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Title: Narrative of a Private Soldier in His Majesty's 92d Regiment of Foot
Author: Billany, George
Language: English
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SOLDIER IN HIS MAJESTY'S 92D REGIMENT OF FOOT ***
Narrative of a Private Soldier in His Majesty's 92d Regiment of Foot
NARRATIVE OF A PRIVATE SOLDIER IN HIS MAJESTY'S 92D REGIMENT OF FOOT.
WRITTEN BY GEORGE BILLANY.
DETAILING
MANY CIRCUMSTANCES RELATIVE TO THE INSURRECTION IN
IRELAND IN 1798; THE EXPEDITION TO HOLLAND IN
1799; AND THE EXPEDITION TO EGYPT IN 1801;
AND GIVING A PARTICULAR ACCOUNT OF
HIS RELIGIOUS HISTORY AND EXPERIENCE.
WITH A PREFACE
BY THE REV. RALPH WARDLAW, D. D.
_First American edition._
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE UNITED FOREIGN
MISSIONARY SOCIETY.
1822.
PREFACE.
Long prefaces to Narratives have seldom, I believe, the honour of being
read through. If the Narrative possess interest, a tedious
recommendation only detains the reader from his enjoyment; and if it
possess none, it aggravates his disappointment.--I shall, therefore, be
very brief.
The subject of the following Memoir has been connected with the church
under my pastoral care, nearly since its formation, in the year
1803:--and, from this, as well as from a circumstance in his religious
history, which the reader will discover towards the close of the
narrative, it may perhaps be thought, that my recommendations are, in
some degree, dictated by feelings of partiality. I hope I shall never be
so dead to Christian sensibility, as to feel nothing of the peculiar
interest which the circumstance alluded to, is fitted to produce. Yet I
may say with truth, that the very consciousness of this interest has
made me the more jealous and scrupulous in giving the advice to publish;
an advice which I never should have given, unless from a sincere
conviction, that the Narrative is fitted both to please and to profit;
to gratify curiosity, and, through the blessing of God, to impart
instruction and spiritual benefit.
The remarks of a private in the ranks, when he is a man of any
shrewdness and observation, on the incidents that come within his
notice, in the campaigns in which he is engaged, have in them a
particular interest.--Whilst we are pleased with the degree of
intelligence which they discover, we at the same time feel a satisfying
confidence, that they contain 'a plain unvarnished tale;' unaffected by
any temptation, either 'in aught to extenuate,' or 'to set down aught in
malice.'
The _religious experience_ of the writer, I consider as especially
instructive.--It sets before us, I believe, in honest simplicity, the
workings of a sensible and thoughtful mind, and of a conscience, which
had never entirely lost its early impressions;--the convictions, and
distresses, and reasonings,--the self-righteous and self confident
resolutions, and the necessary failures and inconsistencies, of an
awakened but unrenewed state;--the natural reluctance of man to part
with _self_, to plead guilty, and to depend on grace; and yet the entire
inefficacy of every thing but this grace either to impart satisfactory
and steadfast peace to the conscience, or to produce in the heart a
principle of vigorous and cheerful, consistent and persevering
obedience.
Of this grace, although, like every other good thing, it has been too
often perverted and abused by the self-deceiver and the hypocrite, the
native tendency is, to "teach" all who receive it, to "deny ungodliness,
and worldly desires, and to live soberly, righteously, and godly, in
this present world,"--I feel the delicacy of saying any thing in praise
of one, whose living eye the commendation is to meet, and who is still,
like all others, the subject of remaining corruption, and in danger of
injury from its evil propensities; yet, as it is not _himself_ I
commend, but the _grace_ that has made him what he is, and to which he
owns himself an entire and humble debtor, I feel at liberty to say, that
the subject of the following Narrative, since he was led to embrace the
doctrine of the cross, has been enabled,--amidst imperfections and
failures no doubt, of which he himself has been much more sensible than
others have been observant,--to "walk in newness of life," and to show,
that "the gospel of the grace of God" has been "the power of God unto
salvation," when every thing else had failed, and had led only to
despair.
With the exception of occasional corrections in the use of words and in
the structure of sentences, unavoidable in revising for the press the
manuscript of one unaccustomed to composition, the _style_ is the
writer's own; the work, throughout, having been printed from his
autograph, without transcription:--and I pledge my word to the reader,
that a single additional _sentiment_ has not been introduced.
I commend the little volume to the candour of the reader, and to the
blessing of God;--not without a pleasing hope, that while it may
benefit, in a temporal view, the family of one, whose wound received in
the service of his country, confined him again, even very recently, from
his daily occupation, for nearly four months; it may, at the same time,
produce higher and more valuable effects, in the instruction,
admonition, and salvation, of those who peruse it.
RALPH WARDLAW.
_GLASGOW, June 14th, 1819._
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The very kind reception which the public have given to the first
edition, has encouraged the Author to improve and enlarge the second.
The additions chiefly consist of a more detailed and combined account of
the Insurrection in Ireland, and the Expeditions to Holland and Egypt.
These additions, he hopes, will make the reading of the Narrative more
pleasant, particularly to young persons. He has divided it into
chapters, and inserted the number of the regiment he served in; but his
name can be of no consequence to the reader.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Cause and design of writing the Narrative. Author attends the Sabbath
School of Dr. Balfour in Glasgow, in 1790. Enlists into the 92d foot, in
1796, and joins the regiment in Gibraltar in 1797. Behaviour while
there. Returns to England in 1798.
CHAPTER II.
Regiment lands at Dublin, in June, 1798. State of that city during the
insurrection. Conveyed in coaches to Arklow. Surprises the insurgents on
the White Heaps, 5th July. Particulars of the pursuit and arrival at
Gorey. Instances of the ferocity of civil war. Kind behaviour of the
regiment to the inhabitants. Deserted state of Gorey, where the Author
is much in want of provisions. Distressing state of the surrounding
country. March to Blessington, and join the brigade of Sir John Moore,
and encamp in the glen of Eimal. Orders against swearing. State of the
insurgents in the Wicklow Mountains. March to oppose the French who had
landed at Killala. Lie in Athlone during the winter. The Author's
religious experience while there. March to Cork, and embark for England,
June, 1799.
CHAPTER III.
Join the expedition under Sir R. Abercrombie, and sail for Holland, 6th
August. Land near the Helder on the 27th. Action among the sand-hills,
and capture of Helder. Surrender of the Dutch fleet. Advance to the long
dyke; with a description of it, and the surrounding country. Dutch
method of churning butter. Action on the long dyke, 10th Sept. Repulse
of the Duke of York and the Russians on the 19th. Action on the 2d
October, near Egmont. Lord Huntly wounded. Sir J. Moore wounded.
Singular action of cavalry. Spectacle of the dead, and severe loss of
the regiment. Singular death of a Highlander and Frenchman. March to
Alkmaar. Action of the 6th. Author escorts prisoners on the 7th. Army
retreats to the long dyke on the 8th. Armistice and convention for
leaving Holland. Author takes the ague. Regiment arrives in England, and
goes into Chelmsford Barracks. Religious experience of the Author while
there.
CHAPTER IV.
Regiment embarks at Cowes on board the Diadem, 64, and Inconstant
frigate, 27th May, 1800; and sails for the coast of France. Anchors at
the Isle of Houet, 2d June. Singular occurrence on the 4th. Intended
attack on Belleisle. Religious seamen on board the Terrible, 74. Sails
for the Mediterranean. Arrival at Minorca on the 21st July. Regiment
leaves Minorca on board the Stately, 64. Intended attack upon Cadiz, 6th
October.--Dangerous storm in Tetuan bay. Touches at Minorca and Malta.
The fleet anchors in Marmorice Bay, preparatory to landing in Egypt.
Some account of that bay and the surrounding country. Author's state of
mind during the passage. He is seized with an infectious fever. His
religious experience during his sickness, and after his recovery. Sails
for Egypt. Objection against the truth of the Scriptures.
CHAPTER V.
Account of the landing in Egypt, 8th March, 1801. Author seized with
night-blindness. Action of the 13th. Scarcity of water. Account of the
position of the army and Pompey's Pillar and Cleopatra's Needles. Battle
of the 21st, at which the Author is wounded and sent on board an
hospital ship. Condition and behaviour of the wounded. Author removed to
an hospital at Aboukir. Lord Hutchison goes with a part of the army to
Cairo. Author's wound gets worse. Troublesomeness of flies and vermin.
Sirocco, or hot wind, and rapid increase of the plague. Account of
several interesting cases. Behaviour of the wounded in Aboukir hospital,
and the Author's religious experience.
CHAPTER VI.
Author embarks for Rosetta. Dangerous passage of the bar at the mouth of
the Nile. Rosetta hospital. Author dangerously ill. Death of his
comrade, &c. Inundation of the Nile. Skin bottles. Surrender of
Alexandria. Dress of the Sepoys and Egyptian peasants. Manner of eating
their meals. Mahomedan mosques. Gun fired at mid-day in Cairo by the
rays of the sun. Explosion of a powder chest kills several of the 13th
foot. Remarks on the state of mind in which many died. Produce and
manner of cultivating the Delta. Immense heaps of grain. Wretchedness of
the peasantry. Extracts from Sir R. Wilson and Dr. Clarke, on the
diseases and plagues of Egypt. The unavoidable evils of War. Author
leaves Rosetta, and sails for England.
CHAPTER VII.
Arrival at Cork. Marches to Kilkenny. Proceeds to London and admitted an
out-pensioner of Chelsea. Arrives in Glasgow. Retrospect of his military
life. Distressing state of mind. Obtains peace of conscience by hearing
the gospel in Albion-street Chapel, and joins the church under the care
of Dr. Wardlaw.
POSTSCRIPT.
Consists of an Address to readers in general, and to those in the army
in particular, of what the Author wishes them to learn from the
Narrative.
CHAPTER I.
DEAR PASTOR,
I shall now, according to the best of my ability, attempt to gratify the
wish you several years since expressed, that I would arrange into one
connected narrative, the various particulars I then communicated to you,
of my previous life, and the exercises of my mind; its various workings,
and conflicts, until the period when I was brought to the knowledge of
Jesus, as the only and all-sufficient Saviour.
In drawing up this account of myself, my motive is, to record the
loving-kindness of the Lord to me a sinner; and if you deem it proper to
be brought before the public in any shape, the only object I would have
in view, is the good of my fellow sinners, particularly such as have
been, or are, in situations of life, similar to those I have been in, or
have experienced similar exercises of mind.
Into the minutia of my early life, I do not intend to enter; and I would
make this general remark in the outset, that my chief object is, to give
a history of the workings of my mind, during the past part of my life,
rather than the particulars of my life itself; but I shall narrate as
much of these particulars as is necessary to account for, and
illustrate, the history of my mind. I will also notice, briefly, such
other things as may serve to entertain or inform the reader.
I was born in Glasgow, in the year 1779.--When I was very young, the
belief of the omniscience of God, was frequently strongly impressed upon
my mind, and the thought of his all-seeing eye, often checked my
conscience and restrained me during early life, from gratifying my own
inclinations, to the extent I otherwise would have done. I pretty early
learned to read; and as I grew older I became increasingly fond of it,
even indeed to excess. I read whatever came in my way; but the Psalms of
David in metre, in use by the church of Scotland, and the Bible, being
the first books in which I learned to read, and having the benefit of
godly instruction and example at home, religious knowledge was that with
which I was most acquainted. When I was about eleven years of age, I
went to the Sabbath school, belonging to the Outer High Church parish,
Glasgow, then taught by Mr. Begg, (now minister of New Monkland parish,)
and superintended by the parish minister, the late Rev. Dr. Balfour. The
chief exercises of the school were, reading the Scriptures, and
repeating the Assembly's Shorter Catechism. Dr. Balfour frequently
visited the school, after the afternoon's service was over, and staid
sometimes an hour, and sometimes even to the conclusion at six o'clock.
When the Catechism was repeated, he interrogated us on the meaning of
the questions, and instructed us in their import. He questioned us upon
the sermons we had been hearing, and gave us doctrines to prove from
scripture, by collecting all the passages, that we thought contained
these doctrines. The doctrines were the fundamental articles of the
Christian religion; and as we read the passages, he would tell us when
they were in point, and when not. I was an adept at repeating the
Catechism; but as I had no margin Bible to point out the references, I
had to range through the whole scriptures, and exercise my judgment,
which of course was sometimes right, and sometimes wrong. When I was
shown that I had brought forward a passage that did not apply, it made
me think better next time; the passages I found out I remembered where
to find again; and those that were brought forward by others, I added to
my own stock. This was an exercise that did me more good, than all the
other exercises of the school: for, in after life, when I had forgotten
the Catechism, and the other things I had committed to memory, I did not
forget how to find in the Bible, those passages I had formerly known;
and if I happened to be reading the Bible, and came to any of those
passages that had been read in the school, it awakened in my mind the
remembrance of what had taken place there. I would then recollect
something of the impressions that had been made at the time on my mind,
and endeavoured to remember what was said by the minister on these
occasions; but I shall notice this again; in a future part of the
narrative. There were rewards sometimes given to any who repeated
chapters, psalms, or hymns. The most remarkable instance of this kind
that took place while I was in the school, was a present by a gentleman,
of Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul, and Sermons to
Young Persons,[1] to be given as a reward to the boy (it was a school
for boys only) who repeated best, from memory, Dr. Watts' Divine Songs
for Children. We received copies of the hymns, and a time was fixed for
the trial. I was very eager to obtain the prize, and even made it a
matter of prayer. I wished to have the book, because I had conceived to
myself, that it would teach me how to get to heaven. When the day of
trial came, the minister was not present, but we were heard by one of
the elders. The greater part of the children were very young, and most
of them had learned only a few of the hymns. There were only four that
could go any length in them, and only three that could go completely
through them; and their merit was so equal, that it could not be said
which was best. I was one of those three; but as it could not be
determined who merited the book, it was deferred until next Sabbath
evening, when it was expected that the minister would be present. He
came, and we repeated the hymns to him with such equal accuracy, that he
declared he could not give the prize to one more than another; and to
make us equal, he procured other two copies of Doddridge's Rise and
Progress; but, as he could not find copies of his Sermons to Young
Persons, he bound in Boston's Fourfold State in their place, and I was
put in possession of one of them.
I continued in the school about two years.
In 1796, being about the age of seventeen, I enlisted as a soldier in
the 100th regiment of foot, or Gordon Highlanders, commanded by the
Marquis of Huntly,[2] then lying in the island of Corsica. When that
island was evacuated by the British, the regiment came to Gibraltar, and
I, along with the rest of the recruits, left Scotland and went to
Chatham, where we joined other parties of recruits belonging to
regiments lying in Gibraltar, for which place we embarked at Gravesend,
in Nov. 1796. But the convoy with which we sailed, was forced, by stormy
weather, to take shelter in Falmouth for six weeks; after which we
proceeded to Lisbon, where we lay ten weeks, because the Spanish fleet
was at sea, and ours inferior in number, was watching it. The battle of
Cape St. Vincent, was fought while we lay there, in which the Spanish
fleet was defeated, and four sail of the line taken, which were sent
into Lisbon. The British fleet soon followed, except a squadron left to
watch the Spanish fleet in Cadiz. As soon as the fleet had repaired its
damages, it set sail for Cadiz, and we went along with it for
protection. We left them when we came off Cadiz, and were escorted by
some frigates, through the straits to Gibraltar, where we landed in the
beginning of April, 1797, and joined the regiment.
The general character of the army, for the profanation of God's holy
name, is well known: and the temptations a young man has to encounter,
from the very general practice of this vice, are very great. The
religious instructions I had received, and the knowledge I had of the
Scriptures, deterred me from acquiring a habit of swearing: I frequently
reproved my comrades for it; and having done so, pride of heart also
operated to prevent me from swearing myself, lest my comrades should, in
ridicule, retort my reproofs upon me; and this they did not fail to do,
if at any time I was guilty of an oath, or any thing approaching to it.
During the time I had been a recruit, and the time I was in Gibraltar, I
neglected the reading of the scriptures. In the regiment, I met with a
variety of characters; amongst others with Deists, who attempted to
shake my belief of the truth of the scriptures. I was greatly disturbed
and perplexed in my mind by their arguments; but I was not drawn into
their opinions. Yet I still neglected my Bible, and continued gradually
losing the knowledge of it I formerly had. There was an argument, which
had a powerful effect upon my conscience, and with which I met all the
pleas and excuses for swearing;--I argued, that if there was no God, it
was an absurd thing to swear by the name of a being who had no
existence: and if there were a God, he certainly would punish the
dishonour done to him, by the profanation of his name.
There was a society of Methodists in Gibraltar, chiefly composed of men
belonging to the different regiments in the garrison. They had a small
place, where they had stated meetings for prayer and exhortation; there
were a few of these Methodists in our regiment. Shortly after I joined
it, the commanding officer gave out an order for none of the regiment to
attend any of their meetings. What effect this order had in deterring
any from attending at the time it was issued, I know not: it had not at
least a permanent effect, for I know that several did attend afterwards,
and no notice was taken of it. I went to this meeting place only once
all the time I was in Gibraltar, and I was nearly a twelvemonth in the
place. This shows what a careless state of mind I was in; for I may say
it was the only religious exercise I was at, all that time. There were
indeed prayers read to the garrison, every Sunday morning on the grand
parade, when the weather was dry; but the chaplain was always at such a
distance, that I never heard a word he said. There was a chapel at the
governor's residence, where service was performed through the day, but I
never was in it.
I began to fall into company which led me frequently to get intoxicated;
I did not indeed fall into a habit, nor acquire an inclination for
intoxicating liquors for their own sake; but had the same circumstances
continued, I have great reason to fear, that an appetite for them would
have been formed, and that I might have turned out a habitual drunkard.
Gibraltar has, indeed, peculiar temptations to produce a habit of
drunkenness. The wine is cheap; the place is warm; and in time of war
with Spain, there is very little fresh provisions, and what is fresh, is
very indifferent. There is a great deal of hard labour for the soldiers,
for part of which they get extra pay: by the evening, many of them are
fatigued, and actually need a refreshment beyond their ordinary
provisions; but those who need the refreshment, are not content to go
and get what they require for themselves; they often take one or two of
their comrades with them, and having once sat down in the wine-house,
they generally sit until either their money is exhausted, or their time;
(for the moment the gun fires for the men to be in their barracks, the
wine-houses must be emptied and shut, until after the new guards are
marched away to relieve the old ones next morning, that no soldier may
have it in his power to get drunk before guard mounting.) Those who are
treated one night, treat in their turn those who treated them, when they
get pay for work.
Many of the barrack-rooms are uncomfortable on account of their size,
containing sixty or more men. This greatly destroys social comfort: for
one or two individuals can molest all the rest; so that select retired
conversation can not be enjoyed. Any thing of that kind is always ready
to be interrupted by the vicious and ignorant, who do not fail to scoff
and gibe at what they do not understand or relish themselves. Among so
many men too, there will always be found some who take a malicious
pleasure in making their neighbours unhappy. This renders the
barrack-room quite uncomfortable during the evening; which, as the
greater part are employed at work, or otherwise occupied during the day,
is the principal time when they can be together. This, along with other
things, induces those who have a little money, to spend the evening in
the wine-house with their more select companions. Different sorts of
vermin are very plenty in the barracks; and it is a common excuse for
drinking, that they can not get a sound sleep, unless they be half
drunk. It was customary at that time to settle the men's accounts once
in two months; and, as very little pay was given to the soldiers over
their rations during the intervals, the greater part had a considerable
sum to receive: and then drinking was so very common, that to prevent a
multiplicity of punishments, it was found necessary to have no parade,
excepting those for guard, in order that the money might be the sooner
done; and the different regiments in the garrison, had to take different
days to settle their men's accounts, that the garrison might not be
involved in one general state of intoxication at the same time. But I
hear that matters are differently managed now; the men are oftener
settled with, and get a larger proportion of their pay weekly, which
prevents them from having so much money to receive at once. The most
comfortable time I had, was when I was upon guard. There are many very
retired guard stations; some of them in elevated situations, on the very
summit of the rock, 1300 feet above the level of the sea, from which the
view is truly grand, and where a fine opportunity is afforded for
meditation. I sometimes took my Bible to guard with me, but I never made
much use of it.
We left Gibraltar, and embarked for England in the beginning of March,
and landed at Portsmouth, 18th May, 1798, and went into Hilsea barracks.
During the voyage I read something more in my Bible, but much more still
in any other book I could find; sometimes it was a novel, sometimes a
history or play: sometimes it was a book of a religious cast; but this
was rare: I read any thing I could get, to the neglect of the Bible.
Footnote 1:
I have learned since the publication of the first edition, that these
Books were the gift of Mr. Auchincloss, a gentleman who took a very
lively interest in the Sabbath schools. He was constantly employed in
visiting them, and in giving rewards of various kinds to those who
behaved well, and repeated, from memory, psalms or chapters.
Footnote 2:
The number of the regiment was afterwards changed to the 92d, which is
the number of it at present.
CHAPTER II.
We embarked in the beginning of June for Ireland, on board of the Europa
of 60, and the Van Tromp of 54 guns. We had a narrow escape from running
ashore amongst the rocks, in a fog, upon the Irish coast: the fog,
however, cleared away just in time for us to see our danger. A new scene
began to open to us: Ireland was in a state of insurrection; and we were
but ill informed of the nature and extent of it. We were told by a
pilot, that we got upon the coast to conduct us into Dublin, that the
insurgents had taken Wexford. The prospect of being engaged in a civil
war, made me thoughtful, and agitated me not a little. On the 18th June
we anchored in Dublin bay, and landed at the Pigeon-house in the
evening. We were here met by Lord Huntly, our Colonel, who had been made
a Brigadier General on the Irish staff. We remained on the mole near the
Pigeon-house, which is about three miles from Dublin, until day-break
next morning, and then marched into the city with drums beating and
colours flying, announcing to the sleeping inhabitants, at the early
hour of three o'clock, the arrival of fresh troops for the support of
the government.
As we now entered into a scene of civil war, I will take the liberty of
stating a few of the particulars of the Irish insurrection.
The city of Dublin was under strict police: patrols of cavalry paraded
the streets during the day to prevent crowds from assembling. Numerous
and strong guards were posted through the city and suburbs, and upon all
the roads leading to the country. These guards were reinforced at night
with additional garrison troops, and large parties of volunteer
yeomanry, both horse and foot. Many citizens of the first
respectability, and not a few of the nobility, were in the ranks of the
yeomanry; and it was not an uncommon thing for a poor Highlander to have
a wealthy citizen, or noble lord, posted along with him on sentry. All
the inhabitants were ordered to be in their own houses by a set time at
night. Strong patrols then scoured the streets and made prisoners of all
they found upon them, and entered every house where they heard any
disturbance. Every house had a written list of the inmates upon the
door, and was liable to be visited during the night; and if any one was
amissing, the owner might be taken up; or if any were in the house whose
names were not on the door, or if any one was found in his neighbour's
house, he was taken up and fined before being set at liberty. Every
precaution was used, to prevent plots from being formed, and all means
was used to find them out. In such a state of society, opportunity is
afforded to private malice and ill-will, to injure the objects of their
enmity. When I was upon the Grand Barrack guard, two respectable old
citizens were brought in prisoners. They were men who were unfit, and
very unlikely to have any active hand in conspiracy against the state.
They were confined in the guard-room all that day and night; whether
they were liberated next day after I was relieved, or removed to some
other place, I know not. While they were in the guard-room, they were
exposed to the interrogatories of the ignorant and unthinking, who took
every such prisoner to be an insurgent. They were protected, however, by
the interposition of the more intelligent and humane. I had a little
conversation with them, and they told me it was their belief, that it
was an apprentice of theirs with whom they had a difference on account
of bad behaviour, who had, out of revenge, given false accusation
against them; such as, that they were holding correspondence with the
insurgents in the country, &c. They told me that such cases were
frequent. Every person accused was taken up, and kept until the case
should be examined: and as this, from the great number daily
apprehended, could not be instantly done, individuals often suffered
seriously, before they obtained their release.
The conduct of persons, whose political sentiments or behaviour, were in
any measure suspicious, was closely watched. And when they were found
transgressing any of the police rules, their cases were strictly
examined. I saw an instance of this, in the case of a respectable
gentleman, who was confined in the same guard-room upon another day. He
had been found out of his own house after the appointed time at night.
He pled that he was only a short time in a neighbour's house: and that
the person in whose house he was, was himself a very loyal man, and a
yeoman. He said he had always been a very loyal man himself. He
acknowledged, that at a certain public meeting, (which had taken place
some time previous to this) where a certain political question had been
discussed, he had spoken warmly, _too warmly_; but that that was the
only thing in the course of his life, that could have any tendency to
create any suspicion of his loyalty. He remained in the common
guard-room during the day, and was removed to another place at night. He
was liberated next morning when I saw him, and he told me, that nothing
farther than his being out of his own house at night was brought against
him; and that he had gotten his liberty on condition of paying ten
pounds to the fund for the relief of the widows and children of soldiers
who had fallen in the insurrection. He said that he happened to have as
much money upon him, and that he paid it cheerfully; for those that were
to get it well deserved it. I mention these cases as certain evils
arising out of a state of civil war.
During the time we lay in Dublin, the insurrection was raging in various
parts of the country, and much blood was shedding. Dublin itself was
kept in a state of tranquillity, by the vigilance of the police, and the
power of the military. Our stay in it was short. On the 1st of July, the
volunteer cavalry were employed in going through the city, pressing all
the coaches, gigs, and other vehicles, and collecting them in one of the
squares. At six o'clock at night we paraded, and went into them, and set
off for Arklow. We travelled all night. We were all accommodated at the
outset, but fell into considerable confusion on the way, by some of the
coachmen getting drunk, and striving to get past one another; which
caused several of the carriages to break down, and others, by running
into ditches, to upset. It was conjectured that some of the coachmen did
this wilfully, from aversion to the service they were upon. Numbers had
thus to walk in the rain, which was heavy; and several had their muskets
damaged, by the breaking down or upsetting of the carriages. One man had
his firelock completely bent; and when he was asked by the people of the
villages through which we passed, what kind of a gun _that_ was, he told
them it was one of a new construction, for the purpose of shooting round
corners.
As we advanced into the country, we began to see the effects of the
insurrection. Burnt houses began to make their appearance in the
villages, and their number increased as we proceeded. The coaches
carried us to about three miles from Arklow, and then returned to
Dublin. We entered Arklow in the evening. The place had been attacked by
a large body of insurgents a few days before, who had been repulsed with
great slaughter. They had some pieces of artillery, with which they had
dismounted one of the guns of the military, and damaged some of the
houses. They had also burnt that part of the town that lay next the
sea-side, which was composed of low thatched houses, and was inhabited
by fishermen. It was a very pitiable sight to see this scene of
destruction; and those of my comrades who went to the ground where the
insurgents had stood during the action, said it was disgusting. Numbers
of dead bodies were still unburied; some of them lying in ditches, and
the swine feeding on them. There was a number of prisoners in the place,
who had been taken, whom they were trying by court-martial, and hanging;
but I was not an eye-witness to any executions in this place. A part of
the regiment was stationed in the church, which was not a large one.
This was a new kind of quarters, but every part was occupied, pulpit and
all; and the grave stones were the place where we cleaned our arms.
The insurgents were still in a body upon one of the hills in the
vicinity, and kept the place in alarm; and we had frequently to stand to
our arms during the night. On the fourth of July, we paraded in the
street at 12 o'clock at night, in great haste. The right wing of the
regiment got three days bread served out, when we marched away in a
great hurry, without giving the left wing any. I was in the left wing,
and had only a few crumbs left of that day's rations. We marched very
quickly through by-roads; and when day began to break, we made a short
pause, and loaded our muskets,--the first time I had done so in the
expectation of fighting. There was a high hill before us, (called White
Heaps) whose top was covered with mist, and that side which was next to
us was very steep. The insurgents were said to be on the top of it.
Their number, we afterwards learned, was 5000; of whom 1500 had
firelocks, the rest pikes. There were about six troops of cavalry along
with us: but our whole number did not amount to 1200, without artillery.
We ascended the hill with difficulty, without being perceived by those
on the top, the mist concealing us from each other. When we had nearly
reached the summit, and had entered into the mist that covered it, our
front was challenged by the insurgent sentinels, who demanded the
countersign, to which the Lieutenant Colonel replied, "You shall have it
in a minute." We moved a little further and formed our line. The fog
cleared up a little for a minute, when we found that our left was near
the enemy, who were collecting themselves into three bodies. The ground
betwixt us and them was a wet bog; and the commander of the cavalry told
our commanding officer, that if he advanced, the cavalry would not be
able to act in such marshy ground as that before us. The fog again
covered us, so that we could not see them, and a gust of wind, with a
shower of rain, induced us to stand still. The insurgents then gave a
loud cheer, and then a second, and they began a third; but it died away,
and was not so full or loud as the others. We expected to be instantly
attacked, as this was their signal of attack. They, however, had
imagined that we were much stronger than what we were; and being
terrified by the suddenness of our appearance, in place of coming
forward to attack, they fled in great haste down the opposite side of
the hill. We stood in uncertainty for some time, as we could see
nothing; then hearing the fire of two guns, we moved in that direction,
and got out of the fog, and descended the hill on the side opposite to
that which we had ascended. We then learned that the insurgents had gone
down the hill; and, having fallen in with another division of the army,
had come upon them before they could get fully formed, and had come
close to the guns, when they were fired upon and repulsed. It had been
arranged, that different bodies of troops should have mounted the hill
on opposite sides at the same time; but we had been sooner than the
others, which disarranged the plan. The insurgents continued to fly, the
cavalry went forward in pursuit, and we followed with all possible
haste. When we reached the foot of the hill, I saw four of the
insurgents lying dead. We continued to march with great haste, and
frequently changed our route. We heard firing at no great distance; but
the parties were always gone before we came up. The road was strewed
with old clothes, oatmeal, oat bread, and dough, thrown away by the
insurgents in their flight. The dragoons killed a great number of them
in the fields. The insurgents, in their flight, fell in with some
baggage belonging to some of the other divisions; attacked the guard,
and killed and wounded several, before the rest of the army could come
to their assistance; the insurgents were then totally dispersed, and a
great many killed and wounded; but our regiment never could arrive in
time to take share in any of the actions. Several women were among the
dead, who were shot in the ranks of the insurgents. We had a most
fatiguing march, of upwards of thirty Irish miles. In the evening we
arrived at the town of Gorey, as did also two other divisions of the
army.
One thing I would particularly notice here, is the _ferocity_ of civil
war; it has barbarities not now practised in the national wars of
Europe. In one spot, where seven had fled to a house, in which they were
killed, their bodies had been brought out to the road side, where they
lay, shamefully uncovered, and some of them mangled in a manner too
indelicate to mention. At another place, I saw an insurgent, who had
been taken and dragged by the hair of his head, which was long, for some
distance along the road, and then shot through the heart. It was said,
he was unwilling to inform upon the rest of the insurgents. Numerous and
shocking barbarities were committed on both sides, sometimes originating
in animosity, sometimes in wanton cruelty, and at other times in
retaliation.
I was witness to a scene of the latter kind a few days after, in the
town of Gorey. A man was brought to the back of the camp, to be hanged
upon a tree on the road side, by a party of an English fencible
regiment. The man was scarcely suspended, when the officer of the party
fired the contents of two pistols into the body, and then drew his sword
and ran it into it. I then turned from the sight with disgust; but those
of my comrades who stayed, told me that the body was lowered down from
the tree upon the road; that the soldiers of the party perforated it
with their bayonets, cut off the head, cut it in pieces, and threw them
about, tossing them in the air, calling out, "Who will have this?" They
then dug a hole on the opposite side of the road, and buried the body
and the mangled pieces of the head, in the presence of a few of the
unhappy man's friends. I was informed that he had been a judge in the
insurgent army for trying their prisoners: that a brother of the officer
of the party had been taken prisoner by the insurgents, and had been
sentenced by this man to be piked to death: and that this was the reason
why he had been so used.
Piking to death was what the insurgents practised upon those of the
king's troops that fell into their hands, particularly if they remained
firm in their allegiance. The common method was for "two to stand
behind, and two before the victim, and thrust their pikes into his body
at once, and raise it from the ground, holding it suspended, writhing
with pain, while any signs of life appeared. At other times, two men,
with pikes, would come before the victim, and begin to stab him in the
feet, and then the legs, and thighs, and belly, until they reached the
heart. At other times they literally perforated the body all over, with
pike wounds." Such barbarities could not fail to produce desire of
revenge. But, as our regiment had not been in the country during the
out-breaking of the insurrection, we had received no injury to provoke
our resentment. And as we had not been employed in the execution of any
of the rigorous measures resorted to by the government to prevent the
insurrection, no one had any ill will against us. We were called into
the service of suppressing this unhappy and calamitous insurrection,
after it had begun to decline, and we were rather witnesses of its
ruinous and distressing effects, than active hands in suppressing it by
force. For it so happened, that although we several times pursued
considerable bodies of the insurgents through the mountains, and were at
times pretty close upon them, yet no one of us fired a musket, with the
exception of one or two, who did it without orders, on the morning of
the 5th July, on the White Heaps: neither was a musket fired at us; and
the only loss the regiment sustained during this service, occurred one
morning when we were pursuing a body of insurgents among the mountains.
One of our men having fallen behind through weakness, was met by two or
three insurgents in women's clothes, carrying pails of milk on their
heads, as if returning from milking. They offered him drink; and, while
he was drinking, one of them seized his musket, and after threatening to
kill him, they allowed him to proceed to the regiment, with the loss of
his musket and ammunition.
The sight of so many houses and villages, and parts of towns, burned and
destroyed, and the great number of women and children, who were in a
destitute state, because their husbands and fathers were either gone
with the insurgents, or were fled for safety, touched most powerfully
the sensibilities of our hearts, and diffused a feeling of generous
sympathy through the regiment. It so happened at that time, that we had
newly received a more than ordinary balance of arrears of pay, so that
every man was in possession of money, less or more; and although we were
very fond of milk, because we had been long living upon salt provisions,
before our arrival in Ireland, yet there were none who would accept of a
draught of milk for nothing, but would pay its price. And if the people
of the house would not take payment, they would give the value of what
milk they received to the children.
As this conduct in soldiers is more rare than even conspicuous courage
in the field, the truth of what is here asserted, may be the more ready
to be questioned. I shall, therefore, take the liberty of inserting a
quotation from Gordon's History of the Irish Rebellion. The author of
that work is a clergyman, whose residence appears to have been in the
vicinity of Gorey, and who had a personal knowledge of what took place
there at that time. That author complains of the losses sustained by the
inhabitants from the insurgents and the soldiery: he says, "on the
arrival of the Marquis of Huntly, however, with his regiment of Scottish
Highlanders, in Gorey, the scene was totally altered. To the immortal
honour of this regiment, its behaviour was such, as, if it were
universal among soldiers, would render a military government amiable. To
the astonishment of the (until then miserably harassed) peasantry, not
the smallest trifle, even a drink of butter milk, would any of these
Highlanders accept, without the payment of at least the full
value."--Gordon's History of the Irish Rebellion, 2d edit Lond. p. 240.
When we entered the town of Gorey, it was, in great part, deserted by
the inhabitants. Nothing was to be procured for money. After the very
fatiguing march we had on the day we entered it, we received one biscuit
and one glass of whiskey. On the next day we marched to a considerable
distance, in quest of the insurgents, and returned back; we got a
draught of milk, and one day's allowance of boiled beef, which had
arrived from Arklow; but no bread.--The day was very warm, and I was
considerably exhausted. That day passed over, and the next day, until
the evening, without any word of any more provisions. The dread of
having to pass another night in our present hungry state, determined
other two and myself, to go in quest of something that we could eat. We
saw some who had purchased some old potatoes at the mill of the place.
We made all haste to the mill; but the potatoes were all sold. We felt
disappointed; but, observing that the mill was at work, we entered it to
see what was grinding. We found a man attending the mill, who said he
was not the miller, but had just set the mill to work to grind some
barley. There were but a few handfuls ground; and we resolved, rather
than want, that we would wait until some greater quantity was done, when
we would endeavour to get it cleaned, so as to be capable of being
turned into food. After stopping a few seconds in the mill, I began to
look about, when I perceived a number of sacks that were, less or more,
filled with something: I said to my comrades, "Perhaps there may be
something in some of these sacks that will serve us: we had better
examine them and see." We were indeed loath to touch any thing; but we
were in absolute want of food, and were willing to pay for it. Observing
a sack about half full, standing beneath another that was full, and was
bent over it, we thought we would see what was in the broken sack first.
We instantly removed the full sack, and, to our great joy, we found the
other was about half full of excellent oatmeal, ready for use. The
miller's wife came in, in great agitation, and said, that she durst not
sell it, for it belonged to a gentleman in the neighbourhood, who was a
Captain of the Yeomen. I replied, that we were in absolute need, and
must have it; but that we would pay a fair market price for it, which
she could give to the gentleman who owned the meal; that he would likely
be able to procure a supply to himself elsewhere; that he perhaps was
not in the immediate want of it, but that we were, and did not know any
where else to find it; and that she might state this to the owner, and
that would remove all blame from her. She assented to the justice of
this; and said, that one shilling and six-pence was a fair price for the
stone weight. The weights were quickly erected; we weighed a stone, paid
the price, and set out to get it cooked, leaving a number more of our
comrades, who had come to the mill, to be supplied in the same way as we
had been. While passing along the street, looking for an inhabited
house, where we might get our meal cooked, we met other three of our
comrades, who had gone to the country in quest of provisions, but could
get nothing but milk, of which they had their canteens full. We agreed
that we would give them a share of our meal for a share of their milk.
We then went into a house, in which was a woman with one child. She said
her husband was a blacksmith, and that the insurgents had forced him to
go with them, to forge their pikes.[3] We told her that we wanted her to
make us some porridge, and that she should get a share of it for her
trouble. She instantly cleaned her pot, (which was but a small one,) and
got it on the fire. We procured some wood for fuel; and, the first pot
full being soon made, and poured into a dish to cool, we desired her to
make haste and get the second ready, for we were very hungry, and what
was in the dish would do little to fill us: we then sat down, all six,
to satisfy our hunger. What was in the dish would have been a very
scanty meal for three; yet, after we had eagerly swallowed a few
spoonfuls, we began to slacken our speed, and (although the milk and
porridge were exceedingly good) to swallow them slowly, and with
difficulty; and we were all reluctantly compelled to leave off before
our little mess was nearly finished, and the poor woman got the remains,
and the second pot full for her trouble. We told her, that we would call
back next day after parade, to get another meal. On returning to our
quarters, we found that our provisions had arrived in our absence; but
as we could not know that they were to arrive that night, we felt
satisfied with what we had done. We did call back at our cook's next
day; and, after taking a little more porridge, desired her to make use
of the rest of that meal as she needed it, for that we had now got
plenty of other provision, and were not likely to require it.
The town and adjacent country were in a most distressing state. Numbers
of the cattle were going through the corn-fields, and destroying more
than they were eating. The milk-cows were lowing most piteously for want
of being milked. And as the town had been more than once in the hands of
the insurgents, the alternate movements of the army and the insurgents
created always fresh alarm to the peaceable and helpless, who were
liable to suffer by every change. The insurgents harassed those who did
not join with them; and when the insurgents had to fly, the soldiers
harassed those whom they found at home, on pretence that they were
friends or favourers of the insurgents: so that it was next to
impossible, for even those who were unable to take any part on either
side, to escape being involved in the distresses attendant on the
quarrel.
The following circumstance will in part show this. Three of our men went
from Gorey, to the country, in quest of provisions; (I think it was the
same three that gave us milk formerly.) They went to a farm house, into
which they entered, but could find no one within. They went through all
the apartments, but could discover no one. They saw that the fire was
unextinguished; the milk, and every thing about the house, showed that
the inhabitants could not be far away. When they had waited a good
while, in the hope that some of them might make their appearance, a
young child came into the house. This convinced them that the mother
could not be far off. They spoke kindly to the child, and gave it a
penny. It then left them, and in a short time reappeared with its mother
and the rest of the women and children belonging to the house. The
soldiers told them that they wanted to buy some milk; to which they
replied, that they might take whatever they wanted, and welcome. The
soldiers said, they did not want any thing for nothing, but would pay
for what they got; but the women insisted that they should take freely
what they wanted, and said, that was not the way they had been used by
the soldiers that had visited them before, for they took what they
wanted without asking their liberty, and sometimes ill used themselves;
adding, "We saw you coming, and we were afraid, and went and hid
ourselves; but when the child came into our hiding-place, and showed us
a penny it had got from you, this encouraged us to make our appearance;
and God bless you, take what you want freely." The soldiers got their
canteens filled with milk, but the inhabitants had no other provisions
that they could spare. They then left them, (after giving the children
as many pence as they thought the milk was worth,) highly pleased with
their visit.
We stayed in the town of Gorey a fortnight, during which time public
confidence was greatly restored. The bulk of the inhabitants had
returned, and the grocers' shops began to be replenished. There was no
whiskey, or drink of any kind, to be had when we entered it; but whiskey
was distilled and sold some days previous to our departure, which
consumed the soldiers' money much faster than the buying of milk did,
although the milk was by far the preferable article, had they been so
wise as to have contented themselves with it. We left Gorey, and had two
days march to Blessington, twelve miles from Dublin. Our route led us
through a part of the country that had suffered severely. Almost every
change of landscape presented to our view the roofless walls of cabins
and of gentlemen's country seats, many of which were spacious and
elegant. The populous village of Carnew, where we halted for a night,
had been almost totally burnt. The inhabitants had sheltered themselves
within the walls of their cabins the best way they could; but, in wet
weather, their condition was pitiful. A great part of the town of
Blessington had also been destroyed. We pitched our tents in the rear of
the Marquis of Downshire's fine house, which had also been burnt. A
large body of military was encamped in the pleasure grounds, and great
openings were made in the walls and hedges to admit of a ready
communication between the different parts of the camp, and every thing
was in a ruinous state. We were here put under the orders of Sir John
Moore, then a Major General, and in a few days he marched with our
regiment, and the Hompesch dragoons, and two pieces of artillery, and
encamped in the glen of Eimal, among the mountains of Wicklow; where
several detached bodies of insurgents were still in arms. When we
entered the glen, which was a fruitful valley of considerable extent,
the inhabitants kept their houses, because some of the military, who had
been there before us, had spread a report that we were uncommonly
ferocious. But this impression was of short duration; we were soon great
favourites with them, and our camp became a place of public resort,
particularly upon Sundays. The young men and women were entertained with
whiskey, music, and dancing; to which exercise they were encouraged by
the attendance and approbation of a neighbouring Catholic priest, who
excited the young women to dance with the military, even with very
profane language. This drew forth the remarks of the soldiers; and even
the most openly profane among them condemned their own sins when
committed by a priest.--A circumstance of a different kind took place
here, which was remarked as uncommon among us. Two of the soldiers
quarrelled, and had a long vociferous wrangle, consisting chiefly in
profane oaths and curses. They were not far from the Major's tent; (the
Major was a Catholic;) he was so disgusted at the horrid profanity of
their language, that he ordered them extra drill, as a punishment, and
complained to Lord Huntly, who gave out an order prohibiting the
practice, and threatening to put the Articles of War in force, and to
fine every man in a shilling for every oath. This was a temporary check
to the very public commission of it, but it was only of short duration;
for the practice was too general among all ranks, and the order was soon
as if it had never been.
While we lay in this camp, Sir John Moore marched twice with us into the
interior of the mountains, where the insurgents still kept in small
bodies. They made a show of resistance, but fled when we got near them.
We pursued them slowly; Sir John did not allow any to fire at them,
though it might, at times, have been done. It appeared to be his
intention to intimidate them from remaining in arms, and by showing them
forbearance, to induce them to return to their allegiance. This wise
conduct of the general, along with the conciliatory behaviour of the
soldiers, had a happy effect. For, during the time that we were encamped
here, the greater part of them came in and delivered up their arms. The
whole would have submitted in the course of a day or two, if the French
had not landed at Killala. It was said, that the only remaining leaders
were in the camp, and had left it to fetch in their followers the next
day; but that the report of the French having landed[4] reaching them in
the evening, revived their hopes of a revolution: and, our marching
suddenly away next morning to oppose the French, confirmed them in the
belief that they were in great force. In consequence of this, they
remained in arms during the autumn and winter, committing petty
depredations, and skulking among the mountains. It was lamentable to see
the ignorance of the people who had been in arms. They were indeed no
judges of political questions. Petty local animosity, and an aversion to
Protestants, was all that operated with the great body of them; and
beyond these, they could not be made to look by those who saw farther.
Their bigotry to the Romish religion was so strong, that although their
oaths, as united Irishmen, bound them to "persevere in endeavouring to
form a brotherhood of affection among Irishmen of _every_ religious
persuasion," they were no sooner up in arms, than they began to show
that Protestants would not be tolerated. They put many Protestants to
death, in the most cruel manner, some of whom were fighting in their own
ranks. And had they succeeded in overturning the government, they would
not have spared even those Protestant gentlemen that were their chief
leaders, nor yet those of their own communion that were favourers of
toleration. Their secular leaders, whether Protestant or Catholic, were
soon convinced, that because they did not approve of intolerance, their
lives would fall a sacrifice to their own party if it was successful.
They preferred surrendering themselves to the clemency of the
government, as soon as it was in their power, to staying among the
insurgents; for, although they had forfeited their lives by their
insurrection, they had a greater chance of being spared by the clemency
of the government, than of escaping the bigotry of those whom they
themselves had stirred up to rise in arms against it. One Garret Byrne,
a Roman Catholic gentleman, of landed property, surrendered after the
affair of the White Heaps, and was sent to our camp, and was employed by
Sir John Moore to guide us through the mountains, when we went in
pursuit of the insurgents.
Disaffection had spread among the Protestants of the north, as well as
among the Papists of the south; but, as soon as the Protestants in the
north heard that the insurrection had taken a religious turn in the
south, they were glad to be quiet, for they instantly saw that their
safety (they being by far the fewer number) lay in the preservation of
the government. This freed the government from the resistance of the
Protestant insurgents of the north; who, from the superiority of their
intelligence, were more to be dreaded than the Catholics of the south.
Want of subordination in the insurgent armies, also, contributed
materially to render the insurrection abortive. Their notions of
liberty, for which they ignorantly pretended to be fighting, were of
such a nature as to render every attempt to train them to arms utterly
vain. They said, we are the sovereign people--we are free--we will not
be drilled like those slaves of government, the red coats. To be drilled
like a soldier was a degree of subordination which they had never been
subject to; and, when they had been persuaded by those who stirred them
up to insurrection, that they were slaves, and that they would obtain
freedom by rising in arms, they could not see the consistency of this,
with submitting to the slavery of being drilled like soldiers. Indeed,
their actions showed that the liberty for which _they were fighting_,
was a liberty to violate the laws of God and man, and indulge in
licentiousness, riot, and dissipation, and the cruelties of
superstition.
We had a long fatiguing march to the opposite coast of Ireland. We never
came in contact with the French, but we were extremely glad when we
heard of their surrender, as we were weary with hard marching. We
escorted them as prisoners one day's march; their number was then, of
all ranks, somewhat about 800. When they landed, they were 1100,
(Gordon's History of the Irish Rebellion, p. 294.) There were several
amongst them who had been prisoners in Corsica when our regiment was
there, and they recognised some of our men as having been guards over
them there.
They had brought a large quantity of arms, accoutrements, and clothing
from France, to equip the Irish insurgents, many of whom had joined them
after they had taken the town of Castlebar; but the major part left
them, and went away with the arms, accoutrements, and clothing they had
received, as soon as the French began to drill them. Muskets had been
given to five thousand five hundred in Castlebar, but there were only
about fifteen hundred that accompanied the French on their march from
that place to Ballinamuck, where the French surrendered, when 500 of
them were killed, and the rest dispersed. They were also dangerous as
well as useless allies to the French; for they were not disposed to give
quarter to prisoners. I heard of an instance of an insurgent who killed
a soldier that had been taken prisoner: one of the French cavalry
instantly cut the insurgent down with his sword. This restraint did not
suit the sanguinary temper of the insurgents; but the French well knew
that if their allies did not give quarter, no quarter would be given to
them. The alliance was also very incongruous; for the insurgents were
all bigotted Catholics, and the French enthusiastic infidels, who openly
boasted that they had lately driven Mr. Pope out of Italy, and had not
expected to find him so suddenly in Ireland. They smiled at the
simplicity of the Irish, when they heard them declare that they came to
take arms for France and the blessed Virgin. The priests were treated
with the utmost contempt by the French general, although it was his
interest to have acted otherwise. There can be no doubt that, although
the French had succeeded in revolutionizing Ireland, their religious
difference would have produced a new war between them and the Irish.
We did not return to the Wicklow mountains; but encamped during the
autumn at Moat, twelve miles from Athlone, which is near the centre of
Ireland; and, when winter set in, we went into Athlone for winter
quarters. The number of the regiment was changed at this time from the
100th to the 92d.
We lay there from the end of October, 1798, to June, 1799. In this place
it pleased God to lead my mind to serious and deep reflection, and to
begin a work of sharp conviction, such as I had never before
experienced. There was a Catholic Chapel, an English Church, and a
Wesleyan Methodist Meeting-house in the town. In the Methodist
Meeting-house, there were always public prayers evening and morning, and
sermon on the Lord's day, and often twice a week in the evenings. I
attended the Meeting-house pretty closely, and began to read my Bible
with more than common attention. I reviewed my past life, and found that
I was an exceeding great sinner in the sight of God: and God's goodness
as my Creator, and merciful Preserver, appeared to my view in a much
stronger light than ever it had done before. I read several religious
books, amongst which were Baxter's Call to the Unconverted, and Young's
Night Thoughts. The subject of life, death, and immortality, occupied my
thoughts very much; the conviction of my ingratitude, in sinning against
God, often made me weep in secret; and the fear of falling into the
hands of a justly offended God, frequently made me shudder. The words of
Scripture, "Repent and turn to the Lord," were strongly impressed upon
my mind. I saw there was no salvation without pardon, and no pardon
without repentance. I wept for my sins, and earnestly besought God to
forgive them. I read the Scriptures, and found, as I imagined, pardon
promised to the penitent. I followed, as far as circumstances permitted,
in point of form, Baxter's directions. I devoted myself to God, and
vowed to forsake sin, and to live a godly life for the future. I made
this resolution in sincerity of heart, my understanding being convinced
that it was my duty to hate sin, because God hated it; and that if I
regarded sin in my heart, God would not hear my prayers, nor pardon my
transgressions. I then began to attempt the performance of what I saw
was my duty. I began to hunger and thirst after personal holiness; but
of the nature of justification, by faith in the imputed righteousness of
Christ, I had no conception; and of the nature and design of his
sufferings, my ideas were very confused and erroneous. It was a sense of
sin that pained my conscience, and I sought for relief in personal
reformation, and founded my hope of pardon for the past, and of eternal
life, in the success of the reformation, I had now commenced. Being
convinced that I was liable to many and strong temptations, and that the
conquest of sin would be no easy work, I conceived that it was my
wisdom, as well as duty, to have recourse to every thing that could
strengthen me against temptation, and assist me in the arduous task of
working out what I conceived to be my salvation.
When under this temper of mind, I happened, with a number of other
soldiers of the regiment, to be at the meeting-house one evening; and
after the ordinary service of praise and prayer was over, the preacher
desired the soldiers to remain, intimating that he had something to say
to us. He then addressed us, on the propriety of joining in a class
meeting, informing us how many soldiers had joined in a class meeting,
in a neighbouring town, in his circuit. He said that some of us might
scruple, because he was not of the same religious principles as those we
had been brought up in. This might be true; but he remarked that we had
no opportunity of joining with those, who were of the principles in
which we might have been educated, there being none in the place; that,
if we chose to form a class meeting, he did not require that we should
be of the same principles with him in every thing; but that if we were
concerned for the salvation of our souls, it would be for our benefit,
while we were absent from home, to be united together, for the purpose
of social worship and instruction.--I thought the proposal candid and
reasonable, and put down my name, as one willing to join in a class
meeting. I thought it would be a means of helping me in the work of
personal reformation. For a short time I went on pretty well in my own
estimation, abstaining from any thing that was open and flagrant; but
secret sins overcame me, although I had set myself to resist them with
all my might; and this broke my peace of mind. It happened, that there
were a number of the regiment, and amongst them some of my own comrades,
taken ill with dysentery; and several died of the disorder. This alarmed
me much. I began more seriously than ever, to contemplate the
uncertainty of life. I read seriously, and with great attention, those
portions of Young's Night Thoughts that treat on that subject. I entered
fully into the spirit of the poet, and applied to my conscience his
reflections. My security of life was completely broken. Every night I
lay down to sleep, I was afraid I might never awake, and every morning I
arose, I was afraid I might die before night. I would say to myself in
the morning, "Some of my fellow creatures, who are living at this
moment, will be dead before night; and how can I tell but I may be one
of them!" This subject never made so strong an impression on my mind as
at this time. I never was so much afraid of death, except on occasions
of evident danger. I could no longer place death at a distance. I saw
myself in danger of being snatched away every moment in numberless ways,
and put the question to myself, "Were I to die this moment, what hope
have I of escaping hell and getting to heaven?" and I concluded, that I
had no hope of heaven whatever, but every reason to fear that hell
should be my portion.
I then began to look around me; and compare myself with the bulk of my
comrades. I thought I was not so bad as they were. I began to reason
with myself, that if God was to send _me_ to hell for _my sins_, surely
those that were worse than I was, would also be condemned; and, if that
was the case, how few would there be that would escape! I would fondly
have indulged the idea, that surely God would not be so severe, as to
condemn so many, and would fain have cherished the hope, that because I
was not so bad as the major part of those I knew, I should have a chance
to escape. But when I reviewed my past life in the light of the word of
God, I found nothing but condemnation; for I perceived that that word
took cognisance of the quality of sin, as well as the quantity, and
condemned both sins secret and sins open: I began to remember the means
that I had enjoyed above others, of religious instruction and
information; and the declaration of our Lord, "To whom much is given, of
them shall much be required," rang in my ears. I remembered the
impressions made upon my mind by early religious instructions; I
recollected the resolutions I had made to forsake sin, and the
convictions which had produced these resolutions; I thought of my
breaches of these resolutions, and my former forgetfulness and
indifference: and more particularly, my failing in keeping my last most
solemn vow. I began to meditate and consider of God's dealings with me
as an individual: and of the account he would require of me _as an
individual sinner_. I no longer durst compare myself with other men. I
knew not the extent, in number and heinousness, of any other man's sins.
I knew not their secret sins and evil purposes of heart; and as God
would bring all manner of sin into judgment, I durst no longer think in
my heart that I was a whit better than the most wicked and profane
person I knew; for I knew more evil of myself than I had known, or could
know of another. This led me to look more strictly into my own heart,
and to examine what was done in it, as I found that the word of God
discerned the thoughts of the heart. This led me to investigate the
_motives_ of my actions, and then I found that I did nothing that was
pure. I called to mind the past goodness of God, the many mercies and
deliverances he had given me; I reflected on my ungrateful behaviour,
and was filled with wonder and astonishment that a God of such awful
majesty, should have spared such an ungrateful and vile wretch so long;
I was led afresh to consider, "What shall I do to escape the just
vengeance of Almighty God?" and my resolution was to repent afresh of my
sins, and devote my future life, with greater resolution to his glory. I
durst not delay my repentance to a more convenient time, because the
fear of death stared me in the face; and I was convinced, that as death
left me, judgment would find me. I trembled at the thought of being
called, by death, before the awful tribunal of God. I had nothing to
look to on the one hand, but a broken law; and a holy, sin-avenging God
on the other. This made me earnestly wish for the pardon of my sins, and
I resolved that I would do any thing whatever that would procure it.
I read the Scriptures, but chiefly in the Old Testament, often in
Isaiah. To the clearer light of the New Testament, I did not so much
attend. Its clear evangelical language did not strike my mind with that
force as to fix my attention upon it. From those parts of the Scripture
that caught my attention, I formed the following opinions:--that God
promised mercy to the penitent returning sinner: this gave me a gleam of
hope, which I believe prevented me from sinking into absolute despair;
but I did not understand the nature of evangelical repentance, or the
way by which the penitent should come to God, in order to be accepted.
The state of my mind at that time was this; I thought that if I
sincerely repented of my past sins, and did not commit sin for the
future, God would pardon my sins. I also promised myself, that if I
truly, and seriously, resolved to serve God for the future period of my
life, God would on this account, give me strength to resist every kind
of temptation, and to overcome every desire to sin. I promised myself,
that, by constant endeavours, and unremitting exertions, I should
overcome all obstacles, and finally merit eternal life. I saw that God
required of the penitent sinner, future obedience: I was convinced that
this was just: I thought that God did not require any thing but what he
had given us power to perform, if we were but willing to do so. I
resolved to be willing, and to try my strength to the utmost. I thought
that if I did meet with any thing that was too hard for my present
strength, God would give me additional strength; but that the only way
to honour God was to use the power that he had already given me. I
thought it would be affronting God to ask more, until I had first proved
the insufficiency of what I now possessed: and that it would be
insulting to divine goodness, to be seeking that which was already
bestowed upon me. Under this frame of mind, I set about the performance
of religious duties. I prayed more frequently and fervently; I read the
Scriptures with greater diligence and attention; I abstained from every
thing that was in my opinion sinful. But my past sins were still painful
to me, because I was not yet assured that they were or should be
pardoned. I was, however, certain that if I continued to commit sin, I
should get no pardon, but if I forsook sin, I _might_ obtain pardon. The
spirit of my prayers was, entreating God to pardon my sins, and
promising to lead a holy life in future.
While in this state of mind, I went one evening to the meeting-house,
and as I was returning to the barracks, pondering in my mind my guilt,
as a sinner, and the goodness and sparing mercy of God, the powers of my
mind having been buoyed up by the fervour of the exhortations and
prayers I had heard, a sudden emotion started all at once into my mind,
that my sins were pardoned by God, that God had promised pardon to such
as me; and that all that was required was, that I should believe that
God had pardoned my sins; that God was faithful to his promise, and it
would be to me, even according to my faith. This emotion had a powerful
influence upon me. It gave peace to my mind, for I took it to be one of
those manifestations of the Spirit, spoken of by those who preached,
exhorted, and prayed, at the meeting-house. Under the impressions
produced by it, I went on very smoothly, abstaining from sins, to which
I had formerly been a slave. I now thought myself happy, and promised to
myself, that I would now be able to live such a life, as should be
pleasing to God, and should procure and retain his favour.
But I must here add, that this impression that my sins were actually
pardoned, was not accompanied with any increase of light to my
understanding of the way in which God forgives sin. I was as blind to
the nature of the great doctrines of the justifying righteousness and
atoning blood of Christ, as I had been before. The views which at this
time I entertained of Christ's death, were, that he had died to procure
the pardon of such sins as were committed by sinners, while in a state
of ignorance and impenitence. I believed that had Christ not died, there
would have been no pardon for sin, but that his death had opened the
door of mercy to penitent sinners of all descriptions. I thought all the
design of God, was to bring men to a sense of their moral duty, and to
put them once more in a fair way of discharging their moral obligations
to him, as their Creator and Preserver; and that he had promised those
who repented, his assistance in all things that were difficult, and his
protection from outward danger; and that Christ's death justified God,
in granting pardon to penitent sinners, on account of their penitence. I
had some faint recollection of what I had read in Boston's Fourfold
State, and the instructions I had received in the Sabbath school, and
from others, and could discern that there was a difference between them
and the instructions I was now hearing, particularly on the doctrine of
election, and remaining corruption in believers; but I had no fixed
ideas on these topics, only just as much as prevented me from thinking
that the Methodists were right, in denying, that the doctrines of
election, and of remaining depravity in all believers, were taught in
the Bible. I thought they were, but they were not any part of my own
fixed belief. I read Wesley on Christian perfection, and, although I did
not think he gave a sound view of some Scripture texts, perfection was
the thing I was striving to obtain; a perfect obedience to the divine
law was what I had set out to accomplish; and the following lines of one
of Mr. Wesley's hymns, were, for a time, very frequent in my mouth, and
repeated in secret prayer to God;
O grant that nothing in my heart
May dwell, but thy pure love alone;
and I resolved that my life should be one scene of devotion and of
gratitude to God. I continued to go on pretty smoothly for about six
weeks, and I thought I had got the better of sinful inclinations; but
when I fancied I was strong, I soon had reason to be convinced that I
was weak, had I only been willing to learn; for I again fell into some
sins, which I had flattered myself I should never more be guilty of; and
this broke my peace of mind, and blasted all my hopes. I however found
means to heal the sore again, after having undergone considerable pain
of mind. I again set out by repenting, and trusting in the mercy of God,
and resolving on future obedience; but my conduct was not regular, and
secret sins, which lay at times very heavy upon my conscience, would
overcome me, although I strove against them with all my might.
I continued to attend the various meetings, public and private, amongst
the Methodists, while we lay in Athlone. My attendance among them was
certainly of great benefit to me, in leading to a train of experience,
that materially contributed to make me acquainted with the deep
deceitfulness of my own heart. I was indeed slow to learn; but what took
place with me at that time, afforded matter for reflection afterwards. I
think upon it still, and see great reason for humility on account of my
blindness, in not seeing while I was there, that I was without strength
and without righteousness, without Christ, and without hope, I can not
tell how far the gospel was set before me by the Methodists; but I am
pretty certain, from some expressions that I have still a faint
recollection of, that Christ was set before me in a much clearer light
than I at that time apprehended him; I had, all the time I was there,
continued in a course of sinning and repenting, making resolutions and
breaking them; and, although I suffered great pain of conscience, I
succeeded in quieting it by the hope of better success the next time.
When we came to leave the place, I felt that I should not have the same
privilege, of the means of instruction and social worship, at least for
a while to come; and this gave me less hope of myself, and filled me
with a greater degree of fear, that I should be more liable to be
overcome by temptation, when I should not have the help of the means of
grace.
I may here mention a simple incident that occurred while I was in
Athlone. One night I was placed sentinel over a prisoner, in the room in
which he slept. He was asleep, and I did not disturb him; a book lay
near me; I took it up and passed the two hours with it; it was a book of
sermons on Contentment, written by an old divine, (if I mistake not, a
Mr. Taylor of London,) but it matters not who the author was. He handled
it in a variety of lights, and applied the principle of contentment to
the good works of Christians. I forgot all that I read but the following
expressions; he said, that the genuine disciple of Christ was one, who
was willing to do every thing for the sake of Christ, and, at the same
time, was content to deny all he had done for Christ's sake. The author
pursued his subject in a spiritual sense, and I was taken with the book,
although I did not understand it. It was, however, written in such a
strain of piety, that I was struck with it; my memory kept hold of the
words, "do all for Christ, and deny all for Christ;" and I would at
times reflect upon them, as strange and mysterious. I could never
understand them, but I could not help being struck with them; and when
the Lord opened my eyes several years afterwards, I remembered I had
read them, and wondered how it was I did not understand them sooner; but
I was then carnal; and the things of the Spirit were foolishness to me,
for I had not spiritual discernment.
We left Athlone, and marched to Cork, in June, 1799, to embark for
England, and join the army that was forming to invade Holland. After
leaving Athlone, I began to fall off in my attention to serious things.
I carried Gray's Sermons in my knapsack, to oblige a comrade who was a
Methodist, but who had not room for it in his. I carried it to the place
of our embarkation, and returned it to him, without having read any part
of it. I had read little or nothing of my Bible either, during the
march. I found out the Methodist meeting at Cashil, where we stopt a
day, and was at worship twice or thrice.
We lay several weeks encamped at a place called Monkton, near Cork,
waiting for vessels to carry us to England. I was twice or thrice at a
prayer meeting during that time; but although the prospect of danger was
increasing, I was increasingly remiss in attending to religious duties;
and this was the case with the most part of those who had been joined
with the Methodists. There was only one man in the regiment who was
uniformly steady and consistent in these things.
Footnote 3:
They impressed into their service all the blacksmiths they could find.
Footnote 4:
Reports varied as to the number landed: some reports made them 15,000,
others, as high as 30,000.
CHAPTER III.
I continued in a very careless and listless state of mind during the
passage to England. We landed at Dover, and marched to Barham downs,
where we were encamped. About ten thousand troops were assembled at this
place in a few days, and Sir Ralph Abercrombie was appointed to command
them. Our regiment was put into a brigade under the command of Sir John
Moore. Lord Huntly went upon the expedition as Colonel of the regiment,
for he was not yet a General upon the English staff. We marched to
Ramsgate, and embarked on board of transports, on the 5th of August, and
sailed next day for Holland, under convoy of a fleet of war ships,
commanded by Admiral Mitchell. A short time after we sailed, the wind
became contrary and stormy, and continued so for about three weeks,
which was an uncommon circumstance at this season of the year; so that,
although the distance was short, the voyage was tedious. This delay
allowed time for reflection, but I did not improve it, for whatever were
the passing thoughts of my mind, I was not seriously impressed until a
few days before we landed. The wind becoming favourable and moderate, we
stood in for the coast of Holland, and anchored on the evening of the
24th, near the entrance to the Helder, and began to prepare to land. The
Dutch fleet, of eight sail of the line and three frigates, lay in our
sight in the outer road of the Helder; and the fleet of Admiral Duncan,
of about an equal number, lay at anchor a few miles from them. The fleet
under Admiral Mitchell had an imposing appearance; for it consisted of
fifteen sail of the line, and about fifty frigates, sloops of war,
cutters, and gun vessels, with about 130 transports. The wind, however,
became stormy again on the 25th, and the fleet, under Admiral Mitchell,
put to sea; but it moderated during the night, and we returned and
anchored nearer the shore than before, on the 26th, and prepared to land
next morning. The ships of war hoisted the English and Dutch flags
together, because the object of our intended invasion was to expel the
French and restore the former government. The troops on board of the
ships nearest the shore (of which the ship I was in was one) were
ordered to land first. Our danger was now more imminent than ever it had
been before; the probability of being suddenly called from time to
eternity, was more than ever apparent; and I began again to pray and to
meditate. We cooked three days' provisions, to carry with us, and were
served out with ammunition on the evening previous to our landing; we
did not go to rest that night, but kept on our accoutrements, to be
ready to go into the boats when a signal should be made. Such a period
is one of great agitation and anxiety. The prospect of landing in the
twilight of the morning, on an enemy's coast, ignorant of the nature and
extent of the danger, where one can not tell whether we may reach the
shore, or be driven back as soon as we land, or suddenly overpowered
before we can get assistance. These, and the like, are serious
considerations at a time like this. During the night I was often praying
in my mind for mercy, that the Lord would spare me: and I put on fresh
resolutions, that if I was spared, I would serve God with fidelity and
diligence. All my prayers were for the preservation of life: I durst not
resign myself to death, because I was conscious I was not prepared for
judgment. All my hopes for eternity, were founded in reformation of
character, and that I had yet to begin; for had I been cut off, at that
time, I had no hope of heaven.
The province of North Holland is a peninsula, formed by the German ocean
on the west, and the Zuyder-sea on the east. The town of Helder stands
at the northern extremity, where the Zuyder-sea communicates with the
German ocean, between the Helder point and the Texel island, distant
about six miles. The city of Amsterdam stands on the south side of the
Zuyder-sea, the common passage to which is by the Helder. A range of
sand-hills runs along the coast of the German ocean, close to the beach,
and the country between them and the Zuyder-sea is nearly a perfect
flat. Large dykes, or mounds of earth, run along the shores of the
Zuyder-sea to protect the tide from overflowing the country, which is
below the level of high water. The sand-hills serve for an embankment on
the side of the German ocean. The principal arsenal for equipping and
repairing the Dutch fleet is near the town of Helder, the greater part
of which rendezvouses there; but they are built at Amsterdam and other
places in the interior, and floated down the Zuyder-sea, on account of
the shallowness of its water, and are fitted out for sea at Helder.
We embarked in the boats early in the morning, and collected at the
stern of a gun vessel that lay nearest the shore, where we waited until
daylight began to make the coast visible; I continued at intervals
offering up ejaculatory prayers to God, for preservation and
deliverance. As soon as the coast was discernible, the gun vessel began
to fire her guns upon the shore, and the boats rowed off, giving three
loud cheers. The fire of the different vessels of war that lay along the
shore was dreadful: but as the shot and shells were all thrown at
random, the enemy not being visible, it did little damage; but it
probably prevented the enemy from appearing on the open beach, by which
means we got safely landed. The enemy's troops were posted among the
sand-hills at the different points opposite to our extended anchorage,
that were most favourable for landing. These points were chiefly at some
distance to the right of the place we landed at, where the beach, not
being so favourable, was not so strongly guarded. A part of his force
was also to our left, near the Fort at the entrance to the Helder, where
they had a camp. We formed on the beach as we landed, and began to
advance into the sand-hills. Our regiment was near the left of the line;
there were only a few of the enemy's picquets that appeared in _our_
front, who retired as we advanced: but the troops on the right had not
proceeded far before they fell in with a division of the enemy, when a
smart action began. The enemy were quickly driven farther to the right,
but fresh columns soon arriving, the action became increasingly warm,
but our troops continued to press upon the enemy, and took up a position
across the sand-hills, to cover the right of the debarkation. Sir John
Moore's brigade, in which our regiment was, penetrated also across them
as soon as possible, and took up a position to cover the left.
The sand-hills at this place are not of great breadth; the road from
Helder to the interior runs along the interior side of them, the
peninsula at this place is narrow, and the ground between the sand-hills
and the Zuyder-sea is a flat, in many parts swampy. As soon as the first
party of our regiment had reached the further side of the sand-hills,
they descried that part of the enemy's force that had been posted on our
left, passing along the Helder road to join their forces that were
engaged with our right. They were composed of horse artillery, cavalry,
and infantry. As soon as they observed our advance picquets, they left
the road, and made a circuit through the flat ground to their left: and
when they were out of the reach of musketry they made a pause, and fired
two field pieces at us, which did us no hurt, and then passed on and
joined their own troops. The fire of the ships of war that were anchored
to the right and left of the point of debarkation, prevented the enemy
from attempting to march along the beach to disturb the landing. They
also protected the right flank of the troops that were engaged with the
enemy, but he attacked their front with his infantry, and their left
flank with his artillery; which he kept upon the flat ground, on the
inside of the sand-hills, protected by his cavalry. Indeed infantry were
the only troops that were capable of fighting among the sand-hills.
Fresh columns continuing to arrive during the course of the day, to the
support of the enemy, he maintained the contest and renewed his efforts
to dislodge our troops, but as they also were reinforced by those that
continued to land, they repulsed all his attacks and gained ground; but,
as we had neither artillery nor cavalry, we dared not to attack his that
were posted in the plain, nor was it expedient to advance far until the
army should all be landed. The enemy continued his efforts from five
o'clock in the morning till four o'clock in the afternoon, when the army
was nearly all landed, and some pieces of artillery were brought to bear
upon the enemy's cavalry and artillery. The troops then charged his
infantry, and drove them beyond Challantes Ogg, a place where an
inundation of water from the Zuyder-sea contracts the peninsula nearly
to the breadth of the sand-hills. The enemy then retreated into the
interior, and left us in possession of our position, which separated him
from the Helder. Another fleet of transports, with five thousand
additional troops from England, appeared at sea in the afternoon, and
anchored in the evening. Our regiment was not engaged through this day;
but Sir John Moore's brigade was destined to attack the batteries and
town of Helder next morning, if the enemy's garrison still remained in
them. The loss of the army during this day's conflict was about a
thousand men killed and wounded. Our regiment lost sixteen men, who were
drowned in the act of landing, the boat having struck on a bank at some
distance from the shore; the men got out of the boat, but got into deep
water before they reached the beach, and the swell having increased at
the time they were landing, they, along with several seamen belonging to
the boat, were drowned. I knew most of them; one of them was a
particular acquaintance, whose death made a strong impression on my
mind.
As soon as it was fully dark our brigade marched away for the Helder.
There is something impressive in a march under the cloud of night, in a
strange land, where we can not tell the danger we are in, and have to
move forward in solemn silence. It was ordered, that no man was to speak
above his breath during the march; and all orders to halt, or move
forward, were given the same way. We had frequent stops, which made us,
who were not in the front, often wonder what was the matter. Such a
march is a service in which the mind undergoes much harassing anxiety,
and the body much fatigue. Having come near to the Helder, we halted,
and lay under arms, in a state of great anxiety, until daylight; several
of their ships of war were then seen at anchor near the town, but they
got quickly under weigh, and their whole fleet anchored in the
Zuyder-sea, about 12 miles from the Helder; which was the farthest
distance they could go to on account of the shallowness of the water.
After waiting some time we obtained information that the enemy had
evacuated the various forts and batteries about the place. We sent out
small detachments, who found that it was so, and we then entered the
place, and put guards in the different works. When I reflected on the
dangers we had escaped, I was filled with wonder; but I soon forgot them
all; and during the few days that we lay in the town of Helder, my
conduct, in place of being better, was worse than ordinary.
The transports, and a number of our frigates, came into the Helder next
day, and the artillery, cavalry, and stores, were landed in the harbour.
The day following the ships of the line came in, and admiral Mitchel
went forward to the Dutch fleet, with a squadron of nine sail of the
line, and five frigates. The Dutch fleet then surrendered without firing
a shot, and hoisted the orange flag. Their crews were in a state of
mutiny at the time, partly out of disaffection to the new republican
government, but more particularly for want of pay. When they were
ordered to prepare for action they refused to fight, and threw the balls
and cartridges into the sea. It would, indeed, have been a useless waste
of blood for them to have resisted, for if the squadron that went to
them had not been sufficient to have reduced them, there were more than
enough of war ships, of all descriptions, at hand to have completely
overwhelmed them; for after the batteries of the Helder were in our
possession, they had no way of saving their ships to their country but
by taking out their guns and masts to lighten them, and towing them
through the shallow water to some of the ports in the interior, out of
our reach. And why they did not do so is not easily accounted for.
Besides this fleet of eight sail of the line, three frigates, and a
sloop, there were two sail of the line, eleven frigates and smaller
vessels of war, and three East India ships lying in the harbour, in
various conditions. A large quantity of ammunition and stores, and a
great number of cannon for the equipment of ships, were found in the
arsenal, exclusive of the guns and mortars that were on the batteries,
many of which were brass.
The army lay among the sand-hills, where it had fought on the day of
landing, until the 1st September, when the artillery and cavalry being
landed, it moved forward into the interior of the country. Our regiment
left the Helder, another occupying it, and joined the army, which took
up a position in the afternoon, upon one of those huge dykes that are in
Holland, which extended from the German Ocean, where we posted our
right, to the Zuyder-sea, where we posted our left, a distance of about
eight miles. We occupied it, at all the parts that were passable, and
threw up works upon it, particularly at the extremities. It formed a
most excellent position of defence in such a flat country, on account of
its thickness and height. The top of it was so broad that any carriages
had full liberty to pass, and was one of the best roads in the country;
and it was not made in a straight line, but bent in curves, like the
bastions of a garrison line wall. A large ditch runs the whole length in
front of it, with large reservoirs of water in the curves. The use of
this dyke was to prevent the rain that falls in the winter, on the south
side of it, from flooding the country on the north side, where the level
is lower. The reservoirs in the curves of the dyke receive the water,
and there are sluices that are opened to allow it to pass by degrees,
under the dyke, into a large canal, a little in the rear of it, from
whence it is let out into the sea, when the tide is low. We had no
tents, but were lodged in the farm houses, which, in Holland, are large,
and of a peculiar construction, having the byre, stable, hayloft, and
barn, under one large oblong square roof, made of thatch. A great number
of these houses were ranged at such regular distances, along the banks
of the canals, in the rear of the dyke, that they formed convenient
cantonments; and each house contained from one to two hundred, who slept
in a loft among the hay, without any other covering than their great
coats and the hay. The fields are all divided by broad and deep ditches,
in place of hedges, which are only to be seen upon parts of the road
sides, and round the orchards at the farm houses and gentlemen's seats.
All the ditches have communications with the large canals that
communicate with the sea. A great number of wind-mills are employed in
forcing the water up into the canals, which are above the level of the
ground in the winter time, and in forcing the water into the ditches
whose elevation is highest, from whence it flows over locks into the
lower ditches in the summer season, so that the ditches are always full.
The apparatus of the wind-mills is simple: a number of long broad
paddles are fixed in an axle, the lower ends of which dip into a box of
little more than their own breadth, into which the water of the lower
level flows, and the rapidity with which the paddles are driven makes
them throw the water off their flat sides, to all the height that is
needed. The country being below the level of the sea, there are no
spring-wells of fresh water in it. The rain that falls on the roofs of
their houses is conveyed into a cistern, built of brick, sunk in the
ground at the side of the door, or under one of the corners of the
house, and some of them have an opening into the cistern both within and
on the outside of the house. The Dutch are proverbial for their
cleanliness and ingenious industry. I admired, among other things, their
way of churning their butter. A large wheel, with a broad rim, the
spokes of which were fastened to the one side of the rim, was fixed upon
a nave in the wall, at one of the corners of the house, with the spokes
next to the wall; small pieces of wood were nailed across the inside of
the rim; a belt that was upon the rim turned a crank that was above it;
the churn stood on the floor under the crank which lifted the churn
staff up and down; there was a close lid upon the churn, with a slit in
the centre, in which the churn staff moved, so much of which was flat as
allowed it to move in the slit. The wheel was turned round by a dog, who
was put into the inside of the rim upon the open side; he catched the
small cross pieces of wood, that were on the inside of the fore part of
the rim, at some height, with his feet, and the weight of his body
turned the wheel. The poor dog was tied by a cord round his neck at such
a height, to an upright post at the side of the fore part of the wheel,
that if he did not work he would be hanged. There were generally two
dogs employed, the one relieving the other.
The Dutchmen wear large small-clothes and cocked hats; the women wear
stays and hoops in their petticoats, and low crowned broad brimmed straw
hats; but I did not see any that were gaudy, or ragged, in any part of
the country I was in.
On the 10th of September, 1799, the enemy, having received accessions to
their number, attacked us in our position. It was known to them, that we
were shortly to receive large reinforcements; and they determined to
attack us before these arrived. A strong party attacked the position
entrusted to our regiment, which was the first time that we were in
actual action with an enemy. The dyke sheltered us from their shot; for
when they drew near, we stood on the top of it and fired a volley or
two, which drove them back, and then we sheltered ourselves from the
fire of their artillery by sitting down on the near side of it. The shot
whistled over our heads, and fell, when its strength was spent, on the
ground in our rear. The enemy was repulsed at all points with loss. Our
regiment's loss was small; one man killed, and the captain of the
grenadiers, and three men wounded. General Moore was also slightly
wounded. When the main body of the enemy retreated, a number of their
riflemen remained behind them, under the cover of a house that was near
the dyke; one of them came from under the cover, and ran to join the
main body; he was instantly fired at I dare say by twenty; yet he got
clear off, without any appearance of being hurt. The risk that he ran
deterred the remainder from following him, and they surrendered
themselves prisoners of war, in number about one hundred.
Shortly after the action of the 10th, a number of troops arrived from
England, along with the Duke of York, who took the chief command of the
army. A large body of Russian troops also joined us, which increased our
number to about thirty-five thousand. And on the 19th September the
whole moved forward to attack the enemy. Sir Ralph Abercrombie, with
about eight or ten thousand men, of which our brigade was a part,
marched the preceding night past the right flank of the enemy, and took
the town of Hoorn by surprise. We were now a good way in the rear of the
enemy's right, and it was intended that the Duke of York, with the main
body of the army, should dislodge the enemy from his positions, and that
we should then attack them on their flank and rear, and cut off their
retreat.
The Duke was successful at the outset of the action, but the Russians
under his command falling into disorder, the enemy rallied upon them,
repulsed them, and took a great number of them prisoners, which
compelled the Duke to retreat. We heard the firing of the cannon while
we lay on our arms, waiting for orders to move, but, when word was
brought that the Duke of York had been driven back, we retired the same
way that we came, and were not engaged in this action. We began now to
say that we were a lucky regiment; various expressions were used by the
soldiers, when speaking of our good luck, (as it was called) some of
them very foolish, which I do not mention. Some said, that there were
too many old women in Scotland, praying for their children and friends,
to allow us to be exposed to great danger. I began to reflect seriously
upon our past preservation, and the bad improvement that we were making
of it; and the thought made me tremble: I thought, "It _may be_, that
God has been more favourable to us than to others, on account of the
prayers of godly relatives at home; but his kindness has a claim upon
_our gratitude_, and if it does not produce gratitude from _us to him_,
he may be provoked to punish us severely, and make his punishment in
proportion to his past kindness; and the longer that he bears with us,
the stroke may be the heavier when it comes; and although we have as yet
escaped more than other regiments, in the next battle it may be, that
for hardening ourselves in sin, and flattering ourselves with security,
on account of the prayers of godly relatives, we may suffer more
severely than any others:"--and my fears were not groundless.
The sand-hills which run along the sea coast from Helder, terminated a
little in the rear of Patten, where our right was posted, and commenced
again about three miles farther south, in our front. An embankment of
sand fills up this breach, and prevents the sea from flowing over the
flat country. Tufts of strong straw are set in the sand in regular rows,
like plants in a garden, the whole breadth and length of the embankment.
The tops of the tufts rise upwards of a foot above the surface of the
sand, and the sand that is washed up by the tide or blown by the wind,
lodges about their roots, and as the tufts are regularly renewed, they
not only preserve this bank of light sand from diminishing, but also
increase its size and solidity. The left of the enemy's army was posted
at the commencement of the sand-hills. It was determined that Sir Ralph
Abercrombie, with a division of British troops, should attack the enemy
posted there, while the Duke of York, with the other division of the
army, should attack their positions in the flat country. We left our
cantonments before one o'clock of the morning of the 2d October, and
assembled before day-break on the beach in front of the enemy's lines.
At day-break we began to drive in their outposts; and continued to
advance along the sea-side, while another part of the army advanced
along the inland side of the sand-hills, with a line of communication
across them. The breadth of the beach along which we advanced was
various: (the attack had been several days delayed, on account of stormy
weather, which drove the sea so far upon the beach, as to leave no
passage betwixt the sand-hills and the water:) it admitted sometimes of
two or three companies to march abreast, and sometimes scarcely of one.
We had four pieces of cannon in front, which fired upon the enemy, who
retired along the beach as we advanced. I passed close by a man who had
been struck with a cannon ball upon the knee joint; the ball had carried
away the joint, and left a ligament of skin on each side of it, which
held the leg suspended to the thigh. A little farther, I passed near a
man who lay stretched upon his back, dead;--his eyes and countenance had
something in them peculiarly dreadful; yet he appeared to be only shot
through the thigh with a musket ball:--but it was the centre of it, and
it had proved instantly mortal. I was so struck with this man's ghastly
appearance, that I thought with myself, "Were I a poet, I would choose,
as my subject, the horrors of war, that I might persuade mankind not to
engage in it."--As we continued to advance, the sand-hills increased in
breadth, which required additional troops to fill up the line of
communication across them; we who remained upon the beach, saw nothing
that was doing in the interior of the sand-hills; and as the firing
there was only musketry, the roar of the sea upon the beach prevented us
from hearing it, except when it was close to us. We had frequent and
long pauses, waiting for the movement of others. There was a great deal
of bloodshed in the interior of the sand-hills, by the continued
skirmishing, and detached attacks upon particular points.--These
sand-hills were admirably adapted for this mode of warfare; the enemy
would have been much more easily driven out of trenches;--for the
sand-hills were the same as a succession of trenches, so that when the
enemy saw our troops advancing, they continued to fire upon us until
they saw that we were just near enough to allow them time safely to
retire to the next range of hills. The sand-hills are not much unlike
snow blown into wreaths, by a strong wind: they are various in their
heights and shapes; some being conical and steep, and others running in
winding ridges; and the sand is so light, as to be carried about with
the wind. It is extremely difficult to walk amongst it, being like dry
snow, a little hard on the surface, which when once broken, is almost
impassable: here and there, there are chasms, and hollow flats of
various extents among them.
Towards the afternoon we drew near a place called Egmont, a small
fishing town among the sand-hills, near to where the battle of
Camperdown was fought. Here the enemy had drawn a number of fishing
sloops and schuyts upon the beach, in two lines, leaving intervals
between them, for their troops to pass. These formed a cover to their
columns from our shot, and concealed their cavalry from our view. During
the action they had received a reinforcement, which they pushed along
the sand-hills close to the beach. The line across these, owing to their
increased breadth, now occupied all the regiments of our division but
ourselves. The enemy began to press hard upon the troops that were near
us, and so posted themselves as to annoy us who were standing upon the
beach; we were a considerable time exposed to this, and had a number
both of officers and men wounded, amongst which was Lord Huntly, our
Colonel, and a son of Sir Ralph Abercrombie, who was at that time an
ensign in the regiment. A situation of this kind is the most irksome for
a soldier to be in; for when actively engaged, the fury and bustle of
action, to a considerable degree, banishes the dread of danger from the
mind.
During the march along the beach, and the frequent pauses we made, my
mind had time for serious reflection; I was alive to a sense of present
danger; and having no well grounded hope for eternity should death be
the issue, was led to pray earnestly to God for mercy. While standing
exposed to the fire of the enemy, and the balls whistling over us and
amongst us, my former sins came into my mind, with all my broken vows
and resolutions; my past ingratitude stared me in the face, and made me
tremble, but a sense of present danger made me pray earnestly for mercy
to pardon my sins, and to preserve my life; I confessed that I did not
deserve what I sought, but I cast myself on the mercy of God, and with
increasing fortitude, as I thought, resolved once more to forsake every
sin, and live only to him.--The enemy having increased in numbers, the
troops in the sand-hills next to the beach began to give way. Four
companies detached from our regiment, with Sir John Moore at their head,
went to reinforce them; but they were also soon overpowered; and Sir
John was wounded in three parts of the body, and with difficulty escaped
being taken prisoner; the remaining six companies were then ordered to
form in three divisions, and march forward along the beach, and then to
wheel to our left, and charge the enemy. I was in the front division. We
marched forward, and passed a number of the enemy's troops, and came to
a place where there was a more than ordinary opening, and the sand rose
pretty high, in the form of a semicircle; into this opening we wheeled,
and were instantly exposed to a fire upon both our flanks and front.
This staggered us, and we began to fire upon the enemy, in place of
pushing instantly forward to that part of the height that was on our
right, driving the enemy from it, and taking up a position there, from
which we could have done them more harm, and not have been so much
exposed ourselves. We continued to stand still and fire for a few
seconds, and then began to move forward, firing as we advanced; the
other two divisions had wheeled into various openings in the sand-hills
in our rear, at the same time that we did. They were strongly opposed by
the enemy, who were very superior in number; but hearing the firing of
our division in their rear, the enemy who opposed them began to retreat
into the interior of the sand-hills; those who opposed us did the same,
and we continued to pursue them; but the action soon became on both
sides quite irregular; for the sand-hills separated us into parties, so
that the one party frequently did not see what the other was doing, and,
in some instances, parties of our troops came suddenly upon parties of
the enemy. In one instance, one of our parties having climbed to the top
of a sand ridge, found that a party of the enemy was just beneath, and
instantly rushed down the ridge upon them; but the side of the ridge was
so steep and soft, that the effort to keep themselves from falling
prevented them from making regular use of their arms. They were
involuntarily precipitated amongst the enemy, and the bottom of the
ridge was so narrow, and the footing on all sides so soft, that neither
party were able, for want of room, to make use of the bayonet; but they
struck at each other with the butts of their firelocks, and some
individuals were fighting with their fists.--For three quarters of an
hour we maintained a furious action, and drove the enemy to a
considerable distance; but so many had been killed, and wounded, and
scattered, that the officers could no longer collect any great number
into one body. We then began to retreat: the enemy turned upon us, and
we lost a number of men by their fire during the retreat. Our previous
advance had exhausted our bodily strength, and we were much in want of
water. I was very thirsty, and began to grow very weak. In the course of
the retreat we came to a pretty steep rise of sand. I felt myself unable
to go over it in a straight line, so had to make a circuit, to get over
it where it was lower; although it was almost a matter of life and death
with me, for a party of the enemy was close behind us. As I was making
this circuit, a party, I think in number about six or seven, fired at me
all at once; (I was their only object;) and I distinctly observed
several balls strike the sand ridge, both before and behind me, about
breast high. I really believe that had I been a span-breadth farther
forward or backwards from the spot where I at the moment was, there
would have been several balls through my body. Before any more fired at
me, I got over the ridge, which then secured me; and I joined the
regiment, which was near, and had taken up a position in the interior of
the sand-hills; and some fresh troops arriving, the enemy was repulsed.
I no doubt had many hair-breadth escapes during the action, of which I
was insensible; but the one I have mentioned, appeared to me as a
wonderful mercy of Providence, and I looked upon it as laying me under
an additional obligation to devote my whole life to the service of God.
If I was bound to serve him, because he was my Creator, I was now doubly
bound to serve him, for my wonderful preservation; and I thought that
the ties by which I was now bound, would undoubtedly have this effect. I
thought I should never indulge in any thing that was sinful; but I was
still blind to my own weakness; I had thought the same thing, and had
promised accordingly, in prayer to God, at the outset of the action; yet
the action was scarcely begun, before I joined my comrades in furious,
opprobrious, and profane language against the enemy. Many sins were thus
unobserved by me, and did not affect my conscience at the time.
During the time that we were engaged in the interior of the sand-hills,
the enemy, seeing no infantry on the beach to protect our guns, sent out
his cavalry, from their covert at Egmont, to seize them. Our cavalry had
gone into the chasms of the sand-hills, that were next the beach, a
little in the rear, to shelter themselves from the fire of the enemy's
cannon. They formed upon the beach, and sprang forward to meet the
enemy, who had, by this time, reached the guns. They charged the enemy
briskly, and drove them back with considerable loss, and pursued them
close to Egmont. But, what is something singular, the infantry parties
of French and British, that were on the sand-hills next the beach,
suspended, as it were by mutual consent, their firing, to become
spectators of the cavalry, and did not commence again until the contest
of the cavalry was decided.
The firing ceased sometime before sunset; I was much in want of water,
and went along with another to search for it. We found it at last, in
the hollow of the opening of the sand-hills, into which we had wheeled
when we left the beach and engaged the enemy. There had been a good deal
of rain some days before: and the trampling of our feet upon the surface
of the sand had brought water to it, which being observed by some who
came to the place afterwards, they dug a small hole in the sand, and put
into it the sides of an empty broken ammunition box, which served for
cradling; and the hole was soon filled with good water. A number more of
such kind of wells were presently made, and plenty of water got, which
supplied both horse and foot. We filled our canteens; and then went to
look among the dead and wounded, for a comrade, of whom we could get no
certain account. The spectacle of the dead, the dying, and the wounded,
greatly affected me. The dead were lying stiff on the ground, in various
postures; but death had so altered their countenances, that of all that
I saw, belonging to the regiment, with many of whom I had been familiar,
I knew only two; and it was by peculiar marks, such as death could not
alter, that we distinguished even them. The groaning of the wounded was
very afflicting; for they were mostly bad cases, all that were able to
walk or crawl having removed farther to the rear; and all the assistance
that could be given to those who were unable to move, was to carry them
from the spot where they were lying, to a place of greater shelter. This
had been in part already done, and the wounded were lying in groupes, in
the best sheltered hollows adjacent to the beach. The universal cry of
these poor men was for water. I supplied them as far as I was able, both
enemies and friends, and amongst the rest one of our own officers, who
was most severely wounded. I had to hold him up and put the canteen to
his mouth, for he was unable to help himself; he died during the night.
We did not find the object of our search; but we got afterwards certain
account of his having been wounded, and probable accounts of his death;
and we never heard more of him.
I returned to join the regiment, ruminating on the affecting sight I had
seen, and grieved for the loss of comrades and acquaintances. When the
regiment was mustered in the evening, about one half were amissing; but
about thirty joined in a day or two after, who had lost the regiment. We
were upwards of 600 strong; and our loss in killed, wounded and
prisoners (of whom there were 40), was 288. The company to which I
belonged, entered the field with 59 rank and file, and three serjeants,
out of which 5 were killed on the field, and 24 were wounded, 5 of whom
died in a few days, and three shortly after. Of the rest, few recovered,
so as to be fit for service. The regiment had suffered this severe loss
in about three quarters of an hour. There was a universal gloom upon
every countenance, when we looked to the smallness of our number, when
we were mustered; and there was no one, but what had lost comrades and
associates, and some had lost relatives. After it was dark, we planted
our picquets, and the remainder of us lay down among the sand. I
reflected upon my own escape--upon the great number who had already been
launched into eternity, and others whom I had seen groaning under the
pain of wounds, which would soon prove mortal to many of them. I thanked
God for his kindness to me, and promised to keep his commandments in
future.
We lay three days among the sand hills: the weather was cold; the nights
stormy and wet.--We were waiting for the movements of the other
divisions of the army, in the interior of the country. The day after the
battle, we buried such of our dead as were adjacent to us. One man
belonging to the company I was in, was found dead, without any mark of
violence on his body. He was lying on the ascent of a sand-ridge, and
had fallen on the retreat. We conjectured, that fatigue and want of
water had occasioned his death. I was informed of another singular case:
A Frenchman and a Highlander had charged upon each other; the Frenchman
had parried the thrust of the Highlander, and run him through the body;
the Highlander had then let go his hold of the butt end of his piece
with his right hand, and seized, with a death-grasp, the throat of the
Frenchman; who, to extricate himself, had also let go the hold which he
had of his firelock with his right hand, and seized the wrist of the
Highlander, to pull it away from his throat; but he had been
unable:--the Frenchman had then staggered backwards, and had fallen on
his back; and the Highlander above him, still retaining hold of his
throat; and, in the struggle that had then taken place, the head of the
Highlander had projected so far over the head of the Frenchman, as to
bring that part of the body of the former in which the bayonet was, over
the mouth of the latter; and in this posture both had expired. Those who
saw it, said, the sight was truly shocking. The Frenchman was fairly
strangled; his eyes were out of their sockets; his tongue was greatly
swelled, and thrust far out of his mouth, into which the blood from the
wound of the Highlander was running. Each still held a firm hold of his
firelock with his left hand; and when the Highlander was removed from
the Frenchman, and laid along-side of him, he still kept such a firm
grasp of his throat, that he raised the body of the Frenchman from the
ground, and it was with difficulty it was extricated from the hold.
The result of the battle of the 2d October compelled the enemy to
abandon his positions, and evacuate the town of Alkmaar, which was his
head quarters, and fall back nearer to Amsterdam.--Alkmaar was occupied
by our troops on the 3d, and as our brigade had been much reduced in
number, we were ordered to go there to form a part of its intended
garrison. The peninsula is here of considerable breadth, and the country
much superior to that on the north side of the long dyke, but it is
still intersected with deep broad ditches and canals, which greatly
impede military operations. The rain that had lately fallen had filled
the canals and ditches so full of water, that the edges and lower parts
of the roads were beginning to be covered, as we passed from Egmont to
Alkmaar; and as the roads, for want of stone, were made of earth, or a
slight layer of sand upon earth or clay, they were beginning to be deep.
There are narrow foot-paths laid with brick, between some of the towns.
Alkmaar is a town of considerable size, surrounded with a high mound of
earth and a canal; all the entrances to it are over drawbridges and
through gates, the principal of which have cannon mounted on them. The
streets are paved with whinstone in the centre, and on the sides with
brick or flags, and a number of large canals run through the centre of
the principal of them.
We entered the town on the 5th, and next day, which was Sunday, the
garrison was taken to the church, to attend divine service. The Dutch
congregation had been dismissed; but their minister, and a number of
others, remained, to be a witness of our service. The church was large,
and of Gothic structure, and had the largest and most highly ornamented
organ I ever saw. The enemy had received reinforcements the day before,
and he commenced an attack upon the positions of the army, at the time
we were in the church. The prayers of the liturgy had been read, and the
minister had begun his sermon, when we began to hear the noise of cannon
at a distance; by the time the sermon was ended, the firing of cannon
had approached nearer the town and was beginning to be heavy, and the
musketry was heard to mingle in the roar; and the large organ played
Malbrouk as we left the church, to repair to our alarm posts. The action
continued to be warmly contested, until after it was dark; but the enemy
was repulsed, and fell back to his position, and one hundred and
eighty-eight prisoners were taken, and brought into Alkmaar on the
morning of the 7th.
About two o'clock in the afternoon the prisoners were assembled, and a
captain and forty men, of whom I was one, were appointed to escort them
to our former head-quarters, on the north side of the long dyke. Only
thirty of the prisoners were French; the others were Dutchmen, and had
put up the orange cockade after they were made prisoners. Numbers of
them had money, with which they procured gin before we left the town;
and they drank and sung songs (which we believed were in praise of their
former government), as we went along the road. The Frenchmen, who were
enthusiastic republicans, scorned the Dutch for putting up the orange
cockade, and kept by themselves, on the front of the party. We kept them
all in good humour, and until the fatigue of travelling had exhausted
our strength, the march of the prisoners resembled more the merry air of
a wedding procession, than of that gloom which the thought of their
being under an escort of their enemies, and on the way to a prison in a
foreign land, might naturally be expected to produce. It continued to
rain upon us the greater part of the way, this, with the deepness of the
roads and the length of the journey, fatigued us exceedingly, and
scattered us into parties; yet, notwithstanding of this, and although a
great part of the journey was performed after it was dark, and although
the prisoners were in their own country, none of them attempted to
escape. When we had delivered them over to another guard, to watch them
through the night, we retired to rest in the expectation of returning to
Alkmaar next day, but we were surprised to hear in the morning, that the
army was retreating; and in a few hours, the various divisions arrived
and resumed the positions they had occupied previous to the battle of
the 2d.
The reasons of this retrograde movement were the badness of the roads
from Helder to the interior. The army received its bread from the fleet,
and all the ammunition and military stores; the roads were becoming
impassable, and the farther we advanced, the difficulties of fetching
our supplies from the Helder were increasing. The French armies in
Switzerland, and on the Rhine, had gained decisive victories, which
enabled them to detach large bodies of troops, which were on their way,
to reinforce their army in Holland, which would then become so strong as
to be able to overpower us. It had, therefore, been determined to
retreat while the roads were passable, lest our retreat might be cut
off. The army retired from all its positions early in the morning, and
the rear guard left Alkmaar early in the day.--The enemy, after being
repulsed on the 6th, was apprehensive that we might attack him, and was
prepared, in that case, to retire to Haarlem; our retreating was not
expected by him, and it was about 10 o'clock in the forenoon before his
advanced cavalry picquets discerned that Alkmaar was evacuated, when
they entered and found a few drunken women and soldiers, whose
intoxication prevented them from knowing that the army had retreated. In
a few days after the retreat of the army, an armistice was agreed upon,
the conditions of which were, that we should evacuate Holland by the end
of November, and release eight thousand prisoners without exchange, as a
boon for our being allowed quietly to re-embark. This agreement put an
end to hostilities, and preparations were made to send home the troops
with all possible expedition; but, before we left the country, I caught
the ague, and after we had arrived in England, in the beginning of
November, 1799, I was put into the hospital in Chelmsford, twenty-six
miles from London. I was greatly reduced in body before I recovered,
which was not until the beginning of the next year, 1800.--God's mercy
in granting me a recovery from the ague, impressed my mind with the
additional obligations I was now laid under to serve him:--but, as
formerly, my resolutions of mind were soon broken; conscience soon found
matter of accusation against me; I was at times careless and listless,
and at other times thoughtful and pensive. The barracks in which we lay,
were about a mile from the town of Chelmsford. There was a tabernacle in
the town, where there was a sermon once a fortnight in the evening. I
went several times to it; and the sermons served to awaken my religious
impressions. One evening, the preacher described a case of conscience;
which I thought not unlike my own; and among other directions, he
exhorted the person who might be in such a case, to lay it before God in
prayer. After the service was over, I shunned my companions; returned to
the barracks alone, and prayed to God for light and direction as I went
along the road; and I set about reforming my conduct once more. But I
soon fell through it, and was thrown as far back as ever.--There were no
religious meetings in the regiment, from the time we left Ireland until
a good while after this.
CHAPTER IV.
We left Chelmsford on the 14th of April, and marched to the Isle of
Wight, where we lay until the 27th May. I was once in the Methodist
meeting house while we lay in the town of Newport. On the 27th May,
1800, we embarked on board the Diadem, 64 guns, and the Inconstant
frigate, both armed _en flute_ (_i. e._ partially armed), and fitted for
the reception of troops. We left all our women and heavy baggage in the
Isle of Wight; and as we were not informed where we were going, this
circumstance led us to conjecture, that we were destined for some
desperate and secret enterprise. We were joined by some more ships with
troops, and sailed down the English channel, until we fell in with the
Channel fleet, under the command of Sir John Jarvis. Sir Edward Pellew,
(now Lord Exmouth,) was sent along with us, with a squadron of eight
ships of war. It was a magnificent sight to see the Channel fleet in
regular order. They were in number forty-four ships of the line, (a
large proportion of them three-deckers) and a number of frigates. We
sailed along the cost of France until we came to the bay of Quiberon,
where we came to an anchor on the 2d June, near a small island called
Houet, lying betwixt the isle of Belleisle and the main land, about four
or five miles from the latter, and six or seven from Belleisle.
On the 4th, which was the anniversary of his Majesty's birth, a singular
occurrence took place. A sloop of war, and a number of boats armed with
carronades, having detachments of troops in them, were despatched in the
morning, to attack a battery situated on a projecting point of the main
land, where it approaches nearest to Belleisle, and from which ships
coming to our present anchorage, were liable to be fired upon. It lay
about eight or ten miles from us: but as the wind was light, the sloop
of war and the boats did not get near the battery, until it was past
twelve o'clock. The battery then opened a fire from two 24 pounders,
which played briskly upon them. The day was fine and clear, which
permitted us to see the smoke of every gun that was fired, and where the
shot struck the water. We looked on with eager anxiety, and observed all
the movements of the sloop of war and the boats. It was near one o'clock
before she was in a position to return the fire of the battery, which
she did briskly. The armed boats then pulled towards the shore, under
cover of her fire. At one o'clock they were close to the battery, and
commenced a smart fire upon it from their carronades, and the contest
was at the hottest, just at the instant that the ships we were in, were
firing the salute in honour of his Majesty's birth day. The enemy
precipitately retired from the battery, and the troops and seamen
landed, dismounted the guns, broke the carriages, and did what other
damage they could, and then returned to the fleet. We all remarked the
singularity of the circumstance, that while we were saluting with blank
shot, they were saluting with round, double headed, and grape shot, in
real earnest, by which several lives were lost, and some were wounded,
besides other damages.
We landed on the island of Houet on the 6th June. It was a small place,
almost destitute of cultivation, and only a little fishing village on
it. Some more ships arrived from England with troops, and preparations
were made for attacking Belleisle. On the 15th June, we were embarked on
board the ships of the line, in order to go near the island, and make
our debarkation from them, under the cover of their guns. Our regiment
was wholly on board of the Terrible, 74. We were five days in this ship;
and here there were a number of the sailors, who were serious, and
united together few prayer and praise; some of them were known to
several of our men; the seamen were all very kind, and uncommonly
obliging to us; every thing was orderly and quiet; religion appeared to
have so far prevailed in this ship, as to give a general tone to the
manners and conversation of the seamen; so that they were not like the
same kind of men that we met with in other ships of war. Those men, who
were not religious, did not make a mock at religion; and those who were
serious, were in the habit of having what might be called public prayers
between decks, at stated periods. This was intimated through the ship,
by two or more individuals going round and informing the sailors that
there were to be prayers at such a gun, say, No. 9 or 10, on the
starboard or larboard side. At these public meetings, I understood, that
one or other of them addressed their fellow seamen.--In these practices
they appeared to be protected by their officers; and they held a meeting
for prayer and praise, on the forecastle, evening and morning: I had
some conversation with some of them who were natives of Scotland; but I
was never actually present at any of the meetings. We were so crowded,
that it was with difficulty we could move from one part of the ship to
another; and we durst never be any time absent from the place where our
arms were, lest we should lose them, and not find them readily, as we
were under orders to be ready at a moment's notice to go into the boats.
Our coming to this ship, was one of the steps of divine Providence for
my good; for seeing and hearing something of religion in it, awakened
once more in my heart, a concern for my soul; and, although it wore off,
as before, it was a means of preventing me from becoming confirmed in a
state of careless indifference.
On the 18th June, the Captain 74, while under sail, happened to approach
the shore, and went within reach of shot. When she put about, to stand
out from the shore, she was fired upon from several points nearly in the
same instant, and received some damage before she got out of reach. The
batteries which fired upon her were concealed from view; and we were
informed, that the shore was defended by batteries, at all the points
where it was convenient to land. We were waiting for the arrival of some
more troops from England, which were hourly expected, but did not
arrive.--On the 20th, the enterprise was given up. It was said, that
during the hazy weather, which had prevented us from seeing to any
distance, re-enforcements had been sent into Belleisle. We returned to
the isle of Houet, and to our tents, which had been left standing. Our
number was said to be about 5000. On the next day, orders arrived for us
to embark, which was done; and we sailed on the day following under
sealed orders, and left the ships of war that belonged to the Channel
fleet.
We had a pleasant and quick passage to the Straits of Gibraltar, where
our Commodore informed us, that we were destined for the island of
Minorca, to join an expedition that was forming under Sir Ralph
Abercrombie, to assist the Austrians in Italy. We passed through the
Straits, but did not touch at Gibraltar. We arrived at Minorca on the
21st July. We then learned, that Sir Ralph Abercrombie had already been
at Leghorn; but that the Austrians having sustained a severe defeat from
the French, under Buonaparte, had made an agreement, which did not allow
of British troops being landed, and that Sir Ralph had brought back what
troops he had to Minorca. We landed for refreshment and exercise on the
7th of August, and the whole regiment embarked again, on the 30th, on
board of the Stately, 64. We sailed on the 31st for Gibraltar, where we
arrived on the 14th September. We were there joined by another
expedition, under the command of Sir James Pulteney. They had sailed
from England in the beginning of July, and had made a descent on the
coast of Spain at Ferrol, but had not effected any thing, except
alarming the country. There was now a large body of troops on board this
fleet; their number being about 25000. There were in all, upwards of 100
sail of large ships; two-thirds of which were war vessels of one
description or other. We were in want of water, to get which, we went to
Tetuan bay, which is on the Barbary shore, to the south-east of
Gibraltar, belonging to Morocco. Here the whole fleet completed their
stores of provisions and water. We set sail on the 27th, with an
intention to pass the straits of Gibraltar; but the wind changed, and
after beating about, we put back to Tetuan on the 29th. On the 1st
October, the wind having become fair, we set sail, passed through the
Straits, and anchored next day near to Cadiz in Spain. On the 3d of
October we got orders to be in readiness to land. A flag of truce came
from the shore to the Admiral on the 4th, and returned back the same
day. On the 6th, the day being fine, we weighed anchor and stood across
the bay of Cadiz, with the intention of landing near the town of St.
Mary's. The dispositions having been made for landing, the ships of war,
intended to cover the debarkation, were moving towards the shore, and a
cutter had gone so near as to be fired upon. The first division of
troops were in the boats, and had rowed off for the shore: we were all
in readiness, and were receiving our ammunition; I had just got mine in
six parcels, of ten cartridges each, when a flag of truce, which we had
seen coming from the harbour, reached the Admiral's ship; and before I
had got the half of the cartridges into my pouch, a signal was made by
the Admiral, for the boats to return, and put the troops on board their
respective ships, the design of landing being relinquished.--We were
struck with the suddenness of the change. The flag of truce returned to
the shore; and a report was spread, that the place had been ransomed by
money; but whether there was any truth in this, or whether any political
concession had been made, can not be known. There was one thing,
however, and possibly it might be the only thing that prevented our
landing; the plague was raging in Cadiz at the time.
I have been somewhat minute in detailing this circumstance; but it has
always appeared to me, a very striking occurrence in Providence; for, in
a very few minutes, the war vessels would have opened their broadsides
upon the troops and batteries on shore; the troops in the boats would
soon have been under the enemy's fire, and probably have effected a
landing; and, if hostilities had once commenced, it is difficult to
tell, but the enterprise might have been pushed, until Cadiz had been
taken, and their fleet of war-ships captured or destroyed, unless the
Spanish force had been too strong for us.
This event once more awakened me, by a sense of apparent danger. The
prospect of having to contend with what troops might be in the field,
and of having to attack fortified places, and the likelihood, that
desperate efforts would be made to gain our purpose, before the
Spaniards should have time to collect a large force in the field, made
me apprehend that the undertaking was one of no ordinary danger. My
conduct on this occasion was similar to what it had been on former
occasions. I prayed for mercy and preservation. I still had no hope for
eternity, but what was to arise out of future reformation of character,
a reformation which was yet to begin. As formerly, I now again resolved
to set about it:--but we left the bay of Cadiz on the 7th, and returned
to Tetuan bay on the 12th, and part of the fleet put into Gibraltar: and
the danger I had dreaded being thus past, the resolution it had excited
was soon departed from.
But another danger of a different kind was at hand. On the 15th, the
north-east wind had risen to a great height, so that our boats, which
had gone with empty casks to get water, were obliged to return to the
ship and leave their casks on shore; and the storm kept increasing as
the evening drew on. At 8 o'clock at night the splice of our cable
slipped, and we began to drift. As we had only one other anchor on
board, which was not sufficient to ride the storm with, we endeavoured
to put to sea. It was at a great risk that we effected this. We were in
the midst of a large fleet, and were every moment in danger of running
foul of one or other of the ships. With difficulty we got the fore-sail,
and some of the stay-sails set, and, although the night was very dark,
by the goodness of God, we got clear out from the fleet, and steered for
Gibraltar. When we came there, as we passed by the stern of the
Admiral's ship, we were ordered to pass through the Straits, and anchor
on the west side of Barbary. We accordingly put about, and passed
through the Straits before the wind, going at the rate of seven miles an
hour, under our bare poles. We had a large flat bottomed boat at our
stern, which the stormy weather did not permit us to hoist on board; and
by day-light in the morning, there was nothing of it remaining but the
keel with the ring-bolt, by which it was towed. Before day-break we had
cleared the Straits of Gibraltar. We then set some sail, and stood off
and on the Barbary coast, until the 17th, when, the weather moderating,
we cast anchor. On the 18th, the weather cleared up, and we perceived a
number of the fleet at anchor to windward of us, nearer the shore, at
about 20 miles distance. We weighed anchor and beat to windward to join
them; but the weather again got squally, and about one o'clock a squall
overtook us, which carried away our main-top, and top gallant, and mizen
top-gallant masts. We shortly after came to anchor near the fleet, and
the weather becoming moderate, in the course of next day, we got our
damages pretty well repaired, and received an additional anchor from the
Ajax man of war. On the 23d we set sail; passed once more through the
Straits of Gibraltar; anchored in Tetuan bay for the third time on the
26th; and after having completed our water, and received some more
provisions, we sailed on the 8th Nov. for Minorca, to get our provisions
and other ship stores completed.
We now began to hear that we were bound for Egypt. At this we were all
very sorry, not knowing when we might return, or who might have the
happiness of seeing their native country again. I had often read and
heard of the dangerous nature of the climate of Egypt and of the
disasters of the French army there by the plague. The prospect now
before us made a strong impression on my mind. I became more serious;
religion began to be more attended to by several, and a party for prayer
and conversation was formed; but I was not one of the number, being too
proud to associate with them.
We made the island of Minorca on the 16th; but the wind being strong and
contrary, we did not get into the harbour until the 21st; and having
obtained what we wanted, we set sail again on the 27th for Malta, where
we arrived on the 6th December. The day we made the island was very
fine, and as Malta was a place of note on various accounts, and amongst
others, as being the place where the apostle Paul suffered shipwreck, I
staid upon deck from the time we came in sight of it, which was in the
morning, until we were anchored in the harbour. As we sailed along the
island, I anxiously looked for the "_place where two seas met_." As we
passed by the small island of Comena, the _creek_ where the apostle says
they thrust in the ship, was easily discerned. It bears now the name of
St. Paul's bay, and the channels between Comena, Goza, and Malta, meet
at it, which marks it as the place which Paul describes.
We left Malta on the 21st, and sailed for Marmorice bay in Asia. In our
voyage, we coasted along the whole length of the south side of the
island of Candia, which is ancient Crete, after which we came to the
isle of Rhodes, which is only about 20 miles distant from the coast of
Asia. I felt a more than usual interest in looking at those places, from
what I had read of them in history, particularly from what is said of
them in the Scriptures. Little did I think, in reading of them when a
boy, that I should one day see them, or that I should do the duty of a
soldier in the land of Egypt.
From Rhodes we steered direct for the opposite coast of Asia, and,
entering into a passage of some length, between two high hills, we
wondered where we were going, for we did not see any place in this
opening fit for ships to lie in, and the land on both sides was rocky
hills, covered with wood, (except where the rocks were completely bare
of soil,) and appeared to be the habitations of wild beasts. When we
arrived very near the head of the inlet, we were surprised to see a ship
that was a little ahead of us, get out of our sight almost in an
instant; but when we had got a little farther, we found a passage which
turned to the right, round a very perpendicular hill, as suddenly as if
it had been the corner of a street. Into this passage we sailed. It was
but short, and in a few minutes we entered into one of the largest and
finest bays, it is said, in the world. Here we cast anchor on the 29th
December, 1800, and lay until the 23d February, 1801, making
arrangements for our attacking the French in Egypt; procuring horses for
the use of the artillery and cavalry: and cutting wood for fuel, and for
making fascines and pallisades in case they should be needed after we
landed. The bay is nearly surrounded with high hills, which, except in
and about the small town of Marmorice, are covered with wood, in general
very thick. There are great numbers of wild beasts in the woods, which
make so much noise in the night time as to be heard over the whole bay.
There was a small plain on one side of the bay, where we pitched tents
for those that were sick; but there was a necessity to have a guard, to
keep on fires in the rear of the tents, during the night; and some
nights the noise of the wild beasts indicated their being so near the
tents, that the sentinels fired to keep them at a distance. Some seamen
belonging to one of the war ships, who were cutting wood at one place,
ventured to stay all night on the shore; they were killed by the wild
beasts before morning.
We were not long in this place until a market was erected on shore, and
vessels from the adjacent coast soon found their way to it, with all
kinds of fruit, and sheep and goats, and other useful articles; so that
that part of the shore assumed the appearance of one of our country
fairs. The soil around the bay is to all appearance fertile; but
cultivation has been on the decline for a long time past, which has
allowed the wood to extend, in several places, to the very shores. At
some distant period the shores seem to have been better peopled, and the
wood to have been farther back. I found the ruins of a house upon the
top of a small eminence, pretty far back in the woods. The walls were
partly standing; trees were growing out of the floor; a plot of ground,
which had been levelled for a garden, still retained its shape, and had
a fine spring of water running through it. Land turtle is in plenty in
the woods.
I shall now return, to state what were the exercises of my mind during
the passage up the Mediterranean, and while we lay in this bay.--A book
upon the first principles of astronomy fell in my way. This gave me a
new view of creation: and at the same time a treatise on Philology came
into my hands, in which was a descant on the glory of God in the works
of nature. I had undergone some very sharp convictions of sin, my mind
had been strongly impressed with eternal things, and I had persuaded two
of my comrades to join with me in prayer; which we did on several
occasions, but fell off from it. After reading the above-mentioned
books, and several volumes of the Spectator, my mind fell into a strange
speculative frame, on the duty of the creature to glorify its Creator,
let the Creator do what he will to the creature. I reasoned thus with
myself:--That every thing that God did was wise and just, therefore it
was our duty to glorify God for all that he did to us, whether it was in
judgment or in mercy: did he deal with us in mercy--gratitude ought to
lead us to glorify him: did he deal with us in judgment--it was our own
sins that provoked him to do it: he did no more than what was just; and
we were as really bound to glorify him for his justice, as for his
mercy; and if we did not do so, we augmented our guilt. By reasoning in
this way, I came at last to a fallacious and very dangerous conclusion,
under the guise of wisdom. I concluded, that if I could not lessen what
guilt was already contracted, neither altogether avoid contracting more,
it would be wise to contract as little additional guilt as possible; and
that, should God deal with me in justice, I must not complain and
murmur; he is holy, just, and wise; he will not punish me above what I
deserve; whatever he does with me, his creature, it becomes me to
glorify his name, by a cheerful acquiescence in his divine procedure;
yea, to glorify Him, should I be for ever damned. By doing this, I may
possibly make hell more tolerable than otherwise it would be: if I can
not escape his justice, by his not granting me mercy, let me behave in
such a manner as may make the consequences of his wrath sit the lighter
upon me.--I shudder to think on this part of my experience at this day;
on the pain of mind with which it was accompanied, and the fallacious
and dangerous opiate which the conclusion contained to lull my
conscience asleep; for I did in consequence fall into a careless and
listless state of mind. But, by the goodness of God, I was not allowed
to remain long under it. It happened one day shortly after, that, from
eating salt provisions, and from the extreme scantiness of water, I
became exceedingly thirsty, and with great difficulty procured a little
to drink. A thought then shot across my mind:--if I am so impatient
under a temporary thirst, and so eager to procure relief, how shall I
preserve my patience in hell?--if I am so unhappy under the pressure of
so trivial a circumstance, how much more unhappy shall I be, if I be
cast into everlasting burnings, where I shall not have one drop of water
to cool my tongue! This broke the delusion, but it did not eradicate it.
An infectious fever broke out among us. It was at first slow in its
progress, but after a short time it began to infect numbers. Our
condition on board the Stately contributed towards it; for we had no
hammocks, nor beds, but only our camp blankets to sleep in; we lay upon
the under deck, and, when the weather was stormy, so much water leaked
in by the edges of the ports, as made the lee side of the ship very wet.
When she tacked, the water that was lying in the lee side would then run
across the whole deck; and although we dried it the best way we could,
yet we were so crowded that we were often under the necessity of lying
down upon the damp deck. This was hurtful to us, causing us to feel
stiff, and our bones sore; and although it did not _produce_ the fever,
(for it was introduced by some recruits who came on board at Malta,) it
was, in my opinion, one cause of its spreading so rapidly at last.
I caught this fever at the time it began to spread, and it was pretty
severe upon me. I got better, and relapsed, and the second turn of it
was worse than the first.[5] While under it I had time to consider
myself more fully. My present condition was so painful, that I would
have done all in my power, and given all I could possess, to be free
from it; and yet with my most sanguine hopes, I could not expect hell to
be one half so tolerable. What, thought I, is the glory of God to me as
a creature? If that same glory only renders me miserable, will the
misery of my condition if I am sent to hell, be in any measure
alleviated, by the consideration, that the justice of God is glorified
by my condemnation? It is true, I shall not cease to exist; but what
pleasure can I have in my existence, unless I reap some benefit by it,
by having some portion of happiness in it? If I am made completely
miserable, and have no prospect of any portion of happiness for the
future, my existence must prove my greatest misery. He who knows all
things has said, "Good were it for that man, if he had never been born."
If the justice of God dooms me to suffer for my sins, woe is me! I now
exist, and I can not annihilate myself; nor can I fly from God's
justice. I am a sinner, and if I receive not mercy, I must be for ever
miserable! How awful is his justice! How great is his power! How daring
and delusive the thought of hoping to find any portion of happiness in
that place, where he has declared all is perfect misery; where nothing
dwells but the terrors of the Almighty; where the subjects of his
justice are a terror to themselves, and to each other; where there is
nothing but weeping, and wailing, and gnashing of teeth!
As I began to recover, I turned my thoughts more closely than before, to
those places of Scripture which describe hell, the place of torment. I
examined what the Scripture has said of its awful nature; that it is "a
fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God;"--for "who
knoweth the power of his anger?" and "our God is a consuming fire." I
found, also, that the Scripture evidence of its being endless in its
duration, was as conclusive as that of the endless duration of the
happiness of heaven. He who said that the one was eternal, said the same
of the other. But, when contemplating this awful subject, I was at times
tempted to think, "It may be, that although God has said so, he may not
intend to execute his dreadful threatening to the full extent: there may
be a future period, in which he will extend mercy to his creatures, but
which he has kept hid from them, for wise purposes, that they might not
presume on his mercy, and spend their present lives in sin, and not
repent in this world, because there would be an opportunity to repent in
the next."--But this reasoning did not long deceive me; for I continued
to ponder the subject, and I saw that such a notion did not consist with
the veracity of God. He could not say one thing, while he intended
another; if I admitted that he said one thing and intended another, with
respect to the duration of punishment in hell, it would, with equal
consistency, apply to what he said of the endless happiness of heaven,
and so render uncertain any hope that might be built upon the promise of
it; and if the principle were in one case admitted, it would throw loose
all his promises and threatenings, respecting both this world and the
next; for we should still have room to think, God has said so, but he
does not mean so.--I also reflected, if God has said, that the
punishment of hell shall be eternal, and has a secret purpose of mercy
at some distant period, if this is a secret of his own, how can any one
know it? If he has not told it, how is it possible for any one to find
out that which God intends should be secret? Reflection upon this idea,
put an end to the speculation, as being a gross absurdity. I also
reflected on the nature of sin;--I said to myself, "Supposing I were
cast into hell for the sins of my present life, would I cease to commit
sin when there? and if I did what was in itself sinful in hell, would
the torments of the place excuse it? would the justice of God take no
cognisance of what I did there?" This was a piercing exercise to my
mind: but it was salutary; and I believe I was indebted to what I had
read in Boston's Fourfold State for it, although I was not aware of it
at the time. I answered the above queries in this way: If, when I am in
a state of partial sufferings here, I am not able to suffer without
being at least impatient and fretful, if I do not actually complain and
murmur--how can I expect to behave any better in hell? My present
sufferings do not excuse the sins I commit under them; I shall then, as
well as now, be a subject of the justice of God; and when I shall be
suffering for past sins, that will be no excuse for the commission of
new ones; if I am to make the debt of sin less by suffering for it, I
must not contract more debt at the time I am paying the old; for if I
do, I shall continue to be a debtor; and as long as I continue to commit
sin, I must continue to suffer for it, for the claims of Divine justice
are indispensable. Following out these reflections put a complete end to
all speculation, of the probability, or possibility, of ever finding any
portion of happiness, if I did not obtain the pardon of my sins, and
deliverance from sin itself, before I left this world, and appeared in
the presence of God.--These speculations show that my mind was ready to
catch at any thing, that appeared to furnish the least hope, however
delusive it might be; for when I looked forward to eternity, not having
the confidence that arises from faith in the Lord Jesus, as an
all-sufficient Saviour, and not discerning the doctrine of his complete
atonement and justifying righteousness, I was glad to lay hold of any
thing that appeared to afford the smallest glimpse of hope, rather than
be without hope altogether.
Having, by the goodness of God, recovered from the fever, the effect of
it was to make me resolve once more to devote myself to his service.
Gratitude for his mercy in my recovery induced me to do this; and I
hoped for better success in my endeavours than heretofore: but alas! it
was not long before my conscience found matter of accusation against me;
and this threw me as far back as ever. I searched for a reason why I
failed in my attempts to serve God; but I did not find the true one. I
began to lay the blame on the example and conversation of my comrades;
and would fain have palliated the evil of my conduct on this ground, and
flattered myself that God would therefore be the less strict with me.
But then I reflected, that it would be a pernicious and fatal delusion
for me, to flatter myself with any thing that would not stand the test
of his judgment seat. I found no toleration for sin, in any situation,
in the word of God; and my conscience charged me, not only with wilful
sins, for which I could devise no excuse, but also with loving sin
itself, which God hateth. Yet, as experience had taught me that one
thing led to another, I determined to keep myself as much as possible
out of the company of the profligate, and profane, and loose talkers,
and to keep my mind as constantly fixed as possible on serious subjects.
I set heaven with all its charms before my mind, as the object to be
gained, and hell with all its terrors, as the object to be escaped. I
contrasted time with eternity, and said to myself, Surely eternity is of
such vast importance, as to be worth all the sufferings that can be
endured, and all the exertions that can be made, in the narrow bounds of
human life. I again set out in a new course of obedience, resolved to
watch all the avenues to temptation; and, under the influence of this
resolution, I avoided, as much as I could, in my present situation,
those whose conversation I wished to shun; but it was impossible to be
always out of the hearing of it;--all I could do, was not to mingle in
converse with them; and I have frequently stopped my ears with my
fingers, that I might not hear licentious and profane talk, when I knew
it was going on: but I could not do this on every occasion, and when I
did get it done, it gave me a proof of the deceitfulness of my own
heart; for evil thoughts and sinful desires would spring up in it even
at the time when I was stopping my ears, that I might not hear the
wicked conversation of others. To this, however, I was not sufficiently
attentive, but laid the blame, in some shape or other, on the
temptations with which I was surrounded, as being, either directly or
indirectly, the cause why I was not able to keep my own heart. This led
me to despair of my ever being able to serve God aright, and obtain his
favour by keeping his commandments while I remained in the army. I
therefore began to wish I were free of it, and placed in a situation
where I should have it in my power to enjoy solitude, and keep out of
the way of temptation. I thought that of a hermit a very favourable one;
not that I wished to be a hermit altogether, but I fancied if I were
only in a situation in which I could keep myself, in a great measure,
secluded from the world, and give myself to reading, meditation, and
devotion, I should then serve God in a perfect manner. Here again I
began to reflect--What if God cuts me off for my sins while I am in the
army? What shall become of me? Have I any hope if I should die, or be
slain, while in the army? To this perplexing question I could give no
answer; all I could do, was to pray to God to spare my life, to deliver
me from the army, and to bring me into a situation in which I should
have it in my power to serve him. But my mind soon misgave me, and led
me to suspect that this was not right; and on examining it, I became
convinced that I was equally bound to serve God in my present situation
as in any other. Our Lord's answer to Paul's prayer, "My grace is
sufficient for thee," and many other promises of God to his people came
into my mind; and, although I did not understand them aright, yet they
convinced me that my situation would not be an excuse for my sins; they
convinced me, that if I was one of God's children, his grace would be
sufficient to enable me to serve him acceptably, whatever situation his
providence might allot me. But knowing, at the same time, that bad
company had a great effect in confirming evil habits, I still thought,
that were I but free of the army, I should have a great deal less to
struggle with. Before I was free of the army, however, experience
convinced me that solitude was no antidote to a deceitful heart; for in
the solitary hours of night, while watching and on guard, and during the
sleepless nights passed in the hospital, I found abundance of sinful
thoughts and desires arise in my heart.
I next went to the opposite extreme, and imagined a state of unremitting
activity was the best. I thought that were I discharged and at home, I
should then enjoy the means of grace on the Sabbath; that my work would
occupy my mind the greater part of my time through the week; and that I
should then have it in my power so to regulate my conduct, as to take up
my whole attention between lawful and serious things, and thus leave no
vacant room in my mind for evil thoughts, or what might lead me to the
commission of sin.
Under these exercises of mind I continued until the time when we left
Marmorice Bay, which was on the 23d February, 1801, when the fleet
weighed anchor, and were all safely collected upon the coast, outside of
the bay, before sun-set, and then steered their course for Egypt. A
Turkish Admiral, with two or three frigates, had joined the fleet. A
number of Greek vessels also were with us, which had been hired to
transport the horses that had been procured at Marmorice, for the use of
the artillery, cavalry, and field officers. The wind was brisk, but the
evening was fine, and as our fleet consisted of near two hundred sail,
many of which were large and elegant ships, it had a grand and
interesting appearance. This interest was heightened by the
consideration of the sea, and the coast, that we were sailing on, for
the celebrated island of Rhodes was on our right, and the coast of Asia
Minor on our left. The various nations on board of this fleet, as seamen
and soldiers, was novel and striking, for there were Turks, Greeks, and
English, with Corsicans, and a brigade of soldiers in our service,
composed of men from various parts of Germany, but the part that the
soldier was destined to act in the enterprise before us, was to him the
most interesting contemplation, for his personal safety was the most
deeply involved in the undertaking. The wind continued to freshen, and
"the fleet had not stood long on its course before one of the Greek
vessels, laden with mules, foundered, and one man alone was saved." The
Turkish frigates and Greek vessels left us, and took shelter in the
nearest ports. The weather was not what we considered bad, but they were
not good navigators: their departure, however, was a serious loss to the
army, for the want of the horses on board of them. The weather became
moderate, and on the 28th we fell in with our squadron that was
blockading Alexandria, and on the 1st March discovered land somewhat to
the westward of that place. The wind had been light through the day, but
freshened during the night, and there were heavy showers of rain. This
made the soldiers remark, that if there was no rain in Egypt, there was
rain very near it; some who were of a deistical turn began to insinuate
that the Bible had not given a correct account of Egypt; and the
apparent contradiction made some of us rather at a loss to reconcile it.
During the course of conversation on this subject, I heard one observe,
that the Bible did not say directly that there never was any rain in
Egypt, but that when it spoke of there being no rain there, it referred
to the agriculture of Egypt, not depending, like that of other
countries, upon rain, but upon the annual inundations of the Nile.[6]
This is the fact; but it is also true, that although during the winter
season there are thunder storms and rain on the sea-coast, yet these
seldom go far into the country, and at Grand Cairo rain is a great
rarity. After the regiment had been at that city and returned, and after
we left Egypt, having staid in it six months, I never heard any one urge
the objection any more. All agreed that the scripture account of Egypt
was as true as general expressions could describe it; so that this, like
many other infidel objections, was founded on an apparent, not a real
contradiction. The universal remark upon the country was, that they
believed a remnant of the plagues of Moses still existed in it.
Footnote 5:
There were few of the regiment that escaped it; all relapsed after the
first recovery, and those who were longest of catching the infection
were worst.
Footnote 6:
Zech. xiv. 18. Deut. xi. 10, and connexion.
CHAPTER V.
On the forenoon of the 2d March, we cast anchor in Aboukir Bay, the
place where the battle of the Nile was fought. Here we lay until the
8th, before the weather would permit us to land; a period of great
anxiety, for every hour was giving the enemy time to collect his forces,
and prepare the means of defence. This made the prospect increasingly
awful. Our regiment was intended to have been one of those which should
land first; but the fever having increased so much, that about one half
of our number were at this time sick, we were unfit to perform a
regiment's part, and another of equal strength was put in our place. The
bay was shallow, and the ships which contained the troops being in
general of a large size, had to anchor at a considerable distance from
the shore. On the 7th, a number of smaller vessels which had been loaded
with provisions, but whose cargoes were now nearly expended, were moved
to about three miles from the shore; and several regiments were put on
board of them, that support might be quickly given to those who landed
first. All of our regiment fit for duty were ordered into one of these
vessels in the evening. The weather was now favourable, and every thing
indicated that the landing would be attempted next morning. I slept
little or none during the night; but frequently employed myself in short
prayers to God to be merciful to me, and to spare me and protect me from
danger.--I was surprised this night with a want of my ordinary sight,
and heard numbers of my comrades say that they did not see so well as
usual, and yet they had no pain in their eyes.
About two o'clock in the morning the signal was made for the first
division of the troops to get into the boats, and at three o'clock they
were ordered to row for their rendezvous in the rear of one of the light
war-vessels that was anchored about a gun-shot from the shore. This was
a very fatiguing service to the seamen; because the fleet was so widely
anchored, and many of the large ships so far from the shore, that it was
nine o'clock before they were all collected and arranged. The enemy
could see all our movements; and the unavoidable delays that took place,
gave them a fair opportunity to provide for their defence, for they now
knew the only point at which we could land. I contemplated the scene
with an anxious aching heart. The number of troops in the boats was
about 5500, and the whole army about 15,000, of which there were about
1000 sick at the time of landing, and of these about 400 belonged to our
own regiment.--There were two bomb ketches and three sloops of war,
anchored with their broadsides to the shore; on the right flank of the
boats there were a cutter, two Turkish gun-boats, and two armed
launches; and on the left flank, a cutter, a schooner, one gun-boat, and
two launches. These light vessels were to go as near the shore as the
water would admit, to annoy the enemy and protect the boats.
At nine o'clock the signal was made for the boats to advance; and the
whole line advanced at the same instant, giving three loud cheers. "The
French, to the number of two thousand, were posted on the top of
sand-hills, forming the concave arc of a circle on the front of about a
mile, in the centre of which elevated itself, a nearly perpendicular
height of sixty yards, apparently inaccessible."[7] The left of this
rising ground was a continuation of sand-hills close to the shore,
gradually diminishing in their height until they ended in a long flat
tongue forming the entrance of Lake Maadie. The ground to the right of
the centre height on the shore was flat, but there were clusters of
thick bushes, (such as form the date or palm tree), which were
favourable for concealing the enemy; and on the extremity of the right
stood the castle of Aboukir, in which were several 10 inch mortars, and
a large Martello tower, having two brass 32 pounders on its top, and
which, from its position and height, commanded nearly the whole shore.
As soon as the boats set off for the beach, the two bomb ketches, and
the three sloops of war, began to throw their shot and shells upon the
shore; and the light vessels, stationed to protect the flanks of the
boats, moved along with them and began to fire. The bulk of the enemy's
field artillery was in the flat ground, to the right of the height
before mentioned, the rest was among the smaller sand-hills on the left
of it. As soon as the boats were within the reach of their shot, they
opened their fire on them; and it appeared to be their design, to make
their shot cross the boats in the centre. The heavy guns on the top of
the tower in Aboukir castle, and the mortars, commenced, at the same
time, their fire on the right flank of the boats. The scene now became
dreadful; the war vessels pouring whole broadsides; the bomb ketches
throwing shells, which, exploding in the air, formed numerous little
clouds; and the gun-boats and cutters on the flanks of the boats,
exerting themselves to the utmost. As none of these, however, could
approach the shore, so near as to be within the reach of grape-shot, or
even to have a certain aim, their exertions were of little benefit to
the boats; which pursued their progress towards the shore, whilst the
enemy's artillery, (12 pieces, exclusive of the large guns in Aboukir
castle), continued to play upon them with unremitting activity. All eyes
were directed towards the boats; every flash of the enemy's artillery
was noticed; and every eye on the stretch, to discern where the shot
might strike the water, to observe if it lighted among the boats, and if
any of them were damaged or sunk; and we too often had occasion to
picture to our minds, when we saw the shot strike in the middle of them,
and produce disorder, how many it might have killed, or wounded, or
drowned; for my own part, although I felt thankful that I was not myself
in the boats, yet my feelings for those that were, were nearly, if not
altogether, as painful, as if I had been in them; and I believe that
this was the case with the most of the spectators. But while we were
thus feeling for them, we became increasingly astonished to behold how
the boats pressed forwards towards the shore, although the wind, of
which there was a smart breeze, was against them; how well they
preserved their order under the terrible fire of the enemy's artillery;
and how quickly any disorder produced by the shot that fell amongst them
was remedied. The painful feelings of anxious apprehension and suspense
experienced by those in the boats, must have been greatly heightened by
the circumstance, that most of the shells and shot fired by our war
vessels were necessarily fired over their heads, they being between the
vessels and the enemy: so that an ill-directed shot from their own
ships, was as dangerous to them as one from the shore; and when buzzing
through the air over them, must have been apprehended as one from the
enemy, about to strike destruction amongst them.
As the boats approached the shore, the enemy moved their artillery that
was on their right, and drew it nearer to their centre. It appeared to
be a part of their object, to keep the extreme right of the boats
betwixt their artillery and the war vessels, and thus prevent the war
vessels from having a clear opening to direct their fire: and indeed all
our fire, from all descriptions of vessels, did not seem to interrupt
for a moment that of the enemy, or to silence a single gun all the time
the troops were rowing to the beach. When they approached near to it,
the enemy having drawn their artillery from the right, planted it on the
top of the centre height, which now appeared to look directly down upon
the boats: and now came the most trying moment. From this elevated
position they poured down such a continued fire of shot, shell, and
grape, as made us, who were looking on, apprehend that few would reach
the shore. Some disorder too appearing among the boats increased our
fears; but at this instant we heard them begin to cheer, and saw them
press forward with redoubled vigour. We soon observed the right flank of
the boats reach the shore under the centre height,[8] and the men form
immediately on the beach; while the enemy from the top of the height
poured down grape shot, as well as the fire of musketry from a line of
infantry which was ranged along it. In a few seconds the 40th flank
companies, and the 23d regiment, were in line; and, without firing a
shot, ascended the height in the face of the enemy. This movement was
clearly seen by the whole fleet, and attracted all eyes.--The spectators
began to tremble, lest the enemy should drive them down again; but we
were astonished to see with what rapidity and order they mounted the
steep face of the height. They were soon close to the enemy, and charged
them with loud cheers, when the enemy fled, and in an instant both
parties were out of sight. The 42d regiment, which had landed and
formed, was now seen ascending the left of the height, and charging the
enemy opposed to them, who also fled and disappeared. We now turned our
attention more to the left, where part of the troops were forming on the
beach; but the left of the boats had not yet reached the shore. The
enemy, who had been posted among the smaller sand-hills, as soon as the
boats came near the shore, rushed down into the water, fired into them,
and endeavoured to prevent their landing. A party of cavalry also
charged those who were in the act of landing, which produced a temporary
confusion; but they were soon wholly repulsed. All the troops were
landed, and the beach, and the heights that lined it, cleared of the
enemy, I believe, in less than a quarter of an hour, and nothing to be
seen by the spectators, but the empty boats, hoisting their sails, and
proceeding with all possible speed to receive the second division. Some
of them soon reached the ship I was in, and with all haste we got into
them and rowed for the shore. On the way I saw some boats swamped, which
had been struck with large shot; but the men who were in them had been
picked up by the small boats, which followed those that had troops in
them, for this express purpose. The number of boats, that were seriously
damaged, was small, compared with what might have been expected; but
they were in general less or more perforated with grape shot and
musketry. The boat in which I was had an oar broken, and was otherwise
damaged; but none of the men were killed or seriously wounded in her.
We soon reached the shore, at a place where it was deeper than common:
and with a leap I landed dry shod. The first thing I saw, as I passed
along the beach, was some Frenchmen lying dead within the edge of the
water. The beach was strewed with dead and wounded men, with horses, and
artillery taken from the enemy: but the action was over. We formed in a
hollow on the left of the centre height, where the 42d had repulsed a
charge of cavalry; some of the 42d, and also of the cavalry, with their
horses, were stretched dead upon the sand:--we were soon ready, and
advanced through the first range of sand-hills, and found the first
division formed with their artillery, which had landed along with them,
and was drawn by seamen. This circumstance had materially contributed to
the success of the landing; for the enemy were astonished to find that
our artillery was landed as soon as the troops, and began to fire upon
them as soon as the musketry of the infantry. Eight pieces of cannon
were taken from the enemy; but the army lost in this affair, one hundred
and two killed, five hundred and fifteen wounded, and thirty-five
missing; the loss of the navy was twenty-two killed, seventy-two
wounded, and three missing, making a total of seven hundred and
forty-nine, the greater part of which were killed or wounded in the
boats, previous to landing.
During the course of the day the troops were all landed; we did not
however advance far that day, but took up a position at no great
distance from the shore. Our first concern was to learn whether water
could be got in this sandy desert; and we were glad to find that it
could be obtained in the hollows, by digging a little way in the sand.
When night came on we stationed our guards, and lay upon the sand,
covering ourselves with our blankets. This night I was surprised to find
that I could see nothing, and I continued to be in this state every
night, until the night of the 20d: in the day time I saw as well as ever
I did, and had no pain in my eyes.
On the morning of the 9th our regiment, along with a party of Corsican
riflemen, advanced along the peninsula about three miles from where we
landed, to a place where it was contracted into less than half a mile in
breadth. Here was a redoubt and a flag-staff, for communicating signals
betwixt Aboukir castle and Alexandria: but the enemy had left it, and
thrown a large gun, intended to be mounted on it, into the ditch. In the
course of the day, the 42d regiment and others, came and occupied this
position, and we returned to our former one, where we remained until the
morning of the 12th, waiting for the landing of some horses, ammunition,
and provisions, from the fleet. We made booths of the branches of the
date (or palm tree), to shelter ourselves from the dew, which fell very
copiously, and we had sometimes heavy showers of rain and hail, which
made it pretty cold. The thermometer was frequently below 50.
On the morning of the 12th, having filled our canteens with water, and
furnished ourselves with three days provisions, the whole army advanced.
Having proceeded a little beyond the narrow neck of the peninsula, the
enemy's cavalry began to skirmish; our march was slow and often
interrupted; the surface of the ground being very uneven, the sand very
deep, and the day very warm, parties were frequently sent to assist the
seamen with the guns, and even those guns which had horses to draw them,
were unable to get forward, for the horses had never been used to the
draught, and were often unmanageable.--Before evening we came within
sight of the enemy's army posted on a height. Their strength was about
6000 men, of which 600 were cavalry, with 20 to 30 pieces of cannon. As
it was too late to engage them that night, we halted, and began to dig
for water; for we had made use of all that we had, and were now very
thirsty. The place where we began to dig, was a deep soil of black
earth, and below it a clayish mixture. About four or five feet from the
surface, water began to appear in small quantities; each company dug a
well; but before the one to which I belonged had found water, the
regiment was ordered upon picquet. There was no help for it. We were
posted along the front of the army, only those who were blind were not
put on sentry, but left in groupes, a little in the rear. There were
nearly twenty of a company in this condition. We felt very unhappy; for
we had to remain in the spot where we were, until, when it was necessary
to shift our position, some one who had sight came to conduct us to
another place: we then took hold of one another, and were led in a
string; and, had a party of the enemy made a dash at the place where we
were, we were unable either to have resisted or fled.
On the morning of the 13th we were ordered to advance in front of the
army, to form, along with the 90th regiment, the advanced guard. We had
no time to procure water, but got a little rum, and began our march,
leaving our knapsacks with a guard. We had not advanced far, before our
light company, which was in front, came upon the enemy's picquets, and a
skirmishing began, which increased as we advanced. The light company was
reinforced several times, the enemy's picquets getting stronger as they
retreated, being joined by those who were in their rear. The ground
through which we marched was interspersed with thick bushes; but we
approached a rising ground, on which the main body of the enemy's army
was drawn up in order of battle. The ascent to this height was entirely
bare, and also the ground to the left of it, which projected to Lake
Maadie.--Our regiment kept to the side of the lake; the 90th was on our
right; and the army followed us in two lines. Our parties in front
pressed eagerly upon the enemy's picquets, which caused the regiment to
march pretty quickly, in order to be near them for their support; and
this led us to get a considerable way in advance of the army, which
could not follow with the same speed.--There was one nine pounder
field-piece, and one four and a half inch howitzer, along with us; but
very little ammunition with them. Armed launches too had kept pace with
the left of the army upon the lake; but it was now so shallow that they
could not follow us farther.--As soon as the 90th regiment had cleared
the broken ground, and began to ascend the height on which the enemy's
army was posted, a heavy column of cavalry was observed coming forward
to charge them. The front section of the 90th halted, and the regiment
formed line with all expedition. The front section of the enemy's
cavalry wheeled, as soon as it came opposite the right of the 90th, and
began to form line. The two parties formed opposite and very near each
other, but the cavalry line was formed first. The rear sections of the
90th had not time to reach the extent of the line, and closed upon the
rear of the left, making it six or eight deep, but they had a clear view
of the horsemen who were on higher ground. The cavalry advanced upon
them with their swords raised; the 90th stood firm, until the cavalry
were so near the right of their line, that they were going to strike at
them with their swords; they then began to fire, and it ran from right
to left like a rattling peal of thunder. It was one of the most terrible
discharges of musketry I ever saw; and, from the nearness of the enemy,
it was dreadfully destructive. The cavalry instantly retreated, and many
horses ran away with empty saddles. During the time of this transaction,
which was over in a few seconds, our regiment made a momentary pause. On
the retreat of the cavalry we again advanced. The enemy then began to
open their artillery upon us from the heights. We still pressed on; but
as they saw all our movements, and perceived that we were considerably
advanced before the army, they formed the resolution to attack us with
all their force; and accordingly marched to their right down the height,
and, when on the plain, formed line, and came forward. When we perceived
their movement, we halted, formed five companies in line; posted the
other five in the rear of scattered bushes on the left towards the lake,
and awaited their approach. We cannonaded them with our two pieces, but
our ammunition being soon expended, the guns were drawn into the rear.
During the time that we were advancing, I had frequently and earnestly
prayed to God, to spare and protect me. Our present situation was one of
imminent danger; part of the enemy's artillery were playing upon us from
the rising ground towards the right; and in front, the enemy, with the
rest of his artillery, was advancing in great force, in a line formed
like the blade of a scythe, the curved point to our left on the shore of
the lake, and that part of it appeared to be composed of cavalry.[9] It
seemed to be the enemy's intention to come round our left, and get into
our rear with that part of their line, while the rest of it attacked us
in front, and out-flanked us on the right, by which they would have
completely surrounded us, and either destroyed or carried us prisoners,
before the main body of the army could arrive to assist us. This was
their only object. They were too weak to attack the army on level ground
with any hope of success; but they were more than competent to take or
destroy our party, which did not amount to 500 men. I was near the left
of the line, and beheld the advance of the enemy with an anxious mind;
but as we were standing in a fixed position, I had some leisure for
reflection; and as death was once more staring me in the face, I began
to inquire "what hope have I for eternity, if I am cut off at this
time?" I confessed my sins in the words of the 51st Psalm; and besought
God to pardon them, and give me a new heart; I then thought, "If we are
mostly cut down at this time, and have to appear before God, will he
make no difference between me and those around me, many of whom, in
place of calling upon him, profane his name?" I then endeavoured to lay
hold on the mercies promised to the penitent and contrite in heart. I
thought I was sorry for my sins, and confessed them without guile, and
on this account I endeavoured to hope for mercy, thus resting partly on
the difference that I conceived to be between my own character and that
of others, and partly on my contrition and repentance before God. But my
mind was still dissatisfied; I still feared the worst; I knew not the
merits of a Saviour's righteousness; my hope was not built upon him but
on myself, and could not be satisfactory. I therefore cried to God to
spare me once more, and promised that my future life should be devoted
to his service. The Lord was pleased to hear my cry, and to protect me
during the awful scene that was just about to commence. The enemy's line
had advanced within about 300 yards, and brought two-field pieces in
front of the company I was in, and fired them at us. One of the balls
came skimming along the surface of the ground. I caught a view of it at
some distance, and thought it was coming directly to me. It grazed a
small hillock of rubbish a few yards in our front, and laid down the
second file on my right. It struck the left leg of the front rank man in
the centre, passing through it, and leaving a part of the skin on each
side. It grazed the calf of the rear rank man's left leg, tearing it,
and carrying part of it away. The small stones which it drove from the
rubbish-hillock hurt our faces, and a quantity of them entered into the
lacerated limbs of the wounded like hail. The one whose leg was broken
died some time after he had undergone amputation; the other also died
some months after in Rosetta. I thought that the hillock of rubbish had
perhaps altered the direction of the ball, else it might have struck me;
and while I felt for my comrades, I thanked God that I had escaped.
We were now anxious for orders to commence firing, as the enemy were
still marching forwards; the ground in front was somewhat undulated,
rising a little, for about 200 yards in our front, and then gently
falling. Our commanding officer allowed them to advance, as far as to
the highest part in our front; and whenever we saw their feet
distinctly, gave orders to fire. This was eagerly done; and the moment
we began firing, the enemy's line, in place of rushing forward, and
destroying us in an instant, made a halt from right to left, and opened
their fire upon us. As we were most afraid of the two pieces of
artillery in front playing upon us with grape-shot, those around me
directed their fire chiefly at them, which I believe caused them to be
removed to one of the flanks. We then levelled at those directly in our
front; but the smoke soon covered them so much, that a particular object
was not visible. We then took aim at where we judged their line was; but
we were not so much afraid of those directly in our front, as of a body
which appeared to be cavalry, and which threatened to come round our
left into our rear.--In order to keep them back; those near me directed
nearly the one half of their fire against them; for we feared that those
who were posted in the rear of the bushes to our left, would not be able
to prevent them from advancing, the bushes being widely scattered, so
that they might have been easily passed. These men, however, did their
duty most admirably. The enemy opened a fire of grape-shot, from several
pieces of artillery, to dislodge them; but they bravely maintained their
post. Our ranks were now getting thinner; our commanding officer,
Lieutenant Colonel Erskine, was severely wounded with grape shot in
several parts of the body.[10] The officer commanding the company I was
in, was also wounded, and many more.--After we had fired about 12
rounds, whilst I was in the act of loading, I was struck by a musket
ball in the left side, near the pit of the stomach, close to the ribs,
and was whirled round on my heels by the force of the stroke. I was
stunned and felt great pain; and, concluding that I was wounded, I stept
into the rear and grasped the place with my hand. I found the skin was
entire; and on shaking myself, the ball dropped at my feet. I then
resumed my place in the ranks, and continued to fire until I had
expended 22 rounds; when to our great joy, a party of marines, doing
duty on shore, arrived on our right, and Dillon's regiment on our left.
At the first fire of these troops, the enemy retreated with great
precipitation. We pursued them to some distance; and Dillon's regiment
coming up with a party of them, charged, and took two pieces of
cannon.--The enemy was so closely pressed that he divided his forces,
and part of them retreated to the left, through a shallow place of the
Lake Maadie, the other part retired direct upon Alexandria. Had we had a
proper proportion of cavalry, we might have captured all the enemy's
artillery, and even have taken Alexandria itself; for we could have
reached it before that part of the enemy's force which retreated to the
left, as we were nearer it than they.
The army formed in line on the heights which the enemy had occupied in
the morning: they cannonaded us, and kept up a fire of sharp-shooters,
by which we lost a number of men. A division of the army was detached to
the left, to a height near to that of Alexandria; the reserve advanced
on the right, and another division in the centre. Our regiment was part
of the division sent to the left. The day was warm, and we suffered much
from want of water. I have seen a Spanish dollar offered for a draught,
and in many instances refused. The gunpowder which unavoidably got into
our mouths by biting the ends of our cartridges while loading, tended
greatly to augment our thirst.
The enemy had now concentrated his forces on the heights of Alexandria.
When he saw our division advancing to the left, he sent a party with two
guns to cannonade us, and as we advanced nearer, he opened upon us a
heavy fire of shot and shell. Our order of march was in divisions of
companies; and, as we drew near the height, a cannon bail struck the
ground, close to the right of the division of the company I was in. The
ground happened to be soft mould; the ball lodged itself in the mould,
and we were covered with the dust and small fragments of stones which it
raised. It was a great mercy that the ground was not hard in that spot,
as it was in the greatest part of the adjacent ground; for the ball
would in that case have rebounded, and in all probability have laid down
the front rank of the division. I felt thankful for deliverance, and
continued to pray in my heart to God to spare and protect me.--We formed
in close columns upon the height. The bed of a canal, over which was a
bridge, lay in the bottom of the hollow that was betwixt us and the
enemy's position: the bridge was defended by a party of cavalry and
infantry, with two guns. The 44th regiment, being sent in front, charged
the enemy with the bayonet, and captured the bridge; and the party which
defended it retired into their own lines. During this operation the
columns advanced, and began to descend into the hollow. Our regiment was
in the front, the enemy played upon us with his artillery, to which we
were now dreadfully exposed; but, after we had descended some way down
the height, we were ordered to retire; and, as we retreated undercover
of the height, we were partly screened from his fire. After we had
remained in this position some time, our regiment was allowed to retire
to the rear of the right of the centre division of the army. This
division had been formed in line on the plain, and being wholly
unprotected from the enemy's shot, had suffered very severely. They were
still in this state; but they had now laid down their arms, and either
sat or lay on the ground, by which means they were not so much exposed.
We took up our position, and several men from each company were allowed
to go in quest of water. I was one of them; and, as no one knew where to
find it, we took different routes. After travelling some distance to the
rear, I got information where water was to be had; and having made all
haste to the spot, I found it, and instantly began to drink; but I
thought I should never be satisfied. Never was any thing so precious to
me in all my life as this water. After having drank a considerable
quantity, I began to fill the canteens (of which I had ten) which I had
brought to fetch it to those who remained; but many a drink I took
before I had filled them. I then began to feel a little hungry, having
eaten nothing from the preceding morning, lest it should increase my
thirst. I sat down and took a piece of biscuit and a bit of pork, and
began to eat; but still every mouthful required a little of the water;
and I wished to be fully satisfied, before leaving the place, that I
might not be under the necessity of drinking any of what I was carrying
away. The water was white and muddy, but not thick; it was in a part of
what had been the bed of a canal, or had been hollowed out by torrents
coming from the heights in the winter season, across the mouth of which
a bank had been thrown, which prevented the water from running into the
lake, to which it was near. Having satisfied my thirst, I returned with
a load of water to my comrades, to whom it was as acceptable as it had
been to myself. We remained until near sun-set in the same position; and
as the whole army was within reach of the enemy's shot, he continued
less or more to cannonade us. When our regiment got on their feet and
began to move, they fired at us from two of their heaviest guns. One of
the balls rebounded from the ground, nearly killed our Major, and passed
through the ranks: those opposite to it saw it, and were so fortunate as
to make an opening, through which it passed without touching any one.
By sun-set the army took up its position on the heights from which the
enemy had been driven on the morning, with our right to the sea, and our
left to the canal that separated Lake Maadie from the bed of Lake
Marcotis.--As soon as our position was adjusted, and we had liberty to
pile our arms, the cry was for more water; and as I had been sent for it
before, and knew where it was to be found, I was sent along with others.
It was dusk before we reached the spot, which now presented a confused
but interesting scene. The cavalry and artillery horses, which had been
all day without water, were now there, and had gone into it with their
feet, where they were greedily drinking. This had stirred up the mud,
and made the water a perfect puddle; near the edge it was as thick as
paste. We had therefore to wade in among the horses to where it was
deeper; so that here were men and horses, standing promiscuously, knee
deep in the water, trying as it were which could drink fastest. By the
time I got my canteens filled, it was pretty dark; and, owing to the
confusion, as I could not see, I had great difficulty in finding the
regiment.
I now lay down on the ground to take some rest. I reflected seriously on
the events of the past day, and thanked God for having heard my prayers,
and for having spared and protected me. I remembered the promises I had
made, and my conscience accused me of having broken them almost as soon
as made. Even during the time of the action, when many were falling
around me, and my danger was greatest, I had made use of improper
expressions: expressions which I was not guilty of using at other times,
and which, on such an occasion, above all others, I ought to have
avoided. This threw me into dejection of spirits, and into a train of
very serious reflections for several days; reflections which were
deepened by my being led to see more minutely the danger I had escaped.
Having occasion to shift my clothes, I observed that the ball which had
struck me on the side, had passed through my coat and cut my waistcoat
between the second and third button from the bottom; it had then grazed
my side, and had been obstructed in its passage outwards by a small
volume of poems, containing Pope's Essay on Man, Blair's Grave, and
Gray's Elegy, which I had in my side pocket. The corner of the binding
next to my side was shattered, and the greater part of the leaves much
bruised. I now discerned, that it had been the force with which the ball
struck the book that had wheeled me round. I was impressed with the
conviction, that if I had been standing square to my front, the ball
would have lodged in my left side; and that even in the oblique position
in which I stood, had it been one inch nearer the right, it would have
lodged in the body and proved mortal. There were few of my comrades that
had not their clothes cut in several places; and many had received
contusions that would have proved mortal wounds, if the French had
properly loaded their pieces. It was said that they did not use the
ramrod in loading, which enabled them to fire with greater rapidity; but
the charge being loose in their pieces, the shot did not fly so true to
its direction, and was in many cases weak; making only a contusion, in
place of perforating the body. This partly accounts for such a long
continued and tremendously superior fire, not being so destructive as
might have been apprehended. The regiment lost 125 killed and wounded;
but our wonder was how so many had escaped.
The loss sustained by the army, was 156 killed, 1082 wounded; and of
seamen and marines there were 29 killed and 55 wounded, making a total
of 1322. Four pieces of cannon and some ammunition were taken from the
enemy.
A great part of the grape-shot and cannon balls, that were fired by the
French, were made of a composition of brass. They had taken the
copper-sheeting and bells of a number of the ships in the harbour, and
the unserviceable brass guns in their possession, and had melted them
into balls, to prevent their ammunition from being exhausted; because
the blockade of Egypt by our ships of war, prevented them from receiving
regular supplies from France. But the grape-shot of this description
that lodged in the bodies of the wounded, had the tendency of making the
wounds foul.
I continued to ponder over what had taken place; and my mind became
increasingly uneasy. Conviction of sin, and a sense of ingratitude to
God for his mercies, drove me almost to despair. I had my Bible with me,
but made no use of it: our duty and fatigues left almost no leisure to
do so, even had I been so inclined; and the dangerous nature of our
present situation agitated the mind, and prevented the composure needful
for the investigation of truth. One who previously knew the spiritual
import of the Scriptures, might have made some profitable use of a
Bible; but our circumstances were quite unfavourable for one like me. I
was left to ruminate upon what occurred to my memory. I recollected what
Manoah's wife said to her husband, when he was afraid that he should die
because he had seen God. "If the Lord were pleased to kill us, he would
not have received a burnt-offering and a meat-offering at our hands;"
(Judges xiii. 23.) and was led to conclude, that I ought not to give
myself over to despair, seeing God had yet spared my life. I had also a
general recollection of the following passage of Young's Night Thoughts:
---- Time destroyed
Is Suicide, where more than blood is spilt.
Time flies, death urges, knells call, heav'n invites,
Hell threatens; all exerts: in effort, all;
More than creation labours!--Labours more?
And is there in creation, what, amidst
This tumult universal, wing'd despatch,
And ardent energy, supinely yawns?--
_Man_ sleeps; and _Man_ alone; and _Man_ whose fate,
Fate irreversible, entire, extreme,
Endless, hair-hung, breeze-shaken, o'er the gulf
A moment trembles; drops! and _Man_ for whom
All else is in alarm! _Man_, the sole cause
Of this surrounding storm! and yet he sleeps,
As the storm rock'd to rest,--Throw _Years_ away?
Throw _Empires_, and be blameless. Moments seize,--
Heaven's on their wing: a moment we may wish
When worlds want wealth to buy. Bid _Day_ stand still,
Bid him drive back his car, and re-import
The period past; regive the given hour:
Lorenzo, _more_ than miracles we want:
Lorenzo--O for yesterdays to come!
Such is the language of the man _awake_;
His ardour such, for what _oppresses_ thee:
And is his ardour vain, Lorenzo?--No;
That _more_ than miracle the gods indulge;
_To-day_ is _yesterday_ return'd; return'd
Full-power'd to cancel, expiate, raise, adorn,
And reinstate us on the Rock of peace.
Let it not share its predecessor's fate;
Nor, like its elder sisters, die a fool.
Shall it evaporate in fume? fly off
Fuliginous, and stain us deeper still?
Shall we be poorer for the plenty pour'd?
More wretched for the clemencies of heav'n?
NIGHT SECOND.
While I had a general recollection of this passage on my mind, there
were a number of its particular expressions very frequently in my
memory. When I thought on the past dangers I had come through, and
looked at our present hazardous situation, the words
----"hair-hung, breeze-shaken, o'er the gulf
A moment trembles,"----
strongly impressed my mind with a sense of the critical nature of human
life in general, and of such a situation as I was now in, in particular;
and the words,
----"and yet he sleeps,
As the storm rock'd to rest"----
with the folly of being careless and unconcerned, in such a situation;
and when I thought on the misimprovement of past time, the words,
----"O for yesterdays to come!"
spoke the feelings of my heart:--but the words,
"Today is yesterday return'd; return'd
Full-power'd to cancel, expiate, raise, adorn,
And reinstate us on the Rock of peace,"
were often in my mind, and contributed, with the words of Manoah's wife,
to give me a partial ease; they led me to form a new resolution, of
setting out once more in attempting to lead a godly life, and keep the
divine commandments. Having formed this resolution, I set about the
performance of it with all due care, and my mind enjoyed a temporary
peace. I was frequent in prayer, as I hoped that by this means I should
prevent my mind from wandering. I had taken my present resolution so
strongly, that I thought if I did not keep it this time, I could never
hope to keep any resolution afterwards.
We now got our tents on shore, and were busily employed in landing the
heavy artillery, and in raising breast-works and redoubts. The fatigues
of the army were very great; and as nearly the one half were now
affected with the night blindness, they were ordered to take their turn
of night duties. A blind and a seeing man were put to work together, to
carry two-handed baskets filled with earth to raise the breast-works,
the seeing one leading the blind; and as the sentries on the out-posts
were double, a blind and a seeing man were also put together: the blind
man was company to the other; for, although he could not see, he could
hear; and more depended upon that than upon seeing for the best sight
could not see an object at night at any distance. When upon sentry at
night, I discovered that when I looked a good while to the ground, I
could discern upon _it_ the shadows of persons that were approaching me;
but if I lifted up my head I could not see the persons themselves,
though they came close to my face. I continued, when out at night, to
look constantly to the ground, and my sight gradually got better, and
was quite recovered by the night of the 20d.
During the march of the army from Aboukir, I had seen great quantities
of ruins; and while employed in working among them, and in building
breast-works and redoubts with the stones of ancient palaces, and the
earth that formed the banks of their far-famed canals, I could not but
reflect on the ancient glory of Egypt, of which there were so many
evidences, even in the barren peninsula of Aboukir. I saw in these ruins
the fulfilments of Jehovah's threatenings, and an evidence of the truth
of the Scriptures;--and from the description given of "populous No,"
(Nahum. iii. 8, 9, 10. Ezekiel xxx. 14, 15, 16, which I had frequently
read during the passage up the Mediterranean,) I conceived that
somewhere in this vicinity, such a city must have stood. These
reflections gave an unusual degree of interest to our operations. We
were now upon Scripture ground: we had come from a distant island of the
sea, to the land of the proud Pharaohs, to carry on our military
operations where Nebuchadnezzar, and Alexander the Great, had carried on
theirs. The event was singular and striking: and our situation novel and
interesting. Our camp stretched from the sea to the lake; and on the
lake were numerous boats, bringing provisions, ammunition, and military
stores from the fleet; while parties of seamen and soldiers were
carrying or dragging through the deep sand, the various articles from
the landing place, distant about two miles from the position of the
army. And within four miles of our front, were the heights of
Alexandria, upon which the enemy's troops were posted, with the various
forts which they had constructed for their defence. On the right of
their position stood the beautiful and majestic column, known by the
name of "Pompey's Pillar;" and towards their left stood the stately
obelisk called "Cleopatra's Needle."[11] The old walls of Alexandria
were behind them, over which the masts of near 200 sail of ships were
visible, which had conveyed the army of Bonaparte from France, and had
been blockaded by the English since that time. And in the more distant
view to the sea, was the Isle of Pharos, at the entrance of the harbour,
on which once stood a light-house, mentioned by Rollin in his Ancient
History as one of the seven wonders of the world, but which was now
strongly fortified by the French, for the protection of the harbour,
before which a squadron of our fleet was kept constantly cruising.
The Arabs began to bring us sheep and young onions for sale. The men of
the tent I was in, bought a sheep for a Spanish dollar, from an Arab,
whose only covering was a plaid thrown round his naked body, resembling
those worn by Highland shepherds. But our greatest difficulty was to
find wood to cook it with. The bark of the date tree was the only part
of it that would burn: its withered leaves, with the roots of a creeping
kind of brier, which we pulled out of the sandy soil, and with
difficulty got to burn, were the only fuel we could find. For a few days
we had far to travel for water; but every regiment dug wells in the flat
ground, on the left of the position, where a sufficient supply, although
somewhat brackish, was obtained.
My mind continued pretty easy for three or four days; but I found that I
was not fulfilling the task that I had undertaken; that I was failing in
the performance of duty, and was not keeping God and eternity in view,
in the manner I had resolved to do. This began to make me again uneasy;
and, as my hopes rested on my own performances, when I found that these
performances were not what I had promised and resolved they should be,
these hopes were shaken. I had not, indeed, been guilty of any open and
notorious sins; but I had not done that which I had resolved to do, and
on the doing of which I had hoped for the forgiveness of past sins, the
favour of God, and eternal life; and this threw me back where I was
before.
The regiment received orders on the 20d, to march early next morning to
Aboukir, to do the hospital duty, because we were too weak to do the
duty of a regiment in the line. We were accordingly under arms and
marched off an hour before daylight, and left our tents standing for a
regiment that was to come from the second line to occupy our place. But
we had not proceeded above a mile and a half, when we heard a discharge
of several muskets on the left; which caused us to halt and look to the
place where the firing had been. In a few seconds we saw a number more
muskets fired, (for the darkness made the flash of even the pan of every
musket distinctly visible,) and after that a field-piece, and then a
general discharge of about 300 muskets; when it ceased. We knew that
there was a guard of about 300 men, and a field-piece, with a working
party of as many more, on the spot; and as the firing had ceased, we
thought it might be a false attack to disturb the working party and
alarm the army.--After standing a little, and all continuing quiet, we
began with hesitation to proceed on our journey: but we had not moved
many steps, when we heard the discharge of a musket on the right of the
army: this produced a voluntary halt; and in a few seconds we heard the
discharge of two or three more. We were then ordered to return, and had
not proceeded far, before a number more discharges were heard in the
same direction. This quickened our march, and we made all expedition
towards the tent of the commander-in-chief, which was in the rear of the
right of the army. Before we got there the firing on the right was
beginning to be pretty thick. We were now ordered to resume the position
we had left. It was yet dark; but the firing of musketry began to be
heavy, and the artillery commenced playing, with the help of lighted
lanterns to let them see to load. By the time we got to our position,
the action was close and warm on the right, and the firing of musketry
and artillery very heavy, which the darkness of the morning made
peculiarly awful. There was now no doubt of a powerful and determined
attack from the enemy. When we arrived at our position in the line, the
day had begun faintly to dawn. The regiment which was to have taken our
place, had not done it; a column of the enemy having ascended the brow
of the hill in our front, were making towards the opening in the line
where we should have been. The regiment on the right was extending its
left, and the one on the left its right, and had filled up the one half
of the space when we arrived. On our arrival a part of us filled up the
opening, and began to fire on the enemy's column, which then retreated
under the brow of the hill, out of our sight and below the range of
shot. They left, however, a number of sharp-shooters on the edge of the
hill, who kept up a straggling fire upon our line. The regiments on the
right and left now closed their files, and we got all into line, and in
good order; when the enemy's column, having adjusted itself under the
brow of the hill, showed itself anew, and came forward to the attack. We
again opened our fire upon them, which they returned; but after the
second or third round, they again retreated as before, leaving a still
greater number of sharp-shooters, who ranged themselves along the edge
of the descent of the hill, which in part concealed them from us, but
allowed them to have a fair view of our line, upon which they kept up a
destructive fire. We returned a straggling fire upon them from the line,
having no sharp-shooters in front to engage them.
When on the way back to the army, previously to entering upon this
action, the state of my mind was rather different from what it had been
before. I prayed earnestly for protection: but having so often failed in
the promises I had made, I was afraid to make any more. I began to be
diffident of myself. I did not plead with God on the promise of future
amendment, but prayed for mercy. I used indeed the name of Christ; but
had no right understanding, either of the true nature of the atonement
for the guilt of sin, by his blood, or of his righteousness to justify
the ungodly. My confidence was not placed in them for acceptance with
God; but should death be the issue, I cast myself, with trembling
hesitation, on his general mercy, and that with more resignation than
formerly. I confessed my past failures, and prayed that if God was not
pleased to preserve me unhurt, but if I was to be wounded, it might be
in a merciful way; and that, if death was to be the issue, my sins might
be pardoned. This was my prayer on entering the action, and as we had
intervals of firing, I repeated it. But great as my fear of death was, I
never thought of attempting to avoid it, by flinching from my duty as a
soldier in such times of danger. I looked upon such conduct as sinful,
and dared not seek present safety by an increase of guilt. I was also
convinced, that cowardice was attended with the greatest danger, and
that our greatest safety lay in every one doing his duty with steady
courage. I had fired about twelve rounds, when the sun was beginning to
appear in the horizon, and was in the act of ramming another cartridge,
when a shot from one of the sharp-shooters, struck upon the inner ancle
bone of my left foot; it turned round the back of the leg, passing
between the sinew of the heel and the leg bone, and lodged just under
the skin, a little above the bone of the outer ancle. It was there that
I felt the pain. I was stunned with the stroke; but from the part in
which I felt the pain, I did not think it was a ball, but that a large
shot or shell, having struck some of the stones that were lying in the
rear, a splinter from them had hit me in the back of the leg: I loaded
my piece, and then, on lifting up my leg to see what was the matter, saw
a musket-shot hole in the half-gaiter, and some appearance of blood. I
shouldered my piece, but the sharp-shooters directly in front of me had
disappeared. I stood a few seconds unresolved what to do; but feeling
the pain increase, and seeing the blood beginning to appear more on the
gaiter, and the officer commanding the company having come to the rear,
and observing that I was wounded, he called to me to fall out, and I was
induced to leave the ranks, but felt very reluctant to quit my comrades
before the battle was decided: not that I loved to stay in a place of
danger; but I did not like to leave them in the time of it; and had
there been firing at the time, I should have continued to fire while I
was able. As matters stood, however, I conceived it to be my duty,
seeing I was disabled from keeping my place in the ranks, to make the
best of my way, as long as I was able, to a place where I might be out
of the reach of shot, and get my wound dressed, that it might not
receive injury by delay. I got as quickly as I could to the rear,
keeping my arms, accoutrements, and knapsack which I had on when
wounded. The battle at this time was raging upon the right with terrible
fury; and the brigade of guards immediately on the right of ours, were
closely engaged. The roar of the artillery was dreadful. Daylight had
now made both parties visible to each other; but the smoke of the firing
obscured the distant view; so that, although the scene of contest was
but a short way off from me, I could neither see our own line nor that
of the enemy, all being covered with a thick cloud, through which
nothing was visible, but the dark red glare of the flashes of the
artillery. As I began to descend the height in the rear of the army, I
was in imminent danger. The position of the brigade of guards, (which
was on the right of ours,) and of the right of our own brigade, receded
considerably from the spot on which our regiment stood, owing to the
direction of the rising ground on which we were posted. In consequence
of this, and of the positions of the enemy's columns and artillery, a
large proportion of his shot, that had been fired at too high an
elevation, fell in the rear of our regiment's tents. As I did not at the
time observe this circumstance, I took the direct road from our own
rear, to the landing place on Lake Maadie, distant about two miles. I
was led by this route to cross the range of the falling shot. The musket
and grape shot was coming down in showers, and further on, the large
shot was striking and rebounding off the ground in rapid succession. I
used all possible exertion to get through this danger; and, by the
goodness of God, received no further hurt; while others, who, like
myself, were wounded and retiring to the rear, did not escape. The
exertion I had made, with the blood I was losing, which marked my steps
in the sand, began to exhaust me; but I had the happiness of having my
canteen full of water at the commencement of my retreat, which refreshed
me. My arms, at length, however, becoming too heavy for me, I left my
firelock in an erect posture, by running the bayonet into the ground,
after taking the powder out of the pan, to prevent accidents to those
that might find it.
When I had got near to the landing place, I found several surgeons, on
the outside of an hospital tent that had been lately pitched for the
sick, busily engaged in dressing some of the wounded that had arrived
before me. I sat down to wait my turn to be dressed, which was not long,
for the number before me was not great. When I took the gaiter off my
leg, I pulled a piece of it out of the wound, and as the ball appeared
prominent under the skin, it was easily extracted, and another piece of
the gaiter was taken out, which was wrapped round it. The ball was
flattened, and a part of it turned over by the resistance of the ancle
bone; yet the bone was not broken. After I was dressed, I lay down at
the side of a bush, until I might learn what was to be done with the
wounded. By this time the firing of musketry had ceased on the field of
battle; a cannonade alone was heard; and we were all anxiety respecting
the success of the day, for if the army was compelled to retreat, the
situation of the wounded would be distressing and dangerous. Great
numbers of wounded were now arriving to be dressed, who brought
different reports, some of them saying, they did not think that the army
would be able to keep its ground. This made us look with anxiety to the
heights, to observe if any retrograde motion was made; but the cannonade
ceased; and we were informed that the enemy had been completely
repulsed, and had retreated back to Alexandria. The action terminated
about ten o'clock, A. M.
This action, though short, was severe and bloody, and was sustained on
our part chiefly by the right wing of the army, the left having been
only partially engaged. The object of the enemy was to dislodge the
troops on the right, from the rising ground on which they were posted,
and then to drive the army into Lake Maadie. He expected to possess
himself of the rising ground before day-break; and being perfectly
acquainted with the place, and with the way in which we were posted, he
was at no loss to make his attack in the dark: but as it was our
practice to stand under arms from three o'clock in the morning till an
hour after day-break, we were not taken by surprise. The enemy's force
consisted of nine thousand seven hundred men, of which fifteen hundred
were cavalry; with forty-six pieces of cannon. Our army, by its losses
in the former actions, by parties absent at Aboukir on duty, and by
sickness, had been reduced to somewhat less than ten thousand, including
four hundred cavalry; with thirty-six pieces of cannon. When the enemy
retreated, he left seventeen hundred men dead and wounded on the field,
of whom a thousand and forty were buried the first two days: he lost
also four hundred horses. How many wounded retired, or had been removed,
could not be known; but military judges calculate the whole at about
four thousand men, which was more than a third of their whole number. We
had two hundred and forty-three killed, one thousand one hundred and
ninety-three wounded, and thirty-two missing, and four seamen killed,
and twenty wounded, making a total of 1493.--Our worthy
commander-in-chief, Sir Ralph Abercrombie, died on the 28th, of a wound
he received in the thigh, and was deeply regretted by the whole army.
General Moore also was again wounded, but recovered in a short time and
returned to his duty. The loss of our regiment was forty men.
Having lain at the bush until about two o'clock, I then observed a
number of the wounded going on board of boats to be taken to the fleet.
I got up and went to the landing place, and having got on board one of
them, arrived at the fleet in the evening; where I was put on board a
two-decked ship, appropriated for the reception of the wounded, and got
into a berth with two more of the same regiment. Upwards of two hundred
wounded men were collected on board of this ship; and the wounds of many
of them being severe, numbers died during the first ten days. If any one
wishes to know what were the topics of conversation among so many men in
such circumstances, it pains me to state, that our conversation was
about any thing but that one thing which most concerned us, and which
ought to have engrossed our whole attention. About that world to which
so many of us were daily departing, and about that God before whom so
many were so soon to make their appearance, there was not a word to be
heard, except it was in taking his name in vain. The groans of the dying
were to be heard in various quarters of the ship, but no one either
asking or telling how a sinner could be saved. Nor was I better than
others. I did not improve my mercies. I had been wounded in a
comparatively merciful manner, but I forgot the God to whom I had made
my supplication, and neglected my Bible. I conversed with one of my
comrades, who was a Scottish Episcopalian, upon church government, and
he took some pains to inform me of the claims of Episcopacy, of which I
was ignorant. But what did such topics avail to dying men, whose
conversation ought to have been about the salvation of their souls? He
was badly wounded in the thigh, and did not live many weeks. The part of
my wound where the ball entered healed in about sixteen days; but the
part where it was extracted became inflamed, and the foot and ancle
swelled considerably. I was suspicious that the dirty water with which
it was sometimes washed was the occasion of the inflammation. An
erroneous opinion was entertained, that salt water would smart the
wounds: and as fresh water was not in plenty on board the ship, only a
small quantity of it was allowed for washing them. A great number were
washed with one basin-full, and, as many of the wounds were foul, this
was calculated to infect those that were clean. Had salt water been
used, a basin of clean water might have been taken to every one. I was
washed with salt water when in the hospital at Aboukir, and felt no
difference between it and fresh. By the end of three weeks my wound
began to mortify. I was then put into a boat to be taken to the hospital
at Aboukir, along with a number more whose cases were considered bad.
Two were so weak that they were unable to sit, and were laid upon
gratings in the bottom of the boat: one of them died before we reached
the shore, and the other died upon the beach. These cases made little
impression upon my mind; death was becoming familiar to me, and I looked
at it with a careless indifference. When the boat reached the shore I
was carried to the Hutts hospital; which was a building upon a height,
erected by the French to serve as barracks to their troops stationed at
Aboukir.
It was formed of the trunks of date trees split down the middle; the
ends were sunk into the ground; the flat side of one tree was turned
outwards, and the flat side of the next inwards, and so alternately, the
round edges being made to overlap each other, and the crevices filled
with plaster lime. It was roofed in the same manner. A great many bats
had formed their nests in the holes, where the roof rested upon the
upright posts.--Here I was well taken care of; so that by the mercy of
God, the inflammation subsided, and in sixteen days the putrid flesh was
wholly cleaned away, leaving a pretty large orifice. A part of the
tendon of the heel seemed to have been eaten away by the inflammation,
but the damage did not appear to be very serious, and it began to heal
rapidly.
While in this place, a small scorpion had got into my haversack, and as
I put my hand into it to get some bread it stung me in the point of my
thumb. This sensation resembled that which is produced by the sting of a
bee, but the pain was more violent, and lasted for twenty-four hours
before it subsided, but was attended by no other bad consequence.
The regiment to which I belonged, being at this time encamped at
Aboukir, made an offer to accommodate their own wounded men, as the
general hospital was crowded. This offer was accepted, and those that
were in a condition to be moved were sent to the regimental hospital. I
remained a day or two there; but, being healthy, and my wound likely to
heal soon, I was removed to the convalescent tents, which, on account of
some cases of fever in the regimental hospital, were at some distance.
There I was left to dress my wound myself, which continued to mend, but
not so rapidly as before. That dreadful calamity, the plague, made its
first appearance at the Hutts hospital about the time that I left it;
and, a few days afterwards, a corporal went with a party and buried a
surgeon and two women in one hole, and seven others in another, that had
already fallen victims to it.
The strength that the enemy brought to the field on the 21st March,
showed that they were far more numerous in Egypt than we had been led to
believe. The greatest number that had been calculated to be there was
15,000; but they had 27,000. As soon as the action of the 21st was over,
the army made trenches along the whole position, and completed and
increased the batteries and redoubts with all possible haste. The left
was the weakest part of the position. The bed of Lake Mareotis was in
front of it, but it was nearly dry, and passable in many parts both for
horse and foot. Lake Maadie[12] was in the rear of the left, being only
separated from the bed of Lake Mareotis by the banks of the canal[13] of
Alexandria; and its waters were considerably above the level of Lake
Mareotis and the surrounding country. On the 13th April a large opening
was made in the banks of the canal; the water rushed into Lake Mareotis
with a fall of six feet, and it continued to rush in for a month, when
it nearly found its level; but there continued always a fall of about a
foot, owing to the sand absorbing the water. By this measure a large
extent of country was inundated; the front of the position was
contracted, and the left protected from assault; and Lord Hutchison, who
had succeeded Sir Ralph Abercrombie, was enabled to proceed with a part
of the army to Rosetta, which had been previously taken by a detachment,
assisted by 4,000 Turks; General Coote being left with the remainder to
blockade Alexandria. The force assembling at Rosetta was destined to
march against Grand Cairo. The Grand Vizier was advancing with an army
from Syria to co-operate in the same object. Our regiment was ordered to
join the troops at Rosetta. Most of the men belonging to it, who had
been left on board ship sick of the fever, at the time we landed, had by
this time recovered, so that it was now pretty strong. I continued in
the convalescent tents about a fortnight. To enable me, when necessary,
to go abroad, I procured a rough piece of wood, upon which I got the
head of a tent mallet fastened, to serve for a crutch. By the help of
this, and a stick in the other hand, I made a shift to go out of the
tent; but, not being very expert at the use of the crutch, as I was
going out one day, the tent cords catched the lower end of it, and I
fell down, with the wounded leg undermost. This was to me a serious
accident; for my wound immediately began to get worse, and in a few days
it was greatly inflamed, and discharging black matter. I was then
removed to the hospital tents, to be near the surgeon. Orders came for
the regimental hospital to be moved to Rosetta, and such cases as were
not fit to be moved were sent to the general hospital, which was now an
extensive establishment; for the sick and wounded that were on board the
fleet were sent on shore, and lodged in large sheds. Into one of these I
was taken, along with another, who had been in the same convalescent
tent with me. He had been slightly wounded: a musket ball having grazed
the front of his leg; he was able to walk about with little
inconvenience, and was desired by the surgeon not to confine himself
close to the tent, but to take the air, and some little exercise. We
were not, however, aware of the extreme danger of having the skin broken
in Egypt, let the hurt be ever so slight. His wound had got much worse;
it was not to appearance so serious as mine, yet, after he was a few
days in the general hospital, it was found necessary to amputate his
leg, an operation which he did not survive long; for the stump
mortified, and he died after lingering about five weeks. His case
alarmed me not a little; and as my wound continued for some time to get
worse, the inflammation spreading, the lower part of the leg swelling
greatly, and the pain being excessive, I was the more apprehensive, and
prayed earnestly for mercy. God was pleased to hear my cry, and to spare
me once more. The inflammation by and by subsided; the pain became
moderate, my appetite, which was lost, returned; and the wound began to
clean and heal.
The weather was now very warm. The shed in which I was, was so
constructed, as to combine the advantages of shade and air. The roof was
formed of boards, (brought I suppose from Marmorice,) and was supported
upon posts, made of the trunks of date trees, which were sunk into the
ground at certain distances; boards were nailed to these posts, and
about an inch left open betwixt each board, to the height of about four
feet, and then there was an opening of about two feet to the edge of the
roof. This shed was of great length, and was crossed by one or two
similar ones. In them all there were three rows of beds, two rows with
the ends of the beds to the sides of the shed, and one row set
length-ways in the centre. Although these structures were so open in the
sides we were sufficiently warm during the night. We were, however, much
troubled with fleas, of which the sandy floor was full, so that it was
impossible to get rid of them. Indeed the whole of the desert was full
of these vermin. There were also some crickets of a very large size,
which interrupted our sleep by the strong and constant sound of their
music; not unmelodious in itself, had it not been unseasonable. The
flies too gave us a vast deal of annoyance through the day. It was with
difficulty that we could keep them out of our eyes; and they were most
pernicious to those who had large putrid sores; for, as it was
impossible to keep them out of the wound while it was dressing, this
occasioned not only present trouble, but the breeding of maggots, which
increased the torture of many who were sinking to the grave. Even those
who were well, of all classes, found it needful to carry a small bunch
of rushes tied upon a handle, to be used like a fan, to drive them away.
On the 23d of May, the hot wind came on. The air was darkened with mist,
which was so thick that it rendered breathing difficult. We were glad to
cover ourselves over the head with our blankets: for although the heat
was intense, and the blankets disagreeably warm and heavy, yet we found
our breathing more tolerable under them than when uncovered. The orderly
men, who had to go out of the shed for water, and on other necessary
business, complained of the heat of the wind, saying that it blew the
sand in their faces as hot as fire.[14] Towards evening the wind blew
from the sea; the air became clear; and the night was about its usual
coolness. But the consequences of this wind were dreadful to the
hospital. The plague now raged with redoubled fury, and made fearful
havoc among the nurses and orderly men, and those who had slight wounds.
The three nurses who attended the division of the shed I was in, were
infected one after the other, and were sent to the post hospital; where,
as I afterwards heard, they died. One set of nurses and orderly men
followed another in rapid succession for some weeks. It was observed,
that none of those who had large sores were infected by it; but such
sores after this period were more mortal, for mortifications now became
rapid in their progress, and baffled the power of medicine to arrest
them. Amputations were multiplied, but were mostly unavailing; and even
sores comparatively slight, mortified and proved fatal. Some of the
cases struck me forcibly.--A sailor who had a slight wound in one of his
legs, and who could move about, and be serviceable to those that were
bed-fast, went one night to the shore, which was not far off, to get
some drink; his leg immediately got worse; in a few days the entire calf
of it was one putrid ulcer, with numbers of maggots; poultices, spirits
of wine, and other strong liquors, and tinctures were profusely used,
but in vain--he died in about a week. Another, whose wound was cured,
and who was ordered to join his regiment, absented himself on the night
previous to the day appointed for his departure, and that of some
others. In a day or two after the party was gone, he appeared in his
place with a sore leg. It was believed that he had purposely scratched
his shin with a stone; but whatever way he had taken to make it sore,
the surgeon, who had not noticed his conduct, saw that it required
dressing, which was done without any particular inquiry; and as none
that knew his conduct liked spontaneously to inform upon him, he was not
called in question. It was manifest, however, that cowardice was the
cause of his injuring his leg, that he might remain in the hospital
until danger was over. But the very means he took to avoid danger, to
which he might never have, been exposed, proved his destruction. In
three or four days his leg became so much inflamed, that amputation was
rendered necessary. This was performed above the knee, but the
inflammation had reached the thigh. As he lay nearly opposite to me, I
saw the face of the stump when it was dressed. The skin never united; at
the second or third dressing the flesh of the thigh was detached from
the bone; so much so, that there was a large cavity underneath the bone,
which made it visible almost to the joint. He died before next day,
being about ten or twelve days from the time, he appeared with his leg
sore. At my left hand lay a young man, a sailor belonging to the
Northumberland 74, with a large ulcer in the under side of his right
arm, a little below the arm pit. I formed an attachment to this young
man; took a note of his own and his mother's name, and place of
residence, and of the time when his wages became due; and promised, if I
got safe to England, to inform them of these particulars, and of the
time and circumstances of his death, for he was sensible that death was
near. But there is one thing that gives me no small pain, when I reflect
upon it, to this day; that, although I saw he was dying, I was not able,
with all the religion I thought I had, to point my dying comrade to the
Saviour. Not having found a Saviour to my own soul, whatever I might say
about religion or religious subjects, a Saviour, properly so called, was
no part of my system. I who never beheld Jesus, as the Lamb of God which
taketh away the sin of the world, could not point him out, in that
soul-reviving character, to others; neither did there appear to be in
this house of death, any one that could point his dying comrades to a
Saviour, nor any among the dying throng, that were asking after a
Saviour. Whatever emotions might be passing through the minds of any,
the question as to what became of the soul after death, the hope of
heaven, or the fear of hell, the way to attain the one and escape the
other, never became a subject of conversation; and yet if ever
circumstances, (short of those of criminals condemned to die, without
any hope of mercy, upon a particular day,) could have forced such
conversation upon a company of sinful mortals, it must have been the
circumstances we were in. But every one seemed to indulge the hope of
life, until the cold hand of death was already on his heart, and left
him little time to think of that world to which he was going, and less
ability to communicate his thoughts to others, or to ask, or to receive
information. And this was the case, not in this hospital only, but in
all the hospitals I was in, both before and afterwards. I did indeed say
a few words to my dying comrade, about praying for mercy to his soul,
and made use of the name of Jesus in a formal way; and he continued for
several days before his death, to pray very earnestly to God for mercy,
and made use of that name: but whether he understood the character of
Jesus as a Saviour, and was led to place his dependence upon his merits,
is more than I can tell. It may be, that the Spirit of Christ, in his
sovereign grace, gave him a saving knowledge of that name that was used
at first in ignorance, and led him to trust in him for salvation; but if
this was the case, it was known only to himself; he was unable to make
it known to others; and, although he had been able to tell me if I
asked, I was unable to discern it; for he that has not been enlightened
by the Spirit of Christ himself, and brought out of darkness into
marvellous light, is ill qualified to discern when that change takes
place upon others.[15]
Footnote 7:
I quote these words from Sir R. Wilson's history, which contains a
degree of knowledge that I could not pretend to. The statements which
I give of the strength of the enemy, the number of cannon they had on
the field on the different days, and what we took from them, I also
state upon his authority. The account of the losses of the army I take
from the statements in the gazettes, which I believe to be pretty
correct, for I have found that they gave a true account of the loss of
my own regiment, and I have heard soldiers of other regiments say the
same of the gazette accounts of the loss of theirs.
Footnote 8:
The boats had gradually verged to the left during their progress, so
that this height, which before appeared to be opposite their centre,
was now opposite their right.
Footnote 9:
It was afterwards said that it was the dromedary corps.
Footnote 10:
He was taken on board one of the ships in the fleet, and had one of
his legs amputated, but he died in a few days, and was buried on
shore, at Aboukir.
Footnote 11:
For the information of such readers as have not access to large works,
I will take the liberty of inserting an account of the dimensions of
these celebrated and ancient monuments, from Sir R. Wilson's history.
"Pompey's Pillar is of the Corinthian order, and eighty-eight feet six
inches in height; the shaft formed of a single block of granite,
retaining the finest polish, except where the wind on the north-east
front has chafed the surface a little; it is sixty-four feet in
height, and eight feet four inches in diameter.
"About thirty yards in the rear of the French intrenchments, stands
Cleopatra's Needle, and one of equal magnitude is lying close by,
horizontally. The form of these obelisks is of considerable elegance,
and their magnitude is enormous, considering that each is only one
piece of granite; their height is sixty-eight feet three inches, and
their base seven feet seven inches by seven feet square; their sides
are covered with hieroglyphics, which, on the eastern front of the one
that is upright, are much effaced by the wind.
"Tradition affirms that they ornamented the gate of Cleopatra's
palace. From the quantity of marble, &c. &c. found near the spot,
probably the residence of the sovereigns of Egypt was placed
there."--_History of the Expedition_, 2d vol. pp. 156, 158, 159.
Dr. E. D. Clark, the traveller, who has paid great attention to the
study of the age and design of ancient monuments, thinks that the
_shaft_ of Pompey's Pillar "is of much earlier antiquity than either
the _capital_ or the _pedestal_." He gives probable reasons to believe
that the _shaft_ was made in the time of _Alexander the Great_, the
founder of _Alexandria_, and who was buried there, to be a sepulchral
pillar to the memory of that monarch; but that _Julius Caesar_ had set
it upon a _pedestal_, and had put a _capital_ upon it in honour of
Pompey, whose head he caused to be burnt with funeral honours, and the
ashes put into an _urn_, and placed on the top of the _pillar_: but
that the _pillar_ had likely fallen afterwards, and had been restored
by the emperor _Hadrian_.--_Clarke's Travels, 4th Edit._ 8vo. vol. v.
ch. vii. p. 361, &c.
Footnote 12:
Or Sed; "sometimes called the Lake of Aboukir. The passage into it at
Aboukir, is about two hundred yards wide, and was made about the year
1782, by the sea breaking down the dyke, which had been built ages
back, to recover from the ocean that part of the country which now is
Lake Maadie." _History of the Expedition to Egypt_, p. 27.
Footnote 13:
This canal commences at Rhamanieh, on the banks of the Nile, and
passes over fifteen or sixteen leagues of country. The bed of it is
above the level of Egypt; the banks are formed of earth raised wholly
above the surface. There is no water in it, but at the time of the
inundation of the Nile. The beds of the canals in Egypt are all above
the level of the country, that, when cut, the water may run out of
them. They are properly canals of irrigation.
Footnote 14:
This wind was still more dreadful in the interior of the country; and
at the place where the army was on its march to Cairo; as appears by
the following extract from Sir R. Wilson's History of the Expedition
to Egypt, vol. 1. p. 177.
_ALGUM, 23d May._
"This day will ever be remarkable to the Egyptian army; a sirocco wind
darkened with a burning mist the atmosphere; the thermometer was at
120 in the shade; the ground was heated like the floor of a furnace;
every thing that was metallic, such as arms, buttons; knives, &c.
became burning hot; the poultry, exposed to the air, and several
horses and camels died; respiration was difficult, and the lungs were
parched with fiery particles. Had the heat continued forty-eight
hours, the effect would have been dreadful: but happily as night drew
on, the wind cooled, and at last changed to the north west.
"At Balbeis, the thermometer was at 130; on the western side of the
Nile 120; at Alexandria 105."
_Extract from a Journal written by one of my comrades._
"We had one day's hot wind from the south; it began to blow about 9
o'clock; and wo be to him that is far from shelter, as neither man nor
beast can survive it three days! It came from the desert as hot as the
opening of an oven door, bringing small sand like mist along with it.
All the sentinels were called in, and the cattle crept close to the
ground and groaned for fear. The buffaloes took to the river, covering
themselves, all but the nose, in the water; and no man was able to
stir out of his tent until the evening."
Footnote 15:
The promise that I made of informing his relatives of the time and
circumstances of his death, I fulfilled when I came to Ireland, for
which I received a letter of thanks from his brother.
CHAPTER VI.
Preparations having been made for erecting a general hospital in the
town of Rosetta, all that were capable of being removed from Aboukir
were sent there. I left Aboukir, and was taken on board of a Germ on the
23d June; which sailed in the afternoon; and at day-break next morning,
we were near the entrance of the Rosetta branch of the Nile. The surf on
the bar, at the mouth of the river, was high; but the Arabs, who
navigated the vessel, risked the passage. The hazard on such occasions
is considerable, owing to the surf, and the shallowness of the water on
the bar: for the vessel is in danger of striking on the bottom between
the surges; and, when this takes place, the next wave that comes is apt
either to break over her and fill her with water, or to overset
her.--When we came opposite that part of the bar, which the Arabs
thought deepest, they pointed the bow of the vessel to it, and clued up
the sails that she might have little pitch, and might float as level as
possible; they then got out hand poles; and, as soon as she began to
lose head-way, they set the poles to the bottom, and pushed her forward
with all their power, making a great noise, until we got over the bar
into smooth water. There were several masts of vessels visible near
where we passed, that had recently been swamped in this dangerous
passage. Many British seamen lost their lives here, for they were
ignorant of its real danger, and would hardly be convinced of it,
because it had not at a distance a very dangerous appearance. It was not
until they had actually got upon the bar, that the extent and nature of
the danger were perceivable; and then, to attempt to return against the
wind and surge is vain; they must push through or perish. At the first I
wondered why the Arabs were making so much noise; but when we came upon
the bar my surprise ceased. I had never seen any thing like it; yet the
wind was not stormy, and if such was the state of this place with a
moderate wind, how terrible must it be in a storm.--As soon as we were
in smooth water, the large sails were again spread out to the wind, we
passed rapidly up the Nile, and in a short time were at Rosetta.
I was soon taken into a large square building, having a square court in
the centre, and piazzas round about from the bottom to the top; the
ground flat, which was high in the roof, was occupied as cellars,
store-houses, &c. There were two flats above, the various apartments of
which communicated with piazza'd passages, round the centre square. This
building, from the largeness of its size, and the number of its
apartments, accommodated a great many patients, consisting of men of all
the different regiments, promiscuously lodged together.
In coming into a place of this kind, among so many strange faces, and
various and opposite characters, it is a matter of some consequence to
meet with some one previously known, to whom you can talk, in whom you
can place confidence, and who will act the part of a comrade. In this
respect I was fortunate; falling in with a man of my own company, whose
bed was next to mine: a young man of agreeable dispositions. He was the
rear rank man of the second file from my right, in the battle of the
13th March, who got the calf of his leg grazed by the cannon ball, as
formerly related. His leg was now in a hopeful way; and being able to
move about with the help of a stick, he was serviceable to me who was
confined to bed. In this building we were more cool than on the sands of
Aboukir; the flies were not so excessively troublesome through the day;
and as the floor, which was upon arches, was paved with flat stones, or
large bricks, the fleas were not so numerous. But a new enemy attacked
us during the night, which we had not met with before--the mosquitoes.
They were very troublesome; and there was no way of securing ourselves
from their bite, which was very sharp, and for a while had an
inflammatory effect; so much so, that every one for some time after his
arrival, resembled a person in the height of the measles. Our
accommodation and attendance were much better here in many respects. We
were provided with sheets for our beds, which was very agreeable; for a
sheet was as much as one could bear for a covering during the night; nor
was even that needed so much for heat, as to be a partial defence
against the musquitoes. Our woollen blankets, which would have been
quite uncomfortable from their heat, were very useful now to put under
us; for our beds being made of branches of the date tree, put across
each other, with a slender matt, made of a particular kind of rushes,
laid over them to cover the holes, the cross spars soon became
prominent, and were very uneasy to lie upon. My knapsack was my pillow,
and my blanket, folded _four-ply_, I put under me. Without it indeed, it
would not have been possible to lie in the beds; and even with it, they
were very uncomfortable, especially for those who were long and close
confined to them.
I had not been in Rosetta above a fortnight, when my wound again
inflamed and mortified in a most alarming degree; the leg swelled
excessively, and the wound became large and jet black, with a most
offensive smell. I was very much alarmed; I beheld many dying, whose
wounds were in a similar state, and some of them apparently not so bad;
the severity of pain deprived me of appetite: nor could I so much as
drink the wine that was allowed me. The pain continued to increase; the
discharge from the wound was great; I was reduced to a skeleton, and my
strength was failing fast; I was at the gates of death; and, with
eternity before me, I was destitute of that discernment of the merits
and grace of the Great Redeemer, which alone can form a sure ground of
confidence, and a true source of consolation to a poor sinner, ready to
perish. I again reflected on my past life, and accused myself of want of
firmness in my resolutions. I thought God had now afflicted me in order
to make me hate sin, and love righteousness; and that were I again
restored to health, and free from pain, nothing in this world would be
able to make me leave my duty: and I flattered myself that what I had
now suffered had destroyed the love of sin in my heart. Under this
persuasion, being in agony through the severity of pain, I exclaimed,
"Lord, let it suffice thee, for it is enough; take but thine hand from
me this once!" Although this was not a prayer becoming a sinner ready to
perish, which ought to have been a supplication for mercy for the sake
of Christ; yet God was pleased in his compassion to grant me the thing I
sought. He did remove his hand, and spare my life; the mortification,
after having raged about three weeks, subsided; the putrid flesh began
to fall away; the burning pain left the wound; and in about ten days it
was clean; but the mortification had detached, and wholly destroyed, the
greater part of the tendon of the heel. I now looked upon myself as one
that had been rescued from the grave, and the occurrences that took
place immediately, tended still more strongly to impress this upon my
mind. The wound of my comrade, who had been serviceable to me when I was
so ill, as I began to mend, grew worse, inflamed, and in a few days,
nearly the whole of the calf of his leg was one putrid mass. A
blood-vessel burst in it during the night; but he was in such pain, that
he was not sensible of the bleeding, which continued until day break;
when the floor under and around his bed was covered with blood. The
surgeon was sent for, to whom he said, "I believe Sir, I have been
bleeding to death in the night time, and was not sensible of it." The
bleeding had now ceased, but he was so weak that he was unable to speak;
and he died in a few hours, and was carried out and buried. The
Saviour's words, "One shall be taken and the other left," struck me
forcibly in these circumstances: when my comrade, who was so shortly
before in a fairer way of recovery than I was, was thus cut off, and I
was left as a monument of God's sparing mercy.
His bed was not long empty. In a few days an Irish grenadier was brought
to it, whose case was truly hopeless. He had had a boil on the lower
part of the breast, which had mortified; the mortification had spread
over the breast, and had eaten a hole larger than a dollar into the
chest, so that when the dressing was off, the inside of the chest was
visible. He lived in great agony for about six days, and died; by which
time the hole into the chest was much larger.--In a few days after, the
same bed was filled by an artilleryman, a townsman of my own, who had
got the calf of one of his legs accidentally bruised. The leg inflamed;
amputation was resorted to; but, with all the attention the surgeons
paid to him, he also died in a very short time. My wound continued to
mend; and as soon as I was able to move, I got a crutch and a staff, and
a strap to support my leg, and got out of bed for a part of the day,
after having been confined to it nearly six months.
This was about the middle of September, before the Nile had attained the
height of its inundation. I passed a part of the day, sitting in one of
the front windows which looked to the Nile, and remarked its daily
progress. As I grew stronger, I got upon the roof of the building, which
was flat, and had a view of the town and the surrounding country. In the
country, on the opposite side of the Nile, nothing was to be seen, as
far as the eye could reach, but water, with the trees standing in it. I
travelled about too, visiting my acquaintances in the hospital who
belonged to the same regiment with myself.
Some of the Arab watermen were employed to supply the hospital with
water. They brought it from the Nile[16] upon their backs, in the skins
of goats slung across their shoulders. The skin had been sewed up after
being taken off the animal, and was in its natural shape; the neck part
being left open for filling and emptying. (This was simply twisted and
held together with the hand, when the skin was to be immediately
emptied; but it might be tied, when it was to be kept full, or carried
to a distance.) All kinds of liquids, even wine and honey are kept in
these skins.--This illustrates the parable of the new wine and old
bottles, Luke v. 37, 38. The bottles were _skins_: and, as wine is a
fermented liquor, the skin bottles, once used, would be so much
impregnated with the wine that had been in them, that if new wine were
put into them, it would cause it to ferment anew; and this would burst
them. The original inmates of the hospital were now greatly reduced; a
number having recovered, and a great many having died: but it was not
allowed in any part to remain empty. Grand Cairo having surrendered to
the British and Turkish forces on the 24th June, the sick of our own
army were sent down the Nile; and they filled up all the vacancies.
Cases of dysentery, and sore eyes, were so numerous, that a number of
buildings were fitted up in Rosetta for their reception. Many died of
the dysentery; but those afflicted with sore eyes were most numerous,
and much to be pitied.--Their torment was excessive: the pain in their
eyes was as if they had been filled with burning sand, they had no
respite from acute sufferings; and many lost their sight in spite of all
the power of medicine. About the end of August, my own eyes became
dreadfully inflamed in one night. The surgeon applied a very large
blister in the morning, and by next day the inflammation was greatly
subsided, but I did not get wholly free of it until I left Egypt, and
was several days at sea on the way to Malta. The Egyptian _ophthalmia_
was one of the most dreadful calamities that ever befel the British
army.
The French that were in Cairo, amounting to 13000, were embarked and
sent to France in the month of August.
As my leg continued to mend, I felt grateful to God for his great mercy
to me; but it was not long, until I had to accuse myself of having
failed in duty, and come short of my promise; and this threw me into
dejection of mind; which however wore gradually off. As I had much
leisure time, I read more of my Bible than formerly; but the historical
parts attracted my attention more than the doctrinal. Happening to read
through the beginning of Exodus, I was struck when I found, that I had
made use of the same words that Pharaoh used to Moses, chap. ix. ver.
28, and which he afterwards repeated, chap. x. ver. 17. This made me
fear, lest I should prove like Pharaoh; and in place of being softened
by mercies, and bound by gratitude, become hardened by them and perish
in the end. I then recollected, that I had heard Dr. Balfour preach,
from Hebrews iii. 12, 13, I remembered the words, "_lest any of you be
hardened through the deceitfulness of sin_," and I turned to the passage
and read it. It led me to ponder on the deceitful nature, and dangerous
tendency of sin; which increased my fear that I might become hardened,
and made my mind very uneasy. I would sometimes think on the
instructions I had got, and the tasks I had learned at the Sabbath
school; which I had now almost forgotten: I remembered some little of
the seventeenth chapter of John, for the learning of which, myself and
others had received a penny. This led me to read it, and the fifty-third
of Isaiah, which also I had learned; but I did not understand its
import, although familiar with the words. I then turned over all the
parallel passages, that I had read, in proof of doctrines in the school;
and although I did not understand those that treated of the way of a
sinner's acceptance with God, by faith in the righteousness and
atonement of the great Redeemer, yet it helped to keep the words of
Scripture relative to these doctrines on my memory, which was of use to
me afterwards. But the doctrines of heaven, and hell, the resurrection,
and eternal judgment, are more readily apprehended: and these made
increasingly strong impressions on my mind.
I was now pretty certain that I was unfit for military service; and from
Egypt, the land of bondage, I cast a longing eye to my native home, and
wished myself there, that I might enjoy the benefits of a Sabbath, the
instructions of religious teachers, and freedom from the society of the
wicked. All my hopes now centered in this, and had I despaired of it, I
would have given myself over for lost.
After the French were embarked who had surrendered at Cairo, our troops
which had been there, rejoined the army that was blockading Alexandria.
Several regiments had lately come from England, so that it was now
pretty strong. Alexandria was immediately besieged in form, and the
operations pushed so vigorously, that the garrison was compelled to
surrender on the 1st September, on condition of retaining their private
property and being sent to France. Their number was about eleven
thousand, of all descriptions. This event terminated hostilities in
Egypt, and our troops prepared to leave it as soon as possible. Rosetta
was occupied during the siege by a division of British, and Sepoys,
natives of India, under the command of Sir David Baird, who had come
from the East Indies to our assistance, with about seven thousand men.
They had sailed up the Red sea, and marched through the desert, and
arrived at Cairo shortly after it had surrendered. The Sepoys, when off
duty, laid aside their uniforms, and walked about in the burning sun
with nothing on the body but a pair of very short white drawers.
The dress of men and women of the common people of Egypt, consists of a
blue cotton gown resembling a woman's shift: some have an upper and
under garment. The men wear a sash or girdle round the middle; a turban
and slippers; but no stockings. The women have no girdle round the
middle; they wear vails; of which those that I saw were of coarse
net-work, resembling the texture of a serjeant's sash, and shaped like
the little bag nets used for catching trout in small rivers. The mouth
of them is put under the chin and over the forehead, and is fastened
behind: there are two holes opposite to the eyes, and the tapering end
hangs down the breast. They appear to think, that modesty lies in
concealing from public view the lower part of the face, whilst they are
very negligent in other respects, which are more essential to that
virtue. To Europeans the appearance of their faces, and particularly the
part that is usually concealed, is no way interesting.--Their complexion
is dark; their eyes, in general, are inflamed; and their cheeks and
chins are marked with the figures of half moons, stars, &c. in the way
that our sailors mark themselves.
In some of the towns, girls, 14 years old, were seen going to the river
for water, in a state of complete nudity; and males of all ages were
seen mixed together in groupes, in the same state, without any sense of
shame. They anoint their bodies with olive oil, which prevents the sun
from blistering the skin. There are no stools or chairs for sitting upon
in Egypt; their common way of sitting is upon the hams of their legs, in
which posture they will remain for hours, apparently as much at their
ease as a European upon a chair; they eat their meals in a reclining
posture, but make no use of knives, forks or spoons; when they sup they
literally "dip their hand in the dish,"[17] and feed themselves with
their fingers in place of spoons. The above customs were practised in
the time of Christ, and still exists through the east.
There are numbers of mosques, or Mahomedan churches, in the towns. They
have, in general, a particular kind of spires, called minarets, some of
which are very lofty: they are in shape at the top like an onion, but
have no weathercocks, nor clocks, nor bells; of which latter, the
Mahomedan religion prohibits the use. The minarets have all one or more
balustrades round them, into which a man ascends at the end of every
watch, and walks round, calling the people to prayers with as loud a
voice as he possibly can. In Egypt it is commonly a blind man who
performs this office.
The uninterrupted sunshine at Cairo, afforded the French the means of
partly supplying the want of clocks and bells, by ascertaining exactly
when it was twelve o'clock. They mounted one of the guns in the citadel
upon a peculiar construction, and put some fine brass work at the
breech, in which was a burning glass just over the touch hole; by which
the rays of the sun, the instant he reached the meridian, kindled the
powder and fired the gun. This is a proof that clouds and rain are
seldom seen at Cairo; otherwise the firing of the gun could not have
been depended on. When the French left the citadel, the Turks got
possession of it; and some of them broke and stole the brass work of
this gun, supposing the polished metal to be gold.
The heat of the country was very oppressive; and the army that went to
Cairo suffered much from it during their march. The perspiration came
through their clothes, and wetted their buff belts opposite the back,
just as if they had been soaked in water.
About this time a very melancholy accident happened to some men of the
13th regiment of foot. Their regimental store house was in a building a
few yards from the hospital; some of them were employed sorting
cartridges in a room on the first floor, when one of them came in
smoking tobacco, and thoughtlessly held his head over an open chest into
which they were packing the cartridges; a spark fell from the pipe, and
the powder exploded and gave a violent shock to the hospital and
adjacent buildings; several men, and a serjeant's wife, were killed in
the house, and I think nine or ten more were much bruised and dreadfully
burned, and were brought into the hospital; their condition was more
pitiful than that of those who were severely wounded, because so much of
the skin of the face and body had been burned, that they had not sound
skin left to lie upon; five or six of them lingered about a week in
great agony, and died. I think that twelve or sixteen were killed or
severely injured by this accident. Some who were sitting in the bottom
of an open window, with their legs over the wall, were blown down into
the street, but were not much hurt.
Towards the end of September, my wound was nearly whole, but my leg was
very much contracted. I was ordered to prepare to join my regiment at
Alexandria to go home with it. But before taking a final leave of the
hospitals, I would make a few further remarks upon the manner in which I
saw my fellow creatures depart this life. And it must be confessed, that
to all appearance many of them died _hardy_; they might groan through
extremity of bodily pain, but did not exhibit any anguish of mind at the
fear of death or judgment; but I could not discern any rational ground
for this apparent want of anxiety about futurity. To make a merit of
meeting death bravely, when it can not be avoided, is but a poor reason
for a rational, immortal, and accountable creature, to act upon. If man
is a sinner, and must render an account to his Maker when he dies,
surely to manifest no concern about the issue of death, is not to act
the part worthy of a rational creature. To shut out all concern about
eternity, in order to act the _hero_ at the last, is liker the conduct
of a blind madman than a true _hero_; for true courage in the hour of
death can only be founded on the knowledge of our being happier
hereafter; and this persuasion is only to be attained, by the reception
of the good news of salvation by Jesus Christ, revealed in the
Scriptures. Infidelity has said much against the superstition of the
Bible; but while it does this, it gives an accountable creature nothing
in the room of it upon which to found a reasonable hope for eternity.
Infidels have often said that the fears of hell which make men afraid to
die, are the produce of superstition. Were there none of those whom I
saw die, who had freed themselves of the fears produced by the Bible
account of a future state? It is likely that some of them had; for their
previous habits and behaviour were as opposite to the Scriptures, as if
they had never heard of such a book; and it was as little talked of, as
if it had never existed. If infidelity be _true_, the death of its
disciples ought to be more dignified and composed than that of any
others: their future prospects ought to be the most certain,
intelligent, and cheering to the immortal soul, when it is about to take
its flight into the world of spirits and return to God who gave it. A
dying infidel, if his system be _truth_, should be one that should
rejoice in death, that he had freed himself from the fears produced by
the Bible; he ought to be able to direct those around his dying bed to
the truth that supports his mind, and show, at the same time, that he
has a proper discernment of his own condition as an accountable
creature, and suitable conceptions of the moral character of his Maker
and Judge. But of all that I ever saw die, I never heard any rejoicing
in the assertions of infidelity: I saw many die apparently _hardy_; but
their deaths resembled more that of the beasts that perish, than of
accountable immortal creatures. I have since seen Christians die, but
the manner of their death was very different: their conceptions of the
majesty and holy purity of God were exalted; their sense of the evil of
their own sins, and the moral responsibility of their conduct, was deep;
but with all this full in their view, they had good hope through
trusting in Christ; and I never yet saw or heard of a dying Christian
who regretted that he had trusted too much to Christ, or thought too
highly of him; but the contrary. I have often heard them regret deeply
that they had thought too lowly of him, and of what he had done to save
sinners, and had trusted too little to him, and depended too little on
the promises of the Bible; and I have heard them pray earnestly for
forgiveness for this, as being the most heinous of all their
sins.--Reader, if ever your mind has been stumbled by the arguments of
infidelity, try it by this test,--what provision does it make for
eternity, to a sinful and accountable creature; and you will find that
in this most important of all other concerns it makes no provision
whatever: it is revelation alone that either does or can make any
provision for a certain ground of hope for futurity. God alone can tell
how he will forgive sin: he has done this in the Scriptures, and there
alone. O be sure you examine what is revealed in them upon this subject,
and build your hope for eternity only upon what God has revealed to a
sinner to trust in, that you may not die in despair, nor be deluded by a
false hope, and finally be disappointed: and for this purpose, I
earnestly entreat your serious consideration of what is said towards the
conclusion of this narrative.
Before leaving the hospital, I feel bound in gratitude to acknowledge
the care and attention that was paid to the sick and wounded: all things
considered, every thing was done for them that could be done, and much
expense was incurred for medicines, attendance, and accommodation, and
every exertion made to procure suitable provisions. When I think upon it
to this day, I feel grateful for the care that was taken of the
helpless, and those who were rendered unfit to serve their country any
longer: by this means many were preserved to their families and their
friends, who otherwise would never have returned.
On the 29th September, I embarked in a Germ on the Nile, which dropped
down the river, and lay near the entrance, to be ready to pass the bar
early in the morning, that being the most favourable time; for the wind
rises at sun rise, and blows from the sea up the river during the day,
with a steady, and sometimes strong breeze, and dies away in the
evening. Vessels going up the Nile carry a press of sail, and go at a
great rate during the day, and stop at night: vessels going down the
river lower their sails and yards, lay their broadside to the stream,
and drift along with it. On the morning of the 30th, the wind and surf
were so high, that it was unsafe to attempt passing the bar; so that we
returned to Rosetta and lay it the quay three days, waiting for moderate
weather. The Nile was still considerably above its banks: the extensive
fields of rice, and corn, particularly on the east side, excited my
admiration. The seed had been sown previously to the inundation, and had
taken root and grown up with the rise of the water; which made it to
have a compact and level surface, resembling that of a bowling-green,
for many miles. This crop would be ripe, by the time the inundation
would fall within the banks of the river; and another crop of wheat or
barley, and one of clover or vegetables, would be produced before the
return of the inundation next year.--Water is raised by buffaloes and
oxen from the river, into the canals;[18] the beds of which are above
the level of the country. It is let out into the fields during the
growth of the other two crops; and when the last one is reaped, this
labour is suspended. Then the heat of the sun soon dries the ground, and
rends it into numerous and deep fissures; some of them are from ten to
twenty feet deep. The army experienced considerable difficulty from this
cause, on its march back from Cairo; particularly at night, when both
men and horses were in danger of having their legs broke by falling into
them.
While I lay at the quay, I was astonished at the great number of boats
discharging cargoes of grain, which was piled in huge heaps in the open
air, not far from the brink of the river;[19] a sight which reminded one
of the words of Jacob, "I have heard that there is _corn_ in Egypt."
But, with all this plenty, it is a miserable place. The common people
enjoy little of its abundance; their condition is the most wretched I
ever saw or heard of among civilized nations. The houses of the
peasantry are mere hovels, little if any thing better than the Kraals of
the wild Hottentots.[20] The inhabitants of the land of Egypt, which was
the house of bondage to the children of Israel, now suffer bondage in
their own land, little, if at all, interior to that which their
ancestors made the Israelites suffer. The government has for a long time
been in the hands of Turks or Mamelukes, who are always foreigners, and
who rule with rigour; and the inhabitants never take any interest in the
affairs of the government, but are entirely passive to every change that
takes place. The country abounds with Arabs. The Copts, its original
inhabitants, are the fewest in number; they profess Christianity, and
are the more liable, on that account, to be oppressed by their Mahomedan
masters. The prediction is now fully verified, that Egypt, once the
_first_ of nations, should become the _basest_ of kingdoms: Ezek. xxix.
15, 16. It is sunk so low in ignorance and wretchedness, that, if it
were not for the many elegant and stupendous remains of antiquity
existing in the country, the voice of history, strong as it is, could
scarcely be credited, that it was once the _first_ of nations, and the
seat of the arts and sciences. It is a land of pestilence and disease.
"In Cairo, last year, forty thousand were supposed to be infected with
the plague: and many of the French garrison died in that city, although
the disease was treated in their hospitals with the greatest ability. In
Upper Egypt sixty thousand perished during the same season,"[21] besides
those who died of it in other parts of the country. Among the British,
the plague was confined to the "hospital and troops stationary at
Aboukir, where it broke out on the 12th April, and terminated on the
26th August. Three hundred and eighty, in the course of that time, were
affected with it; one hundred and seventy-three died, and two hundred
and seven recovered. The deaths chiefly fell on the orderlies, nurses,
and other servants of the hospitals."[22] "The plague raged again at
Rosetta towards the fall of the year and numbers of the Sepoys died of
it."[23] When a person is infected with the pestilence, after the manner
of Egypt, (Amos iv. 10,) the disease is indicated by two boils which are
commonly in the groin. In addition to the plague, "Leprosy of the worst
species, and Elephantiasis, which swells the legs larger than a common
bolster," and a number of other diseases are very general. "The number
of blind is prodigious, nearly every fifth inhabitant has lost one eye,
and many both. All the children have sore eyes, and Europeans do not
escape better. The French at first had more than two thirds of their
army affected with this malady; and the English, during their short
stay, had one hundred and sixty totally blind, and two hundred that lost
one eye irrecoverably."[24] How many more were affected with this
dreadful malady among the troops that remained in the country until the
following year, when it was wholly evacuated, I can not tell; but have
reason to believe the number was considerable. Children must suffer much
during their infancy from the flies, because they are unable to drive
them from their eyes. I saw a woman going to the Nile for water, which
she carried in a pitcher upon her head: a naked child sat across her
shoulders; its little hands were employed in holding by the head of its
mother, to prevent itself from falling; its eye-lashes were literally
black with flies that were sucking at its eyes, as they would do at
sugar. They work themselves into the inner coating of the eyelids of
infants, which no doubt causes some of them to lose their sight in their
tender years. In addition to flies, gnats and mosquitoes, all other
kinds of vermin are incredibly numerous and troublesome; so much so,
that, although there were nothing else but them, they would make Egypt
an uncomfortable country to live in. Although the French used all the
freedom of conquerors, they were perfectly sick of it. When we landed,
they supposed, that, after we had expelled them, we intended to retain
possession of it; and they sincerely pitied the lot of their supposed
successors. They fought, indeed, bravely; but it was not out of love to
the country, but in subordination to military discipline, and for the
honour of their arms; but when compelled to surrender on condition of
being sent home to France, they rejoiced in the event as a happy
deliverance. And indeed it was no wonder; for, in addition to the
disagreeable nature of the climate, many of the military posts where
they did duty, being in lonely sandy deserts, were so ill accommodated,
and in all respects so uncomfortable, that to do service at them was
fitter for being a punishment to men banished for their crimes, than for
those who deserved well of their country.
Dr. Clarke sailed up the Nile on the 10th of August, 1801, when the
river was beginning to overflow the country. The following extract
corroborates all that I had heard related by my comrades, after they had
returned from Cairo, and is so interesting, that it will gratify such
readers as have not access to his work. After passing Rachmanie, he
says, "Villages in an almost uninterrupted succession, denoted a much
greater population than we had imagined this country to contain. Upon
each side of the river, as far as the eye could reach, we saw fields of
corn and rice, with such beautiful groves, seeming to rise out of the
watery plains, and to shade innumerable settlements in the _Delta_,
amidst never-ending plantations of melons, and all kinds of garden
vegetables, that, from the abundance of its harvests, Egypt might be
deemed the richest country in the world. Such is the picture exhibited
to the native inhabitants, who are seasoned to withstand the disorders
of the country, and can bear with indifference the attacks of myriads of
all sorts of noxious animals; to whom mud and mosquitoes, or dust and
vermin, are alike indifferent; who, having never experienced one
comfortable feeling in the midst of their highest enjoyments, nor a
single antidote to sorrow in the depths of their wretchedness, vegetate,
like the _bananas_ and _sycamores_ around them. But strangers, and
especially the inhabitants of _Northern_ countries, where wholesome air
and cleanliness are among the necessaries of life, must consider Egypt
as the most detestable region upon earth. Upon the retiring of the Nile,
the country is one vast swamp. The atmosphere is impregnated with every
putrid and offensive exhalation, then stagnates, like the filthy pools
over which it broods. Then, too, the plague regularly begins; nor
ceases, until the waters return again.[25] Throughout the spring,
intermitting fevers universally prevail. About the beginning of May,
certain winds cover even the sands of the desert with the most
disgusting vermin.[26] The latest descendants of Pharaoh are not yet
delivered from the evils which fell upon the land, when it was smitten
by the hands of Moses and Aaron; the 'plague of frogs,' the 'plague of
lice,' the 'plague of flies,' the 'murrain, boils, and blains,' prevail
so, that the whole country is 'corrupted,' and '_the dust of the earth
becomes lice, upon man and upon beast, throughout the land of Egypt_.'
This application of the words of sacred Scripture affords a literal
statement of existing evils, such an one as the statistics of the
country do now warrant. In its justification, an appeal may be made to
the testimony of all those who have resided in the country during the
very opposite seasons of its prosperity and privation; during the
inundation, and when the flood has retired, or before it takes place, in
the beginning of the year. At the period of the overflow, persons who
drink the water become subject to a disorder called '_prickly heat_:'
this often terminates in those dreadful wounds alluded to in the sacred
writings, by the words '_boils and blains_.' During the months of
_June_, _July_, and _August_, many individuals are deprived of sight,
owing to a disorder of the eyes peculiar to this country. _Europeans_,
having no other name for it, have called it _ophthalmia_, from the
organs it affects. There was hardly an individual who did not suffer,
more or less, the consequences of this painful malady. At this season,
also, the dysentery begins to number its victims; and although some be
fortunate enough to escape the worst effects of this disorder, it proves
fatal in many instances."[27]
Dr. Clarke's account of what he experienced at Cairo, in the middle of
August, is also interesting: "The mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer
seemed at this time fixed. It remained at 90 degrees for several days,
without the smallest perceptible change. Almost every European suffered
from inflammation of the eyes. Many were troubled with cutaneous
disorders. The prickly heat was very common. This was attributed to
drinking the muddy water of the Nile, the inhabitants having no other.
Their mode of purifying it, in a certain degree, is by rubbing the
inside of the water vessel with bruised almonds: this precipitates a
portion of the mud, but it is never quite clear. Many persons were
afflicted with sores upon the skin, which were called '_biles of the
Nile_;' and dysenterical complaints were universal. A singular species
of _lizard_ made its appearance in every chamber, having circular
membranes at the extremity of its feet, which gave it such tenacity,
that it walked upon window-panes of glass, or upon the surfaces of
pendent mirrors.[28] This revolting sight was common to every apartment,
whether in the houses of the rich or of the poor. At the same time, such
a plague of flies covered all things with their swarms, that it was
impossible to eat without hiring persons to stand by every table with
feathers, or flappers, to drive them away. Liquor could not be poured
into a glass; the mode of drinking was by keeping the mouth of every
bottle covered until the moment it was applied to the lips: and
instantly covering it with the palm of the hand, when removing it to
offer to any one else. The utmost attention to cleanliness, by a
frequent change of every article of wearing apparel, could not repel the
attacks of vermin which seemed to infest even the air of the place. A
gentleman made his appearance before a party he had invited to dinner,
with lice swarming upon his clothes. The only explanation he could give
as to the cause, was, that he had sat for a short time in one of the
boats upon the canal. Perhaps objection may be made to a statement even
of facts, which refers to no pleasing theme; but the author does not
conceive it possible to give _Englishmen_ a correct notion of the trials
to which they will be exposed in visiting this country, without calling
some things by their proper names."[29]
Before losing sight of the contest that was in Egypt, it may not be
amiss to glance at the unavoidable evils of _war_. With the inhabitants
we had no quarrel: our sole object was to expel the French. But this
could not be done, without the peaceful inhabitants receiving, in many
cases, serious injury. The roads from town to town did not suit the
march of the army to and from Cairo; the troops generally took the
direct road through the corn-fields, and their encampments were
sometimes in fields of corn, tobacco, poppies, sego, melons, indigo, &c.
the produce of which, however valuable, was destroyed. Fuel was scarce;
and the soldiers were necessitated to use whatever would burn. Stalks of
tobacco, bean straw, and such like substances, were used to boil the
kettles;[30] and in places where dry straw was difficult to be had, it
was necessary to place guards at the entrances to the neighbouring
villages or towns, to prevent the soldiers from unroofing the houses for
wood to make fuel: and with all the attention of the officers, such was
the necessity of the case, that injury could not always be prevented.
The discipline of the army was strict, and the general behaviour of the
troops good; but many instances of petty depredations and pilfering took
place, that were not known, and could not be prevented. Many instances
occurred of inhabitants, particularly Arabs, who sold bread, fruit,
eggs, &c. having their articles taken from them by "fellows of the baser
sort," without any payment, and sometimes with abuse into the bargain.
The Arabs when so used would throw dust upon their heads, and call upon
God, and the Prophet, and the Sultan. But as this usage was not general,
and as the army spent a considerable sum of good money among them,[31]
they were not deterred from following it with whatever they had to sell,
and I believe many of them made more money at that time, than ever they
had an opportunity of doing before or since. On the afternoon of the 2d
October, we again left Rosetta, and lay for the night near the mouth of
the river. The wind was moderate next morning; we passed the bar safely:
had a pleasant voyage across the bay of Aboukir, and through Like
Maadie; passed through the cut in the banks of the canal of Alexandria
into Lake Mareotis,[32] and landed not far from the place where the
battle of the 21st of March was fought, of which I had thus another
view, and which I never can forget. I joined the regiment on the heights
of Alexandria; we embarked next day at Aboukir, on board of two
frigates; sailed on the morning of the 7th October; and lost sight of
the celebrated land of Egypt by 12 o'clock. None regretted this. We
indeed regretted our countrymen and comrades, who had found a grave
there; but the country itself had no charms to make us regret leaving
it. All our thoughts were now fixed upon home; and we rejoiced to think,
that every day was bringing us nearer it.
Footnote 16:
During the time of the inundation, the water in the river is very
thick but as much pure water as served us for drinking, was procured
from some private wells in the town, which I suppose had a
communication with the river, which had the effect of filtering the
water.
Footnote 17:
Matthew xxvi. 23.
Footnote 18:
I saw the buffaloes at this employment, when I sailed up the river, on
the 24th June, when coming to Rosetta. The buffalo is much larger than
the ox; his bones are uncommonly large, even in comparison to the size
of his body, which is very lean; his strength must be much greater
than that of the ox. When he walks, he carries his head like the
camel, his nose being nearly as high as his horns, and is on the whole
a very dull looking animal; but, notwithstanding, he is capable of
being trained to this work, as well, if not better, than the ox, for I
saw them keeping a slow but steady pace at their work, without the
immediate presence of a driver. The water is raised by a wheel, upon
which buckets or earthen pitchers are fastened.
Since the publication of the first edition, I have seen the 5th vol.
of Dr. Clarke's Travels in Egypt; and as his knowledge is more
extensive than mine, I take the liberty of inserting an extract, upon
the produce and manner of cultivating the Delta. Speaking of the
method of watering the ground, he says, "The land thus watered,
produces three crops in each year; the first of clover, the second of
corn, and the third of rice. The rice grounds are inundated, from the
time of sowing nearly to harvest. The seed is commonly cast upon the
water, a practice twice alluded to in sacred Scripture. _Balaam_
prophesied of _Israel_, Numb. xxiv. 7, that 'his seed should be in
many waters.' In the directions given for charity, by the son of
_David_, it is written, Eccles. xi. 1. 'Cast thy bread (_i. e._ bread
corn) upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days.' When
the rice plants are about two feet high they are transplanted."--Vol.
v. pp. 47, 48.
Footnote 19:
The grain was measured by an Arab into baskets, which were carried to
the heap by others, upon their shoulders. The measurer accompanied his
work with a song indicative of the quantity he put into each basket.
The owner stood upon the quay and received a bean or pea from the
carriers as they passed by him to the heap; and this was the method by
which he kept an account of the quantity landed.
Footnote 20:
I saw the exterior of some of these houses on the banks of the Nile,
but never had an opportunity of seeing their interior. Sir R. Wilson
says, in vol. i. pp. 156, 157, "All language is insufficient to give a
just idea of the misery of an Egyptian village; but those who have
been in Ireland, may best suppose the degree, when an Irish hut is
described as a palace, in comparison to an Arab's stye; for it can be
called by no other name. Each habitation is built of mud, even the
roof, and resembles in shape an oven: within is only one apartment,
generally of about ten feet square. The door does not admit of a man's
entering upright; but, as the bottom is dug out about two feet, when
in the room an erect posture is possible. A mat, some large vessels to
hold water, which is the constant occupation of the women to fetch; a
pitcher made of fine porous clay, found best in Upper Egypt, near
Cunei, and in which the water is kept very cool; a rice pan and coffee
pot, are all the ornaments and utensils. Here, then, a whole family
eat and sleep without any consideration of decency or cleanliness;
being, in regard to the latter, worse even than the beasts of the
field, which naturally respect their own tenements."
Footnote 21:
Sir R. Wilson's History, vol. ii. p. 116.
Footnote 22:
Ibid. pp. 115, 132.
Footnote 23:
Ibid. p. 119.
Footnote 24:
Ibid. p. 121.
Footnote 25:
"General _Le Grange_ assured us, when on board the _Braakel_, that the
ravages in the French army, caused by the plague, during the month of
April, at one time, amounted to an hundred men in a single day."
Footnote 26:
"Sir Sidney Smith informed the author (Dr. Clarke) that one night,
preferring a bed upon the sand of the desert to a night's lodging in
the village of Etko, as thinking he should be more secure from vermin,
he found himself, in the morning, entirely covered by them. Lice and
_scorpions_ abound in all the sandy desert near Alexandria." One of my
comrades informed me, that when some of the _date_ trees were split at
_Aboukir_, for making the hospital, there were so many lice in the
hearts of them that they might have been gathered in handfuls. The
frogs also were so abundant at some of the places where the army
halted between Rosetta and Cairo, that it was not possible to get at
the water in the river without treading upon them; and at one place
the camp ground was literally covered with black beetles, to the no
small annoyance of the soldiers in the tents, and the bed frames and
mats that we got new in the hospital in Rosetta in the end of June,
were so full of bugs by the end of September, that they were fit only
to be burnt.
Footnote 27:
Clarke's Travels, vol. v. pp. 56, 59.
Footnote 28:
"A similar membrane terminates each foot of a common fly: beneath
which a vacuum takes place, and the animal maintains a footing upon
ceilings, owing to the pressure of the external air upon this
membrane."
Footnote 29:
Clarke's Travels, vol. v. pp. 78, 80.
Footnote 30:
When their rations happened to be salt pork, they used to put a piece
of it under the kettle to burn with the straw.
Footnote 31:
With the exception of gold, which was in the hands of a few, the coin
circulating in Egypt was made of base metal, watered over with silver;
and was of little or no intrinsic value. There were large pieces of
this kind, some of them larger than a crown, which were of different
values: but a small coin, called a para, about the breadth of a
farthing, and no thicker than the scale of a fish, was the most
common; of which 120, and in some places 160, were given for a Spanish
dollar. The money expended by the army was gold and Spanish dollars.
Footnote 32:
The inundation in this lake extended farther than the eye could reach.
The banks of the canal formed a road for communicating with the
interior of the country; a bridge of boats united the banks, one of
the boats being moveable, for the purpose of allowing vessels to pass
in and out of Lake Mareotis. Before the army wholly left the country,
the boats forming the bridge were sunk in the cut, and served for a
foundation upon which the banks were rebuilt. When the British took
Alexandria, in March, 1807, a detachment was sent to take Rosetta; but
they were repulsed by those Turks who had accompanied the army on its
march to and from Cairo, and who had acquired a considerable portion
of British discipline. The rays of the sun had by this time so far
dried up the salt water in Lake Mareotis as to render it passable; but
the British again cut the banks of the canal, and admitted the sea
into it, to protect Alexandria from being attacked by the Turks.
CHAPTER VII.
After a pleasant passage, having light winds and fine weather, we
arrived at Malta on the 23d October. Here our joy was wonderfully
heightened by the news of peace. The news had come from France, but they
were credit worthy. The only cause of regret was, that such an important
and strongly fortified place as Malta, where we now lay, was to be given
up. We did not leave Malta until the 26th November, at which delay the
soldiers were vexed; but the naval officers were no way anxious to get
home, because they knew that the ship would be paid off, and they would
then lose their situations. Our own officers were apprehensive that the
regiment might be reduced, which would put them on half pay; but the men
rejoiced in the prospect.[33] We had a tedious passage down the
Mediterranean, and did not arrive at Gibraltar until the 20d December.
We left it on the 1st January, 1802, and arrived at the Cove of Cork on
the 23d, having had rough weather all the way, which on two occasions
increased to a tempest, and did the ship I was in considerable damage.
We had to ride quarantine until the 9th February. My leg had stretched
considerably during the passage, and I walked about the deck with the
help of a stick. The regiment landed, and marched into Cork on the 12th,
the wounded and baggage being conveyed by water. And here I found that,
although I could safely walk about with a stick on the level deck of a
ship, my leg was not sufficiently strong to travel the necessary
distances on land. My wound here broke out again; and when the regiment
left Cork for Kilkenny, although I rode upon the baggage, yet the
travelling from the places where the baggage halted to my billet, which
was sometimes more than a mile, was injurious to me. We came to Kilkenny
on the 21st, and lay in it about six weeks. The regiment was inspected
by the General and Surgeon of the district, and a great number ordered
to be discharged, of which I was one.
My conduct in Kilkenny was not what it ought to have been; not that I
fell into open gross sin, but I did not improve my mercies as I ought,
and was guilty of what I disallowed in my own conscience, and felt my
weakness and inability to overcome the inward workings of corruption. I
here bought Young's Night Thoughts, that by reading it, I might fortify
my mind against temptation. I placed great confidence in the power of
the poet's language; but it had not the effect I wished and expected. I
was one evening at the Methodist chapel; but I did not pay that
attention to the Sabbath which I might have done. The regiment left
Kilkenny, and marched for Belfast; and when we came to Dublin, the
discharged men that were recommended to the benefit of Chelsea Hospital,
embarked for Liverpool, from which we proceeded to London; where I was
examined and admitted an out-pensioner of Chelsea Hospital, on the 27th
May, 1802. I left London on the 29th, and took a passage in one of the
Carron Company's brigs; landed at Queensferry on the 12th of June, and
arrived in Glasgow next day, happy to find myself restored to my
friends.--My wound was still open; I might have gone into York Hospital
in London, and been cured, previously to being discharged; and had I
been wise, I should have done this: but I was so anxious to be home,
that I did not do it, for fear it might delay me some time.
My military life being now terminated, I desire to bless God, with a
grateful heart, for his goodness and care over me while in the army, in
a particular not before referred to. For during the six years that I was
a soldier, I was never confuted for any fault. My conduct was, in
general, good, in a military point of view; but there were times that I
was guilty of faults, for which I might have been punished, and which I
have reason to thank God for escaping. And what is a little singular, I
was never concerned in any court martial case, nor so much as a witness
against any man; on the whole, I passed comparatively easy and quietly
through the army, and without doubt, the remaining restraints of early
and religious instruction was one particular mean of preserving me from
many evils and dangers; and in this respect proved an invaluable
blessing to me, while I was a soldier. I mention this particular to show
what good early religious instruction may do, although it may not have
the effect of converting the soul.
I had now attained my wishes, by being safely settled at home. God had
given me the desire of my heart. If I did not now find ability to keep
the commandments of God, in the way that I proposed to myself, and upon
which I founded my hope of meriting and enjoying his favour, I could not
expect to find any situation more favourable. I called to mind all the
promises I had made, and reflected on all the deliverances God had
graciously given me, and the gratitude that was due to him for them.
Circumstances led me to attend Mr. Ewing's ministry at the Tabernacle;
but, although I attended divine ordinances, and read religious books, I
was not a whit the better. I had also considerable opportunity of being
alone; but where I thought I would be strongest, there I found I was
weakest; and, when removed from outward temptation, inward corruption
increased, and baffled my utmost efforts. The more I strove to keep my
own heart and life from sin, the more sin triumphed over me. I found, in
my experience, that I was a slave to sin; for what I set myself to
overcome, overcame me. At the same time, the spirituality of God's law
increasingly opened on my mind; I daily saw more of the extent of the
work I had assigned to myself to perform, in order to obtain the favour
of God; and found that my practice, in place of getting nearer, was
getting farther from it. When I looked back on the mercies I had
received, and the promises and resolutions I had made, I saw that I had
all along been mocking God, having never fulfilled any of them. This
broke my peace of mind; I became more subject to the terrors of the law
than I had ever been; my conscience accused me of the blackest
ingratitude; I had no refuge to fly to; my sins became too heavy for me;
the justice of God stared me in the face; and now I saw that I was a
condemned criminal. I gave over all hope of obtaining the favour of God
by my own doings; I resolved to mock him with no more promises of
amendment of life; I confessed that hell was what I deserved; that the
law which condemned me was just: and, when I did this, the importance of
being delivered from such a dreadful situation was increasingly
impressed upon my mind: but how to obtain that deliverance I could not
tell. I saw by the Scriptures, that "unless a man be born again, he can
not enter into the kingdom of God," and that no unholy being shall enter
heaven. I prayed earnestly for the new heart and the right spirit, but
did not correctly understand in what this change consisted. I passed a
considerable time subject to sharp conflicts in my mind, during which,
the stings of conscience and the terrors of the law were beyond
description: but all was kept within my own breast, without being
discerned by any one. My leg continued bad until the beginning of 1803,
when I confined myself to bed for some weeks, and had the pleasure once
more of seeing it heal. I felt thankful to God for this new mercy; but
it added fresh torment to my mind, for it furnished my conscience with
new matter of accusation. In perusing Boston's "Fourfold State," I was
startled at reading how the branches are taken out of the natural stock.
I saw my own case pretty fully described; but as I did not understand
what it was to be "apprehended of Christ," and united to the vine, it
only increased my uneasiness. I also heard a man in conversation in my
company declare, that, before a sinner can be brought to God, the same
power behooved to be exerted that converted the apostle Paul. I did not
assent to what he said, because I did not believe it; but I marked the
saying. I became increasingly uneasy; I had no peace in my mind;
eternity was before me; I was without hope, and knew not how to obtain
it. "_What_," said I, "_shall become of me_!" I was agitated almost to
despair; all that prevented me from falling into it was the
consideration that I was yet in life, and that God had not forbidden me
to cry for mercy: and for mercy I did cry, if peradventure I might find
it.
My leg now threatened to break out again.--This alarmed me more, and it
prevented me from going, as I had done, to the Tabernacle. The forenoon
of the second Sabbath after Albion-street chapel was opened, I passed
solitary at home; but I was in a most painful state of mind, of which
the agitations can not be described. My convictions of sin were so sharp
as to drive me into a state, which, if it was not absolute despair,
could hardly be distinguished from it. I could not bear my own presence,
and became afraid to be alone. "_What shall become of me!_" was the
unremitting thought of my agitated soul. It at length drove me to my
knees; where, with tears, I confessed my sins to God without reserve or
palliation; fully acknowledged the righteousness and justice of his law;
disclaimed all merit of my own; confessed that I never had any, nor any
ability to obtain it; that I was totally unable to do any thing to
procure his favour, or to recompense him for it, should he bestow it;
and that if I was saved from endless wo, it would be, because he would
have mercy on me, out of his own sovereign pleasure, and not on account
of any merit of mine. I cast myself upon his pure mercy, and confessed
that if there was not pure mercy for sinners, I could have no
hope.--When I arose from my knees, it was near the time of the
afternoon's service. I felt quite uneasy at home. I thought I would
venture as far as to Albion street chapel, because it was at no great
distance, and because I had heard my father speaking favourably of you
as a preacher. I was the more disposed too to go there, because I knew
you were in connexion with Mr. Ewing, of whom I had formed a favourable
opinion. When I got to the chapel, I was all attention. When you prayed,
I endeavoured to pray also. But nothing particularly affected me, until
you gave out your text, 1 Cor. ii. 2. "For I determined not to know any
thing among you, save Jesus Christ and him crucified."--I was struck
with the text, and became anxiously attentive, to see if I could catch
any thing from the discourse which was to follow, that could give ease
to my troubled mind. You had preached from it the preceding sabbath, and
having recapitulated what you had gone over, you proceeded to the
remainder of the subject; the tenor of which was, _the nature of the
work that Christ had accomplished in the room of sinners, for their
salvation._ As you proceeded, I thought I began to discern something I
had not seen before.--But when you proved from the Scriptures, that the
work which Christ had finished on mount Calvary, was of itself
sufficient to save sinners, and that God had accepted his work as
satisfactory to him; that, therefore, the work of Christ being perfect,
nothing could be added to it; that it was impious to attempt to add any
thing to it, and that sinners ought to rest satisfied with that which
God had declared was satisfactory to him, seeing he knew best what was
necessary to satisfy his justice, and to secure his own honour in
pardoning sinners; that no good works were required of the sinner by
God, as _the ground of his acceptance with him_, either in whole or in
part, but that it was the merit of the work of Christ alone, that
justified sinners in the sight of a holy God, and that all the praise of
their salvation belonged to Christ, and to the grace of God in him; and
that sinners should believe this doctrine as good news, and put their
trust in it for the salvation they needed.--You I think spoke also of
the effect which the faith of this doctrine had on all them that
believed it, in leading them to love God, and to keep his commandments.
I was greatly enlightened by the whole discourse; but my mind
particularly catched the words, that the work of Christ was of itself
perfect; that nothing could be taken from it, or added to it; and that
it was impious to attempt to add any thing to it.--This doctrine
appeared new to me. I thought I had never heard it before. I left the
chapel when the service was over, repeating to myself the words, "_The
work of Christ is perfect, sufficient of itself to save a sinner_;" and,
as I repeated it, I said, "This is good news if it be true." Another
thought now started into my mind:--"If it be true that nothing can be
added to it, and that it is impious to attempt it, how guilty have I
been!"--My whole train of repentances, promises, resolutions, and
attempted reformations, has not only been sinful in the sight of God, on
account of their failures, but have been impious acts of rebellion; not
on account of my endeavouring to forsake sin, and to cultivate holiness,
but on account of the motive that produced them, which was a desire to
work out a righteousness of my own, to the rejecting of the
righteousness of Christ; placing my works on a level with his, nay,
above his; seeking to merit God's favour by my own doings; and when
doubting of their complete sufficiency, having recourse to the merits of
Christ, merely to make up the deficiency of mine; and even this, not
from voluntary choice, but from a feeling of necessity. This was a new
source of guilt to my conscience, which had never burdened it before. I
began to apprehend I had been guilty of the sin of unbelief, so often
spoken of in the Scriptures, and so strongly condemned. But while my
conscience accused me of this, a gleam of hope dawned on my soul, by
ruminating on the sufficiency of the work of Christ; and the more I
pondered on the subject, my hope increased, and the more my hope
increased, the stronger my sense of the sin of unbelief grew. These two
things kept pace with one another: and while hope cheered my heart, this
new sense of guilt made me humble. I did not think less of the guilt of
my other sins; but this sin seemed to outweigh them all, so that I
became increasingly vile in my own sight.
I read the Scriptures, with prayer to God for light and direction, that
I might truly judge the doctrine I had been hearing, and not be led
astray by that which was not his own truth. I compared scripture with
scripture; and I now found the very great benefit of being acquainted
with the letter of the Bible, and of having much of it on my memory. My
meditations were greatly assisted by what was stored in it; for when
employed at my work, I often recollected passages, and compared them
together. All the drift of my thoughts, was to find if there was
evidence of the sufficiency of the work of Christ, for a sinner's
salvation; and in many of these passages I found such evidence: they
appeared to me in a new light; and the sense was so obvious, that I
wondered how I had not seen it before. This new discernment gradually
increased; and, as my wound did not break out, I continued to attend Mr.
Ewing's ministry, and was growing in knowledge by means of his sermons.
One of them was particularly blessed to me. It was an evening sermon
from Matth. iii. 17. "And lo, a voice from heaven, which said, This is
my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased." The moment the text was
read, I catched the words, "_in whom I am well pleased_." I saw them, as
containing a proof of God's satisfaction in the work of his Son on the
behalf of sinners; I followed the preacher through the discourse, and
was at no loss to comprehend his meaning; the doctrine was plain and
evident to me. I had still, however, some perplexity in my mind, about
the nature of the good works to be performed after believing. But this
was removed by a sermon from Mr. Greig[34] from Heb. iii. 14. "For we
are made partakers of Christ, if we hold the beginning of our confidence
steadfast unto the end." My mind now became decided; I saw that if a
sinner had Christ, he had all. I was sweetly constrained to give myself
wholly up to him; to be content to be saved by his merits, to the entire
and eternal exclusion of my own; to place my hope of acceptance with
God, both now and hereafter, solely upon _his_ perfect righteousness,
and complete atonement; and to commit my polluted soul to the gracious
influence of his Spirit, that he might so apply the blood of Christ, as
to "purge it from dead works, to serve the living God." I now saw that
deliverance from sin itself, was a part of the salvation of Christ: and
I was led to trust in him for sanctification, as well as for
righteousness and redemption. I now understood clearly what had puzzled
me, when I read the book on Contentment, in Athlone. I was no longer at
a loss to understand what it was to be willing to do all things for
Christ, and to be willing to _deny_ all things for Christ. I saw that
Christ is his people's strength; that the power which enables them to
perform duty, to resist temptation, and to overcome their spiritual
enemies, is wholly derived from him; that therefore when they conquer
their enemies, and bring forth the fruits of righteousness, the glory of
the conquest belongs to him through whose strength they have been
performed. I therefore esteem it my high privilege as well as duty, to
"count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ
Jesus my Lord;" for whom I trust I have, in a measure, been made willing
to "suffer the loss of all things, and to count them but dung, that I
may win Christ, and be found in him, not having mine own righteousness
which is of the law, but that which is through the faith of Christ, the
righteousness which is of God by faith." Phil. iii. 9, 10.
My next concern was, about the question,--What is the proper form of
church government?--I had been made a little acquainted with the claims
of Episcopacy, and they perplexed me a good deal. Upon the general
question, my stock of information was small. This much I knew, that all
parties referred a good deal to the Acts of the Apostles, for proofs of
their respective opinions; and, as Mr. Ewing had commenced a course of
lectures upon that book, I hoped to obtain such information, as should
enable me to come to a determination in my own mind. I continued to hear
him with a good deal of interest, until he had gone through the
fifteenth chapter. I then embraced his opinions on that subject; and,
feeling the want of Christian fellowship, I determined to make present
conviction the rule of present duty; and seeing that it was the will of
Christ that his people should be united together in fellowship, I
resolved to apply to Mr. Ewing, for admission to the church under his
care. Being at a loss from my ignorance of the mode of application, and
entire want of acquaintance with any of the members of his church, I
wrote him a letter. This introduced me to a conversation, with which he
was satisfied, and my case was to be mentioned to the church at their
next meeting. I had no sooner returned home, however, than the words of
Jesus, John iv. 36. "And he that reapeth receiveth wages, and gathereth
fruit unto life eternal; that both he that soweth and he that reapeth
may rejoice together," occurred to my mind.--This led me to remember
you, my dear Sir, through whom I had received the knowledge of the
truth, and to consider whether there was not a propriety, if not a duty,
rather to apply to the church under your care, for admission, than to
Mr. Ewing's. I determined to consider this point, and wrote to Mr.
Ewing, requesting him to delay mentioning my case to his church, as
something had occurred to my mind, which it appeared to be my duty
previously to consider, but as soon as I should come to a determination
I should let him know. I then attended your preaching, to see whether it
would be as beneficial to me as Mr. Ewing's. You were then lecturing in
the forenoons through the 1st Epistle of John. As I was but a babe in
Christ, doctrinal subjects were what I stood most in need of. I found
myself edified by your discourses, and I felt an increasing attachment
to you as my spiritual father; and, as we were of one mind on matters of
church order, it appeared clearly to be my duty to seek for admission
into your church. Every tie of spiritual affection seemed to require it.
You had, through the blessing of the great Head of the church, sowed to
me the words of eternal life: I, through his blessing, had reaped them;
and, as there was no obstacle betwixt us, love said it was most proper,
that he that sowed and he that reaped should rejoice together; for where
should a convert to the truth seek to be, but under the care of the
instrument that converted him? There must be a peculiarity of affection,
betwixt a spiritual father and his children, beyond that of others
placed under his care and instruction. This peculiar affection had now
begun to operate in my mind; for at first I had been so much taken up
with the discovery of the truth itself, that I had paid little attention
to the instruments who preached it; but I now found leisure to give them
a place, in their various degrees, in my affections, without losing any
regard for the truth, or for its great Author and object, Jesus Christ,
the Chief Shepherd of the sheep. In order therefore to strengthen your
hands in the work of an under shepherd, as well as for my own benefit, I
drew up a summary narrative of my life and experience, and of the way in
which it had pleased the Lord to lead me to a knowledge of his precious
truth, and sent it to Mr. Ewing, with the reasons why I thought it my
duty to apply for admission to your church. These reasons Mr. Ewing
approved of; he gave you that narrative to introduce me to you; and I
was soon favoured with being admitted under your pastoral care. The
narrative is now greatly enlarged; but before bringing it to a close I
wish to make a few general remarks.
I would begin with stating, that the belief of that doctrine which gave
peace to my troubled conscience, gave also a degree of stability to my
conduct, such as I had never before been able, with my utmost efforts,
to attain. Not but that I have still to lament, that sin dwells in me;
but, by the grace of God, it does not reign over me, as formerly; and
the less I think of myself, and the lower I estimate my own strength,
and the more I trust to the gracious promise of imparted strength, from
the compassionate and all powerful Redeemer, the stronger I am. Whilst I
rejoice in the possession of the new man, I have still to mourn the
existence of the old; I find in my experience increasing evidence of the
deceitfulness and desperate wickedness of the heart, and see increasing
reason to be vile in my own eyes, and to pray continually "God be
merciful to me a sinner," but I trust in his grace, that he will "fulfil
in me all the good pleasure of his goodness, and the work of faith with
power," and "preserve me by his power, through faith unto salvation,"
enabling me to maintain the war of the spirit against the flesh, until I
get a complete and eternal victory.
And here I must express my gratitude to God, for the benefit of
Christian fellowship, and of pastoral care and instructions. It is now
about sixteen years since I first heard you preach, and became a member
of the church under your ministry. We have had our trials, to exercise
our forbearance and patience; but we have also had our comforts. I still
love the brethren, and while I say, "Grace be to all them who love our
Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity," I wish for no other fellowship; and
while I love all who preach Christ crucified, as the only ground of a
sinner's acceptance with a holy God, yet I desire no other teacher than
he who first turned my wandering feet into the way that leadeth to life.
Your instructions and warnings have, I trust, enabled me to keep in that
way with my face Zionward. May the Lord grant, that we may continue to
walk together, and be, in our respective stations, comforts to each
other on the road, until we arrive at the heavenly Jerusalem;--and there
may I be one of those, who shall be to you, "a crown of joy and
rejoicing in the presence of the Lord!" There may we rejoice together,
in the rich mercy of the great Redeemer, and give him all the praise,
for converting and preserving grace, both in the convert and in him who
was the instrument of his conversion; and may you have many more in whom
to rejoice, besides the subject of this narrative! I thank God for the
success with which he has been pleased to bless your labours. There are
not a few, who now sit under your ministry, who have received the
knowledge of the truth by means of your preaching; and others, I
believe, have joined the church above. May the Lord grant you increasing
success in turning sinners to God, and in edifying saints; may he bless
the labours of all his servants and people; and may his own word have
free course and be glorified, by the overturning of the kingdom of sin
and of Satan in the world; and may the "kingdoms of this world soon
become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ." Amen.
I remain, Dear Pastor,
Your Affectionate Son
In the Faith of the Gospel,
G. B.
_GLASGOW, January, 1819._
To the Rev. RALPH WARDLAW.
Footnote 33:
The short duration of the peace, however, prevented the fulfilment of
it.
Footnote 34:
Then assistant to Mr. Ewing; now minister of the congregation in Crown
Court, London.
POSTSCRIPT.
Having now finished my narrative, may I take the liberty of adding a few
reflections, with a view to direct the minds of those who may read it,
to the lessons I should wish them to learn from it.
There are two things which are conspicuous in it; the first is, a
sinner's _weakness_; the second is, a sinner's _blindness_.--It shows
how long and how often I attempted to cleanse my own heart. I made the
effort under all the variety of circumstances I have mentioned, but all
in vain. I acted under all the motives I could collect from a sense of
the glory, goodness, justice, and general mercy of God, as displayed in
the works of creation and providence; and also from what I had learned
from the Bible of the requirements of the moral law, which was often
like a fire in my conscience; and from a fear of hell and eternal
judgment, and a desire of heaven and eternal life; and from a sense of
mercy to myself in being so often protected when in imminent danger,
delivered out of trouble, and brought back from the very jaws of death
in answer to my prayers for mercy:--yet all these put together were
insufficient to keep me from breaking the commandments of God, and being
guilty of what I condemned in my own conscience.--And thus it will be
with every sinner, that sets himself to perform the same task. I do not
refer to my experience, as an exclusive proof of this; but I refer to it
as an instance of the truth of God's word, which declares that sinners
are "_without strength._" Rom. v. 6. Let any sinner undertake the same
task, and I can assure him from the word of God, that he will come no
better speed. He may attempt it again and again; but every new attempt
will only show his weakness and blindness; and, as he proceeds, he will
find that he was not aware of the ten thousandth part of the extent and
difficulty of the task. If he persevere in it, he will find it
necessary, after endeavouring to reform his outward conduct, to look
_within_, and there he will discover work he was not at first aware of.
He will find it absolutely indispensable to watch over his _heart_ if he
means to reform external conduct: for it is the heart that first yields
to temptation. And, let his resolutions be ever so strong, and his
intentions ever so sincere, he will find that the slightest temptations
are sufficient to overcome him. Nor will he be in danger from outward
temptations only; for although he were in the retirement of a hermit,
and totally secluded from the world, he would find temptations to sin
rising spontaneously out of _that very heart_ which had formed the
resolution not to commit it; he would find himself led like a captive to
the commission of it, and that in the face of the clear light of duty,
and in spite of the strongest remonstrances of conscience; thus giving
him the most convincing evidence, if he had eyes to see it, that "the
heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked;" (Jer.
xvii. 9.) that "he that committeth sin is the servant (or slave) of
sin;" (John viii. 34,) and that "he that trusteth in his own heart is a
fool." (Prov. xxviii. 26.) So long, however, as a sinner has any
confidence in his own strength, he will not renounce it, in order to
depend upon strength to be imparted from another. So long as he fancies
any merit in his own works, he will trust to them to procure his Maker's
favour. But in this he only shows his blindness. O that I could convince
any into whose hands this narrative may fall, to renounce, as entirely
hopeless, all such efforts; and also as entirely worthless, all such
attempted reformations; and to flee to the all-mighty and
all-meritorious Redeemer! You need his perfect righteousness to justify
you, and his blood to atone for your sins; you need the gracious
influences of his Spirit to purify your hearts, and to give you strength
to walk in the ways of God; for the motive to obedience that alone can
enable you to walk with steadfastness and consistency, arises out of the
belief of the love of Christ, in giving himself a ransom for the guilty.
The belief of this will inspire you with love to him in return; and
this, and this alone, will set your souls at liberty from the slavery of
sin. It is to those who believe the love that he manifested in freely
giving himself a sacrifice for them, that he imparts strength to resist
temptation; and he warns all his disciples, that "without him they can
do nothing." He has promised his grace as sufficient for them that trust
in him in the most trying situations, and to perfect his strength in
their weakness:--nor is this an empty promise; for he, to whom it was
more immediately addressed, declared, that "he could do all things
through Christ who strengthened him;" and the way in which he obtained
the power was, by being conscious of his own weakness, and trusting
entirely to the promised strength of the Saviour; "for," says he, "_when
I am weak then am I strong._" 2 Cor. xii. 7-10, with Phil. iv. 13--Go
you and do as he did; and you will find that Christ will be the same to
you that he was to him, for the Saviour is unchangeable; "the same
yesterday, and to day, and for ever." Heb. xiii. 8.
I have been minute in detailing the exercises of my mind, much more so
than some may think there is need for. I have been induced to this in
order to show how long and how strenuously a sinner may go on in that
course, although his efforts are constantly failing; and fail they must,
so long as his hopes terminate on himself, and so long as he refuses to
put his entire confidence in the Saviour. He may give over the task in
despair, and sink into carelessness and indifference; but if, whilst he
finds his hopes of himself fruitless, he is still convinced of the
importance and necessity of the salvation of his soul, and feels that he
is one ready to perish; then the news of a Saviour will be glad tidings
to him indeed; and with the death of his legal hopes a life of
evangelical obedience will commence. I have been induced to be minute,
from a desire to show to others the folly of continuing to labour in the
fire, as I did, for very vanity; and that they may see the necessity of
fleeing directly to the Saviour. If you are saved at all you _must_ do
this at the last; and why not to-day as well as to-morrow, or any future
period? Jesus says, "To-day if ye will hear my voice, harden not your
hearts:" he says, "Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden,
and I will give you rest." And why will ye not hear his voice, and
accept of his invitation to-day? If you reject him to-day, you may not
live till to-morrow. All the offers of the gospel are _present_ offers;
there is no promise respecting to-morrow. Jesus is as able to-day as
to-morrow. He offers himself to-day. His salvation is a present
salvation. "Behold, now is the accepted time; behold, now is the day of
salvation."
If any read this narrative who are putting off the concerns of their
immortal souls to a death-bed, and are deluding themselves with the
notion, that the distress of a sick-bed and the fear of death will break
the power of sin in their hearts, and that they will then repent and
believe; while you think this, you show that you do not know what
repentance and faith are; for, did you know what they are, you would
already have repented and believed. You can not know them until you are
in actual possession of them. Your conduct is, therefore, ignorant and
presumptuous. Faith and repentance are present duties; and if you will
not repent of your sins _now_, and believe in the Lord Jesus Christ for
salvation, what security have you that you will do so hereafter? you may
be brought to a sick-bed; and there the approach of death, and the fear
of hell, and remorse of conscience, arising out of convictions of sin,
may greatly alarm you; but this will not change your heart, nor save
your soul. Such a state of mind is neither repentance nor conversion.
How often was I in danger, and imagined I repented; and, when I was at
the point of death, I thought I had repented in truth. But my conduct
after I had recovered showed that I had deceived myself; and had I died
in the state I then was in, I must have perished. When you are laid on a
sick-bed, you may find that you have no hope of heaven if you die at
present; you may wish to recover, that you may change your conduct; you
may cry to God to spare you; but he may not hear you; and when you see
that death is actually approaching, you may be driven to despair, and
die without hope: or, in order to calm a troubled conscience, you may
persuade yourselves, that you have repented, and that, as you are not
allowed to live, God will accept of the sincerity of your repentance;
and you may thus "go down to the grave with a lie in your right hand."
But if you despise the offer of a Saviour now, and put off these things
to a death-bed, which many never see, but are called suddenly out of the
world, the probability is, that when you are actually laid upon it,
however old you may be, and however evident the approach of your latter
end may be to all who see you, you will not think you are going to die
_yet_, but will still indulge the hope of longer life;--until death lays
his cold hand on your heart, and closes your eyes for ever on a present
world.
Should this narrative fall into the hands of any who are in the army, I
would earnestly entreat them to lay the contents of it seriously to
heart, and to beware of the delusive idea that it is not needful to be
religious in the army. Although you are soldiers, you are still surely
under the government of your Creator. Your being in the army will not
excuse the sins you commit in it. There is no article of war that
commands you to swear, or to get drunk, or to be guilty of uncleanness,
or any other sin. There is no order that prohibits you from repenting of
your sins, and believing on the Lord Jesus Christ for the salvation of
your invaluable souls, and living a life of faith upon the Son of God;
so that you are without excuse. Your being in the army does not give you
a greater security of long life to be an excuse for delay. On the
contrary, _you_, above all men, ought to secure the salvation of your
immortal souls. And blessed be God, that salvation is offered as freely
to you as to others. Jesus, the King of kings, offers you his free and
unmerited favour, in the same way that he does to others; and makes you
as welcome. Your souls are as precious to him, as those of any of the
human race: so that you are without excuse. Beware of another
delusion;--that the army is a place in which it is impossible to live a
godly life. This is not true. However hard it is, yet it _is_ possible,
and has been done. If indeed you attempt to live a godly life in your
own strength, as I did, you will fail; but remember, so would you in any
situation in which you could be placed. But if you believe in the Lord
Jesus, and take him for "righteousness and _strength_," he will fulfil
to you his promise, that "as your day is, so shall your strength be."
Remember that the way that leadeth to eternal life is a narrow way to
all; and that the same grace which enables others to travel that narrow
way is sufficient to enable you to travel it also; and that the same
power which brings others safely through, is able to carry you also in
safety to the end of the journey. Remember that it is the power of God
and not of man that enables _any_ to persevere unto the end; and will
you say that it is not in the power of the Almighty to enable a soldier
to serve him in the army, and to lead a Christian life in it? The idea
is blasphemous; it is a delusion of Satan; and it is an unjust charge
upon the army, bad as it is, and one of the greatest obstacles, if not
the very greatest, to its moral improvement; for it goes to prevent the
very attempt at improvement, as utterly hopeless, and consequently to
leave the individuals who compose it to be confirmed in all their evil
habits. If any soldier read this, let me beseech him to lay seriously to
heart the immense value of his soul, and to believe in the grace and
power of a Redeemer, and, although there should not be one godly person
in his regiment, let him not be afraid to believe in Jesus, and to
regulate his conduct by his word. Do not be afraid of the mocking of
your comrades: it is indeed not easy to bear; but if you really trust in
Christ, he will enable you to live down their reproaches by a consistent
and steady course of life. _Their_ reproaches are not to be put in
comparison with _his_ smiles; and if the King of kings smiles upon you,
what need you care who frowns? It will become you rather to pity, than
to be offended at them. Seek, by constant prayer, for that prudence and
wisdom which will enable you so to act as to put to silence their
foolish scoffings; and, if you persevere, you will extort from them so
much commendation as will repay you for all the reproaches you have
borne, or may still be subject to. But let your faith be constant and
your practice persevering. Do not take up religion by fits and starts.
Those who do so show that they have not yet understood what it is.
Unless your repentance be that of the Bible, and your faith in Jesus
genuine, arising from a scriptural understanding of your own character
as a guilty and helpless sinner in the sight of God, and a scriptural
discernment of the rich grace and almighty power of Christ, you will not
be able to stand: for the army is not a place for hypocrites,
formalists, and self-righteous professors, to prosper in. The
professions of such will generally vanish like smoke. The genuine
believer in Jesus alone is able to abide the trial; and he stands,
because he is upheld by the power of God through faith unto salvation.
Therefore, let no soldier neglect his salvation, through fear that the
temptations of the army will be too much for him. Great as they are, if
he trusts in Christ, he shall be made "more than a conqueror through him
that loved him;" and the more he can get his comrades to attend to the
same things, the temptations will diminish. And the more the religion of
Jesus prevails in the army, and the greater the number of genuine
disciples are in it, the greater improvement will be made in its
character, efficiency, and comfort.
I rejoice that the army is beginning to be more attended to of late, in
a religious point of view. I rejoice to see Bible Societies in operation
for the benefit of the army and navy; and wish them an increasing
measure of success. The attention of the religious world has not yet
been sufficiently drawn to the importance of the object. I hope that the
stimulus that has been put in motion will continue to increase, and that
a succession of prudent measures will be adopted for the promotion of
the fear of God in the army and navy. The same means that are effectual
for the attainment of this great object amongst the other classes of
mankind will be effectual here. And what a blessing would it be to the
army and navy, were the fear of God their prevailing character! How
would it promote subordination, peace, sobriety, and chastity, and, in
so doing, prevent the frequency and necessity of punishments and
rigorous regulations, and the prevalence of those diseases which break
the constitutions of such numbers, renders them non-effectives, and
sends so many of them to an early grave!--And how much benefit would
instantly accrue to society, in the reduction of the contamination of
profanity, intemperance, and lewdness! How many female characters would
be preserved, and the consequent grief of parents prevented! How much of
the evil of prostitution would it reduce, which is so dangerous to youth
in sea-port towns, and large cities! If my feeble voice could be heard,
I would add it to that of those who have already appeared as advocates
of this cause, in supplicating British Christians to prosecute this
object with prudent but vigorous perseverance. I rejoice to see a
floating chapel provided upon the Thames for the instruction of seamen.
This, I hope, will be followed by similar measures wherever they are
necessary. The wisdom that devised this, is competent to devise all that
is wanting for the prosecution of this great cause, throughout the army
and navy. And the same motives are sufficient to carry those embarked in
it forward with zeal until the fear of God finally triumph. And its
triumph in the army and navy will remove one of the obstacles to its
prevalence in the world. And who knows but that genuine piety may not
only prevail but even shine most conspicuously in the army and navy, and
that the _last_ may become _first_.
G. B.
THE END.
Transcriber's Notes:
Archaic and colloquial spelling and punctuation was retained.
Missing or obscured punctuation was corrected.
Footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are linked for
ease of reference. Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores
(_italics_).
Footnotes have been moved to follow the chapters in which they are
referenced.
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