he would be glad if I would return it at my
convenience, as he had no other, and my hat came down over his eyes.
It was a dreadful picture, that of a respected practitioner going his
rounds with a hat resting on the bridge of his nose; but at least
it cleared up the mystery of the new hat. The butler was right. In
my anxiety at being late on the previous afternoon I was evidently
not conscious that I was wearing a hat which must have looked like a
thimble on the top of an egg.

On reaching the ducal residence I was received by the butler. He said
nothing; but it seemed to me that he smiled immoderately for a butler.
The two hats, the new and the dirty, were still on the table, but the
duchess made no appearance. I returned the duke’s hat with appropriate
thanks and expressed regret for the stupid mistake I had made on the
occasion of my last visit. I then placed the doctor’s new hat I had
repudiated in the hat-box ready for removal.

The full mystery was still unsolved, while the butler stood in the
hall like a hypnotized sphinx. I said, in a light and casual way,
“And what about Lord Andrew? Did his lordship answer the note?” The
butler replied, with extreme emphasis, “He did indeed!” Poor duchess, I
thought, what a pity she had been so violent and so hasty.

Still the dirty hat remained shrouded in mystery, so, pointing to it, I
said to the butler, “By the way, whose hat _is_ that?” “That hat, sir,”
he replied, adopting the manner of a showman in a museum, “that hat is
the duke’s. It is the hat His Grace always wears when he goes out in
the morning.” “But then,” I asked, “why did you not tell the duchess so
yesterday?” He replied, “What, sir! After Her Grace had said that the
hat was enough to poison the house! Not me!”


PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.4.
                               F.35.1222


  +--------------------------------------------------------------+
  |                          FOOTNOTES:                          |
  |                                                              |
  | [1] _British Medical Journal_, Dec., 1886, and April, 1890.  |
  |                                                              |
  | [2] Fisher Unwin, London, 1922.                              |
  |                                                              |
  | [3] The name is fictitious.                                  |
  |                                                              |
  +--------------------------------------------------------------+


Transcriber’s Notes:

 - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
 - Blank pages have been removed.
 - Redundant title page has been removed.
 - Redundant chapter heading pages have been removed.
 - Silently corrected typographical errors.
 - Hyphenation variations made consistent.





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