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Title: A classical dictionary: containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table
Author: Lempriere, John
Language: English
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*** Start of this Doctrine Publishing Corporation Digital Book "A classical dictionary: containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table" ***
A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY
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LEMPRIERE’S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.
A
CLASSICAL DICTIONARY
CONTAINING A COPIOUS ACCOUNT
OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES
MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS
WITH
THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES
USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS
AND
A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE
BY
J. LEMPRIERE, D.D.
Illustration: (‡ Colophon)
LONDON
GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, LIMITED
NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON AND CO.
1904
Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
At the Ballantyne Press
PREFACE
TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION.
IN the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give
the most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names
which occur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of
anecdotes and historical facts to draw a picture of ancient times, not
less instructive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not
be deemed a useless acquisition in the hands of the public; and while
the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythology,
and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and
cities that no longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it
not a contemptible companion, from which he may receive information,
and be made, a second time, acquainted with many important particulars
which time, or more laborious occupations, may have erased from his
memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the author has been obliged
to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies have been
directed, and not without success, to facilitate the attainment of
classical knowledge, and of the ancient languages. Their compositions
have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their
labours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a
due consideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate
their excellences, without copying their faults. Many compositions of
the same nature have issued from the press, but they are partial and
unsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labours
of one barren and uninstructive, while long and unconnected quotations
of passages from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of
the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot,
therefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish
what others have left imperfect, and with the conciseness of Stephens,
to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After
paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the
most authentic information can be received, the labours of more modern
authors have been consulted, and every composition distinguished for
the clearness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical
descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly sensible of what he
owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, the author
must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance he
has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siècles
Payens of l’Abbé Sabatier de Castres he has found all the information
which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology,
could procure. The compositions of l’Abbé Banier have also been useful;
and in the Dictionnaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at
Caen, a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and
arrangement of historical facts, have been discovered.
It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a
minute explanation of all the names of which Pliny and other ancient
geographers make mention; but, upon a second consideration of the
subject, he was convinced that it would have increased his volume in
bulk, and not in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the
propriety of this remark, when he recollects that the names of many
places mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias occur nowhere else in ancient
authors; and that to find the true situation of an insignificant
village mentioned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be
consulted.
This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of
schools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the
penultimate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive
no fixed and positive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority
of Smethius has been followed, as also Leede’s edition of Labbe’s
Catholici Indices.
As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature,
and to be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author
of this Dictionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public,
before he was sensible that his humble labours would be of some service
to the lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the
use of schools, therefore he thought none so capable of judging of
its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside
over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to
communicate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not
less distinguished for purity of criticism, than for their classical
abilities, and from them he received all the encouragement which the
desire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To
them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communications,
he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes that, now his labours are
completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage and that
support to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed
to be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he has
received with gratitude their judicious observations, and cannot pass
over in silence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the
friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, master of
Reading School.
For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated
by the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly
indebted to the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn,
and Kennet. In the tables of ancient coins, weights and measures,
which he has annexed to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed
the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have
been carefully examined, and frequently revised: and, it is hoped, the
opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be found
divested of all obscurity.
Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being
useful can command, the author offers the following pages to the
public, conscious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections.
A Dictionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect
all at once; it must still have its faults and omissions, however
cautious and vigilant the author may have been; and in every page there
may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement and for
addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his
publication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make,
he will show himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of
every judicious reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the
public demand a second edition.
A
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,
FROM
THE CREATION OF THE WORLD
TO
THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST
¹In the following table, I have confined myself to the more
easy and convenient eras of before (B.C.) and after (A.D.)
Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the
exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe
that, as the first year of the christian era always falls on
the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required either
before or after Christ will easily be discovered by the
application of the rules of subtraction or addition. The
era from the foundation of Rome (A.U.C.) will be found with
the same facility, by recollecting that the city was built
753 years before Christ; and the Olympiads can likewise be
recurred to by the consideration that the conquest of Corœbus
(B.C. 776) forms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic
games were celebrated after the revolution of four years.
Before
Christ.¹
The world created in the 710th year of the Julian period 4004
The deluge 2348
The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of languages 2247
Celestial observations are first made at Babylon 2234
The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under
Misraim the son of Ham, and to have continued 1663
years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2188
The kingdom of Sicyon established 2089
The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059
The birth of Abraham 1996
The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus 1856
Memnon the Egyptian said to invent letters, 15 years
before the reign of Phoroneus 1822
The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above
200 years, till the coming of Cecrops 1764
Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728
The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins about this
time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an
epoch which other writers have placed later by 26 years 1582
Moses born 1571
The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from
Egypt with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780
years before the first Olympiad 1556
Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of
Troy 1546
The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly 1503
The Panathenæa first celebrated at Athens 1495
Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 1493
The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idæi
Dactyli 1453
The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where
he dies the following year, aged 110 1452
Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli
by the accidental burning of the woods of Ida, in Crete 1406
The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 1356
The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus king of
Corinth 1326
The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games
celebrated by Adrastus king of Argos 1263
Gideon flourishes in Israel 1245
The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteocles 1225
Olympic games celebrated by Hercules 1222
The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 1213
Troy taken, after a siege of 10 years. Æneas sails to Italy 1184
Alba Longa built by Ascanius 1152
Migration of the Æolian colonies 1124
The return of the Heraclidæ into Peloponnesus, 80 years
after the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide
the Peloponnesus among themselves; and here, therefore,
begins the kingdom of Lacedæmon under Eurysthenes and
Procles 1104
Saul made king over Israel 1095
The kingdom of Sicyon ended 1088
The kingdom of Athens ended in the death of Codrus 1070
The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their
settlement in Asia Minor 1044
Dedication of Solomon’s temple 1004
Samos built 986
Division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 975
Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to
the marbles 907
Elias the prophet taken up into heaven 896
Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Lacedæmon,
and, together with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the
Olympic games at Elis, about 108 years before the era
which is commonly called the first Olympiad 884
Phidon king of Argos is supposed to have invented scales
and measures, and coined silver at Ægina. Carthage built
by Dido 869
Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an
era placed 80 years earlier by Justin 820
The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years,
till the battle of Pydna 814
The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years 797
The triremes first invented by the Corinthians 786
The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the
Prytanes elected 779
Corœbus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the
institution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first
Olympiad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome 776
The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedæmon by
Theopompus 760
Isaiah begins to prophesy 757
The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is
the first 754
Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the
year 3961 of the Julian period 753
The rape of the Sabines 750
The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins 747
The first Messenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to
the taking of Ithome 743
Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony 732
The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by
Salmanasar king of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon
on record March 19th, according to Ptolemy 721
Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian
throne 718
Tarentum built by the Parthenians 707
Corcyra built by the Corinthians 703
The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to
the taking of Ira, after a siege of 11 years. About this
time flourished the poets Tyrtæus and Archilochus 685
The government of Athens intrusted to annual archons 684
Alba destroyed 665
Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for
30 years 659
Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians 658
Cyrene built by Battus 630
The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep
possession for 28 years 624
Draco established his laws at Athens 623
The canal between the Nile and the Red sea begun by king
Necho 610
Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies 606
The Phœnicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About
this time flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcæus, Sappho, &c. 604
The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares 596
The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this
time flourished Chilo, Anacharsis, Thales, Epimenides,
Solon, the prophet Ezekiel, Æsop, Stersichorus 591
Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a
siege of 18 months 587
The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every first and
third year of the Olympiads 582
Death of Jeremiah the prophet 577
The Nemæan games restored 568
The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon 562
Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens 560
Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes,
Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus 559
Crœsus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished
Theognis and Pherecydes 548
Marseilles built by the Phocæans. The age of Pythagoras,
Simonides, Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon 539
Babylon taken by Cyrus 538
The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the
rebuilding of the temple 536
The first tragedy acted at Athens on the waggon of Thespis 535
Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built 526
Egypt conquered by Cambyses 525
Polycrates of Samos put to death 522
Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time
flourished Confucius the celebrated Chinese philosopher 521
The tyranny of the Pisistratidæ abolished at Athens 510
The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion
of the Tarquins, and continues independent 461 years, till
the battle of Pharsalia 509
Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became
afterwards the cause of the invasion of Greece by
the Persians. About this time flourished Heraclitus,
Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. 504
The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome 498
The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer 493
The battle of Marathon 490
The battles of Thermopylæ, August 7th, and Salamis, October
20th. About this time flourished Æschylus, Pindar, Charon,
Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, Aristides, &c. 480
The Persians defeated at Platæa and Mycale on the same day,
22nd September 479
The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th 477
Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes 471
The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon 470
The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years 465
Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by
the Athenians 463
The Romans send to Athens for Solon’s laws. About this
time flourished Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato
the comic poet, Aristarchus the tragic, Leocrates,
Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. 454
The first Sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi 448
The Athenians defeated at Chæronea by the Bœotians 447
Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and
receives public honours in the 39th year of his age.
About this time flourished Empedocles, Hellanicus,
Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias Artemones, Charondas, &c. 445
A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians 444
Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained
in force for three years 440
A war between Corinth and Corcyra 439
Meton begins here his 19 years’ cycle of the moon 432
The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues
about 27 years. About this time flourished Cratinus,
Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Euctemon, Malachi the
last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides,
Hippocrates, &c. 431
The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time.
A plague at Athens for five years 430
A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and
Lacedæmonians, which is kept only during six years and
ten months, though each continued at war with the other’s
allies 421
The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The
Agrarian law first moved at Rome 416
Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtæus is appointed
king 414
The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus
and Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates 409
The battle of Ægospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius 405
Athens taken by Lysander, 24th of April. The end of the
Peloponnesian war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over
the conquered city. About this time flourished Parrhasius,
Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c. 404
Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat
of the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants
from Athens by Thrasybulus 401
Socrates put to death 400
Agesilaus of Lacedæmon’s expedition into Asia against
the Persians. The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis,
Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of Cyrene, and Archytas 396
The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians,
Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon 395
The Lacedæmonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at
Cnidus; and, a few days after, the allies are defeated
at Coronæa, by Agesilaus 394
The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by
the Gauls 390
Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 11 months.
About this time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon,
Pythias, Iphicrates, &c. 388
The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace
of Antalcidas, between the Lacedæmonians and Persians 387
The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had
continued two years 385
The Lacedæmonians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos,
September 20th, by Chabrias. About this time flourished
Philistus, Isæus, Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes
the cynic, &c. 377
Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000
Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates 374
The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Lacedæmonians
are defeated by Epaminondas the general of the Thebans 371
The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to
Peloponnesus 370
One of the consuls at Rome elected from the plebeians 367
The battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas, a year after
the death of Pelopidas 363
Agesilaus assists Tachos king of Egypt. Some of the
governors of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia 362
The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle
that Philip of Macedon ever won in Greece 360
Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The
second Sacred war begins, on the temple of Delphi being
attacked by the Phocians 357
Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by
tyrants. About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus,
Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. 354
The Phocians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by
Philip 353
Egypt is conquered by Ochus 350
The Sacred war is finished by Philip taking all the cities
of the Phocians 348
Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years’
banishment 347
Timoleon recovers Syracuse and banishes the tyrant 343
The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum.
About this time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes,
Aristotle, Æschines, Zenocrates, Demosthenes, Phocion,
Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades 340
The battle of Cheronæa, August 2nd, where Philip defeats
the Athenians and Thebans 338
Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanius. His son Alexander,
on the following year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, &c. 336
The battle of the Granicus, 22nd of May 334
The battle of Issus in October 333
Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and
Alexandria built 332
The battle of Arbela, October 2nd 331
Alexander’s expedition against Porus. About this time
flourished Apelles, Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio,
Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, Hyperides,
Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. 327
Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided
into four kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the
Ptolemies in Egypt 323
Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek
cities. The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus,
Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus,
Perdiccas, Leosthenes 320
Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius
Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years 317
Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army 315
Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era
of the Seleucidæ 312
The conquests of Agathocles in Africa 309
Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 307
The title of kings first assumed by the successors of
Alexander 306
The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed
by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About
this time flourished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes,
Crantor, &c. 301
Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year’s siege 296
The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and
the time first divided into hours 293
Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia,
which he peopled with different nations. The age of
Euclid the mathematician, Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion,
Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zenodotus,
Arsinoe, Lachares, &c. 291
The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287
Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus 286
The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to
be translated about this time 284
Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine
war begins, and continues 10 years. The Achæan league
begins 281
Pyrrhus of Epirus goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines 280
The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple
of Delphi. About this time flourished Dionysius the
astronomer, Sostratus, Theocritus, Dionysius Heracleotes,
Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Persæus, &c. 278
Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus 274
The first coining of silver at Rome 269
Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years 268
The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The
chronology of the Arundelian marbles composed. About this
time flourished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus,
Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. 264
Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus 262
The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius 260
Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to
liberty by Antigonus 256
Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achæan
league. About this time flourished Cleanthes, Homer
junior, Manetho, Timæus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris,
Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice,
Lysias, Ariobarzanes 251
The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under
Theodotus, revolt from the Macedonians 250
The sea-fight of Drepanum 249
The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August 243
Agis king of Sparta put to death for attempting to settle
an Agrarian law. About this period flourished Antigonus
Carystius, Conon of Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of
Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, Agesilaus the ephor, &c. 241
Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus 240
Amilcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son 237
The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa 235
The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years 234
Original manuscripts of Æschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles,
lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of
15 talents 233
The first divorce known at Rome, by Spurius Carvilius.
Sardinia and Corsica conquered 231
The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth 228
The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues
for five years 227
The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The
Romans first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had
entered Italy. About this time flourished Chrysippus,
Polystratus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Messala,
C. Nævius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo
Ceus, Fabius Pictor the first Roman historian, Philarchus,
Lysiades, Agro, &c. 224
The battle of Sellasia 222
The Social war between the Ætolians and Achæans, assisted
by Philip 220
Saguntum taken by Annibal 219
The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years 218
The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year that of
Cannæ, May 21st 217
The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus,
which is continued by intervals for 14 years 214
Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years 212
Philopœmen defeats Machanidas at Mantinea 208
Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus,
Archagathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion,
Ennius, Hieronymus of Syracuse, Tlepolemus, Epicydes 207
The battle of Zama 202
The first Macedonian war begins and continues near four
years 200
The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas 198
The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated 197
The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three
years 192
Lacedæmon joined to the Achæan league by Philopœmen 191
The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of
Antiochus 189
The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by
Philopœmen 188
Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this
time flourished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades,
Tegula, C. Lælius, Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes
the stoic, Critolaus, Massinissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi,
Thoas, &c. 187
A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and
Prusias, till the death of Annibal 184
Philopœmen defeated and killed by Dinocrates 183
Numa’s books found in a stone coffin at Rome 179
Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage 175
Ptolemy’s generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle
between Pelusium and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian
war 171
The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire.
About this period flourished Attalus the astronomer,
Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius,
Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carneades, Aristarchus, &c. 168
The first library erected at Rome, with books obtained from
the plunder of Macedonia 167
Terence’s Andria first acted at Rome 166
Time measured out at Rome by a water-machine, invented
by Scipio Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of
sun-dials 159
Andriscus the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty of Macedonia 152
Demetrius king of Syria defeated and killed by Alexander
Balas 150
The third Punic war begins. Prusias king of Bithynia put to
death by his son Nicomedes 149
The Romans make war against the Achæans, which is finished
the next year by Mummius 148
Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by ♦Mummius 147
♦ ‘Mummus’ replaced with ‘Mummius’
Viriathus is defeated by Lælius, in Spain 146
The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 141
The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by
4000 Numantines 138
Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal
patronage offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon.
The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lucius Accius, Mnaseas,
Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Ctesibius,
Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c. 137
The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and
Panætius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece 136
The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile war in
Sicily begins, and continues for three years 135
Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire 133
Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated
by Perpenna 130
Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina 127
The Romans make war against the pirates of the Beleares.
Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate 123
Caius Gracchus killed 121
Dalmatia conquered by Metellus 118
Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of
Erymnæus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius,
Herodicus, Lucius Cælius, Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. 116
The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years 111
The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses
of eating every day 110
The Teutones and Cimbri begin their war against Rome, and
continue it for eight years 109
The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone 105
The Teutones defeated by Caius Marius at Aquæ Sextiæ 102
The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus 101
Dolabella conquers Lusitania 99
Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans 97
The Social war begins, and continues three years, till
finished by Sylla 91
The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years 89
The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six
years 88
Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to
Rome 86
Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator 82
The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo,
Charmidas, Asclepiades, Apellicon, Lucius Sisenna,
Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno,
Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c. 78
Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans 75
The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years
after, the rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey
and Crassus 73
Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus 69
Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is
subdued by Metellus, after a war of two years 66
The reign of the Seleucidæ ends in Syria, on the conquest of
the country by Pompey 65
Catiline’s conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills
himself 63
The first triumvirate in the person of Julius Cæsar, Pompey,
and Crassus. About this time flourished Apollonius of
Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa,
Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus,
Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes,
Cratippus, &c. 60
Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year 58
Cæsar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades
Britain 55
Crassus is killed by Surena, in June 53
Civil war between Cæsar and Pompey 50
The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th 48
Alexander taken by Cæsar 47
The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called
the year of confusion, because the calendar was corrected
by Sosigenes, and the year made to consist of 15 months,
or 445 days 46
The battle of Munda 45
Cæsar murdered 44
The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius,
Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of
Sosigenes, Cornelius Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus
Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c. 43
The battle of Philippi 42
Pacorus general of Parthia defeated by Ventidius, 14 years
after the disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day 39
Pompey the younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius 36
Octavius and Antony prepare for war 32
The battle of Actium, 2nd September. The era of the Roman
emperors properly begins here 31
Alexander taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province 30
The title of Augustus given to Octavius 27
The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time
flourished Virgil, Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio,
Mæcenas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy,
Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca,
Vitruvius, &c. 25
The conspiracy of Muræna against Augustus 22
Augustus visits Greece and Asia 21
The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius 20
The secular games celebrated at Rome 17
Lollius defeated by the Germans 16
The Rhæti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus 15
The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius 12
Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus 11
Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing
years to be without intercalation. About this time
flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian,
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the geographer 8
Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years 6
Our Saviour is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the
year 4709 of the Julian period, A.U.C. 749, and the fourth
of the 193rd Olympiad 4
A.D.
Tiberius returns to Rome 2
The leap year corrected, having formerly been every third
year 4
Ovid banished to Tomos 9
Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius 10
Augustus dies at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded by
Tiberius. The age of Phædrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius
Paterculus, Germanicus, Cornel. Celsus, &c. 14
Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake 17
Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch 19
Tiberius goes to Capreæ 26
Sejanus disgraced 31
Our Saviour crucified, Friday, April 3rd. _This is put four
years earlier by some chronologists_ 33
St. Paul converted to Christianity 35
Tiberius dies at Misenum, near Baiæ, March 16th, and is
succeeded by Caligula. About this time flourished Valerius
Maximus, Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judæus,
Artabanus, and Agrippina 37
St. Matthew writes his Gospel 39
The name of christians first given, at Antioch, to the
followers of our Saviour 40
Caligula murdered by Chæreas, and succeeded by Claudius 41
The expedition of Claudius into Britain 43
St. Mark writes his Gospel 44
Secular games celebrated at Rome 47
Caractacus carried in chains to Rome 51
Claudius succeeded by Nero 54
Agrippina put to death by her son Nero 59
First persecution against the christians 64
Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death 65
Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of
Persius, Quintus Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus,
Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. 66
St. Peter and St. Paul put to death 67
Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba 68
Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills
himself. Vitellius is defeated by Vespasian’s army 69
Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus 70
The Parthians revolt 77
Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum
and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius,
November 1st 79
Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of
Silius Italicus, Martial, Apollon. Tyanæus, Valerius
Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola,
&c. 81
Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated
every fourth year 86
Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins, and
continues 15 years 88
Second persecution of the christians 95
Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c., and succeeded by
Nerva. The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. 96
Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan 98
Pliny proconsul of Bithynia sends Trajan an account of the
christians 102
Dacia reduced to a Roman province 103
Trajan’s expedition against Parthia. About this time
flourished Florus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Biblius,
Dion, Prusæus, Plutarch, &c. 106
Third persecution of the christians 107
Trajan’s column erected at Rome 114
Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian 117
Fourth persecution of the christians 118
Adrian builds a wall in Britain 121
Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years 126
He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter 130
The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years,
and all banished 131
Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the
reign of Adrian flourished Teon, Phavorinus, Phlegon,
Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp,
Arian, Ptolemy, &c. 138
Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians 145
The worship of Serapis brought to Rome 146
Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius and
Lucius Verus, the last of whom reigned nine years.
In the reign of Antoninus flourished Maximus Tyrius,
Pausanias, Diophantus, Lucian, Hermogenes, Polyænus,
Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c. 161
A war with Parthia, which continues three years 162
A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years 169
Another, which continues three years 177
Marcus Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last
reign flourished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenæus,
Montanus, Diogenes, Laërtius 180
Commodus makes peace with the Germans 181
Commodus put to death by Martia and Lætus. He is succeeded
for a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered 193; and
four rivals arise, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger,
Severus, and Albinus. Under Commodus flourished Julius
Pollux, Theodotion, St. Irenæus, &c. 192
Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus 194
Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 198
Severus conquers the Parthians 200
Fifth persecution against the christians 202
Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall
there across from the Frith of Forth 207
Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and
Geta. In his reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius
Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of Alexandria, Philostratus,
Plotianus, and Bulas 211
Geta killed by his brother Caracalla 212
The Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus.
Flourished Oppian 217
Opilius ♦Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by
Heliogabalus 218
♦ ‘Macrinius’ replaced with ‘Macrinus’
Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then
exacted an annual payment not to invade or molest the
Roman empire. The age of Julius Africanus 222
The Arsacidæ of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king
of Media, and their empire destroyed 229
Alexander defeats the Persians 234
The sixth persecution against the christians 235
Alexander killed and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time
flourished Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius 235
The two Gordians succeeded Maximinus, and are put to death
by Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus,
by the soldiers of the younger Gordian 236
Sarbinianus defeated in Africa 240
Gordian marches against the Persians 242
He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace
with Sapor the next year. About this time flourished
Censorius, and Gregory Thaumaturgus 244
Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished 249
The seventh persecution against the christians 250
Decius succeeded by Gallus 251
A great pestilence over the empire 252
Gallus dies, and is succeeded by Æmilianus, Valerianus, and
Gallienus. In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian
and Plotinus 254
The eighth persecution against the christians 257
The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively 258
Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive 260
Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus 264
The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenæus 267
Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign
flourished Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c. 268
Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them.
Zenobia takes possession of Egypt 269
Aurelian succeeds 270
The ninth persecution against the christians 272
Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa 273
Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor 274
Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a
reign of six months, and was succeeded by Florianus, and,
two months after, by Probus 275
Probus makes an expedition into Gaul 277
He defeats the Persians in the east 280
Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his
sons Carinus and Numerianus 282
Diocletian succeeds 284
The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north.
Diocletian takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague 286
Britain recovered, after a tyrant’s usurpation of 10 years.
Alexandria taken by Diocletian 296
The tenth persecution against the christians, which
continues 10 years 303
Diocletian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in
retirement, succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius
Maximianus the two Cæsars. About this period flourished
Julius Capitolinus, Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes the
lawyers, Ælius Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopiscus,
Trebellius Pollio, &c. 304
Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son 306
At this time there were four emperors, Constantine,
Licinius, Maximianus, and Maxentius 308
Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312
The emperor Constantine begins to favour the christian
religion 319
Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine 324
The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318 bishops,
who sit from June 19th to August 25th 325
The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople 328
Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the
11th of May 330
Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed 331
The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons,
Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of
Constantine flourished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and
Eusebius 337
Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at
Aquilea 340
Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius 350
Gallus put to death by Constantius 354
One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by
an earthquake 358
Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but
the former dies the next year, and leaves the latter
sole emperor. About this period flourished Ælius Donatus,
Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian. Marcellinus, Jamblicus,
St. Hilary, &c. 360
Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian’s reign
flourished Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor,
&c. 363
Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens
and Valentinian, the empire is divided, the former being
emperor of the east, and the other of the west 364
Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by
Valentinian 367
Firmus tyrant of Africa defeated 373
Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian I. 375
The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled
by the Huns 376
Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire.
The Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the
Vandals 379
Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius 383
The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius 388
Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after
defeated by Theodosius 392
Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius
in the east and Honorius in the west. In the reign of
Theodosius flourished Ausonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon,
Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. 395
Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself 398
Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulæ 405
The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi permitted to settle in Spain
and France by Honorius 406
Theodosius the younger succeeds Arcadius in the east,
having Isdegerdes king of Persia as his guardian,
appointed by his father 408
Rome plundered by Alaric king of the Visigoths, August 24th 410
The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain 412
The kingdoms of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace 413
The Visigoths found a kingdom at Toulouse 415
The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths 417
The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine 420
The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian III.
Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius,
Anianus, Panodorus, Stobæus, Servius the commentator,
Hypatia, Pelagius, Synesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates,
&c. 423
Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople,
and attempts the restoration of learning 425
The Romans take leave of Britain and never return 426
Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals
pass into Africa 427
The French defeated by Ætius 428
The Theodosian code published 435
Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom
of the Vandals in Africa 439
The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated
complaint to Ætius against the Picts and Scots, and
three years after the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the
invitation of Vortigern 446
Attila king of the Huns ravages Europe 447
Theodosius II. dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. About
this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret,
Sozomen, Olympiodorus, &c. 450
The city of Venice first began to be known 452
Death of Valentinian III., who is succeeded by Maximus for
two months, by Avitus for 10, and, after an interregnum
of 10 months, by Majorianus 454
Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first
established 455
The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro 456
Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the
Thracian. Vortimer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in
Kent 457
Severus succeeds in the western empire 461
The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of
Aquitain 463
♦Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an
interregnum of two years 467
♦ ‘Athemius’ replaced with ‘Anthemius’
Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next
year, by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos 472
Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of
Ariadne, though an infant, succeeds his grandfather
Leo in the eastern empire, and, some months after, is
succeeded by his father Zeno 474
The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer king of the
Heruli, who assumes the title of king of Italy. About
this time flourished Eutyches, Prosper, Victorius,
Sidonius Apollinaris 476
Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which
lasted 40 days at intervals 480
The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius
the Roman general 485
After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married
Anastasius, surnamed the Silentiary, who ascends the
vacant throne 491
Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths revolts about this time,
and conquers Italy from the Heruli. About this time
flourished Boethius and Symmachus 493
Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis 496
The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud 501
Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcillè near
Poitiers 507
Paris made the capital of the French dominions 510
Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is
burned with a brazen speculum by Proclus 514
The computing of time by the christian era, introduced
first by Dionysius 516
Justin I., a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor 518
Justinian I. nephew of Justin succeeds. Under his glorious
reign flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the
Silentiary, Simplicius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus,
Narses, &c. 527
Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four
years after his digest 529
Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two
years after 534
Italy is invaded by the Franks 538
The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 542
A great plague, which arose in Africa, and desolated Asia
and Europe 543
The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia 545
Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547
The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe
by monks 551
Defeat and death of Totila the Gothic king of Italy 553
A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which
continues for 50 years 558
Justin II., son of Vigilantia the sister of Justinian,
succeeds 565
Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who
form a kingdom there 568
Tiberius II., an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted,
and soon after succeeds 578
Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time 581
Maurice the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds 582
Gregory I., surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter’s chair at
Rome. The few men of learning who flourished the latter
end of this century were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of
Tours the father of French history, Evagrius, and St.
Augustin the monk 590
Augustin the monk, with 40 others, comes to preach
christianity in England 597
About this time the Saxon heptarchy began in England 600
Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor after the
revolt of the soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of
his children 602
The power of the popes begins to be established by the
concessions of Phocas 606
Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder
of the usurper Phocas 610
The conquests of Chosroes king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt,
Asia Minor, and afterwards his siege of Rome 611
The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000
men, and the next year they overrun Africa 614
Mahomet, in his 53rd year, flies from Mecca to Medina,
on Friday, July 16th, which forms the first year of the
Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 622
Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs 626
Death of Mahomet 632
Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after
Alexandria and its famous library destroyed 637
Constantine III. son of Heraclius, in partnership with
Heracleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes
the imperial purple. Constantine reigns 103 days, and
after his death, his son. Constantine’s son Constans is
declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his mother
Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme
power 641
Cyprus taken by the Saracens 648
The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus 653
Constantine IV., surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the
murder of his father in Sicily 668
The Saracens ravage Sicily 669
Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is
destroyed by the Greek fire 673
Justinian II. succeeds his father Constantine. In his
exile of 10 years the purple was usurped by Leontius
and Absimerus Tiberius. His restoration happened 704.
The only men of learning in this century were Secundus,
Isidorus, Theophylactus, Georgius Pisides, Callinicus,
and the venerable Bede 685
Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy 690
Africa finally conquered by the Saracens 709
Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople,
on the murder of Justinian 711
Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius,
or Anastasius II., to the throne 713
Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius III.,
who, two years after, yields to the superior influence of
Leo III., the first of the Isaurian dynasty 715
Second, but unsuccessful, siege of Constantinople by the
Saracens 717
Tax called Peter-pence begun by Ina king of Wessex, to
support a college at Rome 727
Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and
Poitiers in October 732
Constantine V., surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father
Leo 741
Dreadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia 746
The computation of years from the birth of Christ first
used in historical writings 748
Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the
Saracens 749
The Merovingian race of kings ends in France 750
Bagdad built, and made the capital of the caliphs of the
house of Abbas 762
A violent frost for 150 days from October to February 763
Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine 770
Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the
Lombards, after a duration of 206 years 774
Leo IV. son of Constantine succeeds, and, five years after,
is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine VI. 775
Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men
of learning in this century were Johannes Damascenus,
Fredegaire, Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the
monk 797
Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the western
empire. About this time the popes separate themselves
from the princes of Constantinople 800
Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total
reduction of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till
26 years after 801
Nicephorus I., great treasurer of the empire, succeeds 802
Stauracius son of Nicephorus, and Michael I., surnamed
Rhangabe, the husband of Procopia sister of Stauracius,
assume the purple 811
Leo V. the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace,
ascends the throne of Constantinople 813
Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almanon, who
made observations on the sun, &c. 816
Michael II. the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds,
after the murder of Leo 821
The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia 823
The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of
Almanon 827
Theophilus succeeds his father Michael 829
Origin of the Russian monarchy 839
Michael III. succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother
Theodora 842
The Normans get possession of some cities in France 853
Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil I. the
Macedonian 867
Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice 872
Basil is succeeded by his son Leo VI. the philosopher.
In this century flourished Mesué, the Arabian physician
Eginhard, Rabanus, Albumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus,
Odo, Photius, John Scotus, Anastasius the librarian,
Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser 886
Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by
bishop Goslin 887
Death of Alfred king of England, after a reign of 30 years 900
Alexander brother of Leo succeeds, with his nephew
Constantine VII., surnamed Porphyrogenitus 911
The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo 912
Romanus I., surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet,
usurps the throne, with his three sons, Christopher,
Stephen, and Constantine VIII. 919
Fiefs established in France 923
Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms 936
Naples seized by the eastern emperors 942
The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and
the tumults this occasioned produced the restoration of
Porphyrogenitus 945
Romanus II. son of Constantine VII., by Helena the daughter
of Lecapenus, succeeds 959
Romanus, poisoned by his wife Theophana, is succeeded
by Nicephorus Phocas II., whom the empress, unable to
reign alone under the title of protectress of her young
children, had married 963
Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire 964
Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophana, is murdered by
John Zimisces, who assumes the purple 969
Basil II., and Constantine IX., the two sons of Romanus by
♦Theophana, succeed on the death of Zimisces 975
♦ ‘Theopana’ replaced with ‘Theophana’
The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July
3rd 987
Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the
Saracens 991
The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The
learned men of this century were Eudes de Cluni, Azophi,
Luitprand, Alfarabius, Rhazes, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin,
Gerbert 996
A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th 1002
All old churches about this time rebuilt in a new manner
of architecture 1005
Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm 1014
Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his
brother 1025
Romanus III., surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds by
marrying Zoe the daughter of the late monarch 1028
Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian
money-lender, causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned,
and afterwards marries her favourite, who ascends the
throne under the name of Michael IV. 1034
The kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin 1035
Zoe adopts for her son Michael V., the trade of whose
father (careening vessels) had procured him the surname
of Calaphates 1041
Zoe and her sister Theodora are made sole empresses by the
populace, but after two months Zoe, though 60 years old,
takes for her third husband Constantine X., who succeeds 1042
The Turks invade the Roman empire 1050
After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the
sovereignty, and, 19 months after, adopts, as her
successor, Michael VI., surnamed Stratioticus 1054
Isaac Commenus I. chosen emperor by the soldiers 1057
Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed
him, he appoints his friend Constantine XI., surnamed
Ducas 1059
Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens 1065
The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold
by the battle of Hastings, October the 14th, to William
the Conqueror, duke of Normandy 1066
On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of
protecting his three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and
Constantine, usurps the sovereignty, and marries
Romanus III., surnamed Diogenes 1067
Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young
princes ascend the throne, under the name of Michael
Parapinaces VII., Andronicus I., and Constantine XII. 1071
The general Nicephorus Botaniates III. assumes the purple 1078
Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey
of the estates of England, and finished in six years 1080
Alexius Commenus I. nephew of Isaac I. ascends the throne.
His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his
daughter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under
Robert of Apulia, invade the eastern empire 1081
Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks 1084
Accession of William II. to the English throne 1087
The first crusade 1096
Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only
learned men of this century were Avicenna, Guy d’Arezzo,
Glaber, Hermannus, Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael
Celularius, George Cedrenus, Berenger, Psellus, Marianus
Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the
Hermit, Sigebert 1099
Henry I. succeeds to the throne of England 1100
Learning revived at Cambridge 1110
John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at
Constantinople 1118
Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118
Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135
Manuel son of John succeeds at Constantinople 1143
The second crusade 1147
The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years’ labour 1151
The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy 1154
Henry II. succeeds in England 1154
The Teutonic order begins 1164
The conquest of Egypt by the Turks 1169
The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th.
Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. 1172
Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in
England 1176
Alexius II. succeeds his father Manuel 1180
English laws digested by Glanville 1181
From the disorders of the government, on account of the
minority of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great
Alexius is named Guardian, but he murders Alexius, and
ascends the throne 1183
Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus,
a descendant of the great Alexius by the female line,
succeeds 1185
The third crusade, and siege of Acre 1188
Richard I. succeeds his father Henry in England 1189
Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of
Ascalon 1192
Alexius Angelus brother of Isaac revolts, and usurps the
sovereignty by putting out the eyes of the emperor 1195
John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men
of this century were Peter Abelard, Anna Commena,
St. Bernard, Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter
Lombard, Otho ♦Frisingensis, Maimonides, Humenus,
Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes,
Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry
of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph
Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh 1199
♦ ‘Trisingensis’ replaced with ‘Frisingensis’
Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and
Isaac is taken from his dungeon and replaced on the
throne with his son Alexius. This year is remarkable
for the fourth crusade 1203
The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle,
and Constantinople is again besieged and taken by
the French and Venetians, who elect Baldwin count of
Flanders emperor of the east. In the mean time, Theodore
Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice; Alexius grandson
of the tyrant Andronicus becomes emperor of Trebizond;
and Michael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds
an empire in Epirus 1204
The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and
next year is succeeded by his brother Henry 1205
Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan first emperor
of the Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death,
1227 1206
Aristotle’s works imported from Constantinople are
condemned by the council of Paris 1209
Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John 1215
Henry III. succeeds his father John on the English throne 1216
Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda sister of the
two last emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by
the Latins 1217
Robert son of Peter Courtenay succeeds 1221
Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by
his son-in-law John Ducas Vataces 1222
John of Brienne, and Baldwin II. son of Peter, succeeded
on the throne of Constantinople 1228
The inquisition which had been begun 1204 is now trusted
to the Dominicans 1233
Baldwin alone 1237
Origin of the Ottomans 1240
The fifth crusade 1248
Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso XI. of Castile 1253
Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his
son Theodore Lascaris II. 1255
Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor 1259
Michael Palæologus son of the sister of the queen of
Theodore Lascaris ascends the throne, after the murder
of the young prince’s guardian 1260
Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek
emperors of Nice 1261
Edward I. succeeds on the English throne 1272
The famous Mortmain act passes in England 1279
Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers,
30th of March 1282
Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England 1283
Michael Palæologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had
already reigned nine years conjointly with his father,
ascends the throne. The learned men of this century are
Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, Accursius,
Anthony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris,
Peter de Vignes, Matthew Paris, Grosseteste, Albertus,
Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon,
Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli, Jacob
Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, Thebit 1293
A regular succession of English parliaments from this time 1293
The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia 1298
The mariner’s compass invented or improved by Flavio 1302
The Swiss cantons begin 1307
Edward II. succeeds to the English crown 1307
Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation
continues 68 years, till the return of Gregory XI. 1308
Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his
grandson the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus
revolts against his grandfather, who abdicates 1320
Edward III. succeeds in England ♦1327
♦ ‘1337’ replaced with ‘1327’
First comet observed, whose course is described with
exactness, in June 1337
About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor
at Florence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel
Chrysoloras, where may be fixed the era of the revival
of Greek literature in Italy 1339
Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palæologus in the
ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been
left guardian of the young prince, assumes the purple.
First passage of the Turks into Europe 1341
The knights and burgesses of parliament first sit in the
same house 1342
The battle of Crecy, August 26th 1346
Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the
tribuneship 1347
Order of the Garter in England established April 23rd 1349
The Turks first enter Europe 1352
Cantacuzene abdicates the purple 1355
The battle of Poictiers, September 19th 1356
Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour
from Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362
Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand,
and his extensive conquests till his death, after a reign
of 35 years 1370
Accession of Richard II. to the English throne 1377
Manuel succeeds his father John Palæologus 1391
Accession of Henry IV. in England. The learned men of
this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus
Villa, Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras,
Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff,
Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, &c. 1399
Henry IV. is succeeded by his son Henry V. 1413
Battle of Agincourt, October 25th 1415
The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese 1420
Henry VI. succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople
is besieged by Amurath II. the Turkish emperor 1422
John Palæologus II. succeeds his father Manuel 1424
Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that
family at Florence 1434
The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France 1439
Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in
22 years 1440
Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne
after his brother John 1448
Mahomet II. emperor of the Turks besieges and takes
Constantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern
empire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction
of the imperial families of the Commeni and Palæologi.
About this time the House of York in England began to
aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to
deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of
the 15th century were Chaucer, Leonard Aretin, John Huss,
Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza,
Frank Philelphus, Georgius Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho,
Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemberg, John
Faustus, Peter Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, Æneas
Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas à Kempis, Argyropulus,
Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus,
Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola,
Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet,
Reuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius
Chalcondyles, &c. 1453
A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,
ETC., ETC.
A
=ABA= and =Abæ=, a town of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo,
surnamed Abæus. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian
origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated
to Eubœa, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed
afterwards from Eubœa into Ionia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.――
_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A city of Caria.――――Another of
Arabia Felix.――――A mountain near Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――
_Strabo_, bk. 10.
=Abacēne=, a country of Sicily near Messana. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Abălus=, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients
supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned
there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory
sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. _Pliny_,
bk. 37, ch. 2.
=Abāna=, a place of Capua. _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.
=Abantes=, a warlike people of Peloponnesus, who built a town in
Phocis called Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also their
name originated. They afterwards went to Eubœa. _See:_ Abantis.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.
=Abantias= and =Abantiădes=, a patronymic given to the descendants
of Abas king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta,
&c. _Ovid._
=Abantĭdas=, made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered
Clinias the father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assassinated,
B.C. 251. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.
=Abantis=, or =Abantias=, an ancient name of the island of Eubœa,
received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Also a country of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 22.
=Abarbarea=, one of the Naiades, mother of Æsepus and Pedasus by
Bucolion, Laomedon’s eldest son. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 23.
=Abarīmon=, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants
were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no
air but that of their native country. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.
=Abăris=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 86.――――A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 344.――――A Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Crœsus, or
the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with which
he gave oracles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He
is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens
without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the bones
of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek; and it
is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to
Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two
persons of that name. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.
=Abārus=, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously deserted Crassus in his
expedition against Parthia. _Appian_, _Parthia_.――――He is called
Mezeres by _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11, and Ariamnes by _Plutarch_,
_Crassus_.
=Abas=, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises.――――A river
of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. _Plutarch_,
_Pompey_.――――A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard
for laughing at Ceres. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.
――――The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and
Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and valour. He was father to
Prœtus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Abæ. He reigned 23 years,
B.C. 1384. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Hyginus_,
fable 170, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――One of Æneas’s
companions, killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 170.――――
Another lost in the storm which drove Æneas to Carthage. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 125.――――A Latian chief, who assisted Æneas
against Turnus, and was killed by Lausus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 170, &c.――――A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by Æneas during
the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 286.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 5, li. 150.――――A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 306.――――A soothsayer, to
whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for
his services to Lysander. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.――――A son of
Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A sophist who wrote two treatises,
one on history, the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived
is unknown.――――A man who wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by
Servius in _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9.
=Abāsa=, an island in the Red sea, near Æthiopia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 26.
=Abasītis=, a part of Mysia in Asia. _Strabo._
=Abassēna=, or =Abassinia=. _See:_ Abyssinia.
=Abassus=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.
=Abastor=, one of Pluto’s horses.
=Abătos=, an island in the lake near Memphis in Egypt, abounding with
flax and papyrus. Osiris was buried there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 323.
=Abdalonīmus=, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, so poor,
that to maintain himself, he worked in a garden. When Alexander
took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato the deposed
monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great
disinterestedness of his conduct. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Abdēra=, a town of Hispania Bætica, built by the Carthaginians.
_Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules,
in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians
and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera the sister of
Diomedes built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants
of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called
_Abderitica mens_. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras,
Anaxarchus, and Hecatæus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _Letters
to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 186.――_Martial_,
bk. 10, ltr. 25.
=Abdēria=, a town of Spain. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Abderītes=, a people of Pæonia, obliged to leave their country on
account of the great number of rats and frogs which infested it.
_Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.
=Abdērus=, a man of Opus in Locris, arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to
pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his
care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city,
which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 25.
=Abeătæ=, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.
=Abella=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants were called Abellani.
Its nuts, called _avellanæ_, and also its apples, were famous.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 740.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 544.
=Abelux=, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured the party of the Romans
against Carthage. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 22.
=Abenda=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised
temples to the city of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 6.
=Abia=, formerly _Ire_, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven
cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia,
daughter of Hercules and nurse of Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 292.
=Abii=, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk,
were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13,
li. 6.――According to _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 6, they surrendered to
Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cyrus.
=Abĭla=, or =Abyla=, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is
nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain,
only eighteen miles distant. These two mountains are called the
columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till
the hero separated them, and made a communication between the
Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.
=Abisăres=, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.
=Abisăris=, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. _Arrian._
=Abisontes=, some inhabitants of the Alps. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.
=Ablētes=, a people near Troy. _Strabo._
=Abnoba=, a mountain of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 1.
=Abobrĭca=, a town of Lusitania. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――――Another in
Spain.
=Abœcrĭtus=, a Bœotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a
battle at Chæronea, against the Ætolians. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.
=Abolāni=, a people of Latium, near Alba. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.
=Abōlus=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.
=Aboniteichos=, a town of Galatia. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine
Sea_.
=Aborāca=, a town of Sarmatia.
=Aborigĭnes=, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, according
to others, a nation conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they
taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their
posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They
assisted Æneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country.――The
word signifies _without origin_, or whose _origin is not known_,
and is generally applied to the original inhabitants of any country.
_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.
=Aborras=, a river of Mesopotamia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Abradātes=, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken
prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and
his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he
undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on
his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. _Xenophon_,
_Cyropædia_, bks. 5, 6, &c.
=Abrentius=, was made governor of Tarentum by Annibal. He betrayed his
trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose
brother was in the Roman army. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.
=Abrocŏmas=, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he
invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 224.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.
=Abrodiætus=, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of
the sumptuous manner of his living. _See:_ Parrhasius.
=Abron=, an Athenian, who wrote some treatises on the religious
festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his
works are preserved. _Suidas._――――A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught
rhetoric at Rome.――――Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.――――A
Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. _Plutarch_, _Decem Oratorum_.
――――A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery.
=Abronius Silo=, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some
fables. _Seneca._
=Abronycus=, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his
embassy to Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 91.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8,
ch. 21.
=Abrŏta=, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of Ægeus. As
a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the
garments which she wore to become the models of fashion in Megara.
_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.
=Abrotŏnum=, the mother of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.
――――A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A
harlot of Thrace. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.
=Abrus=, a city of the Sapæi. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.
=Abrypŏlis=, an ally of Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus,
the last king of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 13 & 41.
=Abseus=, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. _Hyginus_, preface to
fables.
=Absinthii=, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a
mountain of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.
=Absŏrus=, =Absyrtis=, =Absyrtides=, islands in the Adriatic, or near
Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name. _Strabo_,
bk. 7.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.
=Absyrtos=, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus
was murdered. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.
=Absyrtus=, a son of Æetes king of Colchis, and Hypsea. His sister
Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and
strewed his limbs in her father’s way, to stop his pursuit. Some
say that she murdered him in Colchis, others, near Istria. It is
said by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe
in Illyricum. The place where he was killed has been called Tomos,
and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.――
_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Hyginus_, fable 23.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9.――_Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 261.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,
poem 9.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Pliny_,
bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.
=Abulītes=, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and
was rewarded with a province. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 17.
=Abydēnus=, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master.
He wrote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and
Assyria. _Philo Judæus._――_Josephus_, _Against Apion_.
=Abȳdos=, a town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris.
_Plutarch_, on _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A city of Asia, opposite
Sestos in Europe, with which, from the narrowness of the Hellespont,
it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town.
It was built by the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It
is famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge
of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The
inhabitants, being besieged by Philip the father of Perseus, devoted
themselves to death with their families, rather than fall into the
hands of the enemy. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 18.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 674.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Musæus_, _Hero & Leander_.――_Flaccus_,
bk. 1, li. 285.
=Abȳla.= _See:_ Abila.
=Abȳlon=, a city of Egypt.
=Abyssinia=, a large kingdom of Africa, in Upper Æthiopia, where
the Nile takes its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian
origin, and were little known to the ancients.
=Acacallis=, a nymph, mother of Philander and Phylacis by Apollo.
These children were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat
gave them her milk, and preserved their life. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 16.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon by Mercury, and of
Amphithemis by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――_Apollonius_,
bk. 4, li. 1493.
=Acacēsium=, a town of Arcadia, built by Acacus son of Lycaon.
Mercury, surnamed Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as his
foster-father, was worshipped there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3,
36, &c.
=Acacius=, a rhetorician in the age of the emperor Julian.
=Acadēmia=, a place near Athens surrounded with high trees, and
adorned with spacious covered walks, belonging to Academus,
from whom the name is derived. Some derive the word from ἑκας
δημος, _removed from the people_. Here Plato opened his school of
philosophy, and from this, every place sacred to learning has ever
since been called _Academia_. To exclude from it profaneness and
dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. It was called
_Academia vetus_, to distinguish it from the _second Academy_,
founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few alterations in the Platonic
philosophy, and from the _third_ which was established by Carneades.
_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
=Acadēmus=, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where
Theseus had concealed their sister Helen, for which they amply
rewarded him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.
=Acalandrus=, or =Acalyndrus=, a river falling into the bay of
Tarentum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Acalle=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 1.
=Acamarchis=, one of the Oceanides.
=Acămas=, son of Theseus and Phædra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen
from the Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy
he had a son called Munitus, by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He
was concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the town of
Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece called a tribe
after his own name at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――_Quintus
Smyrnæus_, bk. 12.――_Hyginus_, fable 108.――――A son of Antenor in
the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 60, &c.――――A Thracian
auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.
=Acampsis=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._
=Acantha=, a nymph loved by Apollo, and changed into the flower
Acanthus.
=Acanthus=, a town near mount Athos, belonging to Macedonia, or,
according to others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from
Andros. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 84.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――
Another in Egypt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 28.――――An island mentioned by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.
=Acăra=, a town of Pannonia.――――Another in Italy.
=Acaria=, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas cut off the head of
Eurystheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
=Acarnania=, anciently Curetis, a country of Epirus, at the north of
the Ionian sea, divided from Ætolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants
reckoned only six months in the year; they were luxurious, and
addicted to pleasure, so that _porcus Acarnas_ became proverbial.
Their horses were famous. It received its name from Acarnas.
_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 90.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 7
& 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Meretricii_.
=Acarnas= and =Amphoterus=, sons of Alcmæon and Callirhöe. Alcmæon
being murdered by the brothers of Alphesibœa his former wife,
Callirhöe obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who were still
in the cradle, might, by a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to
punish their father’s murderers. This was granted. _See:_ Alcmæon.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
fable 10.
=Acarnas= and =Acarnan=, a stony mountain of Attica. _Seneca_,
_Hippolytus_, li. 20.
=Acasta=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.
=Acastus=, son of Pelias king of Thessaly by Anaxibia, married
Astydamia or Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus,
when in banishment at her husband’s court. Peleus, rejecting the
addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon
her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts.
Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to
Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. _See:_ Peleus and
Astydamia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 306; _Heroides_,
poem 13, li. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――――The second
archon at Athens.
=Acathantus=, a bay in the Red sea.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Acca Laurentia=, the wife of Faustulus shepherd of king Numitor’s
flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on
the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called _Lupa_,
prostitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――The Romans yearly celebrated
certain festivals [_See:_ Laurentalia] in honour of another
prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance:
the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice,
made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was
defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he
should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed with
a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca
was conducted to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to see her,
and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with
a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried
man, who, not displeased with Acca’s liberty, loved her, and made
her the heiress of all his possessions. These, at her death, she
gave to the Roman people, whence the honours paid to her memory.
_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_, _Romulus_.――――A companion of
Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 820.
=Accia=, or =Atia=, daughter of Julia and Marcus Atius Balbus, was the
mother of Augustus, and died about 40 years B.C. _Dio Cassius._――
_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 4.――――Variola, an illustrious female,
whose cause was eloquently pleaded by Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 33.
=Accĭla=, a town of Sicily. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 35.
=Lucius Accius=, a Roman tragic poet, whose roughness of style
Quintilian has imputed to the unpolished age in which he lived. He
translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous
pieces only some of the names are known; and among these his Nuptiæ,
Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phœnice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks
of honour which he received at Rome may be collected from this
circumstance: that a man was severely reprimanded by a magistrate
for mentioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses
are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180
years B.C. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,
poem 15, li. 19.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _Letters
to Atticus_ & _Brutus or de Claris Oratoribus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A
famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero’s age.――――Labeo, a foolish poet
mentioned _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 50.――――Tullius, a prince of the
Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when banished by
his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.
=Acco=, a general of the Senones in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,
chs. 4 & 44.――――An old woman who fell mad on seeing her deformity in
a looking-glass. _Hesychius._
=Accua=, a town in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.
=Ace=, a town in Phœnicia, called also Ptolemais, now Acre. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 5.――――A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis,
where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had
a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.
=Acerātus=, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the
approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. _Herodotus_,
bk. 8, ch. 37.
=Acerbas=, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. _See:_
Sichæus. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.
=Acerīna=, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Græcia, taken by Alexander
of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 24.
=Acerræ=, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It
still subsists; and the frequent inundations from the river which
terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the large
drains dug there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 225.――_Livy_,
bk. 8, ch. 17.
=Acersecŏmes=, a surname of Apollo, which signifies _unshorn_.
_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 128.
=Aces=, a river of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 117.
=Acesia=, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from
Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. _Philostratus._
=Acesīnes=, a river of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 25.
=Acesīnus=, or =Acesīnes=, a river of Persia falling into the Indus.
Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of
them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross
the water. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Acesius=, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of medicine.
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.
=Acesta=, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also
by the name of Segesta. It was built by Æneas, who left there part
of his crew, as he was going to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
li. 746, &c.
=Acestes=, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near
Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kindly
entertained Æneas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his
father on mount Eryx. In commemoration of this, Æneas built a city
there called Acesta, from Acestes. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 746.
=Acestium=, a woman who saw all her relations invested with the sacred
office of torch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 37.
=Acestodōrus=, a Greek historian, who mentions the review which
Xerxes made of his forces before the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch_,
_Themistocles_.
=Acestorĭdes=, an Athenian archon.――――A Corinthian, governor of
Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.
=Acetes=, one of Evander’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
li. 30.
=Achabȳtos=, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple.
=Achæa=, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in Daunia was defended by
dogs which fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other
persons. _Aristotle_, _de Mirabilibus_.――――Ceres was called Achæa,
from her _lamentations_ (ἀχεα) at the loss of Proserpine. _Plutarch_,
_De Iside et Osiride_.
=Achæi=, the descendants of Achæus, at first inhabited the country near
Argos, but being driven by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan
war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 12 cities they seized
and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, Ægira, Æges, Bura,
Tritæa, Ægion, Rhypæ, Olenos, Helice, Patræ, Dyme, and Pharæ. The
inhabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284
years B.C., which continued formidable upwards of 130 years, under
the name of the _Achæan league_, and was most illustrious whilst
supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and
Philopœmen. Their arms were directed against the Ætolians for three
years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew
powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their
country from foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked by
the Romans, and, after one year’s hostilities, the Achæan league
was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Achæans extended the borders
of their country by conquest and even planted colonies in Magna
Græcia.――――The name of _Achæi_ is generally applied to all the
Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. _See:_ Achaia. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 145; bk. 8, ch. 36.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 164.
――_Polybius._――_Livy_, bks. 27, 32, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 605.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――――Also a people of Asia on the
borders of the Euxine. _Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 27.
=Achæium=, a place of Troas, opposite Tenedos. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
=Achæmĕnes=, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the
Great; whose descendants were called Achæmenides, and formed a
separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyses,
son of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and particularly
the Achæmenides, not to suffer the Medes to recover their former
power, and abolish the empire of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125;
bk. 3, ch. 65; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 21.――――A
Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484.
=Achæmenia=, part of Persia, called after Achæmenes. Hence Achæmenius.
_Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 13, li. 12.
=Achæmenĭdes=, a native of Ithaca, son of Adramastus, and one of
the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where
Æneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 624.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 417.
=Achæorum littus=, a harbour in Cyprus. _Strabo._――――In Troas,――――in
Æolia,――――in Peloponnesus,――――on the Euxine. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 34.
=Achæorum statio=, a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus,
where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where
Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus.
=Achæus=, a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects for his extortion.
_Ovid_, _Ibis_.――――A son of Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the
accidental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants
were called from him, Achæi. He afterwards returned to Thessaly.
_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of
Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles are
preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes,
Pirithous, Theseus, Œdipus, &c.; of these only one obtained the
prize. He lived some time after Sophocles.――――Another of Syracuse,
author of 10 tragedies.――――A river which falls into the Euxine.
_Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.――――A relation of Antiochus
the Great, appointed governor of all the king’s provinces beyond
Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for eight
years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His
limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was
exposed on a gibbet. _Polybius_, bk. 8.
=Achaia=, called also _Hellas_, a country of Peloponnesus at the north
of Elis on the bay of Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was
originally called Ægialus (_shore_) from its situation. The Ionians
called it Ionia, when they settled there; and it received the name
of Achaia, from the Achæi, who dispossessed the Ionians. _See:_
Achæi.――――A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which
Alos was the capital.
=Achaicum bellum.= _See:_ Achæi.
=Achăra=, a town near Sardis. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Acharenses=, a people of Sicily near Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against
Verres_, bk. 3.
=Acharnæ=, a village of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 19.
=Achātes=, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that
_Fidus Achates_ became a proverb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li.
316.――――A river of Sicily.
=Achĕlōĭdes=, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of
Achelous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 15.
=Achelorium=, a river of Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.
=Achelōus=, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the
river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors
of Dejanira daughter of Œneus he entered the lists against Hercules
and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards
into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being
defeated, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken
horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers,
and after it had for some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it
was presented to the goddess of plenty. Some say that he was changed
into a river after the victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus,
and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia,
falls into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud which it carries down,
have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is said by some
to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5;
bk. 9, fable 1; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 35.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, chs. 3 & 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.――――A
river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.――――Another flowing from
mount Sipylus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.
=Acherdus=, a tribe of Attica; hence _Acherdusius_, _Demosthenes_.
=Acherĭmi=, a people of Sicily. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Against Verres_.
=Achĕron=, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the bay of
Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of its waters,
one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all
succeeding poets, who make the god of the stream to be the son of
Ceres without a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell
for fear of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, over
which the souls of the dead are at first conveyed. It receives,
say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly languor seizes
them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and
suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the
Titans with water. The word Acheron is often taken for hell itself.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 36.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li.
292; _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 295, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 3,
li. 16.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2.――_Sylvæ_, poem 6, li. 80.――_Livy_,
bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus.――――Another on the
Riphæan mountains. _Orpheus._――――Also a river in the country of the
Brutii in Italy. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.
=Acherontia=, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called _Nidus_ by
_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 14.
=Acherūsia=, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, over which, as Diodorus,
bk. 1, mentions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received
sentence according to the actions of their life. The boat was called
Baris, and the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable of Charon
and the Styx, &c., afterwards imported into Greece by Orpheus, and
adopted in the religion of the country.――――There was a river of the
same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria.
=Acherūsias=, a place or cave in Chersonesus Taurica, where Hercules,
as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_,
bk. 6.
=Achetus=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.
=Achillas=, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pompey the Great.
_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 538.
=Achillēa=, a peninsula near the mouth of the Borysthenes. _Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 55 & 76.――――An island at the
mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is
said that birds never flew. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A fountain
of Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, and afterwards
sweeten in their course. _Athenaeus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Achilleienses=, a people near Macedonia. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_,
bk. 3.
=Achillēis=, a poem of Statius, in which he describes the education
and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is imperfect.
The poet’s premature death deprived the world of a valuable history
of the life and exploits of this famous hero. _See:_ Statius.
=Achilles=, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the
♦Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him
in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except
the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the
centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of war and made him master of
music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered
him vigorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Phœnix, whom he
ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent him from going to
the Trojan war, where she knew he was to perish, privately sent him
to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in a female dress,
and, by his familiarity with the king’s daughters, made Deidamia
mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid
of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the habit of
a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing
the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the
entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of armour, which was
proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his
favourite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the
division of the booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused
to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus
recalled him to action, and to revenge. _See:_ Patroclus. He slew
Hector the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse by the heels to his
chariot, and dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. After
thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and
entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to
carry away Hector’s body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was
charmed with Polyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the temple of
Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel,
of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sigæum, and divine
honours were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is
said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared
to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was
sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this
sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his
death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly
sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported
that he married Helen after the siege of Troy; but others maintain,
that this marriage happened after his death, in the island of Leuce,
where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium.
_See:_ Leuce. When Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether
he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a
few years of military fame and glory? and that, to his honour, he
made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander
going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb
of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish
his fame to posterity. _Xenophon_, _On Hunting_.――_Plutarch_,
_Alexander_; _De facie in orbe Lunæ_; _De Musica_; _De amicorum
multitudine_; _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Statius_, _Achilleid_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3, &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 5,
li. 37, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 472, 488; bk. 2, li. 275;
bk. 6, li. 58, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables
96 & 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 15.――_Maximus of
Tyre_, Oration 27.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8; bk. 2, odes 4 & 16; bk.
4, ode 6; bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 42.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――
_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Juvenal_,
satire 7, li. 210.―― _Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_, li. 869.――――
There were other persons of the same name. The most known were――a
man who received Juno when she fled from Jupiter’s courtship――――the
preceptor of Chiron the centaur――――a son of Jupiter and Lamia,
declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus――――a man who instituted
ostracism at Athens――――Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the
age of the emperor Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted
to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mixed history of
great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves
of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are
preserved in the Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best edition
of his works is that in 12mo, Leiden, 1640.
♦ ‘Geeeks’ replaced with ‘Greeks’
=Achillēum=, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the
Mityleneans. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.
♦=Achilleus=, or =Aquileus=, a Roman general in Egypt, in the reign of
Diocletian, who rebelled, and for five years maintained the imperial
dignity at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against him; and
because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be
devoured by lions.
♦ Placed in alphabetical order
=Achīvi=, the name of the inhabitants of Argos and Lacedæmon before
the return of the Heraclidæ, by whom they were expelled from
their possessions 80 years after the Trojan war. Being without a
home, they drove the Ionians from Ægialus, seized their 12 cities,
and called the country Achaia. The Ionians were received by the
Athenians. The appellation of _Achivi_ is indiscriminately applied
by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1,
&c. _See:_ Achaia.
=Achladæus=, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 19.
=Acholōe=, one of the Harpies. _Hyginus_, fable 14.
=Acichōrius=, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls
undertook against Pæonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.
=Acidālia=, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in
Bœotia, sacred to her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 720.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 468.
=Acidāsa=, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly called Jardanus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.
=Acilia=, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to
the Trojans.――――The mother of Lucan.
=Acilia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 556, by Acilius the tribune, for the
plantation of five colonies in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――
Another called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 684, which enacted, that no
person convicted of _ambitus_, or using bribes at elections, should
be admitted in the senate, or hold an office.――――Another concerning
such as were guilty of extortion in the provinces.
=Marcus Acilius Balbus=, was consul with Portius Cato, A.U.C. 640. It
is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven.
_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 56.――――Glabrio, a tribune of the people, who
with a legion quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul
with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 563, he conquered
Antiochus at Thermopylæ, for which he obtained a triumph, and
three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. He stood for
the censorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false
measures used by his competitor. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 6.――_Livy_,
bk. 30, ch. 40; bk. 31, ch. 50; bk. 33, ch. 10, &c.――――The son of
the preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed
to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. He raised a golden
statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. The temple
of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her
milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded
from all aliments. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The enactor
of a law against bribery.――――A prætor in the time that Verres was
accused by Cicero.――――A man accused of extortion, and twice defended
by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cæsar in
the civil wars. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A consul,
whose son was killed by Domitian, because he fought with wild beasts.
The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger
than the emperor, and therefore envied. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 94.
=Acilla=, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. Some read Acolla. _Cæsar_,
_African War_, ch. 33.
=Acis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Simæthis.
Galatæa passionately loved him; upon which his rival Polyphemus,
through jealousy, crushed him to death with a piece of a broken rock.
The gods changed Acis into a stream, which rises from mount Ætna.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 8.
=Acmon=, a native of Lyrnessus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. His
father’s name was Clytus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 128.
=Acmonĭdes=, one of the Cyclops. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 288.
=Acœtes=, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, and
carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into
sea monsters, but Acœtes was preserved. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, fable 8, &c. _See:_ Acetes.
=Acontes=, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.
=Aconteus=, a famous hunter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa,
at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 5, li. 201.――――A person killed in the wars of Æneas and Turnus,
in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 615.
=Acontius=, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the
sacrifice of Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin,
and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his
origin, wrote these verses on an apple, which he threw into her
bosom:
_Juro tibi sanctæ per mystica sacra Dianæ,
Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram._
Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had
inadvertently made, married Acontius. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.
――――A mountain of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Acontobūlus=, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the
Amazons. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 2.
=Acōris=, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus
against Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
=Acra=, a town in Italy,――――Eubœa,――――Cyprus,――――Acarnania,――――
Sicily, ――――Africa,――――Sarmatia, &c.――――A promontory of Calabria,
now Capo di Leuca.
=Acradīna=, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman
consul. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.
=Acræ=, a mountain in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.
=Acræa=, a daughter of the river Asterion.――――A surname of Diana, from
a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.――――A
surname of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.
=Acræphnia=, a town in Bœotia; whence Apollo is called Acraæphnius.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 135.
=Acragallĭdæ=, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens.
_Æschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.
=Acrăgas.= _See:_ Agragas.
=Acrātus=, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples
of the gods. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23.
=Acrias=, one of Hippodamia’s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――
He built Acriæ, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.
=Acridophăgi=, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived
not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of
winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till
the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their
number, and ended in his death. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 11,
ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Acrīon=, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. _Cicero_, _De Finibus_,
bk. 5, ch. 29.
=Acrisioneus=, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one
of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called
after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 410.
=Acrisioniădes=, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 70.
=Acrisius=, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus.
He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that
he quarrelled even in his mother’s womb. After many dissensions,
Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice
daughter of Lacedæmon; and being told by an oracle, that his
daughter’s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a
brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however,
became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though
Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed
on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so
famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned
a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his
skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his
grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily
fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. _Hyginus_, fable
63.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16.――_Horace_, bk. 3,
ode 16.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 16, &c.――_See:_ Danae, Perseus, Polydectes.
=Acrītas=, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Acroāthon=, or =Acrothoos=, a town on the top of mount Athos,
whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 10.
=Acroceraunium=, a promontory of Epirus, with mountains called
Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas.
The word comes from ἀκρος, _high_, and κεραυνος, _thunder_; because,
on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder.
_Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 420.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. ――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 506.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3,
li. 20.
=Acrocorinthus=, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken
by Aratus, B.C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and
Corinth is built at the bottom. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.
=Acron=, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus in single combat, after
the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter
Feretrius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――A physician of Agrigentum,
B.C. 430, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical
treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague
by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. _Pliny_, bk. 29,
ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――――One of the friends of
Æneas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 719.
=Acropātos=, one of Alexander’s officers, who obtained part of Media
after the king’s death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.
=Acropŏlis=, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible
only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. _Pausanias_,
_Atticus_.
=Acrotătus=, son of Cleomenes king of Sparta, died before his father,
leaving a son called Areus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3,
ch. 6.――――A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife
of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus
the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus,
Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and
commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being
mistress to such a warlike lover. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.
=Acrothoos.= _See:_ Acroathon.
=Acta=, or =Acte=, a country of Attica. This word signifies _shore_,
and is applied to Attica, as being near the sea. It is derived by
some writers from Actæus, a king, from whom the Athenians have been
called Actæi. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 312.――_Virgil_,
_Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 23.
=Acta=, a place near mount Athos, on the Ægean sea. _Thucydides_,
bk. 4, ch. 109.
=Actæa=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 250.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 41.――――A surname of Ceres.――――A daughter of
Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Actæon=, a famous huntsman, son of Aristæus and Autonoe daughter of
Cadmus, whence he is called _Autonoeius heros_. He saw Diana and
her attendant, bathing near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into
a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 2.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3.――――A beautiful youth,
son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the Heraclidæ,
endeavoured to debauch and carry away. He was killed in the struggle
which in consequence of this happened between his father and
ravisher. Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned himself;
and soon after, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias
was expelled. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.
=Actæus=, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of
Greece, which he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married
Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their first king, though Actæus
reigned before him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 14.――――The word is
of the same signification as _Atticus_, an inhabitant of Attica.
=Acte=, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. _Suetonius_,
_Nero_, ch. 28.――――One of the Horæ. _Hyginus_, fable 183.
=Actia=, the mother of Augustus. As she slept in the temple of
Apollo, she dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. Nine months
after she brought forth, having previously dreamt that her bowels
were scattered all over the world. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 94.
――――Games sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of
Augustus over Marcus Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every
third, sometimes fifth, year, with great pomp, and the Lacedæmonians
had the care of them. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 280; bk. 8, li. 675.――――A sister of
Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.
=Actis=, son of Sol, went from Greece into Egypt, where he taught
astrology, and founded Heliopolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.
=Actisănes=, a king of Æthiopia who conquered Egypt, and expelled king
Amasis. He was famous for his equity, and his severe punishment of
robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he banished to a desert
place, where they were in want of all aliment, and lived only upon
crows. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
=Actium=, now _Azio_, a town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the
naval victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the
2nd of September, B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror built
there the town of Nicopolis, and instituted games. _See:_ Actia.
_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――――A promontory of
Corcyra. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2.
=Actius=, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, where he had a temple.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 704.――――A poet. _See:_ Accius.――――A
prince of the Volsci. _See:_ Accius.
=Actius Navius=, an augur, who cut a loadstone in two with a razor,
before Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince them of his skill
as an augur. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 36.――――
Labeo. _See:_ Labeo.
=Actor=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons.
――――The father of Menœtius by Ægina, whence Patroclus is called
_Actorides_. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A man called also
Aruncus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 93.――――One of the friends
of Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 500.――――A son of Neptune by Agameda.
_Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A son of Deion and Diomede. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 9.――――The father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A son of Acastus, one of the
Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――The father of Astyoche. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.――――A king of Lemnos.
_Hyginus_, fable 102.
=Actorĭdes=, a patronymic given to Patroclus grandson of Actor. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.――――Also to Erithus son of Actor.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.――――Two brothers so fond of
each other, that in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins,
and the other the whip; whence they are represented with two heads,
four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered them. _Pindar._
=Actŏris=, a maid of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 23.
=Marcus Actorius Naso=, a Roman historian. _Suetonius_, _Julius_,
ch. 9.
=Caius Aculeo=, a Roman lawyer celebrated as much for the extent of his
understanding, as for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero.
_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 43.
=Acūphis=, an ambassador from India to Alexander. _Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.
=Acusilāus= and =Damagētus=, two brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the
Olympic games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father,
and called him happy in having such worthy sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 7.
=Acusilāus=, an historian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote
on genealogies, in a style simple and destitute of all ornament.
_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Suidas._――――An Athenian who
taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba.
=M. Acutĭcus=, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under
the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bœotia, &c.
=Ada=, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her
husband’s death, she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being
expelled by her younger brother, she retired to Alindæ, which she
delivered to Alexander after adopting him as her son. _Curtius_,
bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Adad=, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun.
=Adæus=, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on
statuaries. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.
=Adamantæa=, Jupiter’s nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle
to a tree, that he might be found neither in the earth, the sea,
nor in heaven. To drown the infant’s cries, she had drums beat and
cymbals sounded around the tree. _Hyginus_, fable 139.
=Adămas=, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13,
li. 560.――――A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by
Cotys king of Thrace. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 10.
=Adamastus=, a native of Ithaca, father of Achæmenides. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 614.
=Adaspii=, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. _Justin_, bk. 12,
ch. 5.
=Addephagia=, a goddess of the Sicilians. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia
Historia_, ch. 27.
=Addua=, now _Adda_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po
near Cremona. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.
=Adelphius=, a friend of Marcus Antoninus, whom he accompanied in
his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. _Strabo_,
bk. 11.
=Adēmon=, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy,
whom Caligula had put to death. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 35.
=Ades=, or =Hades=, the god of hell among the Greeks, the same as the
Pluto of the Latins. The word is derived from _α_ and ειδειν [_non
videre_], because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for
hell itself by the ancient poets.
=Adgandestrius=, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to
destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Romans
fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 88.
=Adherbal=, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at
Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid
of Rome, B.C. 112. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
=Adherbas=, the husband of Dido. _See:_ Sichæus.
=Adiante=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 11.
=Adiatōrix=, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony’s favour,
slaughtered, in one night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony
of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by
Augustus, and strangled in prison. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
=Adimantus=, a commander of the Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans.
All the men of the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus,
because he had opposed the designs of his countrymen, who intended
to mutilate all the Spartans. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. Pausanias
says, bk. 4, ch. 17; bk. 10, ch. 9, that the Spartans had bribed
him.――――A brother of Plato. _Laërtius_, bk. 3.――――A Corinthian
general who reproached Themistocles with his exile.――――A king struck
with thunder for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. _Ovid_,
_Ibis_, li. 337.
=Admēta=, a daughter of Eurystheus, was priestess of Juno’s temple at
Argos. She expressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of
the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 23.――――One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 349.
=Admētus=, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pheræ in Thessaly,
married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste
daughter of Pelias. Apollo when banished from heaven, is said to
have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the
Parcæ, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down
his life for him; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife
Alceste cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself voluntarily to
death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of
the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only
to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild
boar; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained
Alceste’s hand. Some say that Hercules brought him back Alceste from
hell. _Seneca_, _Medeâ_.――_Hyginus_, fables 50, 51, & 243.――_Ovid_,
_Amores_, bk. 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9, &c.――_Tibullus_,
bk. 2, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A king of the
Molossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protection. _Cornelius Nepos_,
_Themistocles_, ch. 8.――――An officer of Alexander, killed at the
siege of Tyre. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Adōnia=, festivals in honour of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos
in Phœnicia. They lasted two days, the first of which was spent
in howlings and lamentations, the second in joyful clamours, as if
Adonis was returned to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they
lasted eight days; the one half of which was spent in lamentations,
and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as
did not appear were compelled to prostitute themselves for one day;
and the money obtained by this shameful custom was devoted to the
service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be
very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on
that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. _Plutarch_,
_Nicias_.――_Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 9.
=Adōnis=, son of Cinyras by his daughter Myrrha [_See:_ Myrrha],
was the favourite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often
cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being
killed in the attempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received
a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus,
after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower
called anemone. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on
condition that he should spend six months with her, and the rest of
the year with Venus. This implies the alternate return of summer and
winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the festivals of
both were generally begun with mournful lamentations, and finished
with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life again.
Adonis had temples raised to his memory, and is said by some to
have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 14.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 53.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
poem 10, li. 18.――_Bion_, _Adonis_.――_Hyginus_, fables 58, 164, 248,
&c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 10.――_Musæus_, _Hero &
Leander_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 41.――――A river of
Phœnicia, which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus.
=Adramyttium=, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the
Caycus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Adrāna=, a river in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56.
=Adrānum=, a town of Sicily, near Ætna, with a river of the same name.
The chief deity of the place was called Adranus, and his temple was
guarded by 1000 dogs. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.
=Adrasta=, one of the Oceanides who nursed Jupiter. _Hyginus_,
fable 182.
=Adrastia=, a fountain of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A
mountain. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A country near Troy called
after Adrastus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had
an oracle. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity.
She is called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice.
The Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence she looked down upon
the actions of men. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Melisseus,
to whom some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as
Adrasta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Adrastii Campi=, a plain near the Granicus, where Alexander first
defeated Darius. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 6.
=Adrastus=, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices,
being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos,
where he married Argia daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted
his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army headed by
seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except
Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens,
and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed
the burying of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went to his
assistance, and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, died
through grief, occasioned by the death of his son Ægialeus. A temple
was raised to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was
annually celebrated. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 480.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――
_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 68, 69, & 70.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 8, ch. 25; bk. 10; ch. 90.――
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.――――A peripatetic philosopher,
disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy of his treatise
on harmonics is preserved in the Vatican.――――A Phrygian prince, who
having inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Crœsus, where he
was humanely received, and entrusted with the care of his son Atys.
In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and in his
despair, killed himself on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 35,
&c.――――A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Persians.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son
of Merops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 6.――The father of Eurydice,
who married Ilus the Trojan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A king
of Sicyon, who reigned four years, B.C. 1215.――――A son of Hercules.
_Hyginus_, fable 242.
=Adria=, =Adriānum=, or =Adriatĭcum mare=, a sea lying between
Illyricum and Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first made
known to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocæans. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33; bk. 3, odes 3 & 9.――_Catullus_,
poems 4, 6.
=Adrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace on the Hebrus.――――Another in Ætolia,
――――in Pisidia,――――and Bithynia.
=Adriānus=, or =Hadrianus=, the 15th emperor of Rome. He is represented
as an active, learned, warlike, and austere general. He came to
Britain, where he built a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle
and Newcastle, 80 miles long, to protect the Britons from the
incursions of the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who
had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he
called Ælia. His memory was so retentive, that he remembered every
incident of his life, and knew all the soldiers of his army by name.
He was the first emperor who wore a long beard, and this he did to
hide the warts on his face. His successors followed his example, not
through necessity but for ornament. Adrian went always bare-headed,
and in long marches generally travelled on foot. In the beginning
of his reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted father and
predecessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due to his treasury for
16 years, and publicly burnt the account-books, that his word might
not be suspected. His peace with the Parthians proceeded from a wish
of punishing the other enemies of Rome, more than from the effects
of fear. The travels of Adrian were not for the display of imperial
pride, but to see whether justice was distributed impartially:
and public favour was courted by a condescending behaviour, and
the meaner familiarity of bathing with the common people. It is
said that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; but
his apparent lenity towards the Christians was disproved, by the
erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose from
the dead, and one to Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases
became intolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and when
prevented, he exclaimed, that the lives of others were in his hands,
but not his own. He wrote an account of his life, and published it
under the name of one of his domestics. He died of a dysentery at
Baiæ, July 10, A.D. 138, in the 72nd year of his age, after a reign
of 21 years. _Dio Cassius._――――An officer of Lucullus. _Plutarch_,
_Lucullus_.――――A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of Marcus Antoninus,
who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now
lost.
=Adrimētum=, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the
Phœnicians. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
=Aduataca=, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese.
=Adŭla=, a mountain among the Rhætian Alps, near which the Rhine takes
its rise, now St. Gothard.
=Adulis=, a town of Upper Egypt.
=Adyrmachīdæ=, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. _Herodotus_,
bk. 4, ch. 168.
=Æa=, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods,
to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It
had a town called Æa, which was the capital of Colchis. _Flaccus_,
bk. 5, li. 420.――――A town of Thessaly,――――of Africa.――――A fountain
of Macedonia near Amydon.
=Æacēa=, games at Ægina, in honour of Æacus.
=Æacĭdas=, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother to
Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars
with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom
Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.
=Æacĭdes=, a patronymic of the descendants of Æacus, such as Achilles,
Peleus, Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 103, &c.
=Æăcus=, son of Jupiter by Ægina daughter of Asopus, was king of the
island of Œnopia, which he called by his mother’s name. A pestilence
having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to repeople
his kingdom; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in
an old oak were changed into men, and called by Æacus _myrmidons_,
from μυρμηξ, _an ant_. Æăcus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon
and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids.
He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him
one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. _Horace_,
bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 4, ode 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2,
ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 25; bk. 13, li. 25.
――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Consolatio ad
Apollonium_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
=Ææ=, =Æa=, or =Ææa=, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. _See:_ Æa.
_Apollonius_, bk. 3.
=Ææa=, a name given to Circe, because born at Ææ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 3, li. 386.
=Æantēum=, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 30.――――An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 12.
=Æantĭdes=, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate with Darius. He married
a daughter of Hippias tyrant of Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.
――――One of the seven poets called Pleiades.
=Æantis=, an Athenian tribe. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,
ch. 2.
=Æas=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. In the
fable of Io, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and
meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a
geographical mistake of the poet. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 361.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.
=Æātus=, son of Philip, and brother of Polyclea, was descended from
Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touched
the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom,
Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to
carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite
side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother’s back, exclaiming
that the kingdom was her own. Æatus joined her in her exclamation,
and afterwards married her, and reigned conjointly with her. Their
son Thessalus gave his name to Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.
=Æchmacŏras=, a son of Hercules by Phyllone daughter of Alcimedon.
When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed
her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules,
conducted by the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries of a
child, found and delivered them. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.
=Æchmis=, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia,
in the reign of Theopompus of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.
=Ædepsum=, a town of Eubœa. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.
=Ædessa=, or =Edessa=, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia
took it by following goats that sought shelter from the rain, and
called it from that circumstance (αἰγας, _capras_) Ægeas. It was the
burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that
as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom
subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place; and on that
account some authors have said that the kingdom became extinct.
_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.
=Ædicŭla Ridiculi=, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the
following circumstance: after the battle of Cannæ, Hannibal marched
to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather;
which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to
the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. _Plutarch_,
_Lycurgus_, _Agis_, & _Cleomenes_. Pausanias also mentions a θεος
γελωτος.
=Ædīles=, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths,
and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that nothing
might be sold without its due value. There were three different
sorts: the Ædiles _Plebeii_, or _Minores_; the _Majores_ Ædiles, and
the Ædiles _Cereales_. The plebeian ediles were two, first created
with the tribunes; they presided over the more minute affairs of the
state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured
all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the
people. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges, though they
at first shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they appeared
with more pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in ivory chairs.
The office of an edile was honourable, and was always the primary
step to greater dignities in the republic. The ediles were chosen
from the plebeians for 127 years, till A.U.C. 338. _Varro_, _De
Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 3.
=Ædipsus=, a town in Eubœa, now Dipso, abounding in hot baths.
=Valerius Ædituus=, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful
in amorous poetry and epigrams.
=Ædon=, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion,
by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her
sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she
resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by
mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a goldfinch as she
attempted to kill herself. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 518.
=Ædui=, or =Hedui=, a powerful nation of Celtic Gaul, known for their
valour in the wars of Cæsar. When their country was invaded by this
celebrated general, they were at the head of a faction in opposition
to the Sequani and their partisans, and they had established their
superiority in frequent battles. To support their cause, however,
the Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany,
and soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of Cæsar changed the
face of affairs; the Ædui were restored to the sovereignty of the
country, and the artful Roman, by employing one faction against the
other, was enabled to conquer them all, though the insurrection of
Ambiorix, and that more powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook
for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of
the conqueror. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.
=Æēta=, or =Æētes=, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis daughter
of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya,
one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled
to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain
the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis,
and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was
guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their
expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient poets. _See:_
Jason, Medea, and Phryxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――_Flaccus_ & _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.
=Æetias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of Æetes. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 9.
=Æga=, an island of the Ægean sea, between Tenedos and Chios.
=Ægēas=, a town whose inhabitants are called Ægeates. _See:_ Ædessa.
=Ægæ=, a city of Macedonia, the same as Ædessa. Some writers make
them different, but Justin proves this to be erroneous, bk. 7,
ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――――A town of Eubœa, whence Neptune
is called Ægæus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
=Ægææ=, a town and seaport of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227.
=Ægæon=, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――The
son of Cœlus, or of Pontus and Terra, the same as Briareus. _See:_
Briareus. It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly
residing at Æga, whence his name; and that the fable about his
100 hands arises from his having 100 men to manage his oars in his
piratical excursions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 565.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 149.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 404.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 10.
=Ægæum mare=, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing
Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are
called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The word Ægæum is derived by
some from Ægæ, a town of Eubœa; or from the number of islands which
it contains, that appear above the sea, as αἰγες, goats; or from the
promontory Æga, or from Ægea, a queen of the Amazons; or from Ægeus,
who is supposed to have drowned himself there. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Ægæus=, a surname of Neptune, from Ægæ in Eubœa. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
――――A river of Corcyra.――――A plain in Phocis.
=Ægaleos=, or =Ægaleum=, a mountain of Attica opposite Salamis, on
which Xerxes sat during the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian
ships in the adjacent sea. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 90.――_Thucydides_,
bk. 2, ch. 19.
=Ægan= [_Greek_ αἰγαν or αἰγαων], the Ægean sea. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 5, li. 56.
=Ægas=, a place of Eubœa.――――Another near Daunia in Italy. _Polybius_,
bk. 3.
=Ægātes=, a promontory of Æolia.――――Three islands opposite Carthage,
called Aræ by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, near which the Romans
under Catulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian
fleet under Hanno, 242 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 10 & 41; bk. 22,
ch. 54.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 61.
=Ægēleon=, a town of Macedonia taken by king Attalus. _Livy_, bk. 31,
ch. 46.
=Ægēria.= _See:_ Egeria.
=Ægesta=, the daughter of Hippotes, and mother of Ægestus, called
Acestes. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 554.――――An ancient town of
Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was sometimes
called Segesta and Acesta. _Diodorus_, bk. 10.
=Ægeus=, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having
children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped
at the court of Pittheus king of Trœzene, who gave him his daughter
Æthra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she
had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone
under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be
known to Ægeus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of
a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his
crown. Æthra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to
Athens with his father’s sword. At the time, Ægeus lived with Medea
the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea
attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon showing Ægeus
the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. When Theseus
returned from Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot,
agreeably to the engagement made with his father, to hoist up
white sails as a signal of his success: and Ægeus, at the sight of
black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a
high rock into the sea; which, from him, as some suppose, has been
called the Ægean. Ægeus reigned 48 years, and died B.C. 1235. He is
supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus
Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a
son. _See:_ Theseus, Minotaurus, and Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
chs. 8, 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5, 22, 38; bk. 4,
ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Hyginus_, fables 37, 43, 79, & 173.
=Ægiăle=, one of Phaeton’s sisters changed into poplars, and their
tears into amber. They are called Heliades.――――A daughter of
Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in
whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to
her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master
of his house. At his return, Diomedes, being told of his wife’s
wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted
those vicious and lustful propensities in Ægiale, to revenge herself
on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
li. 350.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 412.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 48.
=Ægiălea=, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretan sea.――――Another
in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 107.――――The ancient name of Peloponnesus.
_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Ægialeus=, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the
Epigoni, _i.e._ one of the sons of those generals who were killed in
the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused
to give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all
returned home safe, except Ægialeus, who was killed. That expedition
is called the war of the Epigoni. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 43, 44;
bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3,
ch. 7.――――The same as Absyrtus brother to Medea. _Justin_, bk. 42,
ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
=Ægiălus=, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia
by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called Ægialea from
him.――――A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the
christian era, and reigned 52 years.
=Ægialus=, a name given to part of Peloponnesus. _See:_ Achaia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.――――An inconsiderable town
of Pontus.――――A city of Asia Minor.――――A city of Thrace near the
river Strymon.――――A mountain of Galatia.――――Another in Æthiopia.
=Ægīdes=, a patronymic of Theseus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 265.
=Ægĭla=, a place in Laconia, where Aristomenes was taken prisoner by
a crowd of religious women whom he had attacked. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
ch. 17.
=Ægilia=, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus.――――A place in
Eubœa. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 101.
=Ægimius=, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――――A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted
to conquer the Lapithæ. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Ægimōrus=, or =Ægimūrus=, an island near Libya, supposed by some to
be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Aræ. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 7.
=Ægīna=, daughter of Asopus, had Æacus by Jupiter changed into a flame
of fire. She afterwards married Actor son of Myrmidon, by whom she
had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that
she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
chs. 5 & 29.――――An island formerly called Œnopia, and now Engia, in
a part of the Ægean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in
circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence,
and the country was repeopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter,
at the prayer of king Æacus. They were once a very powerful nation
by sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he
demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under
Pericles made war against them; and after taking 70 of their ships
in a naval battle, they expelled them from Ægina. The fugitives
settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander,
they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former
power or consequence. _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 10.
=Æginēta Paulus=, a physician born in Ægina. He flourished in the 3rd,
or, according to others, the 7th century, and first deserved to be
called man-midwife. He wrote _De Re Medicâ_, in seven books.
=Ægīnētes=, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his
famous laws. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
=Ægiŏchus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the
goat Amalthæa, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of
the Titans. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.
=Ægĭpan=, a name of Pan, because he had goat’s feet.
=Ægīra=, a town between Ætolia and Peloponnesus.――――A town of Achaia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 145.
=Ægiroessa=, a town of Ætolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.
=Ægis=, the shield of Jupiter, ἀπο της αἰγος, _a goat’s skin_. This
was the goat Amalthæa, with whose skin he covered his shield. The
goat was placed among the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield
to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa’s head, which turned into
stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, lis. 352 & 435.
=Ægisthus=, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea.
Thyestes being at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by
the oracle that his wrongs could be revenged only by a son born of
himself and his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been
consecrated to the service of Minerva by her father, who some time
after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she
was. Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be
her father’s, exposed the child she had brought forth. The child
was preserved, and when grown up presented with the sword of his
mother’s ravisher. Pelopea soon after this melancholy adventure had
married her uncle Atreus, who received into his house her natural
son. As Thyestes had debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent
Ægisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes, knowing the assassin’s
sword, discovered that he was his own son, and fully to revenge his
wrongs, sent him back to murder Atreus. After this murder Thyestes
ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the
sons, or as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These children
fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the power of
their persecutors, he permitted the protection of them to Œneus
king of Ætolia. By their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus
king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover the kingdom of
Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his
father-in-law’s place. Ægisthus had been reconciled to the sons of
Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan war, he was left guardian
of Agamemnon’s kingdom, and of his wife Clytemnestra. Ægisthus
fell in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon’s
return, these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a public marriage,
strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon’s
son, would have shared his father’s fate, had not his sister Electra
privately sent him to his uncle Strophius king of Phocis, where he
contracted the most intimate friendship with his cousin Pylades.
Some time after, Orestes came to Mycenæ the residence of Ægisthus,
and resolved to punish the murderers of his father, in conjunction
with Electra, who lived in disguise in the tyrant’s family. To
effect this more effectually, Electra publicly declared that her
brother Orestes was dead; upon which Ægisthus and Clytemnestra went
to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for his death.
Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked
them, and put them both to death, after a reign of seven years.
They were buried without the city walls. _See:_ Agamemnon, Thyestes,
Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Electra. _Ovid_, _de Remedia
Amoris_, li. 161; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 396.――_Hyginus_, fables 87
& 88.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Aeschylus_ & _Seneca_,
_Agamemnon_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 3 & 11.――_Lactantius
[Placidus]_ on [Statius’] _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 684.――――Pompey used
to call Julius Cæsar, Ægisthus, on account of his adultery with
his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne him three
children. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 50.
=Ægĭtum=, a town of Æolia, on a mountain eight miles from the sea.
_Thucydides_. Bk. 3, ch. 97.
=Ægium=, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, where Jupiter was said to
have been fed by a goat, whence the name. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Livy_,
bk. 28, ch. 7.
=Ægle=, the youngest daughter of Æsculapius and Lampetie.――――A
nymph, daughter of Sol and Neæra. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li.
20.――――A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after he
had left Ariadne. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――One of the Hesperides.
――――One of the Graces.――――A prostitute. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 95.
=Ægles=, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing some unlawful measures
pursued in a contest, he broke the string which held his tongue,
through the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke with ease.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
=Æglētes=, a surname of Apollo.
=Æglŏge=, a nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.
=Ægobolus=, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, in Bœotia.
=Ægocĕros=, or =Capricornus=, an animal into which Pan transformed
himself when flying before Typhon in the war with the giants.
Jupiter made him a constellation. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 613.
=Ægon=, a shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_.
――――A promontory of Lemnos.――――A name of the Ægean sea. _Flaccus_,
bk. 1, li. 628.――――A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull
by the heel from a mountain into the city. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_,
poem 4.
=Ægospotămos=, i.e. _the goat’s river_, a town in the Thracian
Chersonesus, with a river of the same name, where the Athenian fleet,
consisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec.,
B.C. 405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 58.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 11.
=Ægosāgæ=, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, with whom he conquered
Asia, and to whom he gave a settlement near the Hellespont.
_Polybius_, bk. 5.
=Ægus= and =Roscillus=, two brothers amongst the Allobroges, who
deserted from Cæsar to Pompey. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 59.
=Ægūsa=, the middle island of the Ægates, near Sicily.
=Ægy=, a town near Sparta, destroyed because its inhabitants were
suspected by the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. _Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 2.
=Ægypānes=, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human
above the waist, and that of a goat below. _Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.
=Ægypsus=, a town of the Getæ, near the Danube. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,
bk. 1, ltr. 8; bk. 4, ltr. 7.
=Ægypta=, a freedman of Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8.
=Ægyptii=, the inhabitants of Egypt. _See:_ Ægyptus.
=Ægyptium mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the
coast of Egypt.
=Ægyptus=, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons
in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had
established himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, who,
by following him from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his
prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the
first night of their nuptials. This was executed; but Hypermnestra
alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even Ægyptus was killed by his
niece Polyxena. _See:_ Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. Ægyptus was
king, after his father, of a part of Africa, which from him has
been called Ægyptus. _Hyginus_, fables 168, 170.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 21.――――An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile,
bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name
is derived from Ægyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according
to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and
it measures 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; but
at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much
as scarce to measure seven or eight leagues between the mountains
on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near
the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper
Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the
most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands,
which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter
of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts
and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by
the mud and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned
themselves the most ancient nation in the universe [_See:_
Psammetichus], but some authors make them of Æthiopian origin. They
were remarkable for their superstition; they paid as much honour to
the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis.
Rain never or seldom falls in this country; the fertility of the
soil originates in the yearly inundations of the Nile, which rises
about 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a large
plain of waters, in which are scattered here and there the towns and
villages, as the Cyclades in the Ægean sea. The air is not wholesome,
but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is
said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of
which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe,
&c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by
the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The
priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years,
and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and
that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus.
According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of
Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of
Ham, 2188 B.C., to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt revolted
afterwards from the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrtæus then
became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began
408 B.C.: Nephereus, 396: Acoris, 389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites,
4 months, and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus,
361. It was conquered by Ochus, 350 B. C.; and after the conquest
of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, and began to
reign 323 B.C.: Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: Philopater, 221:
Epiphanes, 204: Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes
II. or Physcon, for six years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter,
and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra,
106: Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six months, with
Alexander II. 19 days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80:
Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleopatra III.
51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it was
reduced by Augustus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt,
therefore, can be divided into three epochas: the first beginning
with the foundation of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; the
second ends at the death of Alexander; and the third comprehends
the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra,
in the age of Augustus.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine
War_, ch. 24.――_Macrobius_, _Somnium Scipionis_, bk. 1, chs. 19 &
21.――_Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bks.
2, 3, & 7.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 17, li. 79.――_Polybius_,
bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 14, ch. 7.――
_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Pausanias_, bk. 3; _Iphicrates_; _Datames_, ch. 3.――_Curtius_,
bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 175.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 14.――_Plutarch_, _de Facie in Orbe Lunæ_; _de Iside et Osiride_;
_Ptolemy_, _Alexander_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
chs. 1 & 5.――――A minister of Mausolus king of Caria. _Polyænus_,
bk. 6.――――The ancient name of the Nile. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, ♦bk. 14,
li. 258.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.
♦ ‘ξ’ replaced with ‘bk. 14’
=Ægys.= _See:_ Ægy.
=Ægysthus.= _See:_ Ægisthus.
=Ælia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The name of some
towns built or repaired by the emperor Adrian.
=Ælia lex=, enacted by Ælius Tubero the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to
send two colonies into the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 34,
ch. 53.――――Another A.U.C. 568, ordaining that, in public affairs,
the augurs should observe the appearance of the sky, and the
magistrates be empowered to postpone the business.――――Another called
Ælia Sexta, by _Ælius Sextus_, A.U.C. 756, which enacted, that all
slaves who bore any marks of punishment received from their masters,
or who had been imprisoned, should be set at liberty, but not rank
as Roman citizens.
=Ælia Petina=, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius Cæsar, by
whom she had a son. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina.
_Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 26.
=Æliānus Claudus=, a Roman sophist of Præneste, in the reign of Adrian.
He first taught rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his
profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in
17 books, on various history in 14 books, &c., in Greek, a language
which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shows himself very
fond of the marvellous, and relates many stories which are often
devoid of elegance and purity of style; though Philostratus has
commended his language as superior to what could be expected from
a person who was neither born nor educated in Greece. Ælian died in
the 60th year of his age, A.D. 140. The best editions of his works
collected together are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tigurii,
1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols.,
8vo, Lipscomb, 1780. Some attribute the treatise on the tactics of
the Greeks to another Ælian.
=Ælius= and =Ælia=, a family in Rome, so poor that 16 lived in a small
house, and were maintained by the produce of a little field. Their
poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus king of Macedonia,
and gave his son-in-law Æl. Tubero five pounds of gold from the
booty. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.
=Ælius Adriānus=, an African, grandfather to the emperor
Adrian.――――Gallus, a Roman knight, the first who invaded Arabia
Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed
on the Nile with him to take a view of the country. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
ch. 28.――――Publius, one of the first questors chosen from the
plebeians at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 54.――――Quintus Ælius Pætus,
son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, a
woodpecker perched on his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed,
that if he preserved the bird, his house would flourish, and Rome
decay; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this,
Ælius, in the presence of the senate, bit off the head of the bird.
All the youths of his family were killed at Cannæ, and the Roman
arms were soon attended with success. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
ch. 6.――――Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock
for writing verses against Tiberius.――――Sejānus. _See:_ Sejanus.
――――Sextus Catus, censor with Marcus Cethegus. He separated the
senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his
consulship, the ambassadors of the Ætolians found him feasting in
earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused,
satisfied with the earthen cups, &c., which, for his virtues, he had
received from his father-in-law, Lucius Paulus, after the conquest
of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
bk. 1.――――Spartiānus, wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian,
Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished A.D. 240.
――――Tubero, grandson of Lucius Paulus, was austere in his morals,
and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was accused
before Cæsar, and ably defended by Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to
Brutus_.――――Verus Cæsar, the name of Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus,
after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and consul by the
emperor, who was soon convinced of his incapacity in the discharge
of public duty. He killed himself by drinking an antidote; and
Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. Ælius was father
to Antoninus Verus, whom Pius adopted.――――A physician mentioned by
Galen.――――Lucius Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning the
signification of all law words.――――Sextus Pætus, a lawyer, consul at
Rome, A.U.C. 566. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learning,
and called _cordatus homo_ by Ennius for his knowledge of law.
_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48; _Brutus_, ch. 20.――――Stilo,
a native of Lanuvium, master to Marcus Terentius Varro, and author
of some treatises.――――Lamia. Lamia.
=Aello=, one of the Harpies (from ἑλουσα ἀλλο, _alienum tollens_,
or ἀελλα, _tempestas_). _Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 450.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 267.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 710.
――――_See:_ One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3,
li. 220.
=Ælurus= (_a cat_), a deity worshipped by the Egyptians; and after
death embalmed and buried in the city of Bubastis. _Herodotus_,
bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 20, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.
=Æmathion= and =Æmathia=. _See:_ Emathion.
=Æmilia lex=, was enacted by the dictator Æmilius, A.U.C. 309. It
ordained that the censorship, which was before quinquennial, should
be limited to one year and a half. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 33.――――Another
in the second consulship of Æmilius Mamercus, A.U.C. 391. It gave
power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in the capitol on the
ides of September. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――The driving of a nail
was a superstitious ceremony, by which the Romans supposed that a
pestilence could be stopped, or an impending calamity averted.
=Æmiliānus C. Julius=, a native of Mauritania, proclaimed emperor
after the death of Decius. He marched against Gallus and Valerian,
but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops.
He soon after shared their fate.――――One of the thirty tyrants who
rebelled in the reign of Gallienus.
=Æmilius.= _See:_ Æmylius.
=Æmnestus=, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder.
_Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Æmon.= _See:_ Hæmon.
=Æmŏna=, a large city of Asia. _Cicero_, _for Flaccus_.
=Æmŏnia=, a country of Greece which received its name from Æmon,
or Æmus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called
_Æmonius_, as being born there. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 11;
bk. 4, poem 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha,
from Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, who reigned there.――――The word has
been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Æmŏnĭdes=, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 537.
=Æmus=, an actor in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.
=Æmylia=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of
Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called Αἱμυλος, _blandus_.
――――A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished,
by putting her veil over it. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――The wife of Africanus the
elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of
infidelity. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――Lepĭda, daughter
of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her
wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave.
_Tacitus_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――A part of Italy, called also Flaminia.
_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 85.――――A public road leading from Placentia
to Ariminum; called after the consul Æmylius, who is supposed to
have made it. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 4.
=Æmyliānus=, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius Æmylius.
In him the families of the Scipios and Æmylii were united. Many of
that family bore the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 2.
=Æmylii=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Æmylius the son of
Ascanius. _Plutarch_ says, that they are descended from Mamercus the
son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æmylius from the sweetness of his voice,
in _Numa_ & _Aemilius Paulus_.――The family was distinguished in the
various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbulæ, Pauli,
and Scauri.
=Æmylius=, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the
same fate as Procris. _See:_ Procris.――――Censorinus, a cruel tyrant
of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of
torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and
the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. _Plutarch_,
_de Fortuna Romanorum_.――――Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the
capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. _Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A triumvir with Octavius. _See:_ Lepidus.
――――Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems
upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. _See:_ Macer.
――――Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and
wrote three books concerning his own life. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A
poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and
destroyed himself.――――Sura, another writer on the Roman year.――――
Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took
their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which
before his time was exercised during five years. _Livy_, bk. 4,
chs. 17, 19, &c.――――Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in
favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons
Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus,
for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school
the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists.
――――Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius
Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10
pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. _Livy_, bk. 14.――――Porcina, an
elegant orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Rectus, a severe governor
of Egypt under Tiberius. _Dio Cassius._――――Regillus, conquered the
general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. _Livy_,
bk. 37, ch. 31.――――Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His
father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile,
and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus
was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very
magnificent theatre. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――――A bridge at Rome,
called also Sublicius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 22.
=Ænăria=, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress
trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have
landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the
Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters.
_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.――
_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 104.
=Ænarium=, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.
=Ænasius=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 9, ch. 2.
=Ænēa=, or =Æneia=, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica,
founded by Æneas. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.
=Æneădes=, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed
it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
=Ænĕădæ=, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 161.
=Ænēas=, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The
opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His
infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five
he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly
under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the
young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home
he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called
Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in
defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and
Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the
Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this
treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he
received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his
family, as _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked
him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when
Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father
Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand
his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say
that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships,
and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain
that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he
reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400
years after the Trojan war, says, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that
the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans.
This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that
Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and
not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other
Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors,
traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into
Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian
Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After
visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find
the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his
progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court
of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily
he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and
kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first
interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido,
being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by
order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from
thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell,
that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and
all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of
13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country,
received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia,
who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To
prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many
battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in
which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he
built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a
short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some
say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by
his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed
that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him
sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival
of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that
Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,
together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly,
whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come
to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium.
Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will
of the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 20; _Hymn to Aphrodite_.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_
& _Coriolanus_; _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31,
ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_,
ch. 6.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Strabo_,
bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Aurelius
Victor._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 3,
&c.; _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 798.――――A son of Æneas and Lavinia,
called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods
after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though
opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 770.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――An ambassador sent by
the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of
the Peloponnesian war.――――An ancient author who wrote on tactics,
besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized
by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.――――A native of Gaza, who, from a
Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a
dialogue called _Theophrastus_, on the immortality of the soul and
the resurrection.
=Ænēia=, or =Ænia=, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum.
――――A city of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Macedonia.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
=Æneides=, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 653.
=Ænēis=, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement
of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The
author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to
him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil
died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might
be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the
flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings
of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11
years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s
design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The
action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the
last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely
episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves
of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the
first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year
of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked
on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second,
Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of
Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida.
In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account
of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and
the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened.
Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas,
which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage,
and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen.
In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the
anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to
Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from
his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the
Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of
Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which
is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to
war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth
book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield
wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and
triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth
book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the
immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth,
attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the
opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus
saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno.
The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of
the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the
sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the
combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents
the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are
defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas,
the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by
the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king
Turnus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.
=Ænesidēmus=, a brave general of Argos. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 25.――――A
Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his
master Pyrrho. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhonists_.
=Ænēsius=, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum.
=Ænētus=, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died
through excess of joy. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
=Ænia.= _See:_ Æneia.
=Ænicus=, a comic writer at Athens.
=Æniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 591.
=Ænobarbus=, or =Ahenobarbus=, the surname of Domitius. When Castor
and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them;
upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became
of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his
descendants.
=Ænŏcles=, a writer of Rhodes. _Athenæus._
=Ænos=, now _Eno_, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth
of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Ænum=, a town of Thrace――――of Thessaly.――――A mountain in Cephallenia.
_Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A river and village near Ossa.――――A city of
Crete, built by Æneas.
=Ænȳra=, a town of Thasos. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 47.
=Æŏlia=, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called _Æolia puella_, and
lyric poetry _Æolium carmen_, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives
of Lesbos in Æolia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9,
li. 12.
=Æŏlia=, or =Æolis=, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea.
It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants
were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring
islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which
Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from
Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C.,
80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.――――Thessaly has been anciently
called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called
his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia.
=Æoliæ= and =Æolĭdes=, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called
Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos.
They were the retreat of the winds; and _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of
storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcaniæ_ and
_Hephæstides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general
appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.――_Justin_,
bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Æolĭda=, a city of Tenedos.――――Another near Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_,
bk. 8, ch. 35.
=Æolĭdes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his
mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married
Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.
=Æŏlus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He
reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a
great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It
is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds
that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca.
The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their
liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according
to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, _varius_,
because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.――――
There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and
Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the
winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and
five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 10, li. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14,
li. 224.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1,
li. 556.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56,
&c.
=Æōra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.
=Æpālius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules,
whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
=Æpēa=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_,
_Solon_.
=Æpŭlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he
had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being
attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the
Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_,
bk. 2, ch. 10.
=Æpy=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4,
_Thebiad_, li. 180.
=Æpy̆tus=, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated
in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom,
he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will,
and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――――A son of
Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near
Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water
from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.
=Æqui=, or =Æquicŏli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great
enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much
difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2,
ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.――
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19.
=Æquimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who
aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was
levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.
=Ærias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Ærŏpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her
brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before
Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.――――A daughter of Cepheus,
ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved,
and called Æropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.
=Ærŏpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――――A person
appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of
Macedonia.――――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a
singer into his camp. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A mountain of
Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5.
=Æsăcus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.――――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo:
or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia,
whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea,
and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was
changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
fable 11.
=Æsāpus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont.
_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.
=Æsar=, or =Æsāras=, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea
near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28.
=Æschĭnes=, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and
distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His
father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a
noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son
of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival
orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as
ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the
acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny
had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the
Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with
a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and
to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated
orations _de coronâ_. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior
eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens,
Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present
of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians
what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving
much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist.
It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed
Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised,
had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the
75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He
wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number,
received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the
muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with
those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of _Deliaca lex_,
is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another
orator of that age. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2,
ch. 53; _Brutus_, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes
Laërtius_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius
mentions seven more of the same name.――――A philosopher, disciple
of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the
following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia,
Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed
to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are
that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that
of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.――――A man who wrote on oratory.
――――An Arcadian.――――A Mitylenean.――――A disciple of Melanthius.――――A
Milesian writer.――――A statuary.
=Æschrion=, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied
Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.――――An Iambic poet of Samos.
_Athenæus._――――A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own
husbandry has been quoted by _Pliny_.――――A lieutenant of Archagathus,
killed by Hanno. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.
=Æschylīdes=, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. _Ælian_, _Nature
of Animals_, bk. 15.
=Æschy̆lus=, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion,
and brother to Cynægirus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles
of Marathon, Salamis, and Platæa. But the most solid fame he has
obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle
than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his
ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize,
only seven have come safe to us: _Prometheus vinctus_, _Septem
duces apud Thebas_, _Persæ_, _Agamemnon_, _Chœphori_, _Eumenides_,
_Supplices_. Æschylus is the first who introduced two actors on the
stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character.
He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when
he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity;
and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were
represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant
women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible
masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong
and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies,
but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours
of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult
of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in
one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to Æschylus; he was condemned
to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his
sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off
at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet
was pardoned. Æschylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and
of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his
old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed
that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied
with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city
into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in
her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone,
dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and Æschylus instantly
died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is
said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac
verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio,
London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that
of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Halæ, 1782.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_,
li. 278.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――The 12th perpetual archon
of Athens.――――A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate
with Timoleon. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A Rhodian set over Egypt
with Peucestes of Macedonia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A native of
Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
=Æsculāpius=, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa
daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with
Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that
she admitted the caresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in a fit of
anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from
her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the
art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to
avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child
near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk,
and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from
injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search
of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays
of light. Æsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered
so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the
inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life,
of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with
thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the
Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. Æsculapius received divine
honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna,
&c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and
the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was
delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine,
who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and
hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. Æsculapius
was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff,
round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on
the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him,
not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions;
but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so
necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom
he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and
Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health,
is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short
time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 193; _Hymn to Æsculapius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 10.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Hyginus_, fable 49.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs.
11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_,
poem 3.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi de Saltatione_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk.
1, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there
were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in
Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught
medicine.
=Æsēpus=, a son of Bucolion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.――――A
river. _See:_ Æsapus.
=Æsernia=, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 27,
ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 567.
=Æsīon=, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of
Demosthenes. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.
=Æsis=, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum.
=Æson=, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He
succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled
by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose
education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When
Jason was grown up, he demanded his father’s kingdom from his uncle,
who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of
the golden fleece. _See:_ Jason. At his return, Jason found his
father very infirm; and Medea [_See:_ Medea], at his request, drew
the blood from Æson’s veins, and refilled them with the juice of
certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man
recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that Æson killed
himself by drinking bull’s blood, to avoid the persecution of
Pelias. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 285.――_Hyginus_, fable 12.――――A river of
Thessaly, with a town of the same name.
=Æsŏnĭdes=, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from Æson.
=Æsōpus=, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave,
procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled
over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at
the court of Crœsus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult
the oracle of Delphi. In this commission Æsop behaved with great
severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks,
which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near.
The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of
having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo’s temple, and
threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written
his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer,
who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed.
Æsop dedicated his fables to his patron Crœsus; but what appears
now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and
apologues of wits before and after the age of Æsop, conjointly with
his own. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Phædras_, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2,
fable 9.――――Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with
Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive,
melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. _Horace_,
bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 10;
bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.――――An orator.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian in the time of Anaximenes.
_Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A river of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――An
attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a
panegyric on his royal master.
=Æstria=, an island in the Adriatic. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Æsŭla=, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Præneste. _Horace_,
bk. 3, ode 29.
=Æsyetes=, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in
their ships during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 793.
=Æsymnētes=, a surname of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.
=Æsymnus=, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best
method of governing his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.
=Æthalia=, or =Ætheria=, now _Elba_, an island between Etruria and
Corsica. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30.
=Æthalĭdes=, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to
be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. _Apollonius_,
_Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 641.
=Æthion=, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 146.
=Æthiŏpia=, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt,
divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division
lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country,
properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were
little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the
justest of men and the favourites of the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 4,
says, that the Æthiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth.
They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some
suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy.
The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated
for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost
of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of Æthiopia
to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. _Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 23.
――_Virgil_, [_Eclogues_], poem 6, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 22;
_Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 423.
=Æthlius=, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Æthon=, a horse of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 1.
――――A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death
of his master, by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 89.――――A horse of
Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 185.
=Æthra=, daughter of Pittheus king of Trœzene, had Theseus by Ægeus.
_See:_ Ægeus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they
recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted
to her care. _See:_ Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch.
19.――_Hyginus_, fables 37 & 79.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poem 10, li. 131.――――One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas.
She is more generally called Pleione.
=Æthūsa=, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by
Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――An
island near Lilybæum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.
=Ætia=, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and
of the manner in which they were offered. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 4.
=Ætion=, or =Eetion=, the father of Andromache, Hector’s wife. He was
killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.――――A famous
painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his
nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to
public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause
that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in
marriage. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.
=Ætna=, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its
volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at
intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures
180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater
forms a circle about 3½ miles in circumference, and its top is
covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of
the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich
scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the
first who mentions an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of Homer on
the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain
were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed
date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia,
it is computed that Ætna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that
Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was
represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops
fabricated thunderbolts, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 860.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 570.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6;
bk. 15, li. 340.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 59.
=Ætōlia=, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed
to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from Ætolus.
The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little
known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they
assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves
formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were
conquered by Fulvius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Plutarch_, _Titus
Flamininus_.
=Ætōlus=, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by
whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis
son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that
part of Greece which has been called from him Ætolia. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Æx=, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch.
11.――――A city in the country of the Marsi.――――The nurse of Jupiter
changed into a constellation.
=Afer=, an inhabitant of Africa.――――An informer under Tiberius and his
successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor
of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59.
=Afrānia=, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of
female decency. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.
=Lucius Afrānius=, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often
compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for
the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings,
some fragments of which are to be found in the _Corpus Poetarum_.
_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 11.――_Horace_,
bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――
_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 8.――――A general of Pompey, conquered
by Cæsar in Spain. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 34.――_Plutarch_,
_Pompey_.――――Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against
Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy.
_Tacitus._――――Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he
would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper
he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death
that he might not forfeit his word. _Dio Cassius._
=Afrĭca=, called _Libya_ by the Greeks, one of the three parts of
the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is
bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the
Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length
it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles.
It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which
some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red
and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun,
that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country
is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The
ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa
with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be
corrected by modern travellers. _See:_ Libya. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, & 20.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26,
& 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.――――There is a
part of Africa called _Propria_, which lies about the middle, on the
Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital.
=Africānus=, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.――――A christian writer,
who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally
esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world
to the age of Julius Cæsar. Nothing remains of this work but what
Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved
that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to
Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming
contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St.
Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books,
in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.――――A lawyer, disciple
to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.――――An orator
mentioned by Quintilian.――――The surname of the Scipios, from the
conquest of Africa. _See:_ Scipio.
=Afrĭcum mare=, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the
coast of Africa.
=Agăgriāne portæ=, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried.
_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_.
=Agalasses=, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. _Diodorus_,
bk. 17.
=Agalla=, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar.
_Athenæus_, bk. 1.
=Agamēdes= and =Trophonius=, two architects who made the entrance of
the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever
gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after
they were found dead in their bed. _Plutarch_, _Consolatio ad
Apollonium_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account.
=Agamemnon=, king of Mycenæ and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and
son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus,
which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. _See:_
Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the
kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to
Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to Œneus king of Ætolia, where
they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus
Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted
them to recover their father’s kingdom. After the banishment of
the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycenæ,
whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen
was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of
the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the
cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of
Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed
his daughter to appease Diana. _See:_ Iphigenia. During the Trojan
war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with
Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks.
_See:_ Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share,
and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no
credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra,
with her adulterer Ægisthus [_See:_ Ægisthus], prepared to murder
him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him
a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted
to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a
hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by
his son Orestes. _See:_ Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Remedia
Amoris_, li. 777; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 30.――_Hyginus_,
fables 88 & 97.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――
_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks.
1, 2, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Euripides_,
_Orestes_.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9,
ch. 40, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 838.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.
=Agamemnonius=, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 471.
=Agamētor=, an athlete of Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.
=Agamnestor=, a king of Athens.
=Aganippe=, a celebrated fountain of Bœotia, at the foot of mount
Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses,
who, from it, were called Aganippedes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.
――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 312.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Agapēnor=, the commander of Agamemnon’s fleet. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2.――――The son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after
the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built
Paphos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Agar=, a town of Africa. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 76.
=Agarēni=, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called
Agarum. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Agarista=, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes
of Greece. She married Megacles. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk.
12, ch. 24.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.――――A daughter of
Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had
brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles.
_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 131.
=Agasĭcles=, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the
Proclidæ. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as
a father governs his children. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_,
_Apophthegmata Laconica_.
=Agassæ=, a city of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 27.
=Agasthĕnes=, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen’s suitors,
concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 11.――――A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
=Agrastrŏphus=, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 11, li. 338.
=Agasthus=, an archon of Athens.
=Agăsus=, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Agătha=, a town of France near _Agde_, in Languedoc. _Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 5.
=Agatharchĭdas=, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war.
_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 83.――――A Samian philosopher and historian,
who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phœnice,
besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make
him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C.
_Josephus_, _Against Apion_.
=Agatharchus=, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. _Thucydides_, bk. 7,
ch. 27.――――A painter in the age of Zeuxis. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.
=Agathias=, a Greek historian of Æolia.――――A poet and historian in the
age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five
books. Several of his epigrams are found in the _Anthologia_. His
history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that
of Paris, folio, 1660.
=Agătho=, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.――――A
tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his
tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic
poet who lived in the same age. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――――A governor of Babylon.
_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A Pythagorean philosopher. _Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A learned and melodious musician,
who first introduced songs in tragedy. _Aristotle_, _Poetics_.――――A
youth of Athens, loved by Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 3, ch. 32.
=Agathŏclēa=, a beautiful courtesan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies
destroyed his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother,
long governed the kingdom, and attempted to murder the king’s son.
_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.――_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 1.
=Agathŏcles=, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who,
by entering in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours,
and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under
his power, but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he
carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his
conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and
made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72nd year, B.C. 289,
after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adversity.
_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.――
_Polybius_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18, &c.――――A son of Lysimachus,
taken prisoner by the Getæ. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra
daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married
Arsinoe the sister of Lysandra. After her husband’s death, Arsinoe,
fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say
that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted
her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., Lysandra fled to Seleucus.
_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_ & _Demetrius_.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, chs. 9 & 10.――――A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an
account of Cyzicus. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A
Chian who wrote on husbandry. _Varro._――――A Samian writer.――――A
physician.――――An Athenian archon.
=Agăthon.= _See:_ Agatho.
=Agathonȳmus=, wrote a history of Persia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.
=Agathosthĕnes=, a poet, &c.
=Agathyllus=, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1.
=Agathynum=, a town of Sicily.
=Agathyrsi=, an effeminate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in
common. They received their name from Agathyrsus son of Hercules.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.
=Agāve=, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, married Echion, by whom
she had Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. _See:_
Pentheus. She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the
orgies of Bacchus. She received divine honours after death, because
she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. _Theocritus_,
poem 26.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 725.――_Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 574.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 11, li. 318.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――A
tragedy of Statius. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 87, &c.
=Agaui=, a northern nation who lived upon milk. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 13.
=Agāvus=, a son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.
=Agdestis=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. _Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A surname of Cybele.
=Agelades=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8; bk. 7,
ch. 23.
=Agelastus=, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus.
He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon
seeing an ass eat thistles. _Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_,
bk. 7, ch. 19.――――The word is also applied to Pluto, from the sullen
and melancholy appearance of his countenance.
=Agelāus=, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.――――One of Penelope’s
suitors. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20.――――A son of Hercules and
Omphale, from whom Crœsus was descended. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――――A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on
mount Ida. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.
=Agendīcum=, now _Sens_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the Senones.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 44.
=Agēnor=, king of Phœnicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brother
to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phœnix,
Cilix, and Europa. _Hyginus_, fable 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,
li. 15; bk. 17, li. 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.
――――A son of Jasus and father of Argus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch.
10.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of
Phlegeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Pleuron, father
to Phineus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Amphion and
Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A king of Argos, father to
Crotopus.――――A son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 579.
――――A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music.
=Agenŏrĭdes=, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other
descendants of Agenor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 8.
=Agerīnus=, a freedman of Agrippina, accused of attempting Nero’s
life. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 16.
=Agesander=, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a
representation of Laocoon’s history, which now passes for the best
relict of all ancient sculpture.
=Agesias=, a Platonic philosopher who taught the immortality of the
soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures,
because his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors
committed suicide.
=Agesilāus=, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agidæ, was son
of Doryssus and father of Archelaus. During his reign Lycurgus
instituted his famous laws. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclidæ,
made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He made war
against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success; but in the midst of
his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose the Athenians
and Bœotians, who desolated his country; and his return was so
expeditious that he passed, in 30 days, over that tract of country
which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes’ expedition. He defeated
his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the progress of
his conquests, and the Spartans were beat in every engagement,
especially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. Though
deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness
of soul compensated all the imperfections of nature. He was as fond
of sobriety as of military discipline; and when he went, in his 80th
year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch
could hardly be persuaded that the Lacedæmonian general was eating
with his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed, and without any
covering to repose upon. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt,
after a reign of 36 years, 362 B.C., and his remains were embalmed
and brought to Lacedæmon. _Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_ &
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Xenophon_, _Oratation for Agesilaus_.――――A brother
of Themistocles, who was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where
he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_.――――A surname of Pluto.――――A Greek who wrote a history of
Italy.
=Agesipŏlis I.=, king of Lacedæmon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great
victory over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded
by his brother Cleombrotus, B.C. 380. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5;
bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Xenophon_, bk. 3, _Hellenica_.
=Agesipŏlis II.=, son of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, was succeeded by
Cleomenes II., B.C. 370. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 5.
=Agesistrăta=, the mother of king Agis. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.
=Agesistrătus=, a man who wrote a treatise entitled, _De arte
machinali_.
=Aggrammes=, a cruel king of the Gangarides. His father was a
hair-dresser, of whom the queen became enamoured, and whom she made
governor of the king’s children, to gratify her passion. He killed
them to raise Aggrammes, his son by the queen, to the throne.
_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.
=Aggrīnæ=, a people near mount Rhodope. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_,
ch. 37.
=Agĭdæ=, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of
Sparta with the Proclidæ. The name is derived from Agis son of
Eurysthenes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomenes
son of Leonidas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682.
=Agilāus=, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years.――――One of the Ephori,
almost murdered by the partisans of Cleomenes. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.
=Agis=, king of Sparta, succeeded his father Eurysthenes, and, after a
reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B.C. 1058.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――Another king of Sparta, who waged
bloody wars against Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek
cities. He attempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta,
but in vain; the perfidy of friends, who pretended to second his
views, brought him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged
from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to a prison, where he was
strangled by order of the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.――――Another,
son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the war which the
Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea,
and was successful in the Peloponnesian war. He reigned 27 years.
_Thucydides_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 10.――――
Another, son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who endeavoured to
deliver Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance
of the Persians. He was conquered in the attempt, and slain by
Antipater, Alexander’s general, and 5300 Lacedæmonians perished with
him. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 12,
ch. 1, &c.――――Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a battle against
the Mantineans. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――――An Arcadian in the
expedition of Cyrus against his father Artaxerxes. _Polyænus_, bk. 7,
ch. 18.――――A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and
said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to his hero,
when a god. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A Lycian, who followed Æneas
into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 751.
=Aglāia=, one of the Graces, called sometimes Pasiphae. Her sisters
were Euphrosyne and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter
and Eurynome. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.
=Aglaonīce=, daughter of Hegemon, was acquainted with astronomy and
eclipses, whence she boasted of her power to draw down the moon from
heaven. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.
=Aglaŏpe=, one of the Sirens.
=Aglaŏphon=, an excellent Greek painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 8.
=Aglaosthĕnes=, wrote a history of Naxos. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
=Aglauros=, or =Agraulos=, daughter of Erechtheus the oldest king of
Athens, was changed into a stone by Mercury. Some make her daughter
of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 12.
=Aglaus=, the poorest man of Arcadia, pronounced by the oracle more
happy than Gyges king of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 46.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.
=Agna=, a woman in the age of Horace, who, though deformed, had many
admirers. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.
=Agno=, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. She gave her name to a
fountain on mount Lycæus. When the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer,
stirred the waters of this fountain with a bough, a thick vapour
arose, which was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 31, &c.
=Agnodĭce=, an Athenian virgin, who disguised her sex to learn
medicine. She was taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery,
and when employed always discovered her sex to her patients. This
brought her into so much practice, that the males of her profession,
who were now out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus,
of corruption. She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law was
immediately made to empower all free-born women to learn midwifery.
_Hyginus_, fable 274.
=Agnon=, son of Nicias, was present at the taking of Samos by Pericles.
In the Peloponnesian war he went against Potidæa, but abandoned his
expedition through disease. He built Amphipolis, whose inhabitants
rebelled to Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, forgetful
of Agnon. _Thucydides_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――――A writer. _Quintilian_,
bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Alexander’s officers. _Pliny_, bk. 33,
ch. 3.
=Agnonĭdes=, a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of betraying
the Piræus to Nicanor. When the people recollected what services
Phocion had rendered them, they raised him statues, and put to death
his accuser. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_.
=Agōnālia= and =Agonia=, festivals in Rome, celebrated three times a
year in honour of Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by Numa,
and on the festive days the chief priest used to offer a ram. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 317.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.
=Agōnes Capitolīni=, games celebrated every fifth year upon the
Capitoline hill. Prizes were proposed for agility and strength, as
well as for poetical and literary compositions. The poet Statius
publicly recited there his Thebaid, which was not received with much
applause.
=Agonis=, a woman in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. _Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 1.
=Agonius=, a Roman deity, who presided over the actions of men. _See:_
Agonalia.
=Agoracrĭtus=, a sculptor of Pharos, who made a statue of Venus for
the people of Athens, B.C. 150.
=Agoranŏmi=, ten magistrates at Athens, who watched over the city and
port, and inspected whatever was exposed to sale.
=Agorānis=, a river falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _de Indica_.
=Agoræa=, a name of Minerva at Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Agoreus=, a surname of Mercury among the Athenians, from his
presiding over the markets. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 15.
=Agra=, a place of Bœotia where the Ilissus rises. Diana was called
Agræa, because she hunted there.――――A city of Susa――――of Arcadia
――――and of Arabia.
=Agræi= and =Agrenses=, a people of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
ch. 28.――――Of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 34.
=Agrāgas=, or =Acragras=, a river, town, and mountain of Sicily;
called also Agrigentum. The town was built by the people of Gela,
who were a Rhodian colony. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 703.――
_Diodorus_, bk. 11.
=Agraria lex=, was enacted to distribute among the Roman people all
the lands which they had gained by conquest. It was first proposed
A.U.C. 268, by the consul Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected
by the senate. This produced dissensions between the senate and
the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill success of the new
regulations he proposed, offered to distribute among the people the
money which was produced from the corn of Sicily, after it had been
brought and sold in Rome. This act of liberality the people refused,
and tranquillity was soon after re-established in the state. It was
proposed a second time A.U.C. 269, by the tribune Licinius Stolo,
but with no better success; and so great were the tumults which
followed, that one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and
many of the senators fined for their opposition. Mutius Scævola,
A.U.C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a
third time; and though Octavius, his colleague in the tribuneship,
opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after much
altercation, and commissioners were authorized to make a division
of the lands. This law at last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome
under Julius Cæsar. _Florus_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 13.――_Cicero_, _on the
Agrarian Law_.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 41.
=Agraule=, a tribe of Athens. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.
=Agraulia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Agraulos. The Cyprians
also observed these festivals, by offering human victims.
=Agraulos=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Aglauros.――――A surname of
Minerva.
=Agrauonītæ=, a people of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.
=Agre=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 213.
=Agriānes=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A people
that dwelt in the neighbourhood of that river. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,
ch. 16.
=Agricŏla=, the father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, who wrote
his life. He was eminent for his public and private virtues. He
was governor of Britain, and first discovered it to be an island.
Domitian envied his virtues; he recalled him from the province he
had governed with equity and moderation, and ordered him to enter
Rome in the night, that no triumph might be granted him. Agricola
obeyed, and without betraying any resentment, he retired to peaceful
solitude, and to the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. He
died in his 56th year, A. D. 93. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.
=Agrigentum=, now _Girgenti_, a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from the
sea, on mount Agragas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, according
to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabitants were famous for
their hospitality, and for their luxurious manner of living. In
its flourishing situation Agrigentum contained 200,000 inhabitants,
who submitted with reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse.
The government was monarchical, but afterwards a democracy was
established. The famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty, which was
also for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum
can now boast of more venerable remains of antiquity than any other
town in Sicily. _Polybius_, bk. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 707.――_Silius Italicus_,
bk. 14, li. 211.
=Agrinium=, a city of Acarnania. _Polybius_, bk. 6.
=Agriōnia=, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, celebrated
generally in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose,
because the god was attended with wild beasts.
=Agriopas=, a man who wrote the history of all those who had obtained
the public prize at Olympia. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 22.
=Agriōpe=, the wife of Agenor king of Phœnicia.
=Marcus Agrippa Vipsanius=, a celebrated Roman, who obtained a victory
over Sextus Pompey, and favoured the cause of Augustus at the
battles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved with great valour.
He advised his imperial friend to re-establish the republican
government at Rome, but he was overruled by Mecænas. In his
expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he obtained several victories, but
refused the honours of a triumph, and turned his liberality towards
the embellishing of Rome and the raising of magnificent buildings,
one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for
two years to Mitylene, in consequence of a quarrel with Marcellus,
Augustus recalled him, and, as a proof of his regard, gave him his
daughter Julia in marriage, and left him the care of the empire
during an absence of two years employed in visiting the Roman
provinces of Greece and Asia. He died, universally lamented,
at Rome in the 51st year of his age, 12 B.C., and his body was
placed in the tomb which Augustus had prepared for himself. He
had been married three times: to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to
Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had five
children――Caius, and Lucius Cæsares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina,
and Julia. His son, Caius Cæsar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus,
and made consul, by the flattery of the Roman people at the age
of 14 or 15. This promising youth went to Armenia on an expedition
against the Persians, where he received a fatal blow from the
treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the neighbouring
cities. He languished for a little time and died in Lycia. His
younger brother, Lucius Cæsar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by his
grandfather Augustus; but he was soon after banished to Campania,
for using seditious language against his benefactor. In the seventh
year of his exile he would have been recalled had not Livia and
Tiberius, jealous of the partiality of Augustus for him, ordered him
to be assassinated in his 26th year. He has been called ferocious
and savage; and he gave himself the name of Neptune, because he
was fond of fishing. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682.――_Horace_,
bk. 1, ode 6.――――One of the servants of the murdered prince assumed
his name and raised commotions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 39.
――――Sylvius, a son of Tiberius Sylvius king of Latium. He reigned
33 years, and was succeeded by his son Romulus Sylvius. _Dionysius
of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A consul who conquered the
Æqui.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――Herodes, a son
of Aristobulus, grandson of the Great Herod, who became tutor to
the grandchild of Tiberius, and was soon after imprisoned by the
suspicious tyrant. When Caligula ascended the throne his favourite
was released, presented with a chain of gold as heavy as that which
had lately confined him, and made king of Judæa. He was a popular
character with the Jews: and it is said, that while they were
flattering him with the appellation of God, an angel of God struck
him with the lousy disease, of which he died, A.D. 43. His son,
of the same name, was the last king of the Jews, deprived of his
kingdom by Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He was with
Titus at the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, and died A.D. 94. It was
before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous
commerce with his sister Berenice. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 156.
――_Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_, ch. 81.――――Menenius, a Roman
general, who obtained a triumph over the Sabines, appeased the
populace of Rome by the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs,
and erected the new office of tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 261. He
died poor, but universally regretted: his funeral was at the expense
of the public from which also his daughters received dowries. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 32.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 23.――――A mathematician in the
reign of Domitian; he was a native of Bithynia.
=Agrippīna=, a wife of Tiberius. The emperor repudiated her to marry
Julia. _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Marcus
Agrippa, and granddaughter to Augustus. She married Germanicus, whom
she accompanied in Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried
his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed himself.
She fell under the displeasure of Tiberius, who exiled her in
an island, where she died A.D. 26, for want of bread. She left
nine children, and was universally distinguished for intrepidity
and conjugal affection. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 2, &c.――
_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 52.――――Julia, daughter of Germanicus
and Agrippina, married Domitius Ænobarbus, by whom she had Nero.
After her husband’s death she married her uncle the emperor Claudius,
whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed to the throne. After many
cruelties and much licentiousness she was assassinated by order of
her son, and as she expired she exclaimed, “Strike the belly which
could give birth to such a monster.” She died A.D. 59, after a life
of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. It is said that her
son viewed her dead body with all the raptures of admiration, saying,
he never could have believed his mother was so beautiful a woman.
She left memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composition of his
annals. The town which she built, where she was born, on the borders
of the Rhine, and called _Agrippina Colonia_, is the modern Cologne.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 75; bk. 12, chs. 7, 22, &c.
=Agrisius.= _See:_ Acrisius.
=Agrisope=, or =Agriope=, the mother of Cadmus. _Hyginus_, fable 6.
=Agrius=, son of Parthaon drove his brother Œneus from the throne.
He was afterwards expelled by Diomedes the grandson of Œneus, upon
which he killed himself. _Hyginus_, fables 175 & 242.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 117.――――A giant.――――A
centaur killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of
Ulysses by Circe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1013.――――The father of
Thersites. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 9.
=Agrŏlas=, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that
part which afterwards was repaired by Cimon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 28.
=Agron=, king of Illyria, who, after conquering the Ætolians, drank
to such excess that he died instantly, B.C. 231. _Polybius_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.
=Agrotas=, a Greek orator of Marseilles.
=Agrotĕra=, an anniversary sacrifice of goats offered to Diana at
Athens. It was instituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed
to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there might be enemies
killed in a battle which he was going to fight against the troops
of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was
so great, that a sufficient number of goats could not be procured;
therefore they were limited to 500 every year, till they equalled
the number of Persians slain in battle.――――A temple of Ægira in
Peloponnesus, erected to the goddess under this name. _Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 26.
=Agyleus= and =Agyieus= from ἀγυια, _a street_, a surname of Apollo,
because sacrifices were offered to him in the public streets of
Athens. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6.
=Agylla=, a town of Etruria, founded by a colony of Pelasgians, and
governed by Mezentius when Æneas came to Italy. It was afterwards
called Cære, by the Lydians, who took possession of it. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 479.
=Agyllæus=, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonæ, scarce inferior to Hercules
in strength. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 837.
=Agyrium=, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus the historian was born.
The inhabitants were called _Agyrinenses_. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――
_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 65.
=Agyrius=, an Athenian general who succeeded Thrasybulus. _Diodorus_,
bk. 14.
=Agyrtes=, a man who killed his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 148.――――A piper. _♦Statius_, bk. 2, _Achilleis_, li. 50.
♦ ‘Sil.’ replaced with ‘Statius’
=Agȳrus=, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dionysius against the
Carthaginians. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
=Ahāla=, the surname of the Servilii at Rome.
=Ahenobarbus.= _See:_ Ænobarbus.
=Ajax=, the son of Telamon by Peribœa or Eribœa daughter of Alcathous,
was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan
war. He engaged Hector, with whom at parting he exchanged arms.
After the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their
claim to the arms of the dead hero. When they were given to the
latter, Ajax was so enraged that he slaughtered a whole flock of
sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atreus, who had given the
preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself with his sword. The blood
which ran to the ground from the wound, was changed into the flower
hyacinth. Some say that he was killed by Paris in battle, others
that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body was buried at Sigæum,
some say on mount Rhœtus, and his tomb was visited and honoured
by Alexander. Hercules, according to some authors, prayed to the
gods that his friend Telamon, who was childless, might have a son,
with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the Nemæan lion which
he then wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of
an eagle, promised to grant the petition; and when Ajax was born,
Hercules wrapped him up in the lion’s skin, which rendered his body
invulnerable, except that part which was left uncovered by a hole
in the skin, through which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulnerable
part was in his breast, or as some say behind the neck. _Quintus
Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 10
& 13.――_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_, ch. 12.――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_,
ode 6.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Dictys
Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 197. ――_Hyginus_, fables
107 & 242.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35; bk. 5, ch. 19.――――The son of
Oileus king of Locris, was surnamed _Locrian_, in contradistinction
to the son of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war,
as being one of Helen’s suitors. The night that Troy was taken, he
offered violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva’s temple; and
for this offence, as he returned home, the goddess, who had obtained
the thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from Neptune,
destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said that
he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended Neptune,
who struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea
with part of the rock and was drowned. His body was afterwards found
by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his tomb. According to
Virgil’s account, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him
against a rock, where he expired, consumed by thunder. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 43, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 13, &c.;
_Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 116 & 273.――_Philostratus_,
_Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Horace_,
_Epodes_, poem 10, li. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 26 & 31.――――The
two Ajaces were, as some suppose, placed after death in the island
of Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the bravest heroes of
antiquity.
=Aidōneus=, a surname of Pluto.――――A king of the Molossi, who
imprisoned Theseus, because he and Pirithous attempted to ravish his
daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron; whence arose the well-known
fable of the descent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. _Plutarch_,
_Theseus_.――――A river near Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.
=Aimy̆lus=, son of Ascanius, was, according to some, the progenitor of
the noble family of the Æmylii in Rome.
=Aius Locutius=, a deity to whom the Romans erected an altar, from the
following circumstance: one of the common people, called Ceditius,
informed the tribunes, that as he passed one night through one of
the streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing from above
Vesta’s temple, told him that Rome would soon be attacked by the
Gauls. His information was neglected; but his veracity was proved
by the event; and Camillus, after the conquest of the Gauls, built
a temple to that supernatural voice which had given Rome warning of
the approaching calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius.
=Alabanda=, æ, or orum, an inland town of Caria, abounding with
scorpions. The name is derived from Alabandus, a deity worshipped
there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 195.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Alabastrum=, a town of Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.
=Alăbus=, a river in Sicily.
=Alæa=, a surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. Her festivals are also
called Alæa. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 7.
=Alæi=, a number of islands in the Persian gulf, abounding in
tortoises. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.
=Alæsa=, a city on a mountain in Sicily.
=Alæus=, the father of Auge, who married Hercules.
=Alagōnia=, a city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.
=Alāla=, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. _Plutarch_, _de gloria
Atheniensium_.
=Alalcomĕnæ=, a city of Bœotia, where some suppose that Minerva was
born. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7,
li. 330.
=Alalia=, a town of Corsica, built by a colony of Phocæans, destroyed
by Scipio, 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 165.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Alamānes=, a statuary at Athens, disciple of Phidias.
=Alamanni=, or =Alemanni=, a people of Germany, near the Hercynian
forest. They were very powerful and inimical to Rome.
=Alāni=, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus Mœotis, who were said to
have 26 different languages. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo._
=Alăres=, a people of Pannonia. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, _Annals_, ch. 10.
=Alarīcus=, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the
reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour,
and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms.
He died after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 410.
=Alarōdii=, a nation near Pontus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 94.
=Alastor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
――――An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 677.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
li. 257.――――One of Pluto’s horses when he carried away Proserpine.
_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 286.
=Alaudæ=, soldiers of one of Cæsar’s legions in Gaul. _Suetonius_,
_Julius Cæsar_, ch. 24.
=Alazon=, a river flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus, and
separating Albania from Iberia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 101.
=Alba Sylvius=, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his father in the
kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 14, li. 612.――――Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, B.C.
1152, on the spot where Æneas found, according to the prophecy of
Helenus (_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 390, &c.), and of the god
of the river (_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 43), a _white_ sow with 30 young
ones. It was called _longa_ because it extended along the hill
Albinus. The descendants of Æneas reigned there in the following
order: 1. Ascanius, son of Æneas, with little intermission, eight
years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. Æneas Sylvius, 31 years.
4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or Capetus,
26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus,
eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12.
Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius.
Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed
by the Romans, 665 B.C., and the inhabitants were carried to Rome.
_Livy._――_Florus._――_Justin_, &c.――――A city of the Marsi in Italy.
――――Pompeia, a city of Liguria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
=Albāni= and =Albenses=, names applied to the inhabitants of the two
cities of Alba. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 28.
=Albānia=, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia.
The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some maintain
that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he
returned from the conquest of Geryon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_,
bk. 8, ch. 40.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――The Caspian sea is called
_Albanum_, as being near Albania. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.
=Albānus=, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles from Rome,
near Alba. It was on this mountain that the _Latinæ feriæ_ were
celebrated with great solemnity. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 27.
The word, taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of,
or belong to, the town of Alba.
=Albia Terennia=, the mother of Otho. _Suetonius._
=Albīci=, a people of Gallia Aquitania. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1,
ch. 34.
=Albiētæ=, a people of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
=Albigaunum=, a town of Liguria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Albīni=, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in
_Brutus_. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 6, ch. 30. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
=Albinovānus Celsus.= _See:_ Celsus.――――Pedo, a poet contemporary with
Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so
elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,
bk. 4, poem 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 5.
=Albintemēlium=, a town of Liguria. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_,
ch. 13.
=Albīnus=, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of
Britain by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected
emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested
with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two rivals,
with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the
empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus
to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198.
Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer
called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes
ate for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds
of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters.――――A pretorian sent to
Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the civil wars. He was
put to death by Sylla’s soldiers. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――An usurer.
_Horace._――――A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his
chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which
the Gauls had sacked. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Livy_,
bk. 5, ch. 40.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Aulus Posthumus, consul
with Lucullus, A.U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome in Greek.
=Albion=, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he
established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art
of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with
stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The greatest island of Europe, now called
Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have
reigned there; or from its chalky white (_albus_) rocks, which
appear at a great distance. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Tacitus_,
_Agricola_. The ancients compared its figure to a long buckler, or
to the iron of a hatchet.
=Albis=, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean, and now
called the Elbe. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 52.
=Albius=, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 4.――――A name of the poet Tibullus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33,
li. 1.
=Albucilla=, an immodest woman. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 47.
=Albŭla=, the ancient name of the river Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 332.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.
=Albŭnea=, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses.
It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped
as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea
there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a
sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This
lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the river Anio,
with which it soon lost itself in the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7,
li. 12.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 83.
=Alburnus=, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Tanager takes its
rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 147.
=Albus Pagus=, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival
of Cleopatra.
=Albūtius=, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife.
_Arrian._――――A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants
before they were guilty of any offence, “lest,” said he, “I should
have no time to punish them when they offend.” _Horace_, bk. 2,
satire 2.――――A rhetorician in the age of Seneca.――――An ancient
satirist. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Titus, an epicurean philosopher,
born at Rome; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished
not to pass for a Roman. He was made governor of Sardinia; but he
grew offensive to the senate and was banished. It is supposed that
he died at Athens.
=Alcæus=, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600
years before the christian era. He fled from a battle, and his
enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left
in the field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of
alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he
paid his addresses. Of all his works, nothing but a few fragments
remain, found in Athenæus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 5, ch. 95.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 9.――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, ch. 33.――――A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to
be the inventor of tragedy.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A comic
poet.――――A son of Androgeus, who went with Hercules into Thrace,
and was made king of part of the country. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch.
5.――――A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.――――A son of Perseus,
father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called
Alcides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.
=Alcamĕnes=, one of the Agidæ, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms.
He succeeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots
rebelled in his reign. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, chs. 4
& 5.――――A general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.――――A
statuary, who lived 448 B.C., and was distinguished for his statues
of Venus and Vulcan. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――The commander of
a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4,
ch. 5, &c.
=Alcander=, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 257.――――A Lacedæmonian youth, who
accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously
forgiven by the sage. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 18.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 767.
=Alcandre=, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 4, li. 672.
=Alcānor=, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias
followed Æneas into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 672.――――A
son of Phorus, killed by Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 338.
=Alcăthoe=, a name of Megara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous
son of Pelops. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 8.
=Alcăthous=, a son of Pelops, who, being suspected of murdering his
brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion which had
destroyed the king’s son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara, and
in commemoration of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were
instituted at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――――A Trojan,
who married Hippodamia daughter of Anchises. He was killed in the
Trojan war by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 93.――――A son
of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――――A
friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
10, li. 747.
=Alce=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid._――――A town of Spain which
surrendered to Gracchus, now _Alcazar_, a little above Toledo.
_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.
=Alcēnor=, an Argive, who, along with Chromius, survived the battle
between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedæmonians. _Herodotus_,
bk. 1, ch. 82.
=Alceste=, or =Alcestis=, daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, married
Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to death her father, that
he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however,
refused to perform her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to
Admetus, who married Alceste. They were soon pursued by an army
headed by their brother Acastus; and Admetus, being taken prisoner,
was redeemed from death by the generous offer of his wife, who was
sacrificed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some
say that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal affection,
laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an
oracle that he could never recover from a disease, except some
one of his friends died in his stead. According to some authors,
Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while
she lived with her father. _See:_ Admetus. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
li. 651.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 17.――_Hyginus_, fable 251.――_Euripides_, _Alcestis_.
=Alcĕtas=, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus the son of
Achilles. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――――A general of Alexander’s
army, brother to Perdiccas.――――The eighth king of Macedonia,
who reigned 29 years.――――An historian, who wrote an account
of everything that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi.
_Athenæus._――――A son of Arybas king of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 11.
=Alchĭdas=, a Rhodian, who became enamoured of a naked Cupid of
Praxiteles. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.
=Alchimăchus=, a celebrated painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.
=Alcibiădes=, an Athenian general famous for his enterprising
spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to
Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious
propensities. In the Peloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians
to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in
that war, and in his absence his enemies accused him of impiety,
and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the
Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed
he retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Being recalled by
the Athenians, he obliged the Lacedæmonians to sue for peace; made
several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens.
His popularity was of short duration; the failure of an expedition
against Cyme exposed him again to the resentment of the people,
and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war
upon Lacedæmon. This was told to Lysander the Spartan general,
who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants
were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where
he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his
escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C., after a
life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen
had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who
distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might
have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece.
His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence,
by the writings of Thucydides, Timæus, and Theopompus; and he is
known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee,
added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool
intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher.
_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.――_Thucydides_, bks. 5,
6, & 7.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.
=Alcidămas=, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into
a dove. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 12.――――A celebrated
wrestler. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 500.――――A philosopher
and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias,
and flourished B.C. 424. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Alcidamēa=, was mother of Bunus by Mercury.
=Alcidamĭdas=, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium,
after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B.C. 723. _Strabo_,
bk. 6.
=Alcidămus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death,
&c. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_,
_Lives of the Ten Orators_.
=Alcīdas=, a Lacedæmonian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in
the Peloponnesian war. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 16, &c.
=Alcīdes=, a name of Hercules, from his _strength_, ἀλκος, or from his
grandfather Alcæus.――――A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. _Livy_,
bk. 42, ch. 51.
=Alcidĭce=, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 9.
=Alcimăchus=, an eminent painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.
=Alcimĕde=, the mother of Jason by Æson. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 296.
=Alcimĕdon=, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave the residence of
Alcimedon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――――An excellent carver. _Virgil_,
_Eclogues_, poem 3.――――A sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
fable 10.
=Alcimĕnes=, a tragic poet of Megara.――――A comic writer of Athens.
――――An attendant of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A man
killed by his brother Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Alcĭmus=, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy.――――
An orator. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Alcinoe=, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Alcĭnor.= _See:_ Alcenor.
=Alcinous=, son of Nausithous and Peribœa, was king of Phæacia, and
is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete,
by whom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly
entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and
heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of
the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bk. 7.――_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
li. 87.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 81.――_Juvenal_,
satire 5, li. 151.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 56.――
_Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A man of Elis.
_Pausanias._――――A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a
book _de Doctriná Platonis_, the best edition of which is the 12mo,
printed Oxford, 1667.
=Alcioneus=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
fable 4.
=Alciphron=, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There
are some epistles in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very
perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are
by some supposed to be the production of a writer of the fourth
century. The only edition is that of Leipzig, 12mo, 1715, cum notis
Bergleri.
=Alcippe=, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished
by Halirrhotius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――The wife of
Metion and mother to Eupalamus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――The
daughter of Œnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa.
――――A woman who brought forth an elephant. _Pliny_, bk. 7.――――A
country-woman. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7.
=Alcippus=, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished by his enemies. He
married Democrite, of whom _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.
=Alcis=, a daughter of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._
=Alcithoe=, a Theban woman, who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She
was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she
worked, into a vine and ivy. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 1.
=Alcmæon=, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father
going to the Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to
perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who had
betrayed him. _See:_ Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his father’s
death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies persecuted
him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesibœa
in marriage. Alcmæon gave her the fatal collar which his mother
had received to betray his father, and afterwards divorced her,
and married Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised
the necklace which he had given to Alphesibœa. When he attempted
to recover it, Alphesibœa’s brothers murdered him on account of the
treatment which he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey
to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmæon’s children by Callirhoe revenged
their father’s death by killing his murderers. _See:_ Alphesibœa,
Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 18; bk. 8, ch. 24.
――_Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_,
fables 73 & 245.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 44; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.――――A
son of Ægyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. _Apollodorus._――――A
philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on
physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into
the structure of the human frame. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of the poet Æschylus, the 13th archon of
Athens.――――A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of
Nestor’s family, by the Heraclidæ. He came to Athens, and from him
the Alcmæonidæ were descended. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
=Alcmæŏnĭdæ=, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcmæon. They
undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, which
had been burnt, and they finished the work in a more splendid manner
than was required, in consequence of which they gained popularity,
and by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the Lacedæmonians
to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ.
_Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.――_Plutarch_,
_Solon_.
=Alcman=, a very ancient lyric poet, born in Sardinia, and not at
Lacedæmon, as some suppose. He wrote in the Doric dialect six books
of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B.C. 670,
and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are preserved by
Athenæus and others. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 33.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 41; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 5,
ch. 31.
=Alcmēna=, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom
_Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ calls Lysidice, and _Diodorus_, bk. 2,
Eurymede. Her father promised his crown and his daughter to
Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of his sons, who had been
all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of Ætolia.
While Amphitryon was gone against the Ætolians, Jupiter, who was
enamoured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed.
The more effectually to insure success in his amour, he assumed the
form of Amphitryon, declared that he had obtained a victory over
Alcmena’s enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said
he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. Alcmena yielded to
her lover what she had promised to her future husband; and Jupiter,
to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered his messenger, Mercury,
to stop the rising of Phœbus, or the sun, so that the night he
passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. Amphitryon
returned the next day; and after complaining of the coldness with
which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with the reception
of a false lover the preceding night, and even showed him the cup
which she had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the relation,
and more so upon missing the cup from among his spoils. He went to
the prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter’s intrigue; and he
returned to his wife proud of the dignity of his rival. Alcmena
became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband; and when
she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in heaven that a child
was to be born that day to whom he would give absolute power over
his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood.
Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter’s amours with Alcmena, made him
swear by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the travails of Alcmena,
and hastened the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus king of
Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called
Eurystheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5, &c., says that
Juno was assisted by Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena,
and that Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before the door
of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crossed. This posture was the
cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis,
supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be the cause of the
pains of her mistress, told her that she had brought forth. Lucina
retired from her posture, and immediately Alcmena brought forth
twins, Hercules conceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon.
Eurystheus was already born, and therefore Hercules was subjected to
his power. After Amphitryon’s death, Alcmena married Rhadamanthus,
and retired to Ocalea, in Bœotia. This marriage, according to some
authors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of Megara
said that she died ♠on her way from Argos to Thebes, and that she
was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 18; bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ &
_Romulus_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 19.――_Pindar_,
_Pythian_, ♣poem 4.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4, 7; bk. 3,
ch. 1.――_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 43 & 45.
――――_See:_ Amphitryon, Hercules, Eurystheus.
♦ ‘de Reb. Græc.’ replaced with ‘Theseus’
♠ ‘in’ replaced with ‘on’
♣ ‘9’ replaced with ‘4’
=Alcon=, a famous archer, who one day saw his son attacked by a
serpent, and aimed at him so dexterously that he killed the beast
without hurting his son.――――A silversmith. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 13, fable 5.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch.
14.――――A surgeon under Claudius, who gained much money by his
profession, in curing hernias and fractures.――――A son of Mars.――――A
son of Amycus. These two last were at the chase of the Calydonian
boar. _Hyginus_, fable 173.
♦=Alcyŏna=, a pool of Greece, whose depth the emperor Nero attempted
in vain to find. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.
♦ Resorted into proper alphabetical order
=Alcyŏne=, or =Halcyŏne=, daughter of Æolus, married Ceyx, who was
drowned as he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods
apprised Alcyone in a dream of her husband’s fate; and when she
found, on the morrow, his body washed on the sea-shore, she threw
herself into the sea, and was with her husband changed into birds of
the same name, who keep the waters calm and serene, while they build
and sit on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7,
11, or 14 days. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 399.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 10.――_Hyginus_,
fable 65.――――One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. She had
Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters,
was changed into a constellation. _See:_ Pleiades. _Pausanias_, bk.
2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_,
fable 157.――――The daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo after
her marriage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with his bow and
arrows, but was not able to recover her. Upon this, her parents
called her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the wife of
Ceyx. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 558.――――The wife of Meleager.
_Hyginus_, fable 174.――――A town of Thessaly, where Philip,
Alexander’s father, lost one of his eyes.
=Alcyŏneus=, a youth of exemplary virtue, son to Antigonus. _Plutarch_,
_Pyrrhus_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.――――A giant, brother to
Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning his
death, threw themselves into the sea, and were changed into Alcyons
by Amphitrite. _Claudian_, _De Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 6.
=Aldescus=, a river of European Sarmatia, rising from the Riphæan
mountains, and falling into the northern sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._
=Alduăbis.= _See:_ Dubis.
=Alea=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple built by Aleus son of
Aphidas, at Tegæa in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess made of
ivory was carried by Augustus to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4
& 46.――――A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous
temples, those of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephesian. When the
festivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the women were whipped in the
temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.
=Alēbas=, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own guards for his
cruelties. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 323.
=Alēbion= and =Dercynus=, sons of Neptune, were killed by Hercules for
stealing his oxen in Africa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Alecto=, one of the Furies (_a_, ληγω, _non desino_), is represented
with flaming torches, her head covered with serpents, and breathing
vengeance, war, and pestilence. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 324, &c.; bk. 10, li. 41.
=Alector=, succeeded his father Anaxagoras in the kingdom of Argos,
and was father to Iphis and Capaneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.
=Alectryon=, a youth whom Mars, during his amours with Venus, stationed
at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep,
and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, who were exposed by
Vulcan, in each other’s arms, before all the gods. Mars was so
incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, which, still mindful
of his neglect, early announces the approach of the sun. _Lucian_,
_Alectryon_ [_Gallus_].
=Alectus=, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocletian’s reign, &c. He died
296 A.D.
=Alēius Campus=, a place in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from the
horse Pegasus, and wandered over the country till the time of his
death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 201.――_Dionysius Periegetes_,
li. 872.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 257.
=Alemanni=, or =Alamanni=, a people of Germany. They are first
mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with the
surname of _Alemannicus_ for a victory over them.
=Alēmon=, the father of Myscellus. He built Crotona in Magna Græcia.
Myscellus is often called Alemonides. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, lis. 19 & 26.
=Alemusii=, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there was a temple
of Ceres and of Proserpine. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.
=Alens=, a place in the island of Cos.
=Aleon=, or =Ales=, a river of Ionia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_,
bk. 7, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 28.
=Alēse=, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Achronidion, after the
founder. The Romans made it an independent city.
=Alēsia=, or =Alexia=, now _Alise_, a famous city of the Mandubii in
Gaul, founded by Hercules, as he returned from Iberia, on a high
hill. Julius Cæsar conquered it. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 68.
=Alēsium=, a town and mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 10.
=Aletes=, a son of Ægisthus, murdered by Orestes. _Hyginus_, fable 122.
=Alēthes=, the first of the Heraclidæ, who was king of Corinth. He was
son of Hippotas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A companion of Æneas,
described as a prudent and venerable old man. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 1, li. 125; bk. 9, li. 246.
=Alethia=, one of Apollo’s nurses.
=Aletĭdas= (from ἀλαομαι, _to wander_), certain sacrifices at Athens,
in remembrance of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father
Icarius.
=Aletrium=, a town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Aletrinates.
_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42.
=Alētum=, a tomb near the harbour of Carthage in Spain. _Polybius_,
bk. 10.
=Aleuādæ=, a royal family of Larissa in Thessaly, descended from
Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes.
The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction.
_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, chs. 6, 172.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8,
ch. 11.
=Alēus=, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in
building temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 53.
=Alex=, a river in the country of the Brutii. _Dionysius Periegetes._
=Alexamēnus=, an Ætolian, who killed Nabis tyrant of Lacedæmon, and
was soon after murdered by the people. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 34.
=Alexander I.=, son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia.
He killed the Persian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour to
the women of his father’s court, and was the first who raised the
reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.C.
_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, 8, & 9.
=Alexander II.=, son of Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, was
treacherously murdered, B.C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy,
who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and
Philip. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 5, says Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas,
was the cause of his murder.
=Alexander III.=, surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias.
He was born B.C. 355, that night on which the famous temple of
Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This event, according to
the magicians, was an early prognostic of his future greatness, as
well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse which none of the king’s
courtiers could manage; upon which Philip said, with tears in his
eyes, that his son must seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia
would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness.
Olympias, during her pregnancy, declared that she was with child by
a dragon; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched
for some time on the house of Philip, as if foretelling that
his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to
Aristotle during five years, and he received his learned preceptor’s
instructions with becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected
his abilities. When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th
year, was left governor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dangerous
sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved
his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced
Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even caused the death of Attalus,
the new queen’s brother. After this he retired from court to his
mother Olympias, but was recalled; and when Philip was assassinated,
he punished his murderers; and, by his prudence and moderation,
gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and
Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief
commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the
Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered
the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse,
he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus,
he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other
celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre
after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of
2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of
Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of
Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of
their god, and enjoined his army to pay him divine honours. He built
a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of the Nile,
near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his
penetrating eye marked as best entitled to become the future capital
of his immense dominions, and to extend the commerce of his subjects
from the Mediterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over
India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of the country;
and after he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean,
he retired to Babylon loaded with the spoils of the east. His
entering the city was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their
prediction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in
the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of
brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. His death was so premature
that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess
of drinking. Antipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison
to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the
Macedonians, whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting the
guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He
was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and
lamentations; and the Medes and Macedonians declared that no one was
able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspiracies were formed against
him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably
suppressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king
Darius, who were taken prisoners, has been greatly praised; and the
latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when
she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than
once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory,
and the terror of his name was often more powerfully effectual than
his arms. He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the
labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During
his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called
Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he
ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, who
refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also murdered
at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a
battle, because he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of Philip,
and preferred them to those of his son. His victories and success
increased his pride; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and,
giving himself up to pleasure and dissipation, he set on fire the
town of Persepolis in a fit of madness and intoxication, encouraged
by the courtesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagances, he was
fond of candour and of truth; and when one of his officers read
to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, a history which he had
composed of his wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally
panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and
threw it into the river, saying, “What need is there of such
flattery? Are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious
in themselves, without the colourings of falsehood?” He in like
manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him,
and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river
from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except
Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his
death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that
by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some
time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to
succeed him on the throne; and he answered, “The worthiest among you;
but I am afraid,” added he, “my best friends will perform my funeral
obsequies with bloody hands.” Alexander, with all his pride, was
humane and liberal, easy and familiar with his friends, a great
patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle
with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural
history. He was brave often to rashness; he frequently lamented
that his father conquered everything, and left him nothing to do;
and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, “Give me kings
for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia.” All his
family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first
deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals,
was to appoint his brother Philip Aridæus successor, until Roxane,
who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate
heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent as Aridæus wanted
capacity; and, more strongly to establish himself, he married
Cleopatra, Alexander’s sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As
he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a
battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile,
and assassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of
Alexander’s generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers,
and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and
cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of
alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had
strengthened himself by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious and
aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of
Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves,
the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great
empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt,
where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were
called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which
subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity
reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself
in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of
Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned
in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king
Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus,
who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive
Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia,
but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus,
and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so
formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared
to assume the title of king. _Curtius_, _Arrian_, & _Plutarch_
have written an account of Alexander’s life. _Diodorus_, bks. 17
& 18.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.――_Justin_, bks. 11 & 12.――
_Valerius Maximus._――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――――A son of Alexander
the Great, by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by Cassander.
_Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――――A man who, after the expulsion of
Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes
dispossessed him, and put him to death.――――A son of Cassander king
of Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother
Antipater, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother
Thessalonica, whom his brother had murdered. Demetrius, the son of
Antigonus, put him to death. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 7.――――A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and
successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made
war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with
men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting with an
army of women (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed Molossus.
_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs.
17 & 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus.
He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius. He
recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. _Justin_, bk. 26,
ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A king of Syria, driven from his
kingdom by Nicanor son of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law
Ptolemy Philometer. _Justin_, bk. 35, chs. 1 & 2.――_Josephus_,
bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A king of
Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius.
He conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was afterwards
killed by Antiochus Gryphus son of Nicanor. _Josephus_, _Antiquities
of the Jews_, bk. 13, ch. 18.――――Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean
kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in
preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly
with him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled
him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her
to death, and for this unnatural action was himself murdered by one
of his subjects. _Josephus_, bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_, ch.
20, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
――――Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He was
educated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the hands of
Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom.
He was murdered by his subjects a few days after his restoration.
_Appian_, bk. 1, _Civil Wars_.――――Ptolemy III., was king of Egypt
after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful
reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65,
leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. _See:_ Ægyptus and Ptolemæus.
_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.――――A youth, ordered by
Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 30 other youths.
He was killed in the attempt. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――An
historian mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Marius_.――――An Epicurean
philosopher. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Æolia, who assembled a
multitude on pretence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, and
confined them till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of
money. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A name given to Paris son of
Priam. _See:_ Paris.――――Jannæus, a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus
and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died
through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacring 800 of his
subjects for the entertainment of his concubines.――――A Paphlagonian,
who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions,
and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died
70 years old.――――A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote
a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still
extant.――――Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the fourth
century, some of whose works in Greek are still extant.――――A poet
of Ætolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A peripatetic
philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero.――――An historian,
called also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic,
in which he said that the Jews had received their laws, not from
God, but from a woman whom he called Moso. He also wrote treatises
on the Pythagorean philosophy, B.C. 88.――――A poet of Ephesus, who
wrote a poem on astronomy and geography.――――A writer of Myndus,
quoted by _Athenæus_ and _Ælian_.――――A sophist of Seleucia, in
the age of Antoninus.――――A physician in the age of Justinian.――――A
Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave
to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered
them to dart them continually upon the enemy to render their
numbers useless. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of Lysimachus.
_Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A governor of Lycia, who brought a
reinforcement of troops to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 7,
ch. 10.――――A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia by the Dymæans.
_Diodorus_, bks. 18 & 19.――――A poet of Pleuron son of Satyrus and
Stratoclea, who said that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia
by Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――A Spartan, killed with 200
of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their
passing through the country of Tegea. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A cruel
tyrant of Pheræ, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedonians,
and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his
wife called Thebe, whose room he carefully guarded by a Thracian
sentinel, and searched every night, fearful of some dagger that
might be concealed to take away his life. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_,
bk. 2, ch. 49; _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_.――
_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bks. 15 & 16.――_Ovid_,
_Ibis_, li. 321.――――Severus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Severus.
=Alexandra=, the name of some queens of Judæa mentioned by _Josephus_.
――――A nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.――――A name
of Cassandra, because she assisted mankind by her prophecies.
_Lycophron._
=Alexandri Aræ=, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander’s
victories, near the Tanais. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.
=Alexandrīa=, the name of several cities which were founded by
Alexander, during his conquests in Asia; the most famous are:――A
grand and extensive city, built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the
western side of the Delta. The illustrious founder intended it not
only for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and
the commercial advantages which its situation commanded continued to
improve from the time of Alexander till the invasion of the Saracens
in the seventh century. The commodities of India were brought
there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the
Mediterranean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for
the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had
collected there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the earth.
This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph
Omar, A.D. 642; and it is said that, during six months, the
numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed
to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt.
Alexandria has likewise been distinguished for its schools, not
only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to
have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries.
The astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its
superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time of the Saracens.
The modern town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of
Alexandria, and, as if it were an insult to its former greatness, it
scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Strabo_,
bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――Another in Albania, at the foot
of mount Caucasus.――――Another in Arachosia, in India.――――The capital
of Aria, between Hecatompylon and Bactra.――――Another of Carmania.
――――Another in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria.――――Another the
capital of Margiana.――――Another of Troas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7.――
_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 16, 23, & 25.
=Alexandrĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, who married his sister’s daughter,
by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.――――A native of
Delphi, of which he wrote a history.
=Alexandrīna aqua=, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander
Severus.
=Alexandropŏlis=, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great.
_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25.
=Alexānor=, a son of Machaon, who built in Sicyon a temple to his
grandfather Æsculapius, and received divine honours after death.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.
=Alexarchus=, a Greek historian.
=Alexas=, of Laodicea, was recommended to Marcus Antony by Timagenes.
He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra.
Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony.
_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
=Alexia=, or =Alesia=. _See:_ Alesia.
=Alexicăcus=, a surname given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he
delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war.
=Alexīnus=, a disciple of Eubulides the Milesian, famous for the
acuteness of his genius and judgment, and for his fondness for
contention and argumentation. He died of a wound which he had
received from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river
Alpheus. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Euclides_.
=Alexion=, a physician intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to
Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25.
=Alexippus=, a physician of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
=Alexiraes=, son of Hercules by Hebe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
――――A place of Bœotia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this
name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 25.
=Alexirhoe=, a daughter of the river Granicus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 11, li. 763.
=Alexis=, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his
writings, the borders of his country.――――A comic poet, 336 B.C., of
Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some few fragments remain.
――――A servant of Asinius Pollio.――――An ungrateful youth of whom a
shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil’s _Eclogues_, poem 2.――――A
statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87th Olympiad _Pliny_, bk. 34,
ch. 8.――――A schoolfellow of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
bk. 7, ltr. 2.
=Alexon=, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Alfaterna=, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius.
=Publius Alfēnus Varus=, a native of Cremona, who, by the force of
his genius and his application, raised himself from his original
profession of a cobbler to offices of trust at Rome, and at last
became consul. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 130.
=Algĭdum=, a town of Latium near Tusculum, about 12 miles from Rome.
There is a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ode 21.
=Aliacmon= and =Haliacmon=, a river of Macedonia, separating it from
Thessaly. It flows into the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
=Aliartus= (or um) and =Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, near the river
Permessus, taken by Marcus Lucretius. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 63.
――――Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. _Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 274.
=Alĭcis=, a town of Laconia.――――A tribe of Athens.
=Aliēnus Cæcīna=, a questor in Bœotia, appointed, for his services,
commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced
him for his bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the
empire. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 52.
=Alīfæ=, =Alifa=, or =Alipha=, a town of Italy, near the Vulturnus,
famous for the making of cups. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 39.
――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25.
=Alilæi=, a people of Arabia Felix.
=Alimentus Cincius=, an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote
in Greek an account of Annibal, besides a treatise on military
affairs. _Livy_, bks. 21 & 30.
=Alindæ=, a town of Caria. _Arrian._
=Aliphēria=, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. _Polybius_, bk. 4,
ch. 77.
=Alirrothius=, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been
defeated by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens,
he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which
had sprung from the ground and given the victory to Minerva; but in
the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that
he instantly expired.
=Tiberius Alledius Severus=, a Roman knight, who married his brother’s
daughter to please Agrippina.――――A noted glutton in Domitian’s reign.
_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 118.
=Allia=, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were
defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to
plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 390. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.――_Livy_,
bk. 5, ch. 37.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
li. 717.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 413.
=Alliēnos=, a pretor of Sicily, under Cæsar. _Hirtius_, _African War_,
ch. 2.
=Allŏbrŏges=, a warlike nation of Gaul near the Rhone, in that part
of the country now called Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. The Romans
destroyed their city because they had assisted Annibal. Their
ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Catiline’s
conspiracy against his country; but they scorned the offers, and
discovered the plot. _Dio Cassius._――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 66.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
=Allobry̆ges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the
Allobroges. _Polybius_, bk. 30, ch. 56.
=Allotrĭges=, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.
=Allutius=, or =Albutius=, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio
restored the beautiful princess whom he had taken in battle.
=Almo=, a small river near Rome falling into the Tiber. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 387.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 600.
=Almon=, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian
killed by the Trojans; and from the skirmish which happened before
and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of
Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 532.
=Alŏa=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose
beneficence the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours.
The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called
from this, Aloas and Alois.
=Aloēus=, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by
whom Neptune had the twins Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated
them as his own, and from that circumstance they have been called
_Aloides_. They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo
and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine
years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of
Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 582.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5;
_Odyssey_, bk. 11.
=Aloīdes= and =Aloidæ=, the sons of Aloeus. _See:_ Aloeus.
=Alŏpe=, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune,
whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown.
The child was preserved, and carried to Alope’s father, who, upon
knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune,
who could not save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. The
child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by some shepherds and placed
by Theseus upon his grandfather’s throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5
& 39.――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――――One of the Harpies. _Hyginus_,
fable 14.――――A town of Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 682.
=Alopĕce=, an island in the Palus Mæotis. _Strabo._――――Another in the
Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Another in the Ægean
sea opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A small village
of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans
had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ.
Socrates and Aristides were born there. _Aeschines_, _Against
Timarchus_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 64.
=Alopius=, a son of Hercules and Antiope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 35.
=Alos=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
=Alotia=, festivals in Arcadia, in commemoration of a victory gained
over Lacedæmon by the Arcadians.
=Alpēnus=, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopylæ.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.
=Alpes=, mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, Rhætia, and
Germany; considered as the highest ground in Europe. From them arise
several rivers, which, after watering the neighbouring countries,
discharge themselves into the German, Mediterranean, and Euxine
seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished,
according to their situation, by the different names of _Cottiæ_,
_Carnicæ_, _Graiæ_, _Noricæ_, _Juliæ_, _Maritimæ_, _Pannoniæ_,
_Penninæ_, _Pœnæ_, _Rhætiæ_, _Tridentinæ_, _Venetæ_. A traveller
is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were
supposed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched his army
over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking
them with vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations,
who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the
victory which he had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their
territory. _Strabo_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 35.――_Juvenal_,
satire 10, li. 151.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.――_Lucan_,
bk. 1, li. 183.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 53.
=Alpheia=, a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river
Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success.――――A surname
of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 487.
=Alphēnor=, one of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
fable 6.
=Alphēnus.= _See:_ Alfenus.
=Alphesibœa=, daughter of the river Phlegeus, married Alcmæon son of
Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father’s court after the murder of
his mother. _See:_ Alcmæon. She received, as a bridal present, the
famous necklace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce
her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmæon being persecuted by
the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and
retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirrhoe had two sons by
him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in
the hands of Alphesibœa. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed
by Temenus and Axion, Alphesibœa’s brothers, who thus revenged
their sister who had been so innocently abandoned. _Hyginus_,
fable 244.――_Propertius_, bk. 8, poem 15, li. 15.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 24.
=Alphesibœus=, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil’s eclogues.
=Alphēus=, now _Alpheo_, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises
in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis falls into the sea. The
god of this river fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued
her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain
Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and the
ancients affirm that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from
Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters,
rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If
anything is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their
traditions, it will reappear, after some time, swimming on the
waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus
to clean the stables of Augeas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 3, li. 694.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 10.――_Lucan_,
bk. 3, li. 176. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 6, ch. 21.――_Marcellinus_,
bk. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.
=Alphius=, or =Alfeus=, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in _Horace_,
_Epodes_, poem 2.
=Alphius Avitus=, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account
of illustrious men, and a history of the Carthaginian war.
=Alpīnus=, belonging to the Alps. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 442.
=Alpīnus (Cornelius)=, a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for
the awkward manner in which he introduces the death of Memnon in
a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine,
in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.――――Julius, one of the chiefs of the
Helvetii. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 68.
=Alpis=, a small river falling into the Danube.
=Alsium=, a maritime town at the west of the Tiber, now _Statua_.
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.
=Alsus=, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 27.――――A shepherd during the Rutulian wars.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 304.
=Althæa=, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married Œneus king of
Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager.
When Althæa brought forth Meleager, the Parcæ placed a log of wood
in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long
would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother
saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but
when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althæa’s brothers, Althæa,
to revenge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon
as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry
for the death she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to
survive her son. _See:_ Meleager. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
fable 4.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45;
bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
=Althæmĕnes=, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either
he or his brothers were to be their father’s murderers, he fled to
Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide.
After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son
Althæmenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him,
supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his
own son. When Althæmenes knew that he had killed his father, he
entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened,
and swallowed him up. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.
=Altīnum=, a flourishing city of Italy, near Aquileia, famous for its
wool. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
=Altis=, a sacred grove round Jupiter’s temple at Olympia, where the
statues of the Olympic conquerors were placed. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 20, &c.
=Altus=, a city of Peloponnesus. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.
=Aluntium=, a town of Sicily. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Cicero_,
_Against Verres_, bk. 4.
=Alus=, =Aluus=, and =Halus=, a village of Arcadia, called also the
temple of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.
=Alyattes I.=, a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclidæ. He
reigned 57 years.
=Alyattes II.=, king of Lydia, of the family of the Mermnadæ, was
father to Crœsus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war
against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus,
after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his grave with
the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution.
An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 16, 17, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Aly̆ba=, a country near Mysia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Alycæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.
=Alycæus=, son of Sciron, was killed by Theseus. A place in Megara
received its name from him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.
=Aly̆mon=, the husband of Circe.
=Alyssus=, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of
a mad dog. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 19.
=Alyxothoe=, or =Alexirhoe=, daughter of Dymus, was mother of Æsacus
by Priam. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 763.
=Alyzia=, a town of Acarnania on the western mouth of the Achelous,
opposite to the Echinades. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
bk. 16, ltr. 2.
=Amadŏcus=, a king of Thrace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes.
_Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_, ch. 10.
=Amage=, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude.
_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 56.
=Amalthæa=, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat’s
milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained
that Jupiter, to reward her kindnesses, placed her in heaven as
a constellation, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had
taken care of his infant years. This horn was called the horn of
plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs whatever they desired.
_Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 113.――_Strabo_,
bk. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 139.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――――A
Sibyl of Cumæ, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed
to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king
of Rome, &c. _Varro._――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 67. _See:_
Sibyllæ.
=Amalthēum=, a public place which Atticus had opened in his country
house, called Amalthea, in Epirus, and provided with everything
which could furnish entertainment and convey instruction. _Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13.
=Amăna=, or =Amanus=, part of mount Taurus in Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3,
li. 244.
=Cn. Salvius Amandus=, a rebel general under Diocletian, who assumed
imperial honours, and was at last conquered by Diocletian’s
colleague.
=Amantes=, or =Amantīni=, a people of Illyricum descended from the
Abantes of Phocis. _Callimachus._
=Amānus=, one of the deities worshipped in Armenia and Cappadocia.
_Strabo_, bk. 11.――――A mountain in Cilicia.
=Amārăcus=, an officer of Cinyras, changed into marjoram.
=Amardi=, a nation near the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3.
=Amartus=, a city of Greece. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.
=Amaryllis=, the name of a countrywoman in Virgil’s eclogues. Some
commentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this
fictitious appellation.
=Amarynceus=, a king of the Epeans, buried at Buprasium. _Strabo_,
bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
=Amarynthus=, a village in Eubœa, whence Diana is called Amarysia, and
her festivals in that town Amarynthia.――――Eubœa is sometimes called
Amarynthus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.
=Amas=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3.
=Amăsēnus=, a small river of Latium falling into the Tyrrhene sea.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 685.
=Amasia=, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates the Great and Strabo the
geographer were born. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.
=Amāsis=, a man who, from a common soldier, became king of Egypt. He
made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country
by Cambyses king of Persia. He made a law that every one of his
subjects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates
of the manner in which he supported himself. He refused to continue
in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account of his
uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the
body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; an action
which was very offensive to the religious notions of the Egyptians.
_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――――A man who led the Persians against the
inhabitants of Barce. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 201, &c.
=Amastris=, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily, was sister
to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. _Strabo_.――――Also, the wife of
Xerxes king of Persia. _See:_ Amestris.――――A city of Paphlagonia, on
the Euxine sea. _Catullus._
=Amastrus=, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, against Ætes king of
Colchis, killed by Argus son of Phryxus. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 544.
――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 673.
=Amāta=, the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her daughter
Lavinia to Turnus, before the arrival of Æneas in Italy. She
zealously favoured the interest of Turnus, and when her daughter was
given in marriage to Æneas, she hung herself to avoid the sight of
her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, &c.
=Amăthus= (genitive: untis), now _Limisso_, a city on the southern
side of the island of Cyprus, particularly dedicated to Venus.
The island is sometimes called Amathusia, a name not unfrequently
applied to the goddess of the place. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
li. 51.――_Claudius Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.
=Amaxampēus=, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream
of the river Hypanis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 52.
=Amaxia=, or =Amaxīta=, an ancient town of Troas.――――A place of
Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Amazēnes=, or =Mazēnes=, a prince of the island Oaractus, who sailed
for some time with the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander’s
expedition to the east. _Arrian_, _Indica_.
=Amazŏnes=, or =Amazŏnĭdes=, a nation of famous women who lived near
the river Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life was employed
in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the
other sex, but, only for the sake of propagation, they visited the
inhabitants of the neighbouring country for a few days, and the
male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers.
According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as born, and
Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The
females were carefully educated with their mothers, in the labours
of the field; their right breast was burnt off that they might hurl
a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow; from
that circumstance, therefore, their name is derived (_a non_, μαζα
_mamma_). They founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor, along the
shores of the Euxine, and near the Thermodon. They were defeated in
a battle near the Thermodon by the Greeks; and some of them migrated
beyond the Tanais, and extended their territories as far as the
Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capital of their towns; and
Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to some authors,
were built by them. Diodorus, bk. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons
in Africa more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom
is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a republic
supported and governed by women, who banished or extirpated all
their males; but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it; and
the latter says that Penthesilea, one of their queens, came to the
Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles,
and from that time the glory and character of the Amazons gradually
decayed, and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished
long before the Trojan war, and many of their actions have been
attributed to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had subdued
almost all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus.
Their most famous actions were their expeditions against Priam,
and afterwards the assistance they gave him during the Trojan war;
and their invasion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried
away Antiope, one of their queens. They were also conquered by
Bellerophon and Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope,
Lampeto, Marpesia, &c., are famous. Curtius says that Thalestris,
one of their queens, came to Alexander, whilst he was pursuing
his conquests in Asia, for the sake of raising children from a man
of such military reputation; and that, after she had remained 13
days with him, she retired into her country. The Amazons were such
expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it
was usual to call it Amazonian. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 311.
――_Jornandes_, _Getica_, ch. 7.――_Philostratus Major_, _Imagines_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.
――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 4, ch. 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius
of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
_Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 14
& 163.
=Amazŏnia=, a celebrated mistress of the emperor Commodus.――――The
country of the Amazons, near the Caspian sea.
=Amazŏnium=, a place in Attica, where Theseus obtained a victory over
the Amazons.
=Amazŏnius=, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon.
=Ambarri=, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the Arar, related to the
Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 11.
=Ambarvālia=, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields, in honour
of Ceres the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name
celebrated by the Romans, one about the month of April, the other
in July. They went three times round their fields crowned with oak
leaves singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their
corn. The word is derived _ab ambiendis arvis_, going round the
fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called _ambarvaliæ hostiæ_, were
afterwards immolated, and the sacrifice has sometimes been called
_suovetaurilia_, from _sus_, _ovis_, and _taurus_. _Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, lis. 339 & 345.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 1,
li. 19.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, ch. 141.
=Ambĕnus=, a mountain of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, ch. 85.
=Ambialītes=, a people of Gallia Celtica. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 3, ch. 9.
=Ambiānum=, a town of Belgium, now _Amiens_. Its inhabitants conspired
against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Ambiatīnum=, a village of Germany, where the emperor Caligula was
born. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 8.
=Ambigātus=, a king of the Celtæ, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus.
Seeing the great population of his country, he sent his two nephews,
Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in quest of new
settlements; the former towards the Hercynian woods, and the other
towards Italy. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34, &c.
=Ambiōrix=, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. He was a great enemy to
Rome, and was killed in a battle with Julius Cæsar, in which 60,000
of his countrymen were slain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, chs.
11, 26; bk. 6, ch. 30.
=Ambivius=, a man mentioned by _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.
=Amblada=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._
=Ambracia=, a city of Epirus near the Acheron, the residence of king
Pyrrhus. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Polybius_, bk. 4,
ch. 63.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.
=Ambracius Sinus=, a bay of the Ionian sea, near Ambracia, about 300
stadia deep, narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia
in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. _Polybius_, bk. 4,
ch. 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_,
bk. 10.
=Ambri=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.
=Ambrōnes=, certain nations of Gaul, who lost their possessions by the
inundation of the sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence the
word _Ambrones_ implied a dishonourable meaning. They were conquered
by Marius. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.
=Ambrōsia=, festivals observed in honour of Bacchus in some cities
in Greece. They were the same as the Brumalia of the Romans.――――One
of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constellation after death.
――――The food of the gods was called _ambrosia_, and their drink
_nectar_. The word signifies immortal. It had the power of giving
immortality to all those who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and
of a most odoriferous smell; and it is said that Berenice, the wife
of Ptolemy Soter, was saved from death by eating ambrosia given her
by Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Aurora, by eating ambrosia;
and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their
impiety, had been driven from heaven, and compelled to die upon
earth. It had the power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, in
Homer’s Iliad, saves Sarpedon’s body from putrefaction, by rubbing
it with ambrosia; and Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in
Virgil’s Æneid, with it. The gods used generally to perfume the hair
with ambrosia; as Juno when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter,
and Venus when she appeared to Æneas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1,
14, 16, & 24.――_Lucian_, _de Dea Syria_.――_Catullus_, poem 100.――
_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 407;
bk. 12, li. 419.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, bk. 1,
_Olympian_.
=Ambrosius=, bishop of Milan, obliged the emperor Theodosius to
make penance for the murder of the people of Thessalonica, and
distinguished himself by his writings, especially against the Arians.
His three books, _de Officiis_, are still extant, besides eight
hymns on the creation. His style is not inelegant, but his diction
is sententious, his opinions eccentric, though his subject is
diversified by copiousness of thought. He died A.D. 397. The best
edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols., folio,
Paris, 1686.
=Ambrȳon=, a man who wrote the life of Theocritus of Chios. _Diogenes
Laërtius._
=Ambryssus=, a city of Phocis, which receives its name from a hero of
the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35.
=Ambūbājæ=, Syrian women of immoral lives, who, in the dissolute
period of Rome, attended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. The
name is derived by some from Syrian words, which signify a flute.
_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 27.
=Ambulli=, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta.
=Ameles=, a river of hell, whose waters no vessel could contain.
♦_Plato_, bk. 10, _Republic_.
♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’
=Amenanus=, a river of Sicily, near mount Ætna, now _Guidicello_.
_Strabo_, bk. 5.
=Amenīdes=, a secretary of Darius the last king of Persia. Alexander
set him over the Arimaspi. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3.
=Amenŏcles=, a Corinthian, said to be the first Grecian who built a
three-oared galley at Samos and Corinth. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 13.
=Ameria=, a city of Umbria, whose osiers (_Amerinæ salices_) were
famous for the binding of vines to the elm trees. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 14.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 265.
=Amestrătus=, a town of Sicily, near the Halesus. The Romans besieged
it for seven months, and it yielded at last after a third siege, and
the inhabitants were sold as slaves. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24.
=Amestris=, queen of Persia, was wife to Xerxes. She cruelly treated
the mother of Artiante, her husband’s mistress, and cut off her
nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and eyebrows. She also buried
alive 14 noble Persian youths, to appease the deities under the
earth. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61; bk. 9, ch. 111.――――A daughter
of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.
=Amīda=, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and taken by Sapor king of
Persia. _Ammianus_, bk. 19.
=Amilcar=, a Carthaginian general of great eloquence and cunning,
surnamed Rhodanus. When the Athenians were afraid of Alexander,
Amilcar went to his camp, gained his confidence, and secretly
transmitted an account of all his schemes to Athens. _Trogus_,
bk. 21, ch. 6.――――A Carthaginian, whom the Syracusans called to
their assistance against the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their
city. Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of Agathocles, for
which he was accused at Carthage. He died in Syracuse, B.C. 309.
_Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, chs. 2 & 3.――――A Carthaginian,
surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. He was general in
Sicily during the first Punic war; and after a peace had been made
with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, who had besieged
Carthage, and taken many towns of Africa, and rendered themselves
so formidable to the Carthaginians that they begged and obtained
assistance from Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with his
son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and laid the foundation
of the town of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle against the
Vettones, B.C. 237. He had formed the plan of an invasion of
Italy, by crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards carried into
execution. His great enmity to the Romans was the cause of the
second Punic war. He used to say of his three sons, that he kept
three lions to devour the Roman power. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives
of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 1.――_Polybius_,
bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.――――A Carthaginian general,
who assisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by Cnaeus
Cornelius. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 8.――――A son of Hanno,
defeated in Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated
at Salamis by Themistocles. He burnt himself, that his body might
not be found among the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165, &c.
=Amĭlos=, or =Amĭlus=, a river of Mauritania, where the elephants go
to wash themselves by moonshine. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A town of
Arcadia. _Pausanias_, _Arcadia_.
=Amimŏne=, or =Amymŏne=, a daughter of Danaus, changed into a
fountain which is near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.
=Amĭnea=, or =Amminea=, a part of Campania, where the inhabitants are
great husbandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 2, li. 97.――――A place of Thessaly.
=Aminias=, a famous pirate, whom Antigonus employed against
Apollodorus tyrant of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 18.
=Aminius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.
=Aminŏcles=, a native of Corinth, who flourished 705 B.C., &c.
=Amisēna=, a country of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
=Amisias=, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes ridiculed for his insipid
verses.
=Amissas=, an officer of Megalopolis in Alexander’s army. _Curtius_,
bk. 10, ch. 8.
=Amiternum=, a town of Italy, where Sallust was born. The
inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 710.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45.
=Amithāon=, or =Amythāon=, was father to Melampus the famous prophet.
_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 451.
=Ammālo=, a festival in honour of Jupiter in Greece.
=Ammiānus.= _See:_ Marcellinus.
=Ammon= and =Hammon=, a name of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya. He
appeared under the form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to
others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suffered the greatest
extremities for want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed
him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to his father,
under the name of Jupiter Ammon, _i.e._ _sandy_, with the horns of
a ram. The ram, according to some, was made a constellation. The
temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days’
journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according
to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centuries before the
time of Augustus, by two doves which flew away from Thebais in Egypt,
and came, one to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the people
were soon informed of their divine mission. The oracle of Hammon was
consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but when it pronounced
Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its
long-established reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was
scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant; and
according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 310,――_Lucretius_,
bk. 6, li. 147,――_Herodotus_, _Melpomene_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7,
there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon and
midnight, and warm in the morning and evening. There were above
100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles.
There was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Æthiopia. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 11, & 17.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu
Oraculorum_, & _Iside et Osiride_.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 10; bk. 10,
ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 2, chs. 32 & 55; bk. 4,
ch. 44.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 23.――_Hyginus_,
fable 133; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 1,
ch. 9; bk. 11, ch. 11.――――A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He
gave his name to the temple of Hammon, according to _Diodorus_,
bk. 8.
=Ammon= and =Brothas=, two brothers famous for their skill in boxing.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.
=Ammōnia=, a name of Juno in Elis, as being the wife of Jupiter Ammon.
_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.
=Ammōnii=, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the
Egyptians and Æthiopians. Their language was a mixture of that of
the two people from whom they were descended. _Herodotus_, bks. 2,
3, & 4.
=Ammōnius=, a christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic
philosophy at Alexandria, 232 A.D., and had amongst his pupils
Origen and Plotinus. His treatise, Περι Ὁμοιων, was published in
4to by Valckenaer, Leiden, 1739.――――A writer who gave an account of
sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of Athens. _Athenæus_,
bk. 13.――――An Athenian general surnamed Barcas. _Polybius_, bk. 3.
=Ammothea=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
=Amnias=, a river of Bithynia. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.
=Amnīsus=, a port of Gnossus, at the north of Crete, with a small
river of the same name, near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs
of the place were called Amnisiades. _Callimachus._
=Amœbæus=, an Athenian player of great reputation, who sung at the
nuptials of Demetrius and Nicæa. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 6.
=Amomētus=, a Greek historian. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
=Amor=, the son of Venus, was the god of love. _See:_ Cupido.
=Amorges=, a Persian general, killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 121.
=Amorgos=, an island among the Cyclades, where Simonides was born.
_Strabo_, bk. 10.
=Ampĕlus=, a promontory of Samos.――――A town of Crete,――――of
Macedonia,――――of Liguria,――――and Cyrene.――――A favourite of Bacchus,
son of a satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after death. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407.
=Ampelūsia=, a promontory of Africa, in Mauritania. _Mela_, bk. 1,
chs. 5 & 6.
=Amphēa=, a city of Messenia, taken by the Lacedæmonians. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 5.
=Amphialāus=, a famous dancer in the island of the Phæacians. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 8.
=Amphiănax=, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Prœtus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Amphiarāus=, son of Oicleus, or, according to others, of Apollo
by Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and
accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was famous for
his knowledge of futurity and thence he is called by some son of
Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos,
by whom he had two sons, Alcmæon and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, at
the request of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus
secreted himself, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an
expedition in which he knew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who
knew where he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray
him by Polynices, who gave her as a reward for her perfidy a famous
golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus discovered,
went to the war, but previously charged his son Alcmæon to put to
death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that he was
killed. The Theban war was fatal to the Argives, and Amphiaraus was
swallowed up in his chariot by the earth, as he attempted to retire
from the battle. The news of his death was brought to Alcmæon, who
immediately executed his father’s command, and murdered Eriphyle.
Amphiaraus received divine honours after death, and had a celebrated
temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made of white
marble, and near his temple was a fountain, whose waters were ever
held sacred. They only who had consulted his oracle, or had been
delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which
they threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those who
consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first purified themselves, and
abstained from food for 24 hours, and three days from wine, after
which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon
the ground, upon which they slept in expectation of receiving in a
dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch, _De Defectu Oraculorum_,
mentions that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the
time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of Mardonius, for his master,
who was then with an army in Greece; and that the servant, when
asleep, saw in a dream the priest of the temple, who upbraided
him and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when
he refused to comply. This oracle was verified in the death of
Mardonius, who was actually killed by the blow of a stone which
he received on the head. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 40.
――_Philostratus_, _Lives_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 243, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 70, 73, 128,
& 150.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, bk. 9, fable 10.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 34; bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 9, chs. 8 & 19.――_Aeschylus_,
_Seven Against Thebes_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9; bk. 3,
ch. 6, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
=Amphiarāĭdes=, a patronymic of Alcmæon as being son of Amphiaraus.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43.
=Amphicrătes=, an historian who wrote the lives of illustrious men.
_Diogenes Laërtius._
=Amphictyon=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after
Cranaus, and first attempted to give the interpretation of dreams,
and to draw omens. Some say that the deluge happened in his age.
_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The son of Helenus, who first established
the celebrated council of the _Amphictyons_, composed of the wisest
and most virtuous men of some cities of Greece. This august assembly
consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the following states:
the Ionians, Dorians, Perhæbians, Bœotians, Magnesians, Phthians,
Locrians, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, and the people
of Œta. Other cities in process of time sent also some of their
citizens to the council of the Amphictyons, and in the age of
Antoninus Pius, they were increased to the number of 30. They
generally met twice every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at
Thermopylæ. They took into consideration all matters of difference
which might exist between the different states of Greece. When the
Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi the Amphictyons declared
war against them, and this war was supported by all the states of
Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians, with their allies the
Lacedæmonians, were deprived of the privilege of sitting in the
council of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians were admitted in
their place, for their services in support of the war. About 60
years after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded Greece, the
Phocians behaved with such courage, that they were reinstated in
all their former privileges. Before they proceeded to business, the
Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh
into small pieces, intimating that union and unanimity prevailed
in the several cities which they represented. Their decisions were
held sacred and inviolable, and even arms were taken up to enforce
them. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_ & _Achaia_.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Suidas._
――_Hesychius._――_Aeschines._
=Amphiclea=, a town of Phocis, where Bacchus had a temple.
=Amphidāmus=, a son of Aleus, brother to Lycurgus. He was of the
family of the Inachidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the
Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 376.――――A son of Busiris, killed
by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Amphidrŏmia=, a festival observed by private families at Athens, the
fifth day after the birth of every child. It was customary to _run
round_ the fire with a child in their arms; whence the name of the
festivals.
=Amphigenīa=, a town of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 4, li. 178.
=Amphilŏchus=, a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war,
he left Argos, his native country, and built Amphilochus, a town of
Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――An Athenian
philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_,
bk. 1.
=Amphily̆tus=, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who encouraged Pisistratus to
seize the sovereign power of Athens. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 62.
=Amphimăche=, a daughter of Amphidamus, wife of Eurystheus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
=Amphimăchus=, one of Helen’s suitors, son of Cteatus. He went to the
Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――A
son of Actor and Theronice. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
=Amphimĕdon=, a Libyan killed by Perseus, in the court of Cepheus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 75.――――One of Penelope’s suitors,
killed by Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 283.
=Amphinŏme=, the name of one of the attendants of Thetis. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 44.
=Amphinŏmus=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bks. 16 & 22.
=Amphinŏmus= and =Anapius=, two brothers, who, when Catana and the
neighbouring cities were in flames, by an eruption from mount Ætna,
saved their parents upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said,
spared them while it consumed others by their side; and Pluto, to
reward their uncommon piety, placed them after death in the island
of Leuce, and they received divine honours in Sicily. _Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
li. 197.――_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.
=Amphīon=, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope daughter of Nycteus, who had
married Lycus, and had been repudiated by him when he married Dirce.
Amphion was born at the same birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron,
where Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of Dirce; and the
two children were exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shepherd.
_See:_ Antiope. When Amphion grew up, he cultivated poetry and made
such an uncommon progress in music, that he is said to have been the
inventor of it, and to have built the walls of Thebes at the sound
of his lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave him the lyre. He
was the first who raised an altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion
united to avenge the wrongs which their mother had suffered from
the cruelties of Dirce. They besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to
death, and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged
her through precipices till she expired. The fable of Amphion’s
moving stones and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his
lyre, has been explained by supposing that he persuaded, by his
eloquence, a wild and uncivilized people to unite together and
build a town to protect themselves against the attacks of their
enemies. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs.
5 & 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 20; bk. 9, chs. 5
& 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_,
bk. 3, li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11; _Art of Poetry_, li.
394.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 10.――――A son of Jasus king
of Orchomenos, by Persephone daughter of Mius. He married Niobe
daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had many children, among whom was
Chloris the wife of Neleus. He has been confounded by mythologists
with the son of Antiope, though Homer in his Odyssey speaks of them
both, and distinguishes them beyond contradiction. The number of
Amphion’s children, according to Homer, was 12, six of each sex;
according to Ælian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven males
and seven females. When Niobe boasted herself greater, and more
deserving of immortality than Latona, all her children, except
Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo and Diana; Niobe
herself was changed into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a
fit of despair. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, lis. 261 & 282.――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 12, li. 36.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
fable 5.――――One of the Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A famous
painter and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus. _Pliny_, bk. 36,
ch. 10.――――One of the Greek generals in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 692.
=Amphipŏles=, magistrates appointed at Syracuse by Timoleon, after the
expulsion of Dionysius the younger. The office existed for above 300
years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
=Amphipŏlis=, a town on the Strymon, between Macedonia and Thrace.
An Athenian colony, under Agnon son of Nicias, drove the ancient
inhabitants, called Edonians, from the country, and built a city,
which they called Amphipolis, _i.e._ a town surrounded on all sides,
because the Strymon flowed all around it. It has been also called
Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause
of many wars between the Athenians and Spartans. _Thucydides_,
bk. 4, ch. 102, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 126; bk. 7, ch. 114.――
_Diodorus_, bks. 11, 12, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_.
=Amphipy̆ros=, a surname of Diana, because she carries a _torch_ in
_both_ her hands. _Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_.
=Amphirētus=, a man of Acanthus, who artfully escaped from pirates who
had made him prisoner. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.
=Amphiroe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 361.
=Amphis=, a Greek comic poet of Athens, son of Amphicrates,
contemporary with Plato. Besides his comedies he wrote other pieces,
which are now lost. _Suidas._――_Diogenes Laërtius._
=Amphisbæna=, a two-headed serpent in the deserts of Libya, whose bite
was venomous and deadly. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 719.
=Amphissa=, or =Issa=, a daughter of Macareus, beloved by Apollo. She
gave her name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which was a temple
of Minerva. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,
li. 703.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.――――A town of the Brutii on the
east coast.
=Amphissēne=, a country of Armenia.
=Amphissus=, a son of Dryope. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.
=Amphisthĕnes=, a Lacedæmonian, who fell delirious in sacrificing to
Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.
=Amphistīdes=, a man so naturally destitute of intellect, that he
seldom remembered that he ever had a father. He wished to learn
arithmetic, but never could comprehend beyond the figure 4.
_Aristotle_, _Problemata_, bk. 4.
=Amphistrătus= and =Rhecas=, two men of Laconia, charioteers to Castor
and Pollux. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.
=Amphitea=, the mother of Ægialeus by Cyanippus, and of three
daughters, Argia, Deipyle, and Ægialea, by Adrastus king of Argos.
She was daughter to Pronax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The wife of
Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlea the wife of Laertes. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 416.
=Amphitheātrum=, a large round or oval building at Rome, where the
people assembled to see the combats of gladiators, of wild beasts,
and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of Rome were generally
built with wood. Statilius Taurus was the first who made one with
stones, under Augustus.
=Amphithĕmis=, a Theban general, who involved the Lacedæmonians into
a war with his country. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 9.
=Amphithoe=, one of the Nereides.
=Amphītrīte=, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, married Neptune, though
she had made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had by him Triton,
one of the sea deities. She had a statue at Corinth in the temple
of Neptune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is often taken
for the sea itself. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 930.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu
Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 104.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
li. 14.――――One of the Nereides.
=Amphĭtryon=, a Theban prince, son of Alcæus and Hipponome. His sister
Anaxo had married Electryon king of Mycenæ, whose sons were killed
in a battle by the Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown and
daughter Alcmena to him who could revenge the death of his sons upon
the Teleboans; and Amphitryon offered himself and was received, on
condition that he should not approach Alcmena before he had obtained
a victory. Jupiter, who was captivated with the charms of Alcmena,
borrowed the features of Amphitryon when he was gone to the war, and
introduced himself to Electryon’s daughter as her husband returned
victorious. Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules by Jupiter, and
of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return. _See:_ Alcmena. When
Amphitryon returned from the war, he brought back to Electryon
the herds which the Teleboans had taken from him. One of the cows
having strayed from the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together,
threw a stick, which struck the horns of the cow, and rebounded
with such violence upon Electryon, that he died on the spot. After
this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Electryon’s brother, seized the
kingdom of Mycenæ, and obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and
retire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon king of Thebes purified him of
the murder. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 213.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of
Heracles_.――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.
=Amphitryōniădes=, a surname of Hercules, as the supposed son of
Amphitryon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 103.
=Amphitus=, a priest of Ceres, at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 5.
=Amphotĕrus=, was appointed commander of a fleet in the Hellespont by
Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son of Alcmæon.
=Amphrȳsus=, a river of Thessaly, near which Apollo, when banished
from heaven, fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this circumstance
the god has been called _Amphryssius_, and his priestess
_Amphryssia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.――_Lucan_,
bk. 6, li. 367.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 2; _Æneid_, bk. 6,
li. 398.――――A river of Phrygia, whose waters rendered women liable
to barrenness. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.
=Ampia Labiena lex=, was enacted by Titus Ampius and ♦Titus Labienus,
tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the
privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and with a golden crown
at the Circensian games, and with a prætexta and golden crown at
theatrical plays.
♦ ‘A.’ replaced with ‘Titus’
=Ampracia=. _See:_ Ambracia.
=Ampysĭdes=, a patronymic of Mopsus son of Ampyx. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 316.
=Ampyx=, a son of Pelias. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――A man
mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 184.――――The father
of Mopsus. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.
=Amsactus=, a lake in the country of the Hirpini, at the east of
Capua, whose waters are so sulphureous that they infect and destroy
whatever animals come near the place. It was through this place that
Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit to
the upper regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 565.――_Cicero_,
_de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36.
=Amūlius=, king of Alba, was son of Procas and youngest brother
to Numitor. The crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth; but
Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to death his son Lausus,
and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of Vesta,
to prevent her ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite of all these
precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and brought forth
twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered
the mother to be buried alive for violating the laws of Vesta, which
enjoined perpetual chastity, and the two children to be thrown into
the river. They were providentially saved by some shepherds, or,
as others say, by a she-wolf; and when they had attained the years
of manhood, they put to death the usurper, Amulius, and restored
the crown to their grandfather. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 67.――
_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 4.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A celebrated painter.
_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.
=Amy̆ci Portus=, a place in Pontus, famous for the death of Amycus king
of the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with laurels, whose boughs,
as is reported, when carried on board a ship, caused uncommon
dissensions among the sailors. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Arrian._
=Amy̆cla=, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her sister Melibœa, was
spared by Diana, when her mother boasted herself greater than Diana.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――Homer says that all the daughters
perished. _Iliad_, bk. 24. _See:_ Niobe.――――The nurse of Alcibiades.
=Amy̆clæ=, a town of Italy between Caieta and Tarracina, built by
the companions of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants were strict
followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, and therefore abstained
from flesh. They were killed by serpents, which they thought impious
to destroy, though in their own defence. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 29.
Once a report prevailed in Amyclæ that the enemies were coming to
storm it; upon which the inhabitants made a law that forbade such
a report to be credited, and when the enemy really arrived, no one
mentioned it, or took up arms in his own defence, and the town was
easily taken. From this circumstance the epithet of _tacitæ_ has
been given to Amyclæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 564.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 529.――――A city of Peloponnesus, built by
Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were born there. The country was famous
for dogs. Apollo, called Amyclæus, had a rich and magnificent temple
there, surrounded with delightful groves. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 223.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 345.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 5.
=Amyclæus=, a statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.――――A surname of
Apollo.
=Amyclas=, son of Lacedæmon and Sparta, built the city of Amyclæ.
His sister Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos, by whom she had
Danae. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 18.――――The master of a
ship in which Cæsar embarked in disguise. When Amyclas wished to put
back to avoid a violent storm, Cæsar, unveiling his head, discovered
himself, and bidding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaimed, _Cæsarem
vehis, Cæsarisque fortunam_. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 520.
=Amy̆cus=, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bithynis, according to others,
was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the
management of the cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a trial
of strength. When the Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on
his coasts, he treated them with great kindness, and Pollux accepted
his challenge, and killed him when he attempted to overcome him by
fraud. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, _Argonautica_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_,
poem 22.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the companions of
Æneas, who almost perished in a storm on the coast of Africa. He
was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 225; bk. 9,
li. 772.――――Another, likewise killed by Turnus. _Ibis_, bk. 12,
li. 509.――――A son of Ixion and the cloud.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12, li. 245.
=Amy̆don=, a city of Pæonia in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to
Priam during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Amȳmōne=, daughter of Danaus and Europa, married Enceladus son
of Ægyptus, whom she murdered the first night of her nuptials.
She wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had aimed at a stag.
The satyr pursued her, and even offered her violence, but Neptune
delivered her. It was said that she was the only one of the 50
sisters who was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with water in
hell, because she had been continually employed, by order of her
father, in supplying the city of Argos with water in a great drought.
Neptune saw her in this employment, and was enamoured of her. He
carried her away, and in the place where she stood, he raised a
fountain by striking a rock. The fountain has been called Amymone.
She had Nauplius by Neptune. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 46.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
37.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 169.――――A
fountain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis into
the lake of Lerna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.
=Amyntas I.=, was king of Macedonia after his father Alcetas. His son
Alexander murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus, for their wanton
and insolent behaviour to the ladies of his father’s court. Bubares,
a Persian general, was sent with an army to revenge the death of
the ambassadors; but instead of making war, he married the king’s
daughter, and defended his possessions. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.
――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, & 8.――――The second of that name was son
of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia after his murder of Pausanias.
He was expelled by the Illyrians, and restored by the Thessalians
and Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians and Olynthians, and
lived to a great age. His wife Eurydice conspired against his life;
but her snares were seasonably discovered by one of his daughters
by a former wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander
the Great’s father, by his first wife; and by the other he had
Archelaus, Aridæus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; and soon
after his death his son Philip murdered all his brothers, and
ascended the throne.――_Justin_, bk. 7, chs. 4 & 9.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 14, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――There
is another king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his life
few particulars are recorded in history.――――A man who succeeded
Dejotarus, in the kingdom of Gallogræcia. After his death it
became a Roman province under Augustus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――One
of Alexander’s officers.――――Another officer who deserted to Darius,
and was killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. _Curtius_, bk. 3,
ch. 9.――――A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself from Macedonia,
because he hated Alexander.――――An officer in Alexander’s cavalry.
He had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon. He was accused of a
conspiracy against the king, on account of his great intimacy with
Philotas, and acquitted. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15; bk. 6, ch. 9;
bk. 8, ch. 12.――――A shepherd’s name in Virgil’s _Eclogues_.――――A
Greek writer who composed several works quoted by Athenæus, 10 & 12.
=Amyntiānus=, an historian in the age of Antoninus, who wrote a
treatise in commendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander.
=Amyntor=, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. He deprived his son
Phœnix of his eyes, to punish him for the violence which he had
offered to Clytia his concubine. _Hyginus_, fable 173.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 307.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A general of the Dolopes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 12, li. 364.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by Damone the first
night of his marriage. _Hyginus_, fable 170.
=Amyris=, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the oracle of Delphi
concerning the probable duration of his country’s prosperity, &c.
=Amyrīcus Campus=, a plain of Thessaly. _Polybius_, bk. 3.
=Amyrius=, a king by whom Cyrus was killed in a battle. _Ctesias._
=Amy̆rus=, a town of Thessaly.――――A river mentioned by _Valerius
Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 11.
=Amystis=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _Indica_.
=Amythāon=, a son of Cretheus king of Iolchos, by Tyro. He married
Idomene, by whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his father’s death,
he established himself in Messenia with his brother Neleus, and
re-established or regulated the Olympic games. Melampus is called
_Amythaonius_, from his father Amythaon. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 3, li. 550.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A son of Hippasus, who assisted Priam in the
Trojan war, and was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.
=Amytis=, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus married. _Ctesias._――――A
daughter of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself by
her debaucheries.
=Anăces=, or =Anactes=, a name given to Castor and Pollux among
the Athenians. Their festivals were called Anaceia. _Plutarch_,
_Theseus_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.
=Anacharsis=, a Scythian philosopher, 592 B.C., who, on account of
his wisdom, temperance, and extensive knowledge, has been called one
of the seven wise men. Like his countrymen, he made use of a cart
instead of a house. He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, which
can stop only small flies, and are unable to resist the superior
force of large insects. When he returned to Scythia from Athens,
where he had spent some time in study, and in the friendship of
Solon, he attempted to introduce there the laws of the Athenians,
which so irritated his brother, who was then on the throne, that
he killed him with an arrow. Anacharsis has rendered himself famous
among the ancients by his writings, and his poems on war, the
laws of Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Crœsus and Hanno are
still extant. Later authors have attributed to him the invention
of tinder, of anchors, and of the potter’s wheel. The name of
Anacharsis is become very familiar to modern ears, by that elegant,
valuable, and truly classical work of Barthelemi, called the travels
of Anacharsis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 56, 47, & 48.――_Plutarch_,
_Quæstiones Convivales_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
ch. 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Anacium=, a mountain with a temple sacred to the Anaces in
Peloponnesus. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 21.
=Anacreon=, a famous lyric poet of Teos in Ionia, highly favoured by
Polycrates and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. He was of a lascivious
and intemperate disposition, much given to drinking, and deeply
enamoured of a youth called Bathyllus. His odes are still extant,
and the uncommon sweetness and elegance of his poetry have been the
admiration of every age and country. He lived to his 85th year, and,
after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, choked himself with
a grape stone and expired. Plato says that he was descended from
an illustrious family, and that Codrus, the last king of Athens,
was one of his progenitors. His statue was placed in the citadel of
Athens, representing him as an old drunken man, singing, with every
mark of dissipation and intemperance. Anacreon flourished 532 B.C.
All that he wrote is not extant; his odes were first published
by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. The best editions
of Anacreon are that of Maittaire, 4to, London, 1725, of which
only 100 copies were printed, and the very correct one of Barnes,
12mo, Cambridge, 1721, to which may be added that of Brunck,
12mo, Strasbourg, 1778. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2, 25.――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Cicero_,
_Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――_Horace_, epode 14,
li. 20.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 121.
=Anactoria= and =Anactorium=, a town of Epirus, in a peninsula towards
the gulf of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and was
the cause of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Corinthians.
Augustus carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after
the battle of Actium. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1,
ch. 55.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1; bk. 5, ch. 29.――――An ancient name
of Miletus.
=Anactŏrie=, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly loved by Sappho. _Ovid_,
_Heroides_, poem 15, li. 17.
=Anadyomĕne=, a valuable painting of Venus, represented as rising from
the sea, by Apelles. Augustus bought it and placed it in the temple
of Julius Cæsar. The lower part of it was a little defaced, and
there were found no painters in Rome able to repair it. _Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 10.
=Anagnia=, now _Anagni_, a city of the Hernici in Latium, where
Antony struck a medal when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 684.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 392.
=Anagogia=, a festival, celebrated by the people of Eryx in Sicily, in
honour of Venus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15; _Natura
Animalium_, bk. 4, ch. 2.
=Anagyrontum=, a small village of Attica. _Herodotus._
=Anaītis=, a goddess of Armenia. The virgins who were consecrated
to her service, esteemed themselves more dignified by public
prostitution. The festivals of the deity were called Sacarum Festa;
and when they were celebrated both sexes assisted at the ceremony,
and inebriated themselves to such a degree, that the whole was
concluded by a scene of the greatest lasciviousness and intemperance.
They were first instituted by Cyrus, when he marched against the
Sacæ, and covered tables with the most exquisite dainties, that
he might detain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness of food
to which they were unaccustomed, and thus easily destroy them.
_Strabo._――――Diana is also worshipped under this name by the Lydians.
_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 4.
=Ananias=, an Iambic poet. _Athenæus._
=Anăphe=, an island that rose out of the Cretan sea, and received this
name from the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly
saw the new moon. Apollo was worshipped there, and called Anaphæus.
_Apollonius._
=Anaphlystus=, a small village of Attica near the sea, called after
an ancient hero of the same name, who was son of Trœzen.――――A small
village near Athens.
=Anāpus=, a river of Epirus. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 82.――――Of Sicily,
near Syracuse. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 96.
=Anartes=, a people of Lower Pannonia. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,
ch. 25.
=Anas=, a river of Spain, now called Guadiana. _Strabo_, bk. 3.
=Anatŏle=, one of the Horæ. _Hyginus_, fable 183.――――A mountain near
the Ganges, where Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia.
=Anauchĭdas=, a Samian wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 27.
=Anaurus=, a river of Thessaly, near the foot of mount Pelion, where
Jason lost one of his sandals. _Callimachus_, _Diana [Artemis]_.――――A
river of Troas near Ida. _Colluthus._
=Anausis=, one of Medea’s suitors, killed by Styrus. _Valerius
Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 43.
=Anax=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, father to Asterius, from whom Miletus
has been called Anactoria. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 7, ch. 2.
=Anaxagŏras=, succeeded his father Megapenthes on the throne of Argos.
He shared the sovereign power with Bias and Melampus, who had cured
the women of Argos of madness. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A
Clazomenian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to Anaximes
and preceptor to Socrates and Euripides. He disregarded wealth and
honours, to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy.
He applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted with eclipses, and
predicted that one day a stone would fall from the sun, which it
is said really fell into the river Ægos. Anaxagoras travelled into
Egypt for improvement, and used to say that he preferred a grain of
wisdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils,
and often consulted him in matters of state; and once dissuaded him
from starving himself to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras concerning
the heavens were wild and extravagant. He supposed that the sun was
inflammable matter, about the bigness of Peloponnesus; and that the
moon was inhabited. The heavens he believed to be of stone, and the
earth of similar materials. He was accused of impiety and condemned
to die; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long been
pronounced upon him by nature. Being asked whether his body should
be carried into his own country, he answered, no, as the road that
led to the other side of the grave was as long from one place as
the other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquently and successfully
for him, and the sentence of death was exchanged for banishment.
In prison, the philosopher is said to have attempted to square the
circle, or determine exactly the proportion of its diameter to the
circumference. When the people of Lampsacus asked him before his
death whether he wished anything to be done in commemoration of him,
“Yes,” said he, “let the boys be allowed to play on the anniversary
of my death.” This was carefully observed, and that time, dedicated
to relaxation, was called _Anaxagoreia_. He died at Lampsacus in
his 72nd year, 428 B.C. His writings were not much esteemed by his
pupil Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.
――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_ & _Pericles_.――_Cicero_, _Academicæ
quaestiones_, bk. 4, ch. 23; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1,
ch. 43.――――A statuary of Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――A
grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator,
disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Echeanox, who,
with his brothers Codrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias tyrant of
Ephesus.
=Anaxander=, of the family of the Heraclidæ, was son of Eurycrates
and king of Sparta. The second Messenian war began in his reign,
in which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized himself. His son
was called Eurycrates. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 204.――_Plutarch_,
_Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 4, chs.
15 & 16.――――A general of Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans.
=Anaxandrĭdes=, son of Leon and father to Cleomenes I. and Leonidas,
was king of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he divorced his wife,
of whom he was extremely fond, on account of her barrenness; and he
was the first Lacedæmonian who had two wives. _Herodotus_, bks. 1,
5, & 7.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 3, &c.――――A son of Theopompus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch.
131.――――A comic poet of Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander.
He was the first poet who introduced intrigues and rapes upon the
stage. He was of such a passionate disposition, that he tore to
pieces all his compositions which met with no success. He composed
about 100 plays, of which 10 obtained the prize. Some fragments of
his poetry remain in Athenæus. He was starved to death by order of
the Athenians, for satirizing their government. _Aristotle_, bk. 3,
_Rhetoric_.
=Anaxarchus=, a philosopher of Abdera, one of the followers of
Democritus, and the friend of Alexander. When the monarch had been
wounded in a battle, the philosopher pointed to the place, adding,
“That is human blood, and not the blood of a god.” The freedom of
Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon, and after Alexander’s death, the
tyrant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a
stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore this with much resignation,
and exclaimed, “Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou dost not
pound his soul.” Upon this Nicocreon threatened to cut his tongue,
and Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it out into the
tyrant’s face. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 571.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium
Septem Sapientium_, ch. 7.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent
Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 22.
――――A Theban general. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 100.
=Anaxarĕte=, a girl of Salamis, who so arrogantly despised the
addresses of Iphis, a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung
himself at her door. She saw this sad spectacle without emotion or
pity, and was changed into a stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
li. 748.
=Anaxēnor=, a musician, whom Marcus Antony greatly honoured, and
presented with the tribute of four cities. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Anaxias=, a Theban general. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.
=Anaxibia=, a sister of Agamemnon, mother of seven sons and two
daughters by Nestor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――――A daughter of
Bias, brother to the physician Melampus. She married Pelias king
of Iolchos, by whom she had Acastus and four daughters――Pisidice,
Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――She
is called daughter of Dymas by _Hyginus_, fable 14.
=Anaxicrătes=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 23.
=Anaxidămus=, succeeded his father Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7; bk. 4, ch. 15.
=Anaxĭlas= and =Anaxĭlaus=, a Messenian, tyrant of Rhegium. He took
Zancle, and was so mild and popular during his reign, that when he
died, 476 B.C., he left his infant sons to the care of one of his
servants, and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave than revolt
from their benevolent sovereign’s children. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6,
ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 167.――――A magician
of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augustus.――――A Pythagorean
philosopher.――――A physician. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 1.――――An historian,
who began his history with bitter invectives against former writers.
_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A Lacedæmonian. _Plutarch_,
_Alcibiades_.――――A comic writer, about the 100th Olympiad.
=Anaxilĭdes=, wrote some treatises concerning philosophers, and
mentioned that Plato’s mother became pregnant by a phantom of the
god Apollo, from which circumstance her son was called the prince of
wisdom. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_.
=Anaximander=, a Milesian philosopher, the companion and disciple of
Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres, asserted that the
earth was of a cylindrical form, and taught that men were born of
earth and water mixed together, and heated by the beams of the sun;
that the earth moved, and that the moon received light from the
sun, which he considered as a circle of fire like a wheel, about 28
times bigger than the earth. He made the first geographical maps and
sun-dials. He died in the 64th year of his age, B.C. 547. _Cicero_,
_Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 70.――_Plutarch_,
_Quæstiones Convivales_. He had a son who bore his name. _Strabo_,
bk. 1.
=Anaximĕnes=, a philosopher, son of Erasistratus and disciple of
Anaximander, whom he succeeded in his school. He said that the air
was the cause of every created being, and a self-existent divinity,
and that the sun, the moon, and the stars, had been made from the
earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a
solid concave figure, on which the stars were fixed like nails,
an opinion prevalent at that time, and from which originated the
proverb, τι εἰ οὐρανος ἐμπεσοι, _if the heavens should fall?_ to
which Horace has alluded, bk. 3, _Odes_, poem 3, li. 7. He died
504 years B.C. _Cicero_, _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_.
――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 76.――――A native of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles.
He was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the
Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he wrote the history.
When Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to put to death all
the inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had maintained a long
siege against him, Anaximenes was sent by his countrymen to appease
the king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he would not grant the
favour he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king
to destroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and by this artful
request the city of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. Besides
the life of Philip and his son, he wrote a history of Greece, in
12 books, all now lost. His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an
account of ancient paintings. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent
Philosophers_.
=Anaxipŏlis=, a comic poet of Thasos. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 14.――――A
writer on agriculture, likewise of Thasos.
=Anaxippus=, a comic writer in the age of Demetrius. He used to say,
that philosophers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in
their actions. _Athenæus._
=Anaxirrhoe=, a daughter of Coronus, who married Epeus. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Anaxis=, a Bœotian historian, who wrote a history down to the age of
Philip son of Amyntas. _Diodorus_, bk. 25.――――A son of Castor and
Hilaira.
=Anaxo=, a virgin of Trœzene carried away by Theseus. _Plutarch_,
_Theseus_.――――A daughter of Alceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon.
=Ancæus=, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, was in the expedition of
the Argonauts. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which
he perished. _Hyginus_, fables 173 & 248.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 8.――――The son of Neptune and Astypalæa. He went with the
Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He
reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia daughter of the Mæander,
by whom he had four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Alithersus, and
one daughter called Parthenope. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_. He was once
told by one of his servants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his
vineyard, that he never would taste of the produce of his vines. He
had already the cup in his hand, and called the prophet to convince
him of his falsehood; when the servant, yet firm in his prediction,
uttered this well-known proverb:
Πολλα μεταξυ πελει κυλικος και χειλεος ακρου.
_Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra._
At that very moment Ancæus was told that a wild boar had entered his
vineyard; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away
the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt.
=Ancalītes=, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21.
=Ancarius=, a god of the Jews. _See:_ Anchialus.
=Ancharia=, a family of Rome.――――The name of Octavia’s mother.
_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
=Ancharius=, a noble Roman killed by the partisans of Marius during
the civil wars with Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.
=Anchemŏlus=, son of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished
his mother-in-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father.
He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas son of Evander, in the
wars of Æneas against the Latins. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 389.
=Anchesītes=, a wind which blows from Achisa, a harbour of Epirus.
_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._
=Anchesmus=, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter _Anchesmius_ had a
statue.
=Anchiăle= and =Anchiala=, a city on the sea coast of Cilicia.
Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus in
its neighbourhood, in one day. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which
was a famous inscription in the Syrian language, denoting the great
intemperance and dissipation which distinguished all his life. There
was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of
Apollo. There was another in Epirus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem
10, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Anchiălus=, a famous astrologer.――――A great warrior, father of Mentes.
――――One of the Phæacians. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A god of the Jews,
as some suppose, in _Martial’s_ epigrams, bk. 11, ltr. 95.
=Anchimolius=, a Spartan general sent against the Pisistratidæ, and
killed in the expedition. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――A son of
Rhœtus. _See:_ Anchemolus.
=Anchinoe=, a daughter of Nilus and wife of Belus. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Anchion=. _See:_ Chion.
=Anchīse=, a city of Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
=Anchīses=, a son of Capys by Themis daughter of Ilus. He was of
such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from heaven on
mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess
became pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to mention the favours he
had received, on pain of being struck with thunder. The child which
Venus brought forth was called Æneas; he was educated as soon as
born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was entrusted
to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was
become so infirm that Æneas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take
away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames
upon his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He accompanied his son
in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in the 80th year
of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx by Æneas and Acestes king
of the country, and the anniversary of his death was afterwards
celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Some authors
have maintained that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus,
and boasted at a feast that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida,
upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say that the wounds
he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only
weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book of the
Æneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the
fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants
the Romans. _See:_ Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――
_Hyginus_, fables 94, 254, 260, 270.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1010.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 34.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 20, & _Hymn to Aphrodite_.――_Xenophon_, _On Hunting_,
ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, _Roman Antiquities_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12, says that Anchises was buried on a
mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia.
――――An Athenian archon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8.
=Anchīsia=, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a
monument of Anchises. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 12 & 13.
=Anchīsiădes=, a patronymic of Æneas, as being the son of Anchises.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 348, &c.
=Anchoe=, a place near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a
lake of the same name. _Strabo._
=Anchŏra=, a fortified place in Galatia.
=Anchūrus=, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for
the good of his country when the earth had opened and swallowed up
many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer,
that the gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw into it
whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many
things of immense value, yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus,
thinking himself the most precious of his father’s possessions, took
a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped into the earth,
which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar
of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he
turned to gold, when he had received his fatal gift from the gods.
This unpolished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch.
_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.
=Ancīle= and =Ancy̆le=, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman
authors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman
people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this
shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa
ordered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any
attempt was made to carry them away, the plunderer might find it
difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such
exactness, that the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist,
whatever reward he desired. _See:_ Mamurius. They were kept in
the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was chosen to watch
over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 12 in
number; they carried, every year on the 1st of March, the shields
in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing
praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days,
during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed
unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any
expedition; and _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, has attributed the
unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius to his
leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. These
two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is
applied to these shields:
_Idque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est,
Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest._
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 377, &c.
_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 124.――_Plutarch_, _Numa_.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 664.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.
=Ancon= and =Ancōna=, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with
a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow (ἀγχων), on the shores
of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto,
supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air
by angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Judæa, where it was a cottage,
inhabited by the virgin Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has
often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
ch. 13.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 402.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 437.
=Ancus Martius=, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa by his
daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes,
Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to
the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine
within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman
territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the
mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus with the
moderation of Numa. He died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and
was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 815.
=Ancȳræ=, a town of Sicily.――――A town of Phrygia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.
=Anda=, a city of Africa. _Polybius._
=Andabătæ=, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the
proverb, _Andabatarum more_, to denote rash and inconsiderate
measures. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 10.
=Andania=, a city of Arcadia, where Aristomenes was educated.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. It received its name from a gulf of
the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.
=Andegavia=, a country of Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41.
=Andēra=, a town of Phrygia.
=Andes=, a nation among the Celtæ, whose chief town is now _Anjou_.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A village of Italy, near
Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence _Andinus_. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 8, li. 595.
=Andocĭdes=, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the
age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with the most
illustrious men of his age. He was often banished, but his dexterity
always restored him to favour. _Plutarch_ has written his life in
_Lives of the Ten Orators_. Four of his orations are extant.
=Andomătis=, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._
=Andræmon=, the father of Thoas. _Hyginus_, fable 97.――――The son-in-law
and successor of Œneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.
=Andragrathius=, a tyrant defeated by Gratian, A.D. 383, &c.
=Andragrăthus=, a man bribed by Lysimachus to betray his country, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Andragŏras=, a man who died a sudden death. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 53.
=Andramy̆les=, a king of Lydia, who castrated women, and made use of
them as eunuchs. _Athenæus._
=Andrēas=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――――A man
of Panormum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that
had happened in Sicily. _Athenæus._――――A son of the Peneus. Part of
Bœotia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called _Andreis_
after him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34, &c.
=Andriclus=, a mountain of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of
Troas, falling into the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.
=Andriscus=, a man who wrote a history of Naxos. _Athenæus_, bk. 1.
――――A worthless person called _Pseudophilippus_, on account of the
likeness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians
to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by
Metellus, 152 B.C. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.
=Androbius=, a famous painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.
=Androclēa=, a daughter of Antipœnus of Thebes. She, with her sister
Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the
oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged
in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted
himself for the glory of his nation. Antipœnus refused to do it,
and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours
after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated
to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. _Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 17.
=Andrōcles=, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of Cyprus.
=Androclīdes=, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against
the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one
of his enemies.――――A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an
account of philosophers.
=Androclus=, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus
and Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.
=Androcy̆des=, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander:
――_Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ, sicuti
venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum._ _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 5.
=Androdămus.= _See:_ Andromadas.
=Andrōdus=, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion
whose foot he had cured. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 15.
=Andrŏgeos=, a Greek, killed by Æneas and his friends, whom he took to
be his countrymen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 371.
=Andrŏgeus=, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in
wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a
favourite of the people, that Ægeus king of the country grew jealous
of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going
to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon.
Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his
son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that Ægeus
sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to
be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. The Athenians
established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and
called them Androgeia. _Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 1
& 27.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.――_Plutarch_,
_Theseus_.
=Androgy̆næ=, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every
one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex;
and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of
a woman. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 837.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.
=Andrŏmăche=, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married
Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She
was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her
own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in
her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to
a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best,
most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer’s Iliad. She
received the news of her husband’s death with extreme sorrow; and
after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son
Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong
from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had
killed her husband. _Seneca_, _Troades_. Andromache, in the division
of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,
who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had
by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards
repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam,
who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over
part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say
that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus
put him to death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 22, & 24.――_Quintus
Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 486.
――_Hyginus_, fable 123.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,
poem 9, li. 35; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.
=Andromachidæ=, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins
who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he
pleased.
=Andromăchus=, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian
Timæus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering
the liberty of the Syracusans.――――A general of Alexander, to whom
Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the
Samaritans. _Curtius_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.――――An officer of Seleucus
the younger. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――A poet of Byzantium.――――A
physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.――――A sophist of Naples, in
the age of Diocletian.
=Andromădus=, or =Androdamus=, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for
the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. _Aristotle._
=Andrŏmĕda=, a daughter of Cepheus king of Æthiopia by Cassiope. She
was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned
the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because
Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides.
The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop
the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea
monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment
that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned
through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was
captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy
the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his
trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster
into a rock, by showing him Medusa’s head, and untied Andromeda and
married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus,
Ancæus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus
was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed
into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a
constellation in heaven after her death. _See:_ Medusa, Perseus.
_Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 5, li. 533.
――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.――――According to _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Judæa that Andromeda was tied on a rock.
He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which
she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully
preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been
explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a
ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the
interposition of another more faithful lover.
=Andron=, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya
without drink. ♦_Aristotle’s book on Drunkenness_ [quoted in
Apollonius] “Historiæ Mirabiles”.――――A man set over the citadel
of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and
revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him
to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to
rebellion. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A man of Halicarnassus, who
composed some historical works. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A native
of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man of Argos.――――Another of Alexandria,
&c. _Apollonius [Paradoxographus]_, _Historiæ Mirabiles_, ch. 25.
――_Athenæus._
♦ reference edited for clarity
=Andronīcus Livius.= _See:_ Livius.
=Andronīcus=, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished
59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works
of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best
edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. _Plutarch_,
_Sulla_.――――A Latin poet in the age of Cæsar.――――A Latin grammarian,
whose life Suetonius has written.――――A king of Lydia, surnamed
Alpyus.――――One of Alexander’s officers.――――One of the officers of
Antiochus Epiphanes.――――An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble
octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top
of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing
always to the side whence the wind blew.
=Androphăgi=, a savage nation of European Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
chs. 18, 102.
=Andropompus=, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.
=Andros=, an island in the Ægean sea, known by the different names
of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief
town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a
temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January,
tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of
Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 648.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 80.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 70.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.
――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2.
=Androsthĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, sent with a ship on the
coast of Arabia. _Arrian_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A
governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was
conquered by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 80.――――A
statuary of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A geographer in
the age of Alexander.
=Androtrion=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise
on agriculture. _Pliny._――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.
=Anelontis=, a river near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.
=Anerastus=, a king of Gaul.
=Anemolia=, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. _Strabo._
=Anemōsa=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.
=Anfinomus= and =Anapius=. Rather _Amphinomus_, which _see_.
=Angelia=, a daughter of Mercury.
=Angelion=, a statuary who made Apollo’s statue at Delphi. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 32.
=Angĕlus=, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is
unknown. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
=Angītes=, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 113.
=Angli=, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as
being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name.
_Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.
=Angrus=, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.
=Anguitia=, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake
Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the
inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power
over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. _Silius
Italicus_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759.
=Ania=, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends
advised her to marry again. “No,” said she, “if I marry a man
as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for
his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and
indulgent one?”
=Anicētus=, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A freedman who directed the education of
Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.
=Anicia=, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of
the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.――――A
relation of Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos._
=Anicium=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.
=Anicius Gallus=, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius,
and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.――――A consul with Cornelius
Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.――――Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth
century, famous for his humanity.
=Anigrus=, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the
wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters
unwholesome. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs
of this river are called Anigriades. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6.
=Anio= and =Anien=, now _Taverone_, a river of Italy, flowing through
the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five
miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose,
from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he
could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. _Statius_,
bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 683.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.――_Plutarch_, _de
Fortuna Romanorum_.
=Anitorgis=, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between
Asdrubal and the Scipios. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 33.
=Anius=, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father
of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and
Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever
they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the
Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with
provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into
doves. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 642.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
li. 80.
=Anna=, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals.
She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of
Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas
had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked
on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for
the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia
the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was
shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by
her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which
she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to
call her _Anna Perenna_, because she would remain for ever under
the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and
the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their
natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the
15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain
a long and happy life: and thence the words _Annare et Perennare_.
Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, _quia mensibus impleat
annum_; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus,
and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that
Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman
populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes
every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was
re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called
Perenna, _ab perennitate cultûs_, and who, as they supposed, was
become one of their deities. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 653, &c.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 79.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.
=Anna Commena=, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for
the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor
of the east. The character of this history is not very high for
authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in
the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative,
as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science
betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best
edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.
=Annæus=, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ,
Flori, &c.
=Annāles=, a chronological history which gives an account of all the
important events of every year in a state, without entering into the
causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered
in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals
was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they
have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest _Pontifex Maximus_,
who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.
=Annālis lex=, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen
could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law
originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be
a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular
power before he had arrived to his 25th year.
=Anniānus=, a poet in the age of Trajan.
=Annĭbal=, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was
educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to
the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old,
and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never
would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he
was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon
the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the
armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age.
In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of
Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after
a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans,
and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal
prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a
consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he
sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head
of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000
foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot
and 20,000 horse. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which
were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over
before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top
in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed
his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way
so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his
armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty,
where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in
safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy;
and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius,
near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and
invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near
the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo
Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000
foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated
battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40,
000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the
dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage
three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman
knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the
battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded
amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some
writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when
at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of
ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in
the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he
retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to
conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that
circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was
a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became
more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied
the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look
for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field,
first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many
important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be
carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and
Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put
it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she
recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have
left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he
had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his
own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which
neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined
to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama:
Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed,
and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the
day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans
granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards
Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled
to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against
Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted
the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who
granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal
enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left
the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He
encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in
weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance
with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was
in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was
Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was
unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but
at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated
him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was
besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took
a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on
his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, _Solvamus
diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum
censet_. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182
years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest
generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death
of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome;
he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever
endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also
distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus,
a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on
different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom
the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never
attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as
conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies,
and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing
in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears
for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by
saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to
be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He
was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia
his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were
secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever
attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel
for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who
told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was
a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he
was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to
the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory
by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of
the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so
weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it.
The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the
battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the
heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity
of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of
Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often
blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had
thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been
conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy,
Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with
their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that
the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans
for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the
battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo.
The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander,
that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that
ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and
places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain
that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise
from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him
no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even
raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian.
Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is
much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the
tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bks.
21, 22, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Flamininus_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Appian._――_Florus_, bks. 2 & 3.
――_Polybius._――_Diodorus._――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 159, &c.
――_Valerius Maximus._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.――――The
son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum,
which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in
their duty. _Polybius_, bk. 1.――――A Carthaginian general, son of
Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the
birth of the great Annibal. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Xenophon_,
_Hellenica_.――――A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the
Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was
overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. _Justin_, bks. 22
& 23.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the
consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross
by his countrymen for his ill success.
=Annicĕris=, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his
skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the
philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed
his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by
establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported
that all good consisted in pleasure. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plato_ & _Aristotle_.――_Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 27.
=Annius Scapŭla=, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring
against Cassius. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 55.
=Annon=, or =Hanno=, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by
Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent
privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch.
27.――――A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,”
after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds
lost with their slavery what they had been taught. _Ælian_, _Varia
Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 30.――――A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic
language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa.
This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. _Vossius_,
_Greek Historians_, bk. 4.――――Another, banished from Carthage for
taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he
wished to aspire to sovereign power. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――――This
name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized
themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome,
and in their wars against the Sicilians. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, &c.
=Anopæa=, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 216.
=Anser=, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425,
calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have
played upon his name with some degree of severity.
=Ansibarii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.
=Antæa=, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_.
――――A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.
=Antæas=, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was
far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had
been taken captive. _Plutarch._
=Antæus=, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so
strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple
to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules
attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as
often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air,
and squeezed him to death in his arms. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 598.――
_Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_, li. 893.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 88.
――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13,
ltr. 44.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 561.
=Antagŏras=, a man of Cos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A Rhodian
poet, much admired by Antigonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether
Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of
Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’
ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual
dressed fish in his army)?” _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_
& _Apophthegmata Laconica_.
=Antalcĭdas=, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he
made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country,
by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the
Persian monarch. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.
――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.
=Antander=, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. _Pausanias_,
bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Justin_,
bk. 22, ch. 7.
=Antandros=, now _St. Dimitri_, a city of Troas, inhabited by the
Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction
of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia.
There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris
sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before
him when contending for the prize of beauty. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
=Anterbrogius=, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Anteins Publius=, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of
sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly,
obliged him to open his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, &c.
=Antemnæ=, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the
name (_ante amnem_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.――_Dionysius
of Halicarnassus._
=Antēnor=, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during
the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the
Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of
Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen
and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan
palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which,
at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach
made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of
his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number
of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them
from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated
into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua.
His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed
much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas,
Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. _Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 242.――_Tacitus_, bk. 16, ch. 21.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3, 7,
8, 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk.
5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――A statuary.
_Pausanias._――――A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country.
_Ælian._
=Antenorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all
killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484.
=Antĕros= (ἀντι ἐρως, _against love_), a son of Mars and Venus. He was
not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided
over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and
of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son
Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another
brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as
Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings
enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he
found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance
it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had
a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced
the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed,
and for whom he had killed himself. _See:_ Meles. Cupid and Anteros
are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another,
to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness
and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to
inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful
to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and
reverence. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the
age of the emperor Claudius.――――A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 9, ltr. 14.
=Anthēa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――Of Messenia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――――Of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 30.
=Antheas=, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the
chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.
=Anthēdon=, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery
plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus
and Ceres had there temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch.
22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905.――――A port of Peloponnesus.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Statius_, bk. 9, li. 291.
=Anthēla=, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had
a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176.
=Anthĕmis=, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian
Samos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.
=Anthemon=, a Trojan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.
=Anthĕmus=, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.――――A city of Syria.
_Strabo._
=Anthemusia=, the same as Samos.――――A city of Mesopotamia. _Strabo._
=Anthēne=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 41.
=Anthermus=, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas.
He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax,
which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its
countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with
so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves,
according to the opinion of some authors. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.
=Anthes=, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. _Plutarch_,
_de Musica_.――――A son of Neptune.
=Anthesphoria=, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine,
who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers.
_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――――Festivals of the same name
were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called
Antheia. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――_Pollux_, _Onomasticon_, bk. 1,
ch. 1.
=Anthesteria=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They
were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion,
whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first
was called Πιθοιγια, ἀπο του πιθους οἰγειν, because they _tapped_
their _barrels_ of liquor. The second day was called Χοες, from the
measure χοα, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in
commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of
his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion
king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink
by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them
before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day
to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best
drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and
with a cask of wine. The third day was called χυτροι from χυτρα,
a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed
sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the
permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at
the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, Θυραζε, Καρες, ουκ ετ’
Ἀνθεστηρια, _i.e._ Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an
end. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 41.
=Anthēus=, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.――――One of the
companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 514.
=Anthīa=, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the
people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. _Polyænus_,
bk. 7, ch. 47.――――A town. _See:_ Anthea.――――A daughter of Thespius,
mistress to Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Anthias.= _See:_ Antheas.
=Anthippe=, a daughter of Thestius.
=Anthium=, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A city of Italy.
=Anthius= (_flowery_), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had
also a statue at Patræ.
=Antho=, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba.
=Anthōres=, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled
in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 778.
=Anthracia=, a nymph. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.
=Anthropinus=, =Tisarchus=, and =Diocles=, three persons who laid
snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
=Anthropophăgi=, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They
lived near the country of the Massagetæ. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12;
bk. 6, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Anthylla=, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It
maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according
to _Athenæus_, bk. 1, in girdles. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.
=Antia lex=, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its
particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who
afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness
of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy,
but without effect. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 17.
=Antianīra=, the mother of Echion.
=Antias=, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.――――A
poet. _See:_ Furius.
=Anticlēa=, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who
was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of Æolus to enjoy the
favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses
when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless
the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said
that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her
son’s death. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11, 19.――_Hyginus_, fables 201,
243.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A woman who had Periphetes by
Vulcan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Diocles, who married
Machaon the son of Æsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and
Gorgasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.
=Antĭcles=, an Athenian archon.――――A man who conspired against
Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――An Athenian
victor at Olympia.
=Anticlīdes=, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are
often quoted by _Athenæus_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
=Anticrăgus=, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. _Strabo_,
bk. 4.
=Anticrătes=, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general,
at the battle of Mantinea. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.
=Anticy̆ra=, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near
mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This
plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly
insanity; hence the proverb _Naviget Anticyram_. The Anticyra of
Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune,
who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the
other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers,
especially Horace (_Art of Poetry_, li. 300), speak of three islands
of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; _Art of Poetry_, li.
300.――_Persius_, bk. 4, li. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.――――A mistress of
Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.
=Antidŏmus=, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of
Perinthus.
=Antidŏtus=, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 11.
=Antigĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, publicly rewarded for his
valour. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 14.
=Antigenĭdas=, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus.
He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace.
_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97.
=Antigŏna=, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_,
_Pyrrhus_.
=Antigŏne=, a daughter of Œdipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta.
She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive
orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried
alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed;
and Hæmon the king’s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had
not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave.
The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of
Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first
representation, that they presented the author with the government
of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without
interruption. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67, 72,
243, 254.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,
poem 3.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk.
12, li. 350.――――A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly.
_Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of
Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 93.
=Antigŏnia=, an inland town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――One
of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 10.――――One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. _Strabo_,
bk. 16.――――Another in Bithynia, called also Nicæa. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
――――Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 8.――――One of Troas in Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Antigŏnus=, one of Alexander’s generals, universally supposed to be
the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the division
of the provinces after the king’s death, he received Pamphylia,
Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy
Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made
continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various
fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards
declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several
engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus
to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt.
Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend
Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy
and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son
of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of
Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After
this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander’s
death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their
example was followed by all the rest of Alexander’s generals. The
power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy,
Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him;
yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as
birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several
victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds
in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th
year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all
Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius
lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death
of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former
possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law
Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of
the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the Ætolians, and
was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself
very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his
officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave
their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with
punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised
his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether
he was really what he supposed him. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 17, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bks. 13,
14, & 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_,
_Eumenes_, & _Aratus_.――――Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson
to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to
liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus,
who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered
Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son
Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243. _Justin_, bks. 21 & 25.――_Polybius._
――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――The guardian of his nephew Philip,
the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped
the kingdom. He was called _Doson_, from his promising much and
giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged
him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the Ætolians against
the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving
his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself
by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans.
_Justin_, bks. 28 & 29.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.
――――A son of Aristobulus king of Judæa, who obtained an army from
the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women.
With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the
ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with
the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death
by Antony. _Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_ &
_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――Carystius, an historian in the age of
Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus._――――A writer on agriculture.――――A
statuary, who wrote on his profession.
=Antilco=, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed
in that city. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.
=Antilibănus=, a mountain of Syria opposite mount Libanus; near which
the Orontes flows. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
=Antilŏchus=, a king of Messenia.――――The eldest son of Nestor by
Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed
by Memnon the son of Aurora. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
_Heroides_, says he was killed by Hector.――――A poet who wrote a
panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver.
_Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――An historian commended by _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_.
=Antimăchus=, a lascivious person.――――An historian.――――A Greek poet
and musician of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a treatise
on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native
of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large
audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all
retired except Plato; on which he said, _Legam nihilominus, Plato
enim mihi est unus instar omnium_. He was reckoned the next to Homer
in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry
that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem upon the Theban war;
and before he had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had
filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed _Clarius_ from Claros, a mountain
near Colophon, where he was born. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.――
_Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Timoleon_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,
li. 45.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Another poet of the same
name, surnamed _Psecas_, because he praised himself. _Suidas._――――A
Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus
and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons,
Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 11, li. 123; bk. 23, li. 188.――――A son of Hercules by a daughter
of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――――A native of Heliopolis,
who wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 verses.
=Antimĕnes=, a son of Deiphon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 28.
=Antinoe=, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her
father to youthful vigour proved so fatal. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.
=Antinoeia=, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in honour
of Antinous, instituted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, where
Antinous was worshipped as a divinity.
=Antinopŏlis=, a town of Egypt, built in honour of Antinous.
=Antinous=, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was
so extremely fond, that at his death he erected a temple to him,
and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a
constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the
Nile, while others maintain that he offered himself at a sacrifice
as a victim, in honour of the emperor.――――A native of Ithaca, son of
Eupeithes, and one of Penelope’s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in
his manners; and excited his companions to destroy Telemachus, whose
advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he
came to the palace in a beggar’s dress, and begged for bread, which
Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered
himself to Telemachus and Eumæus, he attacked the suitors, who were
ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bks. 1, 16, 17, & 22.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 7.
=Antiŏchia=, the name of a Syrian province. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.
――――A city of Syria, once the third city of the world for beauty,
greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochus and Seleucus
Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in a plain. It has the river
Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne;
whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called Antiochia
near Daphne. _Dionysius Periegeta._――――A city called also Nisibis,
in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus son of Antiochus.――――The capital
of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east of Ephesus.――――A city on mount
Cragus.――――Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia
on the west.――――Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia.
――――Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria.――――Another
of Caria, on the river Meander.
=Antiŏchis=, the name of the mother of Antiochus the son of Seleucus.
――――A tribe of Athens.
=Antiŏchus=, surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus, and king of Syria
in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus
king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his
father’s physicians could cure for some time, till it was discovered
that his pulse was more irregular than usual when Stratonice his
stepmother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause
of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave
Stratonice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause
his death. He died 291 B.C., after a reign of 19 years. _Justin_,
bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5.――_Polybius_, bk. 4.
――_Appian._――――The second of that name, surnamed _Theos_ (_God_)
by the Milesians, because he put to death their tyrant Timarchus,
was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war
which had been begun with Ptolemy; and, to strengthen the peace,
he married Berenice, the daughter of the Ægyptian king. This so
offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she
poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to
his, to represent him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will,
pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers,
and recommended to them Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of
Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was
made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice
placed her son on the throne, and despatched Berenice and her son,
246 years before the christian era. _Appian._――――The third of that
name, surnamed the _Great_, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king
of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy
Philopater at Rapeia, after which he made war against Persia, and
took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he endeavoured to crush
his infant son Epiphanes: but his guardians solicited the aid of
the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions.
He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities
implored the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his
court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad to
find himself supported by the abilities of such a general; but his
measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal,
and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and
pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being
unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus
in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed
him with his followers, 187 years before the christian era. In his
character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron
of learning, and the friend of merit; and he published an edict,
ordering his subjects never to obey except his commands were
consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Seleucus
Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first succeeded
him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Romans.
_Justin_, bks. 31 & 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 59.
――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The fourth
Antiochus, surnamed _Epiphanes_ or _Illustrious_, was king of Syria,
after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned 11 years. He
destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called
him _Epimanes_, or _Furious_, and not _Epiphanes_. He attempted to
plunder Persepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite,
and fond of childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to empty
bags of money into the streets, to see the people’s eagerness to
gather it; he bathed in the public baths with the populace, and was
fond of perfuming himself to excess. He invited all the Greeks he
could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with
such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate
and shameless blushed at the sight. _Polybius._――_Justin_, bk. 34,
ch. 3.――――The fifth, surnamed _Eupator_, succeeded his father
Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C. He made a peace with
the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated
by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his
own, and that it had been seized from his father. _Justin_, bk. 34.
――_Josephus_, bk. 12.――――The sixth king of Syria was surnamed
_Entheus_ or _Noble_. His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him
to the care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the crown from
Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Demetrius, whom the people
hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon murdered
him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for three years. _Josephus_,
bk. 13.――――The seventh, called _Sidetes_, reigned nine years. In
the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and concealed
himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He
made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle
which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian
era. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The
eighth, surnamed _Grypus_, from his _aquiline_ nose, was son of
Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed
by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he
not discovered his mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink the
poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina,
whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and
was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years.
_Justin_, bk. 39, &c.――_Josephus._――_Appian._――――The ninth, surnamed
_Cyzenicus_, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his
education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed
the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cœlosyria,
part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew
Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his
hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed
worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and
tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful
military engines. _Appian._――_Josephus._――――The tenth was ironically
surnamed _Pius_, because he married Selena, the wife of his father
and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled
Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle
which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians.
_Josephus._――_Appian._ After his death the kingdom of Syria was
torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers,
who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his
relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns
either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At
last Antiochus, surnamed _Asiaticus_, the son of Antiochus IX.,
was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus
the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia
from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him,
and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon
his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria
became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished.
_Justin_, bk. 40.――――A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his
writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils,
Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An
historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other
works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at
the age of king Cocalus. _Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A rich
king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 81.――――A sophist who refused to take upon
himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of
his passions.――――A king conquered by Antony, &c. _Cæsar_, bk. 3,
_Civil War_, bk. 4.――――A king of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4.――――A
commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by
Lysander. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A writer of Alexandria, who
published a treatise on comic poets. _Athenæus._――――A sceptic of
Laodicea. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A learned sophist.
_Philostratus._――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to
Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 33.――――A hair-dresser mentioned by _Martial_,
bk. 11, ltr. 85.――――A son of Hercules by Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 7.――――A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 98.――――A sculptor,
said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the
Ludovisi gardens at Rome.
=Antiŏpe=, a daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes by Polyxo, was beloved
by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr.
She became pregnant, and, to avoid the resentment of her father,
she fled to mount Cithæron, where she brought forth twins, Amphion
and Zethus. She exposed them, to prevent discovery, but they were
preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus king of Sicyon, who
married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which
action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown
to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish
the ravisher of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed
Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved and married, though
his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connection;
she prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was delivered into her
hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented.
Antiope, after many years’ imprisonment, obtained means to escape,
and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon
Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to death,
and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till
she died. Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope
of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wandered all
over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus son of Ornytion,
who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, fable 7,
says that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because she had been
ravished by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her
repudiation she became pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married
Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of
Antiope, upon which she imprisoned her. Antiope, however, escaped
from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cithæron. Some
authors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on
the banks of that river. The _Scholiast_ on _Apollonius_, bk. 1,
li. 735, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the
daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and mother of Amphion
and Zethus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, bk. 6,
_Metamorphoses_, li. 110.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Propertius_,
bk. 3, poem 15.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 259.――_Hyginus_,
fables 7, 8, & 155.――――A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother of
Alopius by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A daughter of
Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in
marriage to Theseus. She is also called Hippolyte. _See:_ Hippolyte.
――――A daughter of Æolus, mother of Bœotus and Hellen by Neptune.
_Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus.
_Hippolyte_, fable 14.
=Antiōrus=, a son of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.
=Antipăros=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Paros, from
which it is about six miles distant.
=Antipăter=, son of Iolaus, was soldier under king Philip, and raised
to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander
went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia,
and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his
king; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into
Persia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He has been suspected
of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After
Alexander’s death his generals divided the empire among themselves,
and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars which Greece, and
chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander’s life, now burst forth
with uncommon fury as soon as the news of his death was received.
The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships
against Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their expedition was
attended with much success; Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and
even besieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian
general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune
of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the
siege, and soon after received a reinforcement from Craterus, from
Asia, with which he conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly.
After this defeat Antipater and Craterus marched into Bœotia, and
conquered the Ætolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, on the
conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater when besieged
in Lamia, _i.e._ that he should be absolute master over them.
Besides this, he demanded from their ambassadors, Demades, Phocion,
and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators
Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds
of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war.
The conditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed
in Athens, but the inhabitants still were permitted the free use
of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first
who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that
time Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated
the Ætolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave
assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Antigonus, according to
_Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 2. At his death, B.C. 319, Antipater appointed
Polyperchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest
of all the generals and successors of Alexander, he recommended that
he might be the supreme ruler in their councils, that everything
might be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander,
he left him in a subordinate station under Polyperchon. But
Cassander was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his
father’s injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself
absolute. _Curtius_, bks. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 10.――_Justin_, bks. 11,
12, 13, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 17, 18, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Phocion_ & _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Eumenes_, _Alexander_, &c.――――A
son of Cassander king of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus.
He killed his mother, because she wished his brother Alexander to
succeed to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother,
solicited the assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-established
between the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and soon after
Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himself king of Macedonia, 294
B.C. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 1.――――A king of Macedonia, who reigned
only 45 days, 277 B.C.――――A king of Cilicia.――――A powerful prince,
father to Herod. He was appointed governor of Judæa by Cæsar, whom
he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. _Josephus._――――An Athenian
archon.――――One of Alexander’s soldiers, who conspired against
his life with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――A celebrated
sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of the emperor
Severus.――――A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B.C.――――A poet
of Sidon, who could compose a number of verses extempore, upon any
subject. He ranked Sappho among the Muses, in one of his epigrams.
He had a fever every year on the day of his birth, of which at last
he died. He flourished about 80 years B.C. Some of his epigrams
are preserved in the Anthologia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de
Officiis_, bk. 3; _De Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4.――――A philosopher
of Phœnicia, preceptor to Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A
Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two
books on divination, and died at Athens. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_,
bk. 1, ch. 3; _Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4, ch. 6; _de Officiis_,
bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books of
letters.――――A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of Augustus.
=Antipatria=, a city of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.
=Antipatrĭdas=, a governor of Telmessus. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
=Antipătris=, a city of Palestine.
=Antiphănes=, an ingenious statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 17.――――A comic poet of Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote
above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his age, by the fall
of an apple upon his head.――――A physician of Delos, who used to say
that diseases originated from the variety of food that was eaten.
_Clement of Alexandria._――_Athenæus._
=Antiphătes=, a king of the Læstrygones, descended from Lamus, who
founded Formiæ. Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his coasts,
and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one
of them, and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with
stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 14, li. 232.――――A son of Sarpedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 696.――――The grandfather of Amphiaraus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A
man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,
li. 191.
=Antiphĭli Portus=, a harbour on the African side of the Red sea.
_Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Antiphĭlus=, an Athenian who succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of
Lamia against Antipater. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A noble painter who
represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which
the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by
birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. _Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 10.
=Antĭphon=, a poet.――――A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his
eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his
name, are supposititious.――――An orator who promised Philip king of
Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which
he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. _Cicero_,
_de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_ & _Demosthenes_.
――――A poet who wrote on agriculture. _Athenæus._――――An author who
wrote a treatise on peacocks.――――A rich man introduced by Xenophon
as disputing with Socrates.――――An Athenian who interpreted dreams,
and wrote a history of his art. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bks.
1 & 2.――――A foolish rhetorician.――――A poet of Attica, who wrote
tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death
because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by
the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, “That with which
the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.” _Plutarch._
――_Aristotle._
=Antiphŏnus=, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of
Achilles to redeem Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.
=Antĭphus=, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.
――――A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan
war in 30 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 185.――――An intimate
friend of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17.――――A brother of
Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers
murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered
violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The
poet’s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of
the murder. _Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_.
=Antipœnus=, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for
the public safety. _See:_ Androclea.
=Antipŏlis=, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
=Antirrhium=, a promontory of Ætolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus,
whence the name.
=Antissa=, a city at the north of Lesbos.――――An island near it. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.
=Antisthĕnes=, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a
Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the
famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his
school, and told his pupils, “Go seek for yourselves a master; I
have now found one.” He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic
philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught
him. “To live with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and preserved
only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and
tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress
too far, “Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy
coat.” Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended
suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity
were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical
character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes
flourished 396 years B.C. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――――A disciple
of Heraclitus.――――An historian of Rhodes. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Antistius Labeo=, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the
liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed
with madness by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.――_Suetonius_,
_Augustus_, ch. 54.――――Petro of Gabii, was the author of a
celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of
Tarquin the Proud. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――Caius
Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gaul War_, bks.
6 & 7.――――A soldier of Pompey’s army, so confident of his valour,
that he challenged all the adherents of Cæsar. _Hirtius_, ch. 25,
_Spanish War_.
=Antitaurus=, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a
north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the
Euphrates.
=Antitheus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.
=Antium=, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according
to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32
miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made
war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and
carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the
Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called _Rostrum_. This
town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when
consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different
signs. Nero was born there. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.
=Antomĕnes=, the last king of _Corinth_. After his death, magistrates
with regal authority were chosen annually.
=Antōnia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710.
It abrogated the _lex Atia_, and renewed the _lex Cornelia_, by
taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests,
and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally
belonged. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 703.
It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two
former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. _Cicero_,
_Philippics_, speeches 1 & 5.――――Another by the same. It allowed an
appeal to the people, to those who were condemned _de majestate_,
or of perfidious measures against the state.――――Another by the same,
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever
after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of
the office. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 3.
=Antōnia=, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married
Domitius Ænobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters.
――――A sister of Germanicus.――――A daughter of Claudius and Ælia
Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for
her levity. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
11.――――The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius.
She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula’s father,
Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very
early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the
education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson
Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. _Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in
honour of Marcus Antony.
=Antōnii=, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to
derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as _Plutarch_,
_Antonius_ informs us.
=Antonīna=, the wife of Belisarius, &c.
=Antonīnus Titus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the emperor Adrian,
to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues
that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt
whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In
cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and
supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors
of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no
opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his
conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity,
and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him.
When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, “I prefer the
life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.”
He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his
life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were
easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia,
he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility
obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when
Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired
to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of
being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman
province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of
Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only
repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He
died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D.
161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,
surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He
raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose
voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation
of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and
Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled
τα καθ’ ἑαυτον, _concerning himself_, the best editions of which
are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been
finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him
eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years
and 10 days. _Dio Cassius._――――Bassianus Caracalla, son of the
emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He
killed his brother Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted to
destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was
one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother,
and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of
Alexandria to say, that he was an Œdipus, and his wife a Jocasta.
This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill
language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming
the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror
of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa
by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His
body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight.
――――There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called _Iter
Britannicum_, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus,
though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose
age is unknown.
=Antoniopŏlis=, a city of Mesopotamia. _Marcellinus_, bk. 8.
=Marcus Antōnius Gnipho=, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome.
Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never
asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the
liberality of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_,
ch. 7.――――An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name.
He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in
the Forum. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li.
121.――――Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by
means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office
of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean,
with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering
the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart.
_Sallust_. _Fragments of the Histories_.――――Caius, a son of the
orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and
plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus,
and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies,
and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.――――Caius,
son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to
destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as
his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He
was accused at his return, and banished.――――Marcus, the triumvir,
was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius,
surnamed _Cretensis_ from his wars in Crete. He was augur and
tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his
ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against
Cicero, which arose from Cicero’s having put to death Cornelius
Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy. This Lentulus
had married Antonius’s mother after his father’s death. When the
senate was torn by the factions of Pompey’s and Cæsar’s adherents,
Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their
armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with
success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cæsar, and
advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment,
he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according
to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of
the Roman people. When Cæsar was assassinated in the senate house,
his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate
himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the
liberal treatment they had received from Cæsar. He besieged Mutina,
which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate
judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero.
He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young
Cæsar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony,
and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with
such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own
uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The
triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was
set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into
the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests.
Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia
the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen
the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi
against the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and he buried the body of
Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his
residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra
queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce
incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his
power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the
east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cæsar. These two
enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but
Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle,
and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed
Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of
all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores.
He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the
bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30,
and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was
no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been
blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures,
and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in
praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from
whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often
represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale,
dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with
her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous,
but, with the intrepidity of Cæsar, he possessed all his voluptuous
inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple
to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His
fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of
Cicero’s Philippics. It is said, that the night of Cæsar’s murder,
Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger
with him, answered, “Yes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.”
_Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 685.――_Horace_, ltr. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 122.
――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_.――_Justin_,
bks. 41 & 42.――――Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was
consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and
put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself.
It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books.
_Horace_ dedicated his _Ode_ 4 to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
ch. 44.――――Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, was besieged in Pelusium
by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by
famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed
at the shrine of Cæsar.――――A noble but unfortunate youth. His father
Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation
with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles,
on pretence of finishing his education. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
ch. 44.――――Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of
Judæa. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――Flamma, a Roman condemned
for extortion under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4,
ch. 45.――――Musa, a physician of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.
――――Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
――――Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. _Livy_, bk. 4,
ch. 42.
=Antorĭdes=, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. _Pliny._
=Antro Coracius.= _See:_ ♦Coracius.
♦ Reference not found.
=Antylla.= _See:_ Anthylla.
=Anūbis=, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man
with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition
against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a
sheep’s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and
Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes
represented with a _caduceus_. Some make him brother of Osiris, some
his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_,
bk. 8, li. 331.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 686.――_Plutarch_,
_de Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 8, li. 698.
=Anxius=, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates.
=Anxur=, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the
Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter
Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. _Livy_, bk. 4,
ch. 59.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 84.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.
=Anyta=, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant.
=Any̆tus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon,
accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation.
These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.
――――One of the Titans.
=Anzābe=, a river near the Tigris. _Marcellinus_, bk. 18.
=Aollius=, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius.
=Aon=, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubœa and Bœotia from Apulia,
where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over
them. They were called _Aones_, and the country _Aonia_, from him.
=Aŏnes=, the inhabitants of _Aonia_, called afterwards Bœotia. They
came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle
with the Phœnicians. The muses have been called _Aonides_, because
Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; _Tristia_,
poem 5, li. 10; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 11.
=Aonia=, one of the ancient names of Bœotia.
=Aōris=, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond
of his sister Arathyræa, that he called part of the country by her
name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――The wife of Neleus, called more
commonly Chloris. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
=Aornos=, =Aornus=, =Aornis=, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the
Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but
was never able to conquer it. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Arrian_,
bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A place in
Epirus, with an oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 80.――――A certain
lake near Tartessus.――――Another near Baiæ and Puteoli. It was also
called Avernus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 242.
=Aōti=, a people of Thrace, near the Getæ, on the Ister. _Pliny_,
bk. 4.
=Apaĭtæ=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo._
=Apāma=, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of
Ionia.――――A daughter of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
=Apāme=, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.――――The
mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city
which he called by his mother’s name.
=Apamia=, or =Apamēa=, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.――――A city of
Bithynia,――――of Media,――――of Mesopotamia.――――Another near the Tigris.
=Aparni=, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. _Strabo._
=Apatūria=, a festival of Athens, which received its name from ἀπατη,
_deceit_, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by
which Xanthus king of Bœotia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens,
upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the Bœotians
and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories,
Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle
by single combat. Thymœtes, who was then on the throne of Athens,
refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When
they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist
had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked
behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was
called ἀπατηνωρ, _deceiver_, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be
behind Xanthus, was called Μελαναιγις, clothed in the skin of a
_black goat_. Some derive the word from ἀπατορια, _i.e._ ὁμοτορια,
because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their
fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted
three days. The first day was called δορπια, because suppers, δορποι,
were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called
ἀναρρυσις ἀπο του ἀνω ἐρυειν, because sacrifices were offered to
Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned
up towards the heavens. The third was called Κουρεωτις, from Κουρος,
a _youth_, or Κουρα, _shaving_, because the young men had their hair
cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that
they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes
and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians,
except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.――――A surname of
Minerva,――――of Venus.
=Apeauros=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 4.
=Apella=, a word, _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 10, which has given
much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean
circumcised (_sine pelle_), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew.
Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of
Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person
of the same name.
=Apelles=, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus
or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the
Great, who honoured him so much that he forbade any man but Apelles
to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profession that he
never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb
of _Nulla dies sine lineâ_. His most perfect picture was Venus
Anadyomene, which was not totally finished when the painter died.
He made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much
like life that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king
with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was
placed in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander,
but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it: and
at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was
represented in the piece, supposing it to be alive; upon which the
painter said, “One would imagine that the horse is a better judge of
painting than your Majesty.” When Alexander ordered him to draw the
picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured
of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three
volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny.
It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against the
life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not
the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter.
Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping
Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb of _Ne sutor
ultra crepidam_ is applied to him by some. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 238.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his
Friends_, bk. 1, ltr. 9.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 401.
――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A tragic writer. _Suetonius_,
_Caligula_, ch. 33.――――A Macedonian general, &c.
=Apellĭcon=, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for
books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he
could not obtain them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle
and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent
interpolations. The extensive library, which he had collected at
Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital
of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original
manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 B.C. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Apennīnus=, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle
of Italy, from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are joined to
the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium
before Italy was separated from Sicily. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 306.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 226.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,
li. 743.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Aper Marcus=, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as
a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the orators,
inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to
him. He died A.D. 85.――――Another. _See:_ Numerianus.
=Aperopia=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 34.
=Apĕsus=, =Apesas=, or =Apesantus=, a mountain of Peloponnesus near
Lerna. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461.
=Aphaca=, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where
she had a temple and an oracle.
=Aphæa=, a name of Diana, who had a temple in Ægina. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 30.
=Aphar=, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. _Arrian_,
_Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.
=Apharētus=, fell in love with Marpessa daughter of Œnomaus, and
carried her away.
=Aphareus=, a king of Messenia, son of Perieres and Gorgophone,
who married Arene daughter of Œbalus, by whom he had three sons.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A relation of Isocrates, who wrote
37 tragedies.
=Aphas=, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Aphellas=, a king of Cyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles,
endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. _Justin_, bk. 22,
ch. 7.
=Aphĕsas=, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have
imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 3, li. 461.
=Aphētæ=, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched.
_Apollodorus._
=Aphīdas=, a son of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.
=Aphidna=, a part of Attica, which received its name from Aphidnus,
one of the companions of Theseus. _Herodotus._
=Aphidnus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 702.
=Aphœbētus=, one of the conspirators against Alexander. _Curtius_,
bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Aphrīces=, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus, with
20,000 foot and 15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, and his
head sent to Alexander.
=Aphrodisia=, an island in the Persian gulf, where Venus is worshipped.
――――Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of
Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras,
from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen.
All those that were initiated offered a piece of money to Venus as
a harlot, and received as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a
measure of salt and a θαλλος; the salt, because Venus arose from the
sea; the θαλλος, because she is the goddess of wantonness. They were
celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they
were very much frequented. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Athenæus._
=Aphrodisias=, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 3, ch. 62.
=Aphrodisium= (or a), a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of
Venus.
=Aphrodīsum=, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from
Salamis.――――A promontory with an island of the same name on the
coast of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.
=Aphrodīte=, the Grecian name of Venus, from ἀφρος, froth, because
Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean.
_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 195.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.
=Aphȳtæ=, or =Aphytis=, a city of Thrace, near Pallena, where Jupiter
Ammon was worshipped. Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the
place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege,
which he immediately did. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
=Apia=, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king
Apis. It was afterwards called Ægialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last
Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li.
270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a
powerful deity. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59.
=Apiānus=, or =Apion=, was born at Oasis in Egypt, whence he went to
Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus
in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote
a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head
of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to
complain of the Jews. _Seneca_, ltr. 88.――_Pliny_, preface, _Natural
History_.
=Apicāta=, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was
repudiated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.
=Apicius=, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name,
all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time
of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius,
and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he
wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged
himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The
best edition of Apicius Cælius _de Arte Coquinariâ_, is that of
Amsterdam, 12mo, 1709. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 3.――_Martial_,
bk. 2, ltr. 69.
=Apidănus=, one of the chief rivers of Thessaly, at the south of the
Peneus, into which it falls a little above Larissa. _Lucan_, bk. 6,
li. 372.
=Apĭna= and =Apinæ=, a city of Apulia, destroyed with Trica, in its
neighbourhood, by Diomedes; whence came the proverb of _Apina et
Trica_, to express trifling things. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Apiŏla= and =Apiolæ=, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud.
The Roman Capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
=Apion=, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus.
――――A grammarian. _See:_ Apianus.
=Apis=, one of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and
Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king
of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time
of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is
but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum,
and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after death,
as he had been munificent and humane to his subjects. The country
where he reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it received the
name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus,
from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have
imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that
he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which
they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him
under the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the
moderns, is without foundation. _Æschylus_, _Suppliant Maidens_.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Jason, born in Arcadia;
he was killed by the horses of Ætolus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
――――A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.――――A god of the Egyptians,
worshipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris
are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their
reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed
that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it
wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential
service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced
into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by
particular marks: his body was black; he had a square white spot
upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot
under the tongue like a beetle; the hairs of his tail were double,
and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the
crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as
the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these
distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit
and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days;
the ox was led in a solemn procession by the priests, and every one
was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that
the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity.
The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony,
and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed,
they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried
it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which
sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were
heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests shaved their
heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. This continued till
another ox appeared, with the proper characteristics to succeed as
the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations, as if
Osiris was returned to life. This ox, which was found to represent
Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried
to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to
appear before him, and this they performed, according to their
superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was
also an ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis; some
suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of
Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came
into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with
every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as
an insult upon himself. He called the priests of Apis, and ordered
the deity itself to come before him. When he saw that an ox was the
object of their veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he
wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and
commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found celebrating
such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or
rather temples. If he ate from the hand, it was a favourable omen;
but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was interpreted
as unlucky. From this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the
omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted,
incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it,
after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their
ear to the mouth of the god, and immediately retired, stopping
their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds
that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their
questions. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.
――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 38, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Iside
et Osiride_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk.
1, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 39, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.
=Apisāon=, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam against the Greeks, at the
head of a Pæonian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 17, li. 348.――――Another on the same side.
=Apitius Galba=, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius.
_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.
=Apollināres ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They
originated from the following circumstance. An old prophetic poem
informed the Romans, that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo,
and made a collection of money for his service, they would be
able to repel the enemy whose approach already threatened their
destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed
by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out
of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on
the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily
obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel
at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated
at the option of the pretor, till the year A.U.C. 545, when a law
was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about
the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested
with a dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed to be appeased by
this act of religion. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 12.
=Apollināris, Caius Sulpitius=, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second
century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses prefixed to
Terence’s plays as arguments.――――A writer better known by the name
of Sidonius. _See:_ Sidonius.
=Apollinīdes=, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
=Apollĭnis arx=, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl’s cave. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 6.――――Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. _Livy_,
bk. 30, ch. 24.――――Templum, a place in Thrace,――――in Lycia. _Ælian_,
_Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 9.
=Apollo=, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phœbus, is often
confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, bk. 3, _de Natura
Deorum_, there were four persons of this name. The first was son
of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was
son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he
disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and
Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The
fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws
to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions
of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of
Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most
ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The
three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the
son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken
from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan,
which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from
the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who
concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by
Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband’s amours, raised
the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to
give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of
her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea,
where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of
all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of
all which he was deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter
the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods
whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with
Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione,
Acacallis, Calliope, &c., are well known, and the various shapes he
assumed to gratify his passion. He was very fond of young Hyacinthus,
whom he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who
was changed into a cypress tree. When his son Æsculapius had been
killed with the thunders of Jupiter for raising the dead to life,
Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricated
the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this act of violence, and
he banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity.
The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired
himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he
remained nine years; from which circumstance he was called the god
of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered,
as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his
residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus.
He gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he was
able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon
after, the Parcæ granted, at Apollo’s request, that Admetus might be
redeemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him.
He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was
refused the promised reward from Laomedon the king of the country,
he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was born,
Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent
to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards
vindicated the honour of his mother, by putting to death the
children of the proud Niobe. _See:_ Niobe. He was not the inventor
of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and
received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont
to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas,
and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He
received the surnames of Phœbus, Delius, Cynthius, Pœan, Delphicus,
Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., for
reasons which are explained under those words. Apollo is generally
represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating
his figure, and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for
their fine heads of hair, which they cut short at the age of 17 or
18. He is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a
handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his
head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity
who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues,
and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship
and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues
in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His
statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to
avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared
to a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium,
addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the
grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the
laurel, the palm tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his
sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural
enemies of the flocks, over which he presided. Bullocks and lambs
were also immolated to him. As he presided over poetry, he was often
seen on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His most famous oracles
were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most
splendid temple was at Delphi, where every nation and individual
made considerable presents when they consulted the oracle. Augustus,
after the battle of Actium, built him a temple on mount Palatine,
which he enriched with a valuable library. He had a famous colossus
in Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. Apollo
has been taken for the sun; but it may be proved by different
passages in the ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phœbus,
and Hyperion, were all different characters and deities, though
confounded together. When once Apollo was addressed as the Sun,
and represented with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was
adopted by every writer, and from thence arose the mistake.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 9 & 10; bk. 4, fable 3, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 7, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch.
30, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c.
――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 560.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 3.
――_Plutarch_, _de Amore Prolis_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Hymn to
Apollo_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 4,
li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.――_Lucian_, ♦_Dialogi Deorum_.
――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 28.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 3, 4, & 9; bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs.
5, 10, & 12.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 171.――――Also a temple of Apollo upon mount
Leucas, which appeared at a great distance at sea; and served as a
guide to mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dangerous rocks
that were along the coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 275.
♦ ‘Dial. Mer. & Vulc.’ replaced with ‘Dialogi Deorum’
=Apollocrătes=, a friend of Dion, supposed by some to be the son of
Dionysius.
=Apollodōrus=, a famous grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son
of Asclepias and disciple to Panætius the Rhodian philosopher. He
flourished about 115 years before the christian era, and wrote a
history of Athens, besides other works. But of all his compositions,
nothing is extant but his _Bibliotheca_, a valuable work, divided
into three books. It is an abridged history of the gods, and of the
ancient heroes, of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and
faithful account. The best edition is that of Heyne, Göttingen, in
8vo, 4 vols., 1782. _Athenæus._――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Diodorus_,
bks. 4 & 13.――――A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies
entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic poet of Gela in Sicily,
in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays.――――An architect of
Damascus, who directed the building of Trajan’s bridge across the
Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, to whom, when in a private
station, he had spoken in too bold a manner.――――A writer who
composed a history of Parthia.――――A disciple of Epicurus, the most
learned of his school, and deservedly surnamed the illustrious. He
wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. _Diogenes Laërtius._
――――A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his
paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age of Pliny; a priest
in a suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva’s thunders.
_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.――――A statuary in the age of Alexander. He
was of such an irascible disposition, that he destroyed his own
pieces upon the least provocation. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A
rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Augustus, who wrote
a book on rhetoric. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A tragic poet of Tarsus.
――――A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.――――A physician of Tarentum.
――――Another of Cytium.
=Apollonia=, a festival at Ægialea in honour of Apollo and Diana. It
arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to Ægialea,
after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened
away, and fled to Crete. Ægialea was soon visited with an epidemical
distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets,
sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat
them to return to Ægialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition,
in honour of which a temple was raised to πειθω, the goddess of
_persuasion_; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes,
were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring
back Apollo and Diana. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――――A town of Mygdonia,
――――of Crete,――――of Sicily,――――on the coast of Asia Minor.――――Another
on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of
Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.――――A town of Macedonia, on the
coasts of the Adriatic.――――A city of Thrace.――――Another on mount
Parnassus.
=Apolloniădes=, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by
Timoleon.
=Apollonias=, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore
four children.
=Apollonĭdes=, a writer of Nicæa.――――A physician of Cos at the court
of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch’s sister,
and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the
reception of her favours.
=Apollonius=, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus
Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came
to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master
ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The
emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It was then easier for
Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the
palace.”――――A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works
are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era,
and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at
Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which
are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes
of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by
cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition
of Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxford, folio, 1710.――――A poet
of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of _Rhodes_,
because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young,
to Callimachus and Panætius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as
third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy
Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote
a poem against him, in which he denominated him _Ibis_. Of all
his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the
Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those
printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol.,
8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. _Quintilian_,
bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of
Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome,
and had Julius Cæsar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged
the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing
themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more
congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did
not candidly treat the people of Judæa, according to the complaint
of Josephus, _against Apion_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, chs.
28, 75, 126, & 130; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 16; _De
Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 81.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12,
ch. 6.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A
Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the
philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A
Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments.
_Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――An officer set over Egypt by Alexander.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5.――――A
physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. _Varro._――――A
grammarian of Alexandria.――――A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius.
――――Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret
arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus,
he suddenly exclaimed, “Strike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is
given, he is wounded, and fallen!” At that very moment the emperor
Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much
reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by
kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless
artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life,
which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his
history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary
anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance;
yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the
impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.――――A
sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his _Lexicon Græcum Iliadis
et Odysseæ_, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to,
2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus,
and flourished in the beginning of the first century.――――A physician.
――――A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――Syrus,
a Platonic philosopher.――――Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments.
――――A sculptor of Rhodes.
=Apollŏphănes=, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and
maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. _Diogenes
Laërtius._――――A physician in the court of Antiochus. _Polybius_,
bk. 5.――――A comic poet. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 6.
=Apomyīos=, a surname of Jupiter.
=Aponiana=, an island near Lilybæum. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2.
=Marcus Aponius=, a governor of Mœsia, rewarded with a triumphal statue
by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 1, ch. 79.
=Apŏnus=, now _Abano_, a fountain, with a village of the same name,
near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot,
were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. _Lucan_,
bk. 7, li. 194.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 14.
=Apostrophia=, a surname of Venus in Bœotia, who was distinguished
under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The
former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of
carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and
unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia
was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such
unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 15.
=Apotheōsis=, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world,
by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank
of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine
honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example,
and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors,
but also the most cruel and profligate. _Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 2,
has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After
the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a
couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of
disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning,
and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state.
When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the
couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on
an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible
materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile
in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans
were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch,
set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude.
Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which
was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he
was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock,
and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed
ceremonies much of the same nature.
=Appia via=, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at
Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as
far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued
and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus. _See:_ Via.
_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 285.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li.
12.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 104.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 14.
=Appiădes=, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta,
Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the
Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome
who lived near the temple of Venus by Appiæ Aquæ, and the forum of
Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 452.
=Appiānus=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123.
His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of
history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans,
in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed,
with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military
affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This
excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only
the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish
wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a
fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on
the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian.
The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo,
Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb,
1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the
state.
=Appii Forum=, now _Borgo Longo_, a little village not far from Rome,
built by the consul Appius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.
=Appius=, the prænomen of an illustrious family at Rome.――――A censor
of that name, A.U.C. 442. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.
=Appius Claudius=, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and
oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father
killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause
of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself
when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. _Livy_, bk.
3, ch. 33.――――Claudius Cæcus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian
way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to
assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators,
Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself
to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded
them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the
Roman name. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_
& _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4.――――A Roman who, when he heard
that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches
among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their
passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life.
_Appian_, bk. 4.――――Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius
Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by
Perseus king of Macedonia. _Livy._――――Claudius Pulcher, a grandson
of Appius Claudius Cæcus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from
grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.――――Clausus,
a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his
countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was
admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic.
_Plutarch_, _Poplicola [Publicola]_.――――Herdonius, seized the
capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown.
_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Claudius
Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.――――A dictator who conquered
the Hernici.――――The name of Appius was common in Rome, and
particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any
uncommon event.
=Appŭla=, an immodest woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64.
=Apries= and =Aprius=, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus,
supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and
lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by
whom he was conquered and strangled. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.
=Apsinthii=, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river
called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. _Dionysius
Periegetes._
=Apsinus=, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work
called _Præceptor de Arte Rhetoricâ_.
=Apsus=, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between
Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 46.
=Aptĕra=, an inland town of Crete. _Ptolemy._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Apuleia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C.
652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of
raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.――――Varilia,
a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain
Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ch. 50.
=Apuleius=, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at
Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called
Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of
using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly
composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but
he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin
without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the _Golden
Ass_, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The
best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688,
and Pricæi, 8vo, Goudæ, 1650.
=Apūlia=, now _Puglia_, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria.
It was part of the ancient Magna Græcia, and generally divided
into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool,
superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called
after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war.
_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 43.
――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, _Apophoreta_,
ltr. 155.
=Apuscidāmus=, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said
to swim on the surface of its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.
=Aquarius=, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and
setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into
this sign. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 304.
=Aquilaria=, a place of Africa. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, _Civil War_, ch. 23.
=Aquileia=, or =Aquilegia=, a town founded by a Roman colony, called
from its grandeur, _Roma secunda_, and situate at the north of
the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it
chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The
Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their
residence. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――_Martial_, bk. 4,
ltr. 25.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Aquilius Niger=, an historian mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Augustus_,
ch. 11.――――Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia
Minor. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――――Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome,
surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom
Heliogabalus married.――――Severus, a poet and historian in the age of
Valentinian.
=Aquillia= and =Aquilia=, a patrician family at Rome, from which few
illustrious men rose.
=Aquĭlo=, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according
to some, from _Aquila_, on account of its keenness and velocity.
=Aquilonia=, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 38.
=Aquinius=, a poet of moderate capacity. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_.
=Aquīnum=, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where
Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled
the real purple. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.――_Strabo._――
_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 404.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 319.
=Aquitania=, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north
by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia
Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
=Ara=, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of
the Scorpion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 138.
=Ara lugdunensis=, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone.
_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.
=Arabarches=, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an
unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in
Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2,
ltr. 17, _Letters to Atticus_, alluded to Pompey under the name of
Arabarches.
=Arăbia=, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the
Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three
different parts, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its
frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly
under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to
the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common,
and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded,
but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to
place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky
and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and
the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted
of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time
supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by
the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them
we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application
of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities,
and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used
in Europe, A.D. 1253.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Diodorus_,
bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Xenophon._
――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57.――――Also the name of the wife of Ægyptus.
_Apollodorus._
=Arabĭcus sinus=, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according
to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between
Æthiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt
and Arabia. It is about 40 days’ sail in length, and not half a day’s
in its most extensive breadth. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Strabo._
=Arăbis=, =Arabius=, =Arbis=, an Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 9,
ch. 10.
=Arabs= and =Arăbus=, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented
medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.
=Aracca= and =Arecca=, a city of Susiana. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1.
=Arachne=, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so
skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the
goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work
the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae,
Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was
defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed
into a spider by the goddess. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable
1, &c.――――A city of Thessaly.
=Arachosia=, a city of Asia, near the Massagetæ. It was built by
Semiramis.――――One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Arachōtæ= and =Arachōti=, a people of India, who received their
name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus.
_Dionysius Periegetes._――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.
=Arachthias=, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis,
falling into the bay of Ambracia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Aracillum=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Aracosii=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.
=Aracynthus=, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus,
not far from the shore, and thence called Actæus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 24.
=Arădus=, an island near Phœnicia, joined to the continent by a bridge.
_Dionysius Periegetes._
=Aræ=, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and
Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was
upon them that Æneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are
supposed to be those islands which are commonly called Ægates.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 113.
=Aræ Philænorum=, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene.
_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.
=Arar=, now the _Saone_, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over
which Cæsar’s soldiers made a bridge in one day. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 452.
=Arărus=, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 48.
=Arathyrea=, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis,
with a city of the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_,
bk. 8.
=Arātus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly
esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he
passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on
astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising
and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him
as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in
elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject,
admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams,
&c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the
learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius,
and Germanicus Cæsar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation,
translated the _Phænomena_ into Latin verse. The best editions of
Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo,
1672. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.――――The son
of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the
river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who
held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who
made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came
into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his
country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he
even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant.
He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achæan league, which he
strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians,
and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the
forces of the Achæans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens
and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered
in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had
sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove
away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed
himself. The Ætolians soon after attacked the Achæans; and Aratus,
to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip
king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long
continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to
death some of the noblest of the Achæans, and even seduced the
wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years,
showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and
friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the
power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his
son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed
to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, “Such
are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.” He was
buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices
were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered
Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During
those sacrifices, which were called _Arateia_, the priests wore
a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public
schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and
was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators,
adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C.
213. He wrote a history of the Achæan league, much commended by
Polybius. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.
=Araxes=, now _Arras_, a celebrated river which separates Armenia
from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19;
bk. 7, li. 188.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 728.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――――Another in Europe, now called
Wolga.
=Arbāces=, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and
founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power,
820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and
was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his
valour. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.
=Arbēla= (orum), now _Irbil_, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus,
famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the
2nd of October, B.C. 331. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
_Alexander_.
=Arbĕla=, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous.
=Arbis=, a river on the western boundaries of India. _Strabo._
=Arbocāla=, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome.
=Arbuscŭla=, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses
of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights.
_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77.
=Arcădia=, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on
every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and
Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was
anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of _oaks_
(δρυς) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The
country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for
its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds,
who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians.
They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of
shepherds, chiefly lived among them.――Aristotle, bk. 4, _Metaphysics_,
says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat’s skin near a
fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. _Strabo_,
bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c.
――_Athenæus_, bk. 14.――――A fortified village of Zacynthus.
=Arcadius=, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father
A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern
and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed
his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was
made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation
of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with
indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into
jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign
of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered
Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died
in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which
he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself
to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the
tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a
voluptuous court.
=Arcānum=, a villa of Cicero’s near the Minturni. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
_Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.
=Arcas=, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother,
whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which
from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture
and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a
constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met
a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over
which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended,
was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river.
Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and
married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and
Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan
planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea,
which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas;
and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after
passed into Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables
155 & 176.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 470.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
=Arce=, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. _Ptolemy
Hephæstion_.
=Arcēna=, a town of Phœnicia, where Alexander Severus was born.
=Arcens=, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany Æneas into
Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 581, &c.
=Arcesilāus=, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom
in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C.
550. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159.――――One
of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general
division of the provinces after the king’s death.――――A chief of
Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk.
14.――――A philosopher of Pitane in Æolia, disciple of Polemon. He
visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy,
as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He
pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance.
He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of
them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which
gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man,
but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer,
and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy,
love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241,
or 300 according to some. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Persius_, bk. 3, li. 78.――_Cicero_, _de
Finibus_.――――The name of two painters,――――a statuary,――――a leader of
the Bœotians during the Trojan war.――――A comic and elegiac poet.
=Arcēsius=, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 144.
=Archæa=, a city of Æolia.
=Archæănax= of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of
Athens. He fortified Sigæum with a wall from the ruins of ancient
Troy. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Archæatĭdas=, a country of Peloponnesus. _Polybius._
=Archăgăthus=, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers,
B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.
_Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was
put to death by Archesilaus.――――A physician at Rome, B.C. 219.
=Archander=, father-in-law to Danaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.
=Archandros=, a town of Egypt.
=Arche=, one of the Muses, according to Cicero.
=Archegētes=, a surname of Hercules.
=Archelāus=, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them
was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.――――A person
of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a
dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers
of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey.
His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted
at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till
Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.――――A king of Macedonia, who
succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he
killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself
to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his
favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage,
and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized
the poet Euripides. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
――_Ælian_. _Varia Historia_, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.――――A king of the
Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus
king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Cæsar
banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. _Dio
Cassius._――――A king of Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42
years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A general of
Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with
the philosopher Persæus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――A celebrated
general of Mithridates against Sylla. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――A
philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor
to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called
_Physicus_. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of
all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the
vibration of the air. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――――A man set over Susa by
Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.
――――A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and
maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through
the ears. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――――A son of Electryon and Anaxo.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. _Varro_,
_de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A sculptor of Priene, in the age
of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture
highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D.
1658.――――A writer of Thrace.
=Archemăchus=, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eubœa.
_Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A son of Hercules,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
bks. 2 & 3.
=Archemŏrus=, or =Opheltes=, son of Lycurgus king of Nemæa, in Thrace,
by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had
fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king’s family.
Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against
Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might
quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down
the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a
serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they
instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nemæan,
and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious.
_Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Statius_,
_Thebiad_, bk. 6.
=Archepŏlis=, a man in Alexander’s army, who conspired against the
king with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Archeptolĕmus=, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war,
and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he
was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established
the Olympic games. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 128.
=Archestrătus=, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the
Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――――A man so small and
lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though
it contained no more than an obolus.――――A follower of Epicurus, who
wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony.
=Archetīmus=, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven
wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Archetius=, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 12, li. 459.
=Archia=, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. _Hyginus_, fable 143.
=Archias=, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse,
B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches,
he chose the latter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A poet
of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and
name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him
in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges
of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began
another concerning Cicero’s consulship, which are now lost. Some
of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Cicero_, _For
Archias_.――――A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy
of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred
to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from
Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information
of his danger. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A high priest of Athens,
contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name.
_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A Theban taken in the act of adultery,
and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public
place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. _Aristotle._
=Archibiădes=, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of
the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of
Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――An ambassador of Byzantium, &c.
_Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 44.
=Archibius=, the son of the geographer Ptolemy.
=Archidamia=, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection
for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken
prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their
festivals. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Cleadas, who
upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether
they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile
approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house,
exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon
this the decree was repealed. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Polyænus_,
bk. 8, ch. 8.
=Archidāmus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his
father. _Pausanias._――――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus,
succeeded by Agasicles.――――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family
of the Proclidæ.――――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son
Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction
with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and
privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi.
He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed
there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
――_Xenophon._――――Another, son of Eudamidas.――――Another, who conquered
the Helots, after a violent earthquake. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son
of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the
battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians.
B.C. 338.――――A son of Xenius Theopompus. _Pausanias._
=Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.
=Archidēmus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among
the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.
=Archidēus=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7,
ch. 4.
=Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.
=Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. _See:_ Galli.
=Archigĕnes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the
reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of
his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books
on fevers. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 235.
=Archilŏchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and
epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses.
He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received
promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior
to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a
bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The
Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and
banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen.
He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated.
Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and
animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which
reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, _Archilochia edicta_.
_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10,
ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li.
79.――_Athenæus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon
in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Greek historian who
wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th
olympiad.
=Archimēdes=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine
of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly
bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes
constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships
of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with
such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on
fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman
general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes,
and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and
safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the
philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was
even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a
soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused
to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him,
and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained
long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found
it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and
brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns
and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of
which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations
of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared
fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon
demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were
supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing
their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which
he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in
making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern
hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his
name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by
means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed
on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially
treatises _de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio_, _de lineis
spiralibus_, _de quadraturâ paraboles_, _de numero arenæ_, &c.;
the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris,
1615. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 25; _De Natura
Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 34.――_Quintilian_,
bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 7.
――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.
=Archīnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms
among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made
himself absolute. _Polyænus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of
Athens.
=Archipĕlăgus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are
interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies
between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum.
=Archipŏlis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against
Alexander with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost
in the lake of Fucinus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.
=Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of
Archippe received its name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 752.――――A
philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――――An archon at Athens.
――――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained
the prize.――――A philosopher in the age of Trajan.
=Archītis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.
=Archon=, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of
Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. _Diodorus_,
bk. 18.
=Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were
nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended
from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three
generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts
and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies
of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they
had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune
to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would
observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never
suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes,
they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi
a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the
power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them
was called _Archon_. The year took its denomination from him; he
determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies
and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and
punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself
to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour
was punished with death. The second of the archons was called
_Basileus_. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all
causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the
service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before
his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the
state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals,
and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to
the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He
had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among
them without his crown. The _Polemarch_ was another archon of
inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a
sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of
those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These
three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of
respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and
advice might assist and support them in their public capacity.
The six other archons were indistinctly called _Thesmothetæ_, and
received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery,
and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens,
redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be
enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state.
These officers of state were chosen after the death of king
Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was
limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the
qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly
observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made
archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were
conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of
Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050;
Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923;
Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826;
Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the
archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began
753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714;
Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual,
and of these annual archons Creon was the first. _Aristophanes_, _The
Clouds_ & _The Birds_.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,
ch. 1.――_Demosthenes._――_Pollux._――_Lysias._
=Archy̆lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_,
bk. 14.
=Archytas=, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on
agriculture. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum,
was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer
and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of
the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen,
by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some
mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly.
He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian
era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley.
A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. _Horace_,
bk. 1, ode 28.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _On Oratory_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
_Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
=Arcĭtĕnens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a _bow_,
with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 75.
=Arctīnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
=Arctophy̆lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes.
_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42.
=Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters.
――――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly
called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother,
who were made constellations. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1.――_Aratus._
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.
=Arctūrus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and
setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. _Horace_,
bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος _ursus_,
οὐρα _cauda_. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny
tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella,
on the 5th of September.
=Ardălus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented
the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been
called _Ardalides_ and _Ardalīotides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.
=Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. _Strabo._
=Ardaxānus=, a small river of Illyricum. _Polybius._
=Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or,
according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital
of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants
publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird,
called by the Latins _Ardea_. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich
and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous.
Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son
ravished Lucretia. A road called _Ardeatina_ branched from the
Appian road to Ardea. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 14.――_Livy_,
bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 412.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 573.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.
=Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.
=Ardiæi=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia.
_Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.
=Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 411.
=Arduenna=, now _Ardenne_, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of
Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders
of the Nervii. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.
=Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with
the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.
=Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. _Polybius_, bk. 3.
=Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took
Priene, and made war against Miletus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.
=Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης)
erected by Orestes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.
=Areacidæ=, a nation of Numidia. _Polybius._
=Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. _Justin_,
bk. 24, ch. 1.
=Aregŏnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.
=Arelātum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He
painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 10.――――A miser in _Horace_.
=Aremorĭca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called
Britany. _Pliny_, bk. 4.
=Arēna= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Arenăcum=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
=Areopagītæ=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small
eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, _the
hill of Mars_, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for
the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter
Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus
because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices
to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others
maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the
god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by
that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was
instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of
Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it
to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed
this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to
9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy
and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such
archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In
the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated,
and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If
any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting
at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately
expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace,
though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life.
The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral
behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause
of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management
of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the
virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed
against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries.
They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of
murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and
his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might
originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they
were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house
with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always
heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not
be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by
seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be
divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should
charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most
just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed
sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally
convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th,
28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in
its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among
them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power.
From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the
Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice;
and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the
family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to
make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.
=Areopăgus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. _See:_ Areopagitæ.
=Arestæ=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 12,
ch. 8.
=Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed
by his mother. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.
=Arestorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of
Arestor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 584.
=Arĕta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
bk. 2.――――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown
into the sea. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――――A female philosopher of Cyrene,
B.C. 377.
=Arēta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married
her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
bks. 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.
=Aretæus=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the
operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired.
The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave,
Leiden, folio, 1735.
=Aretaphĭla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates
murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached
to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at
last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom
she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which
Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she
retired to a private station. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.
――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 38.
=Aretāles=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a
treatise on islands. _Plutarch._
=Arēte.= _See:_ Areta.
=Arētes=, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.
=Arethūsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s
attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near
the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was
enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the
country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana,
who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his
streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth
and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and
rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river
Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia;
so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus
in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa
near Syracuse. _See:_ Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable
10.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias._――――One of the Hesperides.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Herileus, mother of
Abas by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
_Hyginus_, fable 181.――――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains
of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
ch. 103.――――A town of Thrace.――――Another in Syria.
=Aretīnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,
li. 123.
=Arētus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3,
li. 413.――――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 494.――――A famous warrior, whose only
weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus
king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.
=Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus,
brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He
assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――――A king of Sparta, who
succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son
Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate
with Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A poet of Laconia.――――An orator
mentioned by _Quintilian_.
=Argæus= and =Argēus=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. _Justin_, bk. 13,
ch. 7.――――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the
kingdom of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A mountain of
Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which
is the capital of the country called Maxara. _Claudian._――――A son
of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――――A son of
Licymnius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
=Argălus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Argathŏna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before
he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in
despair. _Parthenius_, _Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus_, ch. 36.
=Argathōnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to _Pliny_, bk. 7,
ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 3, li. 396.
=Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. _Hyginus_,
fable 205.――――One of the Cyclops. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of
Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A
nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.
=Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.
=Argæāthæ=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.
=Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia.
=Arges=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his
forehead. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Argestrătus=, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years.
=Argēus=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the
kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. _Justin_, bk. 7,
ch. 2.
=Argi= (plural, masculine). _See:_ Argos.
=Argīa=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with
uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his
body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which
pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death
by killing Creon. _Hyginus_, fables 69 & 72.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 12. _See:_ Antigone and Creon.――――A country of Peloponnesus,
called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――――One of the
Oceanides. _Hyginus_, _preface_.――――The wife of Inachus, and mother
of Io. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――The mother of Argos by Polybus.
_Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A daughter of Autesion, who married
Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.
=Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.
=Argilētum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen
generally kept their shops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 355.
――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 4.
=Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s
correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Pausanias_.
=Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.
=Argĭlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of
Andrians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 103.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 115.
=Arginūsæ=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene
and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon
the Athenian. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Argiŏpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon
the son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.
=Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he _killed_ the
hundred-eyed _Argus_, by order of Jupiter.
=Argippēi=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat
noses. They lived upon trees. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
=Argīva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple
at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon.
_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 547.
=Argīvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring
country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all
the inhabitants of Greece.
=Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his
master in his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 49.
=Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54
companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden
fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed.
Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the
expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was
built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly
called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which
signifies _swift_. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built
the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same
name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had
a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which
had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was
the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the
expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at
the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The
poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed
by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near
it. _Hyginus_, fable 14; _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 37.
――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.――_Valerius Flaccus_,
bk. 1, li. 93, &c.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fable 6.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.
――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus._――_Cicero_, _de Natura
Deorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.
=Argolĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis.
=Argŏlis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and
the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.
=Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505
years before Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Argonautæ=, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason
on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking
of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the
following circumstance:――Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino
the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom
he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to
certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second
time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta.
As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by
right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and
she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by
poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this
the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of
Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to
the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked
with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of
Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and
Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness
by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by
supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had
a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of
speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours,
under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were
going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly
disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell
into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont.
When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or,
according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden
fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but
his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece,
and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this
event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the
crown which he usurped [_See:_ Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said
that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of
their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in
Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious
soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the
young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island
of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of
men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. _See:_
Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace,
where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to
Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from
Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure,
they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and
the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi,
furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter
was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to
expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a
magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the
gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they
visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted
the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the
cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to
Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus
king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus
directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades
[_See:_ Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They
visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned,
and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot.
After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of
Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their
grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s
kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the
capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to
Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden
fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the
attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their
leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of
fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver
the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married
her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls,
which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire
and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to
plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After
this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which
an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his
hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was
at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended.
All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s
assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was
unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the
astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the
people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this
wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field,
sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the
earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately
turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished.
After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs,
and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to
sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with
Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up
to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled
limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was
to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder
of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their
course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets
who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes,
and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of
all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she
refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean
by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and
Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress
of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved
from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the
island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which
had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore
resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually
married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country,
being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had
the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the
claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts
came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm
upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came
in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason
was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe
in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known.
Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He
says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the
Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of
the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues,
the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo
across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they
met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed
his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put
to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [_See:_ Argo] gave an
oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously
purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of
Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without
knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that
they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of
Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages
of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among
the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin;
and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus,
Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively
given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of
the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say
that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus
mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various
authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason
son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His
companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus,
Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of
Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus,
Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of
Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of
the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars,
Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol,
Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus
son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son
of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son
of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of
Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury
and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune
and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and
Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules
son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon
son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius,
Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of
Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon,
Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus,
Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of
Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus
the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus,
Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus,
Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux
son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus,
Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus
sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus,
Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son
of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was
physician, and Tiphys was pilot.
=Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city,
capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea,
on the bay called _Argolicus sinus_. Juno was the chief deity of the
place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before
the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years,
it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to
Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops
who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The
nine first kings of Argos were called _Inachides_, in honour of
the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus,
Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave
a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in
return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called
_Belides_. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and,
80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed
the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called _Argivi_ and
_Argolici_; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks
without distinction. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
15, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9,
ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――――A town of Thessaly, called
Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 355.――――Another in
Epirus, called Amphilochium.
=Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――――A son of Arestor,
whence he is often called _Arestorides_. He married Ismene the
daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were
asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had
changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him,
by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put
the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her
divinity. _Moschus_, _Idyl_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables
12 & 13.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Agenor. _Hyginus_, fable 145.
――――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. _Hyginus_, fable 14.
――――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father
of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the
daughter of Strymon. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Pyras and
Callirhoe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Phryxus. _Hyginus_,
fable 3.――――A son of Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――One of
Actæon’s dogs. _Apollodorus._――――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his
master after an absence of 20 years. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17,
li. 300.
=Argyllæ=, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.
=Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from _Argynnus_,
a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus.
_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.
=Argy̆ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She
was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the
same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their
affections. _See:_ Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.――――A city
of Troas.――――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.
=Argy̆raspĭdes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from
their silver helmets. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.
=Argy̆re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in
metal. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
=Argyrĭpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war,
and called by Polybius _Argipana_. Only ruins remain to show where
it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 246.
=Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. _Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua,
a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius,
and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat
she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who
followed her example. _Pliny_, bk. 7.
=Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in
love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured
by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he
extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement.
After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according
to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at
the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant,
and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne
was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung
herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many
years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus.
According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had
forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after
her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s
tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were
found in an earthen urn. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 320, says
that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 10; _De Ars
Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 462.――_Catullus_, _Marriage
of Peleus and Thetis_; poem 61.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 43, 270.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Ariæus=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving
army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of
Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. _Xenophon._
=Ariāni= and =Ariēni=, a people of Asia. _Dionysius Periegetes_,
li. 714.
=Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his
subjects to present him with an arrow. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 81.
=Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.
=Ariarāthes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his
expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――――His
nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against
Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung
on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――――His son
Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father
and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered
Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was
succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his
father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos.
He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by
his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter
of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus
being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying
the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king
of Pergamus.――――His son, the sixth of that name, called _Philopater_,
from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans
shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by
one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained
on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against
Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war,
B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his
surviving wife Laodice.――――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII.,
was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of
Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an
illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and
kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against
the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king,
who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the
tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence
of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old,
was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made
the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates
expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of
a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of
the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia.
The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians
demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death
of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of
Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son
of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was
umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna;
but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after
obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra,
B.C. 36. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Justin_, bks. 13 & 29.――_Strabo_,
bk. 12.
=Aribbæus=, a general mentioned by _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 29.
=Arīcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married
after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a
city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her
called Virbius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――――A very ancient town of Italy, now
_Riccia_, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been
raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by
Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a
temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the
temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called
_Rex_, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor,
and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts
might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor.
The Arician forest, frequently called _nemorensis_ or _nemoralis
sylva_, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it,
because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite
nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this
famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount
Albanus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 263.
――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.
=Aricīna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. _See:_
Aricia.――――The mother of Octavius. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Philippics_,
ch. 6.
=Aridæus=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his
friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the
surviving Greeks in their return. _Diodorus._――――An illegitimate
son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of
Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into
the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free
enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s
generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his
sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in
possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his
wife Eurydice, by Olympias. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._
=Ariēnis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media.
_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.
=Arigæum=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without
inhabitants. _Arrian_, bk. 4.
=Arīi=, a savage people of India,――――of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6.――――Of
Scythia. _Herodotus._――――Of Germany. _Tacitus._
=Arĭma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed
under the ground. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
=Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media.
=Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_,
bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring
inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and
waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that
collected the gold of the river. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_,
bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13.
=Arimasthæ=, a people near the Euxine sea. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.
=Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with
much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so
extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with
his friends and relations. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.
=Arĭmi=, a nation of Syria. _Strabo._
=Arīmĭnum= (now _Rimini_), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon,
on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of
Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 231.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
=Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. _Pliny_,
bk. 3, ch. 15.
=Arimphœi=, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived
chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their
innocence and mildness. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Arĭmus=, a king of Mysia. _Varro._
=Ariobarzānes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after
the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided.
Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him.
He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against
Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero.
_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 29.――_Horace_, ltr. 6,
li. 38.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after
the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it
for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. _Diodorus_,
bk. 17.――――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa
with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with
the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of
Persepolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bks. 4 & 5.――――A Mede
of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to
settle the troubles of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
――――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ.
――――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.
=Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the
Persians. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.
=Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went
against Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 78.
=Ariomēdes=, a pilot of Xerxes.
=Arīon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna,
in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant
of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession.
Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors
of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain
the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them
inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted
to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he
threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted
round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that
one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he
hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to
be crucified at their return. _Hyginus_, fable 194.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 45.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17.
――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A horse, sprung from
Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest
of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid
the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also
into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera,
and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on
the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a
horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him
to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon
swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to
Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from
Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the
Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of
Adrastus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,
li. 37.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.
=Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of
Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and
was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.
=Aris=, a river of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.
=Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 31.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the
Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
li. 264.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――The name of Priam’s first wife,
divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.
=Aristænĕtus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by
Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749.
=Aristæum=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.
=Aristæus=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts
of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and
ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus
and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the
world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe
the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell
in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the
fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died,
for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this
calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the
sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he
had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice
by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he
had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately
sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former
prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus
when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god.
Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after
death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned
from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of
bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_,
bk. 13, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 363.――_Cicero_, _de
Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.
――_Hyginus_, fables 161, 180, 247.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A
general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa.
He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.
=Aristagŏras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. _Pliny_,
bk. 36, ch. 12.――――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who
revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia,
and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening
before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing
Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C.
499. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Polyænus_,
bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A man of Cyzicus.――――Another of Cumæ. _Herodotus_,
bk. 4.
=Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander.
_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 25.――――An Athenian,
who wrote on agriculture.
=Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
=Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the
coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. _Strabo_,
bk. 4.
=Aristarchus=, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of
Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria,
and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons.
He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of
Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were
called _Aristarchi_. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different
authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became
dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year,
B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both
famous for their stupidity. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 499.
――_Ovid_, bk. 3, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 9, li. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 11; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.
――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia,
about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only
were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was
translated into Latin verse by Ennius. _Suidas._――――A physician
to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――An
orator of Ambracia.――――An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed
that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun.
This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of
disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun
was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that
the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than
one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than
that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely
known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and
moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo,
1688.
=Aristazānes=, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus.
_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
=Aristeas=, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared
seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after
to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise
him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on
the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by
Longinus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Maximus
Tyrius_, bk. 22.――――A ♦physician of Rhodes.――――A geometrician,
intimate with Euclid.――――A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of
Crœsus.
♦ ‘physican’ replaced with ‘physician’
=Aristĕræ=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 34.
=Aristeus=, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms
against his countrymen the Argives. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 68.
=Aristhĕnes=, a shepherd who found Æsculapius, when he had been
exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis.
=Aristhus=, an historian of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 1.
=Aristībus=, a river of Pæonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Aristīdes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great
temperance and virtue procured him the surname of _Just_. He was
rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10
years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he
was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and
was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who
was defeated at Platæa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his
funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters,
on account of their father’s virtues, received a dowry from the
public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty,
however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the
grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by
explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating
their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the
representation of one of the tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning
of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience
were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as
judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned
the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. “Mention the wrongs
you have received,” replied the equitable Athenian; “I sit here as
judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.” _Cornelius Nepos_
& _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――――An historian of Miletus, fonder
of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history
of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by _Plutarch_,
_Parallela minora_.――――An athlete, who obtained a prize at the
Olympian, Nemæan, and Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.
――――A painter of Thebes in Bœotia, in the age of Alexander the Great,
for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. _Pliny_,
bks. 7 & 35.――――A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other
tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so
pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the
city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence
raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour
of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues,
the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford,
1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus
apud P. Steph. 1604.――――A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a
weasel. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Mysia,
intimate with Marcus Antoninus.――――An Athenian, who wrote treatises
on animals, trees, and agriculture.
=Aristillus=, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300
years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of
the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the
planets.
=Aristio=, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the
general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and
made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla.
_Livy_, bks. 81, 82.
=Aristippus=, _the elder_, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to
Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the
flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for
his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book,
as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of
Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried,
as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship
in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his
property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than
his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by _Diogenes
Laërtius_, in his life. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.――――His
grandson of the same name, called _the younger_, was a warm defender
of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things
were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.――――A
tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension.
He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242.
_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man who wrote a history of Arcadia.
_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.
=Marcus Aristius=, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 42.――――Another. _See:_ Fuscus.――――A
satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops.
=Aristo.= _See:_ Ariston.
=Aristobūla=, a name given to Diana by Themistocles.
=Aristobūlus=, a name common to some of the high priests and kings
of Judæa, &c. _Josephus._――――A brother of Epicurus.――――One of
Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s life, replete with
adulation and untruth.――――A philosopher of Judæa, B.C. 150.
=Aristoclēa=, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was
offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes,
and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously
contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon
which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after.
_Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ Narrationes_.
=Aristŏcles=, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed,
in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The
14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric,
and likewise nine books on morals.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A
stoic of Lampsacus.――――An historian. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A musician.
_Athenæus_, &c.――――A prince of Tegæa, &c. _Polyænus._――――This name
is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded.
=Aristoclīdes=, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win
the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which
all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer.
=Aristocrătes=, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for
offering violence to the priestess of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 5.――――His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death
for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the
cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. _Pausanias_,
_ibid._――――A Rhodian.――――A man who endeavoured to destroy the
democratical power at Athens.――――An Athenian general sent to the
assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An
Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field
of battle.――――A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. _Plutarch_,
_Lycurgus_.
=Aristocreon=, the writer of a book on geography.
=Aristocrĭtus=, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus.
=Aristodēme=, a daughter of Priam.
=Aristodēmus=, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclidæ. He,
with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus,
conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years
before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins
Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum,
though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204;
bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war
against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and
so effectually defeated the enemy’s forces, that they were obliged
to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring
of this prostitution were called Partheniæ, and 30 years after
their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus
put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being
afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself,
after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained
much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his
countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested
Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war,
which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses
on both sides. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A tyrant of Cumæ.――――A
philosopher of Ægina.――――An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c.
――――A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.――――A man who was
preceptor to the children of Pompey.――――A tyrant of Arcadia.――――A
Carian who wrote a history of painting.――――A philosopher of Nysa,
B.C. 68.
=Aristogĕnes=, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation
by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.――――A Thasian who
wrote 24 books on medicine.
=Aristogīton= and =Harmodius=, two celebrated friends of Athens, who
by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of
the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the
Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues
were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy
of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into
execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not
to betray the trust reposed in her. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten
Orators_.――――An Athenian orator, surnamed _Canis_, from his
impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides,
and Thrasyllus.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._
=Aristolāus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 11.
=Aristomăche=, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――――The wife of Dion.――――A poetess.
_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A daughter of Priam,
who married Critolaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.
=Aristomăchus=, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation
of wine. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 9.――――A man so excessively fond of
bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of
them. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――――The son of Cleodæus and grandson
of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus,
called Heraclidæ, conquered Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――――A man who laid aside
his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.
=Aristomēdes=, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III.
_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.
=Aristomĕnes=, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont,
conquered by the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A famous
general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the
Lacedæmonian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years.
He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers
had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta,
the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in
his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the
title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired
the surname of _Just_, from his equity, to which he joined the true
valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered
Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the
vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had taken him captive, that
he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time,
he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart
was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C., and it is
said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
――_Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A Spartan sent to the assistance of
Dionysius. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.
=Ariston=, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise
children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by
whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the
impudence to call not his own. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.――――A
general of Ætolia.――――A sculptor.――――A Corinthian who assisted
the Syracusans against the Athenians.――――An officer in Alexander’s
army.――――A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had
surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was
taken and put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A philosopher
of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which
continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the
divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of
the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old
age he was much given to sensuality. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A
lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny,
ltr. 22, bk. 1.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who
wrote concerning the course of the Nile. _Strabo._――――A wrestler of
Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.――――A musician of
Athens.――――A tragic poet.――――A peripatetic of Cos.――――A native of
Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews.
=Aristonautæ=, the naval dock of Pellene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.
=Aristonīcus=, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C.,
invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by
his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna,
and strangled in prison. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
ch. 20.――――A musician of Olynthus.――――A grammarian of Alexandria,
who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on
the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies.
=Aristonĭdes=, a noble statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.
=Aristŏnus=, a captain of Alexander’s cavalry. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.
=Aristony̆mus=, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library
at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year.
_Athenæus._――――One of Alexander’s musicians. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
=Aristophănes=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of
Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us.
He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C.
434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit
and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound
sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable
character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice.
As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of
olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited
blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was
so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens,
which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on
the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called
the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play
called _Nubes_ is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher
is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous
point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the
characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to
keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of
the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison
between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds
with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The
best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster’s, folio,
Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck,
4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect
did it contain the valuable scholia. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1.
――――A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria
under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of
Attica. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_ & _Epicurus_.――_Athenæus_,
bk. 9.――――A Greek historian of Bœotia, quoted by _Plutarch_, _de
Herodoti Malignitate_.――――A writer on agriculture.
=Aristophilīdes=, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of
Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.
=Aristŏphon=, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture
of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea,
and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the
masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm
of Venus. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of
whose fragments are collected in Athenæus.
=Aristor=, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io.
=Aristorĭdes=, the patronymic of Argus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 1, li. 624.
=Aristoteleia=, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained
the restitution of his country from Alexander.
=Aristotĕles=, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus
by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to
Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself
by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and
dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with
uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the
instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he
was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master.
He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one
arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a
brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to
some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions
with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According
to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle
was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he
received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on
a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at
his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed
in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given
us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed
countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all
his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher
of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of
eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention,
and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been
compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a
lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira
studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of
expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for
the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and
dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients,
the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical
predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as
Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s
minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished
and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals;
and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800
talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to
collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were
carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has
long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model
of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have
uttered the following sentiment: _Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius
vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei_. The letter
which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these
words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much
for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he
can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a
successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle
wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same
worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age,
B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best
edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio,
Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794,
is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called
Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of
being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned
himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of
its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about
the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of
a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira
instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered
important services to their city. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of
Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_ & _de Alexandri
Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute_, &c.――_Cicero_, _Academica Quæstiones_,
bk. 4; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Quintilian_, bks.
1, 2, 5, 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12.
――_Justin Martyr._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_,
bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.――_Athenæus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c.
There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens.
――――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――――An orator of Sicily, who
answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――――A friend of Æschines.――――A
man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――――A schoolmaster mentioned in
Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――――An obscure grammarian.
_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.
=Aristotīmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
ch. 5.
=Aristoxĕnus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born
at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history,
&c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the
school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude
of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three
books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――――A
philosopher of Cyrene. _Athenæus._――――A physician whose writings are
quoted by Galen.――――A poet of Selinus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.
=Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of
Alexander’s expedition. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.
=Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. _Aristophanes._――――An astronomer of
Alexandria, 292 B.C.
=Arius=, a river of Gaul, and――――of Asia. The inhabitants in the
neighbourhood are called Arii.――――A celebrated writer, the origin
of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and
consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for
his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and
triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very
night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph.
Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels
gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. _Athanasius._
=Armĕnes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 34,
ch. 1.
=Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower
Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east,
Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia,
or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia,
and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion
of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest
of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of
their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had
the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards
reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one
of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names
and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great
adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always
prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major
is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1.
――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 11.――_Mela_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 6,
ch. 4, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2.
=Armentarius=, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign.
=Armillatus=, one of Domitian’s favourites. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.
=Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the
sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The
festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though
easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of
March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played
on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted
A.U.C. 543. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_,
bk. 27, ch. 37.
=Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a
bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered
by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his
friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. _Dio Cassius_, bk.
56.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c.
=Armorĭcæ=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious,
and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici.
Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and
comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany
and Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.
=Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――――A town of
Umbria in Italy.――――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two
towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself
into a bull to enjoy her company. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.
=Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.
=Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6.
=Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert
to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the
bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he
wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity
of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various
concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise
of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoricâ
Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise
_Adversus Gentes_ is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.
=Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and
falling into the Mediterranean. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 2.
=Aroa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.
=Aroma=, a town of Caria,――――of Cappadocia.
=Arpāni=, a people of Italy.
=Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war.
_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 28.
=Arpīnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and
Marius. The words _Arpinæ chartæ_ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s
works. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 19.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 237.
――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, speech 3.――――A town of
Magna Græcia.
=Arræi=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny._
=Arrharæus=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia,
who greatly distressed Archelaus. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_,
ch. 10.
=Arria=. _See:_ Aria.
=Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the
emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, ch. 19.
=Arriānus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine,
and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the
elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his
acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books
on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas,
four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of
the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th
year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government
of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s
_Expeditio Alexandri_, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the
8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam,
1683.――――A Greek historian.――――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on
hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――――A poet who wrote an epic
poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of
Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse.
=Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast _Horace_ describes,
bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the
emperor, &c.
=Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated
himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror
declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their
city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because
of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of
the place. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
=Arruntius=, a Roman consul.――――A famous geographer who, upon being
accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.
=Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.――――Of Persia. _Polyænus._
=Arsăces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated
by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of
the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an
empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly
acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his
power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of
his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his
name, _Arsacidæ_. _Justin_, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.――_Strabo_, bks.
11 & 12.――――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried
war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field
with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with
Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.――――The third
king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name,
and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two
sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the
elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though
he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in
view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his
subjects. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 5.――――A king of Pontus and Armenia,
in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against
the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor,
his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of
life. _Marcellinus._――――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over
Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 6.――――A servant of Themistocles.
=Arsacĭdæ=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour
of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till
the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by
Artaxerxes king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 41.
=Arsamĕnes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.
=Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 15.
=Arsamosāta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.
=Arsānes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.
=Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into
the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
ch. 24.
=Arsēna=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same
sort. _Strabo._
=Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to
the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign
of three years. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans
and the Veientes. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola_.――――A small river between
Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――――A river of Italy,
flowing through Campania.
=Arsidæus=, a son of Datames, &c.
=Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of
Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine
honours after death at Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised
in marriage to Alcmæon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A fountain
of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――The sister and wife of
Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus
Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones,
in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the
power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its
being perfected. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Ptolemy
Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s
death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the
throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip,
the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe
was some time after banished to Samothrace. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 1,
&c.――――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra.
Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister.
_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 4.――_Appian._――――The wife of Magas
king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Justin_,
bk. 26, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Lysimachus. _Pausanias._――――A town
of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of
the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the
crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed
them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the
labyrinth. _Strabo._――――A town of Cilicia,――――of Æolia,――――of Syria,
――――of Cyprus,――――of Lycia, &c.
=Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia.
=Artabānus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded
his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his
return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne.
Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and
Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he
discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death.
_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――――A king of Parthia, after the death
of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of
Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him,
and merited the appellation of Great. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――――A
king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of
Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from
whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He
was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time
after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, &c.――――A king of Parthia, very inimical
to the interest of Vespasian.――――Another king of Parthia, who made
war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on
pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of
Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs.
_Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._
=Artabazānes=, or =Artamĕnes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private
person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference
to Xerxes. _Justin._
=Artabāzus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He
fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. _Herodotus_,
bks. 7, 8, & 9.――――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and
was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became
the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince,
he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated
him with much humanity and confidence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12;
bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――An officer of
Artaxerxes against Datames. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
=Artabri= and =Artabrĭtæ=, a people of Lusitania, who received their
name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called
_Finisterre_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 362.
=Artacæas=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the
troops, the king excepted.
=Artacæna=, a city of Asia, near Aria.
=Artăce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age
of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Procopius_, _The Persian War_, bk. 1,
ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A city of
Phrygia.――――A fortified place of Bithynia.
=Artacēne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered
Darius. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Artăcia=, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. _Tibullus_,
bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.
=Artæi=, a name by which the Persians were called among their
neighbours. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.
=Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. _Strabo._
=Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the
younger.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.
=Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
――――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 49.――――A river of Colchis.
=Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He
was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. _See:_ Datis.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Herodotus._
=Artatus=, a river of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19.
=Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote
tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He
lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly
on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition
against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried
him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in
golden chains. He was some time after murdered. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
――――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the
same name, who was expelled.――――Augustus had also raised to the
throne of Armenia a person of the same name. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 2.
=Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected
the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the
friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors.
_Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Artaxăta= (orum), now _Ardesh_, a strongly fortified town of Upper
Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally
resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of
the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who
called it _Neronea_, in honour of Nero. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his
father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and
attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the
throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt
that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was
remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was
longer than the other, whence he has been called _Macrochir_ or
_Longimanus_. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. _Cornelius
Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――The second of
that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his
extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter
of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes,
and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes
when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an
ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in
opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when
he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon
by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed
over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various
pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of
100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes
with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which
Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that
Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour,
that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him.
The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at
the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way
through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in
the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was
delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up
a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his
influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his
own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son
Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his
father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons,
called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his
elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said
that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s
unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign
of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350
concubines, and only four legitimate sons. _Plutarch_, _Parallel
Lives_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.
――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded
his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by
murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death
one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt,
which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made
war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called
Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and
his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and
Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and
afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles
for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues,
was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to
possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under
the name of Darius III. _Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 8.
=Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who
killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom,
which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman
emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom.
_Herodian_, bk. 5.――――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his
name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by
his cruelties.
=Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by
his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and
became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians,
raised Tigranes to the throne.――――Another, son of Polemon, whose
original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia,
he was made king by Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31.
――――A general of Antiochus. _See:_ Artaxa.
=Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was
hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. _Herodotus_, bks.
7 & 9.
=Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his
son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law.
_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.
=Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.
=Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great.
_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 9.
=Artemidōrus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description
of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――――A
physician in the age of Adrian.――――A man in the reign of Antoninus,
who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still
extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to,
1604, to which is annexed _Achmetis oneirocritica_.――――A man of
Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome,
and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the
friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy
which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among
the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it
with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no
material consequence. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.
=Artĕmis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia,
were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi,
where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed,
bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to
hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name
at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting
and diversions. _Athenæus_, bk. 7.
=Artemisia=, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over
Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes
in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was
so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like
women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed
of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000
drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of
Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put
out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the
promontory of Leucas. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c.
――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――There was also another queen of Caria
of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She
was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was
married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty.
She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her
liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his
memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was
called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she
called _Mausoleum_, a name which has been given from that time to
all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary
men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best
elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to
Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband
that she died through grief two years after. _Vitruvius._――_Strabo_,
bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.
=Artemisia.= _See:_ Artemis.
=Artemisium=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The
neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes
had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 175, &c.――――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred
to Artemis, whence the name.
=Artemīta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.――――An island opposite the
mouth of the Achelous. _Strabo._
=Artĕmon=, an historian of Pergamus.――――A native of Clazomenæ, who was
with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented
the battering ram, the _testudo_, and other equally valuable military
engines.――――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――――A
native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――――A
physician of Clazomenæ.――――A painter.――――A Syrian, whose features
resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen,
after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband
in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death,
she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. _See:_
Antiochus.
=Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 59.
=Artobarzănes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne
in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.
=Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of
Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.
=Artōna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 2,
ch. 43.
=Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.
=Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the
battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure
Augustus of victory. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I.,
cruelly put to death by Parysatis.
=Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his
flatteries, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 29.
=Artynes=, a king of Media.
=Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor.
=Artystŏna=, a daughter of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 88.
=Aruæ=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief
officers of Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.
=Arvāles=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals
called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the
12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of
ears of corn, and a white fillet. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.
_See:_ Ambarvalia.
=Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According
to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their
mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.
=Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now _Auvergne_, near the Ligeris,
who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with
great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as
well as the Romans. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Arvĭrăgus=, a king of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 127.
=Arvīsium= and =Arvīsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine.
_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 5.
=Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius Cæsar
against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.
=Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 586.――――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of
Diana. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759.――――A brother of Tarquin
the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin,
who had assassinated his wife.――――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who,
in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father
and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him
and threw him down from his horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A son of
Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. _Livy_,
bk. 2, ch. 14.
=Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the
god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his
daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted
so dishonourably to her virtue. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust,
in the reign of Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_,
ltr. 14.――――Another Latin writer. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 6.
――――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta
a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first
experiment upon the body of the donor. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_.――――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age
of Domitian.
=Arupīnus=, a maritime town of Istria. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,
li. 110.
=Aruspex.= _See:_ Haruspex.
=Aryxăta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He
was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and
wished to make himself immortal. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 166.
=Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by
pirates. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 425.――――A king of the
Molossi, who reigned 10 years.
=Aryptæus=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the
Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the
Macedonians.
=Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from
the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Asbestæ= and =Asbystæ=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the
temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that
account, _Asbystius_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 170.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4,
ch. 3.
=Asbŏlus= (_black hair_), one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3.
=Ascalăphus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts,
and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with
his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.――――A son of Acheron
by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine
in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her
daughter’s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten
nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she
had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was
ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest
of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with
Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately
turned him into an owl. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 8.
=Ascălon=, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia
from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its
onions. _Josephus_, _The Jewish War_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Theophrastus_,
_Enquiry into Plants_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
=Ascania=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A city of Troas, built by
Ascanius.
=Ascănius=, son of Æneas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy
by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was
afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war
which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded Æneas
in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred
the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius
reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age
of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at
Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of Æneas by Lavinia.
Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the
Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the
family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high
priest, which remained a long while in his family. _Livy_, bk. 1,
ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――――According to _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of Æneas by Lavinia was
also called Ascanius.――――A river of Bithynia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
bk. 3, li. 270.
=Ascii=, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no
shadow. _Pliny_, bk. 2.
=Asclēpia=, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or Æsculapius, celebrated
all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions
were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a
different name.
=Asclēpiădes=, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an
historical account of Alexander. _Arrian_.――――A disciple of Plato.
――――A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with
Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not
be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter,
and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife
of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and
married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria.
_Plutarch_.――――A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great
reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He
relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never
be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age.
Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.――――An Egyptian,
who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on
the coincidence of all religions.――――A native of Alexandria, who
gave a history of the Athenian archons.――――The writer of a treatise
on Demetrius Phalereus.――――A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six
books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.――――A
physician in the age of Pompey.――――A tragic poet.――――Another
physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a
great favourite of the emperor’s court.
=Asclepiodōrus=, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures
of the gods were sold, for 300 minæ each, to an African prince.
_Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A soldier who conspired against Alexander with
Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.
=Asclepiodotus=, a general of Mithridates.
=Asclepius.= _See:_ Æsculapius.
=Ascletarion=, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that
he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to
death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set
on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames,
and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician’s body.
_Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 15.
=Asclus=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.
=Ascolia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December
by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the
god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made
a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil
and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon
it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This
was called ἀσκωλιαζειν παρα το ἐπι ἀσκον ἀλλεσθαι, _leaping upon
the bottle_, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also
introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the
dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some
small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards,
and these images they called Oscilla. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
li. 384.――_Pollux_, bk. 9, ch. 7.
=Asconius Labeo=, a preceptor of Nero.――――Pedia, a man intimate
with Virgil and Livy.――――Another of the same family in the age of
Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after.
He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero’s
orations.
=Ascra=, a town of Bœotia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus
and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there,
whence he is often called the _Ascrean_ poet, and whatever poem
treats on agricultural subjects _Ascræum carmen_. The town received
its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of Œoclus by Neptune. _Strabo_,
bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1.
=Ascŭlum=, now _Ascoli_, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of
Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――Another
in Apulia, near the Aufidus.
=Asdrŭbal=, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished
himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the
death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much
prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with
cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw
it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in
a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was
faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of
his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The
slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he
bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed
in hunting. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Appian_, _Wars in
Spain_.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.――――A son
of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his
brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of
his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans,
the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked
him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was
killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and
5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head
of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of
Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations
for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, “In losing Asdrubal,
I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.” Asdrubal had
before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been
defeated by the governor of Sardinia. _Livy_, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c.
――_Polybius._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.――――A Carthaginian general,
surnamed _Calvus_, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken
prisoner by the Romans. _Livy._――――Another, son of Gisgon, appointed
general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the
great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the
assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio.
He died B.C. 206. _Livy._――――Another, who advised his countrymen
to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the
Carthaginian senate. _Livy._――――A grandson of Masinissa, murdered
in the senate house by the Carthaginians.――――Another, whose camp
was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men,
in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and
begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which
his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two
children into the flames of the temple of Æsculapius, which she and
others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal.
_Livy_, bk. 51.――――A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius
Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130
elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the
conquerors.
=Asellio Sempronius=, an historian and military tribune, who wrote
an account of the actions in which he was present. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._
=Asia=, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from
Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean seas.
The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name
from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given
birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the
ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and
sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries
as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different
empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous
were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy,
according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin
1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia
existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander
the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years,
according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign
of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred
the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was
in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold
retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is
in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible
progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation.
Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was
the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and
Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose
boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in
a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia
Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to
the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the
power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor
were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and
it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and
indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. _Strabo._
――_Mela._――_Justin._――_Pliny._――_Tacitus_, &c.――――One of the
Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the
three divisions of the ancient globe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
――――One of the Nereides. _Hyginus._――――A mountain of Laconia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.
=Asia Palus=, a lake in Mysia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 701.
=Asiātĭcus=, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 2.――――The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their
conquests or campaigns in Asia.
=Asĭlas=, an augur, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.――――A Trojan
officer. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 9, 10, &c.
=Asināria=, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory
obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius.
=Asinārius=, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals,
Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners.
=Asĭne=, one of the Sporades.――――An island of the Adriatic.――――Three
towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and
Messenia.
=Asĭnes=, a river of Sicily.
=Asinius Gallus=, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania,
after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to
a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself
to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He
had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father
and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former.
_Tacitus_ bks. 1 & 5, _Annals_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.――_Pliny_, bk.
7, ltr. 4.――――Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of
some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_.
――――Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with
Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account
of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He
refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, “because,”
said he, “you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer
prove offensive.” He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He
was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him
that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is inscribed. _Quintilian._
――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, chs. 30 & 55.――_Dio Cassius_, bks. 37,
49, 55.――_Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_ & ltr. 100.――_Pliny_,
bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Tacitus_, bk. 6.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_,
_Cæsar_.――――A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――――An historian in the age of Pompey.
――――Another in the third century.――――Quadratus, a man who published
the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome.
=Asius=, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the
Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li.
342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.――――A poet of Samos, who wrote
about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. _Pausanias_, bk.
7, ch. 4.――――A son of Imbracus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123.
=Asius Campus=, a place near the Cayster.
=Asnāus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows.
_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.
=Asōphis=, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus.
=Asōpia=, the ancient name of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Asōpiădes=, a patronymic of Æacus, son of Ægina, the daughter of
Asopus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 484.
=Asōpis=, the daughter of the Asopus.――――A daughter of Thespius mother
of Mentor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Asōpus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the
north of Thermopylæ. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A river of Bœotia, rising
near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated
the country of the Thebans and Platæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.
――――A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.――――A
river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.――――Another of Macedonia,
flowing near Heraclea. _Strabo_, &c.――――A river of Phœnicia.――――A
son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three
of his daughters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Salamis, and
Ismene. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 12.
=Aspa=, a town of Parthia, now _Ispahan_, the capital of the Persian
empire.
=Aspamithres=, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with
Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. _Ctesias._
=Asparagium=, a town near Dyrrhachium. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,
ch. 30.
=Aspăsia=, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phocæa, famous for her personal
charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress to
Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom she
passed to Darius. She was called _Milto_, _vermilion_, on account of
the beauty of her complexion. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch.
1.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――Another woman, daughter of Axiochus,
born at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she taught eloquence,
and Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated
Pericles, by her mental and personal accomplishments, that he became
her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so
fond of her, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The
behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals
of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness
into the state. She, however, possessed the merit of a superior
excellence in mind as well as person, and her instructions helped
to form the greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some have
confounded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of
Hermotimus. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 11.――――The
wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper
interpretation given by some to _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 1,
ch. 31.
=Aspasius=, a peripatetic philosopher in the second century, whose
commentaries on different subjects were highly valued.――――A sophist,
who wrote a panegyric on Adrian.
=Aspastes=, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust
while Alexander was in the east. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 20.
=Aspathīnes=, one of the seven noblemen of Persia who conspired
against the usurper Smerdis. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 70, &c.――――A
son of Prexaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.
=Aspendus=, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon.
_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 20. The inhabitants
sacrificed swine to Venus.
=Asphaltītes=, a lake. _See:_ Mare Mortuum.
=Aspis=, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was
reduced by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.――――A city and
mountain of Africa.――――One of the Cyclades.――――A city of Macedonia.
=Asplēdon=, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to
a city of Bœotia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.
=Asporēnus=, a mountain of Asia Minor near Pergamus, where the mother
of the gods was worshipped, and called _Asporena_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Assa=, a town near mount Athos.
=Assabīnus=, the Jupiter of the Arabians.
=Assărăcus=, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father
to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were frequently called
the descendants of Assaracus, _Gens Assaraci_. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1.――――Two friends of Æneas in the
Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.
=Asserīni=, a people of Sicily.
=Assōrus=, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium.
=Assos=, a town of Lycia on the sea coast.
=Assy̆ria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been
different in its flourishing times. At first it was bounded by
the Lycus and Caprus; but the name of Assyria, more generally
speaking, is applied to all that territory which lies between Media,
Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the most
ancient in the world. It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B.C. 2059,
according to some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus,
the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. According to Eusebius,
it flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; but
Herodotus says that its duration was not above 500 or 600 years.
Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire Semiramis
greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her
dominions as far as Æthiopia and Libya. In ancient authors the
Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The
Assyrians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with
an army. The king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings,
as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now
called Curdistan. _See:_ Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bks.
1 & 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 13 & 26.――_Ptolemy_,
bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
=Asta=, a city in Spain.
=Astacœni=, a people of India near the Indus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.
=Astăcus=, a town of Bithynia, built by Acastus son of Neptune and
Olbia, or rather by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimachus
destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia,
which was then lately built. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――_Arrian._
――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Acarnania. _Pliny_, bk. 5.
=Astăpa=, a town of Hispania Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 20.
=Astăpus=, a river of Æthiopia, falling into the Nile.
=Astarte=, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of
the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which
was served by 300 priests, who were always employed in offering
sacrifices. She was represented in medals with a long habit, and
a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She had one hand
stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form
of a cross. _Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 3, ch. 23.
=Aster=, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, who offered his service to
Philip king of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the
city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The
arrow, on which was written “Aimed at Philip’s right eye,” struck
the king’s eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasantry,
threw back the same arrow, with these words, “If Philip takes the
town, Aster shall be hanged.” The conqueror kept his word. _Lucian_,
_Quomodo historia conscribenda sit_.
=Astĕria=, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Phœbe daughter
of Cœlus and Terra. She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she
had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long time the favours
of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but falling under his
displeasure, she was changed into a quail, called _Ortyx_ by the
Greeks; whence the name of _Ortygia_, given to that island in the
Archipelago, where she retired. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
fable 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.
――――A town of Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 782.――――One of the daughters of Danaus,
who married Chætus son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of
the daughters of Atlas, mother of Œnomaus king of Pisa. _Hyginus_,
fable 250.――――A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrote three odes
to comfort her during her lover’s absence.
=Astĕrion= and =Astĕrius=, a river of Peloponnesus, which flowed
through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters,
Eubœa, Prosymna, and Acræa, who nursed the goddess Juno. _Pausanias_,
bk. 2, ch. 17.――――A son of Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts.
_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――――A statuary, son of Æschylus. _Pausanias._
――――A son of Minos II., king of Crete, by Pasiphæ. He was killed by
Theseus, though he was thought the strongest of his age. Apollodorus
supposes him to be the same as the famous Minotaur. According
to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, one of the descendants of
Æolus, and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because he had
carried away Europa, by whom he had Minus I. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.――――A son of
Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.
=Asterodia=, the wife of Endymion. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Asterŏpe= and =Asteropēa=, one of the Pleiades, who were beloved by
the gods and most illustrious heroes, and made constellations after
death.――――A daughter of Pelias king of Iolchos, who assisted her
sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to restore to life.
Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the time of _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch.
11.――――A daughter of Deion by Diomede. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The
wife of Æsacus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.
=Asteropæus=, a king of Pæonia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam
in the Trojan war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, by
Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, &c.
=Asterūsius=, a mountain at the south of Crete.――――A town of Arabia
Felix.
=Astinŏme=, the wife of Hipponous.
=Astiŏchus=, a general of Lacedæmon, who conquered the Athenians near
Cnidus, and took Phocæa and Cumæ, B.C. 411.
=Astræa=, a daughter of Astræus king of Arcadia, or, according
to others, of Titan, Saturn’s brother, by Aurora. Some make her
daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the
same as Rhea wife of Saturn. She was called _Justice_, of which
virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets
mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of
Astræa; but the wickedness and impiety of mankind drove her to
heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the
constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is
represented as a virgin, with a stern but majestic countenance,
holding a pair of scales in one hand and a sword in the other.
_Seneca_, _Octavia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 149.
――_Aratus_, bk. 1, _Phænomena_, li. 98.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
=Astræus=, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter.――――A river
of Macedonia, near Thermæ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 1.
=Astu=, a Greek word which signifies _city_, generally applied, by way
of distinction, to Athens, which was the most capital city of Greece.
The word _urbs_ is applied with the same meaning of superiority to
Rome, and πολις to Alexandria the capital of Ægypt, as also to Troy.
=Astur=, an Etrurian who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180.
=Astŭra=, a small river and village of Latium, where Antony’s soldiers
cut off Cicero’s head.
=Astŭres=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, who spent all their
lives in digging for mines of ore. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 298.――_Silius
Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 231.
=Astyăge=, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she
had some children, among whom was Antion the father of Ixion.
=Astyăges=, a son of Cyaxares, was the last king of Media. He was
father to Mandane, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble
person of Persia, because he was told by a dream that his daughter’s
son would dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped
that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he
was disappointed, and though he had exposed his daughter’s son by
the effects of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown by his
grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and
oppressive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he had
wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane’s son, who was called Cyrus,
to take up arms against his grandfather, and he conquered him and
took him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyropædia, relates a
different story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the
most undisturbed friendship together. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 74, 75, &c.――――A grammarian who wrote a
commentary on Callimachus.――――A man changed into a stone by Medusa’s
head. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6.
=Astyălus=, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.
=Astyănax=, a son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when
the Greeks besieged Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother
saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest
the young prince should inherit the virtues of his father, and one
day avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, seized him,
and threw him down from the walls of Troy. According to Euripides,
he was killed by Menelaus; and Seneca says that Pyrrhus the son
of Achilles put him to death. Hector had given him the name of
Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as
his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 400; bk. 22, li. 500.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
li. 457; bk. 3, li. 489.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 415.
――――An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on
mount Lyceus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――A son of Hercules.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A writer in the age of Gallienus.
=Astycratia=, a daughter of Æolus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.――――A daughter of
Amphion and Niobe.
=Astydămas=, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies,
of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize.――――A Milesian, three
times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as
well as for his voracious appetite. He was once invited to a feast
by king Ariobarzanes, and he ate what had been prepared for nine
persons. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――Two tragic writers bore the same
name, one of whom was disciple to Socrates.――――A comic poet of
Athens.
=Astydămīa=, or =Astyadamia=, daughter of Amyntor king of Orchomenos
in Bœotia, married Acastus son of Pelias, who was king of Iolchos.
She became enamoured of Peleus son of Æacus, who had visited her
husband’s court, and because he refused to gratify her passion,
she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed
his wife’s accusation; but as he would not violate the laws of
hospitality by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited
for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. At
last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was
tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by
wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent
Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched
with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with
death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte,
and by others Cretheis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Pindar_,
_Nemean_, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules,
by whom she had Tlepolemus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 50.
=Asty̆lus=, one of the centaurs who had the knowledge of futurity. He
advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithæ. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 338.――――A man of Crotona, who was
victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. _Pausanias._
=Astymedūsa=, a woman whom Œdipus married after he had divorced Jocasta.
=Astynŏme=, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes
called _Chryseis_. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the
division of the spoils of Lyrnessus.――――A daughter of Amphion,――――of
Talaus. _Hyginus._
=Astynous=, a Trojan prince. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 144.
=Astyŏche= and =Astyochīa=, a daughter of Actor, who had by Mars,
Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. _Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 20.――――A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who
had a son called Tlepolemus by Hercules. _Hyginus_, fables 97, 162.
――――A daughter of Laomedon by Strymo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A
daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A
daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 12.――――The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.
=Astypalæa=, one of the Cyclades, between Cos and Carpathos, called
after Astypalæa the daughter of Phœnix, and mother of Ancæus by
Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Astyphĭlus=, a soothsayer, well skilled in the knowledge of futurity.
_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.
=Astȳron=, a town built by the Argonauts on the coast of Illyricum.
_Strabo._
=Asychis=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law,
that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father’s body in the
hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He
built a magnificent pyramid. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 136.
=Asȳlas=, a friend of Æneas, skilled in auguries. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 571; bk. 10, li. 175.
=Asyllus=, a gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 266.
=Atābŭlus=, a wind which was frequent in Apulia. _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 5, li. 78.
=Atabȳris=, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence
he was surnamed _Atabyris_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Atăce=, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective _Atacinus_.
=Atalanta=, a daughter of Schœneus king of Scyros. According to some
she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius by Clymene; but others
say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly
knowing the name of her father has led the mythologists into error,
and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name,
though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia,
and according to Ovid she determined to live in perpetual celibacy;
but her beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from
their importunities, she proposed to run a race with them. They were
to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her
lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before
her would be made her husband; but all those whom she overtook were
to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. As she
was almost invincible in running, many of her suitors perished in
the attempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus proposed himself
as her admirer. Venus had presented him with three golden apples
from the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to others, from an
orchard in Cyprus; and as soon as he had started in the course, he
artfully threw down the apples at some distance one from the other.
While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the apples,
Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal,
and obtained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the
impatience of consummating their nuptials, entered the temple of
Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at their impiety, and at
the profanation of her house, that she changed them into two lions.
Apollodorus says that Atalanta’s father was desirous of raising male
issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon
as born. She was, however, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved
by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved
to live in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus,
who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the
Calydonian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head
as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also
at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conquered
Peleus; and when her father, to whom she had been restored, wished
her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could
overcome her in running, as has been said above. She had a son
called Parthenopæus by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that that son was
the fruit of her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus says she had
him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. _See:_
Meleager. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 1, chs. 36, 45, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 99, 174, 185, 270.
――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4; bk. 10, fable 11.――_Euripides_,
_Phœnician Women_.――――An island near Eubœa and Locris. _Pausanias._
=Atarantes=, a people of Africa, ten days’ journey from the Garamantes.
There was in their country a hill of salt with a fountain of sweet
water upon it. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 184.
=Atarbĕchis=, a town in one of the islands of the Delta, where Venus
had a temple.
=Atargătis=, a divinity among the Syrians represented as a Syren. She
is considered by some to be the same as Venus, and honoured by the
Assyrians under the name of Astarte. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Atarnea=, a part of Mysia opposite Lesbos, with a small town in the
neighbourhood of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.
=Atas= and =Athas=, a youth of wonderful velocity, who is said to have
run 75 miles between noon and the evening. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 19.
――_Pliny_, bk. 7.
=Atax=, now _Aude_, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean
mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2.
=Ate=, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised
such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter
dragged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever from
heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind
to wickedness, and sowed commotions among them. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins.
=Atella=, a town of Campania, famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where
interludes were first exhibited, and thence called Atellanæ fabulæ.
_Juvenal_, satire 6.
=Atenomārus=, a chieftain of Gaul, who made war against the Romans.
_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.
=Athamānes=, an ancient people of Epirus, who existed long before the
Trojan war, and still preserved their name and customs in the age of
Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters,
about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they
would set wood on fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 311.
――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
=Athămas=, king of Thebes in Bœotia, was son of Æolus. He married
Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her
he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele
was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino the daughter of
Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became
jealous of the children of Nephele. Because they were to ascend
their father’s throne in preference to her own, therefore she
resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis,
on a golden ram. _See:_ Phryxus and Argonautæ. According to the
Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 22, Ino attempted to destroy the
corn of the country; and as if it were the consequence of divine
vengeance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that
before the earth would yield her usual increase, he must sacrifice
one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led
Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity
of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she
was descended from Venus. The goddess therefore sent Tisiphone, one
of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed with
such sudden fury that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons
to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her,
and killed him against a wall; upon which Ino fled with Melicerta,
and, with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea from a
high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After this, Athamas
recovered the use of his senses; and as he was without children,
he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew.
_Hyginus_, fables 1, 2, 5, 239.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 467, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li.
419.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 10.――――A stage dancer. _Cicero_,
_Piso_, ch. 36.――――A tragic poet. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 20.――――One
of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 263.
=Athamantiădes=, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children
of Athamas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 319; _Fasti_, bk. 4,
li. 903.
=Athanasius=, a bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his sufferings,
and the determined opposition he maintained against Arius and his
doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which
have perished, contain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity,
the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to
Constantine. The creed which bears his name, is supposed by some
not to be his composition. Athanasius died 2nd May, 373 A.D., after
filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading alternately
a life of exile and of triumph. The latest edition of his works is
that of the Benedictines, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1698.
=Athanis=, a man who wrote an account of Sicily. _Athenæus_, bk. 3.
=Atheas=, a king of Scythia, who implored the assistance of Philip
of Macedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had
furnished him with an army. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 2.
=Athēna=, the name of Minerva among the Greeks; and also among the
Egyptians, before Cecrops had introduced the worship of the goddess
into Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
=Athēnæ=, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 1556 years before
the christian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called
_Cecropia_ from its founder, and afterwards _Athenæ_ in honour
of Minerva, who had obtained the right of giving it a name in
preference to Neptune. _See:_ Minerva. It was governed by 17 kings
in the following order:――After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was
succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497;
Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops II.,
1347; Pandion II., 1307; Ægeus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus,
1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thymœtes, 1136;
Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of
21 years. The history of the 12 first of these monarchs is mostly
fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was
abolished, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years
after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B.C. 684, after an anarchy of
three years, by annual magistrates, called Archons. _See:_ Archontes.
Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by their
valour in the field, their munificence, and the cultivation of
the fine arts. They were deemed so powerful by the Persians, that
Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against
Athens, which he took and burnt. Their military character was chiefly
displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Platæa, and of
Mycale. After these immortal victories, they rose in consequence and
dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece.
The town was rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, and a new
and magnificent harbour erected. Their success made them arrogant,
and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that
they might aggrandize themselves by their fall. The luxury and
intemperance, which had been long excluded from the city by the
salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees
among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to
destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest.
The Peloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon
fomented into a universal war; and the arms of all the states of
Peloponnesus [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum bellum] were directed against
Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was
totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the christian era,
by Lysander. After this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 tyrants,
and for a while laboured under the weight of their own calamities.
They recovered something of their usual spirit in the age of Philip,
and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their short-lived
efforts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and
they fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. The Athenians have
been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the
great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended
with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of
Athens that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of the people did
not persecute and disturb the peace of the man who had fought their
battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps,
not one single city in the world can boast, in such a short space
of time, of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, equally
celebrated for their humanity, their learning, and their military
abilities. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic,
sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected
the learning, while they despised the military character of the
inhabitants. The reputation which the Athenian schools had acquired
under Socrates and Plato was maintained by their degenerate and less
learned successors; and they flourished with diminished lustre, till
an edict of emperor Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consulship,
the philosophical meetings of the academy. It has been said by
Plutarch that the good men whom Athens produced were the most just
and equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens could not be
surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfidiousness,
or cruelties. Their criminals were always put to death by drinking
the juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a
more particular manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece,
the learned city, the school of the world, the common patroness of
Greece. The Athenians thought themselves the most ancient nation of
Greece, and supposed themselves the original inhabitants of Attica,
for which reason they were called ἀυτοχθονες, produced from the
_same earth_ which they inhabited, γηγενες _sons of the earth_, and
τεττιγες _grasshoppers_. They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers
in their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them from other
people of later origin and less noble extraction, because those
insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. The number of men
able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was computed at
20,000, and there appeared no considerable augmentation in the more
civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of Demetrius Phalereus
there were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000
slaves. Among the numerous temples and public edifices none was more
celebrated than that of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the
Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest marble, and
still exists a venerable monument of the hero’s patriotism, and
of the abilities of the architect. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
Against Verres, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2,
&c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――_Pliny_,
bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.――_Plutarch_, _in vitis_,
&c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Valerius
Maximus._――_Livy_, bk. 31, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_,
&c.――_Polybius._――_Paterculus._
=Athenæa=, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One
of them was called ♦_Panathenæa_, and the other _ Chalcea_; for an
account of which see those words.
♦ ‘Bana, thenæe’ replaced with ‘Panathenæa’
=Athenæum=, a place at Athens sacred to Minerva, where the poets,
philosophers, and rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated
their compositions. It was public to all the professors of the
liberal arts. The same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made
a public building for the same laudable purposes.――――A promontory
of Italy.――――A fortified place between Ætolia and Macedonia. _Livy_,
bk. 38, ch. 1; bk. 39, ch. 25.
=Athenæus=, a Greek cosmographer.――――A peripatetic philosopher of
Cilicia in the time of Augustus. _Strabo._――――A Spartan sent by his
countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during the Peloponnesian
war.――――A grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant and
miscellaneous work, called ♦_Deipnosophistæ_, replete with very
curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the
ancients, and likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of ancient
poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 15 books, of which
the two first, part of the third, and almost the whole of the last,
are lost. Athenæus wrote, besides this, a history of Syria, and
other works now lost. He died A.D. 194. The best edition of his
works is that of Casaubon, folio, 2 vols., Lugdunum, 1612, by far
superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.――――An historian, who
wrote an account of Semiramis. _Diodorus._――――A brother of king
Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection.――――A Roman historian,
in the age of Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a book on
military engines.――――A physician of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who
made heat, cold, wet, dry, and air the elements, instead of the four
commonly received.
♦ ‘Deipnosphistæ’ replaced with ‘Deipnosophistæ’
=Athenagŏras=, a Greek in the time of Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave
the government of Chios, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A writer
on agriculture. _Varro._――――A christian philosopher, in the age of
Aurelius, who wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an apology
for the christians, still extant. He died A.D. 177. The best edition
of his works is that of Dechair, 8vo, Oxford, 1706. The romance of
Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed to him.
=Athenāis=, a Sibyl of Erythræa, in the age of Alexander. _Strabo._
――――A daughter of the philosopher Leontius.
=Athenion=, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C.――――A general of the
Sicilian slaves.――――A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston.
=Athenŏcles=, a general, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A turner of
Mitylene. _Pliny_, bk. 34.
=Athenodōrus=, a philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. The
emperor often profited by his lessons, and was advised by him always
to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet before he gave way
to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82nd year, much
lamented by his countrymen. _Suetonius._――――A poet who wrote comedy,
tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
――――A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augustus.
He was intimate with Strabo. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher,
disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at Pergamus.――――A
marble sculptor.――――A man assassinated at Bactra for making himself
absolute.
=Atheos=, a surname of Diagoras and Theodorus, because they denied the
existence of a deity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Athĕsis=, now _Adige_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling
into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680.
=Athos=, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles in circumference,
projecting into the Ægean sea like a promontory. It is so high that
it overshadows the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87
miles; or, according to modern calculation, only 8 leagues. When
Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile and a half in
length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea
water, and conveyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could pass
one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing
round the promontory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his
power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount
Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in
his left hand, and in the right a spacious basin to receive all the
waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan,
but objected to the place; and he observed, that the neighbouring
country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions
for the inhabitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of
the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries,
said to contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. _Herodotus_,
bk. 6, ch. 44; bk. 7, ch. 21, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.――_Ælian_,
_de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 20, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
――_Aeschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.
=Athrulla=, a town of Arabia. _Strabo._
=Athymbra=, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
=Atia=, a city of Campania.――――A law enacted A.U.C. 690 by Titus Atius
Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law,
and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of
electing priests from the college of priests to the people.――――The
mother of Augustus. _See:_ Accia.
=Atilia lex=, gave the pretor and a majority of the tribunes power
of appointing guardians to those minors who were not previously
provided for by their parents. It was enacted about A.U.C. 560.
――――Another, A.U.C. 443, which gave the people power of electing
20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30.
=Atilius=, a freedman, who exhibited combats of gladiators at Fidenæ.
The amphitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during
the exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed or mutilated.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 62.
=Atilla=, the mother of the poet Lucan. She was accused of conspiracy
by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 56.
=Atīna=, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began
hostilities against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 630.
=Atinas=, a friend of Turnus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 869.
=Atinia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of
the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in
the senate.
=Atlantes=, a people of Africa, in the neighbourhood of mount Atlas,
who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to
have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the
sun at his rising and at his setting, because his excessive heat
scorched and tormented them. _Herodotus._
=Atlantiades=, a patronymic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 639.
=Atlantĭdes=, a people of Africa near mount Atlas. They boasted
of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of
antiquity received their birth. Uranus was their first king, whom,
on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they enrolled in the
number of their gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――The daughters of Atlas,
were seven in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope,
Alcyone, and Celæno. They married some of the gods, and most
illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations
and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses,
on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. The name of
Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mother Hesperis.
They were made constellations after death. _See:_ Pleiades.
=Atlantis=, a celebrated island mentioned by the ancients. Its
situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some
writers.
=Atlas=, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the
Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Menœtius.
His mother’s name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married
Pleione daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by
whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. _See:_ Atlantides.
He was king of Mauritania, and master of 1000 flocks of every kind,
as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit,
which he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the
conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded
hospitality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis
that he should be dethroned by one of the descendants of Jupiter,
refused to receive him, and even offered him violence. Perseus, who
was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa’s head, and Atlas was
instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs
across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the
ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and
that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hyginus says that
Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which
Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The
fable that Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his
fondness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places
and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The
daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but
redeemed by Hercules, who received, as a reward from the father,
the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This knowledge
Hercules communicated to the Greeks; whence the fable has further
said, that he eased for some time the labours of Atlas by taking
upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. According to some
authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy,
father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother
of Mercury. _Virgil_,, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 8, li. 186.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.
――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 667, &c.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5.
――_Hyginus_, fables 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.――_Aratus_, _Astronomia_.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 508, &c.――――A
river flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 49.
=Atossa=, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses,
of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She
was cured of a dangerous cancer by Democedes. She is supposed by
some to be the Vashti of scripture. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 68, &c.
=Atrăces=, a people of Ætolia, who received their name from Atrax son
of Ætolus. Their country was called Atracia.
=Atramyttium=, a town of Mysia.
=Atrăpes=, an officer of Alexander, who, at the general division of
the provinces, received Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.
=Atrax=, son of Ætolus, or, according to others, of the river Peneus.
He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax
or Atracia. This town became so famous that the word _Atracias_
has been applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father of
Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and whom we must not confound
with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. _Propertius_, bk. 1,
poem 8, li. 25.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 106.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 209.――――A city of Thessaly, whence the
epithet of Atracius.――――A river of Ætolia, which falls into the
Ionian sea.
=Atrebātæ=, a people of Britain, who were in possession of the modern
counties of Berks, Oxford, &c.
=Atrĕbātes=, now _Artois_, a people of Gaul, who, together with the
Nervii, opposed Julius Cæsar with 15,000 men. They were conquered,
and Comius, a friend of the general, was set over them as king. They
were reinstated in their former liberty and independence, on account
of the services of Comius. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, &c.
=Atrēni=, a people of Armenia.
=Atreus=, a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, daughter of Œnomaus king of
Pisa, was king of Mycenæ, and brother to Pittheus, Trœzon, Thyestes,
and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at the
same time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to remove
him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him; but
their refusal exasperated her more, and she executed it herself.
This murder was grievous to Pelops: he suspected his two sons,
who fled away from his presence. Atreus retired to the court
of Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he
succeeded him on the throne. He married, as some report, Ærope, his
predecessor’s daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and
Agamemnon. Others affirm that Ærope was the wife of Plisthenes,
by whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons
of Atreus, because that prince took care of their education, and
brought them up as his own. _See:_ Plisthenes. Thyestes had followed
his brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and debauched his
wife, by whom he had two, or, according to some, three children.
This incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished
from his court. He was, however, soon after recalled by his brother,
who determined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to his bed.
To effect this purpose, he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast,
where Thyestes was served up with the flesh of the children he had
had by his sister-in-law the queen. After the repast was finished,
the arms and the heads of the murdered children were produced, to
convince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. This action appeared
so cruel and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk back in
his course at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to the
court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravished his
own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing
who she was. This incest he committed intentionally, as some report,
to revenge himself on his brother Atreus, according to the words of
the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties he had
suffered only from the hand of a son who should be born of himself
and his own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom she called
Ægisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, who had lost his
wife. Atreus adopted Ægisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes,
who had been seized at Delphi and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his
son, and made himself known to him; he made him espouse his cause,
and instead of becoming his father’s murderer, he rather avenged
his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. _See:_
Thyestes, Ægisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and Menelaus. _Hyginus_,
fables 83, 86, 87, 88, & 258.――_Euripides_, _Orestes_; _Iphigeneia
in Taurus_.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 40.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Seneca_ on _Atreus_.
=Atrīdæ=, a patronymic given by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus,
as being the sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of
Hesiod, Lactantius [Placidus], Dictys of Crete, &c., who maintain
that these princes were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthenes,
and that they were brought up in the house and under the eye of
their grandfather. _See:_ Plisthenes.
=Atronius=, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 10.
=Atropatia=, a part of Media. _Strabo._
=Atrŏpos=, one of the Parcæ, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According
to the derivation of her name (_a non_, τρεπω _muto_), she is
inexorable and inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters
is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or
quality. She was represented by the ancients in a black veil, with
a pair of scissors in her hand. _See:_ Parcæ.
=T. Q. Atta=, a writer of merit in the Augustan age, who seems to
have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet.
His compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held in
universal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indifference.
_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 79.
=Attălia=, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. _Strabo._
=Attalĭcus.= _See:_ Attalus III.
=Attălus I.=, king of Pergamus, succeeded Eumenes I. He defeated the
Gauls who had invaded his dominions, extended his conquests to mount
Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus.
The Athenians rewarded his merit with great honours. He died at
Pergamus after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27,
28, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――――The second of that
name was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes II., and
at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus III.,
who was then an infant. Prusias made successful war against him, and
seized his capital; but the conquest was stopped by the interference
of the Romans, who restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has
received the name of _Philadelphus_, from his fraternal love, was
a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities.
He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82nd year of his age, B.C. 138.
He had governed the nation with great prudence and moderation
for 20 years. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――――The third
succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus II.,
and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations and his
wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and surnamed
_Philopater_. He left the cares of government to cultivate his
garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived
in great amity with the Romans; and as he died without issue by
his wife Berenice, he left in his will the words _Populus Romanus
meorum hæres esto_, which the Romans interpreted as themselves,
and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B.C. 133, and made
of it a Roman province, which they governed by a proconsul. From
this circumstance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample
fortune, was always called by the epithet _Attalicus_. Attalus,
as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the
valuable libraries which they collected at Pergamus, and for the
patronage which merit and virtue always found at their court.
_Livy_, bk. 24, &c.――_Pliny_, bks. 7, 8, 33, &c.――_Justin_, bk.
39.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.――――An officer in Alexander’s army.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another very inimical to Alexander.
He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of the
murder. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A philosopher,
preceptor to Seneca. _Seneca_ ltr. 108.――――An astronomer of Rhodes.
=Attarras=, an officer who seized those that had conspired with Dymnus
against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6.
=Atteius Capĭto=, a consul in the age of Augustus, who wrote treatises
on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a
senator. _See:_ ♦Ateius.
♦ No reference to ‘Ateius’ found.
=Attes=, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He
introduced the worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and became a
great favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous of his success,
and sent a wild boar to lay waste the country and destroy Attes.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Atthis=, a daughter of Cranaus II. king
of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to _Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 14. =Attĭca=, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south
of Bœotia, west of the Ægean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus,
and east of Megara. It received its name from Atthis, the daughter
of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, who
settled there; and also Acte, which signifies _shore_, and Cecropia,
from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities
is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of
_Attici_. Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, which
constituted the best part of the public revenues. The face of the
country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 13
tribes of Acamantis, Æantis, Antiochis, Attalis, Ægeis, Erechtheis,
Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, Leontis, Æneis, Ptolemais, and
Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in the 116th olympiad,
at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some
of which were considerable towns. _See:_ Athenæ.
=Attĭcus=, one of Galba’s servants, who entered his palace with
a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. _Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 1.――――Titus Pomponius, a celebrated Roman knight,
to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained
the general history of the age. They are now extant, and divided
into 17 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to
Athens, where he so endeared himself to the citizens, that after
his departure they erected statues to him in commemoration of his
munificence and liberality. He was such a perfect master of the
Greek writers, and spoke their language so fluently, that he was
surnamed _Atticus_; and, as a proof of his learning, he favoured
the world with some of his compositions. He behaved in such a
disinterested manner, that he offended neither of the inimical
parties at Rome, and both were equally anxious of courting his
approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy with the illustrious
men of his age, and he was such a lover of truth, that he not
only abstained from falsehood even in a joke, but treated with
the greatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is said
that he refused to take aliments when unable to get the better of a
fever; and died in the 77th year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable
character of peacemaker among his friends. _Cornelius Nepos_, one
of his intimate friends, has written a minute account of his life.
_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.――――Herodes, an Athenian in the
age of the Antonines, descended from Miltiades, and celebrated for
his munificence. His son of the same name was honoured with the
consulship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which
he had been made governor by the emperor Adrian, and raised, in
other parts of the empire, several public buildings as useful as
they were magnificent. _Philostratus_, _Lives of the Sophists_,
bk. 2, p. 548.――_Aulus Gellius_, _Noctes Atticæ_.――――A consul in the
age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.
=Attĭla=, a celebrated king of the Huns, a nation in the southern parts
of Scythia, who invaded the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian,
with an army of 500,000 men, and laid waste the provinces. He took
the town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his retreat and
peace were purchased with a large sum of money by the feeble emperor.
Attila, who boasted in the appellation of _the scourge of God_, died
A.D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the first night of his
nuptials. He had expressed his wish to extend his conquests over the
whole world; and he often feasted his barbarity by dragging captive
kings in his train. _Jornandes_, _Getica_.
=Attilius=, a Roman consul in the first Punic war. _See:_ Regulus.
――――Calatinus, a Roman consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet.
――――Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of Sophocles into
Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose unintelligible language
procured him the appellation of _Ferreus_.――――Regulus, a Roman
censor who built a temple to the goddess of concord. _Livy_, bk. 23,
ch. 23, &c.――――The name of Attilius was common among the Romans,
and many of the public magistrates are called Attilii; their life,
however, is not famous for any illustrious event.
=Attinas=, an officer set over Bactriana by Alexander. _Curtius_,
bk. 8.
=Attius Pelignus=, an officer of Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1.
――――Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when
banished from Rome. _Livy._――――Varius seized Auxinum in Pompey’s
name, whence he was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which
he alienated from Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.――――A
poet. _See:_ Accius.――――The family of the Attii was descended from
Atys, one of the companions of Æneas, according to the opinion which
Virgil has adopted, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 568.
=Atūrus=, a river of Gaul, now the _Adour_, which runs at the foot
of the Pyrenean mountains into the bay of Biscay. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
li. 420.
=Atyădæ=, the descendants of Atys the Lydian.
=Atys=, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent away his son Tyrrhenus
with a colony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――――A son of Crœsus king of Lydia. He was forbidden the use of
all weapons by his father, who had dreamt that he had been killed.
Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to permit him to
go to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country of Mysia, and
he was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Crœsus had appointed
guardian over his son, and thus the apprehensions of the monarch
were realized. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. _See:_ Adrastus.――――A
Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and is supposed to be the
progenitor of the family of the Atti at Rome. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 568.――――A youth to whom Ismene the daughter of Œdipus was
promised in marriage. He was killed by Tydeus before his nuptials.
_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 598.――――A son of Limniace the
daughter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in preventing
the marriage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with a burning
log of wood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 47.――――A celebrated
shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, generally
called Cybele, became enamoured. She entrusted him with the care
of her temple, and made him promise that he always would live in
celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour with the nymph Sangaris,
for which the goddess made him so insane and delirious, that
he castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was afterwards
intentionally done by his sacerdotal successors in the service of
Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity.
This account is the most general and most approved. Others say
that the goddess became fond of Atys, because he had introduced her
festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she herself
mutilated him. _Pausanias_ relates, in _Achaia_, ch. 17, that Atys
was the son of the daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant
by putting the bough of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupiter, as
the passage mentions, once had an amorous dream, and some of the
impurity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a
monster of a human form, with the characteristics of the two sexes.
This monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of
those parts which distinguished the male sex. From the mutilated
parts which were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond tree, one
of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her
bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a
wood, but preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in
the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to
celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessinus,
Agdistis, who was jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments
the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury,
that they both attacked and ♦mutilated one another in the struggle.
_Ovid_ says, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 2, &c., that Cybele
changed Atys into a pine tree as he was going to lay violent hands
upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother
of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and
temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dymæ. _Catullus_,
_the Adventures of Atys [Attis] and Berecynthia [Cybele]_.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 3; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 223, &c.
――_Lucian_, _Deâ Syriâ_.――――Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, was king
of Alba. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.
♦ ‘multilated’ replaced with ‘mutilated’
=Avarīcum=, a strong and fortified town of Gaul, now called Bourges,
the capital of Berry. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.
=Avella=, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been
called _avellinæ_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 45, &c.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, ♦bk. 7, li. 740.
♦ ‘Book 7’ omitted from reference
=Aventīnus=, a son of Hercules by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against
Æneas, and distinguished himself by his valour. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 657.――――A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine.
_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 51.――――One of the seven hills on
which part of the city of Rome was built, it was 13,300 feet in
circumference, and was given to the people to build houses upon, by
king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the
city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers
looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried
there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived,
according to some, _ab avibus_, because birds were fond of the place.
Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of
the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea,
Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent
temples built upon it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 235.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.
=Avernus=, or =Averna=, a lake of Campania near Baiæ, whose waters
were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its
banks; hence its original name was ἀορνος, _avibus carens_. The
ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers.
Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be
ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary
in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that
all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the
smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
lis. 5, 12, &c.; bk. 6, li. 201, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Aristotle_, _on Admethics [Ethics]_.
=Avesta=, a book composed by Zoroaster.
=Aufeia aqua=, called afterwards Marcia, was the sweetest and most
wholesome water in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the city by
Ancus Martius.
=Aufidēna=, now _Alfidena_, a city of the Peligni in Italy, whose
inhabitants, called _Aufidenates_, were among the Sabines. _Livy_,
bk. 10, ch. 12.
=Aufĭdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692.
It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office,
promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance,
he should be excused; but if he actually paid it, he should be
compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces.
=Aufidius=, an effeminate person of Chios. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 25.
――――Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote
an account of Germany, and of the civil wars.――――A Roman senator,
famous for his blindness and abilities. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
Disputations_, bk. 5.――――Lurco, a man who enriched himself by
fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. _Pliny_, bk. 10.
――――Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made pretor of Fundi, in the
age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.
=Aufĭdus=, a river of Apulia falling into the Adriatic sea, and now
called Ofanto. It was on its banks that the Romans were defeated by
Hannibal at Cannæ. The spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and
bears the name of the field of blood. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30; bk. 4,
ode 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 405.
=Auga=, =Auge=, and =Augea=, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea by Neæra,
was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed
in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was
preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter’s
shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused
to perform the cruel office, and gave Auge to Teuthras king of Mysia,
who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time
after the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the
king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him
from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the
oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his
parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted.
As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the
victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him with secret horror,
and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Auge implored the aid
of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she returned with
him to Tegea. _Pausanias_ says, that Auge was confined in a coffer
with her infant son, and thrown into the sea, where, after being
preserved and protected by Minerva, she was found by king Teuthras.
_Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_,
fables 99 & 100.
=Augarus=, an Arabian who, for his good offices obtained the favours of
Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. _Dio Cassius._――――A king of Osroene,
whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of
friendship and support. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 78.
=Augeæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――――Another of
Locris.
=Augias= and =Augeas=, son of Eleus, or Elius, was one of the
Argonauts, and afterwards ascended the throne of Elis. He had an
immense number of oxen and goats, and the stables in which they were
kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibility
to any man. Hercules undertook it, on promise of receiving as a
reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent.
The hero changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, according
to others, of the Peneus, which immediately carried away the dung
and filth from the stables. Augias refused the promised recompense
on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not
experienced any labour or trouble, and he further drove his own son
Phyleus from his kingdom, because he supported the claims of the
hero. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis,
put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. _Pausanias_ says,
bk. 5, chs. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augias for the
sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; and
that at the death of Augias his other son, Agasthenes succeeded
to the throne. Augias received, after his death, the honours which
were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of
Sol, because Elius signifies the sun. The proverb of _Augean stable_
is now applied to an impossibility. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 30, 157.
――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
=Augĭlæ=, a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods
except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. _Mela_,
bk. 1.
=Augīnus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2.
=Augŭres=, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events,
whence their name, _ab avium garritu_. They were first created by
Romulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth,
and the tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 454, increased the number to
nine; and Sylla added six more during his dictatorship. They had a
particular college, and the chief amongst them was called _Magister
collegii_. Their office was honourable; and if any one of them was
convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges;
an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur
generally sat on a high tower to make his observations. His face was
turned towards the east, and he had the north to his left, and the
south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of
the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to
the gods, covering his head with his vestment. There were generally
five things from which the augurs drew omens. The first consisted in
observing the phænomena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning,
comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the chirping
or flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose
eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown
to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from
quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed
place. The fifth was from different casualties, which were called
_Dira_, such as spilling salt upon a table, or wine upon one’s
clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a
wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such superstitious notions
did the Romans draw their prophecies. The sight of birds on the left
hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words _sinister_ and
_lævus_, though generally supposed to be terms of ill luck, were
always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. _Cicero_, _de
Divinatione_.――_Livy_, bk. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
――_Ovid_, _Fasti_.
♦=Augurīnus Julius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero, &c.
_Tacitus_, ♠_Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 70.
♦ ‘Tugurīnus Julius’ replaced with ‘Augurīnus Julius’
Placed in correct alphebetical order.
♠ ‘H. 15, c. 70’ replaced with ‘Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50’
=Augusta=, a name given to 70 cities in the Roman provinces in honour
of Augustus Cæsar.――――London, as capital of the country of the
Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trinobantia.――――Messalina, famous
for her debaucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the emperor
Claudius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 118.
=Augustālia=, a festival at Rome, in commemoration of the day on which
Augustus returned to Rome, after he had established peace over the
different parts of the empire.
=Augustīnus=, a bishop of Hippo in Africa, distinguished himself by
his writings, as well as by the austerity of his life. In his works,
which are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great genius, and
an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in
the 76th year of his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works is
that of the Benedict, folio, Antwerp, 1700 to 1703, 12 vols.
=Augustodūnum=, now _Autun_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the
ancient Ædui.
=Augustŭlus=, the last Roman emperor of the west, A.D. 475, conquered
by Odoacer king of the Heruli.
=Augustus Octaviānus Cæsar=, second emperor of Rome, was son of
Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to
Julius Cæsar. He was adopted by his uncle Cæsar, and inherited
the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of
four; and though only 18 when his uncle was murdered, he hastened
to Rome, where he ingratiated himself with the senate and people,
and received the honours of the consulship two years after, as the
reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were
ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of
_boy_, yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and valour, and
made war against his opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of
his murdered uncle. But when he perceived that by making him fight
against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he
changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed
the second triumvirate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the
innocent blood of 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even
spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were
made among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the more
important provinces of the west, and banished, as it were, his
colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as
long as the murderers of Cæsar were alive, the reigning tyrants had
reason for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate
were directed against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. The
battle was decided at Philippi, where it is said that the valour and
conduct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected
the defeat of the republican forces. The head of the unfortunate
Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge thrown at the
feet of Cæsar’s statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded
his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed; but
among the sufferers were many who had never injured the conqueror of
Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the
restitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between
Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival
vanished away, and the aspiring heir of Cæsar was easily induced to
take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her
death, however, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were reconciled;
their united forces were successfully directed against the younger
Pompey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry
Octavia the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, and
not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned
himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra.
Augustus was incensed, and immediately took up arms to avenge the
wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man
whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made
him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the
fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east,
and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60
ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, who followed
her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt,
besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent funeral, the
unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being
led in the victor’s triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide.
After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up
the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It
is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately
after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on account of
his ill-health; but his friend Mecænas dissuaded him, and observed
that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and
expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the
76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power
during 44 years. Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted the
good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the
provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence
and experience gave rise to many salutary laws, but it may be said,
that be finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty.
While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen
the shadow of liberty; and if, under the character and office ♦of
perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was invested with all
the power of sovereignty, he guarded against offending the jealous
Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the
letters he found after Pompey’s defeat arose more from fear than
honour, and he dreaded the discovery of names which would have
perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and
many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to
posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of
Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity
of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the remembrance
of his uncle’s violent fate, he aspired after a new title; and
the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him
the honourable appellation of _Augustus_. He has been accused of
licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness
of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some
instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles.
He was ambitious of being thought handsome; and as he was publicly
reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother’s
declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the
figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear,
and he affected to have it thought that they possessed some divine
irradiation; and was well pleased if, when he fixed his looks upon
anybody, they held down their eyes as if overcome by the glaring
brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning; he
was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies,
besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now lost. He was
married three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he
was unhappy in his matrimonial connections, and his only daughter
Julia by Scribonia disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery
and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his
adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune, partly
to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and to
the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of
Augustus, whom he represented under the amiable and perfect character
of Æneas. _Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――_Horace._――_Virgil._
――_Pausanias._――_Tacitus._――_Paterculus._――_Dio Cassius._――_Ovid._
――――The name of _Augustus_ was afterwards given to the successors
of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a personal, and the name of
_Cæsar_ as a family, distinction. In a more distant period of the
empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while
that of Cæsar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who
was considered as presumptive heir.
♦ ‘or’ replaced with ‘of’
=Avĭdiēnus=, a rich and sordid man, whom _Horace_ styles happy, bk. 2,
satire 2, li. 55.
=Avidius Cassius=, a man saluted emperor, A.D. 175. He reigned only
three months, and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a
second Catiline, from his excessive love of bloodshed. _Diodorus._
=Rufus Festus Aviēnus=, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated
the phænomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into iambic verses. The
best edition of what remains of him is that of Cannegetier, 8vo,
1731.
=Avitus=, a governor of Britain under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 14.――――Alcinus, a christian poet, who wrote a poem in six books
on original sin, &c.
=Avium=, a city between Tyre and Sidon. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Aulerci=, a people of Gaul, between the Seine and the Loire.
=Aulestes=, a king of the Etrurians when Æneas came into Italy.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 290.
=Aulētes=, a general who assisted Æneas in Italy, with 100 ships.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 207.――――The surname of one of the
Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra.
=Aulis=, a daughter of Ogyges. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.――――A town of
Bœotia near Chalcis on the sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired
against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the
anger of Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon.
To appease the resentment of the goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to
sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared
by substituting a ram. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 426.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 9, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 303.
=Aulon=, a mountain of Calabria, opposite Tarentum, famous for its
wine, which, according to _Horace_ bk. 2, ode 6, li. 18, is superior
to that of Falernum. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 125.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.
――――A place of Messenia. _Pausanias._
=Aulonius=, a surname of Æsculapius.
=Aulus=, a prænomen common among the Romans.――――Gellius. _See:_ Gellius.
=Auras=, a European river, flowing into the Ister from mount Hæmus.
_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.
=Aurelia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 653, by the pretor Lucius Aurelius
Cotta, to invest the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the
Tribuni Ærarii, with judicial power.――――Another, A.U.C. 678. It
abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia and permitted the tribunes
to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship.
=Aurelia=, a town of Hispania Bætica.――――The mother of Julius Cæsar.
_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 74.――――A fishwoman. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
li. 98.
=Aureliānus=, emperor of Rome after Flavius Claudius, was austere, and
even cruel in the execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers
with unusual severity. He rendered himself famous for his military
character; and his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated
queen of Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beautified Rome, was
charitable to the poor, and the author of many salutary laws. He was
naturally brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, he
killed no less than 800 men with his own hand. In his triumph, he
exhibited to the Romans people of 15 different nations, all of which
he had conquered. He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. After
a glorious reign of six years, as he marched against the northern
barbarians, he was assassinated near Byzantium, A.D. 275, January
29th, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebellion
against their emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened with death,
for some ill behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he meditated
his death. The soldiers, however, soon repented of their ingratitude
and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild
beasts.――――A physician of the fourth century.
=Aurelius=, emperor of Rome. _See:_ Antoninus Bassianus.――――A painter
in the age of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――Victor, an historian in
the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant――an account
of illustrious men, and a biography of all the Cæsars to Julian. The
best edition of Aurelius are the 4to of Artuzenius, Amsterdam, 1733,
and the 8vo of Pitiscus, Utrecht, 1696.――――Antoninus, an emperor.
_See:_ Antoninus.
=Aureolus=, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus.
=Aurinia=, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans.
_Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8.
=Aurōra=, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or,
according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son
of Crius and brother to Perseus, was her father; hence her surname
of _Pallantias_. She married Astræus, by whom she had the winds, the
stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous; by
the former she had Memnon and Æmathion, and Phaeton by the latter.
_See:_ Cephalus and Tithonus. She had also an intrigue with Orion,
whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by
Diana’s arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn
in a rose-coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the
gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the
flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and
she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the
constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets
out before the sun, and is the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks
call her Eos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 10; _Hymn to
Aphrodite_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 9, 15.――_Apollodorus_,
bks. 1, 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 535.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Hyginus_, preface to
fables.
=Aurunce=, an ancient town of Latium, built by Auson the son of
Ulysses by Calypso. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 727, &c.
=Auschīsæ=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.
=Ausci=, a people of Gaul.
=Auser=, =Auseris=, and =Anser=, a river of Etruria, which joins the
Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea.
=Auses=, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in
honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour receives
unusual honour, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 180.
=Auson=, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people
of Italy, are descended.
=Ausonia=, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from
Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes Æneas speak of Ausonia, it
is by anticipation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171.
=Decimius Magnus Ausōnius=, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the
fourth century, preceptor to Gratian son of the emperor Valentinian,
and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have
been long admired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is
one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for
publication, and consequently not perfect. He wrote the _consular
fasti_ of Rome, a useful performance, now lost. His style is
occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil,
what revolts everything against his indelicacy. The best edition
is that of Tollius, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a
French translation, 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1769.
=Auspĭces=, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the Augurs.
_See:_ Augures.
=Auster=, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was
pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain.
_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 58. _See:_ Venti.
=Austesion=, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony
into an island which, from him, was called Thera. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.
――_Pausanias._
=Autobūlus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35.
=Autochthŏnes=, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first
possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other nations. The
Athenians called themselves Autochthones, and boasted that they were
as old as the country which they inhabited. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch.
14.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 83.
=Autŏcles=, an Athenian, sent by his countrymen with a fleet to the
assistance of Alexander of Pheræ.
=Autocrătes=, an historian mentioned by _Athenæus_, bks. 9 & 11.
=Autolŏlæ=, a people of Mauritania descended from the Gætuli. They
excelled all their neighbours in running. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 677.
=Autŏly̆cus=, a son of Mercury by Chione a daughter of Dædalion. He
was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly
celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them
with his own, after he had changed their marks. He did the same
to Sisyphus son of Æolus; but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolycus,
and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under their
feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that
he immediately formed an intimacy with him, and even permitted
him freely to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, who
became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after married to Laertes.
_See:_ Sisyphus, Laertes. _Hyginus_, fable 200, &c.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 14.――――A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. _Hyginus_,
fable 14.
=Automăte=, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. _Pliny_,
bks. 2, 6, 37.――――A daughter of Danaus.
=Automĕdon=, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with 10
ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he
served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 9, 16,
&c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 477.
=Automedūsa=, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 2.
=Automĕnes=, one of the Heraclidæ, king of Corinth. At his death, B.C.
779, annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth,
and their power continued 90 years, till Cypselus and his son
Periander made themselves absolute.
=Automŏli=, a nation of Æthiopia. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.
=Autonoe=, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Aristæus, by whom she
had Actæon, often called _Autoneius heros_. The death of her son
[_See:_ Actæon] was so painful to her, that she retired from Bœotia
to Megara, where she soon after died. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.
――_Hyginus_, fable 179.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 720.
――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of the
Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A female servant of Penelope.
_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 18.
=Autophradātes=, a satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Artaxerxes.
_Diodorus._
=Autūra=, the _Eure_, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine.
=Auxesia= and =Damia=, two virgins who came from Crete to Trœzene,
where the inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedition. The
Epidaurians raised them statues by order of the oracle, when their
country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at
Trœzene. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.
=Axĕnus=, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. The word signifies
_inhospitable_, which was highly applicable to the manners of the
ancient inhabitants of the coast. _Ovid_, bk. 4; _Tristia_, poem 4,
li. 56.
=Axiŏchus=, a philosopher, to whom Plato dedicated a treatise
concerning death.
=Axīon=, brother of Alphesibœa, murdered Alcmæon his sister’s husband,
because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. _See:_
Alcmæon and Alphesibœa.
=Axiotea=, a woman who regularly went in a man’s dress to hear the
lectures of Plato.
=Axiothea=, the wife of Nicocles king of Cyprus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.
=Axis=, a town of Umbria. _Propertius_, poem 4.
=Axius=, a river of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.
=Axona=, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below
Paris. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones.
=Axur= and =Anxur=, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Trachis
in Thessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth.
=Axus=, a town about the middle of Crete. _Apollodus._
=Azan=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele.――――A son of Arcas
king of Arcadia by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his father’s
kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share
Azania. There was in Azania a fountain called _Clitorius_, whose
waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them. _Vitruvius_,
bk. 8, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 4.
=Azīris=, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful
hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built
a town. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157.
=Azonax=, a man who taught Zoroaster the art of magic. _Pliny_, bk. 30.
=Azorus=, one of the Argonauts.
=Azōtus=, now _Asdod_, a large town of Syria on the borders of the
Mediterranean. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 15.
B
=Babilius=, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to
have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. _Pliny_,
preface to ch. 19.
=Babilus=, an astrologer in Nero’s age, who told the emperor to avert
the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance
of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death.
His advice was faithfully followed. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 36.
=Baby̆lon=, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which
bears his name.――――A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian
empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and
its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged
and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia
in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was
taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the
Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into
the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of
the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant
suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the
death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards
established there under the Seleucidæ. _See:_ Syria. Its greatness
was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny’s observations,
that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present
the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants
were early acquainted with astrology. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.
――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Justin_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk.
2.――_Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bk. 7, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem
11, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 2.――_Martial_,
bk. 9, ltr. 77.――――There is also a town of the same name near the
Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt.
=Babylōnia=, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the
capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards
became very powerful.――――The surname of Seleucia, which arose from
the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 26.
=Babylōnii=, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge
of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac
into 12 signs.
=Babyrsa=, a fortified castle near Artaxata. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
=Babytăce=, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. _Pliny_,
bk. 6, ch. 27.
=Bacabasus=, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius,
against Artaxerxes. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
=Bacchæ=, the priestesses of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Bacchanālia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the
Dionysia of the Greeks. _See:_ Dionysia.
=Bacchantes=, ♦priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the
celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a
thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter
dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together.
They were also called Thyades and Menades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 6, li. 592.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem
21.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674.
♦ ‘priestessess’ replaced with ‘priestesses’
=Bacchi=, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. _Appian._
=Bacchiădæ=, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of
Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to
pieces Actæon son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that
before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death
of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this
the Bacchiadæ were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between
Pachynum and Pelorus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 407.
――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
=Bacchĭdes=, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus.
_Strabo_, bk. 12.
=Bacchis=, or =Balus=, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides.
His successors were always called _Bacchidæ_, in remembrance of the
equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidæ increased so much,
that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal
authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in
their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution
by making himself absolute. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
li. 407.
=Bacchium=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 3.
=Bacchius= and =Bithus=, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and
strength; whence the proverb to express equality: _Bithus contra
Bacchium_. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 7,
li. 20.
=Bacchus=, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After
she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and
perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of
her husband’s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele’s nurse,
and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not
Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she
ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed
with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The
artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever
she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of
a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling
to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear
the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The
child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with
difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father’s thigh,
where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been
in his mother’s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called
_Bimater_. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved
him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the
manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was
brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care
of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as
soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was
carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eubœa, whence he was
driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place.
Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education,
under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a
tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiæ in Peloponnesus;
and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his
daughter’s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a
coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe
by the waves to the coast of Brasiæ; but Semele was found dead, and
the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral,
and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that
there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and
Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter
and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus
is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the
Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted
the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces;
but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore,
is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother
Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus
into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken
asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners
whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed
some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is
most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men,
as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with
thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn
in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and
Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without
bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to
the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the
cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his
benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of
respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus,
Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of
Liber, Bromius, Lyæus, Evan, Thyonæus, Psilas, &c., which are mostly
derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the
ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage,
of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with
vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is
that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly
prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us
that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health,
render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to
keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his
expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also
his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to
speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented
like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn.
He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in
the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a
celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the
Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called
Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from
Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which
arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. _See:_
Dionysia. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne,
after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos;
and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas,
Œnopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of
Hymenæus, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians
sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir
tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred
to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of
the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According
to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is
compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with
fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to
possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he
taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter
his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape
of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went
down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a
goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name
of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the
Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and
Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter
and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero
are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of
Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon;
and a son of Thyone and Nisus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bks.
2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5,
ch. 19, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49.
――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1, 3, &c.
――_Orpheus_, _Dionysius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4,
&c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.――_Amores_, bk. 3,
poem 3.――_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 715.――_Hyginus_, fables 155, 167, &c.
――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Homer_,
_Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Lactantius_, _de falsa religione_, bk. 1, ch. 22.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, &c.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Lucian_,
_de Sacrificiis_; _Bacchus_; _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Oppian_,
_Cynegetica_.――_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 50.――_Seneca_,
_Chorus of Œdipus_.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107.
=Bacchylides=, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like
Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been
preserved. _Marcellinus._
=Bacenis=, a wood of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 10.
=Bacis=, a famous soothsayer of Bœotia. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de
Divinatione_, ch. 34.――――A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis.
_See:_ Bacchis.――――An athlete of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.
=Bactra= (orum), now _Balk_, the capital of Bactriana, on the river
Bactros in Asia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 138.――_Strabo_,
bk. 2.
=Bactri= and =Bactriāni=, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived
upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs
those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and
strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives.
They were conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6,
&c.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Plutarch_, _An vitiositas ad
infelicitatem sufficia_.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 3.
=Bactriāna=, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It
formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of
which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this
country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology.
_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Bactros=, now _Dahesh_, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia,
from which Bactriana receives its name. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 267.
=Bacuntius=, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above
Sirmium.
=Badaca=, a town of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.
=Badia=, a town of Spain. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
=Badius=, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one
of his friends, by whom he was killed. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 18.
=Baduhennæ=, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans
were killed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 73.
=Bæbia lex=, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other
year. _Livy_, bk. 40.――――Another law by Massa Bæbius a tribune
of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it
substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be
divided among the people. _Appian_, bk. 1.
=Massa Bæbius=, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was
discovered. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
――――Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians,
fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. _Livy_, bk. 37,
ch. 57.
=Bætis=, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has
received the name of _Bætica_. It was formerly called Tartessus,
and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was
so good that _Bætica_ was an epithet of merit, applied to garments.
_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 100.
=Bæton=, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander.
=Bagistame=, a delightful country of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Bagistanes=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered
Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.
=Bagōas= and =Bagōsas=, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes
Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent.
He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He
poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with
his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the
throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince’s children,
and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by
Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison.
_Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――――Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander.
He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the
most excruciating torments. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_
in _Alexander_.――――The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in
the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the
monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation.
=Bagodares=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted
the life of Darius. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Bagophănes=, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached
the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars,
&c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Bagrăda=, now _Megerda_, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus
killed a serpent 120 feet long. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 14.
♦=Baiæ=, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the
companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation
and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses.
Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baiæ, with
its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes
which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found.
_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 81.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.
♦ ‘Balæ’ replaced with ‘Baiæ’
=Bala=, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. _Justin_, bk. 35, ch. 1.
=Balacrus=, an officer in Alexander’s army, who took Miletus.
_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another officer, who commanded some
auxiliaries. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
=Balanagræ=, a town of Cyrene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.
=Balanea=, a town between Syria and Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
=Balanus=, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their
Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 14.
=Balari=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 6.
=Claudius Balbillus=, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt,
of which he wrote the history, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
bk. 13, ch. 22.
=Balbīnus=, an admirer of Agna, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3,
li. 40.――――A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and
honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was
some time after murdered by his ♦soldiers. A.D. 238.
♦ ‘soldier’ replaced with ‘soldiers’
=Balbus=, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa,
after he had fought a battle against Syphax.
=Lucius Balbus=, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Scævola.――――A
man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs.
=Baleares=, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called
_Majorca_, _Minorca_, and _Yvica_, on the coast of Spain. The word
is derived from βαλλειν, _to throw_, because the inhabitants were
expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by
Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before
they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman
was married, she was not admitted to her husband’s bed before she
had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants
were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they
required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men
for one woman. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 5.
=Balētus=, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. _Paterculus_
bk. 1, ch. 3.
=Balius=, a horse of Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 146.
=Balista=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 41.
=Ballonŏti=, a people of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 160.
=Balneæ= (_baths_), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as
public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age
of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking,
exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious.
Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without
this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the
necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed
for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest,
as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate
apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they
had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked
out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and
perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally
built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the
magnificence of the building. It is said that ♦Diocletian employed
40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were
finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first
permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often
bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed
promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors
proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom,
which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally
read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst
of this luxurious enjoyment.
♦ ‘Dioclesian’ replaced with ‘Diocletian’ for consistency
=Balventius=, a centurion of great valour in Cæsar’s army, killed by
Ambiorix. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 35.
=Balyras=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.
=Bamurūæ=, a people of Libya. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 303.
=Bantia=, now _St. Maria de Vanse_, a town of Apulia, whence
_Bantinus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.
=Lucius Bantius=, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after
the battle of Cannæ, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was
sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his
country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard
of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the
interest of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 15.
=Baphy̆rus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 6.
=Baptæ=, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and
debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night;
and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that
they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity.
The name is derived from βαπτειν, _to wash_, because the priests
bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. _Juvenal_, satire 2,
li. 91.――――A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing
on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes.
=Baræi=, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their
friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such
as fell in war. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 10, ch. 22.
=Barăthrum=, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were
thrown.――――The word is applied to the infernal regions by _Valerius
Flaccus_, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192.
=Barbări=, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly,
or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally
called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of
Barbarians.
=Barbăria=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.――――A name
given to Phrygia and Troy. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7.
=Barbătus=, the surname of a Roman family. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,
ch. 21.
=Barbosthĕnes=, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta.
_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27.
=Barbythăce=, a city of Persia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.
=Barca=, a friend of Cato the elder. _Plutarch_, _Cato the Younger_.
=Barcæi=, or =Barcitæ=, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of
Carthage. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 43.
=Barce=, the nurse of Sichæus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 632.――――A
large country of Africa.――――Also a city about nine miles from the
sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years
before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called
Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired
to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by
commerce. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A small
village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners
by Darius in Africa, were confined. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204.
――――A city of Media. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Barcha=, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal
and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence,
they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of
Carthage by the name of the _Barchinian faction_, and at last raised
themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the
offices of trust or emolument in the state. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2
& 9.
=Bardæi=, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius.
_Plutarch_, _Marius_.
=Bardi=, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who
praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or
on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the
people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in
battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They
censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. _Lucan_,
bk. 1, li. 447.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, ch. 24.
=Bardyllis=, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king
Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.
=Bareas Soranus=, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic
philosopher. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 116.
=Bares=, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but
was opposed by Amasis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203.
=Bargusii=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_,
bk. 21, ch. 19.
=Bargyliæ=, a town of Caria.
=Barīne=, a prostitute whom _Horace_ accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8.
=Barisses=, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis.
_Ctesias._
=Barium=, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and
remarkable for its fine fish. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97.
=Barnuus=, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Barrus=, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30.
=Barsīne= and =Barsēne=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander,
by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her
child to be put to death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2.
――_Arrian._
=Barzaentes=, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,
bk. 8, ch. 13.
=Barzanes=, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.
=Basilēa=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who was mother of all the
gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――An island at the north of Gaul, famous
for its amber. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――An island in the Euxine sea.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.
=Basilīdæ=, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna.
_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Basilīdes=, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to
destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 132.――――A
family who held an oligarchical power at Erythræ. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
――――A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to
Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,
ch. 87.――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 7.
=Basilĭpŏtămos=, the ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
=Basĭlis=, an historian who wrote concerning India. _Athenæus._――――A
city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus.
_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.
=Basilius=, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates.
_Strabo._――――A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against
the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but
great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed
of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and
the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the
greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379.
The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio,
Paris, 1721.
=Basĭlus=, a general who assisted Antony. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416.
――――An insignificant lawyer. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 146.――――A
pretor who plundered the provinces. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.
=Bassæ=, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41.
=Bassania=, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.
=Bassăreus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called
_Bassaris_, which his priests wore. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18.
=Bassărĭdes=, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by
Persius, which seems derived from _Bassara_, a town of Libya sacred
to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and
so called by the Thracians. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 101.
=Bassus Aufidius=, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on
the Germanic war. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Cæsius, a lyric
poet in Nero’s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire.
Some of his verses are extant.――――Julius, an orator in the reign of
Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.――――A
man spoken of by _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as
fond of wine and women.
=Bastarnæ= and =Basternæ=, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed
by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. _Livy_, bk. 40,
ch. 58.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 198.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Bastia=, the wife of Metellus. _Livy_, fragment, bk. 89.
=Bata=, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. _Strabo_,
bk. 6.
=Batāvi=, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent
known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients,
_Batavorum insula_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431.
=Bathos=, a river near the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.
=Bathycles=, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 19.
=Bathyllus=, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates
the tyrant, and by Anacreon. _Horace_, epode 14, li. 9.――――Mecænas
was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. _Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 63.――――The poet who claimed as his own Virgil’s
distich, _Nocte pluit totâ_, &c., bore also the same name.――――A
fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.
=Lentulus Batiātus=, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of
gladiators who rebelled against him. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.
=Batīa=, a naiad who married Œbalus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
――――A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 10.
=Batīna= and =Bantīna=. _See:_ Bantia.
=Bātis=, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to
yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander’s
chariot. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6.
=Bato=, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. _Livy_,
bk. 31, ch. 28.
=Baton= of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. _Strabo_,
bk. 12.――――A charioteer of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.
=Batrachomyomachia=, a poem, describing the _fight_ between _frogs_
and _mice_, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes
separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is
Maittaire’s, 8vo, London, 1721.
=Battiădes=, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus.
_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 53.――――A name given to the people of Cyrene from
king Battus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 253.
=Battis=, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. _Ovid_,
_Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 5.
=Battus I.=, a Lacedæmonian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630,
with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus
and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after
death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke
first procured him the name of Battus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch.
155, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.――――The second of that name
was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father
on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed _Felix_, and died 554
B.C. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.――――A shepherd of Pylos, who
promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the
flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise,
and was turned into a pumice stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
li. 702.――――A general of Corinth against Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 4,
ch. 43.――――A buffoon of Caesar’s. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem
Sapientium_, ch. 6.
=Batŭlum=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus
against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739.
=Batŭlus=, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young.
_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.
=Batyllus=, a celebrated dancer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 63.
=Baubo=, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all
over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.
=Baucis=, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon,
lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter
and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to
the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and
Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed
their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her
husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme
old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request
to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the
other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the
doors of the temple. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 631, &c.
=Bavius= and =Mævius=, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age
of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary
writers. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3.
=Bauli=, a small town of Latium near Baiæ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12,
li. 155.
=Bazaentes=, a friend of Bessus, &c.
=Bazaria=, a country of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
=Bebius=, a famous informer in Vespasian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
li. 35. _See:_ Bæbius.
=Bebriăcum=, now _Caneto_, a village between Cremona and Verona, where
Vitellius overcame Otho. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 106.――_Tacitus_,
_Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
=Bebry̆ce=, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her
husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity
to Hypermnestra. _See:_ Danaides.
=Bebry̆ces= and =Bebry̆cii=, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian
origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They
were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on
their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.
――_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 12.
=Bebry̆cia=, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of
Danaus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 373.
=Belemīna=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.
=Belēnus=, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the
Greeks, and the Orus of the Ægyptians.
=Belephantes=, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told
Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal
consequences to him. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Belĕsis=, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media
that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His
prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the
government of Babylon, B.C. 826. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.
=Belgæ=, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtæ by
the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo,
extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bks. 1 & 2.
=Belgĭca=, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine.
=Belgium=, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to
express the whole country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 24.
=Belgius=, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians.
_Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 2.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.
=Belĭdes=, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 463.
=Belīdes=, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 2, li. 82.
=Belisama=, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying _queen of
heaven_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.
=Belisarius=, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an
effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople,
renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which
had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their
republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of
royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story
of his begging charity, with _date obolum Belisario_, is said to be
a fabrication of modern times.
=Belistīda=, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 8.
=Belitæ=, a nation of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
=Bellerŏphon=, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at
first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call
Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or
_murderer of Beller_. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the
court of Prœtus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance,
the king’s wife, called Antæa or Stenobœa, fell in love with him;
and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband
of attempts upon her virtue. Prœtus, unwilling to violate the
laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to
his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter,
in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so
dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all
letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have
been called _letters of Bellerophon_. Jobates, to satisfy his
son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called
Chimæra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even
assured, he must perish. _See:_ Chimæra. But the providence of
Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse
Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After
this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him
destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards
the Amazons, by the king’s order. At his return from this third
expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates;
but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that
innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no
longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter
in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia,
as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he
attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter
sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who
wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection
till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war.
Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against
the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his
death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by
Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus,
and Achemone by Homer. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 156, &c.
――_Juvenal_, satire 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1.
――_Hyginus_, fables 157 & 243; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2,
ch. 18.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 325.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11,
li. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.
=Bellĕrus= and =Beller=, a brother of Hipponous. _See:_ Bellerophon.
=Belliēnus=, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Cæsar’s funeral.
_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 36.
=Bellōna=, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was
called by the Greeks _Enyo_, and often confounded with Minerva.
She was anciently called _Duelliona_, and was the sister of Mars,
or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared
the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared
in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with
dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great
adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by
the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000
priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it
the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals
returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the _column
of war_, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared
against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves
by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of
which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice
to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted
bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of
towns. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 124.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
bk. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.
――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 703.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2,
li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 221.
=Bellōnarii=, the priests of Bellona.
=Bellovăci=, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius Cæsar. They inhabited
the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Bellovēsus=, a king of the Celtæ, who, in the reign of Tarquin
Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle
Ambigatus. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.
=Belon=, a general of Alexander’s. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――A city
and river of Hispania Bætica. _Strabo_, bk. 3.
=Belus=, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years
before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and
worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The
temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the
world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted
into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all
the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his
unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it.
Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold,
one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a
magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who,
as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. _Josephus_,
_Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 181,
&c.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
――――A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor.
――――Another, son of Phœnix the son of Agenor, who reigned in
Phœnicia.――――A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first
invented. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.
=Benācus=, a lake of Italy, now _Lago di Garda_, from which the
Mincius flows into the Po. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 160;
_Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 205.
=Bendidium=, a temple of Diana Bendis. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41.
=Bendis=, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern
neighbours. _Strabo_, bk. 9. Her festivals, called _Bendidia_, were
introduced from Thrace into Athens.
=Beneventum=, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from
Capua. Its original name was _Maleventum_, changed into the more
auspicious word of _Beneventum_, when the Romans had a colony there.
It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in
Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Benthesicyme=, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
=Bepolitānus=, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the
executioner, who wished not to stain the youth’s fine clothes with
blood. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_.
=Berbicæ=, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a
certain age. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Beræa=, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the
Euphrates, now called Aleppo.
=Berecynthia=, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia,
where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a
poem by Catullus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4,
li. 782.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 82.
=Berenīce= and =Beronice=, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of
Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14,
ch. 43.――_Theocritus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter
of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had
divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus,
Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had
received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant
throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she
had fled, B.C. 248.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped
her father’s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus,
and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his
power, and put her to death B.C. 55.――――The wife of Mithridates,
who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy
themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them.
She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough,
she was strangled by a eunuch.――――The mother of Agrippa, who
shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the
Great.――――A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and
afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of
committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was
passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for
fear of the people.――――A wife of king Attalus.――――Another, daughter
of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes,
whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous
expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess
Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the
locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an
astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that
Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation.
She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. _Catullus_, poem 67.
――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 24.――_Justin_,
bk. 26, ch. 3.――――This name is common to many of the queens and
princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.――――A city of Libya.
_Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――Two towns of Arabia. _Strabo_,
bk. 16.――――One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India
generally landed their cargoes. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――――Another
near the Syrtes, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 17.
=Berenīcis=, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. _Lucan_,
bk. 9, li. 523.
=Bergion= and =Albion=, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed
Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with
stones from heaven. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Bergistăni=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_,
bk. 34, ch. 16.
=Beris= and =Baris=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A mountain of Armenia.
=Bermius=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 138.
=Beroe=, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed
her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to
Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 278.――――The wife of Doryclus, whose form
was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the
Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 5, li. 620.――――One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene.
_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.
=Berœa=, a town of Thessaly. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 36.
=Beronīce.= _See:_ Berenice.
=Berōsus=, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece,
and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chaldæa,
and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was
rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens.
The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix
it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of
his Chaldæan history are preserved by Josephus, _Against Appion_ &
_Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 105. The book that is now extant
under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a
supposititious fabrication.
=Berrhœa=, a town of Macedonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 61.
=Bery̆tus=, now _Berut_, an ancient town of Phœnicia, on the coast of
the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of
law. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
=Besa=, a fountain in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
=Besidlæ=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.
=Besippo=, a town of Hispania Bætica, where Mela was born. _Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 6.
=Bessi=, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who
lived upon rapine. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111.
=Bessus=, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela,
seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder,
he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before
Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince
ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed
on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 5.
――_Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――――A parricide who discovered the murder
he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he
observed, reproached him with his crime. _Plutarch._
=Lucius Bestia=, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against
his country. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _Philippics_.
=Betis=, a river in Spain, _See:_ Bætis.――――A governor of Gaza, who
bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated
with cruelty by the conqueror.
=Beturia=, a country in Spain.
=Bia=, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
=Biānor=, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who
received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built
a town which he called Mantua, after his mother’s name. His tomb
was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes.
_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 60.――――A Trojan chief killed by
Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 92.――――A centaur killed by
Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 342.
=Bias=, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother
to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone,
daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give
his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus.
Melampus, at his brother’s request, went to seize the oxen, and
was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his
liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward
for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother,
and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. _Homer_,
_Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Grecian prince, who went to
the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.――――A river
of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.――――One of the seven
wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he
long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the
arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his
friends. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem
Sapientium_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
ch. 24.
=Bibācŭlus Marcus Furius=, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He
composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit
and humour, and other poems now lost. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5,
li. 41.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――――A pretor, &c. _Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 1, ch. 1.
=Biblia= and =Billia=, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She
married Duillius.
=Biblis=, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was
changed into a fountain near Miletus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
li. 662.
=Biblina=, a country of Thrace.
=Biblus=, a city of Phœnicia. _Curtius_, bk. 4.
=Bibracte=, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, where Cæsar often
wintered. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c.
=Bibŭlus=, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato’s
daughter. He was Cæsar’s colleague in the consulship, but of no
consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by
_Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 20:
_Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Cæsare factum est;
Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini._
――――One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10,
li. 86.
=Bices=, a marsh near the Palus Mœotis. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 68.
=Bicon=, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself
master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. _Curtius_,
bk. 9, ch. 7.
=Bicornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.
=Bicornis=, the name of Alexander among the Arabians.
=Biformīs= (_two forms_), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus
received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly
from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented
sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man.
=Bifrons=, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with _two
faces_ among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 180.
=Bilbĭlis=, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. _Martial_,
bk. 1, ltr. 50.――――A river of Spain. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.
=Bimāter=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had _two
mothers_, because, when he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was
placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 4, li. 12.
=Bingium=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.
=Bion=, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who
rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and
philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered
his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for
facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. _Diogenes
Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A Greek
poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus,
his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by
poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance
and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images,
such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good
editions of this poet’s works, generally printed with those of
Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748.
――――A soldier in Alexander’s army, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.
――――A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.――――A native of
Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were
certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual
light and darkness alternately.――――A man of Soli, who composed a
history of Æthiopia.――――Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books
on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence
_Bionei sermones_ mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60.
――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.
=Birrhus.= _See:_ Cœlius.
=Bisaltæ=, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or
Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 29.
――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
=Bisaltes=, a man of Abydos, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 26.
♦=Bisaltis=, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the
form of a ram, had the golden ram. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
li.117.――_Hyginus_, fable 18.
♦ ‘Bisaltes’ replaced with ‘Bisaltis’
=Bisanthe=, a town on the Hellespont. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 137.
=Biston=, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built _Bistonia_ in Thrace,
whence the Thracians are often called _Bistones_. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
ch. 110.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 569.
=Bistŏnis=, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.
=Bithus.= _See:_ Bacchius.
=Bithyæ=, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as _Pliny_
reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some
time.
=Bithȳnia=, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It
was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and
Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia.
The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the
son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a
powerful kingdom. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 75.
――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2. According to _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9, the
inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus.
=Bitias=, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood
sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and, with
his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 9, li. 672, &c.――――One of Dido’s lovers, present when Æneas and
the Trojans were introduced to the queen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
li. 742.
=Biton.= _See:_ Cleobis.
=Bituītus=, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of
Romans, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
ch. 2.
=Bituntum=, a town of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55.
=Bitŭrĭges=, a people of Gaul, divided from the Ædui by the Ligeris.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 21.
=Biturĭcum=, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgæ.
_Strabo_, bk. 4.
=Bizia=, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace.
Tereus was born there.
=Blæna=, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates
Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. _Strabo_,
bk. 12.
=Blæsii=, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived
them of the priesthood. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.
=Junius Blæsus=, a governor of Gaul. _Tacitus._
=Blandenona=, a place near Placentia. _Cicero_, bk. 2, ltr. 15,
_Letters to his brother Quintus_.
=Blandŭsia=, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines
near Mandela, Horace’s country seat. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 13.
=Blastophœnīces=, a people of Lusitania. _Appian._
=Blemmyes=, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had
no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. _Mela_,
bk. 1, ch. 4.
=Blenīna=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.
=Blitius Catulinus=, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s
conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.
=Blucium=, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in
Bithynia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
=Boadicea.= _See:_ Boudicea.
=Boæ= and =Boea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.
=Boagrius=, a river of Locris. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
=Bocalias=, a river in the island of Salamis.
=Boccar=, a king of Mauritania. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 90, applies
the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.
=Bocchŏris=, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
=Bocchus=, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously
delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. _Sallust_,
_Jugurthine War_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.
=Boduagnātus=, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against
them. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.
=Bodūni=, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. _Dio
Cassius_, bk. 60.
=Boea.= _See:_ Boæ.
=Bœbe=, a town of Thessaly. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 5.
――――A lake of Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
=Bœbēis=, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 176.
=Bœbia lex=, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.――――Another
to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.――――Another,
A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.
=Boedromia=, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of
the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign
of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was
invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του
βοηδρομειν, _coming to help_. Plutarch in _Theseus_ mentions it
as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the
Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.
=Bœotarchæ=, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 43.
=Bœotia=, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south
by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has
been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and
Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia,
from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, _a bove_, from a
cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes.
The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily
strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many
illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains
of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses,
to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated.
_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, li. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
bk. 7, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch.
4.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Livy_,
bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.
=Bœotus=, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.
=Bœorobistas=, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the
strictness of his discipline. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
=Boethius=, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with
death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the
Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote
his celebrated poetical treatise _De consolatione philosophiæ_, in
five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to,
1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the _notis variorum_.
=Boetus=, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle
of Philippi. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of Spain, more properly
called Bætis. _See:_ Bætis.
=Boeus=, one of the Heraclidæ.
=Boges= and =Boes=, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when
besieged by the Athenians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 107.――_Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 8.
=Bogud=, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
_Alexandrine War_, ch. 59.
=Bogus=, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium.
_Strabo_, bk. 8.
=Boii=, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and
the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 158.
=Bojocalus=, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.
=Bola=, a town of the Æqui in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.
=Bolānus.= _See:_ Bollanus.
=Bolbe=, a marsh near Mygdonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 58.
=Bolbitīnum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same
name. Naucrautis was built near it. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.
=Bolgius=, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of
Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.
=Bolīna=, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo,
and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god
made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia.
_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.
=Bolinæus=, a river near Bolina. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.
=Bolissus=, a town and island near Chios. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 24.
=Bollānus=, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as
of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.
=Bolus=, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. _Livy_,
bk. 67.
=Bomienses=, a people near Ætolia. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 96.
=Bomilcar=, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected
of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he
had received all his dignity. _Diodorus_, bk. 26.――_Justin_, bk. 22,
ch. 7.――――An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s
cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death.
_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
=Bomonīcæ=, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia
during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the
whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was
declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. _Pausanias_,
bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.
=Bona Dea=, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the
Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was
so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage;
from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night
by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the
state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a
veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the
republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned
by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. _Juvenal_,
satire 6, li. 313.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.――_Ovid_,
_de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 637.
=Bonōnia=, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine,
or Rheno, which falls into the Po. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 599.
=Bonosius=, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in
Gaul.
=Bonus Eventus=, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by
the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand,
and in his left, ears of corn. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.
=Boosūra= (_bovis cauda_), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an
ancient temple. _Strabo._
=Boōtes=, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called
Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father
of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others
maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 405.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,
ch. 42.
=Bootus= and =Bœotus=, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his
mother, but preserved by shepherds. _Hyginus_, fable 186.
=Borea=, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to
Atticus_, ltr. 4.
=Boreădes=, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the
supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans.
_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.
=Boreas=, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean
mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora,
but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond
of Hyacinthus [_See:_ Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who
refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais,
Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented
with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him,
and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself
into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which
he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea,
without scarce wetting their feet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 222.
――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 379.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 189.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
li. 700.
=Boreasmi=, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the
Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage
with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed
the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to
his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis
in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. _Pausanias_, _Attica_ & _Arcadia_.
=Boreus=, a Persian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 40.
=Borges=, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy,
&c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 24.
=Bornos=, a place of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 7.
=Borsippa=, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The
inhabitants ate bats. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Borus=, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of
Peleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,
li. 177.
=Borysthĕnes=, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea,
now called the _Dnieper_, and inferior to no other European river
but the Danube, according to _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.――――There
was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a
colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also
called _Olba Salvia_. _Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.――――A horse with
which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured
with a monument. _Diodorus._
=Bosphŏrus= and =Bospŏrus=, two narrow straits, situate at the confines
of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus
Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa;
and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the
moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between
the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a
half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according
to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, _bovis meatus_,
because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it.
Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks,
and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. _Pliny_, bk.
4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49.
――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
ch. 85.
=Boter=, a freedman of Claudius. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_.
=Bottia=, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called
_Bottiæi_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c.
――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 99.
=Bottiæis=, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma.
_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.
=Boudicea=, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by
the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.
=Bouiānum=, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the
Apennines not far from Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 28.
=Bovillæ=, a town of Latium near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3,
li. 607.――――Another in Campania.
=Brachmanes=, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma,
one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology,
created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted
themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed
from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and
abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of
wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years
in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge
themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern
authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as
many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14.
They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds,
butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular
paradise. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Bræsia=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
ch. 14.
=Branciădes=, a surname of Apollo.
=Branchĭdæ=, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword
by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of
Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. _Strabo_, bk.
11.――_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who
gave oracles in Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.
=Branchyllĭdes=, a chief of the Bœotians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.
=Branchus=, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo,
who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme,
which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi,
and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ.
The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who
took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the
people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards
destroyed by Alexander. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
bk. 3, li. 479.――_Lucian_, _de Domo_.
=Braslæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.
=Brasĭdas=, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after
many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of
a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C.
422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
ch. 24.――_Thucydides_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A man of
Cos. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 7.
=Brasidēia=, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but
freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as
were absent were fined.
=Brasĭlas=, a man of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7.
=Braure=, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the
Edoni. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 107.
=Brauron=, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had
three festivals called _Brauronia_, celebrated once every fifth year
by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the
goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad.
The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns,
consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under
five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from
δεκα, _decem_; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves
bore the name of ἀρκτοι, _bears_, from this circumstance. There was
a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with
the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity
lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly,
and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and
the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was
consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the
service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman
in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the
goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into
Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes
carried it away when he invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.
――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
=Brenni= and =Breuni=, a people of Noricum. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14.
=Brennus=, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated
the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without
opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole
city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the
Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken
had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were
before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who
was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so
totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news
of their destruction. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.――_Plutarch_,
_Camillus_.――――Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with
150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple
of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the
god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication,
B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
chs. 22 & 23.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.
=Brenthe=, a ruined city of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.
=Brescia=, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.
=Brettii=, a people of Italy. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
=Briăreus=, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands
and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods
Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone
Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to
him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening
looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war
against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to
some accounts. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 148.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
ch. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 403.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.――――A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo
and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of
Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Brias=, a town of Pisidia.
=Brigrantes=, a people in the northern parts of Britain. _Juvenal_,
satire 14, li. 196.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.
=Brigrantīnus=, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of
Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the
Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 17.
=Brilessus=, a mountain of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 23.
=Brīmo= (_terror_), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. _Propertius_,
bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.
=Brisēis=, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her
country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother
killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the
division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after
from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of
battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon
restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity.
_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3; _De
Ars Amatoria_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 4.
=Brises=, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His
daughter Hippodamia was called _Briseis_, from him.
=Briseus=, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple
at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 76.
=Britanni=, the inhabitants of Britain. _See:_ Britannia.――――A man in
Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.
=Britannia=, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe,
conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first
known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a
Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year
of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used
to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the
eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans
before Cæsar conquered it. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4.――_Diodorus_,
bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.
――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 17.
=Britannĭcus=, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised
to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and
caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night;
but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint
which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite
black, and discovered the effects of poison. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.
――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.
=Britomartis=, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and
Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite
of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely,
that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surname of Diana.
=Britomarus=, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius.
_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
=Britŏnes=, the inhabitants of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 124.
=Brixellum=, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when
defeated. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 32.
=Brixia=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now
Brescia. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.
=Brizo=, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.
=Brocubēlus=, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius
was murdered by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.
=Bromius=, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, _frendere_, alluding
to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s
fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 11.――――A son of Ægyptus.
_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Bromus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
li. 459.
=Brongus=, a river falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.
=Brontēs= (_thunder_), one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
li. 425.
=Brontīnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher.――――The father of Theano the
wife of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._
=Broteas= and =Ammon=, two men famous for their skill in the cestus.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.――――One of the Lapithæ.
=Brotheus=, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid
the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
li. 517.
=Bructēri=, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of
Holland. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.
=Brumālia=, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about
the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.
=Brundusium=, now _Brundisi_, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea
where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes
after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with
a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for
Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the
death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious
and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance,
against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the
ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the
negligence of the inhabitants. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2.
――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Cicero_,
_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 1.
=Brutidius=, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of
his favouring Sejanus. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 82.
=Brutii=, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally
shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a
settlement. They received the name of _Brutii_, from their stupidity
and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in
the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest
disgrace, and employed in every servile work. _Justin_, bk. 23,
ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
=Brutŭlus=, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the
Romans for violating a treaty. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 39.
=Brutus Lucius Junius=, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second
daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were
murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their
death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was
called _Brutus_ for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after
showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in
consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger
from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred
to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins
were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority
vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families.
Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never
would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated
their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the
Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they
were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended
at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought
between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and
so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same
time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph;
a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed
their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic.
_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Atticus_, ch. 8.――_Eutropius_ on _Tarquin_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 818.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Cæsar_.――――Marcus Junius,
father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He
followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After
the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he
surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married
Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters.
_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――His son
of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius
Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit
the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the
civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his
father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and
patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only
spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful
friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to
tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens
of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica.
The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators
fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the
populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom
Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize,
gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were
soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he
gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion,
and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius
accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded
the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but
Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he
knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered
one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored
his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of
the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded
obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself
surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape,
and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him
with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his
literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the
camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and
writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles,
while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus
calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of
Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and
in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of
freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career.
He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated
his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity.
He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of
Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions
that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and
told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia
the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals
when she heard the fate of her husband. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.
――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.; _Cæsar_,
ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 4.――――Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s
murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the
legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to
death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.――――Junius, one of the
first tribunes of the people. _Plutarch._――――One of Carbo’s generals.
=Bryas=, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a
woman, to whom he had offered violence. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.
――――A general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.
=Bryaxis=, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum.
_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.
=Bryce=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Brygres=, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. _Strabo_,
bk. 7.
=Brygri=, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. _Herodotus_,
bk. 6, ch. 45.
=Brysea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.
=Bubacēne=, a town of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 5.
=Bubāces=, a eunuch of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 11.
=Bubăris=, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom
he had been sent with an army. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 13.
=Bubastiăcus=, one of the mouths of the Nile.
=Bubastis=, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where
cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is
the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself
into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs.
59, 137, & 154.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 690.
=Bubăsus=, a country of Caria, whence _Bubasides_ applied to the
natives. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 643.
=Bubon=, an inland city of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.
=Bucephăla=, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in
honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.
――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
=Bucephălus=, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of
a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, _bovis caput_). Alexander
was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt
down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia,
where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the
battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in
a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built
a city which he called after his name. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
――_Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.
=Buciliānus=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
ch. 14.
=Bucolĭca=, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and
of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity
and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are
Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or
pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.
=Bucolĭcum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the
Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum.
_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.
=Bucolion=, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.
――――A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.――――A son of Hercules and
Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.――――A son of Lycaon king of
Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.
=Bucŏlus=, a son of Hercules and Marse.――――A son of Hippocoon.
_Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.
=Budii=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus._
=Budīni=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus._
=Budōrum=, a promontory of Salamis. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 94.
=Bulbus=, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. _Cicero_,
_Against Verres_.
=Bulis=, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea,
above the bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A Spartan
given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen
had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. _Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.
=Bullatius=, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1,
ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.
=Bullis=, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia.
_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.
=Bumellus=, a river of Assyria. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.
=Bunea=, a surname of Juno.
=Bunus=, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government
of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno.
_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.
=Bupălus=, a statuary of Clazomenæ. _See:_ Anthermus.
=Buphăgus=, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue
he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. _Pausanias_,
bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his
gluttony.
=Buphŏnia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was
immolated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 8, ch. 3.
=Buprāsium=, a city, country, and river of Elis. _Homer._
=Bura=, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and
Helice, from whom _Bura_ or _Buris_, once a flourishing city in the
bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the
sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.
=Buraicus=, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura.
――――A river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.
=Burrhus Afranius=, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by
Nero.――――A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.
=Bursa=, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called
Prusa, from its founder Prusias. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
=Bursia=, a town of Babylonia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 13.
=Busa=, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle
of Cannæ. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.
=Busæ=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1.
=Busīris=, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa,
who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty.
When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound
hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the
tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on
the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of
them built a town called _Busiris_, ♦in the middle of the Delta,
where Isis had a famous temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61.
――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 132;
_Heroides_, poem 9, li. 69.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_,
_Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
♦ extraneous ‘and’ removed
=Buta=, a town of Achaia. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.
=Buteo=, a surname of Marcus Fabius. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――――A
Roman orator. _Seneca._
=Butes=, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very
expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was
received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called
Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence
Eryx is often called the son of Venus.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
li. 372.――――One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
Trojan slain by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 690.――――A
son of Boreas who built Naxos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A son of Pandion
and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia
daughter of Erechtheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――An
armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed
his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to
fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 647;
bk. 12, li. 632.――――A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the
Athenian.
=Buthrōtum=, now _Butrinto_, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite
Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 293.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.
=Buthrōtus=, a river in Italy, near Locri.
=Buthyreus=, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
ch. 8.
=Butoa=, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
ch. 12.
=Butorĭdes=, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. _Pliny_,
bk. 36, ch. 12.
=Butos=, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana,
and an oracle of Latona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.
=Butuntum=, an inland town of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
=Butus=, a son of Pandion.
=Buzȳges=, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen.
Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted
him to be carried to Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
=Byblesia= and =Bybassia=, a country of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 174.
=Byblia=, a name of Venus.
=Byblii=, a people of Syria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Byblis=, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with
her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she
destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her,
and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he
fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia
and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed
into a fountain of the same name. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1,
li. 284; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451.――_Hyginus_, fable 243.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A small island in the Mediterranean.
=Byblus=, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a
temple. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
=Bylliones=, a people of Illyricum.
=Byrrhus=, a robber, famous for his dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 4, li. 69.
=Byrsa=, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple
of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken.
When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much
land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement,
she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of
territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa
(Βυρσα, _a hide_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 371.――_Strabo_,
bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Livy_,
bk. 34, ch. 62.
=Byzacium=, a country of Africa.
=Byzantium=, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a
colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the
christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and
by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus
by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation
were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of
the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis.
A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of
_Byzantine historians_, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of
the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which
more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and
are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with
the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large
collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended
themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange.
They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though
perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French.
_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
_Pausanias_, _Alcibiades_, & _Timotheus_.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 1.
――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 8.
=Byzas=, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said
Byzantium receives its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.
=Byzeres=, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis.
_Dionysius Periegetes._――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.
=Byzes=, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. _Pausanias_,
bk. 5, ch. 10.
=Byzia=, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by
swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. _Pliny_,
bk. 4, ch. 11.
C
=Caanthus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father
to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt
in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed
for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory.
_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.
♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’
=Cabades=, a king of Persia, &c.
=Cabăla=, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by
Dionysius. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
=Cabāles=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus._
=Cabalii=, a people of Asia Minor. _Herodotus._
=Caballīnus=, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses,
and called also _Hippocrene_, as raised from the ground by the foot
of Pegasus. _Persius._
=Caballīnum=, a town of the Ædui, now _Chalons_, on the Saone. _Cæsar_,
_Gallic War_, ch. 42.
=Caballio=, a town of Gaul.
=Cabarnos=, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called
Cabarni.
=Cabassus=, a town of Cappadocia.――――A village near Tarsus.
=Cabīra=, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.――――A town of
Paphlagonia.
=Cabīri=, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes,
Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands
of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain.
Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention
three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and
Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established;
yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of
Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the
Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated
with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient
heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed
to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The
obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the
authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that
it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded
with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to
Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the
sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and
turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to
preside over metals. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 10,
&c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
bk. 1.
=Cabiria=, a surname of Ceres.――――The festivals of the Cabiri. _See:_
Cabiri.
=Cabūra=, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. _Pliny_,
bk. 31, ch. 3.
=Cabūrus=, a chief of the Helvii. _Cæsar._
=Caca=, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to
have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen.
She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered
sacrifices in her temple. _Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 20.
=Cachăles=, a river of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32.
=Cacus=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a
three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy,
and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He
plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned
from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and
dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules
departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed,
were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became
acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place,
attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though
vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter
Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival
was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had
delivered them from such a public calamity. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
li. 551.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 194.――_Propertius_, bk. 4,
poem 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 125.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
=Cacūthis=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. _Arrian_,
_Indica_.
=Cacyparis=, a river of Sicily.
=Cadi=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――Of Lydia. _Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.
=Cadmēa=, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally
taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans.
_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 601.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
=Cadmēis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.
=Cadmus=, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope,
was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom
Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia
if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he
consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city
where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call
the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions
of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he
sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The
waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured
all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay,
went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh.
He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva,
and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose
up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they
instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished
except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he
married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the
greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four
daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these
children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus
and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and
infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the
misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents.
Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of
the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising
from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according
to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was
the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some
maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was
only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants
of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which
Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same
number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities
was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into
Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61
years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built
at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel
which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which
was finished by one of his successors. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch.
147.――_Hyginus_, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 937,
&c.――――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian
in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some
cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the _ancient_, in
contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of
Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise
on love in 14 books. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
bk. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_,
bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A Roman executioner, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1,
satire 5, li. 39.
=Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. _Tacitus._
=Cadūceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form
of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and
the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return
for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two
serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s
amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into
snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased
the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them
with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by
these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both
necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury
patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the
souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life
a dead person. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
ode 10.
=Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. _Cæsar._
=Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._
=Cadytis=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159.
=Cæa=, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also
_Ceos_ and _Cea_, from Ceus the son of Titan. _Ovid_, poem 20.
_Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 14.
=Cæcias=, a wind blowing from the north.
=Cæcĭlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The mother of
Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A daughter of Atticus.
=Cæcilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. _See:_ Tanaquil.
=Cæcilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos,
to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free
exportation.――――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the
consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that
no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in
one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a
whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and
others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred,
should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――――Another,
enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. _Pliny_,
bk. 35, ch. 17.――――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors
their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by
Publius Clodius the tribune.――――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C.
685, against usury.
=Cæciliānus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.
=Cæcĭlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the
companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built
Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and
patriots.
=Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs,
4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000
pounds of silver. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 10.――――Epirus, a freedman
of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first
taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――――A Sicilian
orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a
comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the
orations of Demosthenes.――――Metellus. _See:_ Metellus.――――Statius,
a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though
the orator, _Letters to Atticus_, calls him _Malum Latinitatis
auctorem_. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient
historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus,
Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of
Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum.
_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.
=Cæcīna Tuscus=, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt.
_Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.
――――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.
=Cæcŭbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta,
famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.
=Cæcŭlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother,
when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus
because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and
rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he
implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this
a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see
some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the
subjects of Cæculus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680, says that
he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son
of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.
=Quintus Cædicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――――Another, A.U.C. 465.――――A
military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue
the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his
life.――――A rich person, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 362.――――A
friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.
=Cælia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained,
that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason,
the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of
the Cassian law.
=Cælius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero
defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to
Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from
Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife
of Metellus. _Pro Cælio_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A man
of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected
of the murder, but acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
――――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best
edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and
1755.――――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus
Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of
Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――Tubero, a
man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 52.――――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted
Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――――Sabinus, a writer in the age
of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule
ediles.――――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus
surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by
walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius,
who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.
=Cæmaro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.
=Cæne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――――A town on the coast
of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.
=Cæneus=, one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil._
=Cænides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus.
_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.
=Cænīna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called
_Cæninenses_, made war against the Romans when their virgins had
been stolen away. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 135.――_Propertius_,
bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
=Cænis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a
distance of about one mile and a half.
=Cænis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly
ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her
sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was
called _Cæneus_. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs,
she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood,
and changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 172
& 479.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned
again to her pristine form.
=Quintus Servilius Cæpio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian
war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by
divine vengeance, &c. _Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2,
ch. 12.――――A questor who opposed Saturninus. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad
Herennium_.
=Cæratus=, a town of Crete. _Strabo._――――A river.
=Cære=, =Cæres=, anciently _Agylla_, now _Cerveteri_, a city of
Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in
the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over
the inhabitants, called _Cæretes_ or _Cærites_; but they banished
their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received
with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire
of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this
humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege
of voting; whence _Cærites tabulæ_ was applied to those who had no
suffrage, and _Cærites cera_ appropriated as a mark of contempt.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_,
bk. 5.
=Cæresi=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar._
=Cæsar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because
one of them kept an _elephant_, which bears the same name in the
Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick _head of hair_.
This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius
Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of
the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman
emperors were distinguished by the surname of _Cæsar_. They reigned
in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula,
Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and
Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar
was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation
of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore
it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious
has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and
impartial manner.――――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome,
was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was
descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas.
When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after
he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and
endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and
to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received
into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those
who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm
in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin
of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his
studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates,
who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and
threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of
their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them
all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous
manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest.
He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and
after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state,
he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his
valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and
soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey.
He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by
the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in
marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by
conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman
people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government
over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends
at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of
the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became
the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would
suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground
for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with
coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence
of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony,
who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and
the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea
of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been
offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony,
he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The
passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered
Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of
liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after
he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided
himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where
he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius,
and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and
soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey,
observing that he was marching against a general without troops,
after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the
plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged.
Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered.
Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his
adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and
character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His
danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself
with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After
several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba,
and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed
over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and
Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at
an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest
of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend,
conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the
ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March,
B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow,
and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he
saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and
fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, _Tu
quoque Brute_! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators
if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the
night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also
received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus,
which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the
reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first
campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander,
and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered
the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The
learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military
character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries
on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and
the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the
correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and
when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged
to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries
in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other
pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and
Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar
has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first
year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents,
which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must
be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance
among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could
not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his
sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his
ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather
to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after
his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these
remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: _Veni,
vidi, vici_. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals
of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with
public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted
the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said
that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the
title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy,
when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been
accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of
being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for
dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the
husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is
said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated
three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time,
his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his
mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by
uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet
made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries,
are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of
Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp,
2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635.
_Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Appian._
――_Orosius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
bk. 15, li. 782.――_Marcellinus._――_Florus_, bks. 3 & 4.――――Lucius
was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his
shoes.――――Octavianus. _See:_ Augustus.――――Caius, a tragic poet
and orator, commended by _Cicero_, _Brutus_. His brother C. Lucius
was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla.
They were both put to death by order of Marius.――――Lucius, an uncle
of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was
proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the
friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar
in his youth.――――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar,
Caius and Lucius. _See:_ Agrippa.――――Augusta, a town of Spain, built
by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called _Saragossa_.
♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’
=Cæsarēa=, a city of Cappadocia,――――of Bithynia,――――of Mauritania,
――――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that
name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in
compliment to them.
=Cæsarion=, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the
age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus,
Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by
Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 17, & _Cæsar_, ch. 52.
=Cæsennius Pætus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.
=Cæsetius=, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.
=Cæsia=, a surname of Minerva.――――A wood in Germany. _Tacitus_,
_Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 50.
=Cæsius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy.
_Catullus_, poem 14.――――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero.
_Persius._
=Cæso=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.
=Cæsonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered
at the same time with her daughter Julia. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_,
ch. 59.
=Cæsonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his
friendship with Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.
=Cætŭlum=, a town of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.
=Cagāco=, a fountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.
=Caicīnus=, a river of Locris. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 103.
=Caīcus=, a companion of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 187;
bk. 9, li. 35.――――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea,
opposite Lesbos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 370.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 243.
=Caiēta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received
its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 1.
=Caius= and =Caia=, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C,
in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ
it implied Cais. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
=Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. _See:_ Agrippa.
=Quintus Calăber=, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14
books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of
the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written
book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of
Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.
=Calābria=, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called
Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was
born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of
fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
3, li. 425.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 31; _Epodes_, poem 1, li. 27; bk.
1, ltr. 7, li. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_,
bk. 8, ch. 48.
=Calăbrus=, a river of Calabria. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.
=Calagurritāni=, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children
rather than yield to Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.
=Calais= and =Zethes=. _See:_ Zethes.
=Calagutis=, a river of Spain. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 22.
=Calămis=, an excellent carver. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.
=Calămīsa=, a place of Samos. _Herodotus_, bk. 9.
=Calămos=, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
――――A town of Phœnicia.――――Another of Babylonia.
=Calămus=, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to
Carpo, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.
=Calānus=, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists.
He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick,
in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he
mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of
the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked
him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you
again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in
Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch.
23.――_Arrian_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, bk. 2, ch. 41;
bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
=Calaon=, a river of Asia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.
=Calăris=, a city of Sardinia. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
=Calathāna=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.
=Calathes=, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. _Strabo_,
bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
=Calathion=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.
=Calathus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.
=Calātia=, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman
colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 543.
=Calatiæ=, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents.
_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 38.
=Calavii=, a people of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27.
=Calavius=, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators
from death, &c. _Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.
=Calaurēa= and =Calaurīa=, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos.
Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place.
The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly
from the persecutions of Antipater. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
li. 384.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_,
bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Calbis=, a river of Caria. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.
=Calce=, a city of Campania. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
=Calchas=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied
the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed
them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles,
that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was
sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the
Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He
told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege.
He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was
informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in
divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after
the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the
branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact
number, Calchas died through grief. _See:_ Mopsus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
bk. 1, li. 69.――_Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.
――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.
=Calchedonia.= _See:_ Chalcedon.
=Calchinia=, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who
inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
ch. 5.
=Caldus Cælius=, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the
Germans. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 120.
=Cale= (es), =Cales= (ium), and =Calēnum=, now _Calvi_, a town of
Campania. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 69.
――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 413.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
li. 728.
=Calēdonia=, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland.
The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed
to denote a German extraction, according to _Tacitus_, _Life of
Agricola_. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants
so little civilized, that they called it _Britannia Barbara_, and
they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or
conquest. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 44.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
li. 598.
=Calēntum=, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so
light that they swam on the surface of the water. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
ch. 14.
=Calēnus=, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin.
_Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After
Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by
the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. _Plutarch_,
_Cæsar_.
=Cales.= _See:_ Cale.――――A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. _Arrian._
=Calesius=, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan
war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 16.
=Calētæ=, a people of Belgic Gaul, now _Pays de Caux_, in Normandy.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.
=Caletor=, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire
to the ship of Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 419.
=Calex=, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea.
_Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 75.
=Caliadne=, the wife of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
=Calicēni=, a people of Macedonia.
=Marcus Calidius=, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars,
&c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――Lucius Julius, a man
remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his
learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius,
but delivered by Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 12.
=Caius Calĭgŭla=, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing
in the camp the _Caliga_, a military covering for the leg. He was
son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During
the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal
prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and
profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton,
and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to
be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate
the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men
were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their
absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most
indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three
sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often
amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted
to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with
the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished
the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification
to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with
human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul,
and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable
trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula
built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps
have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his
servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally
tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with
impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence
of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year,
after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been
said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of
learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the
writings of Homer and of Virgil. _Dio Cassius._――_Suetonius_, _Lives
of the Twelve Caesars_.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_.
=Calĭpus=, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.
=Calis=, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against
the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.
=Callæscherus=, the father of Critias. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.
=Callaĭci=, a people of Lusitania, now _Gallicia_, at the north of
Spain. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 461.
=Callas=, a general of Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――Of Cassander
against Polyperchon. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A river of Eubœa.
=Callatēbus=, a town of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 32.
=Calle=, a town of ancient Spain, now _Oporto_, at the mouth of the
Douro in Portugal.
=Calleteria=, a town of Campania.
=Callēni=, a people of Campania.
=Callia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.
=Calliădes=, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece.
_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 51.
=Callias=, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and
his country. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A son of Temenus, who murdered
his father with the assistance of his brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
ch. 6.――――A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost.
He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through
poverty. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――A partial historian of Syracuse.
He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded
by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view.
_Athenæus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius._――――An Athenian greatly revered
for his patriotism. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 121.――――A soothsayer.
――――An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships
he took, &c.――――A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison,
on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. _Cornelius
Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――An historian, who wrote an
explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.
=Callibius=, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta.
_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.
=Callicērus=, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in
the Anthologia.
=Callichŏrus=, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were
yearly celebrated.
=Callĭcles=, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of
his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given
by Harpalus, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A statuary of Megara.
=Callicolōna=, a place of Troy, near the Simois.
=Callicrătes=, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of
Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity.
He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months.
He is called _Calippus_ by some authors. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.
――――An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by
Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An artist, who made, with
ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely
be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a
grain of millet. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
bk. 1, ch. 17.――――An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the
Athenians to submit to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A Syrian,
who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.――――A brave Athenian, killed
at the battle of Platæa. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 72.
=Callicratĭdas=, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of
the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under
Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval
battle, B.C. 406. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.
――――One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius,
upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3,
ch. 13.――――A Pythagorean writer.
=Callidius=, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero,
who speaks of his abilities with commendation. _Cicero_, _Brutus_,
ch. 274.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.
=Callidrŏmus=, a place near Thermopylæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.
=Calligētus=, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by
Pharnabazus. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.
=Callĭmăchus=, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and
Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the
age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had
Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged
Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name
of _Ibis_. _See:_ Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of
this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides
treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31
epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the
best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden,
1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled
himself the _Roman Callimachus_. The precise time of his death, as
well as of his birth, is unknown. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li.
65.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 84.――_Horace_,
bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian
general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an
erect posture, all covered with wounds. _Plutarch._――――A Colophonian,
who wrote the life of Homer. _Plutarch._
=Callimĕdon=, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the
populace.
=Callimĕles=, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by
Apollodorus of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.
=Callinus=, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac
poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus.
_Athenæus._――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
=Calliŏpe=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who
presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the
mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play
on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her
right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her
office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio
was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous
epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels.
She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning
Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to
enjoy. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Horace_,
_Odes_.
=Callipatīra=, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete,
went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the
Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered
her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not
permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son
obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade
any wrestlers to appear but naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6,
ch. 7.
=Callĭphon=, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces.
_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A philosopher who made the _summum
bonum_ consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This
system was opposed by _Cicero_. _Academic Questions_, bk. 4, chs.
131 & 139; _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 119.
=Callĭphron=, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among
his pupils. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.
=Callipĭdæ=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 17.
=Callipŏlis=, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. _Silius Italicus_,
bk. 14, li. 250.――――A town of Sicily near Ætna.――――A city of
Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a
bridge to the continent. It is now called _Gallipoli_, and contains
6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.
=Callĭpus=, or =Calippus=, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He
destroyed Dion, &c. _See:_ Callicrates. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.
――――A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. _Pausanias_,
bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Zeno_.
――――A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by
Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.
=Callipyges=, a surname of Venus.
=Callirhoe=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom
she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.――――A fountain of Attica
where Callirhoe killed herself. _See:_ Coresus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
ch. 21.――_Statius_, bk. 12, _Thebiad_, li. 629.――――A daughter of
Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by
Chrysaor. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who
kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her,
upon which she killed herself.――――A daughter of the Achelous, who
married Alcmæon. _See:_ Alcmæon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A
daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many
admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that
they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance
of the Bœotians. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.――――A daughter
of Piras and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.
=Calliste=, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards _Thera_.
_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Its chief town
was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.
=Callisteia=, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women
presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was
rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the
same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife
was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which
the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which
he dedicated to Minerva.
=Callisthĕnes=, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10
books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down
to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. _Diodorus_,
bk. 14.――――A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of
Demetrius from Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A philosopher
of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his
oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he
had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused
to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of
conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about
in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together
his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are
extant. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Arrian_,
bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.――――A writer of Sybaris.――――A
freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master.
_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.
=Callisto= and =Calisto=, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon
king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and
seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy
was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour
with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno,
who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the
god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a
constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the
bear. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.――_Apollodorus_,
bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 176 & 177.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
ch. 3.
=Callistonicus=, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
ch. 16.
=Callistrătus=, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and
Chabrias against Lacedæmon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An orator of
Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his
age.――――An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate
acquaintance after he had heard him plead. _Xenophon._――――A Greek
historian praised by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.――――A comic poet,
rival of Aristophanes.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A
secretary of Mithridates. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A grammarian,
who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some
suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.
=Callixĕna=, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused,
though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the
Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s
ambition was ridiculed.
=Callixĕnus=, a general who perished by famine.――――An Athenian
imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners.
_Diodorus_, bk. 13.
=Calon=, a statuary. _Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 34,
ch. 8.
=Calor=, now _Calore_, a river in Italy near Beneventum. _Livy_,
bk. 24, ch. 14.
=Calpe=, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite
to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called
the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.
=Calphurnia=, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth
wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that
the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in
her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain
him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the
patronage of Marcus Antony. _Suetonius_, _Julius_.
=Calphurnius Bestia=, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said
that he murdered his wives when asleep. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 2.
――――Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli.
He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their
towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the
king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity
of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned
victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.――――A man who conspired
against the emperor Nerva.――――Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death,
&c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Piso, condemned for
using seditious words against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk.
4, ch. 21.――――Another, famous for his abstinence. _Valerius Maximus_,
bk. 4, ch. 3.――――Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age
of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally
found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting.
Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly
inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition
is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.――――A man surnamed Frugi, who
composed annals, B.C. 130.
=Calpurnia=, or =Calphurnia=, a noble family in Rome, derived from
Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones,
Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦_Plutarch_, _Numa_.
♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’
=Calpurnia= and =Calphurnia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely
to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. _Cicero_, _De
Officiis_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods
by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished
to conquer the Cimbri. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A woman
who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in
the civil wars of Marius. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The wife
of Julius Cæsar. _See:_ Calphurnia.――――A favourite of the emperor
Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――A woman ruined by Agrippina
on account of her beauty, &c. _Tacitus._
=Calvia=, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
bk. 1, ch. 3.
=Calvīna=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.
=Calvisius=, a friend of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――An
officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c.
_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 48.
=Calumnia= and =Impudentia=, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia
was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.
=Calusidius=, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general
wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him
his own, observing that it was sharper. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,
ch. 35.
♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’
=Calusium=, a town of Etruria.
=Calvus Cornelius Licinius=, a famous orator, equally known for
writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not
fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey,
and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with
Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.
=Caly̆be=, a town of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――The mother of
Bucolion by Laomedon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An old woman,
priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 7, li. 419.
=Calycadnus=, a river of Cilicia.
=Caly̆ce=, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter
of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of
Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
――――A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus.
As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself
from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by
Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of _Athenæus_, bk. 14.
――――A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. _Hyginus_, fable 157.
=Calydium=, a town on the Appian way.
=Calydna=, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near
Rhodes, others near Tenedos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 205.
=Calydon=, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager
reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from
Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent
a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which
had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the
age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the
poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian
boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the
head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was
preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple
of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in
Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people
of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown
for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and
the other was broken. _See:_ Meleager and Atalanta. _Apollodorus_,
bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
――_Homer_, ♦_Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 577.――_Hyginus_, fable 174.――_Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.――――A son of Ætolus and Pronoe
daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia.
♦ Book reference omitted in text.
=Caly̆dōnis=, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. _Ovid_,
_Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 4.
=Caly̆dōnius=, a surname of Bacchus.
=Calymne=, an island near Lebynthos. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2,
li. 81.
=Calynda=, a town of Caria. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
=Calȳpso=, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas,
according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island
of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When
Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great
hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with
her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay,
he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury
the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by
Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the
departure of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 5.――_Hesiod_,
_Theogony_, li. 360.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 18; _Amores_,
bk. 2, poem 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15.
=Camalodūnum=, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or
Colchester.
=Camantium=, a town of Asia Minor.
=Camarīna=, a town of Italy.――――A lake of Sicily, with a town of the
same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and
rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to
the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence
was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of
the sea prevents it being drained. The words _Camarinam movere_ are
become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Herodotus_,
bk. 7, ch. 134.
=Cambaules=, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. _Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 19.
=Cambes=, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate
his own wife, &c. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia Historia_, ch. 27.
=Cambre=, a place near Puteoli. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 154.
=Cambunii=, mountains of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 53.
=Camby̆ses=, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered
Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians,
that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When
he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a
number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt
to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as
divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards
sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and
resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his
brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial
judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his
son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died
of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted
on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same
place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he
was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years
before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his
throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after.
_Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Valerius
Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――A person of obscure origin, to whom king
Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had
been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by
the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that
the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity.
He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown
to manhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1,
ch. 4.――――A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the
Cyrus. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
=Camelāni=, a people of Italy.
=Camelītæ=, a people of Mesopotamia.
=Camera=, a field of Calabria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 582.
♦=Camerīnum= and =Camertium=, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome.
The inhabitants were called Camertes. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
♦ ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’
=Camerīnus=, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by
Hercules. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 16, li. 19.――――Some of the
family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens,
as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius,
commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the
best of Solon’s laws. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 90.
=Camerium=, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus.
_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
=Camertes=, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 10, li. 562. _See:_ Camerinum.
=Camilia=, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla.
She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and
fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to
the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at
the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of
equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she
signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She
was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn
without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without
wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from
Aruns. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.
=Camilli= and =Camillæ=, the priests instituted by Romulus for the
service of the gods.
=Camillus Lucius Furius=, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus,
from his services to his country. He was banished by the people,
for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at
Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus.
In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him
dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief
of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time
in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his
age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor,
three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four
triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians,
and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome
to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with
proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed
into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. _Plutarch_,
_Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Livy_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch.
13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825.――――A
name of Mercury.――――An intimate friend of Cicero.
=Camīro= and =Clytia=, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their
parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with
the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked
Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them
the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of
Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to
the furies. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20,
li. 66.
=Camīrus= and =Camīra=, a town of Rhodes, which received its name
from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,
li. 163.
=Camissares=, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames.
_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.
=Camma=, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband
Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of
which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according
to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom
and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by
refusing to drink on pretence of illness. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.
=Camœnæ=, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of
their songs, _à cantu amæno_, or, according to Varro, from _carmen_.
_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 7.
=Campāna lex=, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar,
A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.
=Campānia=, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded
by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It
is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua
is often called _Campana urbs_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _On
the Agrarian Law_, ch. 35.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1.
――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
ch. 16.
=Campe=, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter
killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come
to his assistance against the Titans. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 500.
――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
=Campaspe=, or =Pancaste=, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom
the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as
he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from
this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus
Anadyomene. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.
=Campi Diomēdis=, a plain situate in Apulia. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 93.
=Campsa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.
=Campus Martius=, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the
city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to
wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse,
drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the
officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors.
It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its
pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius
because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from
its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a
vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud,
who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin
was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into
the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful
for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which
were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the
accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an
island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius.
Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. _Strabo_,
bk. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.
=Camulogīnus=, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his
military abilities. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 57.
=Camŭlus=, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.
=Cana=, a city and promontory of Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
=Canăce=, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of
her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The
cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent
his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled,
and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was
ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were
Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fables
238 & 242.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 11; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 384.
=Canăche=, one of Actæon’s dogs.
=Canăchus=, a statuary of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.
=Canæ=, a city of Locris,――――of Æolia.
=Canārii=, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name
because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they
inhabited were called _Fortunate_ by the ancients, and are now known
by the name of the _Canaries_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
=Canăthus=, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to
recover her infant purity. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.
=Candăce=, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and
meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind
of one eye. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――_Strabo_,
bk. 17.
=Candāvia=, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from
Macedonia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 331.
=Candaules=, or =Myrsilus=, son of Myrsus, was the last of the
Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked
to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed,
that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before
the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and
ascended the throne. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.
=Candēi=, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.
=Candiŏpe=, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother.
=Candy̆ba=, a town of Lycia.
=Canens=, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife
to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband
into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was
changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants.
_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 9.
=Canephŏria=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according
to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small
baskets to the deity, and received the name of _Canephoræ_, whence
statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same
appellation. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.
=Canethum=, a place of Eubœa.――――A mountain in Bœotia.
=Căniculāres dies=, certain days in the summer, in which the star
Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more
warm during its appearance. _Marcus Manilius._
=Cānĭdia=, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed
as a sorceress. _Horace_, _Epodes_.
=Canĭdius=, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go
only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians.
_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.
=Caninefātes=, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is
situate. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 15.
=Caius Caninius Rebilus=, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the
death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his
predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only
for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that
Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not
slept during the whole time of his consulship. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
_Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 33.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――Lucius,
a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7,
ch. 83.――――Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. _Pliny_, bk. 1,
ltr. 3.――――Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.
=Canistius=, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day.
_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 20.
=Canius=, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so
naturally merry that he always laughed. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.
――――A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he
bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the
morrow. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 14.
=Cannæ=, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal
conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and
slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot
where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and
denominated the field of blood. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 44.――_Florus_,
bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.
=Canōpicum ostium=, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from
Alexandria. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.
=Cănōpus=, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for
the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore
called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of
the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants
were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet
of _Pellæus_, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built
Alexandria in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 433.
――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.
――_Virgil_, _Georgics_ bk. 4, li. 287.――――The pilot of the ship of
Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite
of a serpent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
=Cantăbra=, a river falling into the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.
=Cantăbri=, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled
against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now
called Biscay. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 326.――_Horace_, bk. 2,
odes 6 & 11.
=Cantăbriæ lacus=, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in
which 12 axes were found. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 8.
=Canthărus=, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
――――A comic poet of Athens.
=Canthus=, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.
=Cantium=, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent.
_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_ bk. 5.
=Canuleia=, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. _Plutarch._――――A
law. _See:_ Canuleius.
=Caius Canuleius=, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310,
who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and
plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls
should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 3,
&c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.
=Canulia=, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and
killed herself by order of her father. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
minora_.
=Canŭsium=, now _Canosa_, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans
fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its
inhabitants have been called _bilingues_, because they retained
the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their
neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The
wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. _Horace_,
bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 8,
ch. 11.
=Canŭsius=, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. _Plutarch._
=Canutius Tiberinus=, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero,
furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His
satire cost him his life. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A Roman
actor. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.
=Căpăneus=, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband
to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war,
he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such
contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt.
His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw
herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said
that Æsculapius restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
li. 404.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 68 &
70.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_ & _Suppliants_.――_Aeschylus_,
_Seven Against Thebes_.
=Capella=, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_,
_ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.――――Martianus, a Carthaginian,
A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology,
and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of
Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.――――A gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
li. 155.
=Capēna=, a gate of Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 192.
=Capēnas=, a small river of Italy. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 13,
li. 85.
=Capēni=, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove
and a temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bks. 5, 22,
&c.
=Caper=, a river of Asia Minor.
=Capētus=, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._――――A suitor of Hippodamia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
ch. 21.
=Caphāreus=, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius
king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes,
slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night,
which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 260.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 481.
――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.
=Caphyæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.
=Capio=, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. _Plutarch_,
♦_de Pat. Am_.
♦ reference unknown
=Capĭto=, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus.
_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――――Fonteius, a man sent by Antony
to settle his disputes with Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5,
li. 32.――――A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely
punished by the senate. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 93.――――An epic
poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.――――An historian of Lycia,
who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.――――A poet who wrote
on illustrious men.
=Capĭtolīni ludi=, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of
Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.
=Capĭtolīnus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount
Capitolinus.――――A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition,
was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly
defended.――――A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and
Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.――――A man of lascivious
morals, consul with Marcellus. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――Julius,
an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of
Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.
=Capĭtōlium=, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian
rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun
by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by
the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.
It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with
three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to
it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness
of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively
made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one
time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass,
and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields
of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during
the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before
the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was
again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian,
who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death.
Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand
and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000
talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they
found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground,
and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman
empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, _a
capite Toli_. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there,
when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in
triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3,
ch. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 10, &c.――_Pliny_,
bk. 33, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 40.
=Cappădŏcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the
Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river
Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were
called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull
and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to
the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:
Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa
Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.
When they were offered their freedom and independence by the
Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they
received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman
proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the
unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet
it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and
Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of
this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their
tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of
money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes.
_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Curtius_,
bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 73;
bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.
=Cappădox=, a river of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.
=Caprăria=, now _Cabrera_, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain,
famous for its goats. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.
=Căpreæ=, now _Capri_, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding
in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the
emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The
island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the
licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference,
and surrounded by steep rocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,
li. 709.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.――_Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 3, li. 5.
=Capræa Palus=, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared.
_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 491.
=Capricornus=, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the
form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa,
which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan,
who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of
Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice,
or the longest night in the year. _Marcus Manilius_, bks. 2 & 4.
――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 196; _Poetica
Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 28.
=Caprificiālis=, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered
him money. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 15.
=Caprīma=, a town of Caria.
=Caprĭpĕdes=, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their
having goats’ feet.
=Caprias=, a great informer in Horace’s age. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,
li. 66.
=Caprotīna=, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno,
at which women only officiated. _See:_ Philotis. _Varro_, _de Lingua
Latina_, bk. 5.
=Caprus=, a harbour near mount Athos.
=Capsa=, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes.
_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
=Capsăge=, a town of Syria. _Curtius_, bk. 10.
=Căpua=, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been
founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises.
This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled
Rome, and was called _altera Roma_. The soldiers of Annibal, after
the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries
which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft
climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――_Livy_, bks. 4, 7, 8,
&c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Life
of Hannibal_.
=Capys=, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua.
He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished
to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy.
_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――――A son of Assaracus by a
daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. _Ovid_,
_Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33.
=Capys Sylvius=, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. _Dionysius of
Halicarnassus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 768.
=Car=, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 39
& 40.――――A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the
Mæander. Caria received its name from him. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
ch. 171.
=Carabactra=, a place in India.
=Carabis=, a town of Spain.
=Carăcalla.= _See:_ Antonius.
=Caracates=, a people of Germany.
=Caractăcus=, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of
Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ♦bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.
♦ ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’
=Caræ=, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander
pitched his camp.
=Caræus=, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,――――in Caria.
=Carălis= (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, _Pausanias_,
bk. 10, ch. 17.
=Carambis=, now _Kerempi_, a promontory of Paphlagonia. _Mela_, bk. 1,
ch. 19.
=Carānus=, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation
of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned
28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the
government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by
Perdiccas. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A
general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7.――――A harbour of Phœnicia.
=Carausius=, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.
=Carro=, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not
curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
――――Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of
Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government.
He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey.
_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――An orator, son of Carbo the
orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the
ancient military discipline. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
=Carchēdon=, the Greek name of Carthage.
=Carcīnus=, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of
Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.
――――Another of Athens.――――Another of N